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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss%20of%20MV%20Darlwyne

Loss of MV Darlwyne

MV Darlwyne was a pleasure cruiser, a converted Royal Navy picket boat, that disappeared off the Cornish coast on 31 July 1966 with its complement of thirty-one (two crew and twenty-nine passengers including eight children). Twelve bodies and a few artefacts were later recovered, but the rest of the victims and the main body of the wreck were never found. Built in 1941, after ending its naval service in 1957 Darlwyne was used as a private cabin cruiser, first on the River Thames and later in Cornwall, where it became a commercial passenger boat, despite being unlicensed for such work. It underwent considerable structural modifications, including the removal of its original watertight bulkheads and the conversion of its aft cabin into a large open cockpit. These changes adversely affected its seaworthiness. Surveyors' reports in 1964 and 1966 indicated that Darlwyne was unfit for the open sea; furthermore, it carried no radio or distress flares, and its lifesaving aids were rudimentary. By 1966 Darlwyne was in the ownership of John Barratt of Penryn in Cornwall. The fatal voyage was arranged when the boat's skipper, Brian Bown, agreed to take a group of guests from the Greatwood guest house in Mylor on a sea trip to Fowey. On the morning of 31 July the outward voyage was completed without mishap, but the weather subsequently deteriorated. Bown disregarded advice to remain in Fowey harbour, and shortly after 4:00 pm began the return trip to Mylor. An unconfirmed sighting at around 6:00 pm placed the boat, in worsening conditions, in the vicinity of Dodman Point, a prominent coastal feature. Following its failure to arrive at Mylor the alarm was raised early on 1 August, and full air and sea searches began at dawn. After the recovery of 12 bodies, searches continued intermittently for several months, without finding traces of the vessel. A Board of Trade enquiry into Darlwynes loss placed the main blame on Barratt and Bown for allowing the vessel to go to sea in an unsafe and unprepared condition. Bown was lost in the disaster; Barratt was censured and ordered to contribute £500 to the cost of the enquiry. The Board's report exposed the laxity with which boat licensing regulations were being administered, and led to stiffer penalties for non-compliance, but there were no immediate regulatory changes, and no criminal proceedings were recommended. In April 1967 a memorial screen, listing the names of the 31 dead, was dedicated in Mylor church at a special service led by the Bishop of Truro. In 2016, on the 50th anniversary of the sinking, divers found an anchor and other debris at a location close to Dodman Point, which they stated were in all probability Darlwyne relics. Vessel history Construction Picket boat no. 41768, the future Darlwyne, was built for the Royal Navy in 1941 in the Sussex Yacht Works yard at Shoreham-by-Sea. The hull, carvel built from African mahogany and rock elm, was long, approximately wide, with a draught at the stern of . Bulkheads divided the hull into fully watertight compartments, each equipped with a bilge pump. The vessel's original engine power was provided by twin Gardner 6LW diesel engines, each developing 95 horsepower. It was built to operate in harbours and estuaries, mainly in transferring personnel between ship and shore, rather than for the open sea. 1941–1964 The vessel remained with the Royal Navy until 1957, when it was sold to the Belsize Boatyard in Southampton. Here, it was converted to a cabin cruiser, during which most of the original bulkheads were removed; the replacements were not watertight. In September 1959 the boatyard sold the boat to joint owners Messrs Lowe and Gray, who replaced the engines with less powerful twin Perkins P6 units each generating 65 hp. They then moved the boat to Teddington on the River Thames, where on 22 April 1960 it was registered as a river cruiser under the name Darlwyne. At this time its gross register tonnage was recorded as 12.35. In October 1962 the owners transferred Darlwyne to St Mawes, in Falmouth Harbour, Cornwall. It was taken there by a crew of six; although the sea trip was accomplished without any serious incident, the crew were critical of the boat's performance in certain weather conditions. They found it top-heavy, difficult to steer, and with a tendency to list. Darlwyne remained at St Mawes until September 1963, when the owners decided to sell it as a potential commercial passenger boat. At Mylor, in the Carrick Roads estuary of the River Fal, it was inspected by a local marine surveyor, George Corke. He noted the poor steering—it was impossible, he said, to navigate a straight course—and thought that much work would be necessary before it was fit for passenger-carrying operations. On 30 May 1964 Corke acted as agent for Lowe and Gray in the sale of Darlwyne to John Barratt of Penryn, whose main objective was to renovate the vessel with a view to a profitable sale. In Cornwall After extensive work and repainting, in September 1965 Barratt agreed to sell Darlwyne to Steven Gifford, who took possession and began further adaptations. The sale ultimately fell through, and by the end of the year the vessel had been returned to Barratt. In the spring and early summer of 1966, under the supervision of Barratt's daughter, further substantial alterations were carried out, including the removal of the aft cabin to create an open cockpit area. This work, undertaken without professional advice, was never fully completed. During this period the boat was in regular use for trips by members of the Barratt family, including a Whitsuntide voyage across Falmouth Bay to the Helford River, where it apparently performed well in strong winds. At the beginning of July 1966, Darlwyne made several commercial sightseeing trips around Falmouth Harbour during Falmouth's Tall Ships regatta. A passenger on one of these sorties was Brian Michael Bown, a former member of the RAF Marine Rescue Section. Although not formally qualified as a ship's master, Bown had sailing experience and had skippered boats on seagoing trips to Fowey and the Isles of Scilly. Subsequently, Bown suggested to Barratt a business venture in which Darlwyne would be used as a day-trip boat. Bown's letters indicate that he was proposing to work as the boat's skipper, and to take a third share of the profits. Barratt's daughter advised Bown that they were preparing Darlwyne as "a twelve-passenger charter boat"; any number in excess of 12 would mean conforming with tougher Board of Trade regulations, and licensing might prove difficult. According to Barratt, Bown was to assume responsibility for obtaining whatever licences were necessary. Barratt later claimed that Bown had bought the boat outright, but there is no documentation of this supposed purchase, nor did Barratt mention it to anyone else. On 20 July 1966, at the request of Barratt's daughter, Darlwyne was again examined by George Corke, who found the boat in generally poor condition. Among the faults he listed were dry rot, a weakening of the hull caused by the removal of various supporting frames, and signs that the hull had been "pushed in" below the waterline. Corke's report reiterated his earlier view that Darlwyne was presently unfit for work in the open sea. This report was sent not to Barratt but to the family's solicitors, where in the days that followed it lay unread; there is no indication that Barratt was aware of its contents before 31 July. Disaster Plans Robert Rainbird, proprietor of the Greatwood guest house at Mylor Creek, near Falmouth, was familiar with Darlwyne, having cruised with Bown in one of the earlier Tall Ships sailings. According to his later account, when two of his guests asked him about the possibility of organising a sea excursion, he put them in touch with Bown. On the evening of Saturday 30 July, amid celebrations following England's victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, Bown and his friend Jeffrey Stock, a qualified engineer, visited Greatwood. They found that enthusiasm for a sea trip had spread to many of the guests, and an agreement was made to take a large party to Fowey the following day. Different accounts were given later of the financial basis for the proposed hire – whether it was to be a fixed charge or a rate per head is uncertain. Barratt, the boat's legal owner, professed ignorance of the arrangements made at Greatwood, believing, he said, that Bown had gone there to discuss with Rainbird future charter work once the necessary licences had been obtained. Under local regulations, a licence for carrying up to 12 passengers was subject to examination of the boat by the harbourmaster, who would also require the person in charge to be a licensed skipper. Vessels proposing to carry more than 12 passengers needed a licensed master, a qualified marine engineer, and a Class III Passenger Certificate from the Board of Trade. This certificate was only granted to vessels in good condition with watertight hull compartments, a two-way radio, a qualified radio operator and a range of safety devices. Darlwyne had no radio, no distress flares, and carried only two lifebelts. Bown had apparently begun enquiries with the Falmouth Harbour Commission, but neither he nor Darlwyne possessed any of the licences needed for the boat to operate commercially. Voyage, 31 July 1966 In accordance with the arrangement made the previous day, early on Sunday 31 July Bown and Stock brought Darlwyne to Mylor Creek. The Greatwood party comprised, in all, twenty-six guests, one member of staff on her day off, and two children of another staff member. Eight of the party were children. Darlwyne anchored offshore, and the passengers were rowed out in two dinghies, one of which was hauled aboard and stored on davits, the other attached by a painter to Darlwynes stern. BBC weather forecasts for the Cornwall area, broadcast the previous evening and earlier that morning, were discouraging; all promised increasing winds, up to Force 7, with the probability of rain from midday. Such weather conditions could produce heavy seas and poor visibility. Nevertheless, Darlwyne set out from Mylor shortly after 10:00 am in pleasant sunshine, expecting to return before 7:00 pm. The journey to Fowey, which included a slight detour to view Mevagissey harbour, was completed without incident, and the party arrived in Fowey just after 1:00 pm. By this time the weather had deteriorated, and it was raining heavily. Bown did not tie up to the main town quay – he was heard saying that the vessel was "a bitch to handle" – and anchored mid-harbour, again using the dinghies to land the party. After three hours in the town, the group reassembled at the quay to be ferried back to Darlwyne. The wind was rising; a bystander heard a local fisherman advise Bown not to leave the harbour until the weather improved, but the warning was brushed aside. Darlwyne sailed at approximately 4:10 pm, and headed westward into the worsening weather. For the first few miles the large headland known as Dodman Point would provide some shelter; thereafter the vessel would be fully exposed to the force of the winds. There were several possible sightings of Darlwyne on its homeward voyage. Outside Fowey Harbour in the vicinity of the Cannis Buoy a fisherman watched a vessel towing a dinghy pass by; soon afterwards another fisherman saw a boat off Meanease Point, close to Dodman Point, but did not notice a dinghy being towed astern. At about 5:45 pm a farmer whose land overlooked the sea to the west of Dodman Point saw a launch running close to Hemmick Beach, moving westward. He could see people in the stern area, and there were no evident signs of distress. A short while later an observer in the village of Portloe saw a cabin cruiser somewhere between Dodman Point and Nare Head, moving in the direction of Falmouth. This was the last recorded possible sighting. By this time winds had strengthened to Force 6, with waves reaching amid increasing rain and flying spray. In the late afternoon a holidaymaker reported seeing four people apparently stranded on Diamond Rock, a semi-submerged reef off Porthluney Cove, west of Dodman Point. The police were informed, but at that time Darlwyne was not overdue, and thus there was no reason to connect these people with those on the boat. This incident was not referred to in the subsequent searches, nor in the later Board of Trade enquiry which fixed the most likely time of sinking much later in the evening. Raising the alarm At around 7:00 pm, Barratt's son-in-law Christopher Mitchell noticed that Darlwyne had not returned to its Penryn moorings. Having ascertained that the vessel was not at Greatwood House, Mitchell asked for news at the Falmouth coastguard station shortly before 7:30. The duty coastguard, Seagar, had no record of Darlwynes departure that morning, and was unaware of its whereabouts. At this time there was no particular cause for alarm, and Seager did not record the enquiry. Mitchell assumed the boat might be sheltering in a harbour or estuary, but further enquiries among local acquaintances brought no further information. Later that evening, Rainbird telephoned Seagar and expressed concern at Darlwynes non-arrival. As the call was not recorded, its timing is uncertain; it may have been around 8:00, but possibly as late as 9:30. Seager advised Rainbird to contact the coastguard stations on the Fowey–Falmouth route for news of Darlwyne, and asked him to report back any information. From his enquiries Rainbird established from the Polruan station that Darlwyne had left Fowey shortly after 4:00pm that afternoon. He later claimed that he had passed this information to the Falmouth coastguards at about 10:15 pm. Seager denied receiving any such call before his duty stint ended at 11:00 pm, and did not mention the concerns about the missing Darlwyne to Coastguard Beard, his relief. Beard heard of the likely emergency for the first time at 2:45 am on Monday 1 August when Rainbird, by now seriously worried, rang the coastguard station. Beard then informed his district officer, who authorised a full-scale coastal search for the missing vessel to begin at daybreak. Searches At 5:34 am on Monday 1 August a warning message to shipping in the area was broadcast by the BBC. At 5:37 the Falmouth lifeboat was launched, followed a few minutes later by the Fowey lifeboat. At 6:45 a coastguard helicopter began a coastal search between Fowey and Falmouth, covering a distance of five miles out to sea. It was joined at 9:45 by an Avro Shackleton aircraft supplied by the RAF Search and Rescue Force, which extended the search area further south, west and east. Later, two Royal Navy ships, and , participated in the sea search. At about 1:25pm the tanker Esso Caernarvon found the dinghy that had been towed by Darlwyne, about south of Dolman Point and about from the Eddystone Lighthouse. The dinghy, empty but undamaged, was picked up by an RAF launch and brought to Falmouth. Amid rising anxiety ashore, there was still hope that Darlwyne remained afloat. Barratt's daughter believed the vessel to be "completely seaworthy", while Rainbird surmised that it might have drifted southwards, out of fuel or with incapacitated engines, towards the Channel Islands. The coxswain of the Fowey lifeboat said, after 15 hours of searching, that "there was nothing to suggest that a boat had been wrecked out there". Others were more sceptical: Steve Gifford, who had briefly owned the boat, was appalled that 31 people were aboard a vessel that was simply not strong enough to meet the heavy seas it must have encountered, and thought it likely she would have broken up and sunk very quickly. This view was shared by Corke, the surveyor, who felt that Darlwyne was not seaworthy for the weather conditions that developed while it was at sea. Searches by helicopter, Shackleton aircraft and lifeboats continued on 2 August, but were called off around mid-day due to poor visibility and adverse weather conditions. At the insistence of Rainbird, who argued that there was as yet no direct evidence that Darlwyne had sunk, the searches were resumed that evening. They continued into the following day, when they were joined by three de Havilland Dragon Rapide aircraft, privately hired by friends of one of the missing families. The Rapides covered a sea area of , extending to the Channel Islands, before returning to Cornwall on 4 August without finding any trace of the missing vessel. Darlwynes possible fate was raised in the House of Commons on 2 August when members, while expressing the hope that survivors would be found, were concerned about the apparent lack of enforcement of regulations that should have prevented an overloaded, unlicensed craft from putting out to sea. The following day, the Cornish MP Peter Bessell was highly critical of the delay in commencing the search until long after it was clear that Darlwyne was overdue. He cited "expert opinion" that the craft was in all probability still afloat, and described the search activity thus far as "totally inadequate". This allegation was strongly denied by the Air Force minister Merlyn Rees, who maintained that there had been no lack of urgency and that everything possible had been and was still being done. Victims On 4 August the first victims from Darlwyne were discovered in the sea about four miles east of Dodman Point. The bodies were of Albert Russell, his wife Margaret, and two teenage girls: Susan Tassell and Amanda Hicks. The first three were brought ashore by the Falmouth lifeboat, the fourth by the Fowey lifeboat. On 5 August the body of Jean Brock was found, wearing a lifebelt, six miles west of the Eddystone lighthouse. That same day, light wreckage—planking from the on-board dinghy, an engine cover, a plastic ball and some sun tan lotion—was found on a beach near Polperro. On 8 August two more bodies—Margaret Wright and Susan Cowan—were found about eight miles from the Eddystone Lighthouse. Patricia Russell and Eileen Tassell were found two days later, off Looe Island and the Mew Stone respectively. The body of nine-year-old Janice Mills was washed ashore at Whitsand Bay on 11 August, and that of her eleven-year-old brother David was discovered at Downderry Beach, between Fowey and Plymouth, on 13 August. The twelfth and final body to be recovered was of Arthur Mills, found in the sea about 10 miles south of Plymouth. The subsequent post-mortems established that all the victims had drowned in deep water, suggesting that they had gone down with the vessel rather than after struggling on the surface. An analysis of the times shown on various watches found on the victims suggested that the sinking had probably taken place around 9:00 pm on 31 July, and thus that Darlwyne was afloat for around three hours after the last tentative sighting. When the first bodies were brought into Falmouth by the local lifeboat, the quays were lined with hundreds of people who watched in silence as the victims were landed and taken away in hearses. All commercial activity in the harbour was suspended; the royal yacht , at anchor on a visit to the port, removed its ceremonial bunting and dipped the White Ensign as a mark of respect. The crowds returned to the harbour on 7 August for the town's annual lifeboat service; that year the occasion became a memorial service for Darlwynes lost party. In the days and weeks that followed, relatives and friends of the victims took the bodies for private burial and collected the abandoned belongings from Greatwood. The sea search for the Darlwyne wreck continued through the autumn and winter and into 1967, led by . This navy minesweeper, equipped with the latest sonar equipment, carried out exhaustive searches in the area around Dodman Point, thought to be the vessel's most likely resting place. Although more than 600 dives were carried out, no sign of Darlwyne was discovered. In December 1966 the navy storeship HMS Maxim investigated the seabed around Looe, after reports that a trawler had caught on an unidentified object and lost its nets. Board of Trade enquiry The Board of Trade court of enquiry into the loss of the Darlwyne began at the Old County Hall, Truro on 13 December 1966. It sat until 6 January 1967, and published its findings in March of that year. It was unable to determine who was responsible for organising the fatal trip, as most of those involved had lost their lives in the disaster. Barratt claimed ignorance, and Rainbird denied any role in the matter beyond introducing Bown to the guests who had asked about a sea trip. In the absence of direct evidence to the contrary, the court assumed that details had probably been finalised in the Greatwood bar, between Bown and the two guests who had initiated the request. The court established that at the time of the disaster, neither Darlwyne nor Bown were licensed in terms of either Board of Trade or local regulations for passenger-carrying vessels. The court believed that both Barratt and Bown were broadly aware of licensing requirements, but had taken few or no practical steps towards compliance by 31 July. Evidence of Darlwynes history confirmed Barratt as its legal owner. The court noted the general state of the vessel and the various alterations that had been carried out, affecting its seaworthiness. In particular, the cockpit floor was not watertight and had inadequate scuppers, so that water entering the cockpit drained into the lower hull rather than back into the sea. Lacking watertight bulkheads, the hull would easily flood with any rapid ingress of water. The hull itself showed evidence of dry rot and other external damage. Poor communication between the various parties concerned with the vessel in the preceding months meant that these various shortcomings had been overlooked or ignored. Furthermore, the overloading of the vessel with 31 people meant that it lay low in the water, so that a modest heel of 30 degrees would allow water into the open cockpit. The court heard details of Darlwynes departure from Fowey, the prevailing weather conditions on 31 July, and the subsequent possible sightings. It thought it likely that some time after 6:00 pm the engines failed, leaving the vessel to drift helplessly. Without radio or flares, Bown would have been unable to signal its distress. From the evidence of the stopped watches and the pathologist's reports of death by drowning in deep water, the court decided that it was likely that, around 9:00 pm, Darlwyne had been overwhelmed by heavy seas. Because of its structural faults it had filled with water and sunk rapidly, taking the entire complement down. Different testimonies were given about the number and timing of phone calls to the Falmouth coastguard station on the evening of 31 July, giving rise to a view that searches could have begun earlier. The court strongly recommended that in future, all messages received by coastguard stations relating to vessels should be recorded and logged. It was, however, satisfied that all searches had been thoroughly carried out. It did not feel that the supposed delay in beginning the searches was significant, as there was no information available that would have justified action before 9:00 pm, by which time the disaster had in all probability already happened. In determining responsibility for Darlwynes loss, the court was "satisfied that the major cause of the disaster was the Darlwyne going on a voyage to sea when she was physically unfit to withstand the normal perils which she might expect to meet". Culpability was shared between Bown and Barratt, the former for taking passengers to sea in an unfit boat, the latter for failing to warn his "agent or servant" of the vessel's unfit state. Barratt was severely censured by the court, and ordered to pay £500 towards the cost of the enquiry. Barratt considered the court's findings as related to him were "rather unfair", while Bown's widow defended her late husband as a competent and experienced skipper. Rainbird declared himself vindicated. Aftermath On 9 April 1967, at the parish church of St Mylor, the Bishop of Truro led a service of dedication for a memorial screen, erected in the church to commemorate the victims of the Darlwyne disaster. The screen, designed by John Phillips and fashioned from oak by local craftsmen, contains the names of all the lost 31. After the Board of Trade report was published, the coroner reopened the inquests, which had been adjourned pending any recommendations from the enquiry for criminal proceedings. No criminal responsibility was established; verdicts of death by misadventure were recorded in each case. The coroner expressed the wish that, as a result of the tragedy, regulations concerning licences would be much more strictly enforced. In this he echoed the Board of Trade report, which had stated that regulations relating to boat licensing "date from the Victorian era", and were wholly inadequate in modern conditions. The Falmouth harbourmaster had told the enquiry that, without further staff, it would be impossible to check all the boats in the harbour; furthermore, he said, the £5 maximum fine for operating an unlicensed boat was not a deterrent. In Parliament on 15 March 1967 the trade minister Joseph Mallalieu said that he had no plans to introduce further legislation for the licensing of pleasure boats plying for hire, but proposed to increase the penalties for infringement of existing regulations. Although the tragedy was keenly felt in Cornwall, its national impact, given the heavy loss of life, was relatively small, perhaps because it occurred during the post World Cup euphoria when public attention and headlines were directed elsewhere. No clues to Darlwynes fate emerged for decades. In July 2016, divers working with a BBC documentary team investigating the tragedy examined seabed locations closer to Dodman Point than the original searches. According to local fishermen, debris had been recovered from this area in the 1980s, including a wooden transom bearing the name Darlwyne. After several searches that revealed nothing, the 2016 divers found artefacts including an anchor, a winch, items of ballast, and the remains of a davit. No other recent wrecks or disappearances had been recorded in the area. "Taking everything into account", the divers reported, "it’s likely that what we found was what was left of the Darlwyne". On this basis several media sources reported that the mystery had been solved. The lost The victims, with their ages, are listed by Martin Banks in his 2014 history of the event as follows: Crew Brian Michael Bown (age 31) (skipper) Jeffery Claude Stock (age unknown) (engineer) Passengers Lawrence Arthur Bent (74), Kathleen Bent (60), George Lawrence Bent (20) Roger Duncan Brock (26), Jean Brock (24) James Cowan (52), Dora Cowan (48), Susan Cowan (14) Mary Rose Dearden (19) George Edmonds (45) Amanda Jane Hicks (17), Joel Hicks (9) Arthur Raymond Mills (42), Jonathan David Mills (11), Janice Beverley Mills (9) Kenneth Arthur Robinson (19) Patricia Roome (48) Albert Russell (50), Margaret May Russell (50), John David Russell (21), Patricia Ann Russell (19) Peter Lyon Tassell (41), Eileen Sybil De Burgh Tassell (41), Susan Gail Tassell (14), Nicola Sara Tassell (12), Frances Harriet Tassell (8) Lorraine Sandra Thomas (20) Malcolm Raymond Wright (26), Margaret Wright (22) Notes and references Notes Citations Sources Books, newspapers, journals Online Maritime incidents in 1966 1966 in England Maritime incidents in England Disasters in Cornwall July 1966 events in the United Kingdom 1960s in Cornwall 1966 disasters in the United Kingdom

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Dead%20Redemption%202

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2 is a 2018 action-adventure game developed and published by Rockstar Games. The game is the third entry in the Red Dead series and is a prequel to the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption. The story is set in 1899 and follows the exploits of outlaw Arthur Morgan, a member of the Van der Linde gang, in a fictionalized representation of the Western, Midwestern, and Southern United States. Arthur must deal with the decline of the Wild West whilst attempting to survive against government forces, rival gangs, and other adversaries. The game's epilogue follows fellow gang member John Marston, the protagonist of Red Dead Redemption. The game is presented through both first and third-person perspectives, and the player may freely roam in its interactive open world. Gameplay elements include shootouts, heists, hunting, horseback riding, interacting with non-player characters, and maintaining the character's honor rating through moral choices and deeds. A bounty system similar to the "wanted" system from the Grand Theft Auto franchise governs the response of law enforcement and bounty hunters to crimes committed by the player. The game's development lasted over eight years, beginning soon after Red Dead Redemptions release, and it became one of the most expensive video games ever made. Rockstar co-opted all of its studios into one large team to facilitate development. They drew influence from real locations as opposed to film or art, focused on creating an accurate reflection of the time with the game's characters and world. The game was Rockstar's first built specifically for eighth generation consoles, having tested their technical capabilities while porting Grand Theft Auto V to the platforms. The game's soundtrack features an original score composed by Woody Jackson and several vocal tracks produced by Daniel Lanois. Red Dead Redemption 2 was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2018, and for Microsoft Windows and Stadia in November 2019. Red Dead Online, the online multiplayer mode of the game, was released as a beta version in November 2018 before a full release in May 2019. Widely anticipated and marketed before release, Red Dead Redemption 2 broke several records and had the second-biggest launch in the history of entertainment, generating in sales from its opening weekend and exceeding the lifetime sales of Red Dead Redemption in two weeks. It received critical acclaim, with praise directed at its story, characters, open world, graphics, music, and level of detail; some criticism was directed at its control scheme and emphasis on realism over player freedom. Considered as an example of video games as an art form, it won year-end accolades including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. It is among the best-selling video games with over 43million copies shipped. Gameplay Red Dead Redemption 2 is a Western-themed action-adventure game. Played from a first or third-person perspective, the game is set in an open-world environment featuring a fictionalized version of the Western, Midwestern, and Southern United States in 1899, during the latter half of the Wild West era and the turn of the twentieth century. The game features both single-player and online multiplayer components, the latter released under Red Dead Online. For most of the game, the player controls outlaw Arthur Morgan, a member of the Van der Linde gang, as he completes numerous missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story; from the game's epilogue, the player controls John Marston, the playable protagonist of the game's predecessor, Red Dead Redemption. Outside of missions, the player may freely roam the game's interactive world. The player may engage in combat with enemies using melee attacks, firearms, throwables, or explosives. Combat has been refined from the game's predecessor, and notable new mechanics consist of dual-wielding and the ability to use a bow. The player is granted the ability to swim as Arthur, but not as John—a reference to the previous game, where swimming led to instant death. Red Dead Redemption 2s unexploited land makes up the largest portion of the game world and features diverse landscapes with occasional travelers, bandits, and wildlife. There are urban settlements in the game, ranging from farmhouses to towns and cities. Horses are the main forms of transportation, of which there are various breeds, each with different attributes. The player can steal horses, and must either train or tame a wild horse to use it; to own a horse, the player must saddle or stable it. Increased use of a horse will begin a bonding process, which can be increased by leading, petting, cleaning and feeding it, and the player will acquire advantages as they ride their horse. Stagecoaches and trains can also be used to travel. The player can hijack an incoming train or stagecoach by threatening the driver or passengers and then rob its contents or the passengers. The player may also witness or take part in random events encountered from exploring the game world. These include ambushes, crimes committed by other people, pleas for assistance, ride-by shootings, public executions, and animal attacks. For example, as the player explores the Wild West, they can find specific people in distress. If the player decides to help them, they will be thankful and may reward the player if they cross them again. The player may also take part in side-activities, which include small tasks with companions and strangers, dueling, bounty hunting, searching for treasure or other collectibles around the map such as rock carvings, and playing poker, blackjack, dominoes, and Five Finger Filet. Hunting animals also plays a major role in the game, providing food, income, and materials for crafting items. When hunting, the player needs to take into account several factors, including the choice of weapon and shot placement, which affect the quality of the meat and pelt and subsequently the price traders are willing to pay. The player can either skin the animal immediately or carry the carcass, which will rot over time and decrease its value and attract predators. The game focuses heavily on player choice for the story and missions. Certain moments in the story will give the player the option to accept or decline additional missions and lightly shape the plot around their choices. The player can communicate with any non-player character (NPC) in dynamic ways new to the series. The player can choose different dialogue trees with NPCs, such as having a friendly chat or insulting them. If the player chooses to kill an NPC, they can loot their corpse. Red Dead Redemption 2 brings back the Honor system from its predecessor by measuring how the player's actions are perceived in terms of morality. Morally positive choices and deeds like helping strangers, abiding the law, and sparing opponents in a duel will add up to the player's Honor. However, negative deeds such as theft and harming innocents will subtract from the player's Honor. The story is influenced by Honor, as the dialogue and outcomes for the player often differ based on their Honor level. Hitting milestones for the player's Honor level will grant unique benefits, such as rewarding the player with special outfits and large discounts in stores. A low Honor level is also beneficial, as the player will receive a greater number of items from looted corpses. Maintaining Arthur and John is important, as they can undergo conditions that affect their health and stamina attributes. In addition to a health and stamina bar, the player also has cores, which affect the rate at which their health and stamina regenerate. For example, wearing warmer clothes will mean they avoid freezing in a cold environment, but wearing them in a hot environment will result in perspiration. Freezing or overheating will rapidly drain cores. The player can also gain or lose weight depending on how much he eats; an underweight character will have less health but at an increase of stamina, while an overweight character will be able to better absorb damage but will have less stamina. The player can eat and sleep to replenish their cores. The player can bathe to remain clean, and can visit a barber to change hairstyles; hair also grows realistically over time. The game features weapon degradation, with weapons requiring cleaning to maintain their performance. When the player uses a certain type of gun for a long period of time, they become more experienced with it, which improves weapon handling, reduces recoil, and increases the rate of reloading. Gunfights are an essential mechanic in the game. The player can take cover, free aim, and target a person or animal. Individual body parts can also be targeted to take targets down without killing them. When the player shoots an enemy, the game's AI reactions and movements depend on where they were hit. Weapons consist of pistols, revolvers, repeaters, rifles, shotguns, bows, explosives, lassos, mounted Gatling guns, and melee weapons such as knives and tomahawks. Red Dead Redemption 2 brings back the trademark mechanic in the franchise: Dead Eye, a targeting system that allows the player to slow down time and mark targets. Once the targeting sequence ends, the player fires to every marked location in a very short space of time. The Dead Eye system upgrades as the player progresses in the game and grants the player more abilities, such as being able to spot the fatal points of their enemies. The bounty system also returns from Red Dead Redemption, a crime-governing mechanic inspired by Grand Theft Autos wanted system. When a player commits a crime, witnesses run to the nearest police station to get the law to intervene, and the player needs to stop the witness to avoid repercussions. Once the law is alerted, law enforcers appear and will start investigating. When the player is caught, the Wanted meter appears with a bounty sent on their head. The bounty grows higher as the player commits more crimes, and more lawmen will be sent to hunt them. If the player has committed serious crimes and then manages to escape the law, bounty hunters will be hired to track them down in the wilderness. After committing enough crime, the U.S. Marshals will be sent to the player's location. To escape law enforcement, the player must evade a red circular zone in the map and the wanted meter will slowly deplete. They can alternatively hide from the pursuers or kill them. Whether the player escapes or gets captured, the bounty will remain on their head, lawmen and civilians will be more vigilant, and regions where the crimes have been committed will be on lockdown. When caught by lawmen, the player has the opportunity to surrender if they are unarmed and on foot, though bounty hunters will not accept surrender if the player is known to slip out of apprehension attempts. The player can remove their bounty by paying it off at a post office or by surrendering to law enforcement and spending time in jail. Synopsis Setting The world of Red Dead Redemption 2 spans five fictitious U.S. states. The states of New Hanover, Ambarino and Lemoyne are new to the series, and are located to the immediate north and east of Red Dead Redemptions world, whilst the states of New Austin and West Elizabeth return from Red Dead Redemption. The states are centered on the San Luis and Lannahechee Rivers and the shores of Flat Iron Lake. Ambarino is a mountain wilderness, with the largest settlement being the Wapiti Native American reservation; New Hanover encompasses a sweeping valley and woody foothills that feature the cattle town of Valentine, the riverside Van Horn Trading Post, and the coal town of Annesburg; and Lemoyne is composed of bayous and plantations resembling the southeastern United States, and is home to the Southern town of Rhodes, the village of Lagras, and the former French colony of Saint Denis, analogous to New Orleans. West Elizabeth consists of wide plains, dense forests, and the prosperous port town of Blackwater. This region has been expanded from the original Red Dead Redemption with a vast northern portion containing the mountain resort town of Strawberry. New Austin is an arid desert region on the border with Mexico and centered on the frontier towns of Armadillo and Tumbleweed, also featured in the original game. Parts of New Austin and West Elizabeth have been redesigned to reflect the earlier time; for example, Blackwater is still under development, while Armadillo is a ghost town as a result of a cholera outbreak. Characters The player takes on the role of Arthur Morgan (Roger Clark), a lieutenant and veteran member of the Van der Linde gang. The gang is led by Dutch van der Linde (Benjamin Byron Davis), a charismatic man who extols personal freedom and decries the encroaching march of modern civilization. The gang also includes Dutch's best friend and co-leader Hosea Matthews (Curzon Dobell), Red Dead Redemption protagonist John Marston (Rob Wiethoff), his partner Abigail Roberts (Cali Elizabeth Moore) and son Jack Marston (Marissa Buccianti and Ted Sutherland), the lazy Uncle (John O'Creagh and James McBride), gunslingers Bill Williamson (Steve J. Palmer), Javier Escuella (Gabriel Sloyer), and Micah Bell (Peter Blomquist), Black Indian hunter Charles Smith (Noshir Dalal), and housewife-turned-gunslinger Sadie Adler (Alex McKenna). The gang members' criminal acts bring them into conflict with various opposing forces including the wealthy oil magnate Leviticus Cornwall (John Rue), whose assets become a gang target. In response, he recruits a team of agents from the Pinkerton Detective Agency, led by Andrew Milton (John Hickok) and his subordinate Edgar Ross (Jim Bentley), to hunt down the gang. The gang also encounters the Saint Denis-based Italian crime lord Angelo Bronte (Jim Pirri), the controversial Guarman ruler Alberto Fussar (Alfredo Narciso), and Dutch's nemesis Colm O'Driscoll (Andrew Berg), leader of the rival O'Driscoll gang. Along its travels, the gang becomes entangled with the Gray and Braithwaite families, two warring families who are rumored to be hoarding Civil War gold; the gang's affiliation with the families primarily take place through Leigh Gray (Tim McGeever), the sheriff of Rhodes, and Catherine Braithwaite (Ellen Harvey), the matriarch of the Braithwaite family. Later in the game, Arthur helps Rains Fall (Graham Greene) and his son Eagle Flies (Jeremiah Bitsui), both members of the Native American Wapiti tribe whose land is being targeted by the Army. Plot After a botched ferry heist in 1899, the Van der Linde gang are forced to leave their substantial money stash and flee Blackwater. Realizing the progress of civilization is ending the time of outlaws, they decide to gain enough money to escape the law and retire. They rob a train owned by Cornwall, who hires Pinkertons to apprehend them. The gang perform jobs to earn money, as Dutch continually promises the next heist will be their last. Following a shootout with Cornwall's men in Valentine, the gang relocate to Lemoyne, where they work simultaneously for the Grays and Braithwaites in an attempt to turn them against each other. However, the families double-cross them: the Grays kill a gang member during an ambush, while the Braithwaites kidnap and sell Jack to Bronte. The gang retaliate and destroy both families before retrieving Jack from Bronte, who offers them leads on work, but eventually double-crosses them. Dutch kidnaps and feeds him to an alligator as revenge, which disturbs Arthur. The gang rob a bank in Saint Denis, but the Pinkertons intervene, killing Hosea and arresting John. Dutch, Arthur, Bill, Javier, and Micah escape the city via a ship heading to Cuba. A torrential storm sinks the ship, and the men wash ashore on the island of Guarma, where they become embroiled in a war between tyrannical sugar plantation owner Fussar and the enslaved local population. After helping the revolutionaries kill Fussar, the group secure transport back to the United States and reunite with the rest of the gang. Dutch obsesses over one last heist and doubts Arthur's loyalty after he disobeys him by liberating John earlier than planned, naming Micah his top lieutenant in Arthur's place. Arthur becomes concerned that Dutch is no longer the man he knew, as he is becoming insular, abandons their ideals, and murders Cornwall. He is faced with his mortality when he is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Arthur reflects on his actions and how to protect the gang following his death, telling John to run away with Abigail and Jack and openly defying Dutch by aiding the local Native American people. When the Pinkertons assault the camp, Dutch becomes paranoid that a gang member is working as an informant. Several gang members become disenchanted and leave, while Dutch and Micah arrange one final heist of an Army payroll train. Arthur's faith in Dutch is shattered when he abandons Arthur to the Army, leaves John for dead, and refuses to rescue Abigail when she is taken. Arthur and Sadie rescue Abigail from Milton, who names Micah as the Pinkertons' informer before Abigail kills him. Arthur returns to camp and openly accuses Micah of betrayal. Dutch, Bill, Javier, and Micah turn on Arthur and a newly returned John, but the standoff is broken when Pinkertons attack. The player can choose to have Arthur aid John's escape by delaying the Pinkertons or return to the camp to recover the gang's money. Micah ambushes Arthur, and Dutch intervenes in their fight. Arthur convinces Dutch to abandon Micah and leave. If the player has high honor, Arthur succumbs to his injuries and disease and dies while watching the sunrise; if the player has low honor, Micah executes him. Eight years later, in 1907, John and his family are trying to lead honest lives. They find work at a ranch where John fights back against outlaws threatening his employer. Believing John is unwilling to give up his old ways, Abigail leaves with Jack. John takes a loan from the bank to purchase a ranch. He works with Uncle, Sadie, and Charles to build a new home, and proposes to Abigail on her return. Afterwards, learning Micah is still alive and formed his own gang, John, Sadie, and Charles assault his camp and find a recently arrived Dutch, who shoots Micah after a tense standoff and leaves in silence, allowing John to kill Micah and claim the gang's Blackwater stash to pay his debt. John then marries Abigail and they start a new life on their ranch alongside Jack and Uncle, as Sadie and Charles leave for other pursuits. The final scene shows Edgar Ross observing John's ranch, foreshadowing the events of Red Dead Redemption. Development Preliminary work on Red Dead Redemption 2 began shortly following the release of the original game, Red Dead Redemption (2010). Rockstar San Diego, the studio behind the original game, had a rough outline of the game by mid-2011, and by late 2012, rough scripts of the game had been completed. When Rockstar Games realized that a group of distinct studios would not necessarily work, it co-opted all of its studios into one large team, dubbed Rockstar Studios, to facilitate development between 1,600 people; a total of around 2,000 people worked on the game. Analyst estimations place the game's combined development and marketing budget between and , which would make it one of the most expensive video games to develop. While the main theme of the original game was to protect family at all costs, Red Dead Redemption 2 tells the story of the breakdown of a family in the form of the Van der Linde gang. The team was interested in exploring the story of why the gang fell apart, as frequently mentioned in the first game. Rockstar's Vice President of Creativity Dan Houser was inspired by film and literature when writing the game, though he avoided contemporary works to avoid being accused of stealing ideas. The team was not specifically inspired by film or art but rather real locations. The team was focused on creating an accurate reflection of the time, with people and locations. The citizens in the game feature a contrast between rich and poor, while the locales contrast between the civilization and the wilderness. Red Dead Redemption 2s recording sessions began in 2013. Rockstar wanted a diverse cast of characters within the Van der Linde gang. The writers put particular focus on the individual stories behind each character, exploring their life before the gang and their reasons for remaining with the group. Several characters were cut from the game during development as their personalities failed to add to the narrative. The actors sometimes improvized some additional lines, but mostly remained faithful to the script. The team decided that the player would control one character in Red Dead Redemption 2, as opposed to the three protagonists in Rockstar's previous title Grand Theft Auto V (2013), to follow the character more personally and understand how the events impact him. They felt that a single character is more appropriate for the narrative structure of a Western. Red Dead Redemption 2 is the first game from Rockstar built specifically for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Rockstar had tested these consoles' technical capabilities when porting Grand Theft Auto V, initially released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, to them. Once the team had defined what limitations were sustainable, they found the areas that required the most focus. One of Rockstar's goals with Red Dead Redemption 2s gameplay was to make the player feel as though they are living in a world, instead of playing missions and watching cutscenes. A method used to achieve this was through the gang's moving camp, where the player can interact with other characters. The team ensured that the characters maintained the same personality and mood from cutscene to gameplay to make the world feel more alive and realistic. Woody Jackson, who worked with Rockstar on the original game and Grand Theft Auto V, returned to compose Red Dead Redemption 2s original score. Red Dead Redemption 2 has three different types of score: narrative, which is heard during the missions in the game's story; interactive, when the player is roaming the open world or in multiplayer; and environmental, which includes campfire singing songs or a character playing music in the world. The game's music regularly reacts according to the player's decisions in the world. Jackson purchased several instruments from the Wrecking Crew that were featured on classic cowboy films. In total, over 110 musicians worked on the music for the game. Daniel Lanois produced the original vocal tracks for the game, collaborating with artists such as D'Angelo, Willie Nelson, Rhiannon Giddens, and Josh Homme. Director of music and audio Ivan Pavlovich also engaged saxophone player Colin Stetson, experimental band Senyawa, and musician Arca to work on the score. Rockstar Games first teased Red Dead Redemption 2 on October 16–17, 2016, before the official announcement on October 18, 2016. Originally due for release in the second half of 2017, the game was delayed twice: first to Q1/Q2 2018, and later to October 26, 2018. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for "polish". To spur pre-order sales, Rockstar collaborated with several retail outlets to provide special edition versions of the game. A companion app, released alongside the game for Android and iOS devices, acts as a second screen wherein the player can view in-game items such as catalogs, journals, and a real-time mini-map. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on November 5, 2019, and was a launch title for Stadia when the service launched on November 19, 2019. The Windows version has visual and technical improvements. Reception Critical response Red Dead Redemption 2 received "universal acclaim" from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. The game is the highest-rated PlayStation 4 and Xbox One game on Metacritic alongside Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto V, and is the fifth-highest rated game overall, tied with several others. Reviewers praised the characters, narrative, gameplay and combat, open world design, and music. Matt Bertz of Game Informer described the game as "the biggest and most cohesive adventure Rockstar Games has ever created", and GamesRadars David Meikleham felt that it "represents the current pinnacle of video game design". Keza MacDonald of The Guardian declared it "a landmark game" and "a new high water-mark for lifelike video game worlds"; IGNs Luke Reilly named it "one of the greatest games of the modern age". Peter Suderman, writing for The New York Times, considered Red Dead Redemption 2 as an example of video games as a work of art, comparing the game's abilities to "[tell] individual stories against the backdrop of national and cultural identity, deconstructing their genres while advancing the form" to the current state of film and television with similar works like The Godfather and The Sopranos. Meikleham of GamesRadar wrote that, "story-wise, this is perhaps the boldest triple-A game ever made", praising the unpredictability of the narrative and comparing the game's "high caliber" epilogue to the narrative of The Last of Us (2013). The Guardians MacDonald also praised the twists within the story, applauding the writers' ability to feed the smaller stories into the overall narrative. Nick Plessas of Electronic Gaming Monthly noted that the game's best stories "are to be found in the margins", discovered and written by the player. Game Informers Bertz felt that the game's narrative rarely suffered from repetition, an impressive feat considering the game's scope. Conversely, GameSpots Kallie Plagge was frustrated by the predictability later in the narrative, though admitted that such repetition was a "crucial" part of Arthur's story. Alex Navarro of Giant Bomb felt that the narrative suffered in its clichéd Native American portrayal and "blandly obnoxious" side missions. Some reviewers also commented on the game's slow opening hours and its lengthy epilogue. Electronic Gaming Monthlys Plessas found the journey of redemption for Arthur Morgan to be "far more redeeming" than John Marston's in Red Dead Redemption, noting that his sins heightened his sympathy for the character. Conversely, Eurogamers Martin Robinson considered Arthur to be less compelling than Marston, leading to a confusing narrative as a result. GameSpots Plagge wrote that the new characters in the game contribute significantly to the quality of the story. Mike Williams of USgamer felt that the secondary characters "feel like actual people" due to their varied personalities, and the player feels a closer connection when events occur in the game. IGNs Reilly praised the cultural variety within the cast of characters and the game's avoidance of caricatures. Giant Bombs Navarro echoed this sentiment, noting that the characters possess humanity often lacking in other Rockstar games, particularly in the thoughtful portrayal of Arthur's internal conflicts. MacDonald of The Guardian felt that the characters felt more believable due to the "excellent performances with unexpected range". Polygons Chris Plante found the game's portrayal of Native American characters, inspired by a "mashing together of real-world people, locations, and groups into single entities", to be insensitive and confusing, but that the game's political commentary shone when focusing on the entitlement and power of the Braithwaite and Gray families. Game Informers Bertz felt that the game has "unequivocally the most well-crafted and fully realized open world in video games". Many other critics echoed this sentiment: Giant Bombs Navarro considered the open-world population to be the game's best aspect, and Electronic Gaming Monthlys Plessas noted that the game's map "pushes industry boundaries in both size and detail". Robinson of Eurogamer considered the world to be Rockstar's largest since Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004). The Guardians MacDonald described the open world as "close to miraculous", praising its imitation of real American landscapes. Reilly of IGN considered the game's world to be "broader, more beautiful, and more varied" than its predecessor's, due in part to how each environment feels alive. GameSpots Plagge felt compelled to explore the open world due to its variety, reactivity, and surprises. GamesRadars Meikleham declared Red Dead Redemption 2 as "the best looking video game of all time" with some of the most impressive lighting and weather systems. IGNs Reilly described the game as "undeniably pretty" due to the lighting engine, facial animation, and level of granular detail present in the world. Game Informers Bertz praised the attention to detail of the historical period, writing that the "wide expanses of wilderness feel alive thanks to an unrivaled dynamic weather system, ambient sound effects, and the most ambitious ecology of flora and fauna ever seen in games". Plessas of Electronic Gaming Monthly felt that the game's artistic and graphical design was impressive in its physicality and reactivity, as well as visuals. USgamers Williams found the game to be one of the best-looking on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Woody Jackson's musical score was called "top notch" by IGNs Reilly, who described it as "an evocative mix of jangling Ennio Morricone-esque guitar and more soulful pieces". GamesRadars Meikleham wrote that the score is "both electrifying and eclectic". Dean Takahashi of VentureBeat felt that the soundtrack contributed significantly to the game's immersion, while Bertz of Game Informer noted that the soundtrack added authenticity to the game world by using elements of American folk music. VG247s Kirk McKeand praised the blending of music during exploration and its intensity in combat, and lauded the sparing use of vocal tracks to highlight important narrative moments. Graham Banas of Push Square retrospectively named it among the best soundtracks of the 2010s, writing that it "raised the bar on what a soundtrack could accomplish". Red Dead Redemption 2s gameplay received praise from Giant Bombs Navarro, who noted that, "from the biggest missions right down to the smallest interactions, all of this stuff feels like it was constructed individually". GamesRadars Meikleham similarly lauded the amount of detail and worth in the game's secondary mechanics. Plessas of Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that the game's subtle details are "vital for immersion", noting that they remove any divide between the player and the overall experience. Game Informers Bertz appreciated the game's missions that avoided violence, wanting more "quiet moments sprinkled throughout the story". IGNs Reilly felt that, despite feeling "heavier" than the protagonists of Grand Theft Auto V, Arthur's movement throughout the world did not feel cumbersome. Polygons Plante considered the game's conversation options limited, but still an improvement over the violence of other action games. Eurogamers Robinson voiced frustration at the game's lack of freedom in some story missions. IGNs Reilly felt that, while the game's combat borrowed from the formula of Grand Theft Auto games, the closer battles with more primitive firearms led to more intimate and "exciting" encounters. Chris Carter of Destructoid described the gunplay as "fantastic" and praised the game's Dead Eye mechanic for allowing the "further beautification of some of the more hectic confrontations". Electronic Gaming Monthlys Plessas wrote that "few games attempt to reinvent the point-gun-pull-trigger quintessence of shooters, but Red Dead 2 achieves it with confidence and grace". Sam White of GQ found that the guns are "slower, more meaningful tools", making them feel deadlier in combat. USgamers Williams felt that the game is better than its predecessor, but is "not the best third-person combat system". Film Crit Hulk, writing for Polygon, criticized the game's control system, summarizing the feeling of it as "not one of difficulty and accomplishment, but constant monotony or frustration". Kotakus Kirk Hamilton disparaged that interacting with the world became "frustrating and inconsistent" as a result of the game's "sludgy kinesthetics, jumbled control scheme, and unclear user interface"; they described gameplay as akin to giving directions to an actor due to both "arduous, heavy, and inelegant" navigation and slow or unsatisfying button inputs. Robert Ramsey of Push Square called the controls "serviceable" but at their worst "infuriating", and that the button layouts for various actions were too convoluted. Gaming journalist Jim Sterling felt that the sheer amount of realism in the game limited capabilities and caused various scenarios or animations to be prolonged, such as hunting animals to obtain their pelts. Film Crit Hulk, writing for Polygon, felt that the ability to interact with numerous items resulted in meaningless interactions, and that striving for realism in a video game did not work in practice. Jeff Grubb of VentureBeat wrote that, in spite of presenting a range of options for the player, the gameplay was still notably restrictive by preventing other opportunities. USgamers Williams felt that the wanted system was unfairly punishing to the player for committing crimes that were difficult to avoid, such as accidentally killing NPCs in collisions. Wireds Matt Reynolds was mixed on gameplay elements relating to the well-being of the player character and the required dedication, noting that the game "exchanges immersion for observation" and that "at times, the constant character maintenance feels like a chore". Red Dead Redemption 2s Microsoft Windows release also received "universal acclaim", according to Metacritic; it is one of the highest-rated PC games. Sam White of PCGamesN thought the graphics improvements made the open world "[look] the best it ever has". Destructoids Carter praised the addition of the Photo Mode. Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica felt that the game's animations during cutscenes do not scale well to higher frame rates, but considered the gameplay to be far superior to the console versions. Matthew Castle of Rock, Paper, Shotgun lauded the adapted controls, particularly when painting targets in Dead Eye, though felt they took time to familiarize oneself with. PC Gamers James Davenport found the first-person perspective to be superior on the Windows version due to the responsiveness of the mouse, but noted that the game crashed several times; Jean-Kléber Lauret of Jeuxvideo.com echoed similar criticisms, observing that the graphical and technical enhancements meant that advanced hardware was required. Polygons Samit Sarkar criticized the port's technical issues, writing that "the freezing issue is bad enough that I simply can't play the game until Rockstar fixes it". Tony Polanco of PCMag wrote that, one week after release, the technical issues had been mostly solved. Accolades Red Dead Redemption 2 received multiple nominations and awards from gaming publications, winning several Game of the Year awards. Before release, it was nominated for Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards in 2016 and 2017, and for Most Wanted Game at the Golden Joystick Awards. At The Game Awards 2018, the game received eight nominations and went on to win four awards: Best Audio Design, Best Narrative, Best Score/Music, and Best Performance for Roger Clark as Arthur Morgan. At IGNs Best of 2018, the game garnered seven nominations, winning two awards and named runner-up in four (behind God of War). The game earned eight nominations at the 22nd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, including Game of the Year. At the 6th SXSW Gaming Awards, Red Dead Redemption 2 was named the Trending Game of the Year and won for Excellence in SFX and Technical Achievement. The game received seven nominations at the 19th Game Developers Choice Awards, and six at the 15th British Academy Games Awards. On Metacritic, Red Dead Redemption 2 was the highest-rated game of 2018. The game also appeared on several year-end lists of the best games of 2018, receiving Game of the Year wins at the Australian Games Awards, Brazil Game Awards, Fun & Serious Game Festival, Global Game Awards, IGN Australia Select Awards, and Italian Video Game Awards, and from outlets such as 4Players, AusGamers, Complex, Digital Trends, Edge, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Gamereactor, GameSpot, The Guardian, Hot Press, news.com.au, The Telegraph, USgamer, and Vulture; it was named runner-up by several other publications. The game was named among the best games of the 2010s by Entertainment.ie, The Hollywood Reporter, Metacritic, National Post, NME, Stuff, Thrillist, VG247, and Wired UK. Sales Since the previous installment in the series was among the highest-reviewed and best-selling games of the seventh generation of video game consoles, many analysts believed that Red Dead Redemption 2 would be one of the highest-selling games of 2018 and would have a great effect on other game sales during the fourth quarter. After the game's announcement in October 2016, analyst Ben Schacter of Macquarie Research estimated that it would sell 12 million copies in its first quarter, while analysts at Cowen and Company gave a "conservative" estimate of 15 million sales. In July 2018, industry analyst Mat Piscatella predicted that Red Dead Redemption 2 would be the best-selling game of 2018, outselling other blockbuster titles such as Battlefield V, Call of Duty: Black Ops 4, and Fallout 76; some industry commentators noted that frequent franchises like Assassin's Creed and Call of Duty were launching their 2018 entries—Odyssey and Black Ops 4, respectively—earlier than usual, predicting an avoidance of competition with Red Dead Redemption 2. Shortly before the game's release in October 2018, Schacter estimated that the game would sell 15 million copies in its first quarter, though noted that investor expectations were at 20million copies; Michael Pachter of Wedbush Securities predicted 25 million. Michael Olson of Piper Jaffray projected revenue between and in the first three days, while Doug Creutz of Cowen Inc. estimated between and . Red Dead Redemption 2 had the largest opening weekend in the history of entertainment, making over in revenue in three days, and over 17million copies shipped in total in two weeks, exceeding the lifetime sales of Red Dead Redemption. Additionally, Red Dead Redemption 2 was the second-highest-grossing entertainment launch (behind Grand Theft Auto V) and set records for largest-ever pre-orders, largest first-day sales, and largest sales for the first three days in market on PlayStation Network. The share price for Rockstar's parent company, Take-Two Interactive, rose nine percent in the week after release. VentureBeats Takahashi noted that the game likely broke-even in its first week and, based on analyst estimates, would begin to earn a profit by December 2018. The game shipped 23million copies in 2018, and sales reached 29million in 2019, and 36million in 2020; as of December 2021, it has shipped 43million units. By dollar sales, it was the best-selling game of the latter half of the 2010s, and the seventh-best-selling game of the decade overall. It is among the best-selling video games. In the United States, Red Dead Redemption 2 was the second-best-selling game of October 2018, behind Call of Duty: Black Ops 4. It was the nation's best-selling-game in November, and the third-best-selling in December. Overall, it was the best-selling game of the year. In 2019, it maintained its placement in the nation's top charts, and was the twelfth-best-selling game of the year. It remained in the charts for the first half of 2020. In the United Kingdom, Red Dead Redemption 2 was the best-selling retail game in its first week of release and the second-fastest-selling game of 2018 (behind FIFA 19). The game's opening week physical sales were doubled from its predecessor's, with 68% of sales from the PlayStation 4 version. Red Dead Redemption 2 is also the third-fastest-selling non-FIFA game released in its generation, behind Call of Duty: Black Ops III and Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare. In the United Kingdom, it was the second-best-selling game of 2018, the fifth-best of 2019, and the eleventh-best of 2020. Within its first week on sale in Japan, the PlayStation 4 version of Red Dead Redemption 2 sold 132,984 copies, which placed it at number one on the all-format video game sales chart. In Australia, it was the best-selling game of 2018, and the fifteenth-best-selling of 2020. Worldwide, the Windows version sold 406,000 copies upon launch in November 2019, doubling to over one million after its release on Steam the following month. Red Dead Online The online multiplayer component to Red Dead Redemption 2, titled Red Dead Online, was released as a public beta on November 27, 2018, to players who owned a special edition of the base game, and then progressively opened to all owners. Upon entering the game world, players customize a character and are free to explore the environment alone or in a "posse" group. As players complete activities throughout the game world, they receive experience points to raise their characters in rank and receive bonuses, thereby progressing in the game. Though Red Dead Online and Red Dead Redemption 2 share assets and gameplay, Rockstar views them as separate products with independent trajectories, reflected in its decision to launch the multiplayer title separately. Player progression in the public beta carried over when the beta ended on May 15, 2019. A standalone client for Red Dead Online, which does not require the base game, was released on December 1, 2020, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Post-release content is continually added to the game through free title updates. Controversies Prior to the game's release, Dan Houser stated that the team had been working 100-hour weeks "several times in 2018". Many sources interpreted this statement as "crunch time" for the entire development staff of the game, comparable to similar accusations made by wives of Rockstar San Diego employees in regards to the development of the game's predecessor. The following day, Rockstar clarified in a statement that the work duration mentioned by Houser only affected the senior writing staff for Red Dead Redemption 2, and that the duration had only been the case for three weeks during the entire development. Houser also added that the company would never expect or force any employee to work as long as was stated, and those staying late at the development studios were powered by their passion for the project. However, other Rockstar employees argued that Houser's statements did not give an accurate picture of the "crunch-time culture" at the company that many of its employees worked under, which included "mandatory" overtime and years-long periods of crunch. Due to the salary-based nature of employment contracts, many employees were not compensated for their overtime work and instead depended on year-end bonus payments that hinged on the sales performance of the game. Nonetheless, a sentiment echoed across many employee statements was the observation that working conditions had somewhat improved since development on the original Red Dead Redemption. By April 2020, several employees reported that the company had made significant changes as a result of the publicity surrounding the work culture, and many were cautiously optimistic about Rockstar's future. In November 2018, YouTuber Shirrako posted several videos of his player character murdering a female suffragette NPC, including feeding her to an alligator and dropping her down a mineshaft. Critics noted that the majority of comments on the videos were sexist and misogynistic. Shirrako claimed that the actions were apolitical and that he did not support the sexist comments but did not wish to censor them. Matt Leonard of GameRevolution called Shirrako's response "plain bullshit", noting that he continued to post similar videos encouraging the same behavior. In response, YouTube suspended the channel for violation of their community guidelines, citing its graphic nature for shock purposes and for promoting violence. Shirrako protested the decision, claiming it was hypocritical as in-game violence against men did not receive the same response. YouTube restored the channel and designated an age restriction to the suffragette videos, commenting that "the reviewer will be educated on this outcome and on how to avoid repeating this mistake". Some critics questioned if Rockstar was partly to blame for the behavior, as the game does not limit attacks on the suffragette as it does other characters, such as children. Writing for Public History Weekly, Moritz Hoffman noted that the incident reflects a newer issue of open world games: that granting freedom without penalties promotes disinhibition. Scholars Hilary Jane Locke and Thomas Mackay wrote that it "points to a sharp contrast between the game's portrayal of Progressive Era politics ... and how some players have responded to its depictions thereof". Securitas AB, the parent company of the modern-day Pinkerton agency, issued a cease and desist notice to Take-Two Interactive on December 13, 2018, asserting that Red Dead Redemption 2s use of the Pinkerton name and badge imagery was against their trademark and demanded royalties for each copy of the game sold or that they would take legal action. Take-Two filed a complaint against Securitas on January 11, 2019, maintaining that the Pinkerton name was strongly associated with the Wild West, and its use of the term did not infringe on the Pinkerton trademark. Take-Two sought a summary judgment to declare the use of Pinkerton in the game as allowed fair use. Game Informers Javy Gwaltney agreed with Take-Two's claims, questioning why Securitas had not targeted other works depicting the Pinkerton agency in the past; he felt that "the company likely just wants a cut of [the game's] profits". In response to Take-Two's complaint, Pinkerton president Jack Zahran described the game's portrayal of Pinkertons as "baseless" and "inaccurate", noting that Pinkerton employees would "have to explain to their young game players why Red Dead Redemption 2 encourages people to murder Pinkertons", but hoped that the companies could come to an "amicable solution". By April 2019, Securitas withdrew its claims and Take-Two moved to withdraw its complaint. Legacy Critics agreed that Red Dead Redemption 2 was among the best games of the eighth generation of video game consoles. GQs White described it as "a generation-defining release", and VG247s McKeand named it "a benchmark for other open world games to aspire to". In March 2019, Popular Mechanics ranked it 24th on its list of greatest games. In October, IGN added Red Dead Redemption 2 to its list of top 100 video games, ranked 62nd in 2019 and promoted to 8th in 2021; editor Luke Reilly praised its "uncompromising detail" and wrote that it "stands shoulder-to-shoulder with Grand Theft Auto V as one of gaming's greatest open-world achievements". IGN also ranked the game as the third-best Xbox One game and eleventh-best PC and PlayStation 4 game. In July 2020, Dylan Haas of Mashable considered the game his second favorite of all time, citing its realism, world, characters, and narrative. In November, TechRadar listed it among the greatest games of the eighth generation; editor Gerald Lynch felt that it set the bar for believable open world games. In December, GamesRadar+ ranked it the fifth best game of the generation, noting that it had already begun to influence the open-world and role-playing genres; in November 2021, GamesRadar+ ranked it 28th on its list of top 50 games, describing it as "one of the best sandbox games ever made". Footage from Red Dead Redemption 2 was used in the first music video for the song "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X in March 2019. A study published by the University of Exeter in July 2021 found that players had an increased understanding of ecology and animal behavior; players were able to identify three more animals on average than other gamers. See also Notes References External links 2018 video games Action-adventure games Bank robbery in fiction Cultural depictions of the Mafia Euphoria (software) games Hunting in video games Infectious diseases in fiction Interactive Achievement Award winners Ku Klux Klan in popular culture Motion capture in video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Open-world video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games Rockstar Games games Stadia games Take-Two Interactive games Train robbery in fiction Video game prequels Video games about death Video games about revenge Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in India Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Woody Jackson Video games set in 1899 Video games set in 1907 Video games set in the Caribbean Video games set in the United States Video games set on fictional islands Video games with alternate endings Video games with time manipulation Video games written by Dan Houser Western (genre) video games Windows games Works about atonement Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20viral%20music%20videos

List of viral music videos

This is a partial list of viral music videos, that gained rapid attention on the Internet. Like Internet memes, viewership of such videos tend to expand rapidly and become more widespread because the instant communication facilitates word of mouth. This list documents music videos known to have become viral; other viral videos can be found at list of viral videos with additional videos that have become Internet phenomena for other categories can be found at list of Internet phenomena. Major music videos These videos are videos from various artists that have over 500 million views and gained viral popularity after their release. "Ai Se Eu Te Pego" - A Brazilian Portuguese song made popular by the Brazilian singer Michel Teló during the height of the Música sertaneja craze. The international success of the main release of the song made the song go viral. The song peaked at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video currently has over 950 million views. "Axel F" - A remix of the Beverly Hills Cop theme by Crazy Frog. The song peaked at number 1 in the UK Charts in 2005, as well in different countries in Europe. The song blew up internationally in recent years. Currently, Its music video has over 1.5 billion views on YouTube. "Baby Shark Dance" — A children's viral educational music video made by South Korean education brand Pinkfong that went viral due to its poppy and repetitive lyrics. It is currently the most viewed YouTube video, with over 9.3 billion views as of September 2021. "Bad and Boujee" – A song by rap group Migos. The song became a meme when people made edits on the line "Raindrop, droptop". The video has over 1 billion views. Takeoff's response to being left off the track spawned other memes due to interviewers not being able to hear him. "Bad Romance"— A song by The Queen of Pop Lady Gaga. "Despacito" - The official video for "Despacito" on YouTube received its one billionth view on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second-fastest video on the site to reach the milestone behind Adele's "Hello". By August 2017, the song was the most viewed YouTube video with 2.9 billion views. Despacito is also the first and fastest video to hit 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 billion views. The song soared into the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 following a Justin Bieber remix. The song also peaked at number 1 for 16 weeks, beating Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men's"One Sweet Day". It is currently the most liked YouTube video, with over 42 million likes as of January 2021. "Every Breath You Take" "Eye of the Tiger" "Gangnam Style" – A song and music video by South Korean rapper Psy, showing him doing an "invisible horse dance" and saying the catchphrase "Oppa Gangnam Style" across a number of quirky locations, leading to its viral spread as well as the single's reaching international music charts. On YouTube, The video was the first to reach 1 and 2 billion views, and on November 24, 2012 became the most watched video, surpassing Justin Bieber's "Baby" until it was surpassed by Wiz Khalifa's "See You Again" on July 10, 2017. As of October 2020, the video has been viewed over 3.8 billion times on YouTube. "God's Plan" — A viral song made by Canadian rapper Drake. The lyrics as well as some as the good deeds Drake did throughout the music video allowed for it to go viral and become a meme. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and has accumulated over 1 billion views on YouTube. "Gucci Gang" – A song and music video by American rapper Lil Pump. The song's repetitive hook which repeats the title of the song several times lead the song to become an Internet meme with other people making edits of the song. The song also peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, and has accumulated over 890 million views. "Havana" — A song by Camila Cabello named after the Cuban city of where she was born. The song is the first song by a female artist since 1996 to top 3 multiple charts on Billboard. The song also peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. The official music video has over 1 billion views on YouTube, while its audio version has over 1.6 billion views as of October 2019. "Hello" – Adele's song released in October 2015 was a major digital commercial success being the first song to sell 1 million units within a week of its release. Its video, which primarily features Adele's singing her song through a telephone conversation, led to several mashups with other songs, including Lionel Richie's song of the same name which had a similar theme to its video. Further, as of February 2018, the video holds the record for the fastest time to reach one billion views on YouTube, reaching this within 88 days of its release. As of October 2018, the video has over 2.4 billion views on YouTube. "High Hopes" "Hot Nigga" – A song by American rapper Bobby Shmurda. The song became popular among Vine users in 2014 and lead to the Shmoney dance meme which has been performed by both Beyoncé and NFL receiver Brandon Gibson. The line "About a week ago!" was also heavily featured in the vines. As of March 2019 the video has 520 million views. "Hotline Bling" – A song and video by Drake released in October 2015; the video primarily consists of Drake dancing with female performers against brightly-lit backgrounds. Drake's dance style was considered "goofy" and like that "of a total fool", leading to Internet users either resampling the video against other songs they felt more fitting, or themselves recreating the dance. As of October 2018, the video has over 1.4 billion views on YouTube . "I Feel It Coming" "Lahore" - A song and video by Guru Randhawa released in December 2017. This is T-Series (Main Channel)‘s most viewed video with 790 million views. "Laung Laachi" - A Punjabi title song of the movie Laung Laachi became the most viewed song video in India, in December 2019, as well as the first music video to hit more than 1 billion views. It is also the most viewed T-Series video (uploaded on ‘T-Series Apna Punjab’). "Lift Yourself" "Look What You Made Me Do" – A song and video by Taylor Swift released on Aug 27, 2017. The song's music video broke the record for most-watched music video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day, topping the 27.7 million views Adele's "Hello" attracted in that timeframe, making it the third most viewed online video in the first 24 hours. It is also the fastest video to reach 200, 300 and 400 million views and the second fastest to reach 100, 500 and 600 million. As of October 2019, the video has over 1.1 billion views on YouTube. "Never Gonna Give You Up" "Old Town Road" – A song by Lil Nas X that gained popularity in early 2019. It has since become a challenge on the app TikTok, under the "Yeehaw Challenge". The song has received support from Justin Bieber, was played after Texas Tech's win in the NCAA Tournament, and played at an Atlanta Hawks basketball game. The popularity of the song has made it peak at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, as well in many other countries. It's longevity on top of the Billboard Hot 100 has made it one of only 12 singles to peak at number one for 13+ weeks. The visualizer has since racked up more than 76 million views on YouTube. A remix with country singer Billy Ray Cyrus was later released, boosting the songs popularity even more. The remix audio has surpassed 550 million views on YouTube. Both versions of the song has made Road the most streamed song in a week in the US with over 143 million streams, surpassing Drake's "In My Feelings" with 116.2 million streams. A music video was later released and starts off in the 1889 and later transitions into 2019. The music video also features several cameos throughout. As of January 2021, its audio version has over 555 million views on YouTube. "See You Again" – The official soundtrack of the 2017 film Furious 7 sung by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth . The song was a tribute to Paul Walker, as he died during the production of Furious 7 . The song became very popular, getting to 1 billion views in only 181 days. The song was also briefly the most viewed YouTube video, until it was surpassed by Despacito 24 days later. As of October 2019, the song has over 4.6 billion views, making it currently the fourth most-viewed YouTube video. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - A song and video released by Beyoncé in October 2008. The music video, shot in black and white, features Beyoncé wearing a one-shoulder black leotard surrounded by two backup dancers performing the choreography that would lead to the video's popularity. The video is credited with starting the "first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet". Many celebrities have parodied and paid homage to the song and the video including former president Barack Obama, Tom Hanks, Joe Jonas, Kourtney Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian, and Kim Kardashian, and Chris Colfer and Heather Morris included the dance routine as part of Glee Live! In Concert!. As of March 2019, the video has over 690 million views on YouTube. "Starboy" "Thank u, Next" — A 2018 song by Ariana Grande which its music video was released on November 30. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100. The song reached 100 million views in 3 days and 10 hours, becoming one of the fastest to do so. It also reached 55.4 million views within 24 hours, breaking both the YouTube and Vevo 24 hour records. The music video features celebrities Colleen Ballinger, Jonathan Bennett, Stefanie Drummond, Scott Nicholson, Troye Sivan and Gabi DeMartino. It also referenced the movies Mean Girls, Bring It On, 13 Going on 30 and Legally Blonde. As of January 2021, the music video has over 605 million views on YouTube. "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)" – A 2013 song and associated video by the Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis prepared for their television show. The song's verses note the noises other animals make, but in the chorus, ask what noise a fox makes, at which point the song offers nonsense phrases like "gering-ding-ding-ding-dingeringeding!" and "fraka-kaka-kaka-kaka-kow!", while the video takes a similarly funny turn. The video saw over 43 million hits within a few weeks of its release, topping music charts, and leading to Ylvis being signed for more music by Warner Bros. Records. As of June 2020, the video has over 1 billion views on YouTube. "The Gummy Bear Song" – A bubblegum dance song by Gummibär that has become a viral sensation and was the first song by a German independent artist to gain 1 billion views. As of March 2019, the video has over 1.6 billion views on YouTube. "This is America" – A viral song by Childish Gambino. The video talks about the state of America. The video also makes other references throughout. The way Glover walks in the beginning is representative of Jim Crow. His movements represent minstrel shows, a form of entertainment that mocks African-American people. The video also references the 2015 Charleston Church massacre, the use of phones to record police officers shooting blacks, the book of Revalation, other things relating to cars, and Get Out. The video also surpassed 12.9 million views in under 24 hours, and 50 million in 3 days. The music video currently has over 510 million views. "Turn Down for What" – A 2014 song and video by record producer DJ Snake and rapper Lil Jon which gained viral popularity due to its bass drop after Lil Jon yells "Turn Down For What!". As of March 2019, the video has over 840 million views on YouTube. "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)" - A viral video by Silentó with own set of unique moves imitated by other fans. The song peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. As of March 2019, the song has accumulated over 1.6 billion views." Other music videos Originals This section includes music videos with less than 500 million views. "1-800-273-8255" "Badgers" — A viral song and video by MrWeebl featuring badgers jumping up and down accompanied with catchy lyrics. The dancing badgers helped Picking's website Weebl's Stuff win a People's Choice award from users of Yahoo! in the UK. "Bed Intruder Song" – A remix by the Gregory Brothers of a televised news interview of Antoine Dodson, the brother of a victim of a home invasion and attempted assault. The music video became a mainstream success, reaching the Billboard Hot 100, and became the most watched YouTube video of 2010. The video also coined the phrase "Hide yo kids, hide yo wife," that later became a meme. "Bitch Lasagna" - A song by the Swedish Youtuber Pewdiepie in collaboration with Dutch music producer Party In Backyard. The song satirizes Indian music label T-Series and used racism and indian-stereotypes, as a response to predictions that T-Series would surpass PewDiePie in terms of subscriber count which soon became true. And was later banned in India by Delhi High Court. The song was one of the first events in the PewDiePie vs T-Series competition, in which the two channels competed for the title of the most-subscribed channel on YouTube. "Chacarron Macarron" - Song by Panamanian artists Rodney Clark (El Chombo) and Andres de la Cruz (also known as Andy's Val Gourmet). It is a reworking of the original version from 2003 by Andy's Val Gourmet, who is credited as 'Andy's Val' on the release. The song gained attention online when the chorus was used on a YTMND page by the name of "Ualuealuealeuale" which was created sometime in late 2005. Chacarron Macarron became viral on the Internet owing to its nonsensical lyrics and odd music video. "Chinese Food" - A song and music video by Alison Gold recorded with the controversial ARK Music Factory, the same company behind Rebecca Black's viral song "Friday". The song was called "The New Friday" as well as being called racist. "Chocolate Rain" – A song and music video written and performed by Tay Zonday (also known as Adam Nyerere Bahner). After being posted on YouTube on 22 April 2007, the song quickly became a popular viral video. By December 2009, the video had received over 40 million views. As of October 2018, the song has over 119 million views. "Congratulations" - A song by Swedish Youtuber Pewdiepie, Swedish singer/musician Roomie and English musician Boyinaband. The single was self-released on 31 March 2019 with an accompanying music video on YouTube as a response to T-Series surpassing PewDiePie as the most subscribed channel on YouTube. The music video is banned on YouTube India. "Crab Rave" – A song and music video written and animated by Irish DJ and music producer Eoin O'Broin (known as his stage name Noisestorm). Although the song was initially released as an April Fool's Day joke for the Canadian record label Monstercat, it soon gained popularity because of the music video featuring thousands of computer-animated dancing crabs. The song peaked at number 32 in the "Hot Dance/Electronic Songs" category in the Billboard charts, surpassed over 1 million (U.S) online streams in the week ending November 22, 2018, and gained over 50 million views on the "Monstercat: Instinct" YouTube channel. "Da Coconut Nut" - A song by Filipino national artist Ryan Cayabyab originally popularized by the band Smokey Mountain in 1991. "Dat $tick" – A song by Indonesian rapper, Rich Brian. This song went viral after many rappers react to this song. "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" - A song and viral video by The FiNATTiCZ. The song became popular to a twerking mashup of the song posted on Vine. The song peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Firework" - Katy Perry Jodi DiPiazza duet" -A duet from the television special Night of Too Many Stars, it received 4 Million views in the first 4 days and was the most viral video on YouTube for a short period of time. "Friday" – A 2011 music video sung by 13-year-old Rebecca Black, partially funded by her mother, which received over 200 million views on YouTube and spread in popularity through social media services. "Gokuraku Jodo" – A J-pop song by Japanese pop duo Garnidelia. The song was released on July 28, 2016 accompanied with a dance music video. It spread to the Chinese video website Bilibili and quickly became viral in China, leading to various spoofs and mimicking dances. As of 27 June 2020, the video received 63 million hits on YouTube. "Gwiyomi" – A K-pop single by the South Korean indie musician Hari. The song was released on 18 February 2013 and is based on an Internet meme known as the Gwiyomi Player, which was invented in October 2012 by the K-pop idol Jung Il Hoon and has inspired many similar versions uploaded onto the Internet by Asian netizens. "It's Everyday Bro" – A song by actor and YouTube personality Jake Paul which went viral due to a line by Nick Crompton which stated England was a city. The video accumulated over 216 million views and has become the third most disliked YouTube video. "Lolly Bomb" - An official music video by Russian rave band Little Big. It featured the fictional love story of Howard X, an impersonator of Kim Jong-Un, where he fell in love with a missile. The music video has amassed over 122 million views on YouTube. "Mine" - A viral song and meme by Bazzi. The video created the meme "You so fuckin' precious when you smile" from a lyric in the song. The song also peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the music video has over 130 million views on YouTube. "Toy" - Israeli singer Netta Barzilai won 2018 Eurovision Song Contest with her song Toy. The song has become viral, it was played on many European radio stations and it's currently the most watched video on the official Eurovision YouTube channel. OK Go music videos – Several of the band's award-winning videos incorporate unique concepts, such as dancing on treadmills in "Here It Goes Again", a giant Rube Goldberg machine in "This Too Shall Pass", or a choreographed one-shot routine using over a dozen trained dogs in "White Knuckles". As such, they often go viral within a few days of their release. Their music video for "The Muppet Show Theme Song" won a Webby Award for "Viral Video" in 2012. "One Pound Fish" – A sales pitch song written and sung by Muhammad Shahid Nazir, a fish stall vendor in London, that became a viral hit and led to Nazir getting a recording contract. "Pants on the Ground" – First sung by "General" Larry Platt during the season 9 auditions of American Idol in Atlanta, Georgia, on 13 January 2010. Within one week, the video was seen by approximately 5 million on YouTube, had over 1 million fans on Facebook, and was repeated on television by Jimmy Fallon and Brett Favre. "Rappin' For Jesus" – A song by Pastor & Mrs. Jim Colerick. The video was made to promote a Christian youth outreach program. The video features Pastor & Mrs. Colerick rapping about how to be a Christian. The video went viral because of the line "That's cause Jesus Christ is my n**ga" which many took as a racial slur. Due to this and the strange nature of the video, it gained over 47 million views. "Red Solo Cup" – Toby Keith's recording of a drinking song devoted to the Solo disposable cup became a viral hit, with the video logging over 49 million views on YouTube and the song eventually becoming Keith's biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100. "Shia LaBeouf Live" – A song by singer-songwriter Rob Cantor that depicts Shia LaBeouf as a cannibal who kills people for sport. Due to the ridiculous manner of the song the song went viral and has accumulated over 57 million views. "United Breaks Guitars" – A video by the band Sons of Maxwell, recounting how United Airlines broke a guitar belonging to band member Dave Carroll. The video reached 11 million views, was named one of the top ten of 2009, and created speculation that it had caused a $180 million drop in the airline's stock value. "What What (In the Butt)" – A viral music video set to a song about anal sex by gay recording artist Samwell. The video was posted on Valentine's Day 2007, and two weeks later had already been viewed 500,000 times. It was subsequently parodied on the South Park episode, "Canada on Strike", which poked fun at several other Internet memes and personalities. "Who Let the Dogs Out" " You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack" - The title track from You'll Cowards Don't Even Smoke Crack gained over 3 million views. Interpretations "Kids with Down syndrome singing A Thousand Years" — A viral interpretation of A Thousand Years sung by kids with Down syndrome. The video was shared on Twitter by the song's author, Christina Perri. The video currently has over 4.8 million views, and was for World Down Syndrome Day. "Canon Rock" – A rock arrangement of the Canon in D by JerryC which became famous when covered by funtwo and others. "Hey" – In 2005 two 20yo Israeli film school students Tasha and Disha filmed their fun dance and lip-sych to the song Pixies released as a track on album Doolittle in 1989. One of the first truly viral YouTube videos, viewed over 34 million times. At a result of a viral success girls met the Pixies at the 2014 and the group did the video clip to a new song with now 30yo "youtube sensation girls" as a main characters for a video. "Howard The Alien" - A green screen video of an alien dancing to Money Longer by Lil Uzi Vert. The original green screen video was uploaded to YouTube by the "3D Animation Land" channel in December 2017. It began gaining attention when an iFunny post combined the animation with Money Longer with the caption "imagine having sleep paralysis and seeing this as the foot of bed just fuckin breakin it down and you cant do anything about it like you hear the music in the back and everything bruh." "I Dreamed a Dream" by Susan Boyle - In 2009, Boyle, an unknown singer, 47 at the time, auditioned for Britain's Got Talent with the song surprising the jury, the public and the world with her interpretation. The programme received high ratings and Boyle's performance was quickly added to sites such as YouTube, where millions of people viewed it in the first month alone. "The Muppets: Bohemian Rhapsody" – A 2009 music video featuring The Muppets performing a modified version of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". The video received over seven million hits within its first week of release on YouTube, and by 2012, it had earned over 25 million hits. The video won the "Viral Video" category in the 14th Annual Webby Awards. "Numa Numa" with Gary Brolsma video of Romanian song "Dragostea din tei" by O-Zone. The video released on December 6, 2004 on the website Newgrounds.com, shows Brolsma lip-synching the hit song with lively gesticulations and dance moves. "Pop Culture" – A 2011 YouTube video of a live mash-up by the musician Hugo Pierre Leclercq aka "Madeon", aged 17 at the time, using a Novation touchpad to mix samples from 39 different songs. The video went viral within a few days of being posted, and led to Leclercq's fame in the electronica music genre. "Redbone" by girl selling Girl Scout cookies - A video by a 6-year-old girl and her father where they were trying to sell Girl Scout cookies. The popularity of the song led to the sales of her cookies skyrocketing. The popularity of the song also led her to appear on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert with the artist of the original song, Donald Glover. "Space Oddity" by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield - Performed and recorded during a space mission on Soyuz TMA-07M. The cover of the famous David Bowie song is set in zero gravity against spectacular views of Earth with Hadfield singing and playing the guitar. The video also generated a great deal of media exposure. "Twelve Days of Christmas" by a cappella group Straight No Chaser went viral in 2007 and led to the group being signed by Atlantic Records. "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)" is a massively collaborative crowdsourced charity video, involving 57 geographically distributed unsigned or independent contributors, that was produced by Canadian singer-songwriter and YouTube personality Lisa Lavie to raise money for victims of 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake. The video received repeated coverage on CNN, and the video's participants were collectively named ABC News "Persons of the Week" on U.S. national television by television journalist Diane Sawyer in March 2010. "Yodeling Walmart Boy" — A video of Mason Ramsey yodeling to Lovesick Blues in his local Walmart. The song and video went viral and led him to become a celebrity. This version also made the original song peak at number 3 on the Spotify Top 50 viral charts. The song also led Mason to be on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, have a concert at his own Walmart, and perform at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. "Xue hua piao piao bei feng xiao xiao" — A selfie video of a bald Chinese man singing the chorus verse of Fei Yu-ching's song Yi jian mei in a snowy background, first uploaded to Kuaishou in January 2020, was shared to Western social media, and quickly became viral on TikTok and Spotify by May 2020, leading to various covers and spoofs. Ads and campaigns "Dumb Ways to Die" – A music video featuring "a variety of cute characters killing themselves in increasingly idiotic ways" that went viral through sharing and social media. It was part of a public service announcement advertisement campaign by Metro Trains in Melbourne, Australia to promote rail safety. Mandatory Fun album and the #8days8videos campaign – A viral marketing campaign by comedy singer/songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic to promote his 2014 album Mandatory Fun by releasing eight videos for the new album over eight consecutive days across different streaming providers. The Internet-aided approach was considered very successful, leading to the album to become Yankovic's first number one hit in his 32-year career and became the first comedy album to hit Number 1 on the Billboard charts in over 50 years. Beat Energy Gap - a 2017 advertisement originally produced by Nestlé Philippines to promote the product, MILO, with actor James Reid as the endorser. The success of the advertisement and the song's catchy lyrics and upbeat theme led many internet users to make parodies featuring the song. One notable example of this is remixing K-pop videos to the song. Dance phenomena "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" - Debut single by American rapper Soulja Boy and is accompanied by the "Soulja Boy dance". The song is recognized by its looping steel drum riff. The song also peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. As of February 2018, the video has over 330 million views on YouTube. "STOOPID (6ix9ine)" - Single by American rapper 6ix9ine and is accompanied by the "STOOPID dance". The song ended up being used in many memes, and also became into a viral dance challenge on TikTok. Dame Tu Cosita - A viral dance song made by Panamanian rapper El Chombo that originated on social media platform Musical.ly. The video features a green alien dancing. It is accompanied with the #DameTuCosita challenge, which features people trying to recreate the dance. "Dancing Banana" – An animated banana dancing to the song "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" by the Buckwheat Boyz. Ghetto Kids of Uganda dancing "Sitya Loss" - A viral song of Ugandan singer Eddy Kenzo who featured the four Ugandan boys Alex Ssempijja, Fred and Isaac Tumusiime, Bashir Lubega and the girl Patricia Nabakooza dancing improvised moves in a competitive manner to his song. The video was made by Big Talent Entertainment and JahLive Films, and was directed by Mugerwa Frank. Hampster Dance – A page filled with hamsters dancing, linking to other animated pages. It spawned a fictional band complete with its own CD album release. Harlem Shake – A video based on Harlem shake dance, originally created by YouTube personality Filthy Frank and using an electronica version of the song by Baauer. In such videos, one person is dancing or acting strange among a room full of others going about routine business, until after the drop and a video cut, everyone starts dancing or acting strangely. The attempts to recreate the dance has led to a viral spread on YouTube. "Hit the Quan" — A viral song by iLoveMemphis that started the #HitTheQuanChallenge, resulting in people dancing to the video. The song peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video currently has over 57 million views on YouTube. "Indian Thriller" – A viral scene from the Indian film Donga with added subtitles phonetically approximating the original lyrics as English sentences. In My Feelings — A 2018 song by Drake from his recent studio album. The song went viral thanks to the "In My Feelings Challenge" (Also known as the Do The Shiggy Challenge). The challenge was replicated by many celebrities, such as football player Odell Beckham Jr., actor Will Smith, hosts Kelly & Ryan from the talk show Live with Kelly and Ryan and many others. The popularity of the dance challenge led to the song peaking on top of the Billboard Hot 100. JK Wedding Entrance Dance – The wedding procession for Jill Peterson and Kevin Heinz of St. Paul, Minnesota, choreographed to the song Forever by Chris Brown. Popularized on YouTube with 1.75 million views in less than five days in 2009. The video was later imitated in an episode of The Office on NBC. "Juju on That Beat (TZ Anthem)" - A viral song and meme made by two Detroit teenagers Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall. Many people have tried to replicate their dance moves, with the #TZAnthem Challenge. The song charted on Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 5. Little Superstar – A video of King kong, a short Indian actor, break-dancing to MC Miker G & DJ Sven's remix of the Madonna song "Holiday", in a clip from a 1990 Tamil film Adhisaya Piravi, featuring actor Rajnikanth. Passinho do Romano - The dance was born in the east of São Paulo, Brazil, known initially by Passinho do Romano. Because it was created in Jardim Romano in the region of Itaim Paulista. A dance that consists basically of light steps, with soft uses of heels, free arms with break, dubstep, robot steps and funk itself gained strength in the community and quickly became popular. Rolex - Viral song made by duo Ayo & Teo. The song is accompanied with the #RolexChallenge, which features people trying to replicate the dance. The song peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100, and has over 350 million views. Scooby Doo Papa — A viral song and dance video made by New York DJ DJ Kass. Many people have tried to recreate the dance on social media. The song also peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot Latin chart. "Skibidi" – A song and viral music video by Russian rave band Little Big. The release sparked a dance craze in part to the "Skibidi Challenge" issued by the band. The video went viral days after release, gaining 28 million views in 2 weeks. Techno Viking – A Nordic raver dancing in a technoparade in Berlin. "Thriller" by the CPDRC Dancing Inmates – A recreation of Michael Jackson's hit performed by prisoners at the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC) in the Philippines. As of January 2010, it is among the ten most popular videos on YouTube with over 20 million hits. Music phenomena Anime Music Videos/MADs – A staple of anime conventions both in Japan and Western countries, these fan-made videos take footage from other anime works and re-edit them in separate order, addition of new soundtracks (including to full-length songs), and other manipulations such as lip-syncing characters to lyrics; with the propagation of the Internet and popularity of anime in the United States in 2003, this type of user-created content developed, and extend to include footage from other works including video games and Western animation. 80's remix – A series of videos where contemporary pop music is reinterpreted as songs released during the 1980s. Sergey Stepanov, aka Epic Sax Guy – A Moldovan musician who quickly gained Internet attention after performing in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 as part of the SunStroke Project. The performance of Stepanov miming a saxophone solo of Moldova's entry has been remixed and looped for ten hours. The group have embraced the Internet attention and has mentioned 'Epic Sax Guy' in some of their singles, including a single called 'Epic Sax'. In the 2017 contest, SunStroke Project returned with Stepanov, who later played the signature riff live during an interview. Hurra Torpedo – A Norwegian band whose coast-to-coast tour was a viral campaign to promote the Ford Fusion car. Lip dub – Although lip dubbing in music videos was not a new concept, Jake Lodwick, the co-founder of Vimeo, coined the term "lip dubbing" on December 14, 2006, in a video entitled Lip Dubbing: Endless Dream. Lodwick subsequently directed the "Flagpole Sitta" "office lip dub" in April 2007, which The Washington Post covered. vSince then, dozens of lip dubs have been coordinated around the world by students. After L'Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) produced a lip dub to The Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling" in 2009, the viral video phenomenon gained international acclaim. Lucian Piane, aka RevoLucian – Created several popular celebrity techno remixes, including a spoof on actor Christian Bale titled "Bale Out" Literal music video – Covers of music videos where the original lyrics have been replaced with ones that literally describe the events that occur in the video, typically disconnected with the original lyrics of the song. Nightcore - A type of music that started as a subgenre of trance and is still considered so by many people. Nightcore is characterized by a sped-up melody (sometimes), fast rhythmic beat (usually), and always higher than normal pitch. Almost all nightcore music are original songs nightcored (remixed into nightcore) by nightcore fans. Nightcore was introduced in 2002 and began its spread to the internet in mid 2005. "Pink Season" - An album by artist and YouTube personality Filthy Frank, under his "Pink Guy" persona. The album consists of various tracks that are often overly vulgar and comedic. The album went viral on its release and soared to the top of the iTunes charts. Rickrolling – A phenomenon involving posting a URL in an Internet forum that appears to be relevant to the topic at hand, but is, in fact, a link to a video of Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up". The practice originated on 4chan as a "Duckroll", in which an image of a duck on wheels was what was linked to. The practice of Rickrolling became popular after April Fools' Day in 2008 when YouTube rigged every feature video on its home page to Rick Astley's song. "Sandstorm" – A phenomenon which involves answering a question about song's name. For example, in the comments of a YouTube video with Darude's 1999 song Sandstorm, no matter what the song in the video is. "You Reposted in the Wrong Neighborhood " – A mashup by SHOKK 青 of Shake That by Eminem featuring Nate Dogg and Casin by glue70. The song went viral when the remixes' instrumental was put to other songs. 009 Sound System - An electronic music project by Alexander Perls that gained popularity on YouTube after its implementation of the AudioSwap system on the website, which replaced copyrighted music with a Creative Commons licensed track. Since the track names were in alphabetical sorting, 009 Sound System tracks were first on the list, which made them the most used ones. Most popular tracks were "With a Spirit", "Dreamscape", "Holy Ghost", "Space and Time" and others. During the AudioSwap era of YouTube, users reacted negatively to these songs being very frequent on the site, but in YouTube's later days, "With a Spirit" became the site's unofficial anthem, as considered by users. It's an important aspect when referring to YouTube's Golden Era, along with low-resolution, low-framerate desktop capture videos (usually captured with the unregistered version of the software HyperCam 2), Club Penguin tutorials, mostly about hacking the game's currency, with the tutorial steps being written in Notepad, footage edited with Windows Movie Maker (usually using poor grammar and loudly colored characters in different fonts) and clickbait titles among others. Others "All Star" – A song by rock band Smash Mouth known for its appearance in the 2001 film Shrek and its opening line "Somebody once told me". These two factors led the song to become a meme often associated with Shrek. The song has also been a large part of mashup culture, often being mashed up with various songs. The band has also embraced the song's memes. "Big Enough" - An EDM country song by Kirin J. Callinan. The music video for the song portrays Jimmy Barnes as a giant screaming cowboy in the sky. The video went viral when the sound of Barnes screaming was put over other screams in pop culture. "Chum Drum Bedrum" – A video of Russian singer Vitas performing the 7th Element. The video went viral due to Vitas singing gibberish such as "Blr ha ha ha" which led to Vitas being known as "The Weird Russian Singer". "Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1" – A song by rapper Kanye West. Metro Boomin's signature producer tag, "If Young Metro don't trust you I'm gonna shoot ya" and entrance inspired various Vines and Memes about the song, usually involving somebody shooting a gun. "Fireflies" – A 2009 song by Owl City that became revived as a meme in May 2017. In the meme, the song would play in random clips. The song received further notability in June 2017 when Owl City was asked to interpret the lyric "I get a thousand hugs from 10,000 lightning bugs." "For The Damaged Coda" – A 2000 song from alternative rock band Blonde Redhead popularlized by animated television series Rick And Morty spawned memes after the song was placed over sad moments in popular culture. "Lazy Sunday" – A 2005 Saturday Night Live sketch written and performed by Andy Samburg and Chris Parnell in which the two engage in a hip-hop song about their plans for a lazy Sunday afternoon. The song was uploaded by fans to YouTube, at that time a relative small, new site, and had been watched by millions of users before it was taken down as a copyright violation by NBC. This created the idea of being able to provide reuse of television material on the Internet, giving shows a second life, and is stated to have established YouTube as a potential revenue source for television networks, contributing towards Google's purchase of the site for $1.6 billion in 2006. "Man's Not Hot" – A freestyle rap by British comedian Michael Dapaah. The freestyle features Dapaah saying unintelligible phrases and words which made the video into a meme which was remixed with various songs. "Mooo!" – A 2018 novelty song by American rapper Doja Cat who sings "Bitch I'm a cow / I'm not a cat / I don't go meow". The music video was filmed with a DIY green screen made out of a bed sheet and has gained over 72 million views on YouTube. "Nyan Cat" – A video of an animated cat running through space, accompanied with a UTAU song which the lyrics are simply "Nyanyanyanyanyanyanya!". The video went viral after bloggers started reposting the song. "Pokemon Go Song" – A song by YouTube personality Mishovy Silenosti. The video has surpassed 2.5 million views and has become one of the most disliked YouTube videos. "Pokémon Theme Music Video" – A video featuring Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla lip-syncing to the original English Pokémon theme song. The video became the most viewed video on YouTube at the time before it was removed. The success of their Pokémon video and other videos led Smosh to be featured in the "Person of the Year: You" issue of Time Magazine, published December 13, 2006 and on Time.com. "PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen)" – A Japanese earworm-style music video performed by Pikotaro. "Redbone" - A 2016 song by music artist Childish Gambino. In early 2017, the song became a popular meme consisting of various remixes of the song to fit a certain theme. "Shooting Stars" – A 2009 song by Australian band Bag Raiders that went viral in 2017. The song is usually accompanied with people falling with surreal, spacey backgrounds. The meme has since been acknowledged by the band itself. "Super Max!" – A 2016 song by Dutch Max Verstappen fan group The Pitstop Boys. The song and music video gained popularity during Verstappen's 2021 title run in Formula One. Trololo – A 1976 televised performance of Russian singer Eduard Khil lip-syncing the song I Am Glad to Finally Be Home (Я очень рад, ведь я, наконец, возвращаюсь домой). The video's first mainstream appearance was on The Colbert Report, on 3 March 2010; since then, its popularity has escalated, occasionally being used as part of a bait-and-switch prank, similar to Rickrolling. To Be Continued – A series of short clips set to "Roundabout" by the progressive rock band Yes culminating with a "To Be Continued" card for humorous effect. A parody of a standard ending of the anime JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. "Tunak Tunak Tun" – A 1998 song by Indian artist Daler Mehndi. The music video of the song features multiple images of Mehndi greenscreened over computer-generated landscapes. The reason why this was done were the critics, who complained that Mehndi's music was only popular because his music videos featured beautiful women dancing. Mehndi's response was to create a video that featured only himself. "When Mama Isn't Home" – A video of a father playing trombone and a son playing an oven door to the song 'Freaks' by Timmy Trumpet and Savage (rapper) in October, 2014. The video went viral on Vine and YouTube, and the father and son appeared on Morning TV talk shows and travelled to Europe to film a TV commercial for Hewlett Packard. The song went on to become a charting success reaching the Billboard viral charts Top 10, 6 x platinum status in Australia and number 1 in Savage's home country, New Zealand. "We Are Number One"– A 2014 song by Stefán Karl Stefánsson (in character as Robbie Rotten) from the children's show LazyTown. In late 2016, the song went viral after Stefán Karl was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet - A New wave song which aired on a German radio station in 1984 thought to originate from a European band. Who created this song and the song's name in question is unknown. The mission to find the song gained popularity in 2019 after a Brazilian Reddit user asked the website if they knew of the song's origins. See also Internet meme List of Internet phenomena List of viral videos Viral marketing References Viral videos Music videos

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20Hamburg%20stabbing%20attack

2016 Hamburg stabbing attack

The 2016 Hamburg stabbing attack, also referred to as Murder at the Alster or Alster Murder, was an attack on 16 October 2016 in the city of Hamburg, Germany. A 23- to 25-year-old man "of southern appearance" was named as the suspect. On 30 October 2016, the Islamic State (IS) claimed responsibility for the attack, though police later said a terrorist background or motive for the attack was "unlikely". Attack In the evening of 16 October 2016, a 16-year-old boy, named by the police as Viktor E., was stabbed near the Kennedybrücke, (Kennedy bridge), over the Alster lake in Hamburg at around 10:00 p.m. His 15-year-old girlfriend, who was sitting with him on the stairs near the waterfront, was also thrown into the water by the assailant. She managed to swim to the shore again while the perpetrator ran away. Viktor E. died in the hospital shortly afterwards. His girlfriend was not injured. Investigation Though the police dispersed flyers, no eyewitnesses were initially found, while divers attempted to find the knife in the water, but to no avail. The police agency admitted that it had no knowledge about the possible motivation of the perpetrator. On 27 October, police tried to reconstruct the murder at the crime scene. Specialists investigated the location of the crime scene again using metal detectors. On 30 October, it was reported that IS had claimed responsibility for the attack. Their news website Amaq claimed that a "soldier of the caliphate" had carried out the stabbing. Hamburg police confirmed the claim, and acknowledged that federal security authorities (Staatsschutz) were involved in the investigation. The IS statement wrongly claimed that two people were attacked with a knife. During the investigation, Hamburg police contacted about 11,500 Hamburg doctors, operating under the assumption that the perpetrator was injured himself during the attack. Hamburg Medical Council suspended the obligation to secrecy for the doctors in the city in this case, but no significant developments emerged from the effort. On 2 November, it was reported that a female eyewitness had probably seen the perpetrator on the day of the attack, loitering near the crime scene. A facial composite of him was created and published by the police. Police also reconstructed the last route of Viktor E. and his girlfriend from Steindamm, an inner city street, via Lohmühlenstraße station, to Jungfernstieg, and then to Kennedybrücke. The perpetrator may have followed his victims through that route. On 14 November, the mother of Viktor E. appealed to the public for assistance in the investigation; few useful clues had been provided to the police by then, although they posted handbills in several languages throughout the city. On 30 November, police stuck bills in about 170 residences used by refugees located all over the city. Police acknowledged that they had received 360 clues in total by 30 November, but that there were no significant developments in the case by then. Police said that they considered a terrorist background or motive unlikely. Suspect The suspect was described as a 23- to 25-year-old man "of southern appearance". He was approximately 1.8 to 1.9 m. tall, had dark hair, and a three-day stubble. He was wearing jeans and a brown pullover. Reactions On 23 October, friends and relatives of Viktor E. mourned at the location of the murder. Some AfD supporters demonstrated as well; one of them was arrested. 70 left-wing protesters held a counter-demonstration. Davis Lewin of the Henry Jackson Society stated that the "profile of the attack fits to the new strategy of IS". He said it was "highly unlikely" that IS "jumps on an alien act of violence as a free rider". See also February 2016 Hanover stabbing Immigration and crime in Germany References 2016 murders in Germany 2016 stabbing Deaths by stabbing in Germany Knife attacks 2016 stabbing Murdered German children October 2016 crimes in Europe October 2016 events in Germany Stabbing attacks in 2016 Stabbing attacks in Germany

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency%20of%20Donald%20Trump

Presidency of Donald Trump

Donald Trump's tenure as the 45th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2017, and ended on January 20, 2021. Trump, a Republican originally from New York City, took office following his Electoral College victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, in which he did not win a plurality of the popular vote. Trump made an unprecedented number of false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. His presidency ended with defeat in the 2020 presidential election to Democrat Joe Biden after one term in office. It was the first presidency since that of Herbert Hoover in which a president was not reelected and his party lost its majorities in both chambers of Congress. Trump was unsuccessful in his efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA) but rescinded the individual mandate and took measures to hinder the ACA's functioning. Trump sought substantial spending cuts to major welfare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. He signed the Great American Outdoors Act, reversed numerous environmental regulations, and withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change. He signed criminal justice reform through the First Step Act and successfully appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court. In economic policy, he partially repealed the Dodd–Frank Act and signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. He enacted tariffs, triggering retaliatory tariffs from China, Canada, Mexico, and the EU. He withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and signed the USMCA, a successor agreement to NAFTA. The federal deficit increased under Trump due to spending increases and tax cuts. He implemented a controversial family separation policy for migrants apprehended at the U.S.–Mexico border. Trump's demand for the federal funding of a border wall resulted in the longest US government shutdown in history. He deployed federal law enforcement forces in response to the racial unrest in 2020. Trump's "America First" foreign policy was characterized by unilateral actions, disregarding traditional allies. The administration implemented a major arms sale to Saudi Arabia; denied citizens from several Muslim-majority countries entry into the U.S; recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel; and brokered the Abraham Accords, a series of normalization agreements between Israel and various Arab states. His administration withdrew U.S. troops from northern Syria, allowing Turkey to occupy the area. His administration also made a conditional deal with the Taliban to withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan in 2021. Trump met North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un three times. Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Iran nuclear agreement and later escalated tensions in the Persian Gulf by ordering the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani. Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) concluded that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and that while the prevailing evidence "did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government," possible obstructions of justice occurred during the course of that investigation. Trump attempted to pressure Ukraine to announce investigations into his political rival Joe Biden, triggering his first impeachment by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, but he was acquitted by the Senate on February 5, 2020. Trump reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the availability of testing. Following his loss in the 2020 presidential election to Biden, Trump refused to concede and initiated an extensive campaign to overturn the results, making false claims of widespread electoral fraud. On January 6, 2021, during a rally at The Ellipse, Trump urged his supporters to "fight like hell" and march to the Capitol, where the electoral votes were being counted by Congress in order to formalize Biden's victory. A mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol, suspending the count and causing Vice President Mike Pence and other members of Congress to be evacuated. On January 13, the House voted to impeach Trump an unprecedented second time for "incitement of insurrection," but he was later acquitted by the Senate again on February 13, after he had already left office. Trump had historically low approval ratings, and scholars and historians rank his presidency as one of the worst in American history. 2016 election On November 9, 2016, Republicans Donald Trump of New York and Governor Mike Pence of Indiana won the 2016 election, defeating Democrats former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York and Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia. Trump won 304 electoral votes compared to Clinton's 227, though Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote, receiving nearly 2.9 million more votes than Trump. Trump thus became the fifth person to win the presidency while losing the popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans maintained majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Transition period, inauguration, and first 100 days Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. He was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts. In his seventeen-minute inaugural address, Trump painted a dark picture of contemporary America, pledging to end "American carnage" caused by urban crime and saying America's "wealth, strength, and confidence has dissipated" by jobs lost overseas. He declared his strategy would be "America First." The largest single-day protest in U.S. history, the Women's March, took place the day after his inauguration and was driven by opposition to Trump and his policies and views. One of Trump's major first year accomplishments, made as part of a "100day pledge," was the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. Despite the Republican Party holding a majority in both houses of Congress, however, he was unable to fulfill another hundred-day promise, repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"). Administration The Trump administration was characterized by record turnover, particularly among White House staff. By early 2018, 43% of senior White House positions had turned over. The administration had a higher turnover rate in the first two and a half years than the five previous presidents did over their entire terms. By October 2019, one in 14 of Trump's political appointees were former lobbyists; less than three years into his presidency, Trump had appointed more than four times as many lobbyists than Obama did over the course of his first six years in office. Trump's Cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney General, banker Steve Mnuchin as Treasury Secretary, retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Defense Secretary, and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State. Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations. Cabinet Days after the presidential election, Trump selected RNC Chairman Reince Priebus as his Chief of Staff. Trump chose Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions for the position of Attorney General. In February 2017, Trump formally announced his cabinet structure, elevating the Director of National Intelligence and Director of the CIA to cabinet level. The Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, which had been added to the cabinet by Obama in 2009, was removed from the cabinet. Trump's cabinet consisted of 24 members, more than Obama at 23 or George W. Bush at 21. On February 13, 2017, Trump fired Michael Flynn from the post of National Security Advisor on grounds that he had lied to Vice President Pence about his communications with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak; Flynn later pleaded guilty to lying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about his contacts with Russia. Flynn was fired amidst the ongoing controversy concerning Russian interference in the 2016 election and accusations that Trump's electoral team colluded with Russian agents. In July 2017, John F. Kelly, who had served as secretary of Homeland Security, replaced Priebus as Chief of Staff. In September 2017, Tom Price resigned as Secretary of HHS amid criticism over his use of private charter jets for personal travel. Kirstjen Nielsen succeeded Kelly as Secretary in December 2017. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson was fired via a tweet in March 2018; Trump appointed Mike Pompeo to replace Tillerson and Gina Haspel to succeed Pompeo as the Director of the CIA. In the wake of a series of scandals, Scott Pruitt resigned as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in July 2018. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis informed Trump of his resignation following Trump's abrupt December 19, 2018, announcement that the remaining 2,000 American troops in Syria would be withdrawn, against the recommendations of his military and civilian advisors. Trump fired numerous Inspectors General of agencies, including those who were probing the Trump administration and close Trump associates. In 2020, he fired five inspectors general in two months. The Washington Post wrote, "For the first time since the system was created in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, inspectors general find themselves under systematic attack from the president, putting independent oversight of federal spending and operations at risk." Dismissal of James Comey Trump dismissed FBI Director James Comey on May 9, 2017, saying he had accepted the recommendations of Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to dismiss Comey. Sessions's recommendation was based on Rosenstein's, while Rosenstein wrote that Comey should be dismissed for his handling of the conclusion of the FBI investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy. On May 10, Trump met Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Based on White House notes of the meeting, Trump told the Russians, "I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job... I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off." On May 11, Trump said in a videoed interview, "...regardless of recommendation, I was going to fire Comey... in fact, when I decided to just do it, I said to myself, I said, you know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story." On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the U.S. Senate that he recommended Comey's dismissal while knowing Trump had already decided to fire Comey. In the aftermath of Comey's firing, the events were compared with those of the "Saturday Night Massacre" during Richard Nixon's administration and there was debate over whether Trump had provoked a constitutional crisis, as he had dismissed the man leading an investigation into Trump's associates. Trump's statements raised concerns of potential obstruction of justice. In Comey's memo about a February 2017 meeting with Trump, Comey said Trump attempted to persuade him to abort the investigation into General Flynn. Judicial appointments Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, prioritized confirming Trump's judicial appointees, doing so rapidly. By November 2018, Trump had appointed 29 judges to the U.S. courts of appeals, more than any modern president in the first two years of a presidential term. Trump ultimately appointed 226 Article III federal judges and 260 federal judges in total. His appointees, who were usually affiliated with the conservative Federalist Society, shifted the judiciary to the right. A third of Trump's appointees were under 45 years old when appointed, far higher than under previous presidents. Trump's judicial nominees were less likely to be female or ethnic minority than those of the previous administration. Of Trump's judicial appointments to the U.S. courts of appeals (circuit courts), two-thirds were white men, compared to 31% of Obama nominees and 63% of George W. Bush nominees. Supreme Court nominations Trump made three nominations to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett: Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch in January 2017 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016, which had not been filled by Obama because the Republican-majority Senate did not consider the nomination of Merrick Garland. Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017 in a mostly party-line vote of 54–45. Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh in July 2018 to replace retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy, who was considered a key swing vote on the Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48 in August 2018 after allegations that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape another student when they were both in high school; Kavanaugh denied the allegation. Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett in September 2020 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ginsburg was considered part of the Court's liberal wing and her replacement with a conservative jurist substantially changed the ideological composition of the Supreme Court. Democrats opposed the nomination, arguing that the court vacancy should not be filled until after the 2020 presidential election. On October 26, 2020, the Senate confirmed Barrett by a mostly party-line vote of 52–48, with all Democrats opposing her confirmation. Leadership style Trump's own staffers, subordinates, and allies frequently characterized Trump as infantile. Trump reportedly eschewed reading detailed briefing documents, including the President's Daily Brief, in favor of receiving oral briefings. Intelligence briefers reportedly repeated the President's name and title in order to keep his attention. He was also known to acquire information by watching up to eight hours of television each day, most notably Fox News programs such as Fox & Friends and Hannity, whose broadcast talking points Trump sometimes repeated in public statements, particularly in early morning tweets. Trump reportedly expressed anger if intelligence analyses contradicted his beliefs or public statements, with two briefers stating they had been instructed by superiors to not provide Trump with information that contradicted his public statements. Trump had reportedly fostered chaos as a management technique, resulting in low morale and policy confusion among his staff. Trump proved unable to effectively compromise during the 115th U.S. Congress, which led to significant governmental gridlock and few notable legislative accomplishments despite Republican control of both houses of Congress. Presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin found Trump lacked several traits of an effective leader, including "humility, acknowledging errors, shouldering blame and learning from mistakes, empathy, resilience, collaboration, connecting with people and controlling unproductive emotions." In January 2018, Axios reported Trump's working hours were typically around 11:00a.m. to 6:00p.m. (a later start and an earlier end compared to the beginning of his presidency) and that he was holding fewer meetings during his working hours in order to accommodate Trump's desire for more unstructured free time (labelled as "executive time"). In 2019, Axios published Trump's schedule from November 7, 2018, to February 1, 2019, and calculated that around sixty percent of the time between 8:00a.m. and 5:00p.m. was "executive time." False and misleading statements The number and scale of Trump's statements in public speeches, remarks, and tweets identified as false by scholars, fact-checkers, and commentators were characterized as unprecedented for an American president and even unprecedented in U.S. politics. The New Yorker called falsehoods a distinctive part of his political identity, and they have also been described by Republican political advisor Amanda Carpenter as a gaslighting tactic. His White House had dismissed the idea of objective truth and his campaign and presidency have been described as being "post-truth" and hyper-Orwellian. Trump's rhetorical signature included disregarding data from federal institutions that was incompatible to his arguments; quoting hearsay, anecdotal evidence, and questionable claims in partisan media; denying reality (including his own statements); and distracting when falsehoods were exposed. During the first year of Trump's presidency, The Washington Post fact-checking team wrote that Trump was "the most fact-challenged politician" it had "ever encountered... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up." As president, Trump made more than 5,000 false or misleading claims by September 2018, and by April 2020, Trump had made 18,000 false or misleading claims while in office, an average of more than 15 claims daily. The rate of Trump's false and misleading statements increased in the weeks preceding the 2018 midterm elections and in the first half of 2020. The most common false or misleading claims by Trump involved the economy and jobs, his border wall proposal, and his tax legislation; he had also made false statements regarding prior administrations as well as other topics, including crime, terrorism, immigration, Russia and the Mueller probe, the Ukraine probe, immigration, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Senior administration officials had also regularly given false, misleading, or tortured statements to the news media, which made it difficult for the news media to take official statements seriously. Rule of law Shortly before Trump secured the 2016 Republican nomination, The New York Times reported "legal experts across the political spectrum say" Trump's rhetoric reflected "a constitutional worldview that shows contempt for the First Amendment, the separation of powers and the rule of law," adding "many conservative and libertarian legal scholars warn that electing Mr. Trump is a recipe for a constitutional crisis." Political scientists warned that candidate Trump's rhetoric and actions mimicked those of other politicians who ultimately turned authoritarian once in office. Some scholars have concluded that during Trump's tenure as president and largely due to his actions and rhetoric, the U.S. has experienced democratic backsliding. Many prominent Republicans have expressed similar concerns that Trump's perceived disregard for the rule of law betrayed conservative principles. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump repeatedly sought to influence the Justice Department to investigate his political adversariesspecifically, Hillary Clinton, the Democratic National Committee, and FBI Director James Comey, whom he saw as his adversary. He persistently repeated a variety of allegations, at least some of which had already been investigated or debunked. In spring 2018, Trump told White House counsel Don McGahn he wanted to order the DOJ to prosecute Clinton and Comey, but McGahn advised Trump such action would constitute abuse of power and invite possible impeachment. In May 2018, Trump demanded that the DOJ investigate "whether or not the FBI/DOJ infiltrated or surveilled the Trump Campaign for Political Purposes," which the DOJ referred to its inspector general. Although it is not unlawful for a president to exert influence on the DOJ to open an investigation, presidents have assiduously avoided doing so to prevent perceptions of political interference. Attorney General Jeff Sessions resisted several demands by Trump and his allies for investigations of political opponents, causing Trump to repeatedly express frustration, saying at one point, "I don't have an attorney general." While criticizing the special counsel investigation in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed that the Constitution ensures that "I have to the right to do whatever I want as president." Trump had on multiple occasions either suggested or promoted views of extending his presidency beyond normal term limits. Trump frequently criticized the independence of the judiciary branch for unfairly interfering in his administration's ability to decide policy. In November 2018, in an extraordinary rebuke of a sitting president, Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts criticized Trump's characterization of a judge who had ruled against his policies as an "Obama judge," adding "That's not law." In October 2020, twenty Republican former U.S. attorneys, who were appointed by every GOP president dating to Eisenhower, characterized Trump as "a threat to the rule of law in our country." Greg Brower, who worked in the Trump administration, asserted, "It's clear that President Trump views the Justice Department and the FBI as his own personal law firm and investigative agency." Relationship with the news media Early into his presidency, Trump developed a highly contentious relationship with the news media, repeatedly referring to them as the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people." As a candidate, Trump had refused press credentials for offending publications but said he would not do so if elected. Trump both privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press credentials. At the same time, the Trump White House gave temporary press passes to far-right pro-Trump fringe outlets, such as InfoWars and The Gateway Pundit, which are known for publishing hoaxes and conspiracy theories. On his first day in office, Trump falsely accused journalists of understating the size of the crowd at his inauguration and called the news media "among the most dishonest human beings on earth." Trump's claims were notably defended by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, who claimed the inauguration crowd had been the biggest in history, a claim disproven by photographs. Trump's senior adviser Kellyanne Conway then defended Spicer when asked about the falsehood, saying it was an "alternative fact," not a falsehood. The administration frequently sought to punish and blocked access for reporters that broke stories about the administration. Trump frequently criticized right-wing media outlet Fox News for being insufficiently supportive of him, threatening to lend his support for alternatives to Fox News on the right. On August 16, 2018, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming that "the press is not the enemy of the people." The relationship between Trump, the news media, and fake news has been studied. One study found that between October7 and November 14, 2016, while one in four Americans visited a fake news website, "Trump supporters visited the most fake news websites, which were overwhelmingly pro-Trump" and "almost 6in 10 visits to fake news websites came from the 10% of people with the most conservative online information diets." Brendan Nyhan, one of the authors of the study, said in an interview, "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites." In October 2018, Trump praised U.S. Representative Greg Gianforte for assaulting political reporter Ben Jacobs in 2017. According to analysts, the incident marked the first time the president has "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil." Later that month, as CNN and prominent Democrats were targeted with mail bombs, Trump initially condemned the bomb attempts but shortly thereafter blamed the "Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News" for causing "a very big part of the anger we see today in our society." The Trump Justice Department obtained by court order the 2017 phone logs or email metadata of reporters from CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, BuzzFeed, and Politico as part of investigations into leaks of classified information. Twitter Trump continued his use of Twitter following the presidential campaign. He continued to personally tweet from @realDonaldTrump, his personal account, while his staff tweet on his behalf using the official @POTUS account. His use of Twitter was unconventional for a president, with his tweets initiating controversy and becoming news in their own right. Some scholars have referred to his time in office as the "first true Twitter presidency." The Trump administration described Trump's tweets as "official statements by the President of the United States." A federal judge ruled in 2018 that Trump's blocking of other Twitter users due to opposing political views violated the First Amendment and he must unblock them. The ruling was upheld on appeal. His tweets have been reported as ill-considered, impulsive, vengeful, and bullying, often being made late at night or in the early hours of the morning. His tweets about a Muslim ban were successfully turned against his administration to halt two versions of travel restrictions from some Muslim-majority countries. He has used Twitter to threaten and intimidate his political opponents and potential political allies needed to pass bills. Many tweets appear to be based on stories Trump has seen in the media, including far-right news websites such as Breitbart and television shows such as Fox & Friends. Trump used Twitter to attack federal judges who ruled against him in court cases and to criticize officials within his own administration, including then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, then-National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, and, at various times, Attorney General Jeff Sessions. Tillerson was eventually fired via a tweet by Trump. Trump also tweeted that his Justice Department is part of the American "deep state"; that "there was tremendous leaking, lying and corruption at the highest levels of the FBI, Justice & State" Departments; and that the special counsel investigation is a "WITCH HUNT!" In August 2018, Trump used Twitter to write that Attorney General Jeff Sessions "should stop" the special counsel investigation immediately; he also referred to it as "rigged" and its investigators as biased. In February 2020, Trump tweeted criticism of the prosecutors' proposed sentence for Trump's former aide Roger Stone. A few hours later, the Justice Department replaced the prosecutors' proposed sentence with a lighter proposal. This gave the appearance of presidential interference in a criminal case and caused a strong negative reaction. All four of the original prosecutors withdrew from the case; more than a thousand former DOJ prosecutors signed a letter condemning the action. On July 10, Trump commuted the sentence of Stone days before he was due to report to prison. In response to the mid-2020 George Floyd protests, some of which resulted in looting, Trump tweeted on May 25 that "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Not long after, Twitter restricted the tweet for violating the company's policy on promoting violence. On May 28, Trump signed an executive order which sought to limit legal protections of social media companies. On January 8, 2021, Twitter announced that they had permanently suspended Trump's personal account "due to the risk of further incitement of violence" following the Capitol attack. Trump announced in his final tweet before the suspension that he would not attend the inauguration of Joe Biden. Other social media platforms like Facebook, Snapchat, YouTube and others also suspended the official handles of Donald Trump. Domestic affairs Agriculture Due to Trump's trade tariffs combined with depressed commodities prices, American farmers faced the worst crisis in decades. Trump provided farmers $12billion in direct payments in July 2018 to mitigate the negative impacts of his tariffs, increasing the payments by $14.5billion in May 2019 after trade talks with China ended without agreement. Most of the administration's aid went to the largest farms. Politico reported in May 2019 that some economists in the Agriculture Department were being punished for presenting analyses showing farmers were being harmed by Trump's trade and tax policies, with six economists having more than 50 years of combined experience at the Service resigning on the same day. Trump's fiscal 2020 budget proposed a 15% funding cut for the Agriculture Department, calling farm subsidies "overly generous". Consumer protections The administration reversed a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) rule that had made it easier for aggrieved consumers to pursue class actions against banks; the Associated Press characterized the reversal as a victory for Wall Street banks. Under Mick Mulvaney's tenure, the CFPB reduced enforcement of rules that protected consumers from predatory payday lenders. Trump scrapped a proposed rule from the Obama administration that airlines disclose baggage fees. Trump reduced enforcement of regulations against airlines; fines levied by the administration in 2017 were less than half of what the Obama administration did the year before. Criminal justice The New York Times summarized the Trump administration's "general approach to law enforcement" as "cracking down on violent crime", "not regulating the police departments that fight it", and overhauling "programs that the Obama administration used to ease tensions between communities and the police". Trump reversed a ban on providing federal military equipment to local police departments and reinstated the use of civil asset forfeiture. The administration stated that it would no longer investigate police departments and publicize their shortcomings in reports, a policy previously enacted under the Obama administration. Later, Trump falsely claimed that the Obama administration never tried to reform the police. In December 2017, the DOJ, under orders from Trump's first Attorney General, Jeff Sessions, rescinded guidelines put in place during the Obama administration intended to warn local courts against imposing excessive fines and fees on poor defendants. Despite Trump's pro-police rhetoric, his 2019 budget plan proposed nearly fifty percent cuts to the COPS Hiring Program which provides funding to state and local law enforcement agencies to help hire community policing officers. Trump appeared to advocate police brutality in a July 2017 speech to police officers, prompting criticism from law enforcement agencies. In 2020, the DOJ Inspector General criticized the Trump administration for reducing police oversight and eroding public confidence in law enforcement. In December 2018, Trump signed the First Step Act, a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill which sought to rehabilitate prisoners and reduce recidivism, notably by expanding job training and early-release programs, and lowering mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders. Trump's proposed 2020 budget underfunded the new law; the law was intended to receive $75million annually for five years, but Trump's budget proposed only $14million. Beginning during his campaign and continuing into his presidency, Trump called for a sweeping investigation into alleged wrongdoing by Hillary Clinton. In November 2017, Attorney General Sessions appointed a federal attorney to review a wide array of issues, including the Clinton Foundation, the Uranium One controversy and the FBI's handling of its investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails. In January 2020, the investigation was reported to be winding down after no evidence was found to warrant the opening of a criminal investigation. Special Counsel Robert Mueller's April 2019 report documented that Trump pressured Sessions and the DOJ to re-open the investigation into Clinton's emails. The number of prosecutions of child-sex traffickers has showed a decreasing trend under the Trump administration relative to the Obama administration. Under the Trump administration, the SEC charged the fewest number of insider trading cases since the Reagan administration. Presidential pardons and commutations During his presidency, Trump pardoned or commuted the sentences of 237 individuals. Most of those pardoned had personal or political connections to Trump. A significant number had been convicted of fraud or public corruption. Trump circumvented the typical clemency process, taking no action on more than ten thousand pending applications, using the pardon power primarily on "public figures whose cases resonated with him given his own grievances with investigators". Drug policy In a May 2017 departure from the Obama DOJ's policy to reduce long jail sentencing for minor drug offenses and contrary to a growing bipartisan consensus, the administration ordered federal prosecutors to seek maximum sentencing for drug offenses. In a January 2018 move that created uncertainty regarding the legality of recreational and medical marijuana, Sessions rescinded a federal policy that had barred federal law enforcement officials from aggressively enforcing federal cannabis law in states where the drug is legal. The administration's decision contradicted then-candidate Trump's statement that marijuana legalization should be "up to the states". That same month, the VA said it would not research cannabis as a potential treatment against PTSD and chronic pain; veterans organizations had pushed for such a study. Capital punishment During Trump's term (in 2020 and in January 2021), the federal government executed thirteen people in 2020 and January 2021; the first executions since 2002. In this time period, Trump oversaw more federal executions than any president in the preceding 120 years. Disaster relief Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria Three hurricanes hit the U.S. in August and September 2017: Harvey in southeastern Texas, Irma on the Florida Gulf coast, and Maria in Puerto Rico. Trump signed into law $15billion in relief for Harvey and Irma, and later $18.67billion for all three. The administration came under criticism for its delayed response to the humanitarian crisis on Puerto Rico. Politicians of both parties had called for immediate aid for Puerto Rico, and criticized Trump for focusing on a feud with the NFL instead. Trump did not comment on Puerto Rico for several days while the crisis was unfolding. According to The Washington Post, the White House did not feel a sense of urgency until "images of the utter destruction and desperationand criticism of the administration's responsebegan to appear on television." Trump dismissed the criticism, saying distribution of necessary supplies was "doing well". The Washington Post noted, "on the ground in Puerto Rico, nothing could be further from the truth." Trump also criticized Puerto Rico officials. A BMJ analysis found the federal government responded much more quickly and on a larger scale to the hurricane in Texas and Florida than in Puerto Rico, despite the fact that the hurricane in Puerto Rico was more severe. A 2021 HUD Inspector General investigation found that the Trump administration erected bureaucratic hurdles which stalled approximately $20 billion in hurricane relief for Puerto Rico. At the time of FEMA's departure from Puerto Rico, one third of Puerto Rico residents still lacked electricity and some places lacked running water. A New England Journal of Medicine study estimated the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20 to December 31, 2017, to be around 4,600 (range 793–8,498) The official death rate due to Maria reported by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is 2,975; the figure was based on an independent investigation by George Washington University commissioned by the governor of Puerto Rico. Trump falsely claimed the official death rate was wrong, and said the Democrats were trying to make him "look as bad as possible". California wildfires Trump misleadingly blamed the destructive wildfires in 2018 in California, on "gross" and "poor" "mismanagement" of forests by California, saying there was no other reason for these wildfires. The fires in question were not "forest fires"; most of the forest was owned by federal agencies; and climate change in part contributed to the fires. In September 2020, California's worst wildfires in history prompted Trump to visit the state. In a briefing to state officials, Trump said that federal assistance was necessary, and again baselessly asserted that the lack of forestry, not climate change, is the underlying cause of the fires. Economy Trump's economic policies have centered on cutting taxes, deregulation, and trade protectionism. Trump primarily stuck to or intensified traditional Republican economic policy positions that benefitted corporate interests or the affluent, with the exception of his trade protectionist policies. Deficit spending, combined with tax cuts for the wealthy, caused the U.S. national debt to sharply increase. One of Trump's first actions was to indefinitely suspend a cut in fee rates for federally-insured mortgages implemented by the Obama administration which saved individuals with lower credit scores around $500 per year on a typical loan. Upon taking office, Trump halted trade negotiations with the European Union on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, which had been underway since 2013. The administration proposed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps), which if implemented would lead millions to lose access to food stamps and limit the amount of benefits for remaining recipients. During his tenure, Trump repeatedly sought to intervene in the economy to affect specific companies and industries. Trump sought to compel power grid operators to buy coal and nuclear energy, and sought tariffs on metals to protect domestic metal producers. Trump also publicly attacked Boeing and Lockheed Martin, sending their stocks tumbling. Trump repeatedly singled out Amazon for criticism and advocated steps that would harm the company, such as ending an arrangement between Amazon and the United States Postal Service (USPS) and raising taxes on Amazon. Trump expressed opposition to the merger between Time Warner (the parent company of CNN) and AT&T. The Trump campaign ran on a policy of reducing America's trade deficit, particularly with China. The overall trade deficit increased during Trump's presidency. The goods deficit with China reached a record high for the second consecutive year in 2018. A 2021 study, which used the synthetic control method, found no evidence Trump had an impact on the U.S. economy during his time in office. Analysis conducted by Bloomberg News at the end of Trump's second year in office found that his economy ranked sixth among the last seven presidents, based on fourteen metrics of economic activity and financial performance. Trump repeatedly and falsely characterized the economy during his presidency as the best in American history. In February 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. entered a recession. Taxation In September 2017, Trump proposed the most sweeping federal tax overhaul in many years. Trump signed the tax legislation on December 22, 2017, after it passed Congress on party-line votes. The tax bill was the first major legislation signed by Trump. The $1.5 trillion bill reduced the corporate federal tax rate from 35% to 21%, its lowest point since 1939. The bill also cut the individual tax rate, reducing the top rate from 39.6% to 37%, although these individual tax cuts expire after 2025; as a result, "by 2027, every income group making less than $75,000 would see a net tax increase." The bill doubled the estate tax exemption (to $22 million for married couples); and allowed the owners of pass-through businesses to deduct 20% of business income. The bill doubled the standard deduction while eliminating many itemized deductions, including the deduction for state and local taxes. The bill also repeated the individual health insurance mandate contained in the Affordable Care Act. According to The New York Times, the plan would result in a "huge windfall" for the very wealthy but would not benefit those in the bottom third of the income distribution. The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimated that the richest 0.1% and 1% would benefit the most in raw dollar amounts and percentage terms from the tax plan, earning 10.2% and 8.5% more income after taxes respectively. Middle-class households would on average earn 1.2% more after tax, but 13.5% of middle class households would see their tax burden increase. The poorest fifth of Americans would earn 0.5% more. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin argued that the corporate income tax cut would benefit workers the most, while the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation, the Congressional Budget Office and many economists estimated that owners of capital would benefit vastly more than workers. A preliminary estimate by the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget found that the tax plan would add more than $2trillion over the next decade to the federal debt, while the Tax Policy Center found that it would add $2.4trillion to the debt. A 2019 Congressional Research Service analysis found that the tax cuts had "a relatively small (if any) first-year" growth effect on the economy. A 2019 analysis by the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget concluded that Trump's policies will add $4.1trillion to the national debt from 2017 to 2029. Around $1.8trillion of debt is projected to eventually arise from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Trade In March 2018, Trump imposed tariffs on solar panels and washing machines of 30–50%. In March 2018, he imposed tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) from most countries, which covered an estimated 4.1% of U.S. imports. On June 1, 2018, this was extended to the European Union, Canada, and Mexico. In separate moves, the Trump administration has set and escalated tariffs on goods imported from China, leading to a trade war. The tariffs angered trading partners, who implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods, and adversely affected real income and GDP. A CNBC analysis found that Trump "enacted tariffs equivalent to one of the largest tax increases in decades", while Tax Foundation and Tax Policy Center analyses found the tariffs could wipe out the benefits of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 for many households. The two countries reached a "phase one" truce agreement in January 2020. The bulk of the tariffs remained in place until talks were to resume after the 2020 election. Trump provided $28 billion in cash aid to farmers affected by the trade war. Studies have found that the tariffs also adversely affected Republican candidates in elections. An analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing, nor did it result in the reshoring of factory production. Three weeks after Republican Senator Chuck Grassley, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, wrote an April 2019 Wall Street Journal op-ed entitled "Trump's Tariffs End or His Trade Deal Dies", stating "Congress won't approve USMCA while constituents pay the price for Mexican and Canadian retaliation," Trump lifted steel and aluminum tariffs on Mexico and Canada. Two weeks later, Trump unexpectedly announced he would impose a 5% tariff on all imports from Mexico on June 10, increasing to 10% on July 1, and by another 5% each month for three months, "until such time as illegal migrants coming through Mexico, and into our Country, STOP". Grassley commented the move as a "misuse of presidential tariff authority and counter to congressional intent". That same day, the Trump administration formally initiated the process to seek congressional approval of USMCA. Trump's top trade advisor, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, opposed the new Mexican tariffs on concerns it would jeopardize passage of USMCA. Treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin and Trump senior advisor Jared Kushner also opposed the action. Grassley, whose committee is instrumental in passing USMCA, was not informed in advance of Trump's surprise announcement. On June 7, Trump announced the tariffs would be "indefinitely suspended" after Mexico agreed to take actions, including deploying its National Guard throughout the country and along its southern border. The New York Times reported the following day that Mexico had actually agreed to most of the actions months earlier. As a presidential candidate in 2016, Trump pledged to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement with eleven Pacific Rim nations which the United States had signed earlier that year. China was not a party to the agreement, which was intended to allow the United States to guide trade relations in the region. He incorrectly asserted the deal was flawed because it contained a "back door" that would allow China to enter the agreement later. Trump announced the American withdrawal from the deal days after taking office. Upon the American withdrawal, the remaining partners renamed it the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In September 2021, China formally applied to join that agreement in an effort to replace the United States as its hub; China's state-run Global Times said the move would "cement the country’s leadership in global trade" and leave the United States "increasingly isolated." Education Trump appointed Betsy DeVos as his Secretary of Education. Her nomination was confirmed on a 50–50 Senate vote with Vice President Pence called upon to break the tie (the first time a vice president had cast a tie-breaking vote on a Cabinet nomination). Democrats opposed DeVos as underqualified, while Republicans supported DeVos because of her strong support of school choice. In 2017, Trump revoked an Obama administration memo which provided protections for people in default on student loans. The Education Department cancelled agreements with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to police student loan fraud. The administration rescinded a regulation restricting federal funding to for-profit colleges unable to demonstrate that college graduates had a reasonable debt-to-earnings ratio after entering the job market. Seth Frotman, the CFPB student loan ombudsman, resigned, accusing the Trump administration of undermining the CFPB's work on protecting student borrowers. DeVos marginalized an investigative unit within the Department of Education that under Obama investigated predatory activities by for-profit colleges. An investigation started under Obama into the practices of DeVry Education Group, which operates for-profit colleges, was halted in early 2017, and the former dean at DeVry was made into the supervisor for the investigative unit later that summer. DeVry paid a $100million fine in 2016 for defrauding students. In 2017, DeVos said the Obama administration's guidance for how campuses address sexual assault "failed too many students" and she announced that she intended to replace the current approach "with a workable, effective and fair system". Consequently, the administration scrapped an Obama administration guidance on how schools and universities should combat sexual harassment and sexual violence. DeVos criticized the guidance for undermining the rights of those accused of sexual harassment. Election integrity On the eve of the 2018 midterm elections, Politico described the Trump administration's efforts to combat election propaganda as "rudderless". At the same time, U.S. intelligence agencies warned about "ongoing campaigns" by Russia, China, and Iran to influence American elections. Energy The administration's "America First Energy Plan" did not mention renewable energy and instead focused on fossil fuels. The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels. The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industrywhich in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry. The administration reversed standards put in place to make commonly used lightbulbs more energy-efficient. Trump rescinded a rule requiring oil, gas and mining firms to disclose how much they paid foreign governments, and withdrew from the international Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) which required disclosure of payments by oil, gas and mining companies to governments. In 2017, Trump ordered the reversal of an Obama-era ban on new oil and gas leasing in the Arctic Ocean and environmentally sensitive areas of the North Atlantic coast, in the Outer Continental Shelf. Trump's order was halted by a federal court, which ruled in 2019 that it unlawfully exceeded his authority. Trump also revoked the 2016 Well Control Rule, a safety regulation adopted after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; this action is the subject of legal challenges from environmental groups. In January 2018, the administration singled out Florida for exemption from the administration's offshore drilling plan. The move stirred controversy because it came after Florida Governor Rick Scott, who was considering a 2018 Senate run, complained about the plan. The move raised ethical questions about the appearance of "transactional favoritism" because Trump owns a coastal resort in Florida, and because of the state's status as a crucial "swing state" in the 2020 presidential election. Other states sought similar offshore drilling exemptions, and litigation ensued. Despite rhetoric about boosting the coal industry, coal-fueled electricity generating capacity declined faster during Trump's presidency than during any previous presidential term, falling 15% with the idling of 145 coal-burning units at 75 power plants. An estimated 20% of electricity was expected to be generated by coal in 2020, compared to 31% in 2017. Environment By October 2020, the administration had overturned 72 environmental regulations and was in process of reversing an additional 27. A 2018 American Journal of Public Health study found that in Trump's first six months in office, the EPA adopted a pro-business attitude unlike that of any previous administration, as it "moved away from the public interest and explicitly favored the interests of the regulated industries". Analyses of EPA enforcement data showed that the Trump administration brought fewer cases against polluters, sought a lower total of civil penalties and made fewer requests of companies to retrofit facilities to curb pollution than the Obama and Bush administrations. According to the New York Times, "confidential internal E.P.A. documents show that the enforcement slowdown coincides with major policy changes ordered by Mr. Pruitt's team after pleas from oil and gas industry executives." In 2018, the administration referred the lowest number of pollution cases for criminal prosecution in 30 years. Two years into Trump's presidency, The New York Times wrote he had "unleashed a regulatory rollback, lobbied for and cheered on by industry, with little parallel in the past half-century". In June 2018, David Cutler and Francesca Dominici of Harvard University estimated conservatively that the Trump administration's modifications to environmental rules could result in more than 80,000 additional U.S. deaths and widespread respiratory ailments. In August 2018, the administration's own analysis showed that loosening coal plant rules could cause up to 1,400 premature deaths and 15,000 new cases of respiratory problems. From 2016 to 2018, air pollution increased by 5.5%, reversing a seven-year trend where air pollution had declined by 25%. All references to climate change were removed from the White House website, with the sole exception of mentioning Trump's intention to eliminate the Obama administration's climate change policies. The EPA removed climate change material on its website, including detailed climate data. In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2017, Trumpwho had repeatedly called scientific consensus on climate a "hoax" before becoming presidentfalsely implied that cold weather meant climate change was not occurring. Through executive order, Trump reversed multiple Obama administration policies meant to tackle climate change, such as a moratorium on federal coal leasing, the Presidential Climate Action Plan, and guidance for federal agencies on taking climate change into account during National Environmental Policy Act action reviews. Trump also ordered reviews and possibly modifications to several directives, such as the Clean Power Plan (CPP), the estimate for the "social cost of carbon" emissions, carbon dioxide emission standards for new coal plants, methane emissions standards from oil and natural gas extraction, as well as any regulations inhibiting domestic energy production. The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure. The EPA disbanded a 20-expert panel on pollution which advised the EPA on the appropriate threshold levels to set for air quality standards. The administration has repeatedly sought to reduce the EPA budget. The administration invalidated the Stream Protection Rule, which limited dumping of toxic wastewater containing metals, such as arsenic and mercury, into public waterways, regulations on coal ash (carcinogenic leftover waste produced by coal plants), and an Obama-era executive order on protections for oceans, coastlines and lakes enacted in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The administration refused to act on recommendations from EPA scientists urging greater regulation of particulate particulate pollution. The administration rolled back major Clean Water Act protections, narrowing the definition of the "waters of the United States" under federal protection. Studies by the Obama-era EPA suggest that up to two-thirds of California's inland freshwater streams would lose protections under the rule change. The EPA sought to repeal a regulation which required oil and gas companies to restrict emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The EPA rolled back automobile fuel efficiency standards introduced in 2012. The EPA granted a loophole allowing a small set of trucking companies to skirt emissions rules and produce glider trucks that emit 40 to 55 times the air pollutants of other new trucks. The EPA rejected a ban on the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos; a federal court then ordered the EPA to ban chlorpyrifos, because the EPA's own extensive research showed it caused adverse health effects in children. The administration scaled back the ban on the use of the solvent methylene chloride, and lifted a rule requiring major farms to report pollution emitted through animal waste. The administration suspended funding on several environmental research studies, a multi-million-dollar program that distributed grants for research the effects of chemical exposure on children and $10-million-a-year research line for NASA's Carbon Monitoring System. including an unsuccessful attempt to kill aspects of NASA's climate science program. The EPA expedited the process for approving new chemicals and made the process of evaluating the safety of those chemicals less stringent; EPA scientists expressed concerns that the agency's ability to stop hazardous chemicals was being compromised. Internal emails showed that Pruitt aides prevented the publication of a health study showing some toxic chemicals endanger humans at far lower levels than the EPA previously characterized as safe. One such chemical was present in high quantities around several military bases, including groundwater. The non-disclosure of the study and the delay in public knowledge of the findings may have prevented the government from updating the infrastructure at the bases and individuals who lived near the bases to avoid the tap water. The administration weakened enforcement the Endangered Species Act, making it easier to start mining, drilling and construction projects in areas with endangered and threatened species. The administration has actively discouraged local governments and businesses from undertaking preservation efforts. The administration sharply reduced the size of two national monuments in Utah by approximately two million acres, making it the largest reduction of public land protections in American history. Shortly afterwards, Interior Secretary Zinke advocated for downsizing four additional national monuments and changing the way six additional monuments were managed. In 2019, the administration sped up the process for environmental reviews for oil and gas drilling in the Arctic; experts said the speeding up made reviews less comprehensive and reliable. According to Politico, the administration sped up the process in the event that a Democratic administration was elected in 2020, which would have halted new oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The administration sought to open up more than 180,000 acres of the Tongass National Forest in Alaska, the largest in the country, for logging. In April 2018, Pruitt announced a policy change prohibiting EPA regulators from considering scientific research unless the raw data of the research was made publicly available. This would limit EPA regulators' use of much environmental research, given that participants in many such studies provide personal health information which is kept confidential. The EPA cited two bipartisan reports and various nonpartisan studies about the use of science in government to defend the decision. However, the authors of those reports dismissed that the EPA followed their instructions, with one author saying, "They don't adopt any of our recommendations, and they go in a direction that's opposite, completely different. They don't adopt any of the recommendations of any of the sources they cite." In July 2020, Trump moved to weaken the National Environmental Policy Act by limiting public review to speed up permitting. Government size and regulations The administration imposed far fewer financial penalties against banks and major companies accused of wrong-doing relative to the Obama administration. In the first six weeks of his tenure, Trump suspendedor in a few cases, revokedmore than 90 regulations. In early 2017, Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to slash two existing regulations for every new one (without spending on regulations going up). A September 2017 Bloomberg BNA review found that due to unclear wording in the order and the large proportion of regulations it exempts, the order had had little effect since it was signed. The Trump OMB released an analysis in February 2018 indicating the economic benefits of regulations significantly outweigh the economic costs. The administration ordered one-third of government advisory committees for federal agencies eliminated, except for committees that evaluate consumer product safety or committees that approve research grants. Trump ordered a four-month government-wide hiring freeze of the civilian work force (excluding staff in the military, national security, public safety and offices of new presidential appointees) at the start of his term. He said he did not intend to fill many of the governmental positions that were still vacant, as he considered them unnecessary; there were nearly 2,000 vacant government positions. The administration ended the requirement that nonprofits, including political advocacy groups who collect so-called dark money, disclose the names of large donors to the IRS; the Senate voted to overturn the administration's rule change. Guns The administration banned bump stocks after such devices were used by the gunman who perpetrated the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. In the wake of several mass shootings during the Trump administration, including August 2019 shootings in El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio, Trump called on states to implement red flag laws to remove guns from "those judged to pose a grave risk to public safety". By November 2019, he abandoned the idea of red-flag laws. Trump repealed a regulation that barred gun ownership from approximately 75,000 individuals who received Social Security checks due to mental illness and who were deemed unfit to handle their financial affairs. The administration ended U.S. involvement in the UN Arms Trade Treaty to curb the international trade of conventional arms with countries having poor human rights records. Health care The 2010 Affordable Care Act (also known as "Obamacare" or the ACA) elicited major opposition from the Republican Party from its inception, and Trump called for a repeal of the law during the 2016 election campaign. On taking office, Trump promised to pass a healthcare bill that would cover everyone and result in better and less expensive insurance. Throughout his presidency, Trump repeatedly asserted that his administration and Republicans in Congress supported protections for individuals with preexisting conditions; however, fact-checkers noted the administration supported attempts both in Congress and in the courts to roll back the ACA (and its protections for preexisting conditions). Congressional Republicans made two serious efforts to repeal the ACA. First, in March 2017, Trump endorsed the American Health Care Act (AHCA), a Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA. Opposition from several House Republicans, both moderate and conservative, led to the defeat of this version of the bill. Second in May 2017, the House narrowly voted in favor of a new version of the AHCA to repeal the ACA, sending the bill to the Senate for deliberation. Over the next weeks the Senate made several attempts to create a repeal bill; however, all the proposals were ultimately rejected in a series of Senate votes in late July. The individual mandate was repealed in December 2017 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The CBO estimated in May 2018 that repealing the individual mandate would increase the number of uninsured by eight million and that individual healthcare insurance premiums had increased by ten percent between 2017 and 2018. The administration later sided with a lawsuit to overturn the ACA, including protections for individuals with pre-existing conditions. Trump repeatedly expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail", and the Trump administration undermined Obamacare through various actions. The open enrollment period was cut from twelve weeks to six, the advertising budget for enrollment was cut by 90%, and organizations helping people shop for coverage got 39% less money. The CBO found that ACA enrollment at health care exchanges would be lower than its previous forecasts due to the Trump administration's undermining of the ACA. A 2019 study found that enrollment into the ACA during the Trump administration's first year was nearly thirty percent lower than during 2016. The CBO found that insurance premiums would rise sharply in 2018 due to the Trump administration's refusal to commit to continuing paying ACA subsidies, which added uncertainty to the insurance market and led insurers to raise premiums for fear they will not get subsidized. The administration ended subsidy payments to health insurance companies, in a move expected to raise premiums in 2018 for middle-class families by an average of about twenty percent nationwide and cost the federal government nearly $200billion more than it saved over a ten-year period. The administration made it easier for businesses to use health insurance plans not covered by several of the ACA's protections, including for preexisting conditions, and allowed organizations not to cover birth control. In justifying the action, the administration made false claims about the health harms of contraceptives. The administration proposed substantial spending cuts to Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security Disability Insurance. Trump had previously vowed to protect Medicare and Medicaid. The administration reduced enforcement of penalties against nursing homes that harm residents. As a candidate and throughout his presidency, Trump said he would cut the costs of pharmaceuticals. During his first seven months in office, there were 96 price hikes for every drug price cut. Abandoning a promise he made as candidate, Trump announced he would not allow Medicare to use its bargaining power to negotiate lower drug prices. Reproductive rights Trump reinstated the Mexico City policy prohibiting funding to foreign non-governmental organizations that perform abortions as a method of family planning in other countries. The administration implemented a policy restricting taxpayer dollars given to family planning facilities that mention abortion to patients, provide abortion referrals, or share space with abortion providers. As a result, Planned Parenthood, which provides TitleX birth control services to 1.5 million women, withdrew from the program. Throughout his presidency, Trump pressed for a ban on late-term abortions and made frequent false claims about them. In 2018, the administration prohibited scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from acquiring new fetal tissue for research, and a year later stopped all medical research by government scientists that used fetal tissue. The administration geared HHS funding towards abstinence education programs for teens rather than the comprehensive sexual education programs the Obama administration funded. Opioid epidemic Trump nominated Tom Marino to become the nation's drug czar but the nomination was withdrawn after an investigation found he had been the chief architect of a bill that crippled the enforcement powers of the DEA and worsened the opioid crisis in the United States. Kellyanne Conway led White House efforts to combat the opioid epidemic; Conway had no experience or expertise on matters of public health, substance abuse, or law enforcement. Conway sidelined drug experts and opted instead for the use of political staff. Politico wrote in 2018 that the administration's "main response" to the opioid crisis "so far has been to call for a border wall and to promise a 'just say no' campaign". In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis. On January 11, 2018, twelve days before the declaration ran out, Politico noted that "beyond drawing more attention to the crisis, virtually nothing of consequence has been done." The administration had not proposed any new resources or spending, had not started the promised advertising campaign to spread awareness about addiction, and had yet to fill key public health and drug positions in the administration. One of the top officials at the Office of National Drug Control Policy, which is tasked with multi-billion-dollar anti-drug initiatives and curbing the opioid epidemic, was a 24-year old campaign staffer from the Trump 2016 campaign who lied on his CV and whose stepfather went to jail for manufacturing illegal drugs; after the administration was contacted about the official's qualifications and CV, the administration gave him a job with different tasks. COVID-19 pandemic In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration reorganized the Global Health Security and Biodefense unit at the NSC, by merging it with other related units. Two months prior to the outbreak in Wuhan China, the Trump Administration had cut nearly $200 million in funding to Chinese research scientists studying animal coronaviruses. Throughout his presidency he also proposed budget cuts to global health. The Trump administration ignored detailed plans on how to mass-produce protective respirator masks under a program that had been launched by the Obama administration to alleviate a mask shortage for a future pandemic. From January 2020 to mid-March 2020, Trump consistently downplayed the threat posed by COVID-19 to the United States, giving many optimistic public statements. He accused Democrats and media outlets of exaggerating the seriousness of the situation, describing Democrats' criticism of his administration's response as a "hoax". By March 2020, however, Trump had adopted a more somber tone on the matter, acknowledging for the first time that COVID-19 was "not under control". Although the CDC recommended people wear face masks in public when social distancing is not possible, Trump continually refused to wear one. He praised and encouraged protesters who violated stay-at-home orders in Democratic states, as well as praised Republican governors who violated the White House's own COVID-19 guidelines regarding re-opening their economies. The White House Coronavirus Task Force was led by Vice President Mike Pence, Coronavirus Response Coordinator Deborah Birx, and Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner. Congress appropriated $8.3billion in emergency funding, which Trump signed into law on March 6. During his oval office address on March 11, Trump announced an imminent travel ban between Europe and the U.S. The announcement caused chaos in European and American airports, as Americans abroad scrambled to get flights back to the U.S. The administration later had to clarify that the travel ban applied to foreigners coming from the Schengen Area, and later added Ireland and the UK to the list. Previously, in late January 2020, the administration banned travel to the U.S. from China; prior to the decision, major U.S. carriers had already announced that they would no longer fly to and from China. On March 13, Trump designated COVID-19 pandemic as a national emergency, as the number of known cases of COVID-19 in the country exceeded 1,500, while known deaths exceeded 40. Although the U.S. government was initially quick to develop a diagnostic test for COVID-19, U.S. COVID-19 testing efforts from mid-January to late-February lost pace compared to the rest of the world. ABC News described the testing as "shockingly slow". When the WHO distributed 1.4 million COVID-19 tests in February, the U.S. chose instead to use its own tests. At that time, the CDC had produced 160,000 COVID-19 tests, but many were defective. As a result, fewer than 4,000 tests were done in the U.S. by February 27, with U.S. state laboratories conducting only about 200. In this period, academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, but were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the Food and Drug Administration issued approvals for them and private companies. A comprehensive New York Times investigation concluded that "technical flaws, regulatory hurdles, business-as-usual bureaucracies and lack of leadership at multiple levels" contributed to the testing failures. An Associated Press investigation found the administration made its first bulk orders for vital health care equipment, such as N95 respirator masks and ventilators, in mid-March. On March 26, the U.S. became the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections, with over 82,000 cases. On April 11, the U.S. became the country with the highest official death toll for COVID-19, with over 20,000 deaths. The HHS Inspector General released a report in April of its survey of 323 hospitals in late March; reporting severe shortages of test supplies and extended waits for results, widespread shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), and other strained resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results. Trump called the IG's report "just wrong", and subsequently Trump replaced the Inspector General. In May 2020, five months into the pandemic, Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the WHO. In July 2020, Trump's Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo, formally notified the UN of U.S. decision to withdraw from the WHO, to take effect on July 6, 2021. Biden reversed Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the WHO on January 20, 2021, on his first day in office. In June 2020, amid surges in COVID-19 case numbers, Trump administration officials falsely claimed that the steep rise was due to increased testing; public health experts disputed the administration's claims, noting that the positivity rate of tests was increasing. In October 2020, after a superspreader event at the White House, Trump announced that he and Melania Trump had tested positive for COVID-19 and would begin quarantining at the White House. Despite having the virus, Trump did not self-isolate and did not abstain from unnecessary risky behaviors. Trump was criticized for leaving his hospital room at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center to go on a joyride to greet his supporters, thus exposing Secret Service agents to the disease. According to sources in the Biden administration, the Trump administration left a non-existent plan for vaccine distribution to the Biden administration, however, Anthony Fauci rejected this, stating that were "certainly not starting from scratch, because there is activity going on in the distribution," and that the new administration was improving upon existing distribution efforts. In the last quarter of 2020, Trump administration officials lobbied Congress not to provide extra funding to states for vaccine rollout, thus hindering the vaccination rollout. One of those officials, Paul Mango, the deputy chief of staff for policy at the Department of Health and Human Services, claimed that states didn't need extra money because they hadn't spent all the previously allocated money for vaccines given by the CDC. Housing and urban policy In December 2017, The Economist described the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), led by Ben Carson, as "directionless". Most of the top HUD positions were unfilled and Carson's leadership was "inconspicuous and inscrutable". Of the policies HUD was enacting, The Economist wrote, "it is hard not to conclude that the governing principle at HUD is to take whatever the Obama administration was doing, and do the opposite." HUD scaled back the enforcement of fair housing laws, halted several fair housing investigations started by the Obama administration and removed the words "inclusive" and "free from discrimination" from its mission statement. The administration designated Lynne Patton, an event planner who had worked on the Trump campaign and planned Eric Trump's wedding, to lead HUD's New York and New Jersey office (which oversees billions of federal dollars). Immigration Trump has repeatedly characterized illegal immigrants as criminals, although multiple studies have found they have lower crime and incarceration rates than native-born Americans. Prior to taking office, Trump promised to deport the estimated eleven million illegal immigrants living in the United States and to build a wall along the Mexico–U.S. border. During his presidency, Trump reduced legal immigration substantially while the illegal immigrant population remained the same. The administration took several steps to limit the rights of legal immigrants, which included attempted revocations of Temporary Protected Status for Central American refugees, 60,000 Haitians (who emigrated following the 2010 Haiti earthquake), and 200,000 Salvadorans (who emigrated following a series of devastating earthquakes in 2001) as well as making it illegal for refugees and asylum seekers, and spouses of H-1B visa holders to work in the U.S. A federal judge blocked the administration's attempt to deport the TPS recipients, citing what the judge said was Trump's racial "animus against non-white, non-European immigrants". The administration slashed refugee admissions to record low levels (since the modern program began in 1980). The administration made it harder non-citizens who served in the military to receive necessary paperwork to pursue U.S. citizenship. The administration's key legislative proposal on immigration was the 2017 RAISE Act, a proposal to reduce legal immigration levels to the U.S. by fifty percent by halving the number of green cards issued, capping refugee admissions at 50,000 a year and ending the visa diversity lottery. In 2020, the Trump administration set the lowest cap for refugees in the modern history of the United States for the subsequent year: 15,000 refugees. The administration increased fees for citizen applications, as well as caused delays in the processing of citizen applications. By February 2018, arrests of undocumented immigrants by ICE increased by forty percent during Trump's tenure. Arrests of noncriminal undocumented immigrants were twice as high as during Obama's final year in office. Arrests of undocumented immigrants with criminal convictions increased only slightly. In 2018, experts noted that the Trump administration's immigration policies had led to an increase in criminality and lawlessness along the U.S.–Mexico border, as asylum seekers prevented by U.S. authorities from filing for asylum had been preyed upon by human smugglers, organized crime and corrupt local law enforcement. To defend administration policies on immigration, the administration fudged data and presented intentionally misleading analyses of the costs associated with refugees (omitting data that showed net positive fiscal effects), as well as created the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement to highlight crimes committed by undocumented immigrants (there is no evidence undocumented immigrants increase the U.S. crime rate). In January 2018, Trump was widely criticized after referring to Haiti, El Salvador, and African nations in general as "shithole countries" at a bipartisan meeting on immigration. Multiple international leaders condemned his remarks as racist. Upon taking office, Trump directed the DHS to begin work on a wall. An internal DHS report estimated Trump's wall would cost $21.6billion and take 3.5 years to build (far higher than the Trump 2016 campaign's estimate ($12billion) and the $15billion estimate from Republican congressional leaders). In a January 2017 phone call between Trump and Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto, Trump conceded that the U.S. would pay for the border wall, not Mexico as he promised during the campaign, and implored Nieto to stop saying publicly the Mexican government would not pay for the border wall. In January 2018, the administration proposed spending $18billion over the next ten years on the wall, more than half of the $33billion spending blueprint for border security. Trump's plan would reduce funding for border surveillance, radar technology, patrol boats and customs agents; experts and officials say these are more effective at curbing illegal immigration and preventing terrorism and smuggling than a border wall. The administration sought to add a citizenship question to the 2020 census, which experts warned would likely result in severe undercounting of the population and faulty data, with naturalized U.S. citizens, legal immigrants, and undocumented immigrants all being less likely to respond to the census. Blue states were estimated to get fewer congressional seats and lower congressional appropriations than they would otherwise get, because they have larger non-citizen populations. Thomas B. Hofeller, an architect of Republican gerrymandering, had found adding the census question would help to gerrymander maps that "would be advantageous to Republicans and non-Hispanic whites" and that Hofeller had later written the key portion of a letter from the Trump administration's Justice Department justifying the addition of a citizenship question by claiming it was needed to enforce the 1965 Voting Rights Act. In July 2019, the Supreme Court in Department of Commerce v. New York blocked the administration from including the citizenship question on the census form. During the 2018 mid-term election campaign, Trump sent nearly 5,600 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border for the stated purpose of protecting the United States against a caravan of Central American migrants. The Pentagon had previously concluded the caravan posed no threat to the U.S. The border deployment was estimated to cost as much as $220million by the end of the year. With daily warnings from Trump about the dangers of the caravan during the mid-term election campaign, the frequency and intensity of the caravan rhetoric nearly stopped after election day. Family separation policy In May 2018, the administration announced it would separate children from parents caught unlawfully crossing the southern border into the United States. Parents were routinely charged with a misdemeanor and jailed; their children were placed in separate detention centers with no established procedure to track them or reunite them with their parent after they had served time for their offence, generally only a few hours or days. Later that month, Trump falsely accused Democrats of creating that policy, despite it originating from his own administration, and urged Congress to "get together" and pass an immigration bill. Members of Congress from both parties condemned the practice and pointed out that the White House could end the separations on its own. The Washington Post quoted a White House official as saying Trump's decision to separate migrant families was to gain political leverage to force Democrats and moderate Republicans to accept hardline immigration legislation. Six weeks into the implementation of the "zero tolerance" policy, at least 2,300 migrant children had been separated from their families. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Physicians and the American Psychiatric Association condemned the policy, with the American Academy of Pediatrics saying the policy was causing "irreparable harm" to the children. The policy was extremely unpopular, more so than any major piece of legislation in recent memory. Videos and images of children held in cage-like detention centers, distraught parents separated from their children, and sobbing children caused an outcry. After criticism, DHS secretary Kirstjen Nielsen falsely claimed that "We do not have a policy of separating families at the border." On June 20, 2018, amid worldwide outrage and enormous political pressure to roll back his policy, Trump reversed the family-separation policy by signing an executive order, despite earlier having said "you can't do it through an executive order." Six days later, as the result of a class-action lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union, U.S. District Judge Dana Sabraw issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against the family-separation policy, and required the government to reunite separated families within 30 days. By November 2020, the parents of 666 children still had not been found. The administration has refused to provide funds to cover the expenses of reuniting families, and volunteer organizations continue to provide both volunteers and funding. The administration also refused to pay for mental health services for the families and orphaned children traumatized by the separations. Travel bans In January 2017, Trump signed an executive order which indefinitely suspended admission of asylum seekers fleeing the Syrian Civil War, suspended admission of all other refugees for 120 days, and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days. The order also established a religious test for refugees from Muslim nations by giving priority to refugees of other religions over Muslim refugees. Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card. After the order was challenged in the federal courts, several federal judges issued rulings enjoining the government from enforcing the order. Trump fired acting Attorney General Sally Yates after she said she would not defend the order in court; Yates was replaced by Dana Boente, who said the DOJ would defend the order. A new executive order was signed in March which limited travel to the U.S. from six different countries for 90 days, and by all refugees who do not possess either a visa or valid travel documents for 120 days. The new executive order revoked and replaced the executive order issued in January. In June, the Supreme Court partially stayed certain injunctions that were put on the order by two federal appeals courts earlier, allowing the executive order to mostly go into effect. In October, the Court dismissed the case, saying the orders had been replaced by a new proclamation, so challenges to the previous executive orders are moot. In September, Trump signed a proclamation placing limits on the six countries in the second executive order and added Chad, North Korea, and Venezuela. In October 2017, Judge Derrick Watson, of the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii issued another temporary restraining order. In December 2017, the Supreme Court allowed the September 2017 travel restrictions to go into effect while legal challenges in Hawaii and Maryland are heard. The decision effectively barred most citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea from entry into the United States along with some government officials from Venezuela and their families. In January 2020, Trump added Nigeria, Myanmar, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Sudan, and Tanzania to the visa ban list. Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Trump further restricted travel from Iran on February 29, 2020, and advised American citizens not to travel to specific regions in Italy and South Korea in response to COVID-19. In March 2020, the Trump administration later issued a ban on entrants from all Schengen Area countries, eventually including Ireland and the UK. 2018–2019 federal government shutdown The federal government was partially shut down from December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019, (the longest shutdown in U.S. history) over Trump's demand that Congress provide $5.7billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall. The House and Senate lacked votes necessary to support his funding demand and to overcome Trump's refusal to sign the appropriations last passed by Congress into law. In negotiations with Democratic leaders leading up to the shutdown, Trump commented he would be "proud to shut down the government for border security". By mid-January 2019, the White House Council of Economic Advisors estimated that each week of the shutdown reduced GDP by 0.1 percentage points, the equivalent of 1.2 points per quarter. In September 2020, Brian Murphywho until August 2020 was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysisasserted in a whistleblower complaint that during the shutdown senior DHS officials sought to inflate the number of known or suspected terrorists who had been apprehended at the border, to increase support for funding the wall. NBC News reported that in early 2019 a DHS spokeswoman, Katie Waldman, pushed the network to retract a story that correctly cited only six such apprehensions in the first half of 2018, compared to the nearly four thousand a year the administration was publicly claiming. The story was not retracted, and Waldman later became the press secretary for Vice President Pence and wife of Trump advisor Stephen Miller. LGBT rights The administration rolled back numerous LGBT protections, in particular those implemented during the Obama administration, covering issues such as health care, education, employment, housing, military, and criminal justice, as well as foster care and adoption. The administration rescinded rules prohibiting taxpayer-funded adoption and foster care agencies from discriminating against LGBT adoption and foster parents. The DOJ reversed its position on whether the Civil Rights Act's workplace protections covered LGBT individuals, and the DOJ argued in state and federal courts for a constitutional right for businesses to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The administration exempted government contractors from following federal workplace discrimination rules, as long as they could cite religious reasons for doing so. The administration rescinded a directive that public schools treat students according to their gender identity. The administration rescinded a federal policy that allowed transgender students to use bathrooms corresponding to their gender identity, and dropped a lawsuit against North Carolina's "bathroom bill". The administration rescinded rules that prohibited discrimination against LGBT patients by health care providers. Rules were rescinded to give transgender homeless people equal access to homeless shelters, and to house transgender prison inmates according to their gender identity "when appropriate". HHS stopped collecting information on LGBT participants in its national survey of older adults, and the Census Bureau removed "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" as proposed subjects for possible inclusion on the Decennial Census and/or American Community Survey. The DOJ and the Labor Department cancelled quarterly conference calls with LGBT organizations. Trump said he would not allow "transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military", citing disruptions and medical costs. In March 2018, he signed a Presidential Memorandum to prohibit transgender persons, whether transitioned or not, with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria from military service, except for individuals who have had 36 consecutive months of stability "in their biological sex before accession" and currently serving transgender persons in military service. Studies have found that allowing transgender individuals to serve in the military has "little or no impact on unit cohesion, operational effectiveness, or readiness" and that medical costs associated with transgender service members would be "minimal". In 2017, the Treasury Department imposed sanctions on Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov and a Chechen law enforcement official, citing anti-gay purges in Chechnya. In February 2019, the administration launched a global campaign to end the criminalization of homosexuality; the initiative was pushed by Richard Grenell, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany. Asked about the administration's campaign, Trump appeared to be unaware of it. In February 2020, Trump appointed Grenell acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI), marking the first time in history an openly gay official served in a Cabinet Level position. George Floyd protests In response to the 2020 rioting and looting amid nationwide protests against racism and police brutality after a white Minneapolis police officer murdered an African American man named George Floyd, Trump tweeted a quote, "when the looting starts, the shooting starts", coined in 1967 by a Miami police chief that has been widely condemned by civil rights groups. Trump later addressed protestors outside the White House by saying they "would have been greeted with the most vicious dogs, and most ominous weapons, I have ever seen" if they breached the White House fence. Photo-op at St. John's Episcopal Church On June 1, 2020, hundreds of police officers, members of the National Guard and other forces, in riot gear used smoke canisters, rubber bullets, batons and shields to disperse a crowd of peaceful protesters outside St. John's Episcopal Church across Lafayette Square from the White House. A news crew from Australia was attacked by these forces and clergy on the church's porch suffered effects of the gas and were dispersed along with the others. Trump, accompanied by other officials including the Secretary of Defense, then walked across Lafayette Square and posed for pictures while he was holding a Bible up for the cameras, outside the church which had suffered minor damage from a fire started by arsonists the night before. Mariann Edgar Budde, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington said she was "outraged" by Trump's actions, which also received widespread condemnation from other religious leaders. However, the reaction from the religious right and evangelicals generally praised the visit. Deployment of federal law enforcement to cities In July 2020, federal forces were deployed to Portland, Oregon, in response to rioting during protests against police brutality, which had resulted in vandalism to the city's federal courthouse. The Department of Homeland Security cited Trump's June 26 executive order to protect statues and monuments as allowing federal officers to be deployed without the permission of individual states. Federal agents fired pepper spray or tear gas at protesters who got too close to the U.S. courthouse. The heavily armed officers were dressed in military camouflage uniforms (without identification) and used unmarked vans to arrest protestors, some of whom were nowhere near the federal courthouse. The presence and tactics of the officers drew widespread condemnation. Oregon officials including the governor, the mayor of Portland, and multiple members of Congress asked the DHS to remove federal agents from the city. The mayor said the officers were causing violence and "we do not need or want their help." Multiple Congressional committees asked for an investigation, saying "Citizens are concerned that the Administration has deployed a secret police force." Lawsuits against the administration were filed by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Attorney General of Oregon. The inspectors general for the Justice Department and Homeland Security announced investigations into the deployment. Trump said he was pleased with the way things were going in Portland and said that he might send federal law enforcement to many more cities, including New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore, and Oakland"all run by liberal Democrats". Albuquerque and Milwaukee were also named as potential targets. Under a deal worked out between Governor Kate Brown and the Trump administration, federal agents withdrew to standby locations on July 30, while state and local law enforcement forces took over responsibility for protecting the courthouse; they made no arrests and mostly stayed out of sight. Protests that night were peaceful. A DHS spokesperson said federal officers would remain in the area at least until the following Monday. Science The administration marginalized the role of science in policymaking, halted numerous research projects, and saw the departure of scientists who said their work was marginalized or suppressed. In 2018, 19 months after Trump took office, meteorologist Kelvin Droegemeier became the Science Advisor to the President; this was the longest period without a science advisor since the 1976 administration. While preparing for talks with Kim Jong-un, the White House did not do so with the assistance of a White House science adviser or senior counselor trained in nuclear physics. The position of chief scientist in the State Department or the Department of Agriculture was not filled. The administration nominated Sam Clovis to be chief scientist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but he had no scientific background and the White House later withdrew the nomination. The administration successfully nominated Jim Bridenstine, who had no background in science and rejected the scientific consensus on climate change, to lead NASA. The U.S. Department of the Interior, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) disbanded advisory committees, while the Department of Energy prohibited use of the term "climate change". In March 2020, The New York Times reported that an official at the Interior Department has repeatedly inserted climate change-denying language into the agency's scientific reports, such as those that affect water and mineral rights. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration replaced career public affairs staff at the Department of Health and Human Services with political appointees, including Michael Caputo, who interfered with weekly Centers for Disease Control (CDC) scientific reports and attempted to silence the government's most senior infectious disease expert, Anthony Fauci, "sowing distrust of the FDA at a time when health leaders desperately need people to accept a vaccine in order to create the immunity necessary to defeat the novel coronavirus". One day after Trump noted that he might dismiss an FDA proposal to improve standards for emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine, the Presidents of the National Academies of Sciences and Medicine issued a statement expressing alarm at political interference in science during a pandemic, "particularly the overriding of evidence and advice from public health officials and derision of government scientists". Space The Artemis program began in December 2017 under the Trump administration, with its initial focus on returning the Moon, including commercial mining and research expedition, to ensure the leading position in the emerging commercial space race. He also promoted the United States Space Force. On December 20, 2019, the Space Force Act developed by Democratic Representative Jim Cooper and Republican Representative Mike Rogers, was signed as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, reorganizing Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force, and creating the first new independent military service since the Army Air Forces. Surveillance In 2019, Trump signed into law a six-year extension of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, allowing the NSA to conduct searches of foreigners' communications without any warrant. The process incidentally collects information from Americans. Veterans affairs Prior to David Shulkin's firing in April 2018, The New York Times described the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) as a "rare spot of calm in the Trump administration". Shulkin built upon changes started under the Obama administration to do a long-term overhaul of the VA system. In May 2018, legislation to increase veterans' access to private care was stalled, as was a VA overhaul which sought to synchronize medical records. In May 2018, there were reports of a large number of resignations of senior staffers and a major re-shuffling. In August 2018, ProPublica reported that three wealthy patrons of Trump's Mar-a-Lago club, formed an "informal council" that strongly influenced VA policy, including reviewing a confidential $10billion contract to modernize the VA's records. The Government Accountability Office announced in November 2018 that it would investigate the matter. In 2018, Trump signed into law the VA MISSION Act, which expanded eligibility for the Veterans Choice program, allowing veterans greater access to private sector healthcare. Trump falsely asserted more than 150 times that he created the Veterans Choice program, which has in fact existed since being signed into law by president Obama in 2014. Voting rights Under the Trump administration, the Justice Department limited enforcement actions to protect voting rights, and in fact often defended restrictions on voting rights imposed by various states that have been challenged as voter suppression. The Justice Department under Trump has filed only a single new case under the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Trump's Justice Department opposed minority voters' interests in all of the major voting litigation since 2017 in which the Justice Department Civil Rights Division Voting Section has been involved. Trump has repeatedly alleged, without evidence, there was widespread voter fraud. The administration created a commission with the stated purpose to review the extent of voter fraud in the wake of Trump's false claim that millions of unauthorized votes cost him the popular vote in the 2016 election. It was chaired by Vice President Pence, while the day-to-day administrator was Kris Kobach, best known for promoting restrictions on access to voting. The commission began its work by requesting each state to turn over detailed information about all registered voters in their database. Most states rejected the request, citing privacy concerns or state laws. Multiple lawsuits were filed against the commission. Maine Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap said Kobach was refusing to share working documents and scheduling information with him and the other Democrats on the commission. A federal judge ordered the commission to hand over the documents. Shortly thereafter, Trump disbanded the commission, and informed Dunlap that it would not obey the court order to provide the documents because the commission no longer existed. Election integrity experts argued that the commission was disbanded because of the lawsuits, which would have led to greater transparency and accountability and thus prevented the Republican members of the commission from producing a sham report to justify restrictions on voting rights. It was later revealed the commission had, in its requests for Texas voter data, specifically asked for data that identifies voters with Hispanic surnames. White nationalists and Charlottesville rally On August 13, 2017, Trump condemned violence "on many sides" after a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia, the previous day (August 12) turned deadly. A white supremacist drove a car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing one woman and injuring 19 others. According to Sessions, that action met the definition of domestic terrorism. During the rally there had been other violence, as some counter-protesters charged at the white nationalists with swinging clubs and mace, throwing bottles, rocks, and paint. Trump did not expressly mention Neo-Nazis, white supremacists, or the alt-right movement in his remarks on August 13, but the following day condemned "the KKK, neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other hate groups". On August 15, he again blamed "both sides". Many Republican and Democratic elected officials condemned the violence and hatred of white nationalists, neo-Nazis and alt-right activists. Trump came under criticism from world leaders and politicians, as well as a variety of religious groups and anti-hate organizations for his remarks, which were seen as muted and equivocal. The New York Times reported Trump "was the only national political figure to spread blame for the 'hatred, bigotry and violence' that resulted in the death of one person to 'many sides'", and said Trump had "buoyed the white nationalist movement on Tuesday as no president has done in generations". Foreign affairs The foreign policy positions expressed by Trump during his presidential campaign changed frequently, so it was "difficult to glean a political agenda, or even a set of clear, core policy values ahead of his presidency". Under a banner of "America First", the Trump administration distinguished itself from past administrations with frequent open admiration of authoritarian rulers and rhetorical rejections of key human rights norms. Despite pledges to reduce the number of active duty U.S. military personnel deployed overseas, the number was essentially the same three years into Trump's presidency as they were at the end of Obama's. On October 27, 2019, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed himself and three children by detonating a suicide vest during the Barisha raid conducted by the U.S. Delta Force in Syria's northwestern Idlib Province. Trump withdrew from the Open Skies Treaty, a nearly three-decade old agreement promoting transparency of military forces and activities. Afghanistan The number of U.S. troops deployed to Afghanistan decreased significantly during Trump's presidency. By the end of Trump's term in office troop levels in Afghanistan were at the lowest levels since the early days of the war in 2001. Trump's presidency saw an expansion of drone warfare and a massive increase in civilian casualties from airstrikes in Afghanistan relative to the Obama administration. In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a deal with the Taliban, which if upheld by the Taliban, would result in the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan by May 2021 (Trump's successor Joe Biden later extended the deadline to September 2021). As part of the deal, the U.S. agreed to the release of 5,000 Taliban members who were imprisoned by the Afghan government; some of these ex-prisoners went on to join the 2021 Taliban offensive that felled the Afghan government. In 2020, US casualties in Afghanistan reached their lowest level for the entire war. In Iraq, casualties increased, being significantly higher in Trump's term than Obama's second term. Following the collapse of the Afghan government and the fall of Kabul in August 2021, accusations by Olivia Troye surfaced on Twitter of the Trump Administration deliberately obstructing the visa process for Afghans who had helped U.S. efforts in Afghanistan. China On January 19, 2021, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the Department of State had determined that "genocide and crimes against humanity" had been perpetrated by China against the Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang. The announcement was made on the last day of Trump's presidency. The incoming president, Joe Biden, had already declared during his presidential campaign, that such a determination should be made. On January 20, 2021, Pompeo along with other Trump administration officials were sanctioned by China. Cuba North Korea After initially adopting a verbally hostile posture toward North Korea and its leader, Kim Jong-un, Trump quickly pivoted to embrace the regime, saying he and Kim "fell in love". Trump engaged Kim by meeting him at two summits, in June 2018 and February 2019, an unprecedented move by an American president, as previous policy had been that a president's simply meeting with the North Korean leader would legitimize the regime on the world stage. During the June 2018 summit, the leaders signed a vague agreement to pursue denuclearization of the Korean peninsula, with Trump immediately declaring "There is no longer a Nuclear Threat from North Korea." Little progress was made toward that goal during the months before the February 2019 summit, which ended abruptly without an agreement, hours after the White House announced a signing ceremony was imminent. During the months between the summits, a growing body of evidence indicated North Korea was continuing its nuclear fuel, bomb and missile development, including by redeveloping an ICBM site it was previously appearing to dismantleeven while the second summit was underway. In the aftermath of the February 2019 failed summit, the Treasury department imposed additional sanctions on North Korea. The following day, Trump tweeted, "It was announced today by the U.S. Treasury that additional large scale Sanctions would be added to those already existing Sanctions on North Korea. I have today ordered the withdrawal of those additional Sanctions!" On December 31, 2019, the Korean Central News Agency announced that Kim had abandoned his moratoriums on nuclear and intercontinental ballistic missile tests, quoting Kim as saying, "the world will witness a new strategic weapon to be possessed by the DPRK in the near future." Two years after the Singapore summit, the North Korean nuclear arsenal had significantly expanded. During a June 2019 visit to South Korea, Trump visited the Korean Demilitarized Zone and invited North Korean leader Kim Jong-un to meet him there, which he did, and Trump became the first sitting president to step inside North Korea. Turkey In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged that Turkey would be carrying out a planned military offensive into northern Syria; as such, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference with that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's captured ISIS fighters to Turkey. Congress members of both parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump like Senator Lindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the American-allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Russia, Iran and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime. Trump defended the move, citing the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of support from the Kurds in past U.S. wars. Within a week of the U.S. pullout, Turkey proceeded to attack Kurdish-controlled areas in northeast Syria. Kurdish forces then announced an alliance with the Syrian government and its Russian allies, in a united effort to repel Turkey. Iran In 2020, the Trump administration asserted that the U.S. remained a "participant" in the Iran Deal, despite having formally withdrawn in 2018, to persuade the United Nations Security Council to reimpose pre-agreement sanctions on Iran for its breaches of the deal after the U.S. withdrawal. The agreement provided for a resolution process among signatories in the event of a breach, but that process had not yet played out. The Security Council voted on the administration's proposal in August, with only the Dominican Republic joining the U.S. to vote in favor. Saudi Arabia Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis. Trump also praised his relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman. On May 20, 2017, Trump and Saudi Arabia's King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud signed a series of letters of intent for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling $110billion immediately, and $350billion over ten years. The transfer was widely seen as a counterbalance against the influence of Iran in the region and a "significant" and "historic" expansion of United States relations with Saudi Arabia. By July 2019, two of Trump's three vetoes were to overturn bipartisan congressional action related to Saudi Arabia. In October 2018, amid widespread condemnation of Saudi Arabia for the murder of prominent Saudi journalist and dissident Jamal Khashoggi, the Trump administration pushed back on the condemnation. After the CIA assessed that Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered the murder of Khashoggi, Trump rejected the assessment and said the CIA only had "feelings" on the matter. Israel / Palestine Since the Six Day War in 1967, the United States had considered Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank to be "illegitimate". This status changed in November 2019 when the Trump administration shifted U.S. policy and declared "the establishment of Israeli civilian settlements in the West Bank is not per se inconsistent with international law." Trump unveiled his own peace plan to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on January 28, 2020. His first official diplomatic success was realized in August 2020 with the first of the Abraham Accords, when Israel and the United Arab Emirates agreed to begin normalizing relations in an agreement brokered by Jared Kushner. The following month, Israel and Bahrain agreed to normalize diplomatic relations in another deal mediated and brokered by the Trump administration. A month later, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize relations in a third such agreement in as many months. On December 10, 2020, Trump announced that Israel and Morocco had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, while also announcing that the United States recognized Morocco's claim over the disputed territory of Western Sahara. United Arab Emirates As Donald Trump lost the election bid against Joe Biden, the U.S. State Department notified Congress about its plans to sell 18 sophisticated armed MQ-9B aerial drones to the United Arab Emirates, under a deal worth $2.9 billion. The drones were expected to be equipped with maritime radar, and the delivery was being estimated by 2024. Besides, another informal notification was sent to the Congress regarding the plans of providing the UAE with $10 billion of defense equipment, including precision-guided munitions, non-precision bombs and missiles. Defense As a candidate and as president, Trump called for a major build-up of American military capabilities Trump announced in October 2018 that America would withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia to enable America to counter increasing Chinese intermediate nuclear missile capabilities in the Pacific. In December 2018, Trump complained about the amount America spends on an "uncontrollable arms race" with Russia and China. Trump said the $716billion America is now spending on the "arms race" was "Crazy!", after praising his increased defense spending five months earlier. The total fiscal 2019 defense budget authorization was $716billion, although missile defense and nuclear programs made up about $10billion of the total. During 2018, Trump falsely asserted he had secured the largest defense budget authorization ever, the first military pay raise in ten years, and that military spending was at least 4.0% of GDP, "which got a lot bigger since I became your president". Controversy arose in November 2019 after Trump pardoned or promoted three soldiers accused or convicted of war crimes. The most prominent case involved Eddie Gallagher, a Navy SEAL team chief who had been reported to Navy authorities by his own team members for sniping at an unarmed civilian girl and an elderly man. Gallagher faced court martial for the murder of a wounded teenage combatant, among other charges, and the medic of his SEAL team was granted immunity to testify against him, but on the witness stand the medic reversed what he had previously told investigators and testified that he himself had murdered the terrorist suspect. Gallagher was subsequently acquitted of the murder charge against him, and the Navy demoted him to the lowest possible rank due to his conviction on another charge. The Navy later moved to strip Gallagher of his Trident pin and eject him from the Navy. Trump intervened to restore Gallagher's rank and pin. Many military officers were enraged by Trump's intervention, as they felt it disrupted principles of military discipline and justice. Secretary of the Navy Richard Spencer protested Trump's intervention and was forced to resign; in his resignation letter, he sharply rebuked Trump for his judgment in the matter. Trump told a rally audience days later, "I stuck up for three great warriors against the deep state." The Trump administration sharply increased the frequency of drone strikes compared to the preceding Obama administration, in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen, rollbacked transparency in reporting drone strike deaths, and reduced accountability. In March 2019, Trump ended the Obama policy of reporting the number of civilian deaths caused by U.S. drone strikes, claiming that this policy was unnecessary. Russia and related investigations American intelligence sources found the Russian government attempted to intervene in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump, and that members of Trump's campaign were in contact with Russian government officials both before and after the election. In May 2017, the Department of Justice appointed Robert Mueller as special counsel to investigate "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation". During his January 2017 confirmation hearings as the attorney general nominee before the Senate, then-Senator Jeff Sessions appeared to deliberately omit two meetings he had in 2016 with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak, when asked if he had meetings involving the 2016 election with Russian government officials. Sessions later amended his testimony saying he "never met with any Russian officials to discuss issues of the campaign". Following his amended statement, Sessions recused himself from any investigation regarding connections between Trump and Russia. In May 2017, Trump discussed highly classified intelligence in an Oval Office meeting with the Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and ambassador Sergey Kislyak, providing details that could expose the source of the information and how it was collected. A Middle Eastern ally provided the intelligence which had the highest level of classification and was not intended to be shared widely. The New York Times reported, "sharing the information without the express permission of the ally who provided it was a major breach of espionage etiquette, and could jeopardize a crucial intelligence-sharing relationship." The White House, through National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster, issued a limited denial, saying the story "as reported" was incorrect and that no "intelligence sources or methods" were discussed. McMaster did not deny that information had been disclosed. The following day Trump said on Twitter that Russia is an important ally against terrorism and that he had an "absolute right" to share classified information with Russia. Soon after the meeting, American intelligence extracted a high-level covert source from within the Russian government, on concerns the individual could be at risk due, in part, to Trump and his administration repeatedly mishandling classified intelligence. In October 2017, former Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to one count of making false statements to the FBI regarding his contacts with Russian agents. During the campaign he had tried repeatedly but unsuccessfully to set up meetings in Russia between Trump campaign representatives and Russian officials. Trump went to great lengths to keep details of his private conversations with Russian president Putin secret, including in one case by retaining his interpreter's notes and instructing the linguist to not share the contents of the discussions with anyone in the administration. As a result, there were no detailed records, even in classified files, of Trump's conversations with Putin on five occasions. Of Trump's campaign advisors and staff, six of them were indicted by the special counsel's office; five of them (Michael Cohen, Michael Flynn, Rick Gates, Paul Manafort, George Papadopoulos) pleaded guilty, while one has pleaded not guilty (Roger Stone). As of December 2020, Stone, Papadopoulos, Manafort, and Flynn have been pardoned by Trump, but not Cohen or Gates. On June 12, 2019, Trump asserted he saw nothing wrong in accepting intelligence on his political adversaries from foreign powers, such as Russia, and he could see no reason to contact the FBI about it. Responding to a reporter who told him FBI director Christopher Wray had said such activities should be reported to the FBI, Trump said, "the FBI director is wrong." Trump elaborated, "there's nothing wrong with listening. If somebody called from a country, Norway, 'we have information on your opponent'oh, I think I'd want to hear it." Both Democrats and Republicans repudiated the remarks. The New York Times reported in June 2021 that in 2017 and 2018 the Justice Department subpoenaed metadata from the iCloud accounts of at least a dozen individuals associated with the House Intelligence Committee, including that of Democrat ranking member Adam Schiff and Eric Swalwell, and family members, to investigate leaks to the press about contacts between Trump associates and Russia. Records of the inquiry did not implicate anyone associated with the committee, but upon becoming attorney general Bill Barr revived the effort, including by appointing a federal prosecutor and about six others in February 2020. The Times reported that, apart from corruption investigations, subpoenaing communications information of members of Congress is nearly unheard-of, and that some in the Justice Department saw Barr's approach as politically motivated. Justice Department inspector general Michael Horowitz announced an inquiry into the matter the day after the Times report. Special Counsel's report In February 2018, when Special Counsel Mueller indicted more than a dozen Russians and three entities for interference in the 2016 election, Trump's response was to assert that the indictment was proof his campaign did not collude with the Russians. The New York Times noted Trump "voiced no concern that a foreign power had been trying for nearly four years to upend American democracy, much less resolve to stop it from continuing to do so this year". In July 2018, the special counsel indicted twelve Russian intelligence operatives and accused them of conspiring to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, by hacking servers and emails of the Democratic Party and the Hillary Clinton campaign. The indictments were made before Trump's meeting with Putin in Helsinki, in which Trump supported Putin's denial that Russia was involved and criticized American law enforcement and intelligence community (subsequently Trump partially walked back some of his comments). A few days later, it was reported that Trump had actually been briefed on the veracity and extent of Russian cyber-attacks two weeks before his inauguration, back in December 2016, including the fact that these were ordered by Putin himself. The evidence presented to him at the time included text and email conversations between Russian military officers as well as information from a source close to Putin. On March 22, 2019, Special Counsel Robert Mueller submitted the final report to Attorney General William Barr. Two days later, Barr sent Congress a four-page letter, describing what he said were the special counsel's principal conclusions in the Mueller Report. Barr added that since the special counsel "did not draw a conclusion" on obstruction, this "leaves it to the Attorney General to determine whether the conduct described in the report constitutes a crime". Barr continued: "Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and I have concluded that the evidence developed during the Special Counsel's investigation is not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense." On April 18, 2019, a two-volume redacted version of the Special Counsel's report titled Report on the Investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 Presidential Election was released to Congress and to the public. About one-eighth of the lines in the public version were redacted. Volume I discusses about Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, concluding that interference occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion" and "violated U.S. criminal law". The report detailed activities by the Internet Research Agency, a Kremlin-linked Russian troll farm, to create a "social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton", and to "provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States". The report also described how the Russian intelligence service, the GRU, performed computer hacking and strategic releasing of damaging material from the Clinton campaign and Democratic Party organizations. To establish whether a crime was committed by members of the Trump campaign with regard to Russian interference, investigators used the legal standard for criminal conspiracy rather than the popular concept of "collusion", because a crime of "collusion" is not found in criminal law or the United States Code. According to the report, the investigation "identified numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", and found that Russia had "perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency" and the 2016 Trump presidential campaign "expected it would benefit electorally" from Russian hacking efforts. Ultimately, "the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities." However, investigators had an incomplete picture of what had really occurred during the 2016 campaign, due to some associates of Trump campaign providing either false, incomplete or declined testimony (exercising the Fifth Amendment), as well as having deleted, unsaved or encrypted communications. As such, the Mueller Report "cannot rule out the possibility" that information then unavailable to investigators would have presented different findings. Volume II covered obstruction of justice. The report described ten episodes where Trump may have obstructed justice as president, plus one instance before he was elected. The report said that in addition to Trump's public attacks on the investigation and its subjects, he had also privately tried to "control the investigation" in multiple ways, but mostly failed to influence it because his subordinates or associates refused to carry out his instructions. For that reason, no charges against the Trump's aides and associates were recommended "beyond those already filed". The Special Counsel could not charge Trump himself once investigators decided to abide by an Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion that a sitting president cannot stand trial, and they feared charges would affect Trump's governing and possibly preempt his impeachment. In addition, investigators felt it would be unfair to accuse Trump of a crime without charges and without a trial in which he could clear his name, hence investigators "determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes". Since the Special Counsel's office had decided "not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether to "initiate or decline a prosecution", they "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct". The report "does not conclude that the president committed a crime", but specifically did not exonerate Trump on obstruction of justice, because investigators were not confident that Trump was innocent after examining his intent and actions. The report concluded "that Congress has authority to prohibit a President's corrupt use of his authority in order to protect the integrity of the administration of justice" and "that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the president's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law". On May 1, 2019, following publication of the Special Counsel's report, Barr testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee, during which Barr said he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as that was not the role of the Justice Department. He declined to testify before the House Judiciary Committee the following day because he objected to the committee's plan to use staff lawyers during questioning. Barr also repeatedly failed to give the unredacted Special Counsel's report to the Judiciary Committee by its deadline of May 6, 2019. On May 8, 2019, the committee voted to hold Barr in contempt of Congress, which refers the matter to entire House for resolution. Concurrently, Trump asserted executive privilege via the Department of Justice in an effort to prevent the redacted portions of the Special Counsel's report and the underlying evidence from being disclosed. Committee chairman Jerry Nadler said the U.S. is in a constitutional crisis, "because the President is disobeying the law, is refusing all information to Congress". Speaker Nancy Pelosi said Trump was "self-impeaching" by stonewalling Congress. Following release of the Mueller Report, Trump and his allies turned their attention toward "investigating the investigators". On May 23, 2019, Trump ordered the intelligence community to cooperate with Barr's investigation of the origins of the investigation, granting Barr full authority to declassify any intelligence information related to the matter. Some analysts expressed concerns that the order could create a conflict between the Justice Department and the intelligence community over closely guarded intelligence sources and methods, as well as open the possibility Barr could cherrypick intelligence for public release to help Trump. Upon announcing the formal closure of the investigation and his resignation from the Justice Department on May 29, Mueller said, "If we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so. We did not, however, decide as to whether the president did commit a crime." During his testimony to Congress on July 24, 2019, Mueller said that a president could be charged with obstruction of justice (or other crimes) after the president left office. Counter-investigations Amid accusations by Trump and his supporters that he had been subjected to an illegitimate investigation, in May 2019 attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Durham to review the origins of the Crossfire Hurricane investigation. By September 2020, Durham's inquiry had expanded to include the FBI's investigation of the Clinton Foundation during the 2016 campaign. A previous two-year review of earlier Clinton investigations by another Trump Justice Department federal prosecutor, John Huber, was wound-down in January 2020 after finding no improper activity. Ethics The Trump administration has been characterized by a departure from ethical norms. Unlike previous administrations of both parties, the Trump White House has not observed a strict boundary between official government activities and personal, political, or campaign activities. Role of lobbyists During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to "drain the swamp"a phrase that usually refers to entrenched corruption and lobbying in Washington, D.C.and he proposed a series of ethics reforms. However, according to federal records and interviews, there has been a dramatic increase in lobbying by corporations and hired interests during Trump's tenure, particularly through the office of Vice-President Mike Pence. About twice as many lobbying firms contacted Pence, compared to previous presidencies, among them representatives of major energy firms and drug companies. In many cases, the lobbyists have charged their clients millions of dollars for access to the vice president, and then have turned around and donated the money to Pence's political causes. Among the administration's first policies was a five-year ban on serving as a lobbyist after working in the executive branch. However, as one of his final acts of office, Trump rolled back that policy, thus allowing administration staff to work as lobbyists. A number of former Trump associates, fundraisers and aides had faced criminal charges. In July 2021, one of his high-profile associates and a close friend, Thomas J. Barrack Jr. was arrested on federal charges for acting as an unregistered foreign lobbyist, obstructing justice and giving false statements to the FBI. The 74-year-old private equity investor was accused in a seven-count indictment of illegally lobbying and exerting influence over Trump on behalf of the United Arab Emirates. Federal prosecutors said Barrack had to complete the "wish list" given by the Emirati officials, stating what foreign policy changes they expected from the US. A former top executive at Barrack's firm, Matthew Grimes, and an Emirati businessman, Rashid al-Malik, also faced federal charges of acting as Emirati agents without registering with the Justice Department. Barrack pleaded not guilty and was released from custody after posting $250 million bail with a cash security of $5 million. Potential conflicts of interest Trump's presidency has been marked by significant public concern about conflict of interest stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses. Trump placed his sons Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr. at the head of his businesses claiming they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses. As his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts. Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate. Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a blind trust or equivalent arrangement "to cleanly sever himself from his business interests". In January 2018, a year into his presidency, Trump owned stakes in hundreds of businesses. After Trump took office, the watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, represented by a number of constitutional scholars, sued him for violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause (a constitutional provision that bars the president or any other federal official from taking gifts or payments from foreign governments), because his hotels and other businesses accept payment from foreign governments. CREW separately filed a complaint with the General Services Administration (GSA) over Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C.; the 2013 lease that Trump and the GSA signed "explicitly forbids any elected government official from holding the lease or benefiting from it". The GSA said it was "reviewing the situation". By May 2017, the CREW v. Trump lawsuit had grown with additional plaintiffs and alleged violations of the Domestic Emoluments Clause. In June 2017, attorneys from the Department of Justice filed a motion to dismiss the case on the grounds that the plaintiffs had no right to sue and that the described conduct was not illegal. Also in June 2017, two more lawsuits were filed based on the Foreign Emoluments Clause: D.C. and Maryland v. Trump, and Blumenthal v. Trump, which was signed by more than one-third of the voting members of Congress. United States District Judge George B. Daniels dismissed the CREW case on December 21, 2017, holding that plaintiffs lacked standing. D.C. and Maryland v. Trump cleared three judicial hurdles to proceed to the discovery phase during 2018, with prosecutors issuing 38 subpoenas to Trump's businesses and cabinet departments in December before the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay days later at the behest of the Justice Department, pending hearings in March 2019. NBC News reported that by June 2019 representatives of 22 governments had spent money at Trump properties. In January 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuits as Trump was no longer president. Saudi Arabia In March 2018, The New York Times reported that George Nader had turned Trump's major fundraiser Elliott Broidy "into an instrument of influence at the White House for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates... High on the agenda of the two men... was pushing the White House to remove Secretary of State Rex W. Tillerson," a top defender of the Iran nuclear deal in Donald Trump's administration, and "backing confrontational approaches to Iran and Qatar". Transparency, data availability, and record keeping The Washington Post reported in May 2017, "a wide variety of information that until recently was provided to the public, limiting access, for instance, to disclosures about workplace violations, energy efficiency, and animal welfare abuses" had been removed or tucked away. The Obama administration had used the publication of enforcement actions taken by federal agencies against companies as a way to name and shame companies that engaged in unethical and illegal behaviors. The Trump administration stopped the longstanding practice of logging visitors to the White House, making it difficult to tell who has visited the White House. In July 2018, CNN reported that the White House had suspended the practice of publishing public summaries of Trump's phone calls with world leaders, bringing an end to a common exercise from previous administrations. Trump refused to follow the rules of the Presidential Records Act, which requires presidents and their administrations to preserve all official documents and turn them over to the National Archives. Trump habitually tore up papers after reading them, and White House staffers were assigned to collect the scraps and tape them back together for the archives. He also took boxes of documents and other items with him when he left the White House; the National Archives later retrieved them. Some of the documents he took with him were discovered to be classified, including some at the "top secret" level. Trump sometimes used his personal cellphone to converse with world leaders so that there would be no record of the conversation. Hatch Act violations In the first three and a half years of Trump's term, the Office of Special Counsel, an independent federal government ethics agency, found 13 senior Trump administration officials in violation of the Hatch Act of 1939, which restricts the government employees' involvement in politics; 11 of the complaints were filed by the activist group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW). By comparison, CREW stated that it was aware of only two findings of Hatch Act violations during the eight years of the Obama administration. Henry Kerner, head of the Office of Special Counsel, found in a report released in November 2021 that at least thirteen administration officials demonstrated "willful disregard" for the Hatch Act, including "especially pernicious" behavior in the days before the 2020 election. Security clearances In March 2019, Tricia Newbold, a White House employee working on security clearances, privately told the House Oversight Committee that at least 25 Trump administration officials had been granted security clearances over the objections of career staffers. Newbold also asserted that some of these officials had previously had their applications rejected for "disqualifying issues", only for those rejections to be overturned with inadequate explanation. After the House Oversight Committee subpoenaed former head of White House security clearances Carl Kline to give testimony, the administration instructed Kline not to comply with the subpoena, asserting that the subpoena "unconstitutionally encroaches on fundamental executive branch interests". Kline eventually gave closed-door testimony before the committee in May 2019, but House Democrats said he did not "provide specific details to their questions". Impeachment inquiry On August 12, 2019, an unnamed intelligence official privately filed a whistleblower complaint with Michael Atkinson, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (ICIG), under the provisions of the Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act (ICWPA). The whistleblower alleged that Trump had abused his office in soliciting foreign interference to improve his own electoral chances in 2020. The complaint reports that in a July 2019 call, Trump had asked Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate potential 2020 rival presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden, as well as matters pertaining to whether Russian interference occurred in the 2016 U.S. election with regard to Democratic National Committee servers and the company Crowdstrike. Trump allegedly nominated his personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr to work with Ukraine on these matters. Additionally, the whistleblower alleged that the White House attempted to "lock down" the call records in a cover-up, and that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump administration to urge Ukraine to investigate the Bidens. The whistleblower posits that the pressure campaign may have included Trump cancelling Vice President Mike Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip, and Trump withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019. Inspector General Atkinson found the whistleblower's complaint both urgent and credible, so he transmitted the complaint on August 26 to Joseph Maguire, the acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI). Under the law, Maguire was supposed to forward the complaint to the Senate and House Intelligence Committees within a week. Maguire refused, so Atkinson informed the congressional committees of the existence of the complaint, but not its content. The general counsel for Maguire's office said that since the complaint was not about someone in the intelligence community, it was not an "urgent concern" and thus there was no need to pass it to Congress. Later testifying before the House Intelligence Committee on September 26, Maguire said he had consulted with the White House Counsel and the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, of which the latter office gave him the rationale to withhold the complaint. Maguire also testified: "I think the whistleblower did the right thing. I think he followed the law every step of the way." On September 22, Trump confirmed that he had discussed with Zelensky how "we don't want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to the corruption already in the Ukraine." Trump also confirmed that he had indeed temporarily withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradicting reasons for his decision on September 23 and 24. On September 24, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced the start of a formal impeachment inquiry. On September 25, the White House released a non-verbatim transcript of the call between Trump and Zelensky; while the members and staff of congressional intelligence committees were allowed to read whistleblower complaint. On September 26, the White House declassified the whistleblower's complaint, so Schiff released the complaint to the public. The non-verbatim transcript corroborated the main allegations of the whistleblower's report about the Trump–Zelensky call. The non-verbatim transcript stated that after Zelensky discussed the possibility of buying American anti-tank missiles to defend Ukraine, Trump instead asked for a favor, suggesting an investigation of the company Crowdstrike, while later in the call he also called for an investigation of the Bidens, and cooperation with Giuliani and Barr. On September 27, the White House confirmed the whistleblower's allegation that the Trump administration had stored the Trump–Zelensky transcript in a highly classified system. Following these revelations, members of congress largely divided along party lines, with Democrats generally in favor of impeachment proceedings and Republicans defending the president. Ukraine envoy Kurt Volker resigned and three House committees issued a subpoena to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to schedule depositions for Volker and four other State Department employees, and to compel the release of documents. Attention to the issue also led to further revelations by anonymous sources. These included the misuse of classification systems to hide records of conversations with Ukrainian, Russian and Saudi Arabian leaders, and statements made to Sergei Lavrov and Sergey Kislyak in May 2017 expressing disconcern about Russian interference in U.S. elections. Use of the Office of President Trump often sought to use the office of the presidency for his own interest. Under his leadership, the Justice Department, which is traditionally independent from the President, became highly partisan and acted in Trump's interest. Bloomberg News reported in October 2019 that during a 2017 Oval Office meeting, Trump had asked Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to pressure the Justice Department to drop a criminal investigation of Reza Zarrab, an Iranian-Turkish gold trader who was a client of Trump associate Rudy Giuliani. Tillerson reportedly refused. Trump attempted to host the 2020 G7 Summit at his Doral Golf Resort, from which he could have made significant profits. Trump visited his properties 274 times during his presidency. Government officials were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties. In the lead up to the 2020 election, Trump and Postmaster General Louis DeJoy, a close ally of Trump, sought to hamper the US postal service by cutting funding and services, a move which would prevent postal votes from being counted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trump has fired, demoted or withdrawn numerous government officials in retaliation for actions that projected negatively on his public image, or harmed his personal or political interests, including Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director James Comey, Deputy FBI Director Andrew McCabe, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions, and Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. In December 2020, shortly before Christmas and in his last month in office, Trump granted 26 people full pardons and commuted the sentences of three others convicted of federal crimes. Those who benefitted included his former campaign advisor Paul Manafort, advisor and personal friend Roger Stone and Charles Kushner, father of Trump's son-in-law and confidant Jared Kushner. In the final hours of his presidency, Donald Trump pardoned nearly 74 people, including rappers, financiers, and former members of congress. Those pardoned include his former senior adviser Steve Bannon, Jared Kushner's friend charged with cyberstalking, Ken Kurson; a real estate lawyer, Albert Pirro; and rappers prosecuted on federal weapons offenses, Lil Wayne and Kodak Black. Trump also pardoned his former fundraiser Elliott Broidy, who worked for China, the UAE, and Russia at the White House. Broidy also lobbied the US government to end the investigations in the 1MDB scandal. According to several reports, Trump's and his family's trips in the first month of his presidency cost U.S. taxpayers nearly as much as former president Obama's travel expenses for an entire year. When Obama was president, Trump frequently criticized him for taking vacations which were paid for with public funds. The Washington Post reported that Trump's atypically lavish lifestyle is far more expensive to the taxpayers than what was typical of former presidents and could end up in the hundreds of millions of dollars over the whole of Trump's term. A June 2019 analysis by the Washington Post found that federal officials and GOP campaigns had spent at least $1.6million at businesses owned by Trump during his presidency. This was an undercount, as most of the data on spending by government officials covered only the first few months of Trump's presidency. Elections during the Trump presidency 2018 mid-term election In the 2018 mid-term elections, Democrats had a blue wave, winning control of the House of Representatives, while Republicans expanded their majority in the Senate. 2020 re-election campaign On June 18, 2019, Trump announced that he would seek re-election in the 2020 presidential election. Trump did not face any significant rivals for the 2020 Republican nomination, with some state Republican parties cancelling the presidential primaries in the states. Trump's Democratic opponent in the general election was former Vice President Joe Biden of Delaware. The election on November 3 was not called for either candidate for several days. On November 7, the Associated Press along with mainstream media called the race for Joe Biden. Lost re-election and transition period Trump refused to concede, and the administration did not begin cooperating with president-elect Biden's transition team until November 23. In late December 2020, Biden and his transition team criticized Trump administration political appointees for hampering the transition and failing to cooperate with the Biden transition team on national security areas, such as the Defense and State departments, as well as on the economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that many of the agencies that are critical to their security have incurred enormous damage and have been hollowed outin personnel, capacity and in morale. Throughout December and January, Trump continued to insist that he had won the election. He filed numerous lawsuits alleging election fraud, tried to persuade state and federal officials to overturn the results, and urged his supporters to rally on his behalf. At the urging and direction of Trump campaign attorneys and other Trump associates, including Rudy Guiliani and Steve Bannon, Republican activists in seven states filed and submitted false documents claiming to be the official presidential electors. The “alternate slates” were intended to serve as a reason for Congress or the Vice President to reject the results from the seven states. U.S. Capitol attack On January 6, 2021, rioters supporting Trump stormed the U.S. Capitol in an effort to thwart a joint session of Congress during which the Electoral College vote was to be certified, affirming the election of former vice president Joe Biden as president. During an initial rally earlier that morning, Trump encouraged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol. Subsequently, pro-Trump attendees marched to the Capitol building, joined other protesters, and stormed the building. Congress was in session at the time, conducting the Electoral College vote count and debating the results of the vote. As the protesters arrived, Capitol security evacuated the Senate and House of Representatives chambers and locked down several other buildings on the Capitol campus. Later that evening, after the Capitol was secured, Congress went back into session to discuss the Electoral College vote, finally affirming at 3:41a.m. that Biden had won the election. Five casualties occurred during the event: one Capitol Police officer, and four stormers or protesters at the Capitol, including one rioter shot by police inside the building. At least 138 police officers (73 Capitol Police officers, 65 Metropolitan Police Department officers) were injured, including at least 15 who were hospitalized, some with severe injuries. Three improvised explosive devices were reported to have been found: one each on Capitol grounds, at the Republican National Committee and Democratic National Committee offices. Aftermath Following the Capitol attack, several cabinet-level officials and White House staff resigned, citing the incident and Trump's behavior. On January 6, the night of the storming, a number of White House officials submitted their resignations, including Stephanie Grisham (chief of staff to the first lady), Deputy National Security Advisor Matt Pottinger, White House Social Secretary Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd, and Deputy White House Press Secretary Sarah Matthews. More officials continued to resign, including Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Tyler Goodspeed, and former White House chief of staff and special envoy to Northern Ireland Mick Mulvaney. On January 7, the day after the Electoral College results were certified by Congress, Trump tweeted a video in which he stated, "A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20th. My focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly and seamless transition of power." The State Department subsequently told diplomats to affirm Biden's victory. On January 12, the House voted in favor of requesting that the vice president remove Trump from office per the Twenty-fifth Amendment; hours earlier, Pence had indicated that he opposed such a measure. The next day, the House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on a charge of "incitement of insurrection". Ten Republican representatives joined all Democratic representatives in voting to impeach Trump. Trump is the first and only president to be impeached twice. On February 13, the Senate voted 57–43 to convict Trump on a charge of inciting insurrection, ten votes short of the required two-thirds majority, and he was acquitted. Seven Republican senators joined all Democratic and independent senators in voting to convict Trump. Trump gave a farewell address the day prior to the inauguration of Joe Biden. In it he stressed his economic and foreign policy record, and said the country can never tolerate "political violence". Breaking from tradition, Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, becoming the first departing president in 152 years to refuse to attend his elected successor's inauguration, but he did honor another tradition by leaving Biden a letter on the Resolute desk in the White House. Historical evaluations and public opinion In the sixth Siena College Research Institute's presidential rankings, conducted after Trump had been in office for one year, Trump was ranked as the third-worst president. C-SPAN's 2021 President Historians Survey ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president overall and the worst in the leadership characteristics of Moral Authority and Administrative Skills. Trump's best rated leadership characteristic was Public Persuasion, where he ranked 32nd out of the 44 individuals who were previously president. At the time of the 2016 election, polls by Gallup found Trump had a favorable rating around 35% and an unfavorable rating around 60%, while Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton held a favorable rating of 40% and an unfavorable rating of 57%. 2016 was the first election cycle in modern presidential polling in which both major-party candidates were viewed so unfavorably. By January 20, 2017, Inauguration Day, Trump's approval rating average was 42%, the lowest rating average for an incoming president in the history of modern polling; during his term it was an "incredibly stable (and also historically low)" 36% to 40%. Trump was the only president to never reach a 50% approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938. Since the beginning of the presidency of Donald Trump, ratings of how well U.S. democracy is functioning sharply plunged. According to the 2018 Varieties of Democracy Annual Democracy Report, there has been "a significant democratic backsliding in the United States [since the Inauguration of Donald Trump]... attributable to weakening constraints on the executive." Independent assessments by Freedom House and Bright Line Watch found a similar significant decline in overall democratic functioning. See also Bibliography of Donald Trump Efforts to impeach Donald Trump Make America Great Again Political positions of Donald Trump List of federal political scandals in the United States (21st century) Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day) References Footnotes Citations Further reading Pulitzer Prize winning critic evaluates 150 recent books on Trump Administration. External links "The Trump Cabinet" (2017). Congressional Quarterly reports on Trump's cabinet activity Donald Trump biography on whitehouse.gov Trump White House ArchivesBriefings and Statements Trump White House ArchivesRemarks Trump, Donald Donald Trump 2010s in the United States 2020s in the United States 2010s in American politics 2020s in American politics 2017 establishments in the United States 2021 disestablishments in the United States Articles containing video clips

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20100%20days%20of%20Donald%20Trump%27s%20presidency

First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency

The first 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency began on January 20, 2017, the day Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States. The first 100 days of a presidential term took on symbolic significance during Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office, and the period is considered a benchmark to measure the early success of a president. The 100th day of his presidency ended at noon on April 30, 2017. Institutionally, President Trump had the advantage of a Republican Party majority in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate, but was unable to fulfill his major pledges in his first 100 days, with some approval rating polls reporting around 40%. He reversed his position on a number of issues including labeling China as a currency manipulator, NATO, launching the 2017 Shayrat missile strike, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), renomination of Janet Yellen as Chair of the Federal Reserve, and the nomination of Export-Import Bank directors. Trump's approval among his base was high, with 96% of those who voted for him saying in an April 2017 poll that they would vote for him again. Near the end of the 100 days, the Trump administration introduced a broad outline of a sweeping tax reform focusing on deep tax cuts. Although Trump had to concede to delay funding for the U.S.–Mexico border wall he had promised, narrowly avoiding a government shutdown a few days before the end of the first 100 days. Trump signed 24 executive orders in his first 100 days. He signed 22 presidential memoranda, 20 presidential proclamations, and 28 bills. About a dozen of those bills roll-back regulations finalized during the last months of his immediate predecessor Barack Obama's presidency using the Congressional Review Act. Most of the other bills are "small-scale measures that appoint personnel, name federal facilities or modify existing programs." None of Trump's bills are considered to be "major bills"—based on a "longstanding political-science standard for 'major bills'". Presidential historian Michael Beschloss said that "based on a legislative standard"—which is what the first 100 days has been judged on since the tenure of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who enacted 76 laws in 100 days including nine that were "major". Pledges Trump pledged to do the following in his first 100 days: Appoint judges "who will uphold the Constitution" and "defend the Second Amendment" Construct a wall on the southern U.S. border and limit illegal immigration "to give unemployed Americans an opportunity to fill good-paying jobs" Re-assess trade agreements with other nations and "crack down" on companies that send jobs overseas Repeal and replace the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly called the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare) Remove federal restrictions on energy production Push for an amendment to the United States Constitution imposing term limits on Congress Eliminate gun-free zones Formulate a rule on regulations "that for every one new regulation, two old regulations must be eliminated" Instruct the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to "develop a comprehensive plan to protect America's vital infrastructure from cyberattacks, and all other form of attacks." Label China a "currency manipulator" Enforce rules and regulations for China's unfair subsidy behavior. Instruct the U.S. trade representative to bring trade cases against China, both in U.S. and at the WTO. Use every lawful presidential power to remedy trade disputes, including the application of 45% tariffs consistent with Section 201 and 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, and Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 to stop China's illegal activities, including its theft of American trade secrets. Inauguration The first 100 days of the Presidency of Donald Trump began during the inauguration of Donald Trump with the conversion of Whitehouse.gov from the Obama Administration version to the Trump Administration version at 12:00 pm on January 20, 2017. This was the third presidential online portal transition and the first to transition social media accounts such as Twitter. As Trump took the oath of office, the official @POTUS Twitter account switched to President Trump with previous tweets archived under @POTUS44. Administration and Cabinet On February 8, when Trump formally announced his 24-member-cabinet—the largest cabinet of any President so far—fewer cabinet nominees had been confirmed than any other president except George Washington by the same length of time into his presidency. Trump's reorganization of the cabinet removed the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers that President Obama had added in 2009. The Director of National Intelligence and Director of the CIA were elevated to cabinet-level. During the transition period, Trump had named a full slate of Cabinet and Cabinet-level nominees, all of which require Senate confirmation except for White House Chief of Staff and the vice presidency. By April 29, almost all of his nominated cabinet members had been confirmed, including Secretaries of State Rex Tillerson, Treasury Steven Mnuchin, Defense James Mattis, Justice Jeff Sessions, the Interior Ryan Zinke, Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, Commerce Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta, Health and Human Services HHS Tom Price, Housing and Urban Development HUD Ben Carson, Transportation Elaine Chao, Energy Rick Perry, Education Betsy DeVos, Veterans Affairs David Shulkin, Homeland Security John Kelly, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Mike Pompeo, UN Ambassador Nikki R. Haley, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Scott Pruitt, Small Business Administration Linda McMahon, Management and Budget OMB Mick Mulvaney, and Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats. Only two were awaiting confirmation—Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and Council of Economic Advisers CEA Kevin Hassett. James Mattis was confirmed on January 20 as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 98–1. Mattis had previously received a waiver of the National Security Act of 1947, which requires a seven-year waiting period before retired military personnel can assume the role of Secretary of Defense. John Kelly was confirmed as United States Secretary of Homeland Security on the first day by a vote of 88–11. Former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson was sworn in as Secretary of State by Vice-President Mike Pence on February 1. Trump nominated Tillerson for the position as top U.S. diplomat (the equivalent of a foreign minister) on December 13, 2016. He was approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 23, 2017, and by the full Senate in a 56–43 vote. Nikki Haley was confirmed as UN Ambassador with a Senate vote of 96 to 4. On January 26, 2017, when Tillerson visited the United States State Department, Undersecretaries Joyce Anne Barr, Patrick F. Kennedy, Michele Bond, and Gentry O. Smith all simultaneously resigned from the department. Former State Department chief of staff David Wade called the resignations "the single biggest simultaneous departure of institutional memory that anyone can remember." The Trump administration told CNN the officials had been fired and the Chicago Tribune reported that several senior state department career diplomats left the State Department, claiming they "had been willing to remain at their posts but had no expectation of staying." On February 10, Tom Price was confirmed as Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), a "$1 trillion government department". HHS includes National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Price, who is a vocal opponent of the Affordable Care Act, will oversee its repeal and replacement. He has published articles in the "small, conservative medical association", the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, to which he belongs, that opposes mandatory vaccination and continue to argue that the vaccines causes autism, a "discredited conspiracy theory that Trump has long espoused". In response to questions from Senators at the hearing as to whether he believes autism is caused by vaccines, he responded, "I think the science in that instance is that it does not". Steve Mnuchin, who was nominated by Trump in November 2016, was finally confirmed on February 13, 2017, as Secretary of the Treasury department after lengthy confirmation hearings. On February 16, the Senate voted 54 to 46 to advance Scott Pruitt's nomination as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. On February 16, a District Court Judge in Oklahoma, Aletia Timmons, ordered Pruitt to "turn over thousands of emails related to his communication with the oil, gas and coal industry" in a case brought to court by the Center for Media and Democracy. Lawmakers had criticized Pruitt who sued the EPA 14 times on behalf of the State of Oklahoma. Trump nominated Alexander Acosta as Secretary of Labor on February 16, when his first nominee Andrew Puzder stepped down under a wave of criticism for having employed an illegal immigrant as a former housekeeper, for his "remarks on women and employees at his restaurants" and for his "rancorous 1980s divorce". Notable non-Cabinet positions According to a database compiled by the Washington Post in collaboration with the Partnership for Public Service, as of April 27, 473 of the 554 key executive branch nominations that require Presidential nomination and Senate confirmation, had not yet been appointed, including "Cabinet secretaries, deputy and assistant secretaries, chief financial officers, general counsel, heads of agencies, ambassadors and other critical leadership positions." Only three of the 119 Department of State executive branch positions have been filled and only one position in the Department of Defense—the Secretary of Defense, James Mattis—has been filled out of 53 key positions. Trump has not yet nominated anyone for 49 of these positions. On February 28, in an exclusive interview Tuesday with Fox & Friends, said, "a lot of those jobs, I don't want to appoint, because they're unnecessary to have.... You know, we have so many people in government, even me. I look at some of the jobs and it's people over people over people. I say, 'What do all these people do?' You don't need all those jobs... Many of those jobs I don't want to fill. I say, isn't that a good thing? That's not a bad thing. That's a good thing. We're running a very good, efficient government." Prior to taking office, Trump named several important White House advisers to positions that do not require Senate confirmation, including Stephen K. Bannon as his "senior counselor and chief West Wing strategist" and Reince Priebus as Chief of Staff, with a mission "as equal partners to transform the federal government." Other important advisers outside of the Cabinet include (Counselor to the President) Kellyanne Conway, Senior Advisor (National Security Advisor) Michael Flynn (replaced by H. R. McMaster) and (National Trade Council) Director Peter Navarro. (Homeland Security Adviser) Thomas P. Bossert, (Regulatory Czar) Carl Icahn, (White House Counsel) Donald F. "Don" McGahn II, and (Press Secretary) Sean Spicer. Michael T. Flynn served as Trump's National Security Advisor from January 20 until his resignation on February 13, 2017. He set a record for the shortest tenure as National Security Advisor in American history. The Justice Department warned the Trump administration that Flynn, who had a "well-established history with Russia", may have been "vulnerable to blackmail by Moscow". Flynn had "mischaracterized his communications" with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak to Vice President Mike Pence regarding U.S. sanctions on Russia. Flynn's phone calls had been "recorded by a government wiretap" and several days after Flynn was named as Trump's Advisor, Sally Yates, who was then acting attorney general, warned the White House that "Flynn was susceptible to blackmail by the Russians because he had misled Mr. Pence and other officials". According to a February 14 article by The New York Times, it was unclear why the White House did not react to Yates' warning in early January. There were also questions about how much was known in early January by Bannon, Pence, Spicer, and Trump. Yates was fired on January 30, in an unrelated incident. On February 20, 2017, Trump named "warrior-scholar deemed an expert in counter insurgency", Lieutenant General H. R. McMaster, to replace Flynn as National Security Advisor. Trump overruled McMaster's attempt to replace 30-year-old NSC aide Ezra Cohen-Watnick, a Mike Flynn appointee, with Linda Weissgold, when Bannon and Kushner intervened on Cohen-Watnick's behalf on March 11–12. Cohen-Watnick gathered classified files on intelligence information on U.S. persons. On January 28, 2017, Trump signed a Memorandum, the Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council which restructured the Principals Committee—the senior policy committee—of the National Security Council, assigning a permanent invitation to Steve Bannon, White House Chief Strategist, while at the same time withdrawing the permanent invitations of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Director of National Intelligence. On April 5, the 75th day of Trump's presidency, under guidance from Army Lieutenant General H. R. McMaster, the National Security Advisor (NSC advisor) who replaced Mike Flynn, Trump removed Bannon, who has no security experience, from the National Security Council's principals committee. Trump's 36-year-old son-in-law, Jared Kushner is Trump's Senior Advisor alongside Stephen Miller. "In his January interview with the Times of London, Trump said that Kushner would be in charge of brokering peace in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He is also a "top adviser on relations with Canada, China and Mexico". On April 3, Kushner accompanied the head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Joseph F. Dunford Jr. and Homeland Security Advisor Thomas P. Bossert to meet with Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi "to discuss the fight against the Islamic State and whether the United States would leave troops in Iraq afterward." Trump named Kushner as head of the White House Office of American Innovation, (OAI), established on March 29 and mandated to use ideas from the private-sector to overhaul all federal agencies and departments in order to "spur job creation". One of the OAI's first priorities is to modernize the technology of departments such as Veterans Affairs. In his new position, Kushner will work with Chris Christie, who will chair the newly established "President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis" in response to Trump's pledge to combat opioid abuse. On January 28, in his eleventh Presidential Memoranda, "Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council", White House Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, was designated as a regular attendee to the National Security Council (NSC)′s Principals Committee, a Cabinet-level senior interagency forum for considering national security issues, in a departure from the previous format in which this role is usually held for generals. While at first there was some confusion over meeting attendees, Priebus clarified on January 30, that defense officials could attend the meetings. On April 5, the 75th day of Trump's presidency, under guidance from Army Lieutenant General H. R. McMaster, the National Security Advisor (NSC advisor) who replaced Mike Flynn, Trump removed Bannon, who has no security experience, from the National Security Council's principals committee. On February 2, Time published an article about Bannon as potentially, the second most powerful man in the world, illustrated with a cover labeling him as the "Great Manipulator". After only a fortnight into Trump's presidency, NPR described Bannon as "the power behind the throne" and the "gray eminence behind much of what Trump was prioritizing", rivalling Kushner's and Priebus' roles. Mike Pence affirmed in a PBS NewsHour report that only Trump was "in charge". Bannon and Steve Miller have been called the "architects" of the inaugural address, executive orders, including the controversial travel and refugees EO, and presidential memoranda. In an often-cited October 8, 2015, lengthy profile entitled "This Man Is the Most Dangerous Political Operative in America" by Joshua Green, a senior national correspondent for Bloomberg News, Green described how Breitbart News with Bannon at its helm, had "championed Trump's presidential candidacy" and helped "coalesce a splinter faction of conservatives" who were irate over the way in which Fox News had treated Trump. Green quoted then-Senator Jeff Sessions as an admirer of Breitbart, which was "extraordinarily influential", with many radio hosts "reading Breitbart every day". Trump cited Breitbart News to vindicate his claims. Stephen Miller, Trump's Senior Advisor, was Jeff Sessions' communications director when he served as Senator for Alabama. Thirty-one-year old Miller, Bannon, and Andrew Bremberg sent over 200 executive orders to federal agencies for review before January 20. Miller has been an architect behind the inaugural address and the most "contentious executive orders" including Executive Order 13769. In a February 12 interview with ABC News anchor George Stephanopoulos, when asked to provide evidence "for Trump's "unfounded allegations" where former Senator Kelly Ayotte lost her bid for election, and Trump narrowly lost to Clinton in 2016, Miller suggested Stephanopoulos interview Kansas Senator, Kris Kobach, who relied upon a 2012 Pew Research Center study in his voter fraud claims. The day before the interview a Federal Election Commission Commissioner called on Trump to provide evidence of what would "constitute thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law." Gary Cohn, the former Goldman Sachs investment banker and executive, took office on January 20, as Trump's Director of the National Economic Council, (NEC), a position which did not require Congressional confirmation, By February 11, 2017, The Wall Street Journal described Cohn as an "economic-policy powerhouse" in Trump's administration and The New York Times called him Trump's "go-to figure on matters related to jobs, business and growth." While the confirmation of Trump's December 12, 2016, nominee for Secretary of Treasury, Steven Mnuchin, was delayed until February 13 by Congressional hearings, Cohn filled in the "personnel vacuum" and pushed "ahead on taxes, infrastructure, financial regulation and replacing health-care law." In November, Trump considered offering Cohn the position as Secretary of Treasury. If Cohn had stayed at Goldman Sachs, some believed he would have become CEO when Lloyd Blankfein vacated that office and his $285 million severance package "raised eyebrows" according to CNN. Bannon and Cohn disagree on the border-adjustment tax, the centerpiece of Paul Ryan's controversial tax reforms presented on February 17, which includes a 20% import tax, export subsidies and a 15% reduction in corporate tax rates that would, among other things, pay for the Mexican wall, which according to a The Washington Post study, would cost $25 billion and which Trump stated would cost $12 billion. Domestic policy United States Domestic Policy Council The Domestic Policy Council (DPC) consists of Trump and Andrew Bremberg as Directors with Paul Winfree as Deputy Assistant. Council attendees include Mike Pence, Jeff Sessions, Tom Price, John F. Kelly, David Shulkin, Ryan Zinke, Betsy DeVos, Ben Carson, Elaine Chao, Wilbur Ross, Rick Perry, Steven Mnuchin, and—when appointed—the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Agriculture. Additional attendees include Scott Pruitt, Mick Mulvaney (Director of the Office of Management and Budget), Gary Cohn, and—when appointed—the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers and the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. The Congressional Research Service describes DPC's role as analyses of domestic policies and social programs including "education, labor and worker safety; health-care insurance and financing; health services and research; aging policy studies; Social Security, pensions and disability insurance; immigration, homeland security, domestic intelligence and criminal justice; and welfare, nutrition and housing programs." Withdrawal of the Affordable Care Act Within the first hours of Trump's presidency, he signed his first executive order, Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal (EO 13765) to fulfill part of his pledge to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was part of a series of steps taken prior to 2017 to repeal and defund the ACA, including most recently, the FY2017 budget resolution, S.Con.Res. 3, that contained language allowing the repeal of ACA through the budget reconciliation process. A CBO report estimated 18 million people would lose their insurance and premiums would rise by 20% to 25% in the first year after repealing Obamacare. Uninsured could reach 32 million by 2026, while premiums could double. The order states what Mr. Trump made clear during his campaign: that it is his administration's policy to seek the "prompt repeal" of Obamacare. During his Fox News interview with Bill O'Reilly airing before the Super Bowl, Trump announced that the timeline for replacing Obamacare had to be extended and that a replacement would probably not be ready until 2018. Republicans are limited as to how much of ACA they can undo as they do not have a 60-vote majority in the Senate. They also "must balance the interests of insurers and medical providers". According to the March 13, 2017, report by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office and staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) on the budgetary impact of the Republican bill to repeal and replace ACA over the coming decade, there would be a $337 billion reduction in the federal deficit and an estimated loss of coverage to 24 million more Americans. The Republican health-care plan was unveiled on March6 and faced opposition from both moderate and conservative Republicans, such as the House Freedom Caucus. The American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA), a bill to repeal and replace the ACA, was withdrawn in Congress on March 24, 2017, due to lack of support from within the Republican caucus. Immigration policy In his first 100 days, President Trump set the tone for immigration policies, by signing executive orders to set in motion travel bans and restrictions on refugees and immigrants from Muslim-majority countries, increased immigration enforcement including deportations, and expanded efforts to prevent illegal entry into the United States by building a wall along the Mexico–United States border. While the numbers of people deported were very similar to those in 2016, the categories of people targeted for deportations was broadened during this period, which meant that many more people are at a heightened risk of deportation. Secretary Kelly clarified that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) "will no longer exempt classes or categories of removable aliens from potential enforcement." By April 3, according to ICE, there had been 35,604 removals in January and February 2017 compared to 35,255 in the same period in 2016. But the "tough rhetoric" and some "high-profile Ice operations" widely cited in the media resulted in widespread fear and panic within immigrant communities. In an AP April 20 interview, Trump said that, "The dreamers should rest easy". There are 800,000 young people protected by Obama's "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals" (DREAMERS) who came to the U.S. as children and are living there illegally. Some of these "dreamers" in interviews with The Associated Press on April 21, said they "were not comforted by Trump's pledge" particularly since the April 18 deportation of 23-year-old "dreamer", Juan Manuel Montes. Trump supporters who are "immigration hard-liners", such as NumbersUSA and Mark Krikorian of the Center for Immigration Studies, feel deceived by Trump's softening stance on DREAMERs arguing that "[h]is promise on DACA was pretty clear and unequivocal". Travel ban and refugee suspension On January 27, at 4:42 p.m EST, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, entitled "Protecting the Nation From Terrorist Attacks by Foreign Nationals" which temporarily suspends the U. S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) for 120 days and denies entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days. The suspension for Syrian refugees is for an indefinite period of time. The Economist described the order as "drafted in secret, enacted in haste and unlikely to fulfill its declared aim of sparing America from terrorism" with "Republican allies" lamenting that a "fine, popular policy was marred by its execution." Notably Saudi Arabia was not on the list though most of the 9/11 hijackers were from there. See Provisions of Order 13769. On February 4, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the State Department suspended all actions to implement the week-old EO in response to the February3 ruling by federal judge James Robart which blocked the EO. According to CNN and the Los Angeles Times, the architects behind the order, were Stephen Miller and Steve Bannon. White House officials deny that it was written without input from the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC). It was argued that these seven countries ranked among the lowest 15 of the 104 countries evaluated by the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index in 2016 based on the "number of countries that their citizens can travel to visa-free". For example, Germany ranks the highest at 177 points, Afghanistan the lowest of all 104 at 25. The order also calls for an expedited completion and implementation of the Biometric Entry-Exit Tracking System for all travelers coming into the United States. The first legal challenge against the EO was filed on January 28, and within two days there were dozens of ongoing lawsuits in the United States federal courts. By February 3, federal judge, James Robart temporarily blocked the week-old EO which opened American airports to visa holders from the seven targeted countries. At the international level legal concerns have been raised by the UN, Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein, who claimed that "discrimination on nationality alone is forbidden under human rights law." On January 30, in a telephone call to Trump, German Chancellor Angela Merkel explained that his EO "ran counter to the duties of all signatory states" to the Geneva Refugee Convention "to take in war refugees on humanitarian grounds". Thousands protested at airports and other locations throughout the United States. Critics of the ban include most Democrats and several top Republican Congressmen, former President Obama, the Council on American–Islamic Relations, over a dozen state attorneys general, thousands of academics, Nobel laureates, technology companies, Iran, France, Germany, and 800,000 petitioners in Britain. Supporters of the ban include 82% of GOP voters, Paul Ryan, Bob Goodlatte, Czech President Miloš Zeman, and members of the European far right. According to an IPSOS online poll conducted on January 31, in response to the question, "Do you agree or disagree with the Executive Order that President Trump signed blocking refugees and banning people from seven Muslim majority countries from entering the U.S.?", 48% of the 1,201 Americans polled agreed with the statement (23% of the 453 Democrats, 82% of the 478 Republicans, and 44% of the Independents polled). On the evening of January 30, Trump replaced acting Attorney General Sally Yates with Dana Boente. Spicer's statement described Yates as an "Obama administration appointee" who had "betrayed the Department of Justice" by "refusing to enforce a legal order". In the Senate, Chuck Schumer, called her firing a Monday Night Massacre in reference to Nixon's firing of his attorney general, referred to as the Saturday Night Massacre during Watergate. Trump also replaced DHS's ICE Chief Daniel Ragsdale with Thomas Homan as Acting Director in the evening of January 30. In a live interview with Chris Wallace on January 29, Fox News Sunday, Kellyanne Conway, justified the list of seven countries by claiming that the countries were originally identified as a threat in the Terrorist Prevention Act passed by Congress in 2015. HUD's Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015, was extended amid some controversy in February 2016, when it revoked the privilege of traveling to the States without a visa to people who "had recently traveled to Iraq, Syria, Iran or Sudan", as they were considered high-risk. A spokesman for former president Obama issued a statement stating, "The president [Obama] fundamentally disagrees with the notion of discriminating against individuals because of their faith or religion." In his final press statement as president, Obama said, "There's a difference between [the] normal functioning of politics and certain issues or certain moments where I think our core values may be at stake," and stated his intention to speak out if a situation is serious enough. Obama encouraged Americans to protest the issue. In response to a temporary restraining order (TRO) issued in the case of State of Washington v. Trump, the Department of Homeland Security said on February4 that it had stopped enforcing the portions of the executive order affected by the judgment, while the State Department activated visas that had been previously suspended. The restraining order was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on February 9, 2017. On March 15, a United States Federal Judge, Derrick Watson of the District Court of Hawaii, issued a 43-page ruling which blocked Trump's revised March6 executive order 13780 on the grounds that it violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause by disfavoring a particular religion. The temporary restraining order was converted to a preliminary injunction by Judge Watson on March 29. On an April 18 airing of the Mark Levin Show Jeff Sessions commented, "We are confident that the President will prevail on appeal and particularly in the Supreme Court, if not the Ninth Circuit. So this is a huge matter. I really am amazed that a judge sitting on an island in the Pacific can issue an order that stops the President of the United States from what appears to be clearly his statutory and Constitutional power." High-profile ICE operations On February 8, 2017, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents arrested 35-year-old Guadalupe García de Rayos, when she attended her required annual review at the ICE office in Phoenix, and deported her to Mexico on the next day based on a removal order issued in 2013 by the Executive Office for Immigration Review. Immigrant advocates believe that she is the first to be deported after the EO was signed and that her deportation "reflects the severity" of the "crackdown" on illegal immigration. ICE officials said that her case went through multiple reviews in the immigration court system and that the "judges held she did not have a legal basis to remain in the US". In 2008, she was working at an amusement park in Mesa, Arizona when then-Sheriff Joe Arpaio ordered a raid that resulted in her arrest and felony identity theft conviction for possessing a false Social Security number. Arpaio was a subject of several controversies during his tenure as sheriff. In 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice partially settled a lawsuit filed against Arpaio for unlawful discriminatory police conduct, alleging that Arpaio had overseen the worst pattern of racial profiling in U.S. history. ICE officials in Los Angeles released a report on February 10, 2017, that about 160 foreign nationals were arrested in a five-day operation. Of those, 150 had criminal histories, and of the remaining arrests, five had final orders of removal or were previously deported. Ninety-five percent were male. Under Trump's EO, the definition of criminal is much more "sweeping" than Obama's, which "prioritized expulsion of undocumented immigrants who threatened public safety or national security, had ties to criminal gang activity, committed serious felony offenses or were habitual misdemeanor criminal offenders" and a single immigration officer decides. On the morning of February 14, ICE officials entered the Des Moines, Washington family home of 23-year-old Daniel Ramirez Medina on an arrest warrant for Ramirez' father, who was taken into custody. Ramirez, who has no criminal record, entered the United States illegally as a child, and was later able to get a legal work permit through the 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy, was placed in detention in the Northwest Detention Center, Tacoma, Washington. According to ICE, Ramirez was detained based on "his admitted gang affiliation and risk to public safety". According to Ramirez's lawyer, Ramirez "unequivocally denies" these allegations and claimed ICE agents "repeatedly pressured" Ramirez to "falsely admit" gang affiliation. "The case raises questions about what it could mean for Dreamers, undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children." U.S.–Mexico border wall proposal While visiting the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on January 25, President Trump signed his third executive order Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements (EO 13767) under the (INA), the Secure Fence Act, and the (IIRIRA) for the construction of a Mexican border wall to deter illegal migration and smuggling of illegal products. The existing Mexico–United States barrier is not one continuous structure, but a series of physical walls and physical and "virtual" fences monitored by the United States Border Patrol. The proposed wall which would be "a contiguous, physical wall or other similarly secure, contiguous, and impassable physical barrier" along the entire length of the border, which Trump estimated in 2016 would cost $10 billion to $12 billion, and by January 27 was estimated to be $20 billion, to be initially paid by Congress. Trump plans on eventually negotiating a reimbursement from the Mexican government. While the Executive Order entitled "Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements", contains no information of payment, it requests federal agency reports by late March 2017 which "identify and quantify all sources of direct and indirect Federal aid or assistance to the Government of Mexico on an annual basis over the past five years, including all bilateral and multilateral development aid, economic assistance, humanitarian aid, and military aid." On January 27, Forbes cautioned that the 20% Mexican Import Tariff on all imported goods announced by Spicer to pay for the 1,933-mile (3,111 km) frontier wall would be "paid by Americans". GOP donors, Brothers Charles and David Koch, and their advocacy group, Americans For Prosperity, oppose Paul Ryan's 'Buy American' Tax Plan, which they claim would add a "whopping tax hike of more than $1 trillion on American families and small businesses over 10 years." The import tariff would raise prices at Wal-Mart, for example, directly impacting lower income families. The Washington Post reported on April 25, that Trump had agreed to delaying funding for the construction of the wall until September to avoid a government shutdown. Sanctuary cities On January 25, Trump signed an executive order, "Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States", to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General and their departments and agencies to increase the enforcement of immigration laws which included the hiring of 10,000 "additional immigration officers". His order requires the cooperation of state and local authorities. The order states "sanctuary jurisdictions" including "sanctuary cities" who refuse to comply will not be "eligible to receive Federal grants, except as deemed necessary for law enforcement purposes by the Attorney General or the Secretary". Some officials claim that the "U.S. Constitution bars the federal government from commandeering state officials or using federal funds to 'coerce' states into doing the bidding of Washington." Mayors of New York, Boston, Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle have expressed concerns about the Order and do not want to "change the way their cities treat immigrants". Jeff Sessions is considered to be an "inspiration" for Trump's anti-immigration policies. On August 31, 2016, Trump laid out a 10-step plan as part of his immigration policy where he reiterated that all illegal immigrants are "subject to deportation" with priority given to illegal immigrants who have committed significant crimes and those who have overstayed visas. He noted that all those seeking legalization would have to go home and re-enter the country legally. In a meeting with concerned mayors, Sessions explained that the Executive Order merely directs cities to enforce the preexisting thirty-year-old law, 8U.S.C. 1373 which means that "there is no sanctuary city debate." On April 25, U.S. District Judge William Orrick III sided with San Francisco and Santa Clara in their lawsuit against the Trump administration, issuing a temporary injunction effectively blocking the order targeting so-called sanctuary cities. Justice Orrick said that the president "has no authority to attach new conditions to federal spending". Judge Orrick issued a nationwide permanent injunction on November 20, 2017, declaring that section 9(a) of Executive Order 13768 was "unconstitutional on its face" and violates "the separation of powers doctrine and deprives [the plaintiffs] of their Tenth and Fifth Amendment rights." Social policy Trump's appointment of a conservative justice, Neil Gorsuch, his reinstatement of the Mexico City Policy, and his signing H.J. Res. 43—HHS Title X Funding for Planned Parenthood Rule are in keeping with his pro-life policy. On January 23, Trump signed a Presidential Memorandum on the Mexico City Policy regarding federal funding to foreign NGOs. This is a key point in the abortion debate as foreign NGOs that receive US federal funding will no longer be able to offer, promote or perform abortion services as part of family planning in their own countries using non-U.S. government funds. Forbes claimed this could "potentially affect $9.5 billion" in programs that reach "225 million women globally". On April 13, Trump quietly signed H.J. Res. 43—HHS Title X Funding for Planned Parenthood Rule— reversing Obama's December 2016 regulation which had mandated that Title X recipients—like states local and state governments—distribute federal funds for services related to contraception, sexually transmitted infections, fertility, pregnancy care, and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers, regardless of whether they also perform abortions". Bloomberg noted that although this was "one of the few opportunities" Trump has had in his first 100 days to enact legislation, he signed this bill in private. The Obama rule never came into effect as it was blocked by a federal judge. Republicans want to cut off federal funding from health-care organizations such as Planned Parenthood that perform abortions. Proponents of the bill claim it supports states' rights over federalist rights. The bill was passed under the procedures of the Congressional Review Act. In the Senate Vice-President Pence cast a tie-breaking vote. This will be an issue at the end of the first 100 days as Congress tries to avoid a government shutdown. In Fiscal Year 2014, Planned Parenthood clinics received $20.5 million of the $252.6 million distributed under the Title X Family Planning grant program. The proposed American Health Care Act, announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017, would have made Planned Parenthood "ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants". Suspended reduction of Federal Housing Mortgage Insurance Premium rates Within the first hours of Trump's presidency, he "suspended indefinitely" the reduced "Mortgage Insurance Premiums for loans with Closing/Disbursement date on or after January 27, 2017", known as the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Annual Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP) Rates managed under the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). It is "effective immediately". Obama's rate cut would have lowered borrowing costs for first time and low income house buyers. Gun control In February 2017, the Trump administration signed into law a bill that rolled back a regulation implemented by the Obama administration, which would have prohibited approximately 75,000 individuals who were receiving Social Security disability and had representative payees, from owning guns. The bill was supported by the ACLU, the National Association for Mental Health, The American Association of People with Disabilities, and the National Council on Disability, the Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities, as well as other disability rights advocates. The initial regulation was supported by the Brady Campaign to Stop Gun Violence, Moms Demand Action Against Gun Violence, Democratic gun control advocates, and some mental health experts. High-priority infrastructure On January 24, Trump signed his second Executive Order entitled Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects (EO 13766) which is part of a series of five executive orders to date. This Order was part of a series "designed to speed environmental permitting and reviews" as " major infrastructure projects trigger an array of overlapping environmental and natural resource laws and requirements". On April 19, Trump signed a bill that extended the VA's Choice beyond August. The 2014 Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act was enacted in by the Obama administration in response to the Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014. Foreign policy The main group advising the President on foreign affairs and national security is the National Security Council (NSC) which coordinates national agencies such as the secretaries of defense and state; the secretaries of the army, navy, and air force. On April 10, The Wall Street Journal described Trump's foreign policy as moving away from the "America First", "isolationist" policies towards more "mainstream" and "conventional" tendencies under the more stabilizing influence of Tillerson, Mattis, McMaster, Ross, and Kushner. On the first day of Trump's presidency, the White House website had posted a 220-word description of its foreign policy. It was protectionist with a focus on "America First", as was his inaugural address. His three top priorities were to defeat ISIS, to rebuild the military, and to embrace diplomacy. Defense At the time Trump took office, U.S. military spending had reached its highest peak ever. Trump requested $30 billion for FY 2017 which ends in September, and an increase of $54 billion to Defense Department for FY 2018. The $639 billion in FY2018 would result in deep cuts to many other departments including the State Department, the diplomatic arm of the administration. After Trump's April 12 first face-to-face meeting with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, Trump announced that he had changed views about NATO. Trump had previously complained that NATO was "obsolete" as it did not fight terrorism. On March 18, Trump called on NATO's member nations to contribute more to NATO. After the White House meeting, Trump realized that NATO has been engaged in combating groups like ISIS. Trump will maintain the "US commitment to NATO while reiterating its member nations must step up their military financing". On January 29, Trump authorized the first military operation of his Presidency—a raid by US commandos on Al-Qaeda in Yakla, Baida in Yemen. At least 14 jihadists were killed in the raid, as well as 10 civilians, including children. The raid also resulted in the death of Chief Petty Officer William Owens a 36-year-old Virginia-based Navy SEAL, the first U.S. combat casualty in Trump's presidency. According to the New York Times, Owen's death "came after a chain of mishaps and misjudgments that plunged the elite commandos into a ferocious 50-minute firefight that also left three others wounded and a $75 million aircraft deliberately destroyed." On April 6, 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike on Shayrat Air Base near Homs, in Syria. 59 Tomahawk missiles were launched from the and from the Mediterranean Sea. On April 8, four days after North Korea had test-fired a ballistic missile, an announcement by the United States Pacific Command (PACOM) commander was posted via U.S. Third Fleet Public Affairs stating that PACOM had ordered the USS Carl Vinson supercarrier to "sail north and report on station in the Western Pacific Ocean". It was a premature announcement that led to a "glitch-ridden sequence of events"—a result of confusion created by a "miscommunication" between the Pentagon and the White House. On April 8 and April 9, media outlets such as Fox News, RT, CNN, USA Today, BBC and others had published the erroneous announcement that warships were heading to the Korean Peninsula within the context of escalating US-North Korean tensions. In an interview with FOX Business Network's Maria Bartiromo that aired on April 12, President Trump warned, "We are sending an armada. Very powerful. We have submarines. Very powerful. Far more powerful than the aircraft carrier. That I can tell you." By April 17, North Korea's deputy United Nations ambassador accused the United States of "turning the Korean peninsula into "the world's biggest hotspot" and the North Korean government stated "its readiness to declare war on the United States if North Korean forces were to be attacked." On April 17, the Defense News broke the story that the Carl Vinson and its escorts were 3,500 miles from Korea, engaged in scheduled joint Royal Australian Navy exercises in the Indian Ocean. According to Dana White, the Pentagon's chief spokeswoman, the Carl Vinson was heading north on April 18. The Wall Street Journal reported on April 19, that the incident sparked both "criticism and ridicule" as some felt "duped by Trump". In the article, Hong Joon-pyo, a candidate in the 2017 South Korean presidential election, was quoted as saying, "What President Donald Trump said was important for the national security of South Korea. If that was a lie, then during Trump's term, South Korea will not trust whatever Trump says." On April 13, the United States dropped a "mother of all bombs" (MOAB) in the Nangarhar Province Afghanistan— the first use of the bomb on the battlefield. On April 8, Staff Sgt. Mark De Alencar was killed during an operation against ISIS in Nangarhar Province. The most consequential shift in Trump's defense policy was the April6 cruise-missile launch at a Syrian airbase. Trade policies On January 23, Trump fulfilled a campaign pledge by signing an executive order withdrawing the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) or Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA). According to the BBC, Trump had pledged to withdraw from the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) and he signed an executive order on the TPP his first few days. However, the EO was largely symbolic since the deal has not been ratified by a divided US Congress." The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) or Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), was a trade agreement between the United States and eleven Pacific Rim nations—Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam that would have created a "free-trade zone for about 40 percent of the world's economy. On April 18, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order that directed federal agencies to implement a "Buy American, Hire American" strategy. The executive order directs federal agencies to implement a new system that favors higher-skilled, higher-paid applicants. The order is the first initiative in response to a key pledge made by Trump during his presidential campaign to promote a 'Buy American, Hire American.' The EO is intended to order federal agencies to review and propose reforms to the H-1B visa system. Through the executive order, Trump states his broad policy of economic nationalism without having to go through Congress. Cabinet secretaries from Departments of Labor, Justice, Homeland Security, and State will "fill in the details with reports and recommendations about what the administration can legally do." Trump argued that the EO would "end the 'theft of American prosperity'", which he said had been brought on by low-wage immigrant labor. On March 31, President Donald Trump signed two executive orders on trade. One examines forms of "trade abuse", taking a country-by-country as well as product and industry look over 90 days at cheating, law enforcement, and currency misalignment by foreign countries that causes U.S. trade deficits. President Trump said the order ensures "that we fully collect all duties imposed on foreign importers that cheat, the cheaters." Another to strengthen anti-dumping rules and countervailing duties. The order directs Homeland Security, Commerce, and Treasury departments to ensure enforcement and "those who break the rules will face severe consequences". Trump—who had been dismissive of the Export-Import Bank (ExIm)—made an about-face on April 15 by nominating Scott Garrett as head of the ExIm breaking a deadlock that had prevented the Bank from operating since 2014. Although Trump had privately made known that he would not side with "conservative Republicans, including those in his own administration", who wanted to "cripple" the ExIm in February, he did not announce it publicly until April 13, when he told The Wall Street Journal that he would fill two seats of ExIm's five-seat board which would allow the Bank to make loans greater than $10 million. Trump had been one of ExIm's harshest critics. Conservatives call it the 'Bank of Boeing' and an 'epicenter of crony capitalism'. Its supporters such as Boeing and General Electric Co, claim that it facilitates trade worth billions of dollars in exports helping hundreds of businesses. Prior to making the announcement, Trump held two significant meetings related to ExIm—an April3 formal visit with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi who is negotiating for billions of dollars in ExIm financing and an April 11 meeting with Boeing Chief Executive Jim McNerney. Sisi also met with Lockheed Martin and General Electric CEOs during his visit to the U.S. in April. International relations Australia A February 2 report by The Washington Post claimed that US President Donald Trump berated the Australian, Prime Minister Turnbull during one of Trump's first phone calls made to foreign officials. Trump stated that the 2016 asylum deal was an attempt to export the next Boston bombers to the United States. The contentious deal involves a 2016 agreement between the Obama administration and Australia whereby the U.S. would resettle 1,250 refugees held in controversial offshore immigration detention facilities—Manus and Nauru islands. In return, Australia would 'resettle refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras". The full transcript of that phone conversation was leaked in August 2017, and published by the Washington Post. Later that day, Trump explained that while he respected Australia, they, along with many other countries, were "terribly taking advantage" of the United States. The following day, Australian Ambassador to the United States Joe Hockey was sent to the White House and held meetings with White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon and Chief of Staff Reince Priebus. Spicer described the phone call as "very cordial". The 25-minute phone call on January 28, was described as "acrimonious" by Reuters and Trump's "worst call by far" with a foreign leader by the Washington Post. During a joint news conference with Prime Minister Turnbull, Vice-President Pence—who was on a "10-day, four-country trip" in April to the Pacific Rim—announced that even if the United States did not "admire the agreement", Trump had made it clear the United States would honour the 2016 agreement to resettle refugees. Turnbull responded, "whatever the reservations of the president are", the decision "speaks volumes for the commitment, the integrity of President Trump, and your administration, sir, to honour that commitment." "The US is Australia's most important security partner, while China is its most important trading partner." Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met Trump in Washington, D.C. in February 2017. Trudeau said that "The last thing Canadians expect is for me to come down and lecture another country on how they choose to govern," referring to Trump's "refugee ban"—Executive Order 13769. The two leaders emphasized the importance of the two countries' ongoing relationship, with Trudeau adding that "there are times when we have differed in our approaches. And that's always been done firmly and respectfully." Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross said that, "It has been a bad week for U.S.-Canada trade relations", as he announced stiff tariffs up stiff tariffs of up to 24% on Canadian lumber on April 24, as dairy product trade fell through. The Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute has been since ongoing since the 1980s making it one of the longest trade disputes between the two countries, as well as one of the largest. Trump is under pressure to begin renegotiating NAFTA, the trade deal between Canada, Mexico and the US. On April 25, Canada's International Trade Minister Francois-Philippe Champagne and soft lumber industry representatives promoted trade with China in Beijing in response to what is perceived as U.S. protectionist policies. China The Mar-a-Lago summit meeting on April 6 and 7 between Trump and President Xi Jinping of China, during the first 100 days of the new US administration, was heralded by The Telegraph as the "most significant bilateral summit in decades". In spite of differences regarding Taiwan, the South China Sea and the most urgent issue—North Korea's nuclear programme—"the summit between the US and Chinese presidents had both symbolic and tangible successes," according to the South China Morning Post. During the April 7–8 visit with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Trump acknowledged that international relations are much more complicated than he had imagined. In regards to North Korea, he had hoped to negotiate better trade deals with China in exchange for China dealing with the nuclear threat from North Korea. In an interview with Wall Street Journal Gerald F. Seib Trump said, "After listening for 10 minutes, I realized it's not so easy. I felt pretty strongly that they had a tremendous power [over] North Korea.... But it's not what you would think." Trump also affirmed that North Korea was the United States' "biggest international threat". The BBC reported on April 19 that China "was 'seriously concerned" about nuclear threats" as tensions between North Korea and the United States escalated with a "war of words" between North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un and the Trump administration. Recent threats included Vice President Mike Pence's statement that the period of "strategic patience" was over and his April 19 statement that the US "would meet any attack with an 'overwhelming response'". North Korea recently warned of "full-out nuclear war if Washington takes military action against it." Trump has called for China to rein in North Korea, but state media outlet China Daily reported that "Washington must be aware of the limitations to Beijing's abilities, and refrain from assuming that the matter can be consigned entirely to Beijing alone." China Daily considered the U.N. Security Council statement adopted on April 20 condemning North Korea's recent attempted missile launch, as an indication that the Trump administration is considering a "diplomatic solution". In an April 12 interview with Wall Street Journal, Trump said he had changed his mind and he would not label China a currency manipulator, which had been one of his 100-day pledges. By April he believed that China had not been manipulating its currency for months. He did not want to "jeopardize" talks with the Chinese "on confronting the threat of North Korea". Early in Trump's presidency, the world's largest financial newspaper, Nikkei Asian Review, had reported on February 1, that Trump had labelled China and Japan as currency manipulators. The Trump administration confirmed its commitment to defend Japan against China's claims to the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea through the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan during a U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis's visit to Japan on February 4. By February 9, US-Chinese relations—the most important bilateral relationship—had remained strained, President Xi Jinping and Trump had not spoken and this had "drawn increasing scrutiny". Xi was concerned by the December 2, 2016, phone call from Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen to Trump and Trump's questioning of the One China policy. On February 10, Trump and Xi Jinpin spoke on the phone for the first time since Donald Trump took office, during which Donald Trump committed to honoring the One China policy at Xi's request. During the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos on January 17–20, China's President Xi Jinping, as keynote speaker, "vigorously" defended globalization in a speech that the Financial Times described as "one would have expected to come from a US president". Mr. Xi observed that "blaming economic globalisation for the world's problems is inconsistent with reality... globalisation has powered global growth and facilitated movement of goods and capital, advances in science, technology and civilisation, and interactions among people In 2015, China became the United States' largest trade partner, placing Canada second. The Times 2017 article, citing an analysis by Peterson Institute for International Economics, noted that "China and Mexico together account for a quarter of US trade". Concerns have been raised about Trump's proposed imposition of a 45 percent tariff on imports from China. On January 23, The U.S. Commerce Department announced new countervailing duties (CVDs) ranging from 38.61 to 65.46 percent on Chinese vehicles in the antidumping case. In 2015, over 8.9 million Chinese truck and bus tires worth $1.07 billion were imported to the United States. At his Senate confirmation hearing as Secretary of State, in mid-January, Rex Tillerson's statements about the South China Sea, "set the stage for a possible crisis between the world's two biggest economies should his comments become official American policy" and "put further strains on one of the world's most important bilateral relationships." According to an article on January 28, in the South China Morning Post, an official from China's Central Military Commission's Defence Mobilisation Department, ranking Chinese military official considers war between China and the United States a real possibility during Trump's term as president. An article in The Guardian claims, "The bad news is that if in the coming months or years Trump faces an ignominious end to his presidency through scandal or mismanagement, a national crisis—involving China, or ISIS or another foreign actor—could allow him to cling to power." Egypt On April 3, Trump hosted a formal visit with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, in an effort to "reset" relations between the two countries, offering the U.S. government's "strong backing". Ties between the two countries were strained since Sisi deposed Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi during the July 2013 military coup. Trump publicly stated that Sisi's autocratic leadership was 'fantastic'. Sisi, who is seeking "billions of dollars in financing" from the Export-Import Bank for large investments in infrastructure investments, also met with the representatives from the IMF, the World Bank, Lockheed Martin and General Electric. Trump nominated a new head of ExIm which facilitates its operation—the ExIm had been hamstrung since 2014 because of opposition by Republicans. During his talks with Sisi in April, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker (R-Tenn.) had advocated for the release of six humanitarian workers, including a U.S. citizen—30-year-old Aya Hijazi and her husband, who had been imprisoned in Egypt since May 1, 2014. A court in Egypt dropped all charges against them on April 16. European Union In a 60-minute interview at Trump Tower in mid-January, with Michael Gove of the Times of London and Kai Diekmann of Bild, Trump praised Brexit, criticized NATO as "obsolete", and the European Union as "basically a vehicle for Germany". He said it was a "very catastrophic mistake" on Angela Merkel's part to admit a million refugees—whom he refers to as "illegals". These "worrying declarations", among others, compelled the President of the European Council, Donald Tusk, to raise concerns in a letter to 27 European leaders, that the Trump administration seemed to "question the last 70 years of American foreign policy", placing the European Union in a "difficult situation". Iran There are no formal diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States. Iranian citizens were temporary banned from entering the United States by the executive order "Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States." Late on April 18, 2017, the Trump Administration certified that Iran had continued to comply with the 2015 nuclear framework agreement. During his campaign, Trump had denounced the agreement as 'the worst deal ever' but was frustrated in his plans to renegotiate the nuclear deal as "canceling the deal would likely cause significant problems." Israel Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Trump held their first official visit at the White House on February 15. At the press conference, Trump urged Netanyahu to "'hold back' on building Jewish settlements on territories occupied by Israel in 1967 'for a little bit'". According to The Economist, Trump appeared to step back from the "long-standing, bipartisan American insistence that peace can be reached only through the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state alongside the Jewish one", the two-state solution. Trump's priority of destroying the Muslim radicals of Islamic State (IS)" differs from Netanyahu's. Israel is more concerned about "containing Iran, the largest power in the Shia Muslim world. Given that Iran is itself fighting IS in Syria and Iraq, the two goals could even be in conflict." In a marked change from his visit to the White House under the Obama administration, Netanyahu blurred the distinction by "denouncing both IS and Iran in the same attack on 'militant Islam' and hailing Mr Trump's 'great courage' in tackling 'radical Islamic terror'". Mexico Since early in Trump's presidency, Mexico and United States faced a diplomatic crisis. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto opposes Trump's approach to the renegotiation of NAFTA and the implications of Trump's Executive Order 13767. After decades of cooperation between the two nations relations between the US and Mexico are seriously weakened. North Korea On February 12, North Korea tested a ballistic solid-fuel missile, the Pukkuksong-2, which is part of a series of missile tests that have largely defined the hostile North Korea–United States relations over recent years. According to The Economist, on February 13, while Trump promised "to deal with the 'big, big' problem of North Korea 'very strongly'", he has few options. Trump received the news of the launch during the first official visit of Japan's prime minister, Shinzo Abe. They were dining at Mar-a-Lago, Trump's Florida resort. Russia According to a Reuters report on February 9, 2017, in his first 60-minute telephone call with Putin, Putin inquired about extending New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russia signed in 2010, which was expected to last until 2021. and, after ratification, Trump denounced the treaty claiming that it favored Russia and was "one of several bad deals negotiated by the Obama administration". The New York Times reported that on February 14, Russia deployed a new type of fully operational ground-launched intermediate-range cruise missile that "violates a landmark arms control treaty". The Americans have changed its name from SSC-X-8 to SSC-8, reflecting its status as "operational" not "X" referring to "in development". On February 16, 2017, President Trump's Secretary of Defense, James Mattis, declared that the United States was not currently prepared to collaborate with Russia on military matters—including future anti-ISIL US operations. On February 24, Trump "risked triggering a new Cold War-style arms race between Washington and Moscow. In an interview with Reuters, Trump said that the "treaty limiting Russian and U.S. nuclear arsenals was a bad deal for Washington" and he "would put the U.S. nuclear arsenal "at the top of the pack". In response, Russia's Konstantin Kosachev wrote on his Facebook page, "arguably Trump's most alarming statement on the subject of relations with Russia". Trump had "promised one of the 'greatest military buildups in American history' in a feisty, campaign-style speech extolling robust nationalism" at the annual Conservative Political Action Conference on February 24 at National Harbor. Syria On April 5, 2017, Trump responded to the April4 chemical attack allegedly by Syrian Armed Forces on rebel-held Khan Shaykhun in Idlib Province, which enveloped men, women, and children in a suffocating fog of sarin gas, leaving more than eighty people dead and over three hundred more injured, saying that "...my attitude towards Syria and Assad has changed very much." Both Tillerson and Nikki Haley had previously stated that the Trump administration had no intention of interfering in President Bashar Assad's leadership in the Syrian Civil War, as the US focused on eliminating ISIS. United Kingdom In January 2017, the Prime Minister Theresa May invited Trump to a state visit to the UK when she met Trump in Washington DC. The visit was planned to occur in June, although it may be delayed to July to coincide with the upcoming G20 summit in Hamburg. Some sources have suggested that the UK government may delay the visit until after the House of Commons is in recess for the summer to avoid criticism from MPs. The Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, stated on February 6, 2017, that Trump would not be welcome to address parliament during any future state visit, drawing applause and cheering from some Members of Parliament. More than 1,860,000 people signed a petition to prevent Trump from making an official state visit, which states that such a visit "would cause embarrassment to Her Majesty the Queen". The FCO responded to this petition by stating that HM Government recognises the strong views expressed by the many signatories of this petition, but does not support this petition." Lord Ricketts, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, said that the unprecedented speed of May's invitation has put the Queen in a "very difficult situation". He questioned whether Trump was "specially deserving of this exceptional honour", given that US presidents are usually only invited to such visits after at least a year in office. Writing to May, opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn stated that the "invite should be withdrawn until the executive orders are gone". It was suggested that Trump's visit would have to take place outside London, after Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, the chief of the Metropolitan Police, said that he had concerns about the visit given the number of protests expected. One suggestion considered was for Trump to address a rally at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham, a city where 50.4% of voters voted to leave the EU, rather than London, which saw 59.9% voting to remain. Local politicians and activists in Birmingham promised to stage protests if the visit is moved, with Shabana Mahmood, Labour MP for the Birmingham Ladywood constituency, saying that "President Trump with his hateful and divisive rhetoric, policies and Muslim ban is not welcome here." During a March 14 Fox & Friends interview, Andrew Napolitano said, "Three intelligence sources have informed Fox News that President Obama went outside the chain of command, using the British GCHQ to implement surveillance on Donald Trump to avoid leaving 'American fingerprints'." On March 16, Press Secretary Sean Spicer repeated Napolitano's claim at a White House press briefing. The following day, a GCHQ spokesperson called Napolitano's claim "utterly ridiculous". The White House denied reports that it had apologized to the British government for the accusation. Government and Finance (G&F) The G&F Division focuses on issues related to Congress, the executive and the judicial branches, the budget and appropriations, legislative process, homeland security, elections and certain financial issues such as public debt, inflation, savings, GDP, taxation and interest rates, banking, financial institutions, insurance and securities, public finance, fiscal and monetary policy, public debt, interest rates, gross domestic product, inflation and savings. Supreme Court nomination On the evening of January 30, Trump announced his nomination of U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch for the Supreme Court fulfilling his campaign pledge that he would choose someone 'in the mold' of the late Justice Antonin Scalia. Following the February 3 ruling by federal judge James Robart, which temporarily blocked Trump's travel ban on people from seven Muslim countries, Trump has been openly critical of the Federal judiciary. According to CNN and Washington Post, on February 8, Gorsuch expressed concern that Trump's remarks on the judiciary were 'demoralizing' and 'disheartening' to the independence of the judiciary. Gorsuch was approved by the Senate Judiciary committee on April 3. Senate Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" after the April6 filibuster that prevented cloture. After a year-long Republican block on nominations, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination with a 54–45 vote, mainly along party lines. Gorsuch took office in a private ceremony on April 10. Hours after Gorsuch and four other Supreme Court conservatives justices voted on April 20 to deny a stay of execution request from eight inmates on Arkansas death-row, Ledell Lee was put to death with a lethal injection, the first in Arkansas since 2005. Two inmates—Jack Jones and Marcel Williams—received lethal injections on April 24. Monetary policy On April 19, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal—in a reversal of previous statements—Trump said he was considering keeping Janet Yellen as chair of the Federal Reserve System, which oversees the U.S. monetary policy. He explained that, "I do like a low-interest rate policy, I must be honest with you." In the same interview, Trump said he would not label China a currency manipulator, which had been one of his 100-day pledges. Trump expressed concerns in that interview that, "I think our dollar is getting too strong, and partially that's my fault because people have confidence in me. But that's hurting—that will hurt ultimately." He believes a low dollar favors the U.S. in international trade. From November 8, 2016—when Trump was elected—to December 30, 2016, the trade-weighted average of the foreign exchange value of the U.S. dollar (TWEXB) increased 4.4 percent. Towards the end of the first 100 days, the TWEXB had dropped two percent. This table shows some highs and lows of the Trade Weighted U.S. Dollar Index: Broad [TWEXB] from 2002 to April 2017. Small government On January 23, President Trump signed an executive order that froze all federal hiring except for the military. The order specified that no new positions can be created and no currently vacant positions may be filled unless an agency head believes that the position is "necessary to meet national security or public safety responsibilities". The order is due to expire once the head of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, creates a "long-term plan to reduce the size of the Federal Government's workforce through attrition". On January 24, the Associated Press reported on emails from the Administration to some government agencies sent shortly after the inauguration, which "detailed specific prohibitions" banning certain government agencies, such as the Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Department from issuing "press releases, blog updates or posts to the agency's social media accounts". In what the Associated Press described as a "broader communications clampdown within the executive branch", the Administration "instituted a media blackout". In his January 25 press briefing, White House press secretary Sean Spicer claimed that the emails did not come from the Administration: "They haven't been directed by us to do anything... That directive did not come from here." On January 23, in a Presidential Memorandum, the president ordered a temporary government-wide hiring freeze of the civilian work force in the executive branch, which is managed by the Office of Personnel Management. This will prevent federal agencies, except for the offices of the new presidential appointees, national security, the military and public safety, from filling vacant positions. The Brookings Institution questioned whether this freeze would include financial regulators who exercise independence from the executive branch—such as the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (Fed), Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) among others. In a Fox News report, based on statistics from the Office of Personnel Management, the number of executive branch employees "hasn't been this low since 1965" and has been "more or less steady" since 2001. Economic policy of Donald Trump Trump's key economic policies included the dismantling of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). According to the April 28, 2017, Commerce Department report, in the first quarter of 2017, there was a "sharp decline from the 2.1% in Q1 2016 to 0.7% in Q1 2017—representing the weakest quarterly economic growth in three years. The report presents a statistical analysis of the American economy in the 2017 Q1—the gross domestic product (GDP). In spite of the soft GDP, by the end of Q1 2017, the S&P 500 was near an all-time high, representing a 12% rise from the first quarter of 2016, as investor confidence remained elevated based on Trump's promise to cut taxes, deregulate and spend heavily on infrastructure such as roads and bridges. In March 2017, the unemployment rate fell to 4.5 percent and the Consumer Sentiment Index reached 125.6, a level of consumer confidence in the United States last seen in December 2000. It fell to 120.3 in April. Consumer confidence or soft data contrasted with real consumer spending or hard data, with a "big drop-off" in the amount Americans actually spent during Trump's first 100 days. Changes to Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act On February 3, after a meeting with his strategic and policy forum, which included Jamie Dimon, Chairman and CEO JPMorgan Chase, Trump issued an Executive Order, Core Principles for Regulating the United States Financial System, which directed the "Treasury secretary to submit a report on recommended changes to bank regulations in 120 days." Trump wants to get "banks to lend money more aggressively" and wants to make changes to the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010) which was enacted in response to the Great Recession, bringing significant changes to U. S. financial regulation. In an interview on February 3, with The Wall Street Journal, Trump's National Economic Council Director, Gary Cohn, announced the planned rollback of the fiduciary rule, which stated that brokers and advisers who work with tax-advantaged retirement savings "must work in the best interest of their clients" even at the expense of their own profits. Deregulation One of the first acts by the Trump administration was an order signed by Chief of Staff Reince Priebus on January 20, under the subject "Regulatory Freeze Pending Review" to all Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies ordering agencies to immediately suspend all pending regulations and to "send no regulation" to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OFR) until the Trump administration can review them except for "emergency situations" or "urgent circumstances" allowed by the Director or Acting Director, Mark Sandy, of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). This was comparable to prior moves by the Obama and Bush administrations shortly after their inaugurations to revert executive orders by outgoing presidents, signed in their final days in office. On January 30, Trump signed his seventh Executive Order "Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs". Deregulation and corporations At a January 23 meeting with leaders of the United States' largest corporations, including Ford's Mark Fields, Dell Technologies' Michael Dell, Lockheed Martin's Marillyn Hewson, Under Armour's Kevin Plank, Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld, Whirlpool's Jeff Fettig, Johnson & Johnson's Alex Gorsky, Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris, U.S. Steel's Mario Longhi, SpaceX's Elon Musk, International Paper's Mark Sutton, and Corning's Wendell Weeks promised to reward the companies who stay in the United States with aggressive cuts on U.S. federal regulations governing their companies by "75 percent or more". Trump meets with CEOs of pharmaceutical companies On January 31, Trump met with CEOs of pharmaceutical firms, including Novartis's Joseph Jimenez who also represented the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America—the pharmaceutical industry's powerful lobbying group, Merck & Co.'s Kenneth Frazier, Johnson & Johnson, Celgene's Robert Hugin, Eli Lilly, Amgen's Robert Bradway. Trump called for lower prices, "We have no choice. For Medicare, for Medicaid. We have to get the prices way down." In return, he promised to boost the pharmaceutical companies competitiveness by curbing regulations "from 9,000 pages" to "100 pages", and by lowering pharmaceutical companies' tax rates. Trump noted that Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals "force pharmaceutical companies to spend years and billions of dollars developing drugs". He promised his nomination for FDA Commissioner would oversee an FDA overhaul. In the listening session with pharmaceutical industry leaders, Trump noted that, "it costs sometimes $2.5 billion on average, actually, to come up with a new product.... 15 years, $2.5 billion to come up with a product where there's not even a safety problem. So it's crazy. I'm surprised you can't get them to move faster than that." Trump had promised in March 2016, to reform the pharmaceutical industry, including the removal of existing free market barriers to allow imported, dependable, safe, reliable, and cheaper drugs from overseas, bringing more options to American consumers. Following Trump's press conference on January 11, Fortune claimed that the largest pharmaceutical companies had lost over $20 billion in 20 minutes. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003) expressly prohibited Medicare from negotiating bulk prescription drug prices and Trump had pledged to revert this. Following the morning meeting with CEOs on January 31, Trump abandoned his pledge to allow "Medicare negotiate bulk discounts in the price it pays for prescription drugs." Limitations on executive agency members lobbying On January 28, Trump signed an Executive Order to fulfilling his campaign pledge to limit lobbying of executive agency members. Department of Justice On February 8, Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions, who was nominated by Trump in January, was confirmed as United States Attorney General (A.G.), the head of the Justice Department per . He is the United States government's chief law enforcement officer and lawyer with 113,000 employees working under his leadership. According to The Washington Post, Sessions' "conservative, populist views have shaped many" of Trump's "early policies, including on immigration". The nomination battle was described by The New York Times, as "a bitter and racially charged". The confirmation process for Trump's nominee Senator Jeff Sessions was described as " strikingly contentious" by The New York Times; with Fox News calling it a "wild night", and CNN calling the "rare rebuke" a "stunning moment" as Senator Mitch McConnell invoked Rule XIX to silence Senator Elizabeth Warren for the rest of the hearing. McConnell interrupted Warren as she read several pages by Coretta Scott King and Senator Ted Kennedy regarding Session's alleged racial bias from the 500-plus page transcript submitted in 1986, that contributed to the decision by the then-Republican-led Judiciary Committee to reject his nomination to a federal judgeship. Warren immediately live-streamed her reading of the letter, critical of Sessions, that the widow of Martin Luther King Jr. had written to Senator Strom Thurmond in 1986. and numerous media outlets made the full-text available. Trump appointed Dana J. Boente to serve as acting Attorney General until Session's Senate Confirmation. After firing Yates, Trumped signed his eleventh Executive Order 13775 on February 9, specifically reversing the DOJ's line of succession in Obama's EO 13762 in order to appoint the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia—Dana J. Boente—as Acting Attorney General. Trump revoked EO 13775 on March 31 with "Presidential Executive Order on Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice. Boente had replaced Acting Attorney General Sally Yates who was fired by Trump for ordering the Justice Department to not defend Trump's Executive Order 13769 which restricted entry to the United States. Yates claimed that, "At present, I am not convinced that the defense of the executive order is consistent with these responsibilities [of the Department of Justice], nor am I convinced that the executive order is lawful". Voter fraud claims Since November 2016, and during his presidency, Trump has repeated voter fraud allegations that between three and five million people voted illegally and cost him the popular vote to Hillary Clinton, and also that thousands of voters were illegally bused from Massachusetts into New Hampshire where former Senator Kelly Ayotte was defeated, and where Trump narrowly lost to Clinton in 2016. Trump had announced on January 25 that he was conducting an investigation into voter fraud. He repeated unsubstantiated claims about the number of fraudulent voters and referred to VoteStand founder Gregg Phillips, who could not produce any evidence of voter fraud. In January, US News reported that members of Trump's cabinet and family were registered to vote in multiple states. On February 10, Federal Election Commission (FEC) Commissioner Ellen L. Weintraub issued a statement calling on Trump to provide the evidence of what would "constitute thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law." By February 12, Stephen Miller was still unable to provide concrete evidence to support claims of voter fraud in an interview with Stephanopoulos, but he seemed to direct Stephanopoulos to the often-cited 2012 Pew Research Center study. In fact, the 2012 Pew report entitled "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade," which was based on 2008 data, was about "outdated voter rolls, not fraudulent votes" and "makes no mention of noncitizens voting or registering to vote." The report showed that because of inefficiencies in the voter system, 24 percent of eligible citizens were not able to be registered, representing "51 million citizens." Problems related to voter registration often affected "military personnel—especially those deployed overseas and their families—who were almost twice as likely to report registration problems as was the general public in 2008." In November, "the former director of Pew's election program" explained, "We found millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying, but found no evidence that voter fraud resulted." On January 25, Spicer confirmed in a press briefing that Trump continued to believe that "millions voted illegally in the election" based on "studies and evidence that people have presented him." This included an often-cited and contested 2014 Old Dominion University study entitled "Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?" Using Cooperative Congressional Election Study data from 2008 and 2010, the researchers had argued that more than 14% of non-citizens "indicated that they were registered to vote." 2018 United States federal budget Trump submitted his first budget request which recommends funding levels for the next fiscal year 2018—covering the period from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018—to the 115th Congress. Trump's request including a $639 billion defense budget and corresponding major cuts to other federal departments. To avert a possible government shutdown, the Trump administration face an April 28 deadline—the expiration of the December 10, 2016, continuing resolution (H.R. 2028) (Public Law 114-254). Discussion time on controversial issues such as funding for a border wall defunding Planned Parenthood, was limited by the two-week Easter recess that began on April 7. The government was shutdown during the Clinton and Obama administrations as a result of clashes between Republicans in Congress and Democrats in the White House. In late April 2017, Republicans have control of both Congress and the White House. A shutdown would result in "government agencies [locking] their doors, national parks [refusing] visitors and federal workers [being] told not to report to work". The appropriations process cannot be accomplished without consulting the Democrats—unlike rolling back federal regulations with Congressional Review Acts and attempts to repeal Obamacare. Tax reform The White House memo entitled "2017 Tax Reform for Economic Growth and American Jobs" was presented on April 26 in what The Wall Street Journal described as his "finest moment" in the first 100 days and a policy and political success. Individual reform includes "reducing the 7 tax brackets to 3 tax brackets for 10%, 25% and 35%, doubling the standard deduction, providing tax relief for families with child and dependent care expenses." The taxation system will be simplified to "eliminate targeted tax breaks that mainly benefit the wealthiest taxpayers, protect the home ownership and charitable gift tax deductions, repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax, repeal the death tax and repeal the 3.8% Obamacare tax that hits small businesses and investment income." Business reform includes "15% business tax rate, territorial tax system to level the playing field for American companies, one-time tax on trillions of dollars held overseas and elimination of tax breaks for special interests." The memo did not provide legislative content but rather broad outlines that will be developed in Congress but may face some opposition from both sides. Energy, environmental, and science policy Climate change Trump rescinded many Obama-era regulations aimed at cutting the volume of greenhouse gas emissions, which faced strong opposition and legal challenges. The key focus of his deregulatory efforts was the Clean Power Plan created under the Obama administration, which restricted GHG emissions at coal-fired plants. Trump proposed defunding the Clean Power Plan in his FY2018 budget, and his March 28 executive order directed Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt to review the Clean Power Plan. He also lifted a 14-month-old halt on new coal leases on federal lands. Dakota Access and Keystone XL pipelines On January 24, Trump signed three Presidential Memoranda regarding construction of pipelines; "Regarding Construction of American Pipelines" was his fifth memoranda, "Regarding Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline" was his sixth and the seventh was "Regarding Construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline". These were intended to "clear the way to government approval" of the Dakota Access and the Keystone XL pipelines. In a meeting with small business leaders on January 30, Trump clarified that one of the reasons for approving the pipelines was to insist that pipeline makers implement a made-in-America approach. He revealed how the federal government could exercise eminent domain strategically in the appropriation of private land, to pressure pipeline makers to use American raw steel, for example. Deregulation on environmental policies and programs Then White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus signed an order on January 24, temporarily delaying the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 30 final regulations that were pending in the Federal Register until March 21, 2017. Employees in the EPA's Office of Acquisition Management, received an email "within hours of President Trump's swearing in", from the new EPA administration, asking "that all contract and grant awards be temporarily suspended, effective immediately" which included "task orders and work assignments" until "further clarification". On February 1, the Trump administration published a Statement of Administration Policy to allow coal companies to dump mining waste in streams by nullifying the Department of the Interior regulation known as the "Stream Protection Rule", established in the Obama administration. Under the Congressional Review Act Congress passed the resolution to repeal on February1 and the Senate also approved it on February 2. The Statement nullified the Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation which limited venting, flaring, and leaks during oil and natural gas production. The Repeal of Stream Protection Rule (115-5) was signed into law by Trump on February 16. Additionally, the February 1 policy statement nullified the rule on Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers, a Securities and Exchange Commission regulation which required resource extraction issuers to report payments "to governments for the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals". The Repeal of the Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers Rule (115-4) was signed into law by Trump on February 14, 2017. On March 29, 2017, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the 2015 EPA revocation and denied the 2007 administrative petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) to ban the widely used Dow Chemical Company's chlorpyrifos. The eight-year delay by the EPA to respond to PANNA, had resulted in a court case, PANNA v. EPA, in which EPA was ordered to respond by October 2015. EPA revoked "all tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos" and Pruitt overturned the 2015 decision. On March 29, 2017, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the 2015 EPA revocation and denied the administrative petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Pesticide Action Network North America to ban chlorpyrifos. Accompanied by coal executives and coal miners, Trump signed a "sweeping executive order" on March 28, at the EPA. In his remarks he praised coal miners along with pipelines and U.S. manufacturing and addressed the coal miners directly, "Come on, fellas. Basically, you know what this is? You know what it says, right? You're going back to work." Trump instructed EPA "regulators to rewrite key rules curbing U.S. carbon emissions and other environmental regulations." Acts of the 115th United States Congress By April 10, Trump had signed 21 Acts of Congress into law under the 115th United States Congress—laws 115-2 through 115–22. The GAO Access and Oversight Act of 2017 (,) was the second law Trump signed as president. The bill ensures that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has full access to the database, National Directory of New Hires, to ensure that recipients of federal means-tested programs like Unemployment Insurance, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Earned income tax credit (EITC), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) are eligible, thereby reducing government waste and increasing accountability. Congressional Review Act Beginning in January, the Trump administration used the 1996 Congressional Review Act (CRA) to overturn regulations—some of them major—finalized during the final months of Obama's tenure. By April 6, Trump had signed into law 11 resolutions of disapproval under the CRA, after they were passed by the Republican majority in the House and Senate. Under the Congressional Review Act, Congress can circumvent the Senate's filibuster to overturn legislation issued in the last 60 days of the previous administration. On February 14, the Repeal of the Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers Rule (, ) was signed, nullifying the Securities and Exchange Commission regulation known as the "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers" rule. The SEC regulation was mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which was similar to transparency initiatives adopted by the European Union and Canada. Advocates argued that "Disclosure of Payments" rule prevented companies from bribing foreign governments and engaging in other forms of corruption. Those who argued for its repeal claimed that rule had placed an excessive burden on American companies and created a competitive disadvantage. On February 16, Trump signed the Repeal of Stream Protection Rule ( ), which nullified the DOI regulation known as the Stream Protection Rule. On February 28, the Repeal of the Implementation of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 ( ) was signed into law, which overturned the Social Security Administration related to the implementation of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007, which had amended the National Instant Criminal Background Check System to prohibit those with severe mental illness from possessing firearms. On March 27, Trump overturned the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM), which nullified the "Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation", also known as "Methane and Waste Prevention" or "methane venting and flaring rule" which "limited venting, flaring, and leaks during oil and natural gas production". with Bill ( ) disapproved the DOI rule relating to Bureau of Land Management "regulations that established the procedures used to prepare, revise, or amend land use plans pursuant to the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976". On the same day, he signed the "H.J.Res.37—Disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Defense, the General Services Administration, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration relating to the Federal Acquisition Regulation" ( ), which overturned the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) "Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces"—known by its opponents as the "Blacklisting" Rule. On March 27, he also signed the ED State and Local Education Accountability Rules ( ), which overruled the Department of Education rule relating to accountability and State plans under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and the ED Teacher Preparation Rule ( ), overturning the Department of Education relating to teacher preparation issues. On March 31, Trump signed the DOL Unemployment Insurance Drug Testing Rule ( ) "disapproving the DOL rule relating to drug testing of unemployment compensation applicants." Trump also signed the DOL Employee Retirement Income Security Act ERISA Exemption for State-Run Retirement Plans Rule and the DOL ERISA Exemption for Municipality-Run Retirement Plans Rules. On April 3, Trump signed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) "Volks" Rule measure (115-21 ) which overturned the DOL "Clarification of Employer's Continuing Obligation to Make and Maintain an Accurate Record of Each Recordable Injury and Illness" enacted in December 2016. On the same day he signed Public Law 115-22 which overturned the December 2, 2016 FCC Privacy Rule relating to "Protecting the Privacy of Customers of Broadband and Other Telecommunications Services" and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Wildlife Management Rule ( ) overturning DOI rule relating to "Non-Subsistence Take of Wildlife, and Public Participation and Closure Procedures, on National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska." Privacy advocates expressed concern that Internet service providers (ISPs)—including the largest ISPs, Comcast, Verizon, AT&T, Time Warner, Cox Communications, and CenturyLink Charter Communications and others— will create and monetize detailed customer data such as Internet search history and without consent. Supporters included Republicans who regarded the rule as executive overreach and trade groups that represent Internet service providers. On April 13, Trump signed the law which overturned the HHS Title X Funding for Planned Parenthood Rule. Speech to a joint session of Congress The 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, gave his first public address before a joint session of the United States Congress on February 28, 2017. Trump announced the creation of the Office of Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE). Protests Protests against Donald Trump have occurred both in the United States and worldwide, following Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, his electoral win, and through his inauguration. On January 21, there were large demonstrations protesting Trump worldwide in 673 cities, with estimates for the global total at approximately five million people. About half a million demonstrated in the Women's March on Washington (in Washington, D.C.). Day Without Immigrants 2017 and Not My Presidents Day were held on February 16 and 20, respectively. Later protests included the Tax Day March (April 15), March for Science (April 22), and People's Climate Mobilization (April 29). Rallies March 4 Trump rallies, organized by Trump supporters, were held throughout the United States on March4. Media coverage On February 16, 2017, Trump held an hour-and-a-quarter-long press conference to "update the American people on the incredible progress that has been made in the last four weeks since my inauguration." CNN described it as an "animated and unorthodox" intervention in which Trump appeared to be "deeply frustrated" by the way he was being portrayed by the media. The media has often described the administration as chaotic, while Trump claimed it was "running like a fine-tuned machine". Trump said that "the stock market has hit record numbers... there has been a tremendous surge of optimism in the business world, and... a new Rasmussen Reports' poll which put his "approval rating at 55 percent and going up". Trump dismissed polls that gave lower numbers, such as those by Gallup and Pew Research Center, which reported 40% and 39%, respectively. When asked by an Associated Press journalist about Trump's performance at the press conference, Trump's supporters said he came across as the "champion of Middle America... taking on the establishment and making good on his campaign promises to put the country first." NBC News, The Huffington Post/YouGov, Gallup, SurveyMonkey, Rasmussen Reports, the Associated Press/NORC, Pew Research Center, Quinnipiac University, The Economist/YouGov,The Wall Street Journal, Reuters/Ipsos, and ABC News/The Washington Post are among the organizations undertaking opinion polls on Trump's approval ratings. An April meeting of thirty White House staff members—including Communications Director, Mike Dubke, Jessica Ditto, and Kellyanne Conway—brainstormed on how to "repackage" the symbolic First 100 Days—which ends April 29—and to "rebrand Trump" by focusing on three main areas—prosperity, accountability and safety. The first includes "new manufacturing jobs, reduced regulations and pulling out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal", the second "swamp-draining campaign promises such as lobbying restrictions" and the third "the dramatic reduction in border crossings and the strike in Syria". Politico summarized this period as "marred by legislative stumbles, legal setbacks, senior staff kneecapping one another, the resignation of his national security adviser and near-daily headlines and headaches about links to Russia." CNN called it "largely win-less", The Atlantic described its as a "disaster" marked by "chaos, confusion, and infighting" comparing it to Bill Clinton's in 1993. The Washington Times claimed the numerous mainstream media descriptions of Trump's "worst 100 days" failed to mention the accomplishments: the TPP withdrawal, the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines approvals, the proposed "streamlined budget" with a "Reagan-era increase to national defense", immigration laws enforcement "which decreased illegal border crossing by 40 percent in his first month", and Gorsuch's "incredibly smooth" nomination to the Supreme Court, the Dow Jones 20,000-point threshold, and rebounding manufacturing and mining jobs". Sean Spicer Sean Spicer was named as Trump's White House Press Secretary on December 22, 2016, and his Communications Director on December 24. after the resignation of Jason Miller. At his first official press conference, on January 21, Spicer criticized the media for underestimating the size of the crowds at the inauguration under Trump's direct orders. On February 1, Spicer held his sixth press briefing, which for the first time included a number of Skype Seats as Chuck Todd had suggested on January 23. Spicer fielded questions from Kim Kalunian (WPRI) in Rhode Island, Natalie Herbick (Fox 8) in Cleveland, Ohio, Lars Larson of the Lars Larson Show and Jeff Jobe of Jeff Jobe Publishing, South Central Kentucky. CBS NEWS reported that some journalists labelled their questions as "softball", others welcomed them. Spicer had also delivered a tense five-minute post-inauguration news conference on January 21. The Skype solution helped resolve a concern about moving to a larger press room. By February 13, Jim Hoft, from Gateway Pundit and the "freshly minted White House correspondent", 28-year-old artist Lucian Wintrich, were granted White House press credentials and attended the press conference with Trump and the Canadian prime minister, Justin Trudeau. On February 4, Melissa McCarthy lampooned Spicer on Saturday Night Live. On February 7, CNN reported that "President Donald Trump was disappointed with Spicer and with Priebus, who had recommended him. On February 24, journalists from The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, CNN and Politico, The Los Angeles Times, and BuzzFeed were barred from Sean Spicer's small, off-camera press briefing or "gaggle", held in his office. Conservative-leaning Breitbart News, One America News Network, and The Washington Times were invited along with Fox News, Reuters, Bloomberg News, CBS and Hearst Communications. Reporters from the Associated Press and Time walked out of the briefing in protest. Media outlets allowed into the gaggle shared full details of the briefing, including their audio, with the entire press corps. Fox News "joined a complaint by the chair of the five-network television pool", although their journalist was not banned. The White House Communications Agency (WHCA) lodged a complaint. Spicer explained that the White House is fighting against "unfair coverage". On April 11, while defending President Trump's decision to bomb Syria, Spicer compared President Bashar al-Assad to Adolf Hitler and stated that even Hitler had not used chemical weapons on his own people during World War II, ignoring the Germany's use of gas chambers during the Holocaust. Spicer apologized on the next day, saying, "I got into a topic that I shouldn't have, and I screwed up." Kellyanne Conway By February 3, televised interviews by Kellyanne Conway, Counselor to the President, were dominating the news cycle in the First 100 Days, according to the Washington Post claiming it was partly because of "misconstrued facts" and "falsehoods". Examples include the February2 interview on Hardball with Chris Matthews, where she cited a fictitious incident involving two Iraqi refugees in Kentucky in 2011, who she claimed were the masterminds behind the Bowling Green massacre, which she claimed was "brand new information" that had "very little [media] coverage". Conway promoted Ivanka Trump's business On February 9, on Fox & Friends in response to Nordstrom's decision to drop her products. Organizations filed formal ethics complaints against Conway for violating federal law prohibiting use of a federal position "for the endorsement of any product, service or enterprise". Public Citizen asked the Office of Governmental Ethics (OGE) to investigate and Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed a similar complaint. Investigations into Russian interference in the election Three separate investigations on Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections include those undertaken by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. On March 20, in a House Intelligence Committee public hearing FBI Director James Comey confirmed that the FBI has been conducting a broad counter-intelligence investigation of Russian interference in the elections starting in July 2016, which includes investigations into possible links between Trump associates and Russia. Comey stated that the FBI has no evidence that corroborates Trump's March4 wiretapping claim. On March 22, Devin Nunes, Republican chairman of the committee, held a press conference to reveal that, based on classified reports he had seen, U.S. intelligence agencies had incidentally collected communications of Trump's transition team, and that Trump associates' names were unmasked in the reports. The next House Intelligence Committee hearings will be closed and will include NSA Director Mike Rogers and Comey. Nunes canceled the public hearing with "former Acting Attorney General Sally Yates, former CIA Director John Brennan, and former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper". On April 6, 2017, Nunes temporarily recused himself from the Russia investigation, as the House Ethics Committee began investigating claims that he improperly disclosed classified information. He called the allegations "entirely false". Mike Conaway (R-TX) replaced Nunes to lead the investigation. Re-election campaign Trump filed a form with the FEC declaring his eligibility to run for re-election in 2020 within hours of his taking office. The first rally paid for by the campaign took place at the Orlando Melbourne International Airport near Orlando, Florida, on February 18, 2017. The campaign rally was the earliest such event by any incumbent U.S. president in history. During the event, Trump defended his actions as president and criticized the media. See also A Better Way, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan's plan First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency Presidential transition of Donald Trump Political positions of Donald Trump Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2017) Notes References External links We asked Trump a question every day for his first 100 days. Here's what we learned.—report by Anna Pratt for Public Radio International (April 29, 2017) First One Hundred Days collection from Princeton University Library. Special Collections 2017 in American politics January 2017 events in the United States February 2017 events in the United States March 2017 events in the United States April 2017 events in the United States Presidency of Donald Trump Trump, Donald Articles containing video clips

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Evil

Little Evil

Little Evil is a 2017 American supernatural horror comedy film written and directed by Eli Craig. It stars Adam Scott, Evangeline Lilly, Owen Atlas, Bridget Everett, Kyle Bornheimer, Chris D'Elia, Donald Faison, Carla Gallo, Tyler Labine, Brad Williams, Clancy Brown, and Sally Field. It was released by Netflix on September 1, 2017. Plot Gary Bloom marries Samantha, who has a 5-year-old son, Lucas. Gary struggles to connect with the quiet Lucas, who ignores him. Gary receives a telephone call from his wedding videographer Karl, warning that something very unusual is in the footage, but Gary is uninterested. Gary stops by one of his properties for sale, an old nunnery, where Father J.D. Gospel, the leader of a Doomsday cult, buys it on the spot. Gary is summoned to Lucas’ school where the principal informs him that Lucas spoke out of turn in class and told his science teacher to “go to hell”, after which she killed herself by jumping out the window and got impaled on a fence. A psychiatrist stresses that Lucas see a counselor and Gary, apparently the main source of Lucas’ erratic behavior, should do the same. Samantha is upset by the news and feels that everyone, including Gary, is unfairly blaming Lucas, but Gary assures her that he loves them both. At therapy, Gary confides to the other stepfathers, including his friend Al, that he thinks his stepson might be a little evil, and they all sympathize. At Lucas’ birthday party, a clown lights himself on fire, and Gary is led to believe Lucas is responsible. Karl shows Gary the wedding video, revealing a possessed-looking Lucas untouched by a tornado. Karl tells Gary that all Samantha's previous boyfriends are dead except Gabriel, giving Gary Gabriel's address. When Gary inquires about Lucas' biological father, Samantha reluctantly admits that years earlier, she was part of a cult and Lucas was conceived during a ritual. Gary convinces Al to help him, and they find Gabriel in the basement of a church where he is self-flagellating. Gabriel reveals that Lucas is the Antichrist and tells them to travel to Bethlehem to find Gozamel the demon hunter. Gary and Al view a television news report on rioting due to the Apocalypse in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, realizing that is where they need to go. They find Gozamel, who informs them they must kill the child with the Knife of Destiny to prevent the end of the world. Gozamel is killed in a car accident, but not before he gives Gary the Knife of Destiny to kill Lucas on hallowed ground. Gary arrives home to find Samantha with Miss Shaylock, a woman from Child Protective Services. They encourage Gary put Lucas to bed, but this goes horribly wrong, ending in Lucas burying Gary in a sandbox. Samantha digs him up, taking Lucas’ side for being a confused kid, and Gary screams that Lucas is the Antichrist. Samantha is devastated, and Gary apologizes. Convinced Lucas is the Antichrist, Gary takes him on a trip to Waterland, an amusement park blessed by the Pope, intending to drown Lucas in what would appear to be an accident, but Lucas and Gary actually start to bond as father and son. Gary reluctantly equips Lucas with sand-filled floaties and sends him down a water slide to his death, but sees the word "Love" in the sky and takes it as a sign. Gary saves Lucas, taking him for ice cream, and they both apologize for trying to kill each other. An amber alert for Lucas appears on Gary's phone, and police arrive to arrest Gary as Miss Shaylock, revealed to be a disciple of Father Gospel, takes Lucas. Father Gospel also kidnaps Samantha. Gary escapes to save her and Lucas, with help from the other stepdads. They travel to the old nunnery where Father Gospel and his disciples prepare to kill Lucas and bring about the end of the world. When Lucas opens a tunnel to Hell and starts to fall into it, Gary saves him. Once freed, Samantha knocks Father Gospel into the tunnel. Weeks later, Gary and Lucas race the Okatok Soap Box Derby, finally happy as father and son. Cast Adam Scott as Gary Bloom, Samantha's husband and Lucas's stepfather Evangeline Lilly as Samantha Bloom, Gary's wife and Lucas's mother Owen Atlas as Lucas, Samantha's son and Gary's stepson Bridget Everett as Al, Gary's co-worker and best friend Clancy Brown as Reverend Gospel Sally Field as Miss Shaylock Kyle Bornheimer as Victor Chris D'Elia as Wayne Donald Faison as Larry Carla Gallo as Wendy Tyler Labine as Karl C. Miller Brad Williams as Gozamel Production In May 2013, Universal Pictures acquired the film's script, with Eli Craig directing the film, based upon the screenplay he wrote, while Scott Stuber, Nicholas Nesbitt, would serve as producers under their Mandalay Pictures and Bluegrass Films banners respectively. In September 2016, it was announced Evangeline Lilly, Adam Scott, Clancy Brown, Donald Faison, Chris D'Elia, Bridget Everett, Owen Atlas, Brad Williams, and Marcus Terrell Smith had joined the cast of the film, Dylan Clark and Jason Michael Berman would serve as producers, and Netflix would produce and distribute the film. That same month, Kyle Bornheimer joined the cast of the film. Filming Principal photography began in September 2016, in Cleveland, Ohio. The film was shot in 25 days with no reshoots. Music Marco Beltrami, Brandon Roberts & Marcus Trumpp compose the score for the film. Release It began streaming on Netflix on September 1, 2017. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. References External links 2010s comedy horror films 2017 horror films American comedy horror films American films Demons in film Fictional depictions of the Antichrist Films shot in Cleveland Films scored by Marco Beltrami English-language Netflix original films Films about Satanism Backwoods slasher films 2017 comedy films

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

2017 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 2017 in the United Kingdom. This year was the Sapphire Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Incumbents Monarch – Elizabeth II Prime Minister – Theresa May (Conservative) Parliament 56th (until 3 May) 57th (starting 21 June) Events January 1 January – Kingston upon Hull begins its City of Culture programme. 2 January Rail fares increase by an average of 2.3%, higher than inflation and continuing the trend in rising ticket prices. The government announces proposals to build seventeen new towns and villages across the English countryside. 3 January – Sir Ivan Rogers resigns as UK's ambassador to the European Union. 4 January – Sir Tim Barrow is appointed as the UK's new ambassador to the European Union. 5 January UK car sales were at a record high in 2016 according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), which says that 2,690,000 new cars were registered last year, 2% higher than in 2015. The Royal Parks announces that the Changing of the Guard ceremony will be held on fixed days of the week (Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays) instead of alternate days for a three-month trial period owing to tightened security. 7 January – The British Red Cross describes the current situation in England's NHS hospitals as a "humanitarian crisis". 8 January – The Trades Union Congress announces that the average UK household owes £12,887 in debt. 9 January A strike by workers on London Underground causes travel chaos and crowding in London, with much of the Tube network shut down. Seven-year-old Katie Rough is fatally asphyxiated and stabbed in the neck near her home in York. A fifteen-year-old female hands herself in to the police immediately after the killing. Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness resigns. 11 January – The Royal College of Nursing describes conditions in the NHS as the worst they have ever experienced. In a separate move, fifty leading doctors write to the Prime Minister, warning that lives are being put at risk due to mounting pressures on the health service. 12 January Plans for a 1.8-mile road tunnel on the A303 near Stonehenge in Wiltshire are finalised by the UK Government. A government-commissioned review gives backing to a tidal lagoon planned for Swansea Bay in Wales. The £1,300,000,000 project could have a lifetime of 120 years and supply 8% of UK energy. 16 January – The power-sharing government of Northern Ireland collapses following the resignation of Martin McGuinness. 21 January – 2017 Women's March: thousands of people march in London, Belfast, Cardiff, Lancaster, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Shipley, Edinburgh and Bristol – as well as millions more in countries around the world – in protest at Donald Trump's inauguration as 45th President of the United States. 24 January – The UK Supreme Court rules against the Government's Brexit appeal case by an 8 to 3 decision, stating that Parliament must vote to trigger Article 50. 30 January – A petition to stop US President Donald Trump's UK state visit gathers more than 1.8 million signatures. February 1 February – MPs back the European Union Bill by 498 votes to 114, with 47 Labour rebels voting against. 3 February – The government publishes a white paper setting out its Brexit plans. 6 February – The Queen commemorates her Sapphire Jubilee. 7 February – Plans for building more homes in England are revealed by the government, after ministers say that the housing market is "broken". 8 February – Labour MP Clive Lewis resigns from the Shadow Cabinet in protest over his party's decision to whip its MPs into voting to trigger Article 50. 15 February – The European Commission issues a "final warning" to the United Kingdom over the breaching of air pollution limits. 18 February – Lincoln City F.C. become the first non-league team to reach the FA Cup quarter-finals for 103 years with a 1–0 victory over Burnley. 21 February – A heterosexual couple, Rebecca Steinfeld and Charles Keidan, lose their Court of Appeal case in which they sought to be granted civil partnership instead of a traditional marriage. 22 February – Cressida Dick is appointed Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, becoming the first woman to hold the position in the force's 188-year history. 23 February By-elections are held in Copeland and Stoke-on-Trent Central to fill vacancies arising from the resignation of sitting Labour MPs. Trudy Harrison wins the Copeland seat for the Conservative Party and Gareth Snell retains the Stoke-on-Trent Central seat for the Labour Party. Labour had held the Copeland seat since its creation, and the Tory win is the first gain by a serving government in a by-election for 35 years. Britain is hit by winds of up to 94 mph from Storm Doris, causing travel disruption and a number of casualties. March 2 March – New elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are held. The Democratic Unionist Party loses ten seats, while Sinn Féin loses one seat. 5 March – Tens of thousands of people including NHS employees, campaigners and union representatives march in London to protest against "yet more austerity" in the health service. 6 March – The British car manufacturer Vauxhall, along with its German sister firm, Opel, is sold by General Motors to Peugeot-Citroën of France as Groupe PSA agrees to a €2,200,000,000 (£1.9bn) deal to buy General Motors' European operations. 8 March Philip Hammond delivers the March 2017 United Kingdom budget, his first as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lord Michael Heseltine is sacked from his role as a government adviser following his rebellion against the government on the Brexit Bill in the House of Lords the previous day. 9 March The think tank Resolution Foundation assesses that the UK is in its worst decade for pay growth for 210 years. The Bishop of Burnley, Philip North, turns down a promotion to the position of Bishop of Sheffield after objections to his views on ordaining women as priests. 10 March BT bows to demands by the telecoms regulator Ofcom to legally separate Openreach, which runs the UK's broadband infrastructure. 14 March The British Parliament passes the Brexit bill, paving the way for the UK Government to trigger Article 50; so that the UK can formally withdraw from the European Union. Transgender fell-runner Lauren Jeska is sentenced to 18 years imprisonment for the attempted murder of UK Athletics official Ralph Knibbs. Jeska had feared her records and ability to compete in women's events would be investigated due to the unfair advantage she had from being born male. 15 March – Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond is forced to make a U-turn on his commitment to raising National Insurance contributions for the self-employed after vast opposition from Conservative backbenchers. 16 March The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill is given Royal Assent by HM The Queen, making it an Act of Parliament. Theresa May formally rejects Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon's second Scottish Independence Referendum timetable for Autumn 2018, or at least before Brexit negotiations are concluded. 17 March – It is announced that the previous Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, is to become the editor of the London Evening Standard; prompting extensive criticism. 20 March – The Government announces that it will invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on 29 March. 22 March – Four people die and at least forty others are injured in what is treated as a terrorist attack in London, when a car driver, later identified as Khalid Masood, ploughs through pedestrians on Westminster Bridge before stabbing PC Keith Palmer to death at the Palace of Westminster. Police later shoot Masood dead. In response, the Houses of Parliament are placed in lockdown for four hours, as is the London Eye and Whitehall, and the devolved Scottish Parliament suspends a debate on a second Scottish independence referendum. 28 March – The new twelve-sided £1 coin is released. 29 March – The United Kingdom invokes Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, beginning the formal EU withdrawal process. April 6 April – The number of fatalities in the Westminster attack increases to six as a Romanian woman, rescued after falling into the Thames but with serious injuries, dies in hospital. 18 April – Prime Minister Theresa May calls a snap general election for 8 June. 19 April – The House of Commons formally approves the calling of an early general election with the necessary two-thirds majority in a 522 to 13 vote. 21 April – Britain goes a full day without using coal power to generate electricity for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, according to the National Grid. 29 April – The UK's Anthony Joshua becomes WBA World Heavyweight Champion after beating Ukraine's Wladimir Klitschko at Wembley Stadium. May 4 May Buckingham Palace announces that the Duke of Edinburgh is to step down from carrying out royal engagements in the autumn. Local government elections are held across England, Scotland and Wales. The Conservative Party makes significant gains at the expense of the Labour Party, gaining 500 seats and seizing control of 11 councils. UKIP loses all 145 seats they were defending. The Liberal Democrats lose 41 seats, despite their share of the vote increasing. Labour is pushed into third place by the Conservatives in Scotland, where the SNP is comfortably the largest party despite failing to take control of target councils. The Conservatives win four out of six metro-mayoral areas, including in the traditionally Labour-voting Tees Valley and West Midlands. 5 May – Paper £5 notes featuring Elizabeth Fry cease to be legal tender in the UK. 12 May – Computers across the United Kingdom are hit by a large-scale ransomware cyber-attack, causing major disruption. 22 May – Manchester Arena is attacked by a suicide bomber following a music concert by American singer Ariana Grande, resulting in multiple casualties. It is the most deadly attack in the UK since the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the first in the North of England since the IRA bombing of Manchester in June 1996. 23 May – general election campaigning from all major political parties is temporarily suspended after the attack in Manchester. 24 May The UK's terror threat level is raised from "severe" to "critical", its highest possible level, for the first time in ten years; meaning not only is an attack being highly likely, it is "expected imminently". As police investigate a "network" relating to the Manchester Arena attack, up to 5,000 military personnel are deployed onto the streets of Britain. Seven people are arrested, including the bomber's 23-year-old brother. The suicide bomber is confirmed to have been 22-year-old Salman Abedi, who lived in the city and was the son of Libyan immigrants. 25 May – Police investigating the Manchester bombing reveal they have stopped sharing information with the US, following leaks to the media. 27 May – British Airways experiences a global IT system failure, causing severe disruption to flights worldwide. In football, Arsenal beat Chelsea 2-1 to win the FA Cup for a record thirteenth time. June 3 June Seven people are reported killed and 48 injured in an attack by three Islamist extremists at London Bridge. A hit-and-run vehicle on the bridge is followed by knife attacks at Borough Market. All three perpetrators are shot dead by police within eight minutes. Reynhard Sinaga, an Indonesian student living in Manchester is arrested on one count of rape. Later investigations reveal him to be the prolific rapist in British legal history, having poisoned and raped up to 200 men. 4 June – General election campaigning is suspended by most major political parties for a day following the previous evening's attack in London. Prime Minister Theresa May confirms the general election will go ahead as scheduled on 8 June. 7 June – Solar, wind and nuclear power each provide more electricity than gas and coal combined for the first time in the UK. 8 June – general election 2017: The Conservatives remain the largest party, but fail to get enough seats for a majority, leading to a hung parliament. In a surprise result, they are reduced from 330 to 318 seats. PM Theresa May rejects calls for her to resign and attempts to form a coalition with the DUP, which would give her 10 additional seats. Labour gain 32 seats, with particular success in London; the SNP suffers heavy losses with 21 fewer seats; the Liberal Democrats gain four seats for a total of 12; UKIP lose their sole seat and Paul Nuttall resigns as party leader. 10 June – 10 Downing Street issues a statement claiming the Democratic Unionist Party have agreed a confidence-and-supply deal to support a Conservative minority government. However, both parties subsequently confirm that talks about an agreement are still ongoing. 11 June – The England national under-20 football team win the FIFA U-20 World Cup for the first time beating Venezuela by 1 goal to nil in the final. 14 June A major fire engulfs Grenfell Tower in West London, with 71 fatalities eventually officially confirmed (16 November) and more than 70 people taken to hospital. Tim Farron resigns as leader of the Liberal Democrats. 18 June – The Government announces that there will be no Queen's Speech in 2018, to give MPs more time to deal with Brexit laws. 19 June 2017 Finsbury Park attack: One person is killed and ten others are injured after a van is deliberately rammed into pedestrians near Finsbury Park Mosque. 47-year-old Darren Osborne, who shouted that he wanted to "kill all Muslims", is arrested after members of the public subdue him. Brexit Secretary David Davis heads to Brussels as formal negotiations with the EU get underway. 21 June – As the heatwave continues, the UK experiences its hottest June day since 1976, with a temperature of 34.4C (94F) recorded at Heathrow Airport. 24 June – Police investigate a cyberattack on the Houses of Parliament after an attempt was made to gain unauthorised access to politicians' email accounts. 26 June – The Conservatives agree a £1 billion deal with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party to support Theresa May's Conservative minority government. 27 June – Nicola Sturgeon announces that she will delay plans for a proposed second Scottish independence referendum. 30 June – The leader of Kensington and Chelsea council, Nick Paget-Brown, resigns following criticism over the Grenfell Tower fire enquiry. July 1 July – Thousands of people march in London in the "Not One Day More" protest against the government's economic policies. 3 July – French energy supplier EDF raises the estimated cost of completing the new Hinkley Point C nuclear plant from £18 billion to £19.6 billion. 9 July – The Lake District becomes an officially recognised UNESCO World Heritage Site. 11 July – The government announces more than £100 million of investment in the UK's space sector. 12 July – A gay man, John Walker, wins a landmark ruling at the Supreme Court, giving his husband the same pension rights as a wife would receive. 16 July – Lewis Hamilton wins a fifth British Grand Prix fifth career Grand Slam. His fourth back to back win at his home race. Additionally, equalling Alain Prost and Jim Clark. 18 July – Gains in life expectancy in England are reported to have slowed to a halt, after more than 100 years of continuous progress. 19 July – The government announces that a rise in the State Pension age to 68 will be phased in between 2037 and 2039, rather than from 2044 as was originally planned. This will affect 6 million men and women currently aged between 39 and 47 years old. 20 July Sir Vince Cable becomes the new leader of the Liberal Democrats after nominations close without any challengers. The Office for National Statistics reports that crime in England and Wales has seen its largest annual rise in a decade, increasing by 10% overall between April 2016 and March 2017, with violent crime up by 18%. 22 July – The Government announces plans to introduce drone registration and safety awareness courses for owners of the small unmanned aircraft. The UK Independence Party loses overall control of Thanet District Council, the only local authority it runs, after one of its councillors defects to the Conservative Party. 26 July The government announces that all new diesel and petrol cars and vans will be banned in the UK from 2040. The Supreme Court rules that employment tribunal fees are unlawful, meaning the government will have to repay up to £32m to claimants. August 2 August – The Duke of Edinburgh carries out his final official engagement before retiring from public duties at age 96. 4 August – The World Athletic Championships start at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London. 6 August – In a repeat of the FA Cup Final in May, Arsenal beat Chelsea on penalties following a 1–1 draw to win the 2017 FA Community Shield. All proceeds are donated to victims of the Grenfell Tower fire. 10 August – A trade analysis by the Environmental Investigations Agency shows that the UK is the world's largest legal ivory exporter. 16 August – The Royal Navy's new £3bn aircraft carrier, , arrives in her home port of Portsmouth for the first time. 21 August – The chimes of Big Ben fall silent as a four-year renovation of the building begins. September 1 September – Women are eligible to join the RAF Regiment, making the Royal Air Force the first of the British armed services to accept both genders in all roles. 4 September – A survey by the National Centre for Social Research finds that, for the first time, a majority (53%) of adults in the UK describe themselves as non-religious. 11 September – In a Commons vote, MPs back the EU Withdrawal Bill by 326 to 290, as critics warn it represents a "power grab" by ministers. 14 September – A new £10 polymer banknote is released, featuring Jane Austen. 15 September – A blast and fire on a tube train at Parsons Green station is treated as a terrorist attack. A number of people suffer burn injuries, while others are injured during the trample to escape. There are 29 injures in total, but no deaths and no reports of any life-threatening injuries. The UK terror threat is raised to its highest level as police hunt the perpetrator, with hundreds of officers looking through CCTV footage. 20 September – UK scientists edit the DNA of human embryos for the first time. 22 September Transport for London (TfL) announces that Uber is "not fit and proper" to operate in London and will not have its licence renewed. The UK's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's, from Aa1 to Aa2. 27 September – Measles is declared eradicated in the UK for the first time. October 2 October – Monarch Airlines, the UK's fifth biggest airline, is placed into administration. 3 October – Following a spate of acid attacks, the government announces that sales of acids to under 18s will be banned. 15 October – Round £1 coins cease to be legal tender in the UK. 5 October – England qualifies for the 2018 FIFA World Cup after defeating Slovenia 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. 16 October Revised figures from the ONS indicate that Britain is £490 billion poorer than previously thought, and that the country no longer has a net reserve of foreign assets. Hurricane Ophelia hits the British Isles. 17 October – The Consumer Price Index (CPI), the UK's key inflation rate, increases from 2.9 to 3%, its highest for more than five years, driven by a rise in transport and food prices. 26 October – Women in Scotland are to be allowed to take abortion pills at home, bringing the country into line with others such as Sweden and France. 28 October – The England national under-17 football team win the FIFA U-17 World Cup for the first time after beating Spain by 5 goals to 2 in the final. November 1 November Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon resigns following allegations of inappropriate past behaviour. The Government loses an opposition vote calling on it to publish impact assessments of Brexit on more than 50 key industries. 2 November Gavin Williamson replaces Michael Fallon as defence secretary. The Bank of England raises interest rates for the first time in 10 years, from 0.25 to 0.5%. 5 November – A huge new leak of documents known as the Paradise Papers is reported by the BBC's Panorama programme, revealing how the wealthy and powerful, including the Queen's private estate, invest offshore. 7 November – Nicola Sturgeon, Scotland's First Minister, apologises to gay men convicted of sexual offences that are no longer illegal as new legislation is introduced that will automatically pardon gay and bisexual men convicted under historical laws. 13 November – David Davis announces that Parliament will be given a vote on the final Brexit deal before the United Kingdom leaves the European Union in 2019. 15 November – A report by the British Medical Journal shows that NHS and social care austerity has been responsible for 120,000 excess deaths since 2010 under the Tories. 16 November – The Metropolitan Police announces that 71 victims of the Grenfell Tower fire have been formally identified and that all those who died have been recovered. 17 November – Sarah Clarke, current championship director of the All England Lawn Tennis Club, is appointed as the first female Black Rod. She will take up the position in January 2018, and have the title "The Lady Usher of the Black Rod". 18 November Richard Leonard is elected as the new Scottish Labour leader after Kezia Dugdale resigned from the role in August. Gerry Adams announces his intention to stand down as Sinn Féin president in 2018. 20 November The Queen and Prince Philip celebrate their 70th wedding anniversary. In the wake of Britain's decision to leave the EU, it is announced that the European Banking Authority will be moved from London to Paris, while the European Medicines Agency will be moved from London to Amsterdam. 21 November – The UK loses its seat on the International Court of Justice for the first time since the UN's principal legal body began in 1946. 23 November The European Commission states that UK participation in the European Capital of Culture will no longer be possible. Closure of last iron foundry in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire. 24 November – A sixteen-year-old girl who admitted killing seven-year-old Katie Rough in York is detained for life and ordered to serve a minimum term of five years. 26 November – Sailors of the Royal Navy perform the Changing of the Guard ceremony in London for the first time in its history. December 3 December – Alan Milburn and the entire Social Mobility Commission quit their roles, citing ‘lack of political leadership’, a repeated refusal to properly resource and staff the commission, an obsession with Brexit and an ‘absence’ of policy. 7 December – Coventry is named the UK City of Culture 2021. 8 December – The United Kingdom and European Union reach agreement on the first stage of Brexit. 11 December – Mount Hope in the British Antarctic Territory is found to be the highest mountain in British territory. 12 December – The UK's key inflation rate – the consumer prices index – rises to 3.1%, the highest level in nearly six years. 13 December – After a rebellion by Tory MPs, the government is defeated in a key vote on Brexit, with MPs voting in favour of giving Parliament a say on the final deal struck with the EU. 14 December – The Scottish government's budget proposes splitting the 20% income tax band into three with a new lower band of 19%, a 20% band, and a 21% band for those earning over £24,000. 20 December – The EU announces that the UK's Brexit transition period will end no later than 31 December 2020. Publications Stephen Baxter's science fiction novel The Massacre of Mankind. Simon Beckett's crime novel The Restless Dead. William Dalrymple and Anita Anand's history of the Koh-i-Noor Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. Lindsey Davis' historical novel The Third Nero. Helen Dunmore's poetry collection Inside the Wave, posthumous winner of Book of the Year in the 2017 Costa Book Awards. Paula Hawkins' novel Into the Water. John le Carré's novel A Legacy of Spies. Robert Macfarlane and Jackie Morris' children's poetry book The Lost Words. Jon McGregor's novel Reservoir 13 Anna McQuinn's picture book Lulu Gets a Cat Jamie Oliver's recipe book 5 Ingredients – Quick and Easy Food. Philip Pullman's fantasy novel La Belle Sauvage, first part of The Book of Dust. Will Self's novel Phone. J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy The Tale of Beren and Lúthien, edited posthumously by Christopher Tolkien, the author's son. Deaths January 1 January Sir Tony Atkinson, 72, economist. Peter Farmer, 75–76, set designer. George Miller, 87, cricketer (Scotland). Derek Parfit, 74, philosopher (Reasons and Persons). Sir Jeremy Reilly, 82, Army general. 2 January John Berger, 90, painter and art critic. Ian Davison, 79, cricketer (Nottinghamshire). Brian Widlake, 85, journalist and broadcaster (The Money Programme). 3 January Rodney Bennett, 81, television director (Doctor Who). Rolf Noskwith, 97, businessman and codebreaker during World War II. 4 January John Cummings, 73, politician, MP for Easington (1987–2010). Sandra Landy, 78, bridge player. Sir Douglas Wass, 93, civil servant, Permanent Secretary to HM Treasury (1974–1983). Paul Went, 67, footballer (Charlton Athletic, Fulham, Leyton Orient, Portsmouth). 5 January David Alexander, 90, Royal Marines general. Graham Atkinson, 73, footballer (Oxford United). Jill Saward, 51, campaigner and rape victim. Harry Taylor, 81, footballer (Newcastle United). Peter Weston, 72, science fiction fanzine editor. 6 January John Hubbard, 85, artist. Una Kroll, 91, nun and Anglican priest. 7 January – Mike Ovey, 58, clergyman and academic administrator (Oak Hill College). 8 January Rod Mason, 76, jazz trumpeter. Peter Sarstedt, 75, singer ("Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?") Colin Shortis, 82, Army general. Nigel Spearing, 86, politician, MP for Acton (1970–1974) and Newham South (1974–1997). Laurie Topp, 93, footballer (Hendon). 9 January Zygmunt Bauman, 91, sociologist. Terry Ramshaw, 74, rugby league footballer (Featherstone Rovers, Wakefield Trinity). 10 January Ronald Buxton, 93, politician, MP for Leyton (1965–1966). William Goodhart, Baron Goodhart, 83, lawyer and politician. Clare Hollingworth, 105, journalist (The Daily Telegraph), broke news of German invasion of Poland (1939). 11 January Tony Booth, 83, poster artist (The Beatles). James Ferguson-Lees, 88, ornithologist (British Birds). Brian Fletcher, 69, jockey (Grand National winner). Katherine Fryer, 106, artist. Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell, 77, peer. Kenyon Wright, 84, Scottish Episcopal priest and political campaigner. 12 January Robin Hyman, 85, publisher. Anthony King, 82, professor and political scientist. Larry Steinbachek, 56, keyboardist (Bronski Beat). Graham Taylor, 72, football manager (Watford, Aston Villa, England). 13 January Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, 86, photographer, filmmaker and former husband of Princess Margaret. Mark Fisher, 48, writer, cultural theorist and music journalist (The Wire, Fact). Sir John Hanson, 78, diplomat and historian. John Jacobs, 91, golfer, founder of the PGA European Tour. 15 January Babette Cole, 66, children's author. Terry Cryer, 82, jazz and blues photographer. 16 January – Brian Whitehouse, 81, footballer (West Bromwich Albion, Crystal Palace). 17 January – Philip Bond, 82, actor (Doctor Who, The Onedin Line). 18 January Hilary Bailey, 79, writer. Rachael Heyhoe Flint, Baroness Heyhoe Flint, 77, cricketer (England women's team), businesswoman and philanthropist. Peter Kippax, 76, cricketer (Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland). Johnny Little, 86, footballer (Rangers, Morton, Scotland). 19 January Roderick Ham, 91, architect. Mike Kellie, 69, multi-instrumentalist (Spooky Tooth, The Only Ones) and record producer. 20 January – Emma Tennant, 79, author. 21 January Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey, 92, writer. Dave Shipperley, 64, footballer (Charlton Athletic, Gillingham). John Watkiss, 55, comic artist (Deadman) and concept artist (Tarzan, Atlantis: The Lost Empire). 22 January Katharine Macmillan, Viscountess Macmillan of Ovenden, 96, politician and aristocrat. Pete Overend Watts, 69, bass guitarist (Mott the Hoople). 23 January Gorden Kaye, 75, comic actor ('Allo 'Allo!, Brazil, Coronation Street). Douglas Reeman, 92, author. Betty Tebbs, 98, women's rights activist. 25 January Sir John Hurt, 77, actor (Alien, The Elephant Man, Hellboy, Harry Potter), BAFTA winner (1979, 1981). Mike Peyton, 96, cartoonist. Sir Nigel Rodley, 75, lawyer, professor and human rights pioneer. Margaret Wall, Baroness Wall of New Barnet, 75, trade unionist and peer. 26 January Tam Dalyell, 84, politician, MP for West Lothian (1962–1983) and Linlithgow (1983–2005). David Rose, 92, television producer (Z-Cars), and founder of FilmFour. 27 January Geoffrey Raisman, 72, neuroscientist. David Sayer, 80, cricketer (Kent). Billy Simpson, 87, footballer (Linfield, Rangers). 28 January Sir Christopher Bland, 78, businessman and Chairman of the BBC (1996–2001). Alexander Chancellor, 77, journalist (The Guardian, The Spectator, The Oldie). Many Clouds, 9, racehorse. Geoff Nicholls, 68, keyboardist (Black Sabbath, Quartz). 29 January – Sir Harold Atcherley, 98, businessman and arts administrator. 31 January Deke Leonard, 72, rock guitarist (Man). John Schroeder, 82, composer, songwriter and record producer (Helen Shapiro, Sounds Orchestral, Status Quo). John Wetton, 67, singer-songwriter ("Only Time Will Tell", "Heat of the Moment") and bass guitarist (Asia, King Crimson). February 1 February Desmond Carrington, 90, actor (Emergency – Ward 10) and broadcaster. Ken Morrison, 85, businessman and president of the Morrisons supermarket chain. 3 February Gordon Aikman, 31, ALS campaigner. Anthony French, 96, physicist, contributor to the Manhattan Project. Colin Hutton, 90, rugby league player, manager and executive (Hull). Michael Whinney, 86, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Aston (1982–1985) and Bishop of Southwell (1985–1988). 4 February Gervase de Peyer, 90, clarinetist. Ivor Noël Hume, 89, archaeologist (Wolstenholme Towne). Sir Kenneth Newman, 90, police officer, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (1982–1987). 5 February – Glen Dudbridge, 78–79, sinologist. 6 February – Alec McCowen, 91, actor (A Night to Remember, Frenzy, Gangs of New York). 7 February Michael Henshall, 88, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Warrington (1976–1996). John Salt, 75, Anglican bishop, Diocese of St Helena (1999–2011). 8 February Timothy Behrens, 79, painter. Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, 88, lawyer. Sir Peter Mansfield, 83, physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2003). Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, 45, socialite and television presenter. Tom Raworth, 78, poet. Alan Simpson, 87, comedy scriptwriter (Hancock's Half Hour, Comedy Playhouse, Steptoe and Son). Sir John Wells, 91, politician, MP for Maidstone (1959–1987). 9 February – Simon Porter, 66, cricketer and cricket administrator (Oxfordshire). 11 February – Joseph Bonnar, 68, rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s. 12 February Sara Coward, 69, actress (The Archers). Damian, 52, pop singer. Bobby Murdoch, 81, footballer (Liverpool). 15 February – Roy Proverbs, 84, footballer (Gillingham). 16 February Richard Pankhurst, 89, academic and son of Sylvia Pankhurst. Peter Richardson, 85, cricketer (Worcestershire, Kent, England). 17 February Alan Aldridge, 73, graphic designer (The Who, Elton John). Peter Skellern, 69, singer-songwriter. 18 February – Roger Hynd, 75, footballer (Rangers, Birmingham City) and football manager (Motherwell). 19 February – Don Dixon, Baron Dixon, 87, politician, MP for Jarrow (1979–1997). 20 February Steve Hewlett, 58, journalist (The Guardian) and radio presenter (The Media Show). Leo Murphy, 78, Gaelic footballer. 21 February Sir Cosmo Haskard, 100, colonial administrator, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1964–1970). Sir Michael Palmer, 88, Army officer, Defence Services Secretary (1982–1985). Garel Rhys, 76, economist and motor industry academic. 23 February Derek Ibbotson, 84, runner, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). David Waddington, Baron Waddington, 87, politician, MP (1968–1974, 1979–1990), Home Secretary (1989–1990), Leader of the House of Lords (1990–1992) and Governor of Bermuda (1992–1997). 25 February Neil Fingleton, 36, actor (Game of Thrones, 47 Ronin, Doctor Who) and basketball player. Bobby Lumley, 84, footballer (Hartlepool United, Charlton Athletic). Elli Norkett, 20, rugby player (Wales). Lloyd Williams, 83, rugby union player (Cardiff, Wales). 26 February Sir Gerald Kaufman, 86, politician, MP for Manchester Ardwick (1970–1983) and Manchester Gorton (since 1983), Father of the House (since 2015). Irvine Sellar, 82, property developer and architect (The Shard). 27 February Syd Lowdon, 81, rugby league footballer (Whitehaven, Workington Town, Cumberland). Alex Young, 80, footballer (Hearts, Everton, Scotland). 28 February Douglas Milmine, 95, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Paraguay (1973–1985). Nicholas Mosley, 93, novelist and biographer. James Walker, 76, actor (Nineteen Eighty-Four, Empire of the Sun). March 1 March P. J. Bradley, 76, politician, member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1998–2011). John Hampshire, 76, cricketer (Yorkshire, England). 2 March – Tommy Gemmell, 73, footballer (Celtic, Dundee, Scotland) and manager. 3 March Dame Anne Griffiths, 84, librarian and archivist. Mary Parry, 87, figure skater, European championship bronze medalist (1960). Gordon Thomas, 84, journalist and author. 5 March – Leonard Manasseh, 100, architect. 6 March – Geoffrey Wainwright, 79, archaeologist. 7 March Ronald Drever, 85, physicist. Julian Haines, 72–73, bowler. 8 March – Sir Clive Bossom, 99, baronet, politician and MP for Leominster (1959–1974). 9 March Mick Adams, 65, rugby league footballer (Widnes Vikings). Ann Beach, 78, actress (Fresh Fields). Jane Freeman, 81, actress (Last of the Summer Wine). Howard Hodgkin, 84, painter and printmaker. Keith Holliday, 82, rugby league footballer (Wakefield Trinity). 10 March Sir Nigel Cecil, 91, Royal Navy officer, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1980–1985). John Forgeham, 75, actor (The Italian Job, Sheena, Footballers' Wives). Tony Haygarth, 72, actor (Chicken Run, Emmerdale, Dracula). Glyn Tegai Hughes, 94, academic and politician. Roy Mason, 83, figure skater, European championship bronze medalist (1960). John Surtees, 83, motorcycle racer, world champion (1956, 1958, 1959, 1960) and Formula One driver, world champion (1964). 12 March Pamela Sue Anderson, 61, philosopher. Ray Hassall, 74, politician, Lord Mayor of Birmingham (2015–2016). 13 March Chris Greetham, 80, cricketer (Somerset). John Lever, 55, drummer (The Chameleons). Dave Taylor, 76, footballer (Yeovil Town). 14 March Barbara Boxall, women's magazine editor. Jim McAnearney, 81, footballer (Sheffield Wednesday, Plymouth Argyle) and manager. 15 March – Stephen Cosh, 97, cricketer. 16 March Tony Barrow, 45, rugby league player (Swinton Lions). Henry Richmond, 81, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Repton (1986–1998). 17 March Robert Day, 94, television and movie director (The Green Man, First Man into Space, The Rebel). George Lewith, 67, medical researcher. 19 March Robin Sibson, 72, mathematician, vice-chancellor of the University of Kent, chief executive of the Higher Education Statistics Agency. Ian Stewart, 87, racing driver. 20 March – Billy Hails, 82, professional footballer and manager (Peterborough United). 21 March Colin Dexter, 86, author (Inspector Morse series). Roy Fisher, 86, poet and jazz pianist. Martin McGuinness, 66, politician, deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland (2007–2017), MP (1997–2013), MLA (1998–2017), and former Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) leader. 22 March Andy Coogan, 99, author and World War II veteran. Ken Currie, 91, footballer (Heart of Midlothian, Dunfermline Athletic). John Derrick, 54, cricketer (Glamorgan). Keith Palmer, 47–48, police officer, victim of the 2017 Westminster attack. Ronnie Moran, 83, football player and coach (Liverpool). 24 March Piers Dixon, 88, politician, MP for Truro (1970–1974). Peter Shotton, 75, washboardist (The Quarrymen) and businessman (Fatty Arbuckle's, Apple Corps). Keith Sutton, 82, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Lichfield (1984–2003). 25 March – J. Richard Hill, 88, Royal Navy admiral. 27 March Clem Curtis, 76, singer (The Foundations). David Storey, 83, novelist (Saville), screenwriter (This Sporting Life) and playwright (Home). Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley, 102, applied mathematician. 28 March Paul Bowles, 59, footballer (Crewe Alexandra, Port Vale, Stockport County). Gwilym Prys Davies, Baron Prys-Davies, 93, lawyer and politician. 30 March – Sir John Fretwell, 86, diplomat, Ambassador to France (1982–1987). 31 March Rupert Cornwell, 71, journalist (The Independent). Mike Hall, 35, endurance cyclist. John Phillips, 65, footballer (Chelsea, Wales). April 1 April Parv Bancil, 50, playwright. Darcus Howe, 74, Trinidadian-born civil rights activist, member of the Mangrove Nine. Stuart Markland, 69, footballer (Berwick Rangers, Dundee United, Montrose). 2 April D. B. H. Wildish, 102, Royal Navy vice admiral. Jeremy Wilson, 72, editor, publisher and writer. 3 April – Stella Turk, 92, zoologist, naturalist and conservationist. 5 April Tim Parnell, 84, racing driver (Formula One). Dennis Shaw, 86, cricketer (Warwickshire). 6 April Stan Anslow, 85, footballer (Millwall). John Fraser, 82, politician, MP for Norwood (1966–1997). 7 April Christopher Morahan, 87, stage and television director (The Jewel in the Crown). Mary Mumford, 15th Lady Herries of Terregles, 76, peeress. Tim Pigott-Smith, 70, actor (The Jewel in the Crown, Clash of the Titans, V for Vendetta). John Salmon, 86, advertising executive. 8 April – Brian Matthew, 88, TV and radio presenter (Saturday Club, Thank Your Lucky Stars, Sounds of the 60s). 9 April – Stan Robinson, 80, jazz tenor saxophonist and flautist. 10 April Sir Arnold Clark, 89, businessman, founder of Arnold Clark Group. Fred Furniss, 94, footballer (Sheffield United). David Parry-Jones, 83, TV presenter and writer. Margaret Towner, 96, actress (Derek, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace). 11 April David Perry, 79, rugby union player (England). Toby Smith, 46, keyboardist (Jamiroquai). 14 April George William Jones, 79, political scientist and author. Bill Mitchell, 65, theatre director. John Woodburn, 80, racing cyclist. 15 April Johnny Carlyle, 87, ice hockey player (Nottingham Panthers). Dorothy Dorow, 86, soprano. Allan Holdsworth, 70, guitarist and composer (Bruford, UK, Soft Machine). 16 April Michael Bogdanov, 78, theatre director. Rosemary Frankau, 84, actress (Terry and June). 17 April Michael Perham, 69, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Gloucester (2004–2014). Sean Scanlan, 68, actor. 18 April Gordon Langford, 86, composer. Nona Liddell, 89, violinist. 20 April Sir Ewen Fergusson, 84, British diplomat, Ambassador to South Africa (1982–1984) and France (1987–1992). Sir Geoffrey Holland, 88, civil servant. Eric Ingham, 72, rugby league footballer of the 1970s. Germaine Mason, 34, Jamaican-born athlete, Olympic gold medallist (2008). 21 April – Ugo Ehiogu, 44, footballer (Aston Villa, Middlesbrough, England) and football coach. 22 April Olga Hegedus, 96, cellist. Ian Kirkwood, Lord Kirkwood, 84, jurist, Senator of the College of Justice. Sir Julian Priestley, 66, civil servant, Secretary General of the European Parliament (1997–2007). Peter N. T. Wells, 80–81, medical physicist. 23 April Leo Baxendale, 86, comics artist, creator of Little Plum, Minnie the Minx, and The Bash Street Kids. Michael Williams, Baron Williams of Baglan, 67, peer and diplomat. 24 April – Phil Edwards, 67, Olympic racing cyclist (1972). 26 April Raj Bagri, Baron Bagri, 86, Indian-born businessman (London Metal Exchange). Charles Eugster, 97, Masters athlete. Peter Venables, 94, psychologist. Ronald Karslake Starr Wood, 98, plant pathologist. 28 April Andrew Tyler, 70, animal rights campaigner and music journalist. Sir John Whitmore, 79, baronet, racing driver and executive coach. 30 April – Clifford Brewer, 104, surgeon. May 1 May – Roy Gater, 76, footballer (Port Vale, Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, Crewe Alexandra). 2 May Michael Bore, 69, cricketer (Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire). Cammy Duncan, 51, footballer (Motherwell, Partick Thistle, Ayr United). Norma Procter, 89, opera singer. Moray Watson, 88, actor (The Darling Buds of May, The Quatermass Experiment, Compact). 3 May – Saxa, 87, Jamaican-born saxophonist (The Beat). 4 May Richard Dalby, 68, ghost story editor, scholar and bookseller. Stephen McKenna, 78, artist. 5 May Clive Brooks, 67, drummer (Egg, The Groundhogs, Pink Floyd). Michael Wearing, 78, television producer (Edge of Darkness). 6 May Tony Conwell, 85, footballer (Derby County, Huddersfield Town, Doncaster Rovers). Peter Noble, 72, footballer (Swindon Town, Burnley). Henry Tempest, 93, landowner (Broughton Hall). 7 May – Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton, 85, historian and life peer. 8 May Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, 90, microbiologist and life peer. Nicolas Stacey, 89, clergyman. 10 May – Geoffrey Bayldon, 93, actor (Catweazle, Worzel Gummidge, Casino Royale). 11 May – Nigel Forman, 74, politician, MP for Carshalton and Wallington (1976–1997). 12 May Brendan Duddy, 80, restaurateur, property developer and peace negotiator. David Thomas, 74, Anglican prelate, Provincial Assistant Bishop of the Church in Wales. 13 May Jimmy Copley, 63, drummer (Jeff Beck, Graham Parker, Tears for Fears). Janet Lewis-Jones, 67, executive. 15 May – Ian Brady, 79, serial killer (Moors murders). 17 May Eustace Gibbs, 3rd Baron Wraxall, 87, diplomat and aristocrat. Rhodri Morgan, 77, politician, MP for Cardiff West (1987–2001), Leader of Welsh Labour (2000–2009) and First Minister of Wales (2000–2009). Alan Swinbank, 72, racehorse trainer. 18 May – Eric Stevenson, 74, footballer (Hibernian). 19 May John Cavell, 100, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Southampton (1972–1984). Corbett Cresswell, 84, footballer (Carlisle United). Tommy Ross, 70, footballer (York City). 20 May Noel Kinsey, 91, footballer (Birmingham City). James Weatherhead, 86, Church of Scotland minister, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (1993–1994). 21 May Sir Paul Judge, 68, businessman (Cadbury Schweppes, Premier Brands, Standard Bank) and political executive. Sir Peter Marychurch, 89, intelligence officer, Director of GCHQ (1983–1989). 22 May Salman Ramadan Abedi, 22, suicide bomber (Manchester Arena bombing). Philippa Roles, 39, discus thrower. 23 May Sir Roger Moore, 89, actor (Live and Let Die, The Man with the Golden Gun, The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker, For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, A View to a Kill, The Persuaders!, The Saint). Neville Wigram, 2nd Baron Wigram, 101, peer and Army lieutenant-colonel. 24 May David Bobin, 71, sports broadcaster (Sky Sports). George Chesworth, 86, Royal Air Force officer and Lord Lieutenant of Moray (1994–2005). Tom Gilbey, 79, fashion designer. Paul Keetch, 56, politician, MP for Hereford (1997–2010). 25 May Gina Fratini, 85, fashion designer. Sir Alistair Horne, 91, historian, journalist and spy. 27 May – Don Robinson, 84, English rugby league player (Wakefield Trinity, Leeds), world champion (1954). 28 May Eric Broadley, 88, race car builder and founder of Lola Cars. Marcus Intalex, disc jockey and record producer. John Noakes, 83, television presenter (Blue Peter, Go With Noakes). Graham Webb, 73, racing cyclist, road world champion (1967). 29 May – David Lewiston, 88, music collector. 30 May Sir Gordon Brunton, 95, businessman. Molly Peters, 75, actress (Thunderball). John Taylor, 75, politician, MP for Solihull (1983–2005). 31 May Clifford Barker, 91, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Selby (1983–1991). Derek Neilson, 58, footballer (Brechin City, Berwick Rangers). June 1 June Ernie Ackerley, 73, footballer (South Melbourne). Roy Barraclough, 81, comedian (Cissie and Ada) and actor (Coronation Street). Sir Owen Green, 92, chief executive (BTR plc). 2 June Malcolm Lipkin, 85, composer. Barrie Pettman, 73, author, publisher and philanthropist. Peter Sallis, 96, actor (Last of the Summer Wine, Wallace and Gromit, The Wind in the Willows). Sir Jeffrey Tate, 74, conductor. Ralph Wetton, 89, footballer (Tottenham Hotspur, Plymouth Argyle). 4 June Bill Butler, 83, film editor (A Clockwork Orange, A Touch of Class). Patrick Johnston, 58, scientist and academic administrator, Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast (2014–2017). David Nicholls, 61, racehorse trainer. 5 June Andy Cunningham, 67, magician, actor and puppeteer (Bodger & Badger). Helen Dunmore, 64, writer and poet (Zennor in Darkness). 6 June Vin Garbutt, 69, folk singer (When the Tide Turns, Bandalised, Word of Mouth). Davey Lambert, 48, motorcycle racer. Peter Norburn, 86, English rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s Bill Walker, 88, politician, MP for Perth and East Perthshire (1979–1983) and North Tayside (1983–1997). 7 June Angela Hartley Brodie, 82, cancer researcher. Arthur Bunting, 80, rugby player and coach (Hull Kingston Rovers, Hull F.C.). Ernie Edds, 91, footballer (Plymouth Argyle, Torquay United). Ed Victor, 77, American-born literary agent. 8 June – Naseem Khan, 77, journalist. 9 June John Heyman, 84, producer (D.A.R.Y.L.). Lady Mary Holborow, 80, magistrate, Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall (1994–2011). Sheila Willcox, 81, equestrian, European champion (1957). 10 June Ray J. Ceresa, 83, philatelist. Peter Hocken, 84, theologian and historian. 11 June Alan Campbell, 67, Pentecostal pastor and author. Errol Christie, 53, boxer. Nigel Grainge, 70, music industry executive (Ensign Records). Geoffrey Rowell, 74, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Basingstoke (1994–2001) and Europe (2001–2013). Clive Rushton, 69, swimmer and swimming coach. 12 June Sam Beazley, 101, actor (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Johnny English). Brian Bellhouse, 80, academic, engineer and entrepreneur. Brian Taylor, 84, cricketer (Essex). Donald Winch, 82, economist and academic (University of Sussex). 13 June Richard Long, 4th Viscount Long, 88, peer and politician. Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma, 93, peeress. 14 June – Khadija Saye, 24, photographer, victim of the Grenfell Tower fire. 15 June Martin Aitken, 95, archaeometrist. Kyla Greenbaum, 95, pianist. 18 June Albert Franks, 81, footballer (Newcastle United, Rangers, Greenock Morton). Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe, 85, South African-born human rights lawyer and life peer. Joyce Lindores, 73, bowler, Commonwealth Games gold medallist (1988). 19 June Brian Cant, 83, actor (Dappledown Farm) and television presenter (Play School). Sir Brian Kenny, 83, army general, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1990–1993). 20 June – James Berry, 93, Jamaican-born poet. 21 June John Faull, 83, rugby union player (Swansea, British Lions). Brian Street, 73, anthropologist. 23 June – John Freeman, 83, rugby league player (Halifax). 25 June Denis McQuail, 82, communication theorist. Robert Overend, 86, farmer and politician. Sir Richard Paniguian, 67, civil servant and industrialist. Gordon Wilson, 79, politician, leader of the Scottish National Party (1979–1990), MP (1974–1987). 26 June David Bleakley, 92, politician, Northern Irish MP (1958–1965). Rex Makin, 91, solicitor. 27 June Michael Bond, 91, children's author (Paddington Bear). Roger Toulson, Lord Toulson, 70, lawyer and Supreme Court judge. 28 June – John Higgins, 87, footballer (Hibernian). 29 June – James Davidson, 90, politician, MP for West Aberdeenshire (1966–1970). 30 June – Barry Norman, 83, film critic, writer and media personality (Film…) July 1 July Richard Gilbert Scott, 93, architect. Stephen Tindale, 54, environmentalist. Heathcote Williams, 75, author and actor. 2 July Tony Bianchi, 65, author. Ron Fuller, 80, artist and toy designer. John McCormick, 80, footballer (Crystal Palace, Aberdeen). Bert Rossi, 94, gangster. Michael Sandberg, Baron Sandberg, 90, banker and life peer, Chairman of HSBC (1977–1986). 3 July – Joe Robinson, 90, actor (Diamonds Are Forever, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, Thor and the Amazon Women). 4 July Bryan Avery, 73, architect. Carol Lee Scott, 74, actress and singer (Grotbags). 5 July Paul Hollingdale, 79, radio personality (BBC Radio 2). John McKenzie, 91, footballer (Partick Thistle, Dumbarton, Scotland). Mark Wilkinson, 66, furniture designer. Roger Wootton, 73, aeronautical engineer and balloonist. 6 July Frederick Tuckman, 95, politician, MEP for Leicester (1979–1989). Ken Wimshurst, 79, footballer (Bristol City). 7 July Tony Moore, 69, footballer (Chester City, Chesterfield). Ian Posgate, 85, insurance underwriter. 8 July – Evan Armstrong, 74, boxer of the 1960s and 1970s. 9 July Clare Douglas, 73, film editor (United 93, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy). John McKnight, 86, Gaelic football player (Armagh GAA). 11 July – Denis Mack Smith, 97, historian. 13 July John Dalby, 88, singer, composer and pianist. Vince Farrar, 70, rugby league player (Featherstone Rovers, Sheffield Eagles, Hull). 14 July Bert Hill, 87, footballer (Colchester United). Roland Moyle, 89, politician, MP for Lewisham North (1966–1974) and Lewisham East (1974–1983). 15 July Wesley Carr, 75, Anglican priest, Dean of Westminster (1997–2006). Davie Laing, 92, footballer (Heart of Midlothian). 16 July – Trevor Baxter, 84, actor (Doctor Who, Maelstrom, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow) and playwright. 19 July David E. H. Jones, 79, chemist and author. Mary Turner, 79, Irish-born trade unionist. Joe Walters, 79, footballer (Clyde). 20 July Stephen Haseler, 75, academic. John McCluskey, Baron McCluskey, 88, lawyer, judge and life peer, Solicitor General for Scotland (1974–1979). 21 July Pudsey, 11, Border-Collie performing dog (Britain's Got Talent, Pudsey: The Movie, Mr Stink). Gary Waller, 72, politician, MP for Brighouse and Spenborough (1979–1983) and Keighley (1983–1997). Deborah Watling, 69, actress (Doctor Who, Take Me High, The Invisible Man). 22 July Robert Loder, 83, art collector. Edward Norfolk, 95, Anglican priest, Archdeacon of St Albans (1982–1987). 23 July – Simon Doggart, 56, head teacher and cricketer (Cambridge University). 24 July – Michael Manktelow, 89, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Basingstoke (1977–1993). 25 July Hywel Bennett, 73, actor (The Virgin Soldiers, Shelley, EastEnders). Sydney Cohen, 95, South African-born pathologist. Gabriel Epstein, 98, German-born architect. John Wraw, 58, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Bradwell (since 2012). 26 July – Jimmy White, 75, footballer (AFC Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Gillingham). 27 July – Rob Anker, 27, dancer (Diversity), winner of Britain's Got Talent (2009). 28 July Edward Allcard, 102, naval architect and yachtsman. Rosemary Anne Sisson, 93, author and scriptwriter. 31 July Alan Cameron, 79, classicist and academic. Peter Lewington, 67, cricketer (Warwickshire, Berkshire). August 1 August Sir Patrick Bateson, 79, biologist, Provost of King's College, Cambridge (1987–2003). Sir John Blelloch, 86, civil servant, Permanent Secretary at the Northern Ireland Office (1988–1990). Ian Graham, 93, Mayanist. 2 August Dave Caldwell, 85, footballer (Aberdeen). Robin Eady, 76, dermatologist. David Ince, 96, World War II RAF officer. Graham Wiltshire, 86, cricket player and coach (Gloucestershire). 3 August David James Bowen, 91, academic (University of Wales, Aberystwyth). Robert Hardy, 91, actor (All Creatures Great and Small, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years, Harry Potter). Garry Hart, Baron Hart of Chilton, 77, life peer. 4 August Laurie Brokenshire, 64, Royal Navy officer and magician. Chuck Hay, 87, curler. 5 August Dame Helen Alexander, 60, businesswoman, President of the Confederation of British Industry (2009–2011), Chairwoman of the Port of London Authority (2010–2015) and Chancellor of the University of Southampton (since 2011). Lee Blakeley, 45, opera and theatre director. Doug Insole, 91, cricketer (Essex, England). 6 August Arthur Boyars, 92, poet and musicologist. Kevin McNamara, 82, former Labour Party MP and Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 8 August Mike Deakin, 83, footballer (Crystal Palace). Ken Roberts, rugby league player (Swinton, Halifax, Great Britain). 9 August – Thomas A. Bird, 98, WWII Army major and architect. 10 August Chris Hesketh, 72–73, rugby league player (Wigan, Salford, Great Britain). T. Jack Thompson, 74, historian. 11 August Susan Brown, 79, mathematician. Ted Corbett, 82, cricket writer (The Hindu). Richard Gordon, 95, author and physician (Doctor). 13 August – Victor Pemberton, 85, writer and television producer (Doctor Who, Fraggle Rock, The Adventures of Black Beauty). 15 August Joe McGurn, 52, footballer (St Johnstone, Alloa Athletic, Stenhousemuir). Paul Oliver, 90, architecture and blues historian. Diane Pearson, 85, book editor and author. 16 August Jennifer Daniel, 81, actress. John Ogston, 78, footballer (Aberdeen). David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort, 89, peer. 18 August Sir Bruce Forsyth, 89, television presenter and entertainer (The Generation Game, Play Your Cards Right, The Price is Right, You Bet!, Strictly Come Dancing). Liz MacKean, 52, broadcast journalist (Newsnight). Duncan Russell, 59, football manager (Mansfield Town). Don Shepherd, 90, cricketer (Glamorgan). 19 August – Brian Aldiss, 92, science fiction writer (Helliconia) and editor. 20 August Bernard Dunstan, 97, artist. Gordon Williams, 83, writer (The Siege of Trencher's Farm). 21 August Bill Green, 66, footballer (Hartlepool United, Chesterfield) and football manager (Scunthorpe United). Dame Margaret Turner-Warwick, 92, physician and thoracic specialist, first woman president of the Royal College of Physicians. 22 August – Michael J. C. Gordon, 69, computer scientist. 23 August Michael Dauncey, 97, Army brigadier. John Petty, 82, Anglican priest. Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson, 92, economic and social historian. 24 August – Alan Boswell, 74, footballer (Shrewsbury Town, Bolton Wanderers). 26 August – Christie Davies, 75, sociologist. 27 August – Christopher Winn, 90, cricketer (Sussex, Oxford University). 28 August – Melissa Bell, 53, singer (Soul II Soul). 30 August Marjorie Boulton, 93, author and poet. Alan MacDonald, 61, production designer (The Queen, The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, Philomena). 31 August Sir Edward du Cann, 93, politician, MP for Taunton (1956–1987). Ann Jellicoe, 91, dramatist. Tormod MacGill-Eain, 80, comedian and singer. September 1 September Ralph Dellor, 69, cricketer and broadcaster. Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, 87, peer. Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, 85, Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Arundel and Brighton (1977–2000) and Archbishop of Westminster (2000–2009). Mick Softley, 77–78, singer-songwriter and guitarist. 3 September – Larrington Walker, 70, Jamaican-born actor (Taboo). 4 September – Les McDonald, 84, triathlon competitor and administrator. 6 September Derek Bourgeois, 75, composer. Mike Neville, 80, television presenter (BBC North East, ITV Tyne Tees). 7 September Terence Harvey, 72, actor (Hollyoaks, From Hell, The Phantom of the Opera). Mike Hicks, 80, politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Britain (1988–1998). 10 September Stephen Begley, 42, rugby union player (Glasgow Warriors). Sir David Robert Ford, 82, government official, Chief Secretary of Hong Kong (1986–1993). James Morwood, 73, classical scholar. 11 September Jan Brittin, 58, cricketer. Sir Peter Hall, 86, theatre, opera and film director, director of the National Theatre (1973–1988). 12 September – Bert McCann, 84, footballer (Motherwell, Scotland). 13 September – Derek Wilkinson, 82, footballer (Sheffield Wednesday). 14 September – Michael Freeman, 85, orthopaedic surgeon. 15 September Leon Mestel, 90, astronomer and astrophysicist. Geoff Wragg, 87, horse trainer. 16 September – Steve Evans, 59, rugby league player (Hull FC, Featherstone Rovers). 17 September – Suzan Farmer, 75, actress (The Scarlet Blade, Doctor in Clover, Coronation Street). 18 September Sydney Starkie, 91, cricketer (Northamptonshire). Paul Wilson, 66, footballer (Celtic, Scotland). 19 September Sir Brian Barder, 83, diplomat, High Commissioner to Nigeria (1988–1991) and Australia (1991–1994). Christine Butler, 73, politician, MP for Castle Point (1997–2001). Sir John Hunt, 88, politician, MP for Bromley (1964–1974) and Ravensbourne (1974–1997). David Shepherd, 86, artist and conservationist. 20 September Ken Dean, 90, rugby league footballer of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. Sir Teddy Taylor, 80, politician, MP for Glasgow Cathcart (1964–1979) and Rochford and Southend East (1980–2005). 21 September Edward Allington, 66, sculptor. William G. Stewart, 82, game show host (Fifteen to One) and television producer. 22 September Mike Carr, 79, jazz organist and pianist. Bill Michie, 81, politician, MP for Sheffield Heeley (1983–2001). John Worsdale, 68, footballer (Stoke City, Lincoln City). 24 September – Jack Good, 86, television and theatre producer, musician and record producer. 25 September Tony Booth, 85, actor (Till Death Us Do Part, Coronation Street) and political activist. Elizabeth Dawn, 77, actress (Coronation Street). Aneurin Jones, 87, painter. Bobby Knutt, 71, actor and comedian (Coronation Street, Benidorm, Emmerdale). Freddy Shepherd, 76, businessman (Newcastle United). 26 September Mehmet Aksoy, 32, filmmaker. Sir James Craig, 93, diplomat, Ambassador to Syria (1976–1979) and Saudi Arabia (1979–1984). 27 September – Sir Richard Greenbury, 81, businessman, Chairman of Marks and Spencer (1988–1999). 28 September Donald Mitchell, 92, musicologist. Alan Thompson, 54, broadcaster (BBC Radio Wales). Benjamin Whitrow, 80, actor (Pride and Prejudice, Personal Services, Quadrophenia). 30 September – Apex, 36, drum and bass music producer. October 1 October Bob Deacon, 73, social scientist. Hugh Kearney, 93, historian. István Mészáros, 86, Hungarian-born Marxist philosopher (Marx's Theory of Alienation, Socialism or Barbarism) and professor at the University of Sussex. John Swinburne, 87, politician, founder of SSCUP and member of the Scottish Parliament (2003–2007). 3 October Rodney Bickerstaffe, 72, trade unionist, General Secretary of UNISON (1996–2001). Les Mutrie, 66, footballer (Hull City). 5 October Trevor Martin, 87, actor (Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday, Coronation Street, Z-Cars). Peter Plouviez, 86, trade union leader, General Secretary of Equity (1974–1991). Anna Stewart, 53, businesswoman, CEO of Laing O'Rourke (2013–2015), and non-executive director of Babcock International (since 2012). 6 October Terry Downes, 81, boxer, world champion (1961–1962) and actor (The Fearless Vampire Killers, Caravaggio). Lou Gare, 78, jazz saxophonist. David Marks, 64, architect and entrepreneur (London Eye, British Airways i360 observation tower, Treetop Walkway at Kew Gardens). Ian McNeill, 85, football player (Aberdeen) and manager (Ross County, Wigan Athletic). Mary Moore, 87, author and diplomat. 8 October – Mark S. Joshi, 48, mathematician. 9 October Gary Flather, 80, judge and disability rights campaigner. Robin Ling, 90, orthopaedic surgeon. Larry Paul, 65, boxer. Jimmy Reid, 81, footballer (Dundee United). 10 October – Stack Stevens, 77, England international rugby union player. 11 October Trevor Byfield, 73, actor (The Bill, Yesterday's Dreams, GoldenEye). Dick Hewitt, 74, footballer (Barnsley, York City). Sir Richard Swinburn, 79, lieutenant-general, Commander UK Field Army (1994–1995). 12 October – Simon Clarke, 79, rugby union player (England). 13 October Betty Campbell, 82, Welsh community activist and school headteacher. Iain Rogerson, 57, actor (Coronation Street). 14 October – Patrick Haslam, 69, racehorse trainer. 15 October Peter James Scott Lumsden, 88, racing driver. Sir Bert Massie, 68, disability rights campaigner, Chairman of Disability Rights Commission (2000–2007). 16 October Kevin Cadle, 62, American-born basketball coach (Kingston Kings, Great Britain) and presenter (Sky Sports). Roy Dotrice, 94, actor (Amadeus, A Moon for the Misbegotten). Sean Hughes, 51, comedian (Never Mind the Buzzcocks, Sean's Show) and actor (The Last Detective). Heather Slade-Lipkin, 70, pianist, harpsichordist and music teacher. 18 October – Phil Miller, 68, guitarist. 19 October Ken Gowers, 81, rugby league player (Swinton, Great Britain). Brian Riley, 80, footballer (Bolton Wanderers). 21 October Denise P. Barlow, 69, geneticist. Rosemary Leach, 81, actress (That'll Be the Day, A Room with a View, The Roads to Freedom, The Plague Dogs, My Family). 22 October – Patricia Llewellyn, 55, television producer (The Naked Chef, Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares), BAFTA (2001, 2005, 2008) and Emmy winner (2006). 23 October Anthony Hallam, 83, geologist. Iona Opie, 94, folklorist. 24 October Sir Peter Bairsto, 91, air marshal, Deputy Commander in Chief Strike Command (1981–1984). Glenn Barr, 75, politician (UDA) and advocate, member of Northern Ireland Assembly and Constitutional Convention. 25 October Peter MacGregor-Scott, 69, film producer (Batman Forever, The Fugitive, Still Smokin). John Mollo, 86, costume designer (Star Wars, Alien, Gandhi), Oscar winner (1977, 1982). Ben Shephard, 69, historian. 26 October Sir Gavin Laird, 84, trade unionist. Thomas Smales, 83, rugby league footballer (Great Britain) and coach (Castleford Tigers, Featherstone Rovers). 27 October Peter Lawrenson, 84, electrical engineer. David Shedden, 73, rugby union player (Scotland). 28 October Yvonne Baseden, 95, French-born Special Operations Executive agent. Roger Lockyer, 89, historian. 30 October Candy Atherton, 62, politician, MP for Falmouth and Camborne (1997–2005). Frank Doran, 68, politician, MP for Aberdeen South (1987–1992) and Aberdeen North (1997–2015). Mary Reveley, 77, racehorse trainer. 31 October – Derek Robinson, 90, trade unionist. November 1 November – Eifion Evans, 86, church historian. 2 November Lady Ursula d'Abo, 100, socialite. Sir Michael Latham, 74, politician, MP for Melton (1974–1983) and Rutland and Melton (1983–1992). Sarah Maguire, 60, poet and translator. Paddy Russell, 89, television director (Doctor Who, Out of the Unknown, The Omega Factor). 3 November – Trevor Bell, 87, artist. 4 November – Derek Morgan, 88, cricketer (Derbyshire). 5 November Robin Esser, 84, newspaper executive (Sunday Express, Daily Mail). Helen John, 80, anti-war activist. Sir Hugh Neill, 96, businessman and public servant. 6 November – Roger Becker, 83, tennis player. 7 November Paul Buckmaster, 71, arranger (Elton John, The Rolling Stones) and composer, Grammy winner (2002). Brian Perry, 74, cricketer (Shropshire). Carl Sargeant, 49, politician. 8 November Tim Gudgin, 87, radio presenter. Pat Hutchins, 75, illustrator, author and actress (Rosie and Jim). 10 November Duffy Ayers, 102, portrait painter. Geoff Fletcher, 74, rugby league player (Leigh Centurions). 11 November – Henry Emeleus, 87, geologist. 12 November Lady Cynthia Postan, 99, horticulturalist. Geoffrey Alexander Rowley-Conwy, 9th Baron Langford, 105, Army officer and peer, longest-lived peer on record. 13 November Jeremy Hutchinson, Baron Hutchinson of Lullington, 102, lawyer and life peer. Peter Imbert, Baron Imbert, 84, police officer, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (1987–1992) and life peer. 14 November – Bill Cashmore, 56, actor (Brass Eye, Fist of Fun). 15 November Jill Barklem, 66, writer and illustrator (Brambly Hedge). Keith Barron, 83, actor (Duty Free, Upstairs, Downstairs, The Nigel Barton Plays). Joy Lofthouse, 94, World War II pilot. 16 November Tommy Farrer, 94, footballer (Bishop Auckland). Jimmy Steele, 55, dentist. 17 November Bill Pitt, 80, politician, MP for Croydon North West (1981–1983). Les Tonks, 75, rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s. 18 November John Murray, 93, Olympic ice hockey player (1948). Peter Spufford, 83, historian. 20 November John Gordon, 92, author (The Giant Under The Snow). Alan Walker, 79, paleoanthropologist, discoverer of The Black Skull. 21 November Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, 99, life peer, Member of the House of Lords (1992–2016). Rodney Bewes, 79, actor (The Likely Lads, Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?) and writer (Dear Mother...Love Albert). Harry Blamires, 101, Anglican theologian, literary critic, and novelist. Milein Cosman, 96, German-born artist. Iola Gregory, 71, actress (Pobol y Cwm). 22 November – Bobi Jones, 88, author and academic. 23 November Allan Harris, 74, footballer (Queens Park Rangers, Chelsea). Anthony Harvey, 87, film director (The Lion in Winter) and film editor (Dr. Strangelove, Lolita). Manjit Wolstenholme, 53, businesswoman (Future Publishing, Unite Group, Provident Financial). 26 November – Mick Martyn, 81, rugby league player (Leigh Centurions). 27 November – Dermot Drummy, 56, football player (Blackpool, Arsenal) and coach (Chelsea Academy, Crawley Town). 28 November Sir Peter Burt, 73, businessman, chief executive (1996–2001) and Governor (2001–2003) of the Bank of Scotland, and chairman of ITV plc (2004–2007). Jimmy McEwan, 88, footballer (Raith Rovers, Aston Villa). Sir Martin Nourse, 85, jurist, Lord Justice of Appeal (1985–2001). Johan Steyn, Baron Steyn, 85, South African-born jurist and life peer, Law Lord (1995–2005). 29 November – Mary Lee Woods, 93, English mathematician and computer programmer. 30 November Terence Beesley, 60, actor (EastEnders, The Phantom of the Opera, War & Peace). Russell Evans, 52, cricketer (Nottinghamshire). December 2 December Hugh Davies, 85, cricketer (Glamorgan). Alan Sinfield, 76, literary critic. 3 December – Ian Twitchin, 65, footballer (Torquay United). 4 December Alastair Bellingham, haematologist, President of the Royal College of Pathologists (1993–1996). Jimmy Hood, 69, politician, MP for Clydesdale (1987–2005), and Lanark and Hamilton East (2005–2015). Christine Keeler, 75, model and showgirl involved in the Profumo affair. Annette Page, 84, ballerina. 5 December Maureen Baker, 97, fashion designer. Meic Povey, 67, actor and playwright (Pobol y Cwm). Pamela Tudor-Craig, 89, art historian. 7 December John Catt, 78, geologist and soil scientist. Rodney Harris, 85, geneticist. Tommy Horton, 76, golfer. Peter Walwyn, 84, racehorse trainer. 8 December – Jack Hayward, 86, political scientist. 9 December – Damian Le Bas, 54, artist. 10 December John Beer, 91, literary critic. Max Clifford, 74, disgraced former publicist and convicted sex offender. Collier Bay, 27, racehorse. Arnold Maran, 80, surgeon, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1997–2000). Toni Mascolo, 75, Italian-born hairdresser and businessman, co-founder of Toni & Guy. 11 December Keith Chegwin, 60, television presenter (Cheggers Plays Pop, It's a Knockout) and actor (Macbeth). Suzanna Leigh, 72, actress (Paradise, Hawaiian Style). Sir Hereward Wake, 101, baronet and army officer. 12 December Peter Duffell, 95, film and TV director (The House That Dripped Blood, England Made Me, Inside Out). Bob Hale, 72, philosopher. 14 December – Michael Hirst, 84, art historian. 15 December John Critchinson, 82, jazz pianist. Heinz Wolff, 89, German-born scientist and television presenter (The Great Egg Race). 16 December – Sharon Laws, 43, racing cyclist. 18 December – Fritz Lustig, 98, German-born army intelligence officer. 19 December Jon Oberlander, 55, cognitive scientist. Sir Peter Terry, 91, Royal Air Force marshal and politician, Governor of Gibraltar (1985–1989). 20 December Randolph Quirk, Baron Quirk, 97, linguist and life peer. David Grant Walker, 94, historian. 21 December – Nicholas Rayner, 79, Army officer and auctioneer. 22 December Cyril Beavon, 80, footballer (Oxford United). Eric Moonman, 88, politician, MP for Billericay (1966–1970) and Basildon (1974–1979), and chairman of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland (1975–1980). 23 December John Atkinson, 71, rugby league player (Leeds Rhinos, England). Mark Whittow, 60, archaeologist and Byzantinist. 24 December Brian Jenkins, 74, swimmer, European championship silver medallist (1962). Sir Brian Neill, 94, judge, Lord Justice of Appeal (1985–1996), President of the Court of Appeal for Gibraltar (1998–2003). 26 December Willie Penman, 78, footballer (Newcastle United, Swindon Town, Walsall). Steve Piper, 64, footballer (Brighton and Hove Albion, Portsmouth). Francis Walmsley, 91, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of the Forces (1979–2002). 27 December – Bernard Gordon Lennox, 85, Army general, Commandant of the British Sector in Berlin (1983–1986). 28 December Bronwen, Lady Astor, 87, model, psychotherapist and society figure. John Faulkner, 69, footballer (Luton Town, Memphis Rogues, California Surf). Francis Wyndham, 93, author, literary editor and journalist. 29 December – Jim Baikie, 77, comic book artist (Judge Dredd, Skizz, Jinty). 30 December – Gavin Stamp, 69, architectural historian. 31 December Richard Cousins, 58, businessman and CEO (Compass Group). Charles Alexander Ramsay, 81, Army officer. See also 2017 in British music 2017 in British radio 2017 in British television List of British films of 2017 References Years of the 21st century in the United Kingdom United Kingdom 2010s in the United Kingdom United Kingdom

52787338

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20T.%20Johnson

Eddie T. Johnson

Eddie T. Johnson is a former Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department Career Patrolman Johnson began his career in the Chicago Police Department in 1988 as a patrol officer. He was appointed Commander of the 6th CPD District in 2008, and CPD Chief of Patrol in 2012. Interim Superintendent Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel endured controversy when appointing Johnson as his interim superintendent in 2016 considering Johnson was not one of the three finalists selected by the Chicago Police Board. Johnson did not apply for the job out of respect for Deputy Interim Superintendent John Escalante. Emanuel named Johnson as the Interim Police Chief on March 28, 2016. Superintendent On April 13, 2016, a day after the Chicago City Council Public Safety Committee bypassed the Chicago Police Board with a fast-track vote, Johnson was officially sworn in as Chicago Police Superintendent after his nomination was approved unanimously by the Chicago City Council in a 50–0 vote. Dismissal On December 2, 2019, Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot terminated Johnson's employment with the City of Chicago for what she termed a "series of ethical lapses." Impact Johnson led a department of over 13,400 officers, the second-largest police department in the United States, who defended use of force training, more community policing and a court monitor to oversee department-wide reforms which included the DOJ and the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force (CPATF). The CPATF was initiated by then Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel to investigate the shooting of Laquan McDonald and was once headed by the present Mayor Lori Lightfoot. Johnson was appointed superintendent in 2016 by Emanuel to restore the public's trust after Emanuel delayed releasing the video of Jason Van Dyke's fatal shooting of Laquan McDonald for over a year. Johnson said that the Laquan McDonald incident changed Chicago's trust in the police department and that officer morale fell as a result of the lack of trust. Chicago's homicide rate stood at a 20-year high of 792 in 2016 when Johnson was appointed superintendent, and fell to 561 by the end of 2018. Johnson credited the use of data analytics to decrease homicides and shootings, and approved of the DOJ's investigation into CPD shootings that found widespread excessive use of force and racial discrimination by the CPD. It led to a consent decree, a federally-enforced agreement that oversees CPD reforms. As a result of the consent decree, Johnson validated the CPD's community policing efforts, making substantial improvements in officer training, which eventually led to a decrease in officer-related shootings. Controversy Johnson's early support and ultimate reversal in the firing of Officer Robert Rialmo over the 2015 Christmas shooting of Quintonio LeGrier and accidental death of Bettie Jones continued to shadow his term in office as superintendent. Another controversy linked to Johnson was the high-profile case against actor Jussie Smollett, who was accused of staging a fake hate crime on Chicago's North Side. Smollett was charged with a crime for the plan and execution of a hoax and abusing CPD's resources and manpower. However, the charges were subsequently dropped by State's Attorney Kim Foxx, enraging Johnson as well as Mayor Emanuel. Johnson defied collaborating with the U.S. Federal government's efforts to round-up illegal immigrants as a sanctuary city, embroiling Johnson with newly elected President Donald Trump. Trump in turn traded words with Johnson, who criticised Chicago officials over their mishandling of the city's high crime rate. In October 2019, Johnson refused to attend a speech by Trump at the International Association of Chiefs of Police that took place in Chicago, a move supported by Mayor Lori Lightfoot. Trump called Johnson's absence a "disgrace." Johnson called Trump's words frivolous and stated that he "would not attend the conference while racial insults and hatred are cast from the Oval Office." Mayor Lori Lightfoot said, "Superintendent Johnson showed President Trump what true leadership and character look like." On November 7, 2019, Johnson announced his intention to retire from the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Johnson's retirement announcement, effective at the end of 2019, followed an incident where police officers had found Johnson asleep in his city-owned vehicle on October 17, 2019. Johnson later told Mayor Lightfoot that he had consumed alcohol earlier that evening, requesting an internal investigation into the incident, to which Johnson expressed that he was “not concerned" about the outcome. On November 8, 2019, Mayor Lightfoot appointed retired Los Angeles police chief Charlie Beck as the city's interim superintendent. On December 2, 2019, Mayor Lightfoot terminated Johnson's superintendent contract for cause, effective immediately, indicating that he had misrepresented the reason why he was sleeping in his vehicle; however, Johnson remained an employee of the CPD, as the Mayor's action was technically a demotion. On December 4, 2019, he chose to accept retirement under his career service position as lieutenant, which completely severed his relationship with the CPD. On October 15, 2020, CPD officer Cynthia Donald sued Johnson for sexual assault and harassment. Personal life Johnson was born on the Near North Side of Chicago, Illinois in the Cabrini–Green Housing Projects and, at age 10, moved to the Washington Heights neighborhood. Johnson currently resides in the near South Side neighborhood of Bridgeport. Johnson recalls his mother telling his father about the new neighborhood as a "Quiet place, compared to the old neighborhood" and that Johnson recalled, "Gunshots all night long" while living in Cabrini–Green. Johnson is divorced, a father of three children, one of whom is a CPD patrolman. He's remarried to CPD officer on 2017. Johnson had congenital kidney disease for most of his adult life. His son, CPD patrolman Daniel Johnson, gave him one of his kidneys in 2017. Both Johnsons support Illinois' organ donation program, and were honored by the National Kidney Foundation with an award at its 2019 Gift of Life Gala. References 1960s births Living people People from Chicago Superintendents of the Chicago Police Department

52916015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20%282008%E2%80%93present%29

History of the United States (2008–present)

The history of the United States from 2008 to the present began with the collapse of the housing bubble, which led to the Great Recession, and helped the Democrats win the presidency in 2008 with the election of Barack Obama, the country's first African-American president. The government issued large loans and enacted economic stimulus packages that aimed to improve the economy. Obama's domestic initiatives also included the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which by means of large reforms to the American healthcare system, created a National Health Insurance program. Obama eventually withdrew combat troops from Iraq, and shifted the country's efforts in the War on Terror to Afghanistan, where a troop surge was initiated in 2009. In 2010, due to continued public discontent with the economic situation, unemployment, and federal spending, Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives and reduced the Democratic majority in the Senate. In 2011, Obama announced that al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces during a covert operation in Pakistan while the Iraq War was declared formally over the same year. The following year Obama was re-elected president. In June 2013, the Supreme Court struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which resulted in the recognition of legally performed same-sex marriages by the federal government. In 2015, the Court ruled that all states must grant same-sex marriages as well as recognize others performed in different states in Obergefell v. Hodges. After unprecedented media coverage, business tycoon Donald Trump defeated former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election leading to Republicans gaining control of all branches of government. During the 2010s and 2020s, the country has seen troubles in race relations. After the killings of many African Americans such as Eric Garner, Michael Brown, and Philando Castile by policemen resulted in no prosecution, the Black Lives Matter movement sparked discussions, protests, and riots against racial profiling, police brutality, and overall racism between white and black people. America saw the rise of the alt-right movement. On December 18, 2019, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives, for the third time in U.S. history, voted to pass articles of impeachment against a sitting president. President Donald Trump was impeached due to allegations of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, he was acquitted by the Republican-controlled U.S. Senate. Every Democrat voted to convict while every Republican, with the exception of Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, voted to acquit. On January 15, 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus spread to the US after an individual carrying the virus arrived in Everett, parts of Seattle, Washington after traveling from Wuhan, China. Health officials confirmed this was the first case of the virus in the United States on January 20, 2020. On February 22, 2021, there were 500,000 Americans who had died from COVID-19. The United States is by far the country with the most confirmed cases of COVID-19. The country continues to struggle to effectively react and counter the spread of the virus in all 50 U.S states and territories except American Samoa, the latter having recorded only 3 cases as of December 26, 2020. In November 2020, former Vice-President Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Trump and his supporters made multiple attempts to overturn the results of the election, the most notable of which was the storming of the Capitol on January 6, 2021, which ultimately led to the second impeachment of Donald Trump. Despite these attempts, Joe Biden was inaugurated as the 46th US president on January 20, 2021. Conflicts War in Afghanistan The War in Afghanistan continued. In September 2008, President Bush announced he would shift 4,500 U.S. troops from Iraq to the conflict in Afghanistan. This was followed with recently elected President Barack Obama announcing in February 2009 that the United States would deploy an additional 17,000 troops to Afghanistan. The Obama administration also later announced a "troop surge" of an additional 30,000 U.S. military forces to be deployed in the summer of 2010, and to begin withdrawals of the 100,000 total U.S. troops in July 2011. With the surge in effect, the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) launched Operation Moshtarak, an offensive determined to eliminate Taliban insurgents from Helmand Province. At 15,000 troops, it was the largest joint operation of the war. After a 2010 profile on U.S. Army general and ISAF Commander Stanley McChrystal was published in the magazine Rolling Stone, McChrystal was forced to resign from his position after making controversial remarks about Obama administration officials. President Obama then announced ISAF to be commanded by General David Petraeus. On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that the U.S. conducted an operation that killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden at his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The announcement drew worldwide praise, with spontaneous celebrations at Ground Zero, Times Square, and outside of the White House. The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad led to a rise in diplomatic tensions between the U.S. and Pakistan. With civilian deaths from the United States' drone program in so-called "signature strikes", the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan, which led to the deaths of 24 Pakistani military officers, and the closure of NATO supply lines to neighboring Afghanistan, Pakistan–United States relations remain fractured as a result of the War on Terror. In mid-2011 President Obama announced the start of the withdrawal of the additional 33,000 troops deployed from the 2010 troop surge. By December 2011, the first round of 10,000 troops were withdrawn, with the second round of 23,000 troops later withdrawn in September 2012. As of February 2014, a total of 2,307 U.S. troops were killed and 19,656 injured due to the Afghanistan War. Estimates from the Costs of Wars Project based at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies also suggest that between 16,725 and 19,013 Afghan civilians died as a result of the war. ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014, with a small number of troops remaining behind in an advisory role as part of ISAF's successor organization, the Resolute Support Mission. On April 13, 2021, President Biden announced his plan to withdraw all troops from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021, this date being the twentieth anniversary of the September 11 Attacks. The date for US troops to withdraw from Afghanistan was moved forward to August 31. The withdrawal of US soldiers and other foreign soldiers coincided with the 2021 Taliban offensive, where the Taliban defeated the Afghan Armed Forces culminating with the fall of Kabul on August 15, 2021. On the same day, the president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani fled to Tajikistan and the Taliban declared victory and the war had ended. Following a massive airlift of more than 120,000 people, the US military mission in Afghanistan ended on August 30, 2021. Iraq War As the situation in Iraq became increasingly difficult and deadly, policymakers began looking for new options. This led to the formation of the Iraq Study Group, a nonpartisan commission chaired by James Baker and Lee H. Hamilton. This produced a variety of proposals; some of the more notable ones were to seek decreased U.S. presence in Iraq, increased engagement with neighboring countries, and greater attention to resolving other local conflicts, such as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The recommendations were generally ignored, and instead, President Bush ordered a surge of troops to Iraq in 2007 and 2008. Violence in the country declined in 2008 and 2009, and the U.S. combat role ended in August 2010. U.S. forces were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010, and the war was declared formally over in December 2011. Domestic terrorism On April 15, 2013, two bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon in Boston, Massachusetts, killing three people and injuring over 280. Three days later, suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev led Boston police on a high speed chase, after killing one officer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tamerlan was killed in a shootout with police and a seriously injured Dzhokhar was taken into custody in nearby Watertown the following day. On December 2, 2015, in the 2015 San Bernardino attack, 14 people were killed and 22 were injured in a mass shooting at a workplace Christmas party at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California. Both a workplace shooting and a terrorist attack, the incident was perpetrated by Rizwan Farook, a healthcare worker who was employed at the facility, and his wife Tashfeen Malik. The pair were U.S. citizens of Pakistani descent who had become radicalized and had expressed a commitment to jihadism prior to the attack. The attack also included an attempted bombing. Four hours after the attack, the perpetrators were killed by police in a shootout that left two officers injured. In late October 2018, 16 packages containing pipe bombs were mailed via the U.S. Postal Service to several prominent critics of U.S. President Donald Trump, including leading Democratic Party politicians such as former U.S. President Barack Obama, former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, and former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, as well as CNN offices in New York City. On March 21, 2019, Cesar Sayoc, 57, pleaded guilty to 65 felony charges related to the bombing, including using weapons of mass destruction and domestic terrorism. On January 6, 2021, the Capitol building was stormed by pro-Trump rioters, resulting in the death of a police officer and four protestors. The storming of the capitol was considered to be a domestic terror attack. Crime and violence Continuing the increase in high-profile mass school shootings seen in the late 1990s and 2000s, additional school shootings shocked the country in the 2010s, the deadliest of which were the Oikos University shooting, the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting (both in 2012), the Isla Vista killings, the Umpqua Community College shooting (2015), and the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and Santa Fe High School shooting (both in 2018). These shootings, particularly the Sandy Hook and Stoneman Douglas shootings, heightened the debate over gun politics, and continued the public dialogue about improving mental health care and school safety. In November 2009, U.S. Army major Nidal Malik Hasan killed 13 fellow soldiers and injured 30 in the Fort Hood shooting in Killeen, Texas. While the act was called terrorism by some due to Hasan's Muslim heritage, the attack was ruled out by the FBI to have been perpetrated by a terrorist organization. On September 16, 2013, another mass murder on a U.S. military base surpassed the incident when a former navy reservist fired a shotgun at the Washington Navy Yard Shooting, killing 12 civilian contractors and injured four more at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) in Southeast Washington, D.C. On January 8, 2011, U.S. Representative Gabby Giffords was the target of an assassination attempt, when a gunman went on a shooting spree, critically injuring Giffords, killing federal judge John Roll and five other people, and wounding 14 others. On July 20, 2012, a man shot 70 people (up to that time, the highest number of victims of any mass shooting in American history) at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, killing 12 and injuring 58 others. On June 12, 2016, a mass shooting in a Florida gay nightclub killed 50 people, including the man responsible for it. It surpassed 2007's Virginia Tech shooting as the deadliest mass shooting in American history, and was also classified as a terrorist attack and a hate crime against the LGBT community. On October 1, 2017, the Orlando incident was surpassed by the 2017 Las Vegas shooting as the deadliest mass shooting in American history when a gunman fired from his 32nd-floor hotel room of the Mandalay Bay onto a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival, killing 58 and injuring 869 others before committing suicide. This shooting led to increased dialogue and debate over gun control, particularly the use of bump stocks which allowed the shooter to fire his semi-automatic rifle at a rate similar to a fully automatic weapon. Concerns about public event safety and hotel security also became a focus of public dialogue in the wake of this event. In addition, the investigation was the focus of intense scrutiny, particularly as the official reports and timelines changed several times throughout the investigation. This also led to a number of conspiracy theories. However, the following month on November 5, a former and troubled USAF soldier killed 26 churchgoers at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs church shooting. It was the worst mass shooting that occurred in both the state of Texas and at an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991, and the Pittsburgh Synagogue shooting of 2018 and also led to major debates on weapon control and brought attention to gaps in reporting to the federal background-check system intended to ban convicted domestic abusers. Disasters Natural disasters In the spring of 2011, several major tornado outbreaks affected the Central and Southern United States. Forty-three people were killed in a tornado outbreak from April 14–16. Approximately 350+ people were killed in a tornado outbreak from April 25–28, the deadliest U.S. tornado outbreak in 75 years (since the 1936 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak). States particularly hit hard by the outbreaks included Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, and most especially, Alabama, which sustained over 250 fatalities alone. The latter outbreak produced $10 billion in damage, making it the costliest tornado outbreak in history. On May 22, an EF5 tornado devastated Joplin, Missouri, killing 154, injuring over 1,000 people, and causing $1–3 billion in damage, making it the deadliest single U.S. tornado in 64 years and the costliest single tornado of all time. In August 2011, Hurricane Irene was the first hurricane to make landfall since Ike in 2008, striking the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, making landfalls in North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York. The storm killed at least 45 people and caused $10 billion in damage. The storm was particularly notable for its extensive flooding in the Northeast, and a couple days later, Tropical Storm Lee made landfall in Louisiana, its remnants tracking to the Northeast for even more devastating floods. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the East Coast of the United States, making landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey. The storm knocked out power to millions of people and caused flooding in parts of New York City along with devastation to the Jersey Shore and portions of Long Island and Staten Island. The storm has been blamed for 121 fatalities and is estimated to have caused at least $50 billion in damage. In May 2013, at least 24 people were killed, 377 people were injured, and $1.5 to $3 billion in damage was caused when an EF5 tornado struck the Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, which was hit by a deadly and destructive F5 tornado only 14 years prior. In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Wilma in 2005. It devastated Houston, Texas, causing extreme flooding, 83 confirmed deaths, and an estimated $70 billion to $200 billion in damage. Harvey's highest winds hit 130 mph. In September, Hurricane Irma hit Florida, killing 102 people and causing over $62.87 billion in damage, making it unofficially the fourth-costliest hurricane on record. The size of the storm spanned across the entire Florida peninsula, and all 67 counties of Florida declared a state of emergency. Irma's highest winds were 185 mph. Later that month, Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, killing over 547 people and causing over $91.6 billion in damage, making it the third-costliest Atlantic hurricane on record. Maria's highest winds were 175 mph. On September 14, 2018, Hurricane Florence hit North Carolina as a Category 1 Hurricane, causing major flooding. 39 deaths were counted and damage is estimated as $17 billion (2018 U.S.D). Florence's highest winds were 140 mph. On October 10, Hurricane Michael struck the Florida Panhandle as a Category 5 storm with 160 mph winds after undergoing rapid intensification just prior to landfall; it killed 45 people in the U.S. and caused $15 billion in damage. In November of that year, several wildfires devastated portions of California, most notably the Camp Fire in Butte County in Northern California, which burned over 150,000 acres and destroyed nearly 19,000 structures. With a death toll of 86 and damages up to $10 billion, it was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history and the deadliest U.S. wildfire since 1918. A series of earthquakes struck Southern California on July 4 and 5, 2019. A magnitude 6.4 earthquake, a foreshock, struck near the desert city of Ridgecrest, on July 4. On July 5, a 7.1 earthquake struck, the main shock, centered near the first. The latter was the largest earthquake to hit Southern California in 20 years. Relatively minor damage resulted from the initial foreshock, though some building fires were reported in Ridgecrest near the epicenter. Effects were felt across much of Southern California as well as parts of Arizona and Nevada, as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento, and as far south as Baja California, Mexico. An estimated 20 million people experienced the foreshock, and approximately 30 million people experienced the mainshock. Other disasters On April 20, 2010, an offshore oil drilling rig, the Deepwater Horizon, exploded and burned off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Dozens of workers fled the flames and were rescued by lifeboats and helicopters, however 11 were killed and 17 were injured in the incident. The rig burned for 36 hours before sinking. On April 24, it was discovered that a damaged wellhead was leaking oil into the Gulf of Mexico at a rapid rate. For approximately 90 days, tens of thousands of barrels of oil leaked into the ocean every day, resulting in the largest oil spill in United States history. The wellhead was successfully contained in mid-July, stopping the flow, and efforts are ongoing to cap the wellhead and create a replacement well. Despite significant efforts to protect coastlines, the spill has had devastating impacts on the environment and the economies of the Gulf Coast states. The Obama administration has ordered well operator BP responsible for all cleanup costs, which are expected to run in the tens of billions of dollars. The spill has resulted in negative public approval ratings of the U.S. government, the Obama administration, and BP, for their handling of the spill, with BP suffering the worst ratings. Religion A 2014 Religious Landscape Study conducted by Pew Research Center from June 4 to September 30, 2014, found Christianity declined 7.8% from 78.4% in 2007 to 70.6% in 2014, unaffiliated rose 6.7% from 16.1% in 2007 to 22.8% in 2014, and non-Christian religions rose 1.2% from 4.7% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2014. Politics The Great Recession In 2007, while U.S. unemployment dropped to its lowest level since the year 2000, the housing bubble reached its peak and economic growth slowed down, and by December 2007, the United States entered a severe long-lasting recession. By mid-2008, property values and the values of other assets plummeted, and the stock market crashed in October 2008, spurred by a lack of investor confidence as the liquidity of assets began to evaporate. With the decline in wealth and the lack of investor and consumer confidence, growth and economic activity came to a screeching halt and the job growth of previous years was soon wiped out, with mass layoffs and unemployment rising rapidly in late 2008, and continuing into 2009. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke told a federal commission in November 2009, "As a scholar of the Great Depression, I honestly believe that September and October of 2008 was the worst financial crisis in global history, including the Great Depression." Of the 13 most important U.S. financial institutions, "12 were at risk of failure within a period of a week or two". The Federal Reserve and the Treasury cooperated by pouring trillions into a financial system that had frozen up worldwide. They rescued many of the large financial corporations from bankruptcy – with the exception of Lehman Brothers, which went bankrupt – and took government control of insurance giant AIG, mortgage banks Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and both General Motors and Chrysler. In October 2008, Bush sought, and Congress passed, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (commonly referred to as the "bank bailout") with the goal of protecting the U.S. financial system from complete collapse in the wake of the late-2000s recession, which brought significant declines in the stock market. The bill provided federal government guarantees of up to $700 billion to troubled financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). By 2010, only a fraction of that money was ever spent, as banks were able to quickly repay loans from the federal government or ended up never needing the money. Meanwhile, unemployment doubled to nearly 10%, with states such as California and Michigan especially hard hit. While the stock market rebounded by 2011, and corporate profits had recovered, unemployment remained over 9% into 2011. The recession was worldwide, with Europe and Japan hard hit, while China, India and Canada fared much better. The Obama administration The nation went into the 2008 election cycle having a Republican president and Democratic Congress both with extremely low approval ratings. New York Senator Hillary Clinton had the inside track for the nomination but faced an unexpected challenge from Barack Obama, the nearly unknown junior Senator from Illinois. The GOP nominated Arizona Senator John McCain. During the general election, Obama's youthfulness, charisma, and widespread media support proved effective against McCain, seen as a stodgy Washington insider. In addition, his relatively advanced age (72) and injuries from captivity in the Vietnam War drew doubts over his health and stamina. Overall disillusionment with the Republican Party and George Bush's administration did not help McCain's cause, and his choice of Alaska governor Sarah Palin as his running mate also drew some controversy. Obama also drew some doubts over his inexperience and controversial associations with Weather Underground founder William Ayers and Reverend Jeremiah Wright, the pastor of an African-American church Obama had attended for years who was discovered to have made anti-white sermons. The decisive event was the collapse of the national financial system over the summer, launching a severe worldwide depression On November 4, 2008, Obama defeated McCain 365 to 173 in the electoral vote and 52.9% to 45.7% in the popular vote to become the 44th President of the United States, making history in becoming the first African American to be elected to the highest executive office. Part of the strong showing came from a surge of support from younger voters, African Americans, Hispanics and independents. Democrats made further gains in Congress, adding to the majorities they had won in 2006. Obama's early policy decisions addressed a continuing global financial crisis and have included changes in tax policies, foreign policy initiatives and the phasing out of detention of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. Within a few weeks of taking office, the new president and Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which was ostensibly aimed at recovering from the economic collapse. This entailed a $700 billion stimulus package for the economy, although there were considerable questions over the amount of money spent or its actual effectiveness. A domestic initiative passed by the 111th Congress and signed into law by President Obama was the Affordable Care Act, an important statute guaranteeing comprehensive medical coverage to all Americans, regardless of age, sex, pre-existing health conditions or ability to pay. In foreign policy, President Obama withdrew U.S. troops from Iraq in large numbers, bringing the Iraq War to an end in December 2011. At the same time, he also increased troop levels in the Afghanistan War. Early in his presidency, he successfully negotiated the New START treaty with the Russian Federation, which made significant reductions in their nuclear arsenals. The U.S. also maintained ongoing talks, led by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, with North Korea over its nuclear weapons program, as well as with Israel and the Palestinian Authority over a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In May 2011, President Obama announced in a televised speech to the nation that al-Qaeda leader and culprit behind many deadly acts of terrorism (including the September 11 attacks) Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Although the recession reached its bottom in June 2009 and began to move up again, voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery. In the spring of 2009, large protests erupted in Washington, DC from conservative groups who began calling themselves the "Tea Party" and who were particularly opposed to the controversial stimulus act. The Tea Party would end up in a few years as a springboard for a large-scale Republican revival. In the 2010 midterms, the GOP retook control of the House, although the Senate remained in Democratic hands. Under the new Congress, which had a Republican House and a Democratic Senate, President Obama and Congress clashed for months over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling and whether or not to extend the payroll tax cuts for middle-income citizens that Obama signed into law. After months of heated debate, the debt ceiling was ultimately raised and the tax cuts extended. However, Obama's approval ratings continued to hover at around 46%, while Congress had an even lower approval rating of 11%. In the 2012 presidential election, the GOP nominated former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney. Much like John McCain four years earlier, Romney was largely seen as a tepid moderate and a Beltway insider who did not inspire the conservative base of the Republican Party, nor independents. He also drew controversy for his stand on Obamacare, which had been based on the system he implemented in Massachusetts. Obama defeated his opponent to win a second term, with a tally in the Electoral College by 332 to 206 and in the popular vote by 51.06% to 47.21%. The electoral map remained the same as 2008, with the exception of North Carolina and Indiana flipping back as red states, and the party balance in Congress remained largely unchanged. In the November 2014 midterm elections, the Republican Party took control of the Senate and expanded its majority in the House of Representatives, an event that portended an ill omen for the Democrats. On December 17, 2014, President Barack Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961. A deal between the United States and Cuba was brokered during 18 months of secret talks hosted by Canada, with a final meeting hosted by Pope Francis at the Vatican. Although the U.S. embargo remains in effect and ordinary tourism by Americans is still prohibited, the United States will ease travel restrictions, release three Cuban spies, and open an embassy in Havana. The New York Times reported in January 2015: In short: The state of union, while far stronger than when Mr. Obama took office, remains troubled. The financial crisis has ended, with job growth picking up and the American economy among the world's strongest right now. Yet the great 21st-century wage slowdown continues, with pay raises for most workers still meager. In other positive news, the deficit has fallen sharply, thanks to a combination of slower health-cost growth and budget cuts (the latter championed by Republicans). Many more people have health insurance, thanks to Mr. Obama's health law. More people are graduating from college—although Mr. Obama is likely to fall short of his vow to have the United States lead the world in college graduates by 2020.On the negative side, climate change appears to be accelerating, creating serious health and economic risks. The fall in gasoline prices, though welcome for many struggling families, won't help the climate. And with Mr. Obama delivering his address the day after Martin Luther King's Birthday, it's also worth remembering that the country's racial divides remain deep, with African-Americans still far behind other Americans by many measures. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, in the case of Obergefell vs. Hodges that same-sex marriage was a constitutionally protected right under the 14th Amendment. Shortly before the ruling, polling showed the majority of Americans approving of same-sex marriage. The ruling was celebrated by many, and President Obama advertised his support for the ruling by coloring the White House in gay pride colors using lights. This ruling was not achieved without controversy, as it did little to change the minds of those that disapproved of homosexuality in general. In regards to the Supreme Court, President Obama faced three vacancies during his administration. Justice David Souter retired in June 2009 and the president nominated as his replacement Sonia Sotomayor, the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history. Justice John Paul Stevens retired exactly one year later and Obama replaced him with Elena Kagan. Justice Antonin Scalia died on February 13, 2016. President Obama nominated Merrick Garland as his replacement, but the United States Senate, led by Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell refused to give Garland a hearing, instead arguing that the winner of the ongoing presidential election be given the opportunity to nominate Scalia's replacement instead. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was pressured by liberal groups to retire while the Democrats remained in control of the White House, but declined to do so. On September 25, 2015, John Boehner announced that he would step down as Speaker and resign from Congress at the end of October 2015. Boehner's resignation took place after Pope Francis' address to Congress the day before, an event considered by Boehner as a high point in his legislative career. Boehner was replaced by Republican Paul Ryan, the U.S. Representative for Wisconsin's 1st congressional district and former candidate for vice president along with Mitt Romney. Sources in Boehner's office indicated he was stepping aside in the face of increasing discord while trying to manage passage of a continuing resolution to fund the government. Conservative opposition to funding Planned Parenthood as part of the resolution, and stronger threats to Boehner's leadership on account of the controversy, prompted the abrupt announcement. Members of the caucus indicated that the resignation opened the way for a "clean bill" for government funding to pass, and "a commitment [was] made that there [would] be no shutdown." The Trump administration In the 2016 presidential election, the GOP had 17 candidates. The Democratic Party had fewer potential candidates to choose from, and the campaign early on centered on Hillary Clinton, former Secretary of State, United States Senator from New York, and First Lady of the United States. A surprise challenger to Clinton appeared in 74-year-old Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, a self-identified democratic socialist and the one of only two independents in the Senate. Despite attracting a large, enthusiastic following among mostly young voters, Sanders was unable to secure the nomination. When the primary season finished in the spring, Clinton secured the Democratic nomination. Senator Bernie Sanders finally conceded the race, endorsing then presumptive nominee Hillary Clinton. Meanwhile, in June 2015, real estate mogul Donald Trump announced that he was seeking the presidency. Although Trump's announcement received little attention at first (he had mounted a short-lived third-party presidential run in 2000), he quickly bounded out of the gate with a populist message about his perceived decline of American economic and geopolitical prestige under the previous two administrations. By the start of the primary season in early 2016, Trump was polling ahead of the other GOP candidates despite his lack of political experience and attracting a considerable following among the party base. By the spring of 2016, most GOP candidates had dropped out of the running and Trump had no remaining challengers other than Ted Cruz and John Kasich. Some right wing conservatives and Christian groups continued to support Cruz, especially as there was controversy over Trump's personal life and relatively liberal attitude on social issues. However, Trump's economic message had widespread populist appeal and on May 3, Ted Cruz officially ended his presidential campaign. John Kasich followed suit the following day. As the primaries gave way to the general election, Hillary Clinton faced numerous controversies over her tenure as Secretary of State, namely an email server scandal. Polls and surveys showed that both Clinton and Trump had an overall negative image among voters. Meanwhile, Donald Trump chose as his running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence. Pence, a staunch conservative Christian, was seen as a way of winning over heartland conservatives, many of whom were Ted Cruz supporters wary of Trump's attitude on social issues. Clinton chose as her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine, seen as a way of connecting with blue collar white voters, Trump's base of support. During the general election, controversies over remarks Donald Trump had made over the years seen as demeaning to women came up, including a beauty pageant he had been a judge on in the 1990s where he had criticized the appearance of a contestant, as well as a leaked 2005 audio tape in which he made vulgar statements about the treatment of women. Hillary Clinton, however, continued to be embroiled in controversies of her own, the biggest being the revelation that she had used an unsecured private email server during her tenure as Secretary of State, leaving the possibility of having mismanaged or compromised classified documents. In addition, John Podesta, Clinton's campaign manager, had his private email account hacked, releasing over 20,000 campaign emails in October and November 2016 by WikiLeaks. On Election Day, November 8, Trump carried 306 electoral votes against Clinton's 232. He made considerable inroads into the old Rust Belt, carrying states such as Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania that had been safe Democratic territory since 1988. However, Donald Trump did not win the popular vote. This was the fifth time in American history that the outcome of the Electoral College did not match the outcome of the popular vote, the others happening in 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000. The GOP also retained control a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, controlling all branches of government. Allegations of Russian interference on behalf of Trump's candidacy in the 2016 election caused controversy during and after the election. On January 20, 2017, Trump took the oath of office as the 45th U.S. president in the face of large-scale demonstrations from protesters unhappy with the outcome of the election and of the incoming president. On his first day in office, he undertook a series of executive orders aimed at dismantling the Affordable Care Act and Trans-Pacific Partnership, and also moved to pass a temporary ban on refugees from several Middle Eastern states. This last action met with widespread criticism, and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed it as unconstitutional. On June 26, the Supreme Court overturned the 9th Circuit's decision, ruling that part of President Trump's executive order is constitutional. One of Trump's major accomplishments was nominating Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. On April 10, Gorsuch was sworn in. In 2018, President Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace the departing Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy. The nomination process soon became contentious after several women, most notably Palo Alto University psychology professor Christine Blasey Ford, accused Kavanaugh of past instances of sexual assault. After a series of hearings, the U.S. Senate voted to confirm Kavanaugh despite the controversy. In December 2017, Congress passed and President Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Act amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration. Major elements include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals; a personal tax simplification by increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, but eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions; limiting deductions for state and local income taxes (SALT) and property taxes; further limiting the mortgage interest deduction; reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations; reducing the number of estates impacted by the estate tax; and repealing the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that, under the Act, individuals and pass-through entities like partnerships and S corporations would receive about $1,125billion in net benefits (i.e. net tax cuts offset by reduced healthcare subsidies) over 10 years, while corporations would receive around $320billion in benefits. The individual and pass-through tax cuts fade over time and become net tax increases starting in 2027 while the corporate tax cuts are permanent. This enabled the Senate to pass the bill with only 51 votes, without the need to defeat a filibuster, under the budget reconciliation process. Tax cuts were reflected in individual worker paychecks as early as February 2018 and with the corporate tax rate being reduced from 35% to 21%, numerous major American corporations announced across-the-board pay raises and bonuses for their workers, expanded benefits and programs, and investments in capital improvements. Trump announced plans to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement in June 2017. The agreement prevented any country from leaving less than three years after it began, so the United States had to wait until November 4, 2019, to officially start the withdrawal process. After a mandatory one-year waiting period, the country left on November 4, 2020. On May 9, 2018, the Trump Administration withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (also known as the Iran Nuclear Deal) with Iran, and other Great Powers, over alleged violations of the agreement by the Iranians in regards toward their nuclear program. The effects of the tax cuts resulted in the U.S. economy stabilizing for a short period between early 2018 and September 2019. During that time, the 2018 midterm elections took place. The elections had the highest voter turnout of any midterm election since 1914; the Democratic Party regained majority control of the House of Representatives and the Republican Party expanded their majority in the Senate even though they received a minority of the popular vote. In October 2019, the Federal Reserve announced that it would conduct a repurchase agreement operation to provide funds in the repo markets after the overnight lending rates spiked well above the Fed's target rate during the week of September 16. At that time, the United States began to feel the effects of a global synchronized economic slowdown that began after global growth peaked in 2017 and industrial output started to decline in 2018. The IMF blamed 'heightened trade and geopolitical tensions' as the main reason for the slowdown, citing Brexit and the China–United States trade war as primary reasons for slowdown in 2019, while other economists blamed liquidity issues. On December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives brought forth two articles of impeachment (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress) against President Trump. Both articles were passed, impeaching Trump. Trump is the third President in American history to be impeached, after Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. On December 20, 2019, Trump signed the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act, establishing the United States Space Force as the sixth armed service branch, with Air Force General John "Jay" Raymond, the head of Air Force Space Command and U.S. Space Command, becoming the first Chief of Space Operations. On January 3, 2020, President Trump responded to an attack on the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad by ordering a drone strike against the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps's commanding general Qasem Soleimani and the PMF leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis at Baghdad International Airport. The incident sharply escalated a period of already strong tensions with Iran and lead to missile strikes on U.S. military forces in Iraq on January 8, 2020. At the same time, Iranian military forces mistakenly shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, leading to domestic unrest and international condemnation. In June 2020, the Supreme Court ruled against the Trump administration's order to rescind DACA, saying the administration had not provided adequate reasoning under the Administrative Procedure Act. DACA is a United States immigration policy that allows some individuals with unlawful presence in the United States after being brought to the country as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit in the U.S. To be eligible for the program, recipients cannot have felonies or serious misdemeanors on their records. Unlike the proposed DREAM Act, DACA does not provide a path to citizenship for recipients. In September 2020, the death of Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg prompted President Trump to nominate Amy Coney Barrett to fill the Supreme Court vacancy. Barrett's nomination was controversial because of its proximity to the 2020 presidential election. The Senate voted to confirm Barrett in a partisan vote. President Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, former Vice President under President Obama between 2009 - 2017. He became the first president to lose the popular vote in both elections contested, as well as the first president since George H. W. Bush's loss in 1992 to be defeated after his first term. Biden himself is the oldest person to win a United States presidential election and was the oldest president upon inauguration. The 2020 presidential election also saw Kamala Harris become the first woman and first person of African-American and Asian-American ancestry to be elected as Vice President of the United States. On January 6, 2021, during the Electoral College vote count, pro-Trump rioters stormed the Capitol building as part of a series of protests aimed to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. The Biden administration Joe Biden was inaugurated on January 20, 2021. He is the oldest President at his inauguration at 78 years old beating his predecessor Donald Trump's record of 70. His vice president, Kamala Harris, was elected alongside Biden and is the first female vice president in American history. On his first day in office, Biden began the readmission process to the Paris Agreement. The United States officially rejoined on February 19, 2021. On his second day, he issued a series of executive orders to reduce the impact of COVID-19, including invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950, and set an early goal of achieving one hundred million COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States in his first 100 days. Race The mid-2010s saw the return of racial unrest in the country, as well as the continued growth of racial polarization, white nationalism, and a deterioration of race relations in the U.S. "A Post-Racial Nation" Some Americans saw the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama, and his election in 2008 as the first black president of the United States, as a sign that the nation had, in fact, become post-racial. The conservative radio host Lou Dobbs, for example, said in November 2009, "We are now in a 21st-century post-partisan, post-racial society." Two months later, Chris Matthews, an MSNBC host, said of President Obama, "He is post-racial by all appearances. You know, I forgot he was black tonight for an hour." However, public opinion on whether the United States is post-racial is itself divided starkly by race. In a Washington Post/ABC News poll conducted in December 2014, about 50% of white respondents said they believed that the justice system treats Americans of all races equally, but only 10% of African Americans said the same. In the spring of 2015, according to a Gallup poll, 13 percent of black Americans surveyed identified race relations as the most important problem the United States faces, compared with 4 percent of white Americans. Arguments that the United States is not post-racial frequently emphasize the treatment of African Americans and other racial minorities in the criminal justice system and in interactions with the police. Killings of unarmed African Americans, often by police officers, have been widely publicized. In 2015, according to a study by The Guardian, police officers in the United States killed 7.13 black Americans per million, compared with 2.91 white Americans per million. Additionally: Such killings had a marked effect on public perceptions of race relations in America. The 13 percent of black Americans who called race relations the most pressing problem in the United States in the spring 2015 Gallup poll dwarfed the 3 percent that Gallup reported at the beginning of 2014. And the percentage of white Americans who said race relations were the most important issue rose to 4 percent in 2015 from 1 percent in 2014. In response to high-profile incidents such as the fatal shootings of Michael Brown, Aiyana Jones, Trayvon Martin, Laquan McDonald, Tamir Rice, and Walter Scott, and the death of Freddie Gray from a spinal-cord injury sustained in police custody, academics and journalists have denounced claims that America is post-racial. Ta-Nehisi Coates wrote in The Atlantic in 2015 that the phrase “post-racial” was “usually employed by talk-show hosts and news anchors looking to measure progress in the Obama era.” And Anna Holmes wrote in The New York Times, "Chattel slavery and the legacies it left behind continue to shape American society. Sometimes it seems as if the desire for a ‘post-racial’ America is an attempt by white people to liberate themselves from the burden of having to deal with that legacy." However, others argue that post-racial politics champions aggressive action to deliver economic opportunity and weed out police misconduct, without the divisive framing of racial identity. Under this view, there is no claim that America has attained a fully post-racial society, however it is argued that news selection is skewed toward amplifying racial conflict, events demonstrating racial harmony are dismissed as non-newsworthy, and that such media conflict-bias acts to undermine trust and impede progress. Rather, any true measure of race relations must gauge the everyday daily experiences of Americans in interacting with people of differing backgrounds. An assumption is that the media will cherry-pick the most outrageous, racially-inflammatory events to cover no matter how infrequently they are occurring, and thus misreport progress toward a post-racial ideal. The central tenet of post-racial problem-solving practice is to seek the "alternative explanation" when conflict arises (presuming non-racist motives in others), in order to find common ground and creatively resolve the conflict. Examples of post-racial framing in attacking misconduct by the Criminal Justice System are video recording of all police-citizen interactions, creating a Citizens Review Board with investigative powers, and assigning an independent prosecutor. Or, in the educational sphere, creating charters, academies and school choice to turn around under-performing schools. The divide in public opinion on the status of race in America was reflected in reactions to the Black Lives Matter movement. In response to the "black lives matter" rallying cry, some people, including politicians, began using the phrase "all lives matter". After a sheriff's deputy in Harris County, Texas, was fatally shot while pumping gas in August, Sheriff Ron Hickman claimed that the rhetoric of Black Lives Matter activists had contributed to the killing and said, "We’ve heard 'black lives matter'. All lives matter. Well, cops’ lives matter, too. So why don't we just drop the qualifier and just say 'lives matter', and take that to the bank.' Supporters of the Black Lives Matter movement criticized the "all lives matter" phrase, arguing that it minimized the systemic threats faced by African Americans. President Obama said in October, "There is a specific problem that is happening in the African-American community that’s not happening in other communities." Andrew Rosenthal wrote, similarly, in The New York Times, "The point of 'Black Lives Matter' is that the lives of African-Americans have come under special and deadly threat since before the birth of this country." Evidence of continued racial divisions in the United States can also be found in demographics. For instance, African Americans account for less than 15 percent of the total population of Michigan, but more than 82 percent of the population of the state's largest city, Detroit — and Detroit, like many cities whose residents are predominantly black, has "self-segregated schools, dwindling tax bases and decaying public services". African Americans and law enforcement Even after the end of the crack epidemic, there remained a large disparity in crime rates between black people and whites, with black people accounting for 28% of arrests in 2013; over 50% of homicides and robberies where the race of the offender was known were committed by black suspects. As most crime is intraracial, most of their victims were black as well, and crime remained concentrated within black communities. Due to high crime rates, many inner city areas were heavily policed, often by police forces drawn from the population of the greater urban area rather than the local, primarily black, population, resulting in many black people feeling that they were being discriminated against by law enforcement. By 2009, black people accounted for 39.4% of the prison population in the United States. The incarceration rate of black males was over six times higher than that of white males, with a rate of 4,749 per 100,000 U.S. residents. In August 2014, Darren Wilson, a white policeman in Ferguson, Missouri shot and killed Michael Brown, an 18-year-old unarmed black man who had robbed a nearby convenience store fifteen minutes earlier. While a grand jury investigation found that Wilson had acted in self-defense after Brown attacked him on two separate occasions, locals hostile to the police claimed that Brown had been gunned down while surrendering. Racial tensions in Ferguson between the mainly black population and mainly white police force led to both peaceful protests and riots, and several buildings were looted and set on fire. In response, the Ferguson Police Department deployed military-grade riot gear and riot control weaponry to disperse crowds and maintain order. Further protests erupted after the death of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black resident of Staten Island, New York who died after being put in a nineteen-second long chokehold by NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo while resisting arrest. Garner was being investigated by the NYPD under suspicion of illegally selling cigarettes. Pantaleo's acquittal by a grand jury in December led to nationwide protests by a movement which came to call itself Black Lives Matter. As media coverage of police shootings intensified, protests erupted in the wake of the July 5, 2016 shooting of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and the July 6 shooting of Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minnesota. On July 7, towards the end of one of these protests in Dallas, Texas, Micah Xavier Johnson ambushed and fired upon a group of police officers, killing five officers and injuring nine others. Two civilians were also wounded. Johnson was an Army Reserve Afghan War veteran who was reportedly angry over police shootings of black men and stated that he wanted to kill white people, especially white police officers. Following the shooting, Johnson fled inside a building on the campus of El Centro College. Police followed him there, and a standoff ensued. In the early hours of July 8, police killed Johnson with a bomb attached to a remote control bomb disposal robot. It was the first time U.S. law enforcement used a robot to kill a suspect. The shooting was the deadliest incident for U.S. law enforcement officers since the September 11 attacks in 2001 and saw a massive uprising of public support for U.S. police officers in the form of the Blue Lives Matter movement. The George Floyd protests and riots against police brutality that began as local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota before spreading throughout the United States and then worldwide. The protests began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, following the murder of George Floyd during an arrest the previous day. Minneapolis Police Department officer Derek Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for over nine minutes, asphyxiating him, with the help of three other police. Floyd had been handcuffed and pinned to the ground. Protests quickly spread across the United States and internationally in support of Black Lives Matter. At least twelve major cities declared a curfew on the evening of Saturday, May 30, and as of June 2, governors in 24 states and Washington, D.C, had called in the National Guard, with over 17,000 troops activated. Unite the Right rally On August 13, 2017, Trump condemned violence "on many sides" after a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia, the previous day (August 12) turned deadly. A white supremacist drove a car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing one woman, Heather Heyer, and injuring 19 others. According to Attorney General Jeff Sessions, that action met the definition of domestic terrorism. During the rally there had been other violence, as some counter-protesters charged at the white nationalists with swinging clubs and mace, throwing bottles, rocks, and paint. Trump did not expressly mention Neo-Nazis, white supremacists, or the alt-right movement in his remarks on August 13, but the following day (August 14) he did denounce white supremacists as he had done as a candidate the previous year. He condemned "the KKK, neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other hate groups". Then the next day (August 15), he again blamed "both sides". Many Republican and Democratic elected officials condemned the violence and hatred of white nationalists, neo-Nazis and alt-right activists. Trump came under criticism from world leaders and politicians, as well as a variety of religious groups and anti-hate organizations for his remarks, which were seen as muted and equivocal. The New York Times reported that Trump "was the only national political figure to spread blame for the 'hatred, bigotry and violence' that resulted in the death of one person to 'many sides, and said that Trump had "buoyed the white nationalist movement on Tuesday as no president has done in generations". White nationalist groups felt "emboldened" after the rally and planned additional demonstrations. The End Domestic Terrorism rally (sometimes referred to by the slogan "Better Dead Than Red") was a Proud Boys demonstration held in Portland, Oregon, on August 17, 2019. The event received national attention. COVID-19 pandemic In January 2020, the first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found in the United States. There have been subsequent mass temporary business closures and self-quarantine efforts across the country. Fears about the impending global spread of the disease were the primary cause of a stock market crash which began in late February 2020. The broader economy in the U.S. has also been greatly impacted. On February 25, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak. A national emergency was declared by President Trump on March 13. In early March, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened restrictions so anyone with a doctor's order could be tested. By the end of the month, more than a million people had been tested (1 per 320 inhabitants). The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment. In late March, the administration started to use the Defense Production Act to direct industries to produce medical equipment. Federal health inspectors who surveyed hospitals in late March found shortages of test supplies, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results. By early May, the U.S. had processed around 6.5 million tests, and was conducting around 250,000 tests per day, but experts said this level of testing was still not enough to contain the outbreak. By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa. State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), stay-at-home orders, and the closure of schools. Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations. A second rise of infections began in June 2020, primarily driven by relaxed restrictions in several states, primarily, but not all Southern, including Alabama, South Carolina, Florida, Texas, Arizona and Arkansas, among others. By July 17, 2020, New York State ranked first in the most confirmed COVID-19 cases at over 400,000 followed by California with 350,000 and was one of the first states to have a case in January 2020, but New York was the global epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the nation's first peak in March and April before their curve was lowered, while California surged in the second peak in June and July. See also Presidency of George W. Bush Presidency of Barack Obama Presidency of Donald Trump Presidency of Joe Biden Timeline of United States history Timeline of United States history (2010–present) Timeline of modern American conservatism List of federal political scandals in the United States (21st century) Timelines 2021 in the United States 2021 in politics and government References Further reading Alter, Jonathan. The Promise: President Obama, Year One (2010) table of contents, excerpt, search Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics 2018: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (2017), 2080pp, covers all the live politicians with elaborate detail; this series has appeared every two years since 1975 Watson, Robert P., ed. The Obama Presidency: A Preliminary Assessment (State University of New York Press; 2012) 443 pages; essays by scholars United States 21st century in the United States

52935107

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Dare%20%28TV%20series%29

Double Dare (TV series)

Double Dare is a mystery television series that was broadcast on CBS for only one season in 1985, on Wednesday nights at 8:00 pm ET. The premise for this show is similar to that of the earlier series It Takes a Thief. Plot Professional thief Billy Diamond is captured by San Francisco Police Lieutenant Samantha Warner, who offers him a deal: if he uses his burglary skills to work undercover for the police, he won't have to go to jail. Diamond agrees, on the condition that his former partner in crime, Ken Sisko, is sprung from jail to work as his partner in crimefighting. Cast Billy Dee Williams as Billy Diamond Ken Wahl as Ken Sisko Janet Carroll as Lt. Samantha Warner Joseph Maher as Sylvester Episodes Seven episodes were made, but only six were broadcast. Home media At present, this series is not available on DVD. References External links 1980s American mystery television series 1985 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings 1980s American drama television series CBS original programming Television shows set in San Francisco

52935560

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame%20Zeno

Madame Zeno

Madame Zeno ( – ) was an early Aeronaut, an actor, and an entertainer famous at the turn of the 20th century for her performance of suspending from a trapeze below a parachute attached to Hot Air Balloon and cutting loose from a balloon floating back to earth while hanging from the trapeze beneath the parachute. Aka: Mademoiselle, Mme., M'lle, and Madame Alice Zeno Early years Lucy Alice Huonker (Americanized Hunger) was born 25 June 1869 in Blairsville, Pennsylvania. Lucy was the only child born to Martian A Huonker of Germany and Lucy Curry of Pennsylvania. Her parents did not marry and Lucy was raised by her Grandmother Nancy Curry. Lucy made her first appearance in the News as a young girl. When she was just 15 Lucy and her friend Annie Miller hopped on a train, the Philadelphia Express, heading east along the tracks behind her grandma's house. The two runaways were reported and a telegraph was sent ahead to the police in Johnstown, Pennsylvania where the two were taken into custody. Annie's father retrieved the two girls the following day. Career Introduction into balloon ascension While visiting Cincinnati, Ohio in 1890 she attended a theater matinee about balloon ascension. After the show she approached the presenter, Professor Zeno, whose real name was Paul Hague, and insisted she could do that. After some discussion Professor Zeno offered her a job. The following day Professor Zeno gave his new understudy a pair of tights and showed her what to do. She made her first ascension at the Coney Island Amusement park near Cincinnati whose season was from June 12 to August 31. Lucy was 21 at the time of her first flight. Her second ascension was just across the Ohio River at Silver Grove, Kentucky owned by Harry Davis of Pittsburgh. How it's done Lucy "Madame Zeno" would hang or sit on a trapeze that was attached to a parachute whose top was in turn attached to a hot air balloon. The balloon would be inflated from the hot air generated by a bonfire. When the balloon was full the ground crew would release the restraints and the entire contraption would head skyward. The balloons typical maximum altitude was between 3000 and 4000 feet. Once it reached this altitude and the noise of the world below had disappeared Madame Zeno would pull a rope that cut the parachute free from the balloon. The trapeze would drop a few hundred feet and the red, white, and blue parachute overhead would blossom bring her safely back to earth. While floating back to Earth Madame Zeno would wave to the crowd and perform various moves on the trapeze. Madame Zeno used no safety belts or lines to prevent injury should she fall from a height but relied solely on her strength and balance to stay firmly on the trapeze. She recalled making $500 on that first day, $400 for the ascension and another $100 for taking up an advertising banner and selling photos of her and the crew. Headlining After a season with Professor Zeno she went on her own, maintaining the name Madame Zeno. She spent the next 18 years performing at Fairs and Amusement parks during Fourth of July and other celebrations across the nation during the summer. During the winter she worked as an actress in stage melodramas. Some performances 1890 Between Jun 12 - Aug 31: First ascension at Coney Island, Ohio resort. 1890 Between Jun 12 - Aug 31: Second ascension across the Ohio River at Silver Grove Park, Kentucky. 1891 late Aug - Sept: Wenona Beach Resort, Michigan. Zeno teams with Alice Whorter "King and Queen of the Clouds" 1891 Oct 13 - 17: Ohio Humane Society Fair, Carthage Fairgrounds. 1893 Sep 4-8: West Virginia Exposition and State Fair, Wheeling, WV. (Cousin Willie Sayer goes up with Prof. Trainer) 1900 May 30: Oakwood Park, Pittsburgh, PA("Decoration Day”, Ropes twisted and stayed with balloon once) 1900 Jul 4: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA(Balloon catches fire.) 1900 Jul 7: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Jul 13: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Jul 20: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Jul 27: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Aug 3: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Aug 10: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Aug 31: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1900 Sep 8: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA(Race against Senorita Della, Labor Day, Rescued from tree after win) 1901 Jul 4: Schenley Park Pittsburgh, PA 1901 Jul: Lake Cohasset, Youngstown, OH (caught in a tree) 1901 Aug 6: Idora Park, Youngstown, OH 1901 Aug 14: Delphos, Ohio (The Red Men's Pow-Wow) Madam Zeno and John Knarr of Lima perform. 1901 Aug 29: Indiana, PA (15th Annual Indiana County Soldiers Association) Over 400 flights 1 Acdt 8 yrs ago Veterans Day 1901 Sep 12-13: Indiana, PA (45th Annual Indiana fair) 1902 May 30: Calhoun Park, PA – Memorial Day Amusements 1902 Jun 26: Canonsburg, PA - Centennial Anniversary 1902 Jul 4: Schenley Park, PA (President Teddy Roosevelt) 1902 Aug 28: Calhoun Park, PA 1902 Aug 29: Calhoun Park, PA 1903 Jun 17: Aliequippa Park, PA (12th annual Homestead Business Men's Picnic) 1909 Jul 4: Pittsburgh, PA (Returns to this city after an absence of 6 years.) 1909 Aug 19: Rock Point Park - Merchant & Manufacturers Picnic, Ellwood City, PA Mr President 4 July 1902 Schenley Park, Pennsylvania might have been one of the more memorable performances for Madame Zeno. President Theodore Roosevelt was on his way to his summer cottage at Oyster Bay, New York and stopped to deliver the Independence Day oration at Schenley Park. The President's train was composed of three cars in the first section of the Atlantic Express, East including his special car called the Olympia. Roosevelt was accompanied by Attorney General Knox, Secretary Cortelyou, the President's physician Dr. John F Urie, James Creelman of the New York “Journal”, executive stenographer Mr. Latta, and six secret service men. Billed at the time as the “Greatest Fourth of July that Pittsburgh has ever know” with the parade seen by an estimated 600,000 people. Just before the band played “Hail to the Chief” Madame Zeno's balloon soared towards the sky until she seemed just a speck dangling below the balloon. The crowd grew silent and she cut loose from the balloon. Within a few second the parachute blossomed and a ripple of applause welcomed her as she floated toward the earth just in time for the band to begin playing for the President. After the show President Teddy Roosevelt pinned a medal on her. The President gave his address surrounded by more than 100,000 men, women, and children at the foot of Flagstaff Hill. By midnight more than 750,000 people had visited Schenley Park with no serious accidents to mar the festivities. Close call The occasional alighting in a tree was the most common hazard for the parachuting balloonist but on one occasion she experienced an explosion. The bonfire used to fill the balloon with hot air was made using 5 gallons of kerosene and eight or ten oak barrels. At Aliequippa Park on 17 June 1903 the bonfire used in the balloon ascension prematurely exploded resulting in the injury of Madame Zeno. She was severely burned about the limbs and body. The explosion was caused by the fact that the oil man sent her gasoline instead of carbon oil and this exploded. Final performance and retirement 20 August 1909, Rock Point Park in Ellwood, Pennsylvania: With a crowd of about 8,000 Madam Zeno began her final ascent. Her helper, 17 year old Michael Frances Conroy, was suffering a compound fracture of the arm due to a fall of 70 feet the prior week in Freeport, Long Island. It took 100 or more men to hold the balloon down as local Davy Ball manned the fire to fill the envelope before Madame Zeno ordered the balloon to be released. Upon reaching about 1000 feet she hung by her knees and waved to the crowd below. Once she reached 4,000 feet the wind carried her across the Connoquenessing Creek and almost two miles from the park before Madame Zeno cut loose. She landed in a wet ravine and was up to her waist in water and scratched by the thick briers. Farmer Robert Ramsey assisted her in getting out of the marsh. She told the reporter that was the most dangerous ascent she had ever made due to the deep ravines and craggy hillsides of the surroundings. She did wear a life-preserver on her waist in case of landing in the water, as her friend and teacher had drowned after landing in water. At the age of 30 and weight of 152 pounds she felt it was time to retire. She returned to Pittsburgh and her helper Frances Conroy returned to Newark, New Jersey. After the death of her second husband she moved to California trying her hand at acting in Hollywood but found she did not like it. She settled in Long Beach, California and worked as a hotel manager. On her 90th birthday 25 June 1959 Mrs Alice Zeno Walter took her first airplane ride courtesy of a former neighbor Robert Dilday, his son Burr, and Aircraft Associates head of the flying school Spud Martin. Chief pilot Chuck Berns, took Madame Zeno up in a twin engine Piper Apache for a 30-minute aerial tour of the Long Beach waterfront, the Marina and Disneyland. When they returned to the flight line Zeno was presented a bouquet of roses and a birthday cake. She was asked if she would like to learn to fly and she responded she was too old but wondered if they would let her do a parachute jump out of an airplane. Family Madame Zeno married twice, first to fellow balloon aeronaut John Hunter Whorter, stage name Professor Trainer, 4 August 1891 in Essex, Canada. Her second marriage 15 July 1903 was to entertainer Peter “Pete” Frank Walter, stage name Pete F Baker, in Ontario, Canada. Pete was a member of ”Baker and Farron” and famous for his black face acts including Aunt Jemima. She had no children and after the death of her second husband sometime after 1915 she moved to California in 1918 and eventually settled in Long Beach where she remained until her death in 1964. Death Alice Zeno Walter died 22 May 1964 after two days in Long Beach General Hospital with Bronchopneumonia. She was 94 years old. Her body was donated to the USC School of Medicine 26 May 1964. References External links Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta: By Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta Heritage Committee High Frontier: A History of Aeronautics in Pennsylvania Skydiving Museum and Hall of Fame Balloon bail-out-the Perils of Parachuting Jumping from a Balloon in the 19th Century Provessor Baldwin, the Victorian Daredevil Historical and Genealogical Society of Indiana County Canonsburg, Images of America Aviators from Pennsylvania 1869 births 1964 deaths

53277963

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Chicago%20mayoral%20election

2019 Chicago mayoral election

The 2019 Chicago mayoral election was the 2019 edition of the quadrennial elections held to determine the Mayor of the City of Chicago, Illinois. The election was held on February 26, 2019. Since no candidate received a majority of votes, a run-off election was held on April 2, 2019, between the two candidates with the most votes, Lori Lightfoot and Toni Preckwinkle. Lightfoot defeated Preckwinkle in the run-off election to become Mayor. Lightfoot was sworn in as mayor on May 20, 2019. The election was officially non-partisan, with its winner being elected to a four-year term. The elections were part of the 2019 Chicago elections, which included elections for City Council, City Clerk, and City Treasurer. Incumbent Mayor Rahm Emanuel initially announced he would run for a third term but withdrew in September 2018. Emanuel was first elected in 2011 (winning in the first round with 55.19% of the vote) and re-elected in 2015 (receiving 55.7% of the vote in the run-off election). The run-off was historic, as it assured Chicago would elect its first African-American female mayor, its second elected African-American Mayor, after Harold Washington, and its second female mayor, after Jane Byrne. Not only is Lightfoot the first African-American woman mayor in Chicago's history, but she is also the first openly LGBT person to lead Chicago. Lightfoot's election made Chicago the largest city won by an African American woman, as well as the largest by an openly LGBT person, in United States history. Campaign First round Incumbent mayor Rahm Emanuel declared his intent to seek re-election on October 17, 2017. One month later, Troy LaRaviere became the first opponent to declare their intent to run against Emanuel. Later, in 2018, more opponents would declare their intent to run against Emanuel, with Garry McCarthy and Willie Wilson doing so in March, Dorothy A. Brown Cook, Ja'Mal Green, and Neal Sáles-Griffin doing so in April, Lori Lightfoot, John Kozlar, and Paul Vallas doing so in May, Matthew Rooney doing so in June, and Amara Enyia and Jerry Joyce doing so in August. By the end of the Summer of 2018, a dozen individuals had declared their candidacies. On September 4, 2018, Emanuel announced that he would no longer be seeking re-election. Emanuel's announcement shook up the race, with many new candidates declaring their candidacies for mayor in the weeks that followed. In late November, much of the media coverage on the race showed Toni Preckwinkle and Susana Mendoza (both of whom had entered the race after Emanuel bowed out) to be considered its two frontrunners. The race for mayor was upended by Alderman Ed Burke's corruption scandal. Mayoral candidates Toni Preckwinkle, Susana Mendoza, Gery Chico, and Bill Daley all had connections to the disgraced alderman, and the scandal encouraged an anti-corruption and anti-machine politics sentiment among voters. A number of issues were debated by the candidates throughout the campaign. One of the major issues was pensions, as the city's annual pensions contribution had been projected to double between 2018 and 2023. Another issue was education, where sub-issues included school closings that had taken place under the Emanuel administration and the possibility of reforming the school-board selection method. Another issue was crime. Particularly in light of cases such as the murder of Laquan McDonald, issues regarding practices by the city's law enforcement were also discussed by candidates. Another issue was the use of tax increment financing by the city. Affordable housing was another issue debated. Ethics reforms were also debated. Taxes were another issue debated, with some candidates advocating for a commuter tax and some candidates advocating for a property tax freeze. After ballot challenges were settled, a total of fourteen candidates were included on the ballot for the first round of the election. This is the most candidates that have ever been on the ballot in the history of Chicago mayoral elections. The first round of the election was considered highly competitive to the end, with a number of candidates shown by polls to be viable contenders to potentially advance to the run-off. For example, a poll conducted February 11–13 by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc. for the media outlets Telemundo/NBC 5 Chicago illustrated what the outlets described as a tight five-way race between (in alphabetical order) Chico, Daley, Lightfoot, Mendoza, and Preckwinkle. On February 24, The Wall Street Journal described the race's polling as showing six candidates with the possibility of making the run-off, with the five strongest contenders being described as (in alphabetical order) Chico, Daley, Lightfoot, Mendoza, and Preckwinkle. Also on February 24, Chicago magazine wrote that it considered six individuals to have a chance of making the run-off, with those individuals being (in alphabetical order) Chico, Daley, Lightfoot, Mendoza, Preckwinkle, and Wilson. In the first round, Lori Lightfoot placed first and Toni Preckwinkle placed second, securing them both a spot in the run-off election. Lightfoot's first-place finish in the first round was regarded to be an upset. She was seen as a long-shot when she first entered the race. In late-January, Lightfoot's support in publicly released polls had only ranged between 2% and 5%. Despite her low poll numbers in January, Lightfoot had persisted in her campaign, performing well in debates and running some ads on television. She won the endorsement of the Chicago Sun-Times. She also garnered new personal endorsements, including those of the Scott Waguespack, David Orr, and Robin Kelly, of whom the Chicago Sun-Times' Mark Brown would later write in exploring the contributing factors to Lightfoot's first-round victory, "none of them heavyweights but influential enough to point the way for progressive voters looking for some sign, any sign, of how to pick their way through the thicket of candidates." While Lightfoot rose to the top of some polls near the end of the race, she had peaked in support so late in the race that none of the other candidates had been focused on running negative ads against her. Lightfoot also was seen as ultimately benefiting from the Burke corruption scandal, as she was running as an "political outsider" on an anti-corruption platform. Preckwinkle's allies had also, accidentally, provided Lightfoot with free media attention on two noteworthy occasions. The first incident occurred February 18, when one of Lightfoot's press conferences was crashed by Preckwinkle ally Robert Martwick, with whom Lightfoot got into a heated exchange. The second incident where Preckwinkle's camp generated free headlines for Lightfoot was when, days before the first round of the election, her campaign manager, Scott Cisek, published a Facebook post likening Lightfoot to a Nazi, leading to his firing by the Preckwinkle campaign. In Chicago, ethnic/racial coalitions had often played a key role in elections. As such, many of the candidates were seen as targeting different groups with their campaigns. Hispanic candidates Gery Chico and Susana Mendoza were seen as vying for the Hispanic vote. Toni Preckwinkle and Willie Wilson were seen as targeting the black vote. Bill Daley was seen as targeting the white vote. Lightfoot was seen as breaking the rules of traditional Chicago politics by not basing her candidacy on seeking the support of particular ethnic/racial groups. Run-off Throughout the run-off, Lightfoot led Preckwinkle in polls. For the run-off, Lightfoot received endorsements from seven of the twelve candidates that had been eliminated in the first round (Gery Chico, Jerry Joyce, John Kozlar, Susana Mendoza, Neal Sales-Griffin, Paul Vallas, and Willie Wilson). Preckwinkle, in contrast, received no endorsements from any candidates that had been eliminated in the first round. In what was considered a "sweep" of the city's major publications, retaining her endorsement from the Chicago Sun-Times, for the run-off, Lightfoot also received the endorsements of the Chicago Tribune and Crain's Chicago Business (both of which had endorsed Bill Daley in the first round). Both Lightfoot and Preckwinkle positioned themselves as self-declared, "progressives". In the run-off, Preckwinkle highlighted her depth of government experience and sought to emphasize a contrast with Lightfoot's lack of experience in elected office. Lightfoot criticized Preckwinkle's connections with controversial figures such as Ed Burke and Joseph Berrios. The two candidates differed on rent control, with Preckwinkle seeking the repeal of a state law prohibiting local governments from imposing rent control, while Lightfoot did not advocate for rent control in Chicago. The candidates differed on prospective term limits, with Preckwinkle opposing them, and Lightfoot advocating limiting both mayoral tenures and City Council committee chairmanships to two terms. Preckwinkle sought to create a ban on aldermen holding outside jobs, while Lightfoot differed, instead preferring to only ban them from holding outside jobs that pose conflicts of interest with official their duties. Preckwinkle wanted the power to draw ward maps to remain in the hands of the City Council, while Lightfoot wanted a non-partisan and independent process to be created for redistricting. Preckwinkle defended retaining the practice of "aldermanic prerogative", while Lightfoot sought to bring an end to the practice. The candidates also differed on whether they would retain incumbent Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department Eddie T. Johnson, with Preckwinkle having stating that she planned to immediately dismiss Johnson of his post, while Lightfoot stated that she planned to retain him at least through the summer of 2019. Lightfoot ultimately won a landslide victory in the run-off. Candidates In order to be listed on the ballot, candidates were required to submit petitions between November 19 and 26. Any certified candidate (those whose petitions had been certified by the Board of Elections) may have had their nomination papers challenged up until December 1. Those candidates with properly-filed challenges against their petitions would have their candidature subjected to hearings and procedures which would assess the validity of their petitions. If any candidate failed to file a statement of economic interests within five days of having their petition certified, then their certification would be revoked. The deadline to file a notarized declaration of intent to be a write–in candidate was December 27, 2018. An exception to the December 27 deadline for write-in candidates to file their declaration of intent existed for circumstances in which a candidate lost their certification after the December 27 deadline due to the outcome of a challenge to their petitions (candidates in this circumstance were granted until February 19 to file a notarized declaration of intent to run as a write-in candidate). Certified candidates (those whose petitions had been certified by the Board of Elections) were permitted to have their name removed from the ballot if they officially withdrew any time before December 20, 2018. Even if they informally withdrew by ceasing to campaign, all certified candidates that did not file to formally withdraw before the December 20 deadline would have their names listed on the ballot regardless of whether they were still active contenders. However, after December 20 candidates still may have filed to officially withdraw, an action which would have instructed the Board of Elections to deem all votes cast for the candidates as invalid when tallying votes. Due to the time needed to complete process of reviewing nearly 200 challenges to candidate petitions in the mayoral race and other municipal elections, the start of the early voting period for the first round had been delayed to January 29 from its previously scheduled January 17 date. The total of fourteen candidates on the February mayoral ballot is record-setting for Chicago mayoral elections. Candidates who advanced to run-off Candidates eliminated in the first round Write-in candidates A full list of eligible write-ins was made available to precincts on election day. Rebecca Ayers Catherine Brown D'Tycoon, activist Ja'Mal Green, executive director of the Majostee Allstars Community Center and Black Lives Matter activist Daniel Fein Ryan Friedman Stephen Hodge John P. Loftus Richard Benedict Mayers, perennial candidate and alleged white supremacist, write-in candidate for Chicago City Clerk, Treasurer, and alderman in 2019; congressional candidate in 2000, 2002, 2008, 2016, and 2018; 1998 State House candidate; 1993 Berwyn city clerk and city treasurer candidate Tamara McCullough AKA Tamar Manasseh Robert A. Palmer Ziff A. Sistrunk Eric "Kubi" James Stewart Romaine Ware Roger L. Washington, police officer, educator at Malcolm X College, pastor, candidate for alderman in Chicago's 24th ward in 2015 Gregory Young Petitions rejected The following candidates had been denied inclusion on the ballot following successful challenges to their petitions: Conrien Hykes Clark, octogenarian elementary school volunteer Dorothy A. Brown Cook, Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County since 2000 Catherine Brown D'Tycoon, activist subsequently ran as write-in Sandra L. Mallory, former local school council president, former Chicago Public Schools security officer, candidate for alderman in Chicago's 15th ward in 2003 and 2015 Richard Mayers, perennial candidate and alleged white supremacist, congressional candidate in 2000, 2002, 2008, 2016, and 2018; 1998 State House candidate; 1993 Berwyn city clerk and city treasurer candidate subsequently ran as write-in Roger L. Washington, police officer, educator at Malcolm X College, pastor, candidate for alderman in Chicago's 24th ward in 2015 subsequently ran as write-in Withdrew The following individuals are previously declared candidates who had terminated their candidacies. Unless otherwise indicated, these individuals did not submit petitions: Rahm Emanuel, incumbent Mayor of Chicago Ja'Mal Green (had submitted petition), executive director of the Majostee Allstars Community Center and Black Lives Matter activist subsequently ran as write-in William J. Kelly, radio host and perennial candidate, candidate for mayor in 2015, gubernatorial candidate in 2018, candidate for state comptroller in 2010, congressional candidate in 1994 Troy LaRaviere, president of the Chicago Principals and Administrators Association Matthew Rooney William "Dock" Walls, perennial candidate, candidate for mayor in 2007, 2011, 2015 Declined The following are prospective and speculative candidates that declined to run: Chance the Rapper, rapper, singer-songwriter, record producer Richard Boykin, former member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners Anthony Beale, Alderman from the 9th ward Walter Burnett Jr., Alderman from the 27th ward Tom Dart, Cook County Sheriff Arne Duncan, former U.S. Secretary of Education and former CEO of Chicago Public Schools Bridget Gainer, member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners Chuy García, Congressman from Illinois's 4th congressional district, former member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners and candidate for mayor in 2015 Luis Gutierrez, former Congressman from Illinois's 4th congressional district Valerie Jarrett, former director of the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs Ra Joy, executive director of CHANGE Illinois and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2018 Raymond Lopez, alderman of the 15th Ward Lisa Madigan, former Attorney General of Illinois Proco Joe Moreno, member of the Chicago City Council from the 1st ward David Orr, former Cook County Clerk, former mayor of Chicago 1987–1987; Ricardo Muñoz, member of the Chicago City Council from the 22nd ward Maria Pappas, Cook County Treasurer Ameya Pawar, member of the Chicago City Council, and candidate for governor in 2018 Mike Quigley, Congressman from Illinois's 5th congressional district Pat Quinn, candidate for Illinois Attorney General in 2018, former Governor of Illinois, former Lieutenant Governor of Illinois and former Treasurer of Illinois Carlos Ramirez-Rosa, Alderman for the 35th Ward (running for re-election) Kwame Raoul, Attorney General of Illinois, former member of the Illinois Senate Larry Rogers Jr., commissioner of the Cook County Board Of Review Michael Sacks, chief executive officer of GCM Grosvenor Roderick Sawyer, member of the Chicago City Council and chair of the Chicago City Council Black Caucus Kurt Summers, City Treasurer of Chicago Pat Tomasulo, sportscaster, comedian Tom Tunney, member of the Chicago City Council from the 44th ward Anna M. Valencia, Chicago City Clerk Scott Waguespack, member of the Chicago City Council and chairman of the council's Progressive Reform Caucus Jesse White, Secretary of State of Illinois and former state representative Endorsements First round Run-off Fundraising First round Run-off Note that following totals include the amount raised in both rounds of the election Polling Run-off Ward poll(s) The following are run-off polls limited to voters in a single ward: If Rahm Emanuel were running for re-election, would you vote for him? with Dorothy Brown Cook and Rahm Emanuel with Gery Chico and Susana Mendoza with Bill Daley and Lori Lightfoot with Bill Daley and Susana Mendoza with Bill Daley and Toni Preckwinckle with Susana Mendoza and Garry McCarthy with Susana Mendoza and Toni Preckwinkle with Rahm Emanuel and Lori Lightfoot with Rahm Emanuel and Garry McCarthy with Rahm Emanuel and Paul Vallas First round Results First round Results by ward Seven candidates each had pluralities in at least one of the city's fifty wards. Wilson had pluralities in thirteen wards (Wards 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 34, 37) Lightfoot had pluralities in eleven wards (Wards 1, 25, 32, 33, 35, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49) Daley had pluralities in eight wards (Wards 2, 11, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 50) Mendoza had pluralities in seven wards (Wards 12, 14, 15, 22, 30, 31, 36) Preckwinkle had pluralities in six wards (Wards 3, 4, 5, 8, 26, 27) Joyce had pluralities in four wards (Wards 13, 19, 23, 41) Chico had a plurality in a single ward (Ward 10) Of the city's eighteen wards that are predominantly black, Wilson carried a plurality of the vote in thirteen (Wards 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 34, and 37) with Preckwinkle carrying a plurality of the vote in the remaining five (Wards 3, 4, 5, 8, and 27). In the combined vote of the city's predominately black wards, Wilson placed first, Preckwinkle placed second, Lightfoot placed third, Daley placed fourth, and Enyia placed fifth. Run-off Results by ward Lightfoot won all fifty of the city's wards. Additionally, Lightfoot won 2,049 of the city's 2,069 voting precincts (all but twenty), a victory for Lightfoot in more than 99.03% of precincts. Voter turnout First round Turnout in the first round of the election was 35.20%. The low turnout was attributed to poor youth turnout and a drop off in voter turnout from the 2018 midterms. The 35.32% turnout was higher than that of the first round of the 2015 election, but was lower than that of the 2015 run-off. Turnout was lower than in the previous open race in 2011. Turnout was reported to be lowest among the millennial age demographic, with a lower turnout among those under 35 than the previous lowest under-35 turnout in 2007. Run-off Run-off turnout was 32.89%. Portrayal in media The Steve James documentary series City So Real, which premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and was later televised on National Geographic on October 28, 2020, centers on the mayoral election. Timeline 2017 June: The organization Take Charge Chicago (led by former Illinois Governor Pat Quinn) begins circulating petitions to place a referendum on the November 2018 ballot which, if approved by voters, would have prohibited Chicago mayors from serving more than two consecutive terms. If approved by voters, this would have prevented incumbent mayor Rahm Emanuel from being eligible for re-election October 19: Rahm Emanuel declares his intention to seek re-election November 17: Troy LaRiviere announces candidacy 2018 March March 21: Garry McCarthy announces candidacy March 29: Willie Wilson announces candidacy April April 19: Dorothy A. Brown Cook announces candidacy April 20: Ja'Mal Green announces candidacy April 22: Neal Sáles-Griffin announces candidacy May May 2: Paul Vallas announces candidacy May 8: John Kozlar announces candidacy May 10: Lori Lightfoot announces candidacy August August 6: Take Charge Chicago formally submits to the Chicago Board of Election its petition for a term-limits referendum question to be included on the November 2018 ballot August 24: Trudy Leong announces candidacy August 29: Amara Enyia and Jerry Joyce announce candidacies August 31: Chicago Board of Elections rules that the term-limits referendum question petitioned by Take Charge Chicago had collected a sufficient number of valid signatures to preliminary qualify for inclusion on the November 2018 ballot September September 4: Rahm Emanuel withdraws September 11: Antoine Members and Charles Minor announce candidacies September 12: Chicago Board of Elections rules that the term-limits referendum question petitioned by Take Charge Chicago is ineligible for inclusion on the November 2018 ballot due to improper phrasing September 17: William M. Daley announces candidacy September 18: Gery Chico and William J. Kelly announce candidacies September 20: Toni Preckwinkle announces candidacy September 27: LaShawn Ford announces candidacy November November 13: Troy LaRiviere withdraws November 14: Susana Mendoza announces candidacy November 19: First day of petition filing Catherine Brown D'Tycoon, Jerry Joyce, Toni Preckwinkle, and Paul Vallas file petitions November 23: Conrien Hykes Clark files petition November 26: Final day of petition filing Dorothy A. Brown Cook, Gery Chico, William M. Daley, Amara Enyia, Robert Fioretti, La Shawn K. Ford, Ja'Mal Green, John Kozlar, Lori Lightfoot, Sandra L. Mallory, Richard Mayers, Garry McCarthy, Susana Mendoza, Neal Sáles-Griffin, Roger L. Washington submit petitions William J. Kelly withdraws November 27: William "Dock" Walls withdraws December December 3: Deadline for challenges to be filed Chico, Enyia, Fioretti, Joyce, Kozlar, Mallory, Preckwinkle, Vallas, and Wilson were not challenged, and were therefore certified as candidates and granted ballot status Challenges were filed against the petitions of Brown Cook, Brown D'Tycoon, Daley, Ford, Green, Hykes Clark, Lightfoot, Mayers, McCarthy, Mendoza, Sáles-Griffin, and Washington. December 20: Daley and McCarthy are both officially granted ballot status December 27: Deadline to declare intent to run as a write-in candidates Mendoza is officially granted ballot status The petitions of Hykes Clark, Mallory, and Mayers are rejected, effectively removing these candidates' names from the ballot Ja'Mal Green files to withdraw his name from the ballot and instead run as a write-in December 31: Ja'Mal Green withdraws 2019 January January 2: Lightfoot is officially granted ballot status The petitions of Brown D'Tycoon and Washington are rejected, effectively removing their names from the ballot January 12: Ford is officially granted ballot status January 22: Sáles-Griffin is officially granted ballot status The petition of Brown Cook is rejected, effectively removing her name from the ballot January 29: Early voting begins for first round of election February February 26: First round of election is held March March 15: Early voting begins for the run-off election April April 2: Run-off election is held References External links Chicago Mayoral Debate hosted by NBC5 and Telemundo Chicago, March 7, 2019, C-SPAN Chicago mayoral Chicago Chicago mayoral election Chicago mayoral election 2019 Lori Lightfoot

53392326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland%20Park%20Police%20Department

Overland Park Police Department

The Overland Park Police Department is a local police department in Kansas and is located in Johnson County, Kansas. The department was known as Mission Township Police Department prior to 1960. History The Overland Park Police Department (OPPD) was formed in 1960 when the Mission Township Police Department disbanded and became the Overland Park Police Department. The department was also formed when Overland Park became a "first class city". Tragedy first affected the Overland Park Police Department on January 19, 1968, when a Kansas Highway Patrol Sergeant, Eldon K. Miller, was shot and killed in Overland Park. The incident began with a bank robbery in Overland Park and during the robbery an Overland Park Police motorcycle officer was wounded and the suspects were then found in an apartment complex when officers found the getaway vehicle used in the robbery. Following the discovery officers set up a perimeter around the apartment complex and Trooper Miller hopped in a Johnson County Sheriff's Office patrol car and used the patrol car to cover other officers from gunfire, as he was moving the vehicle the suspects started shooting and gunfire hit Trooper Miller in the head killing him immediately. The suspects were arrested and sent to prison. Two Overland Park officers have been killed in the line of duty. Officer Deanna S. Rose was killed on January 6, 1985, when she was in the process of attempting to arrest an underage male for driving while drunk. As she tried to arrest him he knocked her down and got in his car and ran her over; she died two days later. He was later arrested for the crime and went to prison but was eventually released. She was the first female police officer killed in the state of Kansas. On January 20, 2018, OPPD Officer Clayton Jennison shot and killed 17-year-old John Albers while he investigating a call in which Albers was threatening to commit suicide. Friends of Albers who were concerned about his health and safety called 911 to report that John was threatening to harm himself. As Officer's arrived they waited outside of the house for a few minutes before waiting for other officers before approaching. Officer Jennison parked down the street and was walking up to the house and walked in the front yard and was approaching the garage door when it began to open. John had opened the garage and was backing out of his garage in his mom's Honda Odyssey minivan when Officer Jennison felt that his life was in danger and fired two rounds from his department-issued sidearm. However, the van then did a 180-degree turn somewhat in reverse and then Officer Jennison fired 11 more rounds, having fired 13 rounds total. The van then rolled down the driveway and in to the street before stopping across the street in another house's front yard. Officers then approached the van to give aid to John following the shooting, but the injuries would prove to be fatal. John Albers was declared dead on the scene and had been shot multiple times by Officer Jennison. Officer Jennison would be cleared in the shooting by the Johnson County District Attorney, Steve Howe, who said the officer acted within Kansas Law when he opened fire. Officer Jennison, however, would leave the department following a payout that was negotiated for a $81,040 buyout, which included $70,000 for severance pay and an additional $11,040 for his regular salary. Following the shooting the OPPD updated their policy in regards to firing at moving vehicles in order to hopefully prevent a similar incident from happening again. Sheila Albers (John's mom) and the rest of his family, however have filed a lawsuit in regards to the shooting, and the FBI has also started an investigation in to the shooting. OPPD Chief Frank Donchez has also been criticized by Sheila Albers due to his handling of the incident, which she claims involved him protecting "bad policing" and that he had "misled the public". However following an investigation by the Kansas Commission on Police Officers Standards and Training (CPOST), told Sheila Albers that no action would be taken against Chief Donchez. Sheila Albers has called it "shameful" that no action was taken against Donchez. In April 2021, the city of Overland Park released a 500-page document which showed pictures of evidence, crime scene, dashcam and more information in regards to the shooting of John Albers. On May 4, 2020, Officer Michael Mosher was killed after he witnessed a hit and run and pursued the vehicle involved. Following a brief chase, Officer Mosher and the suspect exchanged gunfire, and both died as a result. Divisions Communications Investigations Traffic Unit Tactical Response (SWAT) School Resource Officers Diving Unit Finger Printing Community Policing Explorers Program Citizens Police Academy Current duty equipment Glock Model 17 Gen 5 9mm Glock Model 19 9mm (preferred by detectives and command staff. Some officers can carry it if they prefer the more compact pistol over the full size Model 17) Taser Pepper Spray ASP, Inc. Baton Daniel Defense CQBR 5.56x45mm - Replaced CZ Scorpion Evo in service with SWAT Benelli M1 12 Gauge- replaced Remington 870 Daniel Defense AR-15 5.56×45mm NATO Patrol Rifle - replaced the Rock River Arms AR-15 previously in use. Previous duty equipment Glock Model 22 .40 S&W- was replaced in 2020 by the Glock Model 17 as the standard sidearm for patrol officers. The Glock Model 22 had been in service since the early 2000s (approx. 2001–2002). The agency used the Gen 3 model up until around 2011 before going to the Gen 4 model. Glock Model 23 .40 S&W- was replaced in 2020 by the Glock Model 19 as the weapon for command staff, detectives and officers who prefer the more compact size pistol rather than carry the full size Glock. Like the Glock Model 22 it was in service since the early 2000s. The agency used the Gen 3 model up until around 2011 before going to the Gen 4 model. Beretta 92 9mm- was replaced by the Glock Model 22 as the standard sidearm in the early 2000s. It had been in service for about 8–10 years and was issued out with 2 spare 15 round magazines. Heckler & Koch MP5 9mm- was used by the SWAT unit for over 20 years before being replaced a few years ago by the CZ Scorpion Evo 3. Remington 870 12 Gauge- was used as a patrol shotgun before being replaced by the newer Benelli M3 shotguns. It was also used by SWAT in the 1980s and 1990s with a top folding stock to be more versatile for the needs of the SWAT unit. Taser Model X26- was used but was replaced by a newer model of Taser. Vehicles Ford Explorer (current)- The agency also has a few 2020 Explorer's purchased in addition to the 2014-2019 model years also in use. Dodge Durango (purchased in 2019 as an alternative to the Ford Explorer) Ford Taurus (being phased out, was used but officer's preferred the more space in the Explorer) Ford Crown Victoria (being phased out, mainly used by Traffic Units) Lenco BearCat (Tactics Team) References Overland Park, Kansas Municipal police departments of Kansas

53552726

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20burials%20at%20Forest%20Lawn%20Memorial%20Park%20%28Glendale%29

List of burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)

This is a list of notable people buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California. The cemetery was founded in 1906 and has been used for many funerals of film stars and other celebrities since then. (Those in non-public areas are marked NP.) A John Aasen (1890–1938), silent movie giant Forrest J Ackerman (1916–2008), science fiction, horror, pop culture historian and writer and editor of Famous Monsters of Filmland magazine Art Acord (1890–1931), actor Anita Louise Adler (1915–1970), actress, wife of producer Buddy Adler Maurice "Buddy" Adler (1909–1960), producer, husband of actress Anita Louise Donald Addrisi (1938–1984), singer, one-half of the Addrisi Brothers singing-songwriting duo John G. Adolfi (1888–1933), director, actor and screenwriter of Warner Bros films Caroline Leonetti Ahmanson (1918–2005), businesswoman, philanthropist, wife of Howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Howard F. Ahmanson Sr. (1906–1968), financier, philanthropist Leonora Ainsworth (1871-1939), screenwriter in silent era Wally Albright (1925–1999), child actor, Wally in the Our Gang short subjects Robert Alda (1914–1986), actor and singer, father of actors Alan and Antony Alda Richard Alexander (1902–1989), actor Ross Alexander (1907–1937), actor Duane Allen (1937–2003), NFL player Gracie Allen (1895–1964), actress and comedian, wife of George Burns Fred Lind Alles (1851–1945), businessman and civic leader, secretary for the National Irrigation Congress Elvia Allman (1904–1992), actress and voice actress Wayne Allwine (1947–2009), voice actor, sound effects editor, Foley artist, 3rd voice of Mickey Mouse Astrid Allwyn (1905–1978), actress June Allyson (1917–2006), actress Louis "Two Gun" Alterie (1886–1935), gangster (unmarked grave) Lona Andre (1915–1992), actress NP Laverne Andrews (1911–1967), singer NP Maxene Andrews (1916–1995), singer Lucien Andriot (1892–1979), cinematographer George Aratani (1917–2013), businessman and philanthropist George Archainbaud (1890–1959), director, producer NP James Arness (1923–2011), actor Isaac Colton Ash (1861–1933), Los Angeles City Council member 1925–27 Roscoe Ates (1895–1962), actor and comedian Gene Austin (1900–1972), singer Marion Aye (1903–1951), silent film actress Mitchell Ayres (1909–1969), musician B Fay Babcock (1895–1970), set decorator NP Lauren Bacall (1924–2014), Actress Constantin Bakaleinikoff (1896–1966), composer/conductor, younger brother of Mischa Bakaleinikoff Mischa Bakaleinikoff (1890–1960), composer/conductor, older brother of Constantin Bakaleinikoff Art Baker (1898–1966), actor Suzan Ball (1934–1955), actress Travis Banton (1894–1958), costume designer NP Theda Bara (1885–1955), actress Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin (Metis/Turtle Mountain Chippewa), lawyer, civil servant and suffragist. NP Joe Barbera (1911–2006), animator and co-founder/namesake of Hanna-Barbera Joan Barclay (1914–2002), actress Ben Bard (1893–1974), actor, husband of actress Ruth Roland (unmarked grave) Binnie Barnes (1903–1998), actress, wife of M.J. Frankovich George Barris (1925–2015), designer and builder of various Hollywood custom cars Jack Barry (1918–1984), television host and producer Billy Barty (1924–2000), actor Florence Bates (1888–1954), actress Norman F. Bates (1839–1915), Medal of Honor recipient Frank Joslyn Baum (1883–1958), film producer, son of L. Frank and Maud Gage Baum Harry Neal Baum (1889–1967), author, son of L. Frank and Maud Gage Baum L. Frank Baum (1856–1919), author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Maud Gage Baum (1861–1953), widow of L. Frank Baum Warner Baxter (1889–1951), actor Harry Beaumont (1888–1966), director, actor, screenwriter John C. Becher (1915–1986), actor Robert "Iceberg Slim" Beck (1918–1992), pimp turned best-selling author Claud Beelman (1883–1963), architect Wallace Beery (1885–1949), actor Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. (1914–2004), U.S. Representative from California Rex Bell (1903–1962), actor and Nevada lieutenant governor, husband of actress Clara Bow Madge Bellamy (1899–1990), actress Cosmo Kyrle Bellew (1883–1948), actor Elsie Lincoln Benedict (1885–1970), author and lecturer Henry S. Benedict (1878–1930), U.S. Representative from California William Benedict (1917–1999), actor Enid Bennett (1893–1969), actress, wife of Fred Niblo and Sidney Franklin Marjorie Bennett (1896–1982), actress Harry Beresford (1863–1944), actor George Bergstrom (1876–1955), architect Felix Bernard (1897–1944), songwriter Curtis Bernhardt (1899–1981), director Joe Besser (1907–1988), actor and comedian (The Three Stooges) Claude Binyon (1905–1978), screenwriter and director Billie Bird (1908–2002), actress Julie Bishop (1914–2001), actress J. Stuart Blackton (1875–1941), founder of Vitagraph Studios Olive Blakeney (1899–1959), actress Clara Blandick (1876–1962), actress Jack Bliss (1882–1968), MLB player Michael Blodgett (1939–2007), actor and screenwriter Joan Blondell (1906–1979), actress Eric Blore (1887–1959), actor Monte Blue (1887–1963), actor Betty Blythe (1893–1972), actress Eddie Bockman (1920–2011), baseball player, manager, scout True Boardman (1882–1918), actor Virginia True Boardman (1889–1971), actress NP Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957), actor Mary Boland (1882–1965), actress Olive Borden (1906–1947), actress Gutzon Borglum (1865–1941), sculptor of Mount Rushmore Frank Borzage (1894–1962), actor, director NP Hobart Bosworth (1867–1943), actor, director, producer, and screenwriter Clara Bow (1905–1965), actress NP William Boyd (1895–1972), actor, known for playing cowboy hero Hopalong Cassidy NP Charles Brabin (1882–1957), British-born director and screenwriter, husband of actress Theda Bara Robert N. Bradbury (1886–1949), director and screenwriter, father of Bob Steele NP Grace Bradley (1913–2010), actress, widow of actor William Boyd Lenny Breau (1941–1984), musician (unmarked grave) Edmund Breese (1871–1936), actor Tom Breneman (1902–1948), radio personality, host of Breakfast in Hollywood Mozelle Britton (1912–1953), actress John Bromfield (1922–2005), actor Betty Bronson (1906–1971), actress Rand Brooks (1918–2003), actor Clarence Brown (1890–1987), director (unmarked grave) James Harvey Brown (1906–1995), Los Angeles City Council member and municipal court judge Joe E. Brown (1891–1973), actor and comedian NP Johnny Mack Brown (1904–1974), actor and athlete Lansing Brown Jr. (1900–1962), photographer Robert Brubaker (1916–2010), character actor Winifred Bryson (1892–1987), actress, widow of actor Warner Baxter Harold S. Bucquet (1891–1946), director Ralph Budd (1879–1962), railroad president Vincent Bugliosi (1934–2015), lawyer and author of true crime books Jon Bunch (1970–2016), rock singer-songwriter, frontman of Sense Field and Further Seems Forever Milo Burcham (1903–1944), test pilot Helen Burgess (1916–1937), actress W.R. Burnett (1899–1982), novelist and screenwriter Dorsey Burnette (1932–1979), singer and songwriter Johnny Burnette (1934–1964), singer and songwriter, younger brother of Dorsey Burnette Bob Burns (1890–1956), actor and comedian George Burns (1896–1996), actor and comedian, husband of Gracie Allen Francis X. Bushman (1883–1966), actor David Butler (1894–1979), director Wally Byam (1896–1962), founder of Airstream, one of the pioneer manufacturers of the travel trailer Ralph Byrd (1909–1952), actor C Christy Cabanne (1888–1950), director Charles Wakefield Cadman (1881–1946), composer Alice Calhoun (1900–1966), actress Ransom M. Callicott (1895–1962), restaurateur and politician Albert Ralph Campbell (1875–1925), Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipient NP Judy Canova (1913–1983), actress, singer, and comedian Eduardo Cansino Sr. (1895–1968), dancer, father of actress, Rita Hayworth June Caprice-Millarde (1895–1936), actress Ora Carew (1893–1955), actress Sue Carol (1906–1982), actress and talent agent, wife of Alan Ladd, step-mother of Alan Ladd, Jr., mother of David Ladd Jeanne Carpenter (1916–1994), child actress of silent films Nat Carr (1886–1944), actor Dona Lee Carrier (1940–1961), figure skating champion Earl Carroll (1893–1948), theatre impresario, owner of the Earl Carroll Theatres in New York and Hollywood NP Jack Carson (1910–1963), Canadian-born actor, younger brother of actor, Robert Carson NP Robert Carson (1909–1979), actor, older brother of actor, Jack Carson Emma Carus (1879–1927), singer William Castle (1914–1977), film director Connie Cezon (1925–2004), actress Dolly Cepeda (1964–1977), victim of the Hillside Strangler (original grave site, moved to Forest Lawn in Cypress) Mario Chamlee (1892–1966), opera singer George Chandler (1898–1985), actor, Uncle Petrie Martin on TV's Lassie NP Lon Chaney, Sr. (1883–1930), actor (unmarked grave) Charles Chapman (1853–1944), founder of Chapman University Spencer Charters (1875–1943), actor Charley Chase (1893–1940), actor and comedian Rex Cherryman (1896–1928), actor Noble "Kid" Chissell (1905–1987), boxer, actor, dance marathon champion Tim Choate (1954–2004), actor Berton Churchill (1876–1940), actor Frank Churchill (1901–1942), composer for Walt Disney Productions' cartoons George Cisar (1912–1978), actor Kit Clardy (1892–1961), US Representative from Michigan Buddy Clark (1912–1949), singer Carroll Clark (1894–1968), art director Edward Clark (1878–1954), actor, songwriter Jack Clark (1925–1988), actor Betty Ross Clarke (1892–1970), actress Stiles O. Clements (1883–1966), architect Brian Clewer (1928–2008), radio host Elmer Clifton (1890–1949), actor and director Clifford E. Clinton (1900–1969), businessman, founder and owner of Clifton's Cafeteria John Clum (1851–1932), Indian agent, founder of The Tombstone Epitaph newspaper and first mayor of Tombstone, AZ Andy Clyde (1892–1967), actor Joe Cobb (1916–2002), child actor in Hal Roach's Our Gang comedic film series Octavus Roy Cohen (1891–1959), author Maria Cole (1922–2012), singer, widow of Nat King Cole Nat King Cole (1919–1965), singer Natalie Cole (1950–2015), singer-songwriter, daughter of Nat King and Maria Cole Buddy Collette (1921–2010), musician (unmarked grave) William Collier Sr. (1864–1944), actor, filmmaker Russ Columbo (1908–1934), singer Roger Converse (1911–1994), actor Jack Conway (1887–1952), director, actor NP Sam Cooke (1931–1964), singer Lillian Copeland (1904–1964), athlete Philip Coppens (1971–2012), author NP Ellen Corby (1911–1999), actress Regis Cordic (1926–1999), actor Herbert Corthell (1878–1947), actor Don Costello (1901–1945), actor Edward Coxen (1880–1954), actor Charles H. Crawford (1879–1931), crime figure, mobster, leader of the City Hall Gang in Los Angeles Kathryn Crawford (1908–1980), actress Laird Cregar (1913–1944), actor Donald Crisp (1882–1974), actor and director George E. Cryer (1875–1961), 32nd Mayor of Los Angeles NP George Cukor (1899–1983), director (unmarked grave) Zara Cully (1892–1978), actress Robert Cummings (1910–1990), actor Lester Cuneo (1888–1925), silent film western actor Edward S. Curtis (1868–1952), writer/Old American west photographer/ethnologist Michael Curtiz (1886–1962), director D Fifi D'Orsay (1904–1983), actress and singer Babe Dahlgren (1912–1996), Major League Baseball player Dan Dailey (1915–1978), actor, singer and dancer Dorothy Dandridge (1922–1965), actress and singer Ruby Dandridge (1900–1987), actress, mother of Dorothy Dandridge Mickey Daniels (1914–1970), actor, one of the original children in the Our Gang short subjects William H. Daniels (1900–1970), cinematographer, Garbo's cameraman Jane Darwell (1879–1967), actress Dorothy Davenport (1895–1977), actress, screenwriter, film director and producer Ed J. Davenport (1899–1953), Los Angeles City Council member Delmer Daves (1904–1977), director, screenwriter, and producer NP Altovise Davis (1943–2009), actress and dancer, wife of Sammy Davis, Jr. George Davis (1914–1998), art director Jim Davis (1909–1981), actor, Jock Ewing on TV's Dallas Mildred Davis (1901–1969), actress, wife of comic actor, Harold Lloyd, mother of Harold Lloyd Jr. NP Sammy Davis Jr. (1925–1990), actor, singer and dancer NP Sammy Davis Sr. (1900–1988), dancer, father of Sammy Davis, Jr. Jack Dawn (1892–1961), make-up artist (unmarked grave) Sam De Grasse (1875–1953), actor Julia Dean (1878–1952), actress Carter DeHaven (1886–1977), actor Flora Parker DeHaven (1883–1950), actress, wife of Carter DeHaven Osborn Deignan (1873–1913), Medal of Honor recipient Eddie DeLange (1904–1949), musician (unmarked grave) Georges Delerue (1925–1992), composer Cyril Delevanti (1889–1975), actor Armando del Moral (1916–2009), film journalist, helped found the Golden Globes Hampton Del Ruth (1875–1958), actor, director, producer, screenwriter Joseph De Stefani (1879–1940), actor Buddy DeSylva (1895–1950), songwriter, co-founder of Capitol Records William Demarest (1892–1983), character actor, Uncle Charley on My Three Sons Carol Dempster (1901–1991), actress Noah Dietrich (1889–1982), businessman Fannie Charles Dillon (1881–1947), composer, pianist Alan Dinehart (1889–1944), actor Elias Disney (1859–1941), father of Walt Disney, Roy O. Disney, Raymond Arnold Disney, Herbert Arthur Disney, Ruth Disney Beecher. Raymond Arnold Disney is also entombed in Forest Lawn Memorial-Park (Glendale) Lillian Disney (1899–1997), ink artist, philanthropist, widow of Walt Disney, mother of Diane Disney Miller Walt Disney (1901–1966), film studio and entertainment park founder, co-creator of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy, as well as the 1st voice of Mickey Mouse. Richard Dix (1893–1949), actor George Dolenz (1908–1963), actor, star of The Count of Monte Cristo, father of The Monkees' Micky Dolenz, grandfather of Ami Dolenz Jenny Dolly (1892–1941), entertainer, twin sister of Rosie Dolly Rosie Dolly (1892–1970), entertainer, twin sister of Jenny Dolly Don Douglas (1905–1945), actor Gordon Douglas (1907–1993), child actor turned director Lloyd C. Douglas (1877–1951), novelist Billie Dove (1903–1997), actress William C. Dowlan (1882-1947), actor and director Maxine Doyle (1915–1973), actress Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945), novelist Chuck Dressen (1894–1966), MLB baseball player, coach and manager Louise Dresser (1878–1965), actress NP Marie Dressler (1868–1934), Canadian-born actress and comedian NP Don Drysdale (1936–1993), MLB baseball player for the Los Angeles Dodgers (ashes later scattered in 2003) David Dukes (1945–2000), actor Rosetta Duncan (1894–1959), entertainer Vivian Duncan (1897–1986), entertainer Scott R. Dunlap (1892–1970), director, producer, screenwriter, actor Glenn S. Dumke (1917–1989), educator, chancellor of California State University system (1962–1982) Minta Durfee (1889–1975), actress Junior Durkin (1915–1935), actor E Hubert Eaton (1881–1966), founder and managing director of Forest Lawn cemeteries Jay Eaton (1899–1970), character actor Mary Eaton (1901–1948), actress Neely Edwards (1883–1965), actor and comedian (unmarked grave) Ralph Edwards (1913–2005), television and radio host Arnold Ehret (1866–1922), health educator and author of diet books Sally Eilers (1908–1978), actress Charles Irving Elliott (1892–1972), aviation pioneer Dick Elliott (1886–1961), character actor Connie Emerald (1892–1959), English stage actress, mother of Ida Lupino Fern Emmett (1896–1946), actress, wife of Henry Roquemore Francis de Erdely (1904–1959), painter Julian Eltinge (1881–1941), actor and female impersonator Ray Enright (1896–1965), director Leon Errol (1881–1951), actor and comedian Estelle Etterre (1899–1996), actress William E. Evans (1877–1959), U.S. Congressman Jason Evers (1922–2005), actor F Douglas Fairbanks (1883–1939), actor (relocated to Hollywood Forever Cemetery in 1941) Dot Farley (1881-1971), actress Joseph W. Farnham (1884-1931), screenwriter and film editor William Farnum (1876-1953), actor Patricia Farr (1913–1948), actress Oda Faulconer (1884-1943), lawyer and judge and president of the Bank of Italy, San Fernando, and West Adams State Bank, Los Angeles Don Fedderson (1913–1994), TV writer, producer, creator of the sitcoms, My Three Sons and Family Affair Al Ferguson (1888–1971), actor Helen Ferguson (1901–1977), actress Romaine Fielding (1867–1927), actor and director NP W. C. Fields (1880–1946), actor and comedian Larry Fine (1902–1975), actor, comedian and musician (The Three Stooges) Margarita Fischer (1886–1975), actress Robert Fiske (1889–1944), actor George Fitzmaurice (1885–1940), director Johnny Flamingo (1934–2000), blues singer Frank P. Flint (1862–1929), politician Errol Flynn (1909–1959), actor Tony Fontane (1925–1974), singer Charles E. Ford (1899–1942), director, producer Harrison Ford (1884–1957), silent film actor Helen Ford (1894–1982), actress John Anson Ford (1883–1983), Los Angeles County supervisor, namesake of John Anson Ford Amphitheatre Thomas Francis Ford (1873–1958), U.S. Congressman and Los Angeles City Council member Lewis R. Foster (1898–1974), director, producer, screenwriter and composer Ivor Francis (1918–1986), actor Betty Francisco (1900–1950), actress Bruno Frank (1887–1945), novelist and screenwriter Chester Franklin (1889–1954), actor, director, older brother of director-producer, M. J. Frankovich (1909–1992), producer and athlete, adopted son of Joe E. Brown Nell Franse (1889–1973), actress Robert Frazer (1891–1944), actor John D. Fredericks (1869–1945), U.S. Congressman Charles K. French (1860–1952), actor George B. French (1883–1961), actor Rudolf Friml (1879–1972), composer Dwight Frye (1899–1943), actor Charles E. Fuller (1887–1968), evangelist Jules Furthman (1888-1966), screenwriter G NP Clark Gable (1901–1960), actor Jacqueline Gadsden (1900–1986), actress Danny Gans (1956–2009), singer, actor, comedian, impressionist Allen Garfield (1939–2020), actor Martin Garralaga (1894–1981), actor Bud Geary (1898–1946), actor Herb Geller (1928–2013), saxophonist Rose A. George (1946–2010), First Lady of Rivers State George Getty (1855–1930), businessman and lawyer Jerry Giesler (1886–1962), criminal defense lawyer John Gilbert (1899–1936), actor Sandra Giles (1932–2016), actress A. Arnold Gillespie (1899–1978), special effects artist King C. Gillette (1855–1932), businessman, founder of Gillette shaving company Tom Gilson (1934–1962), actor NP Hermione Gingold (1897–1987), actress J. Frank Glendon (1886–1937), actor Peter Godfrey (1899–1970), actor and director Renee Godfrey (1919–1964), actress and singer, wife of Peter Godfrey NP Frances Goldwyn (1903–1976), actress, wife of Samuel Goldwyn (unmarked grave) NP Samuel Goldwyn (1879–1974), producer and mogul (unmarked grave) Edgar J. Goodspeed (1871–1962), theologian Huntley Gordon (1887–1956), actor NP Jetta Goudal (1891–1985), actress Edmund Goulding (1891–1959), director and writer Joe Grant (1908–2005), animator and writer Charles Grapewin (1869–1956), actor NP Sid Grauman (1879–1950), theater impresario, founder of the Million Dollar Theater, Egyptian Theatre and Grauman's Chinese Theatre Gary Gray (1936–2006), actor Alfred E. Green (1889–1960), director Burton E. Green (1868–1965), oilman, real-estate developer, co-founder of Beverly Hills, California. Harrison Greene (1884–1945), actor NP Sydney Greenstreet (1879–1954), English actor NP Harold Grieve (1901–1993), art director, husband of Jetta Goudal Bessie Griffin (1922–1989), singer Edward H. Griffith (1888–1975), director, producer and screenwriter Raymond Griffith (1895–1957), actor and comedian Robert E. Gross (1897–1961), CEO and Chairman of the Lockheed Corporation Paul A. Guilfoyle (1902–1961), actor Fred L. Guiol (1898–1964), director and screenwriter H Frank Hagney (1884–1973), actor Alan Hale Sr. (1892–1950), actor Charlie Hall (1899–1959), actor Ernest Haller (1896–1970), cinematographer Kay Hammond (1901–1982), actress Lula Mae Hardaway (1930–2006), songwriter, mother of musician, Stevie Wonder Russell Harlan (1903–1974), cinematographer NP Jean Harlow (1911–1937), actress Rex Harrison (1908–1990), actor (ashes scattered on wife Lilli Palmer's grave) Elizabeth Harrower (1918–2003), actress and screenwriter Charles Hatfield (1875–1958), scientist Harry Hayden (1882–1955), actor Edith Head (1897–1981), costume designer NP Charlotte Hennessy (1873–1928), Canadian actress, mother of actors, Mary, Lottie and Jack Pickford Ralph Hepburn (1896–1948), race car driver Holmes Herbert (1882–1956), actor Babe Herman (1903–1987), baseball player Jean Hersholt (1886–1956), actor and humanitarian Louis Jean Heydt (1903–1960), actor Ruth Hiatt (1906–1994), actress Winston Hibler (1910–1976), Disney narrator, screenwriter, producer, director Alfred Hickman (1873–1931), English actor, husband of Nance O'Neil Walter Hiers (1893–1933), actor NP Thelma Hill (1906–1938), actress and comedian Józef Hofmann (1876–1957), concert pianist and inventor Fay Holden (1893–1973), actress Charles A. Holland (1872–1940), Los Angeles City Council member 1929–31 Alice Hollister (1886–1973), actress George Hollister (1873–1952), cinematographer Burton Holmes (1870–1958), director and producer, pioneered travel films Helen Holmes (1892–1950), actress Bob Holt (1928–1985), voice actor Gloria Hope (1901–1976), actress, wife of Lloyd Hughes NP Ian Hornak (1944–2002), artist James W. Horne (1881–1942), actor and director Victoria Horne (1911–2003), actress, widow of Jack Oakie Edward Everett Horton (1886–1970), character actor, voice actor William K. Howard (1899–1954), director Adele C. Howells (1886–1951), leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Jobyna Howland (1897–1958), actress Lloyd Hughes (1897–1958), actor, husband of Gloria Hope Rupert Hughes (1872–1956), filmmaker Cyril Hume (1900–1966), screenwriter Maud Humphrey (1868–1940), suffragette, commercial illustrator, mother of Humphrey Bogart Marlin Hurt (1905–1948), actor and comedian June Hutton (1919–1973), actress and singer Martha Hyer (1924–2014), actress, widow of Hal B. Wallis I Wiard Ihnen (1897–1979), art director and production designer, husband of costume designer, Edith Head Rex Ingram (1892–1950), Irish director George Irving (1874–1961), actor J NP Joe Jackson (1928–2018), talent manager, Jackson family patriarch, father of Michael Jackson NP Michael Jackson (1958–2009), entertainer, singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946), singer and songwriter, known for songs like A Perfect Day, I Love You Truly and Just Awearyin' for You Elsie Janis (1889–1956), actress DeWitt Jennings (1871–1937), actor Adela Rogers St. Johns (1894–1988), journalist, screenwriter, novelist Emory Johnson (1894–1960), director, actor Arthur Johnston (1898–1954), composer Caro Jones (1923–2009), casting director F. Richard Jones (1893–1930), director, producer, husband of costume designer, Irene Lentz Isham Jones (1894–1956), bandleader, songwriter George Johnson (1898–1961), voice actor, voice of Goofy (1939–1943) NP Jennifer Jones (1919–2009), actress, wife of actor, Robert Walker, producer, David O. Selznick and industrialist, Norton Simon Rupert Julian (1879–1943), director Ray June (1895–1958), cinematographer Helmi Juvonen (1903–1985), artist plus K Gus Kahn (1886–1941), songwriter Bert Kalmar (1884–1947), songwriter Terry Kath (1946–1978), musician, guitarist, baritone-voiced singer-songwriter of Chicago Kelly Keen (1978-1981), only known fatality of a coyote attack in the United States Tom Keene (1896–1963), actor William Keighley (1889–1984), director Roy Kellino (1912–1956), child actor turned cinematographer-director, husband of actress/writer Pamela Mason John L. Kennedy (1854–1946), politician, Congressman of Nebraska's 2nd district A. Atwater Kent (1873–1949), businessman, radio manufacturer, invented the ignition coil Erle C. Kenton (1896–1980), actor and director Doris Kenyon (1897–1979), actress Hal C. Kern (1894–1985), film editor Harry Kerr (1890–1957), songwriter, lyricist J. Warren Kerrigan (1879–1947), actor and director Charles Henry King (1853–1930), paternal grandfather of President Gerald Ford Leslie Lynch King Sr. (1884–1941), biological father of President Ford Dorothy Kirsten (1910–1992), operatic soprano singer Ted Knight (1923–1986), actor Clarence Kolb (1874–1964), actor Henry Kolker (1874 [or 1870]-1947), actor and director NP Red Kress (1905–1962), baseball player NP Kathryn Kuhlman (1907–1976), evangelist Edward A. Kull (1885–1946), cinematographer and director Robert Kurrle (1890–1932), cinematographer L Louis L'Amour (1908–1988), novelist Alan Ladd (1913–1964), actor, father of Alan Ladd, Jr. and David Ladd David Landau (1879–1935), actor Carole Landis (1919–1948), actress Rosemary Lane (1913–1974), actress Lash LaRue (1917–1996), B movie western actor, known for his bullwhip Ivan Lebedeff (1894–1953), actor Gretchen Lederer (1891–1955), actress Otto Lederer (1886–1965), actor Rowland V. Lee (1891–1975), motion picture director Mervyn LeRoy (1900–1987), director and producer Hal LeSueur (1901/1903-1963), actor, brother of Joan Crawford Fritz Leiber, Sr. (1882–1949), actor Irene Lentz (1900–1962), costume designer, wife of F. Richard Jones Robert Z. Leonard (1889–1968), director Elgin Lessley (1883–1944), cinematographer Gus Levene (1911–1979), composer David Lewis (1903–1987), producer, partner of James Whale Mitchell Lewis (1880–1956), actor Ann Little (1891–1984), actress Lucien Littlefield (1895–1960), actor Robert Livingston (1904–1988), actor Doris Lloyd (1896–1968), actress Frank Lloyd (1886–1960), actor, director, producer, writer Harold Lloyd (1893–1971), actor and comedian Harold Lloyd Jr. (1931–1971), actor, singer, son of Harold Lloyd and Mildred Davis Jeanette Loff (1906–1942), actress and singer Arthur Loft (1897–1947), actor NP Carole Lombard (1908–1942), actress, wife of William Powell and Clark Gable Tom London (1889–1963), actor Theodore Lorch (1873–1947), actor Ernst Lubitsch (1892–1947), director Ida Lupino (1918–1995), actress and director Hamilton Luske (1903–1968), animator and director Eustace Lycett (1914–2006), Disney visual/special effects artist M Jeanette MacDonald (1903–1965), actress and singer Jimmy MacDonald (1906–1991), Disney voice over artist, musician, head of Disney sound effects department, 2nd voice of Mickey Mouse Kenneth MacKenna (1899–1962), actor and director Mary MacLaren (1896–1985), actress Douglas MacLean (1890–1967), actor, producer, and writer Rouben Mamoulian (1897–1987), director Edwin L. Marin (1899–1951), director Oliver T. Marsh (1893–1941), MGM cinematographer, brother of actress, Marguerite Marsh and Mae Marsh, father of saxophonist, Warne Marsh Warne Marsh (1927–1987), tenor saxophonist, son of MGM cinematographer, Oliver T. Marsh Alan Marshal (1909–1961), actor Chico Marx (1887–1961), actor and comedian Gummo Marx (1893–1977), agent LeRoy Mason (1903–1947), actor NP Will Mastin (1878–1979), dancer and singer, leader of the Will Mastin Trio NP Daya Mata (1914–2010), religious leader Doris May (1902–1984), actress (unmarked grave) Erskine Mayer (1889–1957), baseball player Mike Mazurki (1907–1990), actor and wrestler Chuck McCann (1934–2018), voice actor Marian McCargo (1932–2004), actress Meade McClanahan (1894?–1959), Los Angeles City Council member Gladys McConnell (1905–1979), actress Ted McCord (1900–1976), cinematographer Johnston McCulley (1883–1958), author and writer, creator of Zorro Robert H. "Red" McDaniel, U.S. National Champion Thoroughbred trainer six straight years (1950-1955) Marc McDermott (1881–1929), actor Marie McDonald (1923–1965), actress and model Frank McGlynn Sr. (1866–1951), actor J.P. McGowan (1880–1952), director Frank McGrath (1903–1967), actor, Charlie Wooster on TV's Wagon Train Malcolm McGregor (1892–1945), actor Burr McIntosh (1862–1942), photographer, publisher, actor Wanda McKay (1915–1996), actress Robert McKimson (1910–1977), animator and director Thomas McKimson (1907–1998), animator and comic book artist, older brother of Robert McKimson James McLachlan (1852–1940), US Representative of California NP Victor McLaglen (1886–1959), actor Jimmy McLarnin (1907–2004), Boxing champion Gloria Hatrick McLean (1918–1994), model, animal rights activist and wife of actor, Jimmy Stewart Norman Z. McLeod (1898–1964), director Joseph T. McNarney (1893–1972), US Army General Aimee Semple McPherson (1890–1944), evangelist Rolf McPherson (1913–2009), denominational leader, clergy, son of Aimee Semple McPherson Syd Mead (1933–2019), conceptual artist and futurist Henrietta Mears (1890–1963), Christian educator George Meehan (1891–1947), cinematographer Blanche Mehaffey (1908–1968), actress and dancer Dimitre Mehandjiysky (1915–1999), artist William C. Mellor (1903–1963), cinematographer William Cameron Menzies (1896–1957), art director Beryl Mercer (1882–1939), actress Iris Meredith (1915–1980), actress Bess Meredyth (1890–1969), screenwriter, wife of directors, Wilfred Lucas and Michael Curtiz, mother of writer, John Meredyth Lucas Ron W. Miller (1933–2019), businessman, football player, son-in-law of Walt Disney Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953), physicist and Nobel Prize winner Vincente Minnelli (1903–1986), director Tom Mix (1880–1940), actor Polly Moran (1883–1952), actress and comedian Rushton Moreve (1948–1981), bassist of Steppenwolf Antonio Moreno (1887–1967), actor and director Clayton Moore (1914–1999), actor, The Lone Ranger Del Moore (1916–1970), comedian, actor and radio announcer Ernest Carroll Moore (1871–1955), educator, co-founder of University of California, Los Angeles Harvey Seeley Mudd (1888–1955), engineer and educator William Mulholland (1855–1935), engineer, engineered the Los Angeles Aqueduct, Mulholland Dam, St. Francis Dam, Panama Canal consultant, and other dams, namesake of Mulholland Drive Ralph Murphy (1895–1967), film director Spud Murphy (1908–2005), composer Zon Murray (1910-1979), actor N Charles W. Nash (1864–1948), automobile manufacturer, co-founder of Nash Motors Alla Nazimova (1879–1945), actress, founder and owner of Garden of Allah Hotel Frank Nelson (1911–1986), character actor/voice actor known for his "EEE-Yeeeeeeeeesssss?" catchphrase and appearances on I Love Lucy, The Jack Benny Program, and Sanford and Son Skylar Neil (1991-1995), daughter of Vince Neil NP Alfred Newman (1900–1970), composer, patriarch of Newman family of composers Emil Newman (1911–1984), music director, conductor, composer, younger brother of Alfred Newman, member of Newman musical family Fred Niblo (1874–1948), director Gertrude Niesen (1911–1975), actress and singer William Nigh (1881–1955), actor, director, and writer Marian Nixon (1904–1983), actress L. L. Nunn (1853–1925), educator Ervin Nyiregyházi (1903–1987), pianist O Hugh O'Brian (1925–2016), actor Eugene O'Brien (1880–1966), actor Virginia O'Brien (1919–2001), actress and singer Cathy O'Donnell (1923–1970), actress, wife of producer Robert Wyler, sister-in-law of director William Wyler Nance O'Neil (1874–1965), actress Jack Oakie (1903–1978), actor and comedian Merle Oberon (1911–1979), actress Clifford Odets (1906–1963), playwright Charles Ogle (1865–1940), actor Edna May Oliver (1883–1942), actress Gertrude Olmstead (1897–1975), actress, wife of director Robert Z. Leonard Culbert Olson (1876–1962), California Governor Maria Ouspenskaya (1876–1949), actress Richard F. Outcault (1863–1928), cartoonist, inventor of the Comic strip, creator of Buster Brown and The Yellow Kid NP Tudor Owen (1898–1979), character actor Monroe Owsley (1900–1937), actor Dennis O'Keefe, (1908-1968), actor P Doris Packer (1904–1979), actress Ernest Palmer (1885–1978), cinematographer Lilli Palmer (1914–1986), actress Franklin Pangborn (1889–1958), actor NP Alexander Pantages (1867–1936), theater impresario, founder of Pantages Theatres James Parrott (1897–1939), actor, comedian, and director, younger brother of Charley Chase Marion Parker (1915–1927), murder victim John B. Parkinson (1861–1935), architect Allen E. Paulson (1922–2000), aviation entrepreneur Claude Payton (1882–1955), actor Lucy Payton (1877–1969), actress Joe Penner (1904–1941), actor and comedian Susan Peters (1921–1952), actress Mary Philips (1901–1975), actress, wife of Humphrey Bogart and Kenneth MacKenna Clyde Phillips (1891-1946), Thoroughbred racehorse trainer Ben Piazza (1933–1991), actor NP Jack Pickford (1896–1933), actor NP Lottie Pickford (1893–1936), actress NP Mary Pickford (1892–1979), actress, businesswoman, co-founder of United Artists Jack Pierce (1889–1968), makeup artist Robert Pierce (1914–1978), humanitarian and social reformer Michael Piller (1948–2005), screenwriter Lon Poff (1870–1952), actor NP Dick Powell (1904–1963), actor and singer John Robert Powers (1892–1977), model agency owner Steve Priest (1948–2020), musician Merrill Pye (1902–1975), art director Q Fred Quimby (1886–1965), producer of MGM and Hanna-Barbera animated cartoons John Qualen (1899–1987), actor R Paul Rader (1878–1938), evangelist John S. Ragin (1929–2013), actor Ralph Rainger (1901–1942), songwriter Addison Randall (1906–1945), actor Albertina Rasch (1891–1967), dancer, wife of Dimitri Tiomkin Charles Ray (1891–1943), actor, director, producer, screenwriter (unmarked grave) Gene Raymond (1908–1998), actor, husband of Jeanette MacDonald Jack Raymond (1886–1953), actor and director Dorothea Holt Redmond (1910–2009), art director and set designer, wife of Harry Redmond, Jr. Harry Redmond Jr. (1909–2011), special effects artist and producer Phillip Reed (1908–1996), actor Vivian Reed (1894–1989), silent film actress, wife of Alfred E. Green Wallace Reid (1891–1923), actor Craig Reynolds (1907–1949), actor Gene Reynolds (1923–2020), actor and television producer Lucille Ricksen (1910–1925), child actress Cleo Ridgely (1894–1962), actress Fritzi Ridgeway (1896–1961), actress Adele Ritchie (1874–1930), singer Lyda Roberti (1906–1938), actress Beverly Roberts (1914–2009), actress Blossom Rock (1895–1978), actress, older sister of Jeanette MacDonald Will Rogers (1879–1935), actor, humorist, newspaper columnist (moved to The Will Rogers Memorial in Claremore, OK in 1946) Jim Rohn (1930–2009), American entrepreneur Ruth Roland (1892–1937), actress and producer Gladys Root (1905–1982), criminal defense attorney Henry Roquemore (1886–1943), actor Alan Roscoe (1886–1933), actor Bodil Rosing (1877–1941), Danish actress, mother-in-law of Monte Blue J. Walter Ruben (1899–1942), director and screenwriter NP Charlie Ruggles (1886–1970), actor, older brother of film director/producer, Wesley Ruggles NP Wesley Ruggles (1889–1972), film director/producer, younger brother of Charlie Ruggles Barbara Ruick (1930–1974), actress William Russell (1884–1929), actor S NP S. Z. Sakall (1883–1955), actor Chic Sale (1885–1936), actor Ben L. Salomon (1914–1944), dentist, posthumous recipient of Medal of Honor Hank Sanicola (1914–1974), songwriter Drake Sather (1959–2004), comedian and writer Jan Savitt (1907-1948) musician Paul Sawtell (1906–1971), Polish-born, American film score composer Paul Scardon (1874–1954), actor, producer, director Victor Schertzinger (1888–1941), composer, director, producer, screenwriter Mabel Julienne Scott (1892–1976), actress Ynez Seabury (1907–1973), actress Don Sebastian (1911–1987), wrestler Sybil Seely (1902–1984), actress William A. Seiter (1890–1964), director NP Lesley Selander (1900–1979), director William Edwin Self (1921–2010), actor and producer NP David O. Selznick (1902–1965), motion picture producer, founder of Selznick International Pictures NP Lewis J. Selznick (1869–1933), producer and motion picture industry pioneer NP Myron Selznick (1898–1944), motion picture producer and talent agent NP Fred Sersen (1890–1962), painter and special effects artist Helen Shaw (1897–1997), character actress Ethel Shannon (1898–1951), actress Kim Shattuck (1963–2019), singer Athole Shearer (1900–1985), actress, sister of Norma Shearer NP Norma Shearer (1902–1983), actress, wife of Irving Thalberg Del Shofner (1934–2020), football player Lowell Sherman (1885–1934), director and actor Clarence A. Shoop (1907–1968), Air Force General Leo Shuken (1906–1976), composer Louis Silvers (1889–1954), film composer S. Sylvan Simon (1910–1951), director Russell Simpson (1880–1959), actor NP Red Skelton (1913–1997), actor and comedian Edward Sloman (1886–1972), actor, director and screenwriter Tod Sloan (1874–1933), thoroughbred racing jockey, innovated low-crouch riding position over a horse's neck H. Allen Smith (1909–1998), politician, Congressman Harold Smith, (1909–1958), Olympic diver Rainbeaux Smith (1955–2002), actress R. Thomas Smith (1878–1957), thoroughbred horse trainer NP William French Smith (1917–1990), U.S. Attorney General Roland N. Smoot (1901-1984), U.S. Vice admiral Carrie Snodgress (1945–2004), actress Marguerite Snow (1889–1958), actress Carl Spitz (1894–1976), animal trainer Leo Spitz (1888–1956), film executive NP Bunker Spreckels (1949–1977), surfboard designer Hanley Stafford (1899–1968), actor John M. Stahl (1886–1950), director and producer NP Lionel Stander (1908–1994), actor Jules C. Stein (1896–1981), physician, co-founder of MCA Inc. and the Jules Stein Eye Institute NP Max Steiner (1888–1971), composer Casey Stengel (1890–1975), Major League Baseball manager James Stephenson (1889–1941), actor Anita Stewart (1895–1961), actress James Stewart (1908–1997), actor, retired Air Force Major General Gloria Hatrick McLean Stewart (1918–1994), actress and wife of James Stewart Ruth Stonehouse (1892–1941), actress and director Axel Stordahl (1913–1963), composer and arranger Herbert Stothart (1885–1949), composer Archie Stout (1886–1973), cinematographer Joseph Strauss (1870–1938), architect, engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge Elbridge Amos Stuart (1856–1944), industrialist, Carnation Milk Company founder and president Jan Styka (1858–1925), painter T Al Taliaferro (1905–1969), Disney cartoonist Frank Tashlin (1913–1972), animator, director, screenwriter Art Tatum (1909–1956), musician (relocated from Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in 1991) Elizabeth Taylor (1932–2011), actress, activist Russi Taylor (1944–2019), voice actress NP Robert Taylor (1911–1969), actor NP Irving Thalberg (1899–1936), producer NP Ursula Thiess (1924–2010), actress, wife of Robert Taylor Jefferson Thomas (1942–2010), civil rights icon, member of the Little Rock Nine Fred Thomson (1890–1928), actor Edward L. Thrasher (1892–1971), Los Angeles City Council member Chief Thundercloud (1899–1955), actor Lawrence Tibbett (1896–1960), actor and opera singer Dimitri Tiomkin (1894–1979), composer Genevieve Tobin (1899–1995), actress, wife of William Keighley Sammee Tong (1901–1964), actor Ernest Torrence (1878–1933), actor Raquel Torres (1908–1987), actress Louise Tracy (1896–1983), founder of the John Tracy Clinic for deaf children Spencer Tracy (1900–1967), actor Henry Travers (1874–1965), actor Emerson Treacy (1900–1967), actor Lamar Trotti (1900–1952), reporter, screenwriter, producer, 20th Century Fox executive Jim Tully (1886–1947), writer Charlie Tuna (1944–2016), radio personality Ben Turpin (1869–1940), actor and comedian Lurene Tuttle (1907–1986), actress, mother of Barbara Ruick V Valda Valkyrien (1895–1956), ballerina NP Vang Pao (1929–2011), CIA and Royal Laotian Army General of Hmong descent W. S. Van Dyke (1889–1943), director Adamae Vaughn (1905–1943), actress Bobby Vernon (1897–1939), actor Alfred Victor Verville (1890–1970), aviation pioneer Theodore von Eltz (1893–1964), actor Rufus B. von KleinSmid (1875–1964), president of University of Arizona and University of Southern California Gustav von Seyffertitz (1862–1943), actor W George Waggner (1894–1984), actor, director and producer Sir William James Wanless (1865-1933), surgeon Jerry Wald (1911-1962), producer and screenwriter Charles Waldron (1874-1946), actor H. M. Walker (1878-1937), screenwriter Nella Walker (1886–1971), actress Beryl Wallace (1912–1948), singer, girlfriend of theatre producer, Earl Carroll Hal B. Wallis (1898–1986), producer Bill Walsh (1913–1975), Disney producer and screenwriter Clara Ward (1924–1973), singer Jay Ward (1920–1989), producer and writer of various animated series Ethel Waters (1896–1977), actress and singer NP Johnny "Guitar" Watson (1935–1996), musician Roy Webb (1888–1982), composer (unmarked grave) Alice Stebbins Wells (1873–1957), first American born female police officer, LAPD officer Mary Wells (1943–1992), singer Roland West (1885–1952), director Gordon Westcott (1903–1935), actor George Westmore (1879–1931), make-up artist and hairdresser, patriarch of the Westmore family Monte Westmore (1902–1940), make-up artist Perc Westmore (1904–1970), make-up artist Wally Westmore (1906–1973), make-up artist Jack Westrope (1918–1958), Hall of Fame jockey Carl Jules Weyl (1890–1948), art director James Whale (1889–1957), director Richard A. Whiting (1891–1938), composer of popular songs Gayne Whitman (1890–1958), actor Ted Wilde (1889–1929), director and screenwriter Clara Williams (1888–1928), actress Earle Williams (1880–1927), actor Kay Williams (1916–1983), actress and model, fifth wife of Clark Gable Robert Williams (1894–1931), actor Dorothy Wilson (1909–1998), actress Lois Wilson (1894–1988), actress Rex Wimpy (1899–1972), special-effects artist, cinematographer Claire Windsor (1892–1972), actress Grant Withers (1905–1959), actor Gloria Wood (1923–1995), singer and voice actress Sam Wood (1883–1949), director, producer, writer, actor Stacy Woodard (1902–1942), nature filmmaker Ali-Ollie Woodson (1951–2010), musician and member of The Temptations Bobby Womack (1944–2014), soul singer Harry Womack (1945–1974), soul singer, member of The Valentinos, younger brother of Bobby Womack, older brother of Cecil Womack George Woolf (1910–1946), Hall of Fame jockey, rider of Seabiscuit John Elgin Woolf (1908–1980), architect Robert Woolsey (1888–1938), actor and comedian Hank Worden (1901–1992), character actor Wallace Worsley (1878–1944), stage actor turned silent film director NP Philip K. Wrigley (1894–1977), chewing gum manufacturer, MLB executive, founder of the AAGPBL, son of William Wrigley Jr. NP William Wrigley Jr. (1861–1932), chewing gum magnate, owner of the Chicago Cubs Robert Wyler (1900–1971), producer, older brother of William Wyler, husband of Cathy O'Donnell William Wyler (1902–1981), director and producer Patrice Wymore (1926–2014), actress, widow of Errol Flynn NP Ed Wynn (1886–1966), actor and comedian, father of Keenan Wynn NP Keenan Wynn (1916–1986), character actor, son of Ed Wynn Y James "J-Dilla" Yancey (1974–2006), hip-hop producer Barton Yarborough (1900–1951), actor Celeste Yarnall (1944–2018), actress NP Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), Indian spiritual guru and author Robert Young (1907–1998), actor Joe Yule (1892–1950), actor and father of Mickey Rooney Z Lee Zahler (1893–1947), composer, music director Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. (1867–1932), Broadway impresario (now interred at Kensico Cemetery) References External links Tribute to the founder of Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks by Charles Elias Disney Forest Lawn Memorial Park Forest Lawn Memorial Park Interments

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Old%20Man%20%26%20the%20Gun

The Old Man & the Gun

The Old Man & the Gun is a 2018 American biographical crime film written and directed by David Lowery, about Forrest Tucker, a career criminal and prison escape artist. The script is loosely based on David Grann's 2003 article in The New Yorker titled "The Old Man and the Gun", which was later collected in Grann's 2010 book The Devil and Sherlock Holmes. The film stars Robert Redford, Casey Affleck, Danny Glover, Tika Sumpter, Tom Waits and Sissy Spacek. Redford announced his intent to retire from acting at age 82 after completion of the film; it is his penultimate appearance, preceding Avengers: Endgame. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on September 28, 2018, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics and, at the Golden Globe Awards, Redford was nominated for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Plot Career criminal Forrest Tucker, a wanted man for two years since his daring escape from San Quentin State Prison in 1978, has just robbed another bank. While evading police, the 74-year-old charmer comes across a woman on the side of the road with car trouble and stops to give the appearance of assisting. The ploy works as moments later, police drive by without noticing him. The woman, Jewel, who is grateful for his help, buys Tucker lunch at a diner. Despite introducing himself with a fake name, Tucker becomes drawn to Jewel to the point of revealing that he is a bank robber. The two later spend time together on Jewel's farm where Tucker becomes enamored of her and her life. Tucker makes a plan to pay off the rest of Jewel's mortgage as a surprise but becomes frustrated after the bank tells him that this would require Jewel's signature on some documents, negating any surprise. Tucker goes on to conduct a string of heists, often without having to draw his gun from under his coat. Dallas Police Detective John Hunt compiles police sketches from witnesses who describe Tucker as charming and gentlemanly. Hunt then displays the sketches on the evening news, asking anyone with information to come forward. Shortly afterwards, Hunt's investigation is taken over by the FBI. A woman named Dorothy comes forward stating that she is Tucker's daughter. Although he is no longer on the case, Hunt agrees to meet with her. Dorothy says that she was born while Tucker was in prison, making Tucker unaware of her or his grandchild. Hunt is led to Tucker's former lawyer who says that Tucker has never pulled the trigger of his gun. According to his lawyer, police reports of Tucker firing during a standoff are false as it was simply his car's engine backfiring. Later, during a night out with Jewel, Tucker happens to recognize Detective Hunt, who is with his wife Maureen. Tucker tries to boost Hunt's confidence but becomes unnerved when Hunt calls him by his real name, "Forrest", indicating that the recognition is mutual. Later that evening, police attempt to capture Tucker as he arrives home. He flees but again his car backfires, prompting police to shoot at him, striking him in the arm. He eludes them and makes his way to Jewel's farm. As it is the early hours of the morning, he decides not to wake Jewel and instead takes one of her horses for a ride. Tucker had never ridden a horse before, and this was on his list of things he wanted to do. While riding, several police vehicles come down the road and turn onto the farm's property. Tucker resigns himself to surrendering and does. When Jewel visits him in prison, Tucker gives her a list of his sixteen previous escapes from reformatories and prisons, but line number seventeen is left blank. On Jewel's advice, he remains in San Quentin until the end of his sentence. When Tucker is released from prison, Jewel is there to pick him up. She takes him to her farm and sets up a room for him, telling him that he can stay as long as he likes. Some time later, Tucker tells Jewel that he is going out on an errand. He calls Detective Hunt from a streetside payphone, and after some brief banter, Tucker sounds distracted and when Hunt asks him if he is ok, Tucker says "I'm about to be", then hangs up the phone and walks into a bank across the street. A title card states that "Forrest Tucker robbed four banks that day. When he was finally caught, the officers on the scene noted that as they arrested him...[pause]...he was smiling." Cast Production In October 2016, it was announced that Robert Redford and Casey Affleck had joined the cast of the film, with David Lowery directing from his own script. James D. Stern, Jeremy Steckler, Dawn Ostroff, Redford, Anthony Mastromauro, and Bill Holderman served as producers on the film under their Endgame Entertainment and Condé Nast banners, respectively. Rocket Science handled international sales. In March 2017, Tika Sumpter, Sissy Spacek, Danny Glover, Tom Waits, Elisabeth Moss, and Isiah Whitlock, Jr. joined the cast of the film. In April 2017, Keith Carradine was added as well. The film was shot on Super 16 mm film. Principal photography began in Dayton, Ohio on April 3, 2017. Fort Worth, Texas was also used as a primary location for several scenes, giving the film an “authentically Texan” atmosphere, according to Lowery. Other scenes were shot in Bethel, Ohio; Bellmead, Texas; Waco, Texas; and Newport, Kentucky. Daniel Hart composed the film score after working with writer/director Lowery on three previous films. The soundtrack was released on Varese Sarabande Records. Release In March 2017, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film in the US and UK. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2018. The film was scheduled to be released October 5, 2018, but was pushed up to September 28, 2018. Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film in the United States for digital download on January 1, 2019 and on DVD and 2-disc Blu-ray package on January 15, 2019. The UK DVD and Blu-ray on April 1, 2019. The Blu-ray home release has eight special features including deleted scenes, audio commentary with the director and filmmaking conversations with Redford and Lowery. Reception Box office The film was given a limited release in North America on September 28, 2018 and a wide release October 9, grossing a total of $11.3 million. It was also released in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2018 grossing $791,192 and Italy on December 2018 grossing $1.4 million. Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "A well-told story brought to life by a beautifully matched cast, The Old Man & the Gun is pure, easygoing entertainment for film fans—and a fitting farewell to a legend." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Clint Worthington of Consequence of Sound gave the film a "B+" grade, saying: "Just like Tucker can't help but chase the thrill of an outlaw's life, so too the audience gets hooked on Redford's effortless presence, and the airy, ethereal joys the film presents." Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The film makes plenty of mileage from trading on the charm of a good bad boy, and Redford's long experience in playing such roles serves him beautifully here; he knows by now he doesn't have to push his attractiveness to be ingratiating." Peter Debruge of Variety described the film as "a reminder of everything Redford has given us over the years," and Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a "B+" grade, saying: "Ultimately, the movie is a giant, lovable metaphor: Tucker's criminal preoccupations are such a natural part of his life he seems as if he could keep at it forever, no matter the impracticalities, and he becomes an ideal avatar for Redford's own achievements." Accolades Notes References External links 2018 films 2010s biographical films 2018 crime films American films American biographical films American crime films Films directed by David Lowery Films scored by Daniel Hart Films set in California Films set in Texas Films shot in Ohio Fox Searchlight Pictures films American heist films Films set in 1981 Films set in 1999 Biographical films about criminals

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michael%20Phillips

John Michael Phillips

John Michael Phillips (born February 4, 1975) is an American lawyer, consumer and civil rights advocate, and legal commentator. He is licensed to practice law in Florida, New York, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Oklahoma, Illinois and Washington, DC. Phillips has been lead counsel in numerous nationally reported cases. He successfully represented Lucy McBath and Ron Davis after the shooting of Jordan Davis in Jacksonville, Florida. He prevailed as lead counsel for Omarosa Manigault Newman in litigation filed against her by Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. He also is lead counsel for Joseph Maldonado-Passage, also known as Joe Exotic, and is featured in four episodes of the second season of the Netflix show Tiger King. Early life and education Phillips was born and raised in Mobile, Alabama, before moving to Jacksonville, Florida in 2001. He received a BA from the University of Alabama in Political Science and Criminal Justice in 1997. He attended the University of Alabama School of Law, receiving a JD in 2000. He subsequently became licensed to practice law in Florida, New York, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Oklahoma, Illinois and Washington, DC and is also licensed before the United States Supreme Court. Political Life and Civic Career In 2015, Phillips was nominated by the Mayor of Jacksonville to the City's Human Rights Commission. Not without controversy, a Brunswick, Georgia pastor once asked the Mayor to force Phillips to resign his position, claiming he was biased, saying Phillips "has shown he cannot be a fair person and serve on the city's Human Rights Commission." The mayor's office sided with Phillips and he remained on the Commission. On November 14, 2017, Phillips resigned from the Commission in order to relieve any perceived conflict before filing multiple civil rights lawsuits against the City of Jacksonville. During one of those lawsuits, during a deposition of the elected Sheriff, Phillips offered to settle the case if he apologized for the police brutality on video. The Sheriff obliged. In 2016, he was named one of the 29 most influential people in Jacksonville, Florida by Folio Weekly. He is very active in community outreach. Legal career Phillips started his career as a civil litigation defense attorney, defending companies like Coca-Cola, Hertz and State Farm from injury claims. After over 8 years with his firm, he worked alongside John Morgan and represented victims of traumatic injuries. In 2011, Phillips founded his own law office. It has since expanded to a multi-state practice. He is known as a preeminent civil rights lawyer, wrongful death lawyer, sports lawyer, personal injury lawyer, commercial litigation lawyer and criminal defense lawyer. Jordan Davis Shooting In 2012, Phillips was hired by Ron Davis and Lucy McBath after the shooting of Jordan Davis by Michael Dunn. The murder stemmed from an argument over loud music on November 23, 2012. Police say 45-year-old Michael Dunn fired 10 times at a vehicle in which 17-year-old Jordan Davis was a passenger just after 7:30 p.m. in Jacksonville, Florida. Michael Dunn was convicted of Jordan Davis's murder after two trials and remains behind bars. Jordan's death made news around the nation much like the murder case of Trayvon Martin. Phillips' perspective and a photo with the family appeared in Rolling Stone magazine in 2013. Although Joy Reid once described Phillips as "a white, lifelong Republican with an Alabama drawl, who like 1.5 million Floridians, has a concealed carry permit," he is frequently praised for his fight for equal rights and is often quoted as saying, he's "not Republican, not Democrat, but reasonable." Phillips's experiences led to a TEDx speech, which has amassed over 300,000 views. Additionally, he received a feature by BET online, spotlighting Phillips as a civil rights advocate. Featured in Abigail Disney Documentary: The Armor of Light Phillips still remains close with the Davis / McBath family and uses the example of Jordan Davis to encourage people to be more civil with each other. His family was featured in an Emmy award winning documentary by Abigail Disney, the daughter of Roy O. Disney and niece of Walt Disney. The movie is called The Armor of Light and features Phillips' story alongside his client Lucy McBath and Reverend Rob Schenck. The film premiered at Tribeca and went on to receive much acclaim. In 2017, it won an Emmy Award for best "Outstanding Social Interest Documentary." Lawyer for Individuals Associated with Tiger King Tiger King was a docuseries which aired in 2020 on Netflix. It featured the contentious relationship between Joseph Allen Maldonado-Passage, also known as Joe Exotic and Carole Baskin, as well as the disappearance of Carole Baskin's ex-husband Don Lewis. Phillips was hired in July 2020 to represent Don Lewis’s daughters along with his former assistant Anne McQueen. He filed a lawsuit against Carole Baskin and others in early August seeking to obtain more information about the disappearance of Don Lewis and amended it to assert an action for defamation on behalf of Anne McQueen, which is pending. To promote information gathering, the family and Phillips ran a commercial during Baskin's appearance on Dancing with the Stars, which went viral. He no longer represents the family of Don Lewis. After seeing Phillips' efforts on the case, Phillips and his firm were contacted and retained by Joe Exotic. Phillips serves as lead criminal and civil litigation counsel. “We’re going to seek a new trial, and justice in the criminal and civil courts,” Philips said after flying to visit Maldonado-Passage at Fort Worth’s Federal Medical Center. Donald Trump v. Omarosa Manigault Newman On August 18, 2018, it was announced that Phillips and his firm are representing Omarosa Manigault Newman in both arbitration and litigation arising out of her employment with Donald Trump, both at his political campaign and presidency. After Newman published her book, Unhinged, Phillips attended her initial book tour and subsequently picked up boxes of her belongings at the White House. Phillips defeated former President Donald J. Trump and his Campaign's efforts to enforce a nondisclosure agreement against Omarosa Manigault Newman, the former White House aide and a star on “The Apprentice” who wrote a tell-all book about serving in his administration. Phillips told the New York Times, "It’s over. We’ve won in Donald Trump and the Trump campaign’s chosen forum.”. In the decision by the American Arbitration Association dated September 24, 2021, the Arbitrator held, “Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions, the Arbitrator hereby grants Respondent’s Summary Judgment Motion declaring the Agreement invalid under New York contract law.". Phillips now seeks attorney fees from the Campaign. First Amendment and Trademark Litigation Although he is known for his work in personal injury and wrongful death cases, he stopped George Zimmerman when he was trying to sell his client's copyrighted photograph of notorious prosecutor Angela Corey as a painting and also successfully represented an Orlando man who made "Left Shark" 3-D figurines against claims of copyright infringement by singer Katy Perry. Phillips also represents Wonkette, an American online magazine of topical and political gossip, and its publisher Rebecca Schoenkopf. They were sued by Larry Klayman, after Wonkette published satirical articles mocking Klayman's legal and personal woes. Howard S. Schneider Pediatric Abuse Cases Phillips handled was the nationally reported case of Jacksonville pediatric dentist Howard S. Schneider. Howard Schneider was charged in a scheme to defraud Medicaid, but the allegations against him also included abuse and performing unnecessary dentistry on children, telling parents that he needed to work on one tooth and extracting several. Parents also allege that he unnecessarily restrained children with the controversial papoose board. Although he was found incompetent to stand trial, he lost his license to practice and much of his status in the community and a confidential settlement was reached. Phillips was interviewed on Nancy Grace, Anderson Cooper, Nightline, Crime Watch Daily, and others about the case. Controversial Civil Rights Verdict Another notable case includes Gregory Hill v. Ft. Pierce Police Department (where a man was shot by police through his closed garage door), It resulted in a controversial $4 jury verdict. The $4 verdict was reversed by the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals after Phillips argued the trial judge erred by allowing in inappropriate evidence. It will be retried. Record Verdict On Behalf of Kalil McCoy On January 15, 2019, Phillips and his firm received a jury verdict of $495,123,680.00, the largest known jury verdict in northeast Florida and one of the largest wrongful death verdicts in the country. Kalil McCoy, of Jacksonville, Florida, was shot in the head by Frederick Lee Wade, 19, while they rode in a car with four other friends, after an argument about opening a window. McCoy’s friends then dumped her body in a wooded area and lied about what happened. Fox News reported the victim's mother mother, Lynette Roebuck, saying, "that while the judgment won’t bring her daughter back, it acknowledges the pain her family has suffered for seven years." This was on top of another prior settlement in the case. Estate of Christopher “YNW Juvy” Thomas, Jr. versus Jamell "YNW Melly" Demons Christopher Thomas Jr., and Anthony Williams were shot and killed Oct. 26, 2018, in South Florida according to the Miramar Police Department. The men were last seen leaving in a car with Jamell Demons, aka YNW Melly, and Cortlen Henry, aka YNW Bortlen. Miramar police said an investigation concluded that Demons shot and killed Williams and Thomas. Henry was arrested in Texas and extradited to Broward County on Feb. 12, 2019. Demons turned himself in to officials in Broward County on Feb. 13, 2019. Phillips filed a wrongful death lawsuit on behalf of the family of Christopher Thomas, Jr., on Oct. 30 2020, and claims that “damages are in the millions or tens of millions of dollars or more.” The exact amount, Phillips explained, will be left up to a jury to decide. At a hearing in the criminal case in Aug. 2019, the State of Florida prosecutor, Broward County Assistant State Attorney Kristine Bradley, played a video that she says was found on Melly’s phone. It was recorded one month to the day after Juvy and Sakchaser were killed. In the hearing, she called it “a video of Mr. Demons admitting to shooting two individuals in the head.” In the video, Melly says, “There’s no regret for the shit that I did for that n***a to die,” and then, according to Bradley’s description, puts a pen he’s holding to his head as if it’s a gun, mimes pulling the trigger, and throws up a Bloods gang sign. Then Melly continues: “Both of them never say when.”. Phillips attempted to get a copy of the video, and Melly and Bortlen’s lawyers motioned to block its release. The publicity from it, they said, could deny their clients a fair trial by causing “pretrial prejudice.” “It seems to me that it's both a prevention of public records from being public, and a gag order back door,” Phillips says. To him, Melly’s team mentioning his social media posts about the case is “hypocritical,” given that Melly, Bortlen, and others are posting as well. As a result of accepting this case, Phillips states he has been the victim of death threats and harassment, “The death threats, the urinating on my mother's grave comments, they're hurtful. We report them, we investigate them. My family hates to see them. But it's a part of what we do.”. Other High Profile Cases Additionally, Phillips has handled several other nationally reported cases, including a woman was run over while sunbathing on Daytona Beach, for which he was interviewed on The Today Show. Good Morning America also filmed and broadcast portions of this trial in 2014, where Phillips can be seen hugging his client after a $2.6 million verdict. See also Aviana Bailey v. Daytona Beach Police (where Bailey was shot by Daytona Beach Police while a passenger in a vehicle). Awards and recognition Just during the last few years, Phillips and his office have been named as: Legal Elite, Florida Trend Magazine, SuperLawyer, by Florida Super Lawyers, Litigator Award, Trial Lawyers Board of Regents, Top 100 Trial Lawyer, by the National Trial Lawyers Association, Top 40 Under 40, by the American Society of Legal Advocates, AV – Preeminent (the highest rating obtainable), by peers according to Martindale-Hubbell, 10 / 10, by Avvo, "One of 29 Most Influential People in Jacksonville," by Folio Weekly, "Best Lawyer," by readers of the Folio Weekly, "Righteous Crusader," by readers of the Folio Weekly, "Attorney of the Month (with Photo on the Cover)," by Attorney at Law Magazine of Florida, "Attorney of the Month (with Photo on the Cover)," by Attorney at Law Magazine of Georgia, "#1 Lawyer," by readers of Void Magazine, "Face of Justice in the 904," by 904 Magazine, "Top Lawyer," by 904 Magazine, "Company with Heart," by 904 Magazine, "Best Lawyer," by Jacksonville Magazine, "Who's Who in Law," by Ponte Vedra Recorder, and many others. Speeches and presentations Since 2009, Phillips has spoken hundreds of times on various legal topics. He gave a TEDx talk which has been viewed over 300,000 times. He also has spoken internationally in Ghana and on the BBC and to groups at Howard University and before the NAACP. Television and Radio Personality Phillips has appeared on NBC's The Today Show, MSNBC, HLN, BBC, Al Jazeera, RT TV, TV ONE and regularly appears on other national media outlets as a legal correspondent. He is a recurring guest and legal analyst on HLN (CNN's Headline News program). Phillips covered the George Zimmerman verdict live from Sanford, Florida for HLN and has covered other high profile cases such as Jodi Arias and Casey Anthony for national media. From 2011 to 2013, Phillips hosted a podcast, which was aired regionally in Jacksonville, Florida called Courts & Sports. He still regularly appears on the morning radio show Lex and Terry. He represented the duo in 2012 and frequently has a call in segment where listeners ask Phillips for legal advice. Publisher Phillips is listed as the publisher of the 33 year-old news publication Folio Weekly. It was acquired by an entity known as Boldland Press, Inc., which Phillips is listed as controlling on SunBiz, Florida's corporate record search engine. Phillips also is listed as an owner of another publishing company PDJ Publishing, Inc. Personal life Phillips resides in Jacksonville, Florida, is married and has three sons. References External links John Phillips Law Office Web Site John Phillips Official Web Site 1975 births 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers American legal scholars American television personalities Florida lawyers Living people University of Alabama School of Law alumni

53765064

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20named%20David

List of people named David

The given name "David" may refer to: Medieval Late antiquity to early medieval David was adopted as a Christian name from at least the 6th century. David the Invincible (6th century), Neoplatonic philosopher David (commentator) (6th century), Greek scholar Saint David (6th century), patron saint of Wales David Saharuni (7th century), presiding prince of Byzantine-controlled Armenia David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas (d. 937), Arabic philosopher and controversialist, the author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages David I of Iberia (d. 881) David II of Iberia (d. 937) David of Bulgaria (d. 976), Bulgarian noble David III of Tao (d. 1000) High medieval Saint David of Muscovy or Gleb (987–1015), brother of Saint Roman of Muscovy or Boris, and son of Saint Vladimir David of Taman, late 10th century Khazar ruler David (Da'ud), 11th-century ruler of the Seljuk Turks David of Munktorp (died c. 1082) David I of Scotland (d. 1153), Roman Catholic saint David Kimhi (1160–1235), Medieval rabbi David Mac Cerbaill (died 1289), English archbishop David of Makuria (ruled c. 1268–1272), ruler of Makuria (in what is now Egypt and Sudan) David Soslan (d. 1207), Georgian prince Kings of Georgia: David IV of Georgia (d. 1125) David V of Georgia (d. 1155) David VI of Georgia (d. 1293) David VII of Georgia (d. 1270) David VIII of Georgia (d. 1311) Late medieval and early modern David, Lord of Brechin (d. 1320) David II of Scotland (1324 – 22 February 1371) Kings of Georgia: David IX of Georgia (d. 1360) David X of Kartli (d. 1526) David XI of Kartli (d. 1579) Davit as a name adopted by Emperors of Ethiopia: David I or Dawit I of Ethiopia (1382 – 6 October 1413) David II or Dawit II of Ethiopia (1501 – September 2, 1540) David III or Dawit III of Ethiopia (8 February 1716 – 18 May 1721) David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (1479–1573), Spanish Acharon David ben Solomon ibn Yahya (1455–1528), Spanish rabbi David ben Yom Tov ibn Bilia, Portuguese-Jewish philosopher David Bek (d. 1728), Armenian military commander David Davidsz de Heem (1570–1632), Dutch painter David ibn Ya'ish (d. 1375), Spanish-Jewish writer David Gwyn (fl. 1588), English poet David Reubeni (1490–1535/1541?), Jewish political activist and mystic David Davidse Schuyler (1669–1715), American fur trader and politician David Ungnad von Sonnegg (1535–1600), envoy of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Modern A David Aaker (born 1938), American organizational theorist David Aardsma (born 1981), American baseball player David Abagna (born 1998), Ghanaian footballer David Aaronovitch (born 1954), English journalist David Abel (general) (1935–2019), Burmese economist David Abel (cinematographer) (1883–1973), Russian-Dutch cinematographer David T. Abercrombie (1867–1931), American outdoor expert and founder of Abercrombie & Fitch David Abidor (born 1992), American soccer player David Abioye, Nigerian author and preacher David Abney (born 1956), American business executive David Abram (born 1957), American ecologist and philosopher David Abrard (born 1976), French butterfly swimmer David Manker Abshire (1926–2014), American civil servant and NATO representative David Abulafia (born 1949), English historian David Solomon Abwo (born 1986), Nigerian footballer David Accam (born 1990), Ghanaian footballer David J. Acer (1949–1990), American dentist David Acfield (born 1947), English cricketer and fencer David Campion Acheson (1921–2018), American attorney David Ackles (1937–1999), American singer-songwriter David Ackroyd (born 1940), American actor David Acord, American sound editor David Kpakpoe Acquaye (born 1928), Ghanaian academic David Addington (born 1957), American lawyer David I. Adelman (born 1964), American lawyer David Adger (born 1967), English professor David Adickes (born 1927), American modernist sculptor David Adika (born 1970), Israeli photographer David Adjaye (born 1966), Ghanaian-British architect David Adjei (born 1977), Ghanaian footballer David Adjey (born 1964), Canadian chef David Adjmi (born 1973), American playwright David E. Adkins, American businessman and politician David Aebischer (born 1978), Swiss ice hockey player David Aers (born 1946), English professor David Affleck (1912–1984), Scottish footballer David Afkham (born 1983), German conductor David Agard, American professor and physician David Agmon (born 1947), Israeli commanding officer David Agnew (president), Canadian academic administrator David Álvarez Aguirre (born 1984), Spanish-Equatoguinean footballer David V. Aguilar (born 1955), American civil servant David Agus (born 1965), American physician and author David Ahenakew (1933–2010), Canadian indigenous politician David H. Ahl (born 1939), American magazine author David M. Ainsworth (1954–2019), American politician David Aja (born 1977), Spanish comic book artist David Ajala (born 1986), English actor David Ajang (born 1970), Nigerian prelate David Ajiboye (born 1998), English footballer David Akeman (1915–1973), American singer-songwriter David Akers (born 1974), American football player David Akers-Jones (1927–2019), British colonial administrator David Bobihoe Akib (1955–2020), Indonesian civil servant David Akiba (1940–2019), American photographer David Akin, Canadian reporter David Akui (1920–1987), American soldier David Alaba (born 1992), Austrian footballer David Albelda (born 1977), Spanish footballer David Aldridge (born 1965), American sportswriter David Alexanian (born 1967), American director and producer David Alford (born 1964), American actor and playwright David Almond (born 1951), British author David Fernández Alonso (born 1996), Spanish handball player David Alpay (born 1980), Canadian actor and musician David Alter (1807–1881), American inventor David Altmejd (born 1974), Canadian sculptor David Alton (born 1951), English politician David Alvey, American politician David Alward (born 1959), Canadian politician David Amaral (born 1950), American psychiatry professor David Amber (born 1971), Canadian anchor David Ambrose (born 1943), British novelist David Amerson (born 1991), American football player David Amess (1952–2021), English politician David Amoo (born 1991), English footballer David Amram (born 1930), American composer and conductor David Ancrum (born 1958), American basketball player David Andahl (1964–2020), American politician and rancher David Anders (born 1981), American television actor David Andersen (born 1980), Australian basketball player David Andersen (goldsmith) (1843–1901), Norwegian goldsmith David Angell (1946–2001), American screenwriter and television producer David M. Apatang, American politician David Apotheker (1855–1911), Lithuanian humorist David Applebaum (1952–2003), American-Israeli physician and rabbi David Appleyard (born 1950), British academic David Archard (born 1951), British philosopher David Archuleta (born 1990), American singer David Arellano (1901–1927), Chilean footballer David Arenas, Colombian chess grandmaster David Argyle, British veterinarian David Arkenstone (born 1952), American composer David Arkin (1941–1991), American actor David Arkin (American football) (born 1987), American football player David Armand (born 1977), English comedian David Armstrong-Jones (born 1961), English furniture maker and member of the royal family Davíð Arnar Ágústsson (born 1996), Icelandic basketball player David Arnott (born 1963), American actor and screenwriter David Whitehorn Arnott (1915–2004), British linguist David Aronson (1923–2015), American painter David Arora (born 1952), American mycologist David Arquette (born 1971), American actor, director and producer David Arseneault (born 1953), American basketball coach David Arseneault Jr. (born 1986), American-Canadian basketball coach David Arshakyan (born 1994), Armenian footballer David Artell (born 1980), English footballer David Arumugam (born 1950), Malaysian singer David Arvizu (born 1988), American soccer player David Asante (1834–1892), Ghanaian native missionary David Asante-Apeatu (born 1957), Ghanaian forensic specialist David Asheri (1925–2000), Italian-Israeli historian David Åslin (born 1989), Swedish ice hockey player David Asman (born 1954), American television news anchor David Asper (born 1958), Canadian lawyer and businessman David E. Aspnes (born 1939), American physicist David Asscherick (born 1972), Australian pastor David Assing (1787–1842), Prussian physicist and poet David Aston (born 1953), New Zealand actor David Atanga (born 1996), Ghanaian footballer David Rice Atchison (1807–1886), American politician David Manyok Barac Atem (1959–2021), South Sudanese military figure David Atherton (baker) (born 1983), English baker David Atrakchi (born 1977), Yugoslavian-American actor David Attenborough (born 1926), English broadcaster and naturalist David Attewell, (born 1974), English basketball player David Atwell (born 1965), Canadian criminal David Atwood (1815–1889), American politician and publisher David Aubry (born 1996), French swimmer David Auburn (born 1969), American playwright David Aucagne (born 1973), French rugby union footballer David B. Audretsch (born 1954), American economist David Auerbach, American writer and software engineer David Augsburger (born 1938), American author David Auker, British film and television actor David Aukin (born 1942), British theatrical and executive producer David Aune (born 1939), American New Testament scholar David Ausberry (born 1987), American football player David Ausubel (1918–2008), American psychologist David Autor (born 1967), American economist David Avanesyan (born 1988), Russian boxer David Avellan, American grappler and mixed martial artist David Avery (born 1986), British film and television actor David Avnir (born 1947), Israeli professor David Avshalomov (born 1946), American classical composer David Aworawo (born 1968), Nigerian professor David Awschalom (born 1956), American physicist David Axe, American military correspondent David Axmark (born 1962), Swedish software developer David Axon (1951–2012), English astrophysicist David Ayala (born 2002), Argentine footballer David Ayer (born 1968), American filmmaker David Ayrapetyan (born 1983), Armenian-Russian boxer David Ayres (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player David Azéma (born 1960), French businessman David Azin (born 1990), German-Armenian footballer David Azrieli (1922–2014), Canadian real estate tycoon David Azulai (1954–2018), Israeli politician David Azzi (born 1981), Lebanese-Canadian footballer B David Baan (1908–1984), Dutch lightweight boxer David Baas (born 1981), American football player David Baazov (1883–1947), Georgian religious figure David Bada (born 1994), German American football player David Baerwald (born 1960), American singer-songwriter David Baev (born 1997), Russian wrestler David Backes (born 1984), American ice hockey player David Baddiel (born 1964), English comedian David Bailie (1937–2021), South African actor David Bakhtiari (born 1991), American football player David Baldacci (born 1960), American novelist David Bamber (born 1954), English actor David Bamigboye (1940–2018), Nigerian military commander and politician David Banner (born 1974), American rapper David Bannon (born 1963), American criminal David J. Bardin (born 1933), American government official David Bargh (born 1962), New Zealand racing driver David Barksdale (1947–1974), American gang leader David Barnea (born 1965), Israeli intelligence officer David Park Barnitz (1878–1901), American poet David Barons (1936–2018), British horse trainer David Bartov (1924–2018), Israeli judge David Alan Basche (born 1968), American actor David Basset (1687–1701), Merchant active in Newfoundland and New England David Baszucki (born 1963), Canadian-American entrepreneur David Bateson (born 1960), South African-English actor David Batista (footballer) (born 1986), Brazilian footballer David Batstone, American journalist David Peter Battaglia (1931–2017), American politician David Battley (1935–2003), British actor David Batty (born 1968), English footballer David Bavaro (born 1967), American football player David Bawden (born 1959), American conclavist claimant David H. Bayley (1933–2020), American political scientist David Bazan (born 1976), American singer-songwriter David L. Bazelon (1909–1993), American judge David Beaird (1952–2019), American director David Beasley (born 1957), American politician and diplomat David Beatson (1944–2017), New Zealand journalist David W. Bebbington (born 1949), British historian David Beckett (born 1954), English cricketer David Beckham (born 1975), English footballer David Bedein (born 1950), American community organizer David Bedella (born 1962), American actor David Bedford (1937–2011), English composer David Beecroft (born 1955), American actor David Begelman (1921–1995), American film producer David Begnaud (born 1983), American journalist David T. Beito (born 1956), American historian David Bellamy (1933–2019), British author and environmental campaigner David Bellavia (born 1975), American soldier David Belle (born 1973), French founder of Parkour David Belle Isle, American politician David Bellon, American lieutenant general David Bellotti (1943–2015), British politician David Benavidez (born 1996), American-Mexican boxer David Ben Dayan (born 1978), Israeli football player David Bendeth (born 1954), English producer David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Israeli politician and Prime Minister David Benioff (born 1970), American writer David Berkowitz (born 1953), American Satanic serial killer and arsonist David Belasco (1853–1931), American theatrical producer David Belove, American-Brazilian guitarist David Benatar (born 1966), South African philosopher David Refael ben Ami (1950–2020), Israeli singer David Bender, American political activist and author David Bennent (born 1966), Swiss actor David G. Benner (born 1947), Canadian professor David Berard (born 1970), American ice hockey coach David Berenbaum, American screenwriter David Berg (1919–1994), American religious figure David Bergland (1935–2019), American politician David Beriáin (1977–2021), Spanish journalist David Berlinski (born 1942), American author David Bernhardt (born 1969), American politician and lobbyist David Bernhardt (ice hockey) (born 1997), Swedish ice hockey player David Beukelman (born 1943), American speech-language pathologist David Bevington (1931–2019), American literary scholar David Bey (1957–2017), American boxer David Beynon, Welsh rugby union footballer David Beynon (teacher) (1919–1966), Welsh teacher David Bezmozgis (born 1973), Canadian writer and filmmaker David Bianculli, American TV critic and columnist David Bianchi, American-Brazilian actor David Bickler (born 1953), American musician David Biddle (born 1985), Canadian rugby union footballer David Bieber (born 1966), American convicted murderer David Bierk (1944–2002), Canadian-American painter David Binder (1931–2019), English-American journalist David Bing (born 1943), American basketball player and politician David Binn (born 1972), American football player David Binney (born 1961), American saxophonist David Birkin (born 1977), British artist David Birney (born 1939), American actor David Biro (born 1964), American physician and writer David Bisbal (born 1979), Spanish singer-songwriter David Bischoff (1951–2018), American writer David F. Bjorklund (born 1949), American professor David Theodore Blaauw, American professor David Blackbourn (born 1949), English professor David Blackwell (1919–2010), American mathematician David Blaine (born 1973), American illusionist David Blatner (born 1966), American writer and speaker David Blatt (born 1959), Israeli-American basketball player and coach David B. Bleak (1932–2006), American soldier David Bleakley (1925–2017), Northern Irish politician David Bleakley (cricketer) (1817–1992), English cricketer David Blech (born 1955), American businessman David Blei, American professor David W. Blight (born 1949), American professor David Blitz, American philosophy teacher David S. Blitzer (born 1969), American businessman and sports owner David Blixt (born 1973), American author David Blocker (born 1955), American film producer David Bloom (1963–2003), American television journalist David Bloor (born 1942), British sociologist David Blough (born 1995), American football player David Blu (born 1980), Israeli-American basketball player David Blume, American permaculture teacher David Blumenthal (born 1948), American health care policy expert David Blunkett (born 1947), British politician David Boat (born 1959), American voice actor David Sarpong Boateng (born 1943), Ghanaian politician David Boaz (born 1953), American executive and author David Bobin (1945–2017), English sports journalist David Bodanis (born 1950), American speaker and advisor David Bodian (1910–1992), American medical scientist David Boe (1936–2020), American organist David Bohm (1917–1992), American scientist David Boies (born 1941), American lawyer David Bolstad (1969–2011), New Zealand woodchopper David Bomberg (1980–1957), British painter David Bonderman (born 1942), American businessman David Bonetti (1947–2018), American art critic David Bonior (born 1945), American politician David Booker (born 1954), Australian sculptor David Boon (born 1960), Australian cricket umpire David Boreanaz (born 1969), American actor David Borrero (born 1988), American politician David Borwein (1924–2021), Canadian mathematician David Bossie (born 1965), American political activist David Bostock (1948–2016), British diplomat David Bostock (philosopher) (1936–2019), British philosopher David Boston (born 1978), American football player David Bote (born 1993), American baseball player David Dean Bottrell (born 1959), American actor and comedian David Boudia (born 1989), American diver David Boui (born 1988), Central African taekwondo practitioner David Bouley (born 1953), American chef and restaurateur David Renaud Boullier (1699–1759), Dutch philosopher and minister David Bowens (born 1977), American football player David Bowie (1947–2016), British singer-songwriter David Box (1943–1964), American rock musician David A. Boxley (born 1952), American artist David Braben (born 1964), British video game developer David Brabham (born 1965), Australian racing driver David Brain (born 1964), Zimbabwean cricketer David Brainerd (1718–1747), American missionary David Braley (1941–2020), Canadian businessman and politician David Brancaccio (born 1960), American radio journalist David Branch (fighter) (born 1981), American mixed martial artist David Brant, American special agent David Braybrooke (1924–2013), American political philosopher David Brearley (1741–1790), American judge David Breashears (born 1955), American mountaineer and filmmaker David Breda (born 1971), Czech footballer David S. Bredt, American molecular neuroscientist David Brekalo (born 1998), Slovenian footballer David A. Brennen, American lawyer David Brenner (1936–2014), American comedian and actor David A. Brent, American psychiatrist David Andrew Brent (born 1981), Canadian actor David Brewster (1781–1868), British scientist David Brian (1914–1993), American actor David Brickett (born 1950), South African cricketer David Brickner (born 1958), American Baptist minister David Bridges (born 1982), English footballer David Brierly (1935–2008), English actor David Brillembourg (1942–1993), Venezuelan economist David Brin (born 1950), American scientist and author David Brinkley (1920–2003), American newscaster David Brits (born 1997), South African rugby union footballer David Brock (born 1962), American political consultant David S. Broder (1929–2011), American political commentator David C. Broderick (1820–1859), American attorney and politician David Broecker (born 1961), American executive David Brog (born 1966), American attorney David Broll (born 1993), Canadian ice hockey player David Bromberg (born 1945), American singer-songwriter David Bromstad (born 1973), American television personality David Broncano (born 1984), Spanish comedian David J. Bronczek (born 1954), American businessman David Bronstein (1924–2006), Soviet chess player David Broockman, American political scientist David Brower (1912–2000), American environmentalist David Broza (born 1955), Israeli singer-songwriter David Brubeck (1920–2012), American jazz pianist and composer David Brumbaugh (1960–2017), American businessman and politician David Bryan (born 1962), American singer-songwriter David Brydon (born 1996), New Zealand field hockey player David Buchsbaum (1929–2021), American mathematician David Buck (1936–1989), English actor David Buckel (1957–2018), American lawyer David Buckley (born 1976), British composer David P. Buckson (1920–2017), American lawyer and politician David Budbill (1940–2016), American poet and playwright David Buehler (born 1987), American football player David Buffett (born 1942), American political figure David Buggy (born 1975), Irish hurler David Godoy Bugueño (1944–2007), Chilean chess player David Bullard (born 1952), South African columnist David Bullard (politician), American politician David Bullock (born 1993), American entrepreneur David Bulow (1980–2021), American soccer player David R. Bunch (1925–2000), American writer David Bunevacz (born 1968), Filipino-American businessman and model David Burkette, American politician David Burks (born 1943), American academic president David Burnford (1915–1984), British doctor and rower David Burnham (born 1933), American journalist David Burnside (born 1951), Northern Irish politician David Burnside (footballer) (1939–2009), English footballer David Burritt (born 1955), American businessman David Burtka (born 1975), American actor and chef David D. Busch (born 1947), American photographer David Buskin (born 1943), American singer-songwriter David Busst (born 1967), English football manager David Bustamante (born 1982), Spanish singer-songwriter David Byas (born 1963), English first-class cricketer David Byerman, American politician David Bystroň (1982–2017), Czech footballer David Byrne (born 1952), Scottish-American musician C David Cabán (born 1993), Puerto Rican soccer player David Caesar (born 1963), Australian television director David Cage (born 1969), French video game designer David Calderisi (born 1940), Canadian actor David Cale, English-American playwright David Call (born 1982), American actor David Callaham (born 1977), American screenwriter David Callahan (born 1964/1965), American writer and editor David Callister (1935–2020), Manx politician and broadcaster David Camm, American state trooper David Campagna (1946–2017), American actor David Canary (1938–2015), American actor David Caneda (born 1970), Spanish footballer and manager David Cannadine (born 1950), British author and historian David Canter (born 1944), English psychologist David Capel (1963–2020), English cricketer David Caplan (1964–2019), Canadian politician David Cárcamo (born 1970), Honduran footballer David Cardwell, British engineer David Cardwell (civil servant) (1920–1982), British civil servant David Carney (born 1983), Australian footballer David Caron (1952–2018), American professor David Carradine (1936–2009), American actor David Carrasco (born 1944), American academic historian David Carreira (born 1991), Portuguese singer David Carritt (1927–1982), British art historian, dealer and critic David Carswell, Canadian music producer David Caruso (born 1956), American actor David Casas (born 1971), American politician David Casasnovas (born 1979), Spanish footballer David Casassas (born 1975), Spanish academic David Caspe (born 1978), American film and television writer David Cassidy (1950–2017), American singer-songwriter David Castañeda (born 1989), Mexican-American actor David Castilla (born 1977), French footballer David Castro (born 1996), American actor David Catania (born 1968), American politician and lawyer David Catling, American professor David Catrow (born 1952), American artist and illustrator David Cavanagh (1964–2018), Irish writer David Cavazos (born 1985), Mexican singer-songwriter David Caves (born 1979), Northern Irish actor David Celermajer (born 1961), Australian cardiologist David Celia (born 1973), Canadian singler-songwriter David Cerda (born 1961), American playwright David Černý (born 1967), Czech sculptor David Cerullo (born 1952), American televangelist David Cervinski (1970–2019), Australian footballer David Cesarani (1956–2015), British historian David Cesarini, American economist David Chalian (born 1973), American journalist David Chalmers (born 1966), Australian philosopher David Charlesworth (born 1951), English Catholic abbot David Charvet (born 1972), French actor and model David Chase (born 1945), American screenwriter David Chaussinand (born 1973), French hammer thrower David Chaum (born 1955), American computer scientist David Cheng (born 1989), American racing driver David K. Cheng (1918–2012), Chinese professor and electrical engineer David Cheriton (born 1951), Canadian computer scientist David A. Cherry (born 1949), American artist David Chesky (born 1956), American pianist David Chesnoff (born 1955), American attorney David Chesworth (born 1958), English-Australian composer David Abraham Cheulkar (1909–1981), Indian actor David Chiang (born 1947), Hong Kong actor David Chibana (born 1993), Japanese kickboxer David Hatcher Childress (born 1957), American author David Childs (born 1941), American architect David Chilton (1951–1997), American pastor David Chilton (businessman) (born 1961), Canadian author and investor David Chingunji (1945–1970), Angolan politician David Chipman, American law enforcement officer David Chipperfield (born 1953), English architect David Chisum (born 1970), American actor David Choby (1947–2017), American prelate David Chocarro (born 1980), Argentine baseball player and model David Chodounsky (born 1984), American alpine skier David Choe (born 1976), American artist David Choi (born 1986), American musician David Chokachi (born 1968), American actor David Chong, Singaporean lawyer David Choquehuanca (born 1961), Bolivian politician David Cicilline (born 1961), American politician David Cienciala (born 1995), Czech ice hockey player David Ciente (born 1989), Romanian composer and producer David Xavier Cifu (born 1962), American physiatrist David Civera (born 1979), Spanish singer David Claessen (born 1959), Dutch cinematographer David Clayton-Thomas (born 1941), Canadian singer-songwriter David I. Cleland (1926–2018), American engineer David Clement-Davies (born 1964), British author and sculptor David Judson Clemmons, American musician David Clendenin (1790–1817), American soldier and politician David Ramsay Clendenin (1830–1895), American teacher and soldier David Clendon (born 1955), New Zealand politician David Clennon (born 1943), American actor David Clewell (1955–2020), American poet and writer David Cliche (1952–2020), Canadian politician David Clifford (born 1999), Irish Gaelic footballer David Climenhaga (born 1952), Canadian blogger and union activist David Climer (1953–2020), American sports reporter David Cliss (born 1939), English footballer David Clohessy, American spokesman David Cloke (born 1955), Australian rules footballer David Clopton (1820–1892), American politician David Clowney (born 1985), American football player David Cloyd (born 1974), American singer-songwriter David Cluett (1965–2005), Maltese footballer David Clyde (born 1955), American baseball player David T. Clydesdale (born 1954), American musical artist David H. Coar (born 1943), American judge David Cobham (1930–2018), British producer David Coffin, American folk musician David Cohn (born 1995), Israeli-American basketball player David X. Cohen (born 1966) American television writer David Colander (born 1947), American economist David Coldrick, Gaelic football referee David Čolina (born 2000), Croatian footballer David Collings (1940–2020), English actor David Colmer (born 1960), Australian writer and translator David Colston, American politician David Coltart (born 1957), Zimbabwean lawyer David Combe (1943–2019), Australian politician David Cone (born 1963), American baseball player and color commentator David Conrad (born 1967), American actor David Consuegra (1939–2004), Colombian graphic designer David Consunji (1921–2017), Filipino businessman David P. Cooley (1960–2009), American test pilot David Copeland (footballer) (1875–1931), English footballer David Y. Copeland III (1931–2019), American politician David Cordani (born 1966), American business executive David Corenswet (born 1993), American actor David Corfield, British philosopher David Corkery (born 1972), Irish rugby union footballer David Corkill (born 1960), British lawn bowler David Corley Jr. (born 1980), American football player and coach David Cormand (born 1974), French politician David Cormican (born 1981), Canadian television executive David Corn (born 1959), American political journalist David Cornell (born 1991), Welsh footballer David Cornstein (born 1938), American politician and diplomat David Coromina (born 1974), Spanish footballer David Barron Corona (1963–1997), Mexican gangster David Corrêa (1937–2020), Brazilian singer-songwriter David Correia, American scholar and activist David Corwin, American psychiatrist David Costabile (born 1967), American actor David Costas (born 1995), Spanish footballer David Côté (1915–1969), Canadian politician David Côté (Canadian football) (born 1996), Canadian football player David Cotton (born 1950/1951), American businessman David Cotton (ice hockey) (born 1997), American ice hockey player David Coulthard (born 1971), Scottish Formula One racer David Coverdale (born 1951), British vocalist David Crabb (born 1975), American actor David Crabtree, American television anchor David Cracknell, British journalist David Craighead (1924–2012), American organist David Crellin (born 1961), English actor David Cretney (born 1954), Manx politician and entrepreneur David Crighton (1942–2000), British mathematician David Crisafulli (born 1979), Australian politician David Crocker (born 1937), American professor David Crockett (wrestling) (born 1946), American pro wrestling announcer David Crombie (born 1936), Canadian politician David Cromer (born 1964), American theatre director David Cromwell (born 1962), British oceanographer David Cronenberg (born 1943), Canadian film director David Moore Crook (1914–1944), British fighter pilot David Crouch (historian) (born 1953), Welsh historian and academic David Croudip (1958–1988), American football player David Crouse (born 1971), American writer and teacher David Crowder (born 1971), American Christian rock singer David H. Crowley (1882–1951), American politician David Cryer (born 1936), American actor and singer David Crystal (born 1941), British linguist David Cubitt (born 1965), English-Canadian actor David Cuddy (born 1952), American politician and businessman David Culley (born 1955), American football coach David Culver (1924–2017), Canadian businessman David Cunliffe (born 1963), New Zealand politician David Curry (born 1944), British politician David Curson (born 1948), American politician David Custer (born 1980), American journalist and news anchor David Cutcliffe (born 1954), American football coach David Cutler (born 1965), American economist and professor David Cynamon (born 1963), Canadian executive and sports owner David Cyrus (born 1989), Grenadian footballer David Czupryn (born 1983), German artist David Czyszczon (born 1981), Polish-German footballer D David Dabydeen (born 1955), Guyanese-English novelist and diplomat David Dacko (1930–2003), Central African politician David Dale (1739–1806), Scottish industrialist David Kenneth Hay Dale (1927–2001), British colonial administrator David Daleiden (born 1989), American anti-abortion activist David Dalglish (born 1984), American writer David Dallas (born 1982), New Zealand artist David Damrosch (born 1953), American historian David Damschen, American politician David d'Angers (1788–1856), French sculptor David Danielson (1947–2021), American politician David Danzmayr (born 1980), Austrian conductor David Darcy (1943–2020), Australian rules footballer David Darom (born 1954), Israeli marine biologist David Dastmalchian (born 1977), American actor David Datuna (born 1974), Georgian-American artist David Daughtry (born 1975), American gospel musician David Davidar (born 1958), Indian novelist and publisher David David-Weill (1871–1952), French-American banker David Davidyan (born 1997), Russian-Armenian footballer David Dawood (born 1981), English disc jockey and songwriter David DeCastro (born 1990), American football player David DeCoteau (born 1962), American-Canadian director David Defiagbon (1970–2018), Nigerian boxer David de Gea (born 1990), Spanish footballer David Degtyarev (born 1996), Kazakhstani Paralympic powerlifter David Deida (born 1958), American author David Dein (born 1943), English sports owner and executive David DeJesus (born 1979), American baseball player David de Keyser (1927–2021), English actor David Dekker (born 1998), Dutch cyclist David Della Rocco (born 1952), American comedian David Dellinger (1915–2004), American activist and writer David Dellucci (born 1973), American baseball player David Del Rio (born 1987), American actor David DeLuise (born 1971), American actor David DeMille, American physicist David Deming (born 1954), American geologist David Deming (economist), American economist David Denman (born 1973), American actor David Denning, British epidemiologist David Denson (born 1995), American baseball player David H. DePatie (born 1929), American producer David Depetris (born 1988), Argentine-Slovak footballer David Deptula (born 1952), American Lieutenant General David Desrosiers (born 1980), Canadian musician David Deutsch (born 1953), British physicist David Devant (1868–1941), English magician David Dewey (born 1956), American painter David Dewhurst (born 1945), American politician and businessman David DeWitt (born 1948), American computer scientist David Dhawan (born 1955), Indian film director David Diamante (born 1971), American ring announcer David DiChiera (1935–2018), American composer David Dickey (born 1945), American statistician David Diehl (born 1980), American football player David DiFrancesco (born 1949), American inventor David Dillehunt (born 1984), American film director and television producer David L. Dill (born 1957), American computer scientist David Dillon (born 1951), American business executive David Dimbleby (born 1938), British TV commentator David Dinkins (1927–2020), American politician David Diop (1927–1960), French poet David Diop (novelist) (born 1966), French novelist David Diosa (born 1992), Colombian footballer David DiPietro (born 1960), American politician David Diringer (1900–1975), British linguist David Doak (born 1967), Northern Irish video game designer David Dobrik (born 1996), Slovak-American YouTube personality David Dockery (born 1952), American religious and educational figure David Dolan (born 1979), English boxer David Dolan (pianist) (born 1955), Israeli pianist David Doman, American electrical engineer David Domgjoni (born 1997), Kosovan footballer David Domina (born 1950), American lawyer and politician David Dondero (born 1969), American singer-songwriter David D'Or (born 1965), Israeli singer David H. Dornsife (born 1944), American businessman David Doster (born 1970), American baseball player David Doubilet (born 1956), American photographer David Dougherty (1967–2017), New Zealand convicted criminal David Douillet (born 1969), French judo athlete David B. Douthett (1840–1927), American politician David Dowdy, American epidemiologist David Dowell, American scientist David Dowler (born 1967), American serial killer David Dozier (born 1949), American professor David Drábek (born 1970), Czech playwright David Dragojević (born 1988), Serbian footballer David Dragunsky (1910–1992), Soviet officer David Draiman (born 1973), American singer-songwriter David Draper (born 1942), American bodybuilder David Drasin (born 1940), American mathematician David Drebin (born 1970), American artist David Dreier (born 1952), American entrepreneur David Dreman (born 1936), Canadian investor David Dreshaj (born 1999), Albanian singer David Dreyer, American politician David Driskell (1931–2020), American artist David Driver (born 1962), American singer-songwriter David Droga (born 1968), Australian executive David M. Dror, American health specialist David Drumm (born 1966), Irish accountant and banker David Drysdale (born 1975), Scottish golfer David Duarte (born 1995), Brazilian footballer David Dubinsky (1892–1982), American labor leader David Duchovny (born 1960), American actor David Duffield (born 1941), American businessman David W. Dugan (born 1960), American judge David Dukes (1945–2000), American actor David Kojo Duku (1920–??), Ghanaian politician David du Plessis (1905–1987), South African minister David Đurak (born 2000), Slovenian footballer David Durand (1680–1763), English minister David Durand (actor) (1920–1998), American actor David Durenberger (born 1934), American politician David Dushman (1923–2021), Russian soldier David Duval (born 1971), American golfer David Dvořáček (born 1992), Czech ice hockey player David Dworkin (born 1934), American musician David Dwyer (born 1964), Australian rules footballer David Dyzenhaus, Canadian jurist and law professor David Dzakhov (born 1988), Russian footballer David Dziobkowski, American officer David Dziurzynski (born 1989), Canadian hockey player E David Eades, British journalist David Eady (born 1943), British judge David Eagleman (born 1971), American neuroscientist David Eagles (born 1935), British test pilot David Eaglin, American air force general David Easter (born 1959), English actor David Eastman (born 1945), Australian public servant David Easton (1917–2014), Canadian-American political scientist David Eastwood (born 1959), British academic David Ebershoff (born 1969), American writer David Ebersman (born 1969), American businessman David Ebo (1950–1993), American singer David Eby (born 1977), Canadian lawyer and politician David Eckstein (born 1975), American baseball player David Eddings (1931–2009), American fantasy writer David Edgerton (1927–2018), American entrepreneur David Edgerton (historian) (born 1959), English historian and professor David Effron, American conductor David Egan (1954–2016), American singer-songwriter David Egan (jockey) (born 1999), Irish jockey David Egbo (born 1998), Nigerian footballer David Egerton (1961–2021), English rugby union footballer David Egerton (British Army officer) (1914–2010), British army officer David Ehrenfeld (born 1938), American professor David Ehrenstein (born 1947), American film critic David J. Eicher (born 1961), American editor and writer David Eick (born 1968), American writer David Eigenberg (born 1964), American actor David Eisenbach, American historian David Eisenbud (born 1947), American mathematician David Eisenhower (born 1948), American author and professor David Glen Eisley (born 1952), American singer-songwriter David Ejoor (1932–2019), Nigerian army officer David Ellefson (born 1964), American musician David Romero Ellner (??–2020), Honduran journalist David Emerson (born 1945), Canadian politician David Emerson (cricketer) (born 1961), American cricketer David F. Emery (born 1948), American politician David Emge (born 1946), American actor David Emslie (born 1955), South African cricketer David England (born 1956), Australian rower David Enoch (1901–1949), Israeli chess player David Enoch (philosopher), British philosopher David Enrich (born 1979), American journalist David Eppstein (born 1963), American computer scientist David Epston (born 1944), New Zealand therapist David Erskine (??–1611) David Esquer (born 1965), American baseball coach David Essex (born 1947), English singer-songwriter David Esterly (1944–2019), American sculptor David Eto'o (born 1987), Cameroonian footballer David Estudillo (born 1973/1974), American judge David L. Eubanks (born 1935), American preacher David Evangelista (born 1968), American fashion contributor David Everett (1770–1813), American newspaper editor David M. Ewalt (born 1976), American journalist David Eyges (born 1950), American cellist David Eyres (born 1964), English footballer F David Fa'alogo (born 1980), New Zealand rugby league footballer David Fabricius (1564–1617), German pastor David Fagen (1875–1???), African-American soldier David Fahm, Zambian-British actor David Fahrenthold (born 1978), American journalist David Fair (born 1952), American activist David Fairchild (1869–1954), American botanist David Fairhurst (1906–1972), English footballer David Faitelson (born 1968), Israeli-Mexican journalist David Fajgenbaum (born 1985), American author David Fales (born 1990), American football player David Falk (born 1950), American sports agent David Fall (1902–1964), American diver David Fane (born 1966), New Zealand actor David Farabee (born 1964), American politician David Farinango (born 2000), Ecuadorian swimmer David Farr (born 1955), American business executive David Farragut (1801–1870), American naval officer David Farrant (born 1960), New Zealand cricketer David P. Farrington (born 1944), British criminologist David Farrier (born 1982), New Zealand journalist David Fasenfest (born 1949), American sociologist David Fasold (1939–1998), American marine officer David Faustino (born 1974), American actor David Feao (born 1990), Tongan rugby union footballer David FeBland, American artist David Fechheimer (1942–2019), American private investigator David Fedderly (born 1953), American tuba player David Feeney (born 1970), Australian politician David Feffer (born 1956), Brazilian businessman David Feherty (born 1958), British golfer David B. Fein (born 1960), American attorney David Sidney Feingold (1922–2019), American biochemist David Feiss (born 1959), American animator David Feldberg (born 1977), American golfer David Felder (born 1953), American composer David L. Felten (born 1948), American neuroscientist David Fenech (born 1969), French musician David Fenton (born 1953), American businessman David M. Fergusson (1944–2018), New Zealand psychologist David Fernley (1934–2009), South African cricketer David Ferrant (born 1963), South African cricketer David Ferreira (born 1979), Colombian footballer David Ferrer (born 1982), Spanish tennis player David Ferrie (1918–1967), American pilot David Ferrucci, American academic researcher David Feuerwerker (1912–1980), French rabbi David Ffrangcon-Davies (1855–1918), Welsh baritone opera singer David Fieldhouse (1925–2018), English historian David Fielding (born 1955), American politician David Fierro, American actor David Fifita (rugby league, born 1989), Tongan rugby league footballer David Fifita (rugby league, born 2000), Australian rugby league footballer David Figlio (born 1970), American economist David Filo (born 1966), American businessman David Fincher (born 1962), film director David George Findlay (1913–1982), Surinamese politician David Finkelhor (born 1947), American sociologist David Finkelstein (1929–2016), American physician and professor David Firman, British conductor David First (born 1953), American composer David Firth (born 1983), English animator David Fischerov (born 1998), Austrian weightlifter David Fiske, American author David Fisman, Canadian health professor David Fithian (born 1964), American academic executive David Fiuczynski (born 1964), American jazz guitarist David Fizdale (born 1974), American basketball coach David Flair (born 1979), American wrestler David Flaschen (born 1951), American soccer player David Flatman (born 1980), English rugby union footballer David Flavius (born 1972), Saint Lucian footballer David Fleay (1907–1993), Australian naturalist David Fleet (born 1954), Canadian politician David Fleischaker (born 1944), American businessman David Flex (born 1987), American wrestler David Flint (born 1938), Australian academic David Flockhart (1952–2015), Scottish medical researcher David Flood (born 1969), Australian rules footballer David Flood (organist), British organist David Floyd (born 1951), American politician David Fluellen (born 1992), American football player David Flusfeder (born 1960), American-British author David Flusser (1917–2000), Israeli professor David Foenkinos (born 1974), French author David B. Fogel (born 1964), American computer engineer David Folkenflik (born 1969), American reporter David Folsom (born 1947), American judge David Fonseca (born 1973), Portuguese musician David Fontana (1934–2010), British psychologist David Foot, Canadian demographer David Foot (journalist) (1929–2021), British journalist David Forden (1930–2019), American intelligence officer David Foreman (born 1947), American environmentalist and author David Forman, English entrepreneur and stuntman David Forman (general) (1745–1797), American general David Forsberg, American politician David Forst (born 1976), American baseball executive David Foucault (born 1989), Canadian gridiron football player David J. Foulis (1930–2018), American mathematician David Foxon (1923–2001), English bibliographer David Frakes (born 1976), American engineer David J. R. Frakt, American lawyer and officer David Fralick (born 1962), American actor David A. Frank-Kamenetskii (1910–1970), Soviet physicist David Frankfurter (1909–1982), Croatian Jew David Frankham (born 1926), English actor David Fraser-Hidalgo (born 1969), Ecuadorian-American politician David Frawley (born 1950), American Hindu teacher David Fray (born 1981), French pianist David Frazee, Canadian cinematographer David Frederick (born 1961), American attorney David Freese (born 1983), American baseball player David Freiberg (born 1938), American musician David Freiheit (born 1979), Canadian YouTuber David Freitas (born 1989), American baseball player David Freud (born 1950), British politician David Fricke (born 1952), American music journalist David Fried (born 1962), American artist David Friedrichsfeld (1755–1810), German-Jewish writer David Fries, American scientist David Friesen (born 1942), American bassist David Friess (born 1968/1969), American politician David Frigerio (born 1970), American screenwriter David Friio (born 1973), French footballer David Frith (born 1937), British sports writer and historian David Frizzell (born 1941), American singer David Frockt (born 1969), American politician David B. Frohnmayer (1940–2015), American attorney David Froman (1938–2010), American actor David Fromkin (1932–2017), American author David Frost (1939–2013), British television host David Frum (born 1960), Canadian-American political writer David Frye (1933–2011), American comedian David Fubini, American professor David Fuhrer (born 1960), American entrepreneur David Fulcher (born 1964), American football player David Füleki (born 1985), German comic artist David Fuller (born 1954), British murderer and necrophile David Fumero (born 1972), Cuban-American actor David Fung (born 1983), Canadian pianist David D. Furman (1917–2008), American lawyer and judge David Furness, American military officer David Furnish (born 1962), Canadian filmmaker David Furr, American actor David Fury (born 1959), American television writer David Fusitu'a (born 1994), New Zealand rugby league footballer David Fuster (born 1982), Spanish footballer David Fynn, British-Irish actor G David Gadsby (1947–2019), British physiologist David Gagen (born 1953), English speedway racer David Gahan (born 1962), English singer-songwriter David Gaider (born 1971), Canadian writer David Gaither (born 1957), American politician David Galenson (born 1951), American professor David A. Gall (1941–2021), Canadian jockey David Gallagher (born 1985), American actor David Gallegos, American politician David Gallo (born 1966), American scenic designer David H. Gambrell (1929–2021), American attorney and politician David R. Gamperl (born 1966), American businessman David Gandy (born 1980), English fashion model David Gans (1541–1613), German author David Gans (musician) (born 1953), American musician David Gant (born 1943), Scottish actor David F. Gantt (1941–2020), American politician David Garman (1922–2019), British businessman and inventor David Garrard (born 1978), American football player David Garrick (1717–1779), English actor David Garrison (born 1952), American actor David Garnett (1892–1981), British writer and publisher David Gasman (born 1960), American actor and director David Gates (born 1940), American singer-songwriter David Gaudu (born 1996), French cyclist David Gaughran, Irish writer David Gauke (born 1971), British politician David Gaunt (born 1944), British professor David Gauthier (born 1932), Canadian-American philosopher David Gautreaux (born 1951), American actor David Geddis (born 1958), English football coach David Gedge (born 1960), English musician David Geffen (born 1943), American business magnate David Geiser (1947–2020), American painter David Gelb (born 1983), American director David Gelbaum (1950–2018), American businessman David Gelernter (born 1955), American computer scientist David Geller, American professor and surgeon David Gelston (1744–1828), American merchant and politician David Gemmell (1948–2006), British author David Geovanis, Russian-American businessman David Gergen (born 1942), American political commentator David Gerrold (born 1944), American science fiction writer David Gessner (born 1961), American essayist David Gest (1953–2016), American TV producer David Ghazaryan (1989–2020), Armenian general David Giffin (born 1973), Australian rugby union footballer David Gilhooly (1943–2013), American ceramicist David Gilliland (born 1976), American stock car racing driver David Gillingham (born 1947), American composer David Gilmour (born 1946), British rock singer-songwriter David R. Gilmour (born 1958), American diplomat David Gilreath (born 1988), American football player David Ginger, American physical chemist David J. Gingery (1932–2004), American inventor David Ginola (born 1967), French footballer David Giralt (1959–2020), Cuban long-jumper David R. Giroux (born 1975), American equity manager David Gistau (1970–2020), Spanish journalist David Giuntoli (born 1980), American actor David Givens (born 1980), American football player David Glantz (born 1942), American historian David Glasner, American economist David Glawe (born 1970), American civil servant David Gleeson (born 1966), Irish film director David Gleeson (golfer) (born 1978), Australian golfer David Gleirscher (born 1994), Austrian luger David Gockley (born 1943), American opera administrator David C. Godbey (born 1957), American judge David Godman (born 1953), British Hindu professor David Goel (born 1970), American hedge fund manager David Goffin (born 1990), Belgian tennis player David Goforth (born 1988), American baseball player David L. Goldfein (born 1959), American general David Goggins (born 1975), American runner David Gogokhia (born 1987), Georgian visual artist David Goldblatt (1930–2018), South African photographer David Goldblatt (writer) (born 1965), British sports writer David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons (1851–1925), British author and baronet David Golomb (1933–2019), Israeli politician David Gomberg (born 1953), American businessman and politician David Gompert (born 1945), American government official and diplomat David Gonzales (cartoonist) (born 1964), American cartoonist David Good (1933–2017), British hillclimber David Gooderson (born 1941), English actor David Willoughby Gooding (1925–2019), British professor David Goodis (1917–1967), American writer David Goodwillie (born 1989), Scottish footballer David Goodwillie (author) (born 1972), American novelist David Goodwin (born 1992), American ice hockey player David Gossett (born 1979), American golfer David Gottesman (born 1926), American businessman David Gough (born 1983), Gaelic football referee David Gove (1978–2017), American ice hockey player David Goverde (born 1970), Canadian ice hockey player David Gowan, American politician David Gower (born 1957), English cricketer David Gower (rugby league) (born 1985), Australian rugby league footballer David S. Goyer (born 1965), American filmmaker David Gracie (1927–2020), British hurdler David Graeber (1961–2020), American anthropologist David Graf (1950–2001), American actor David Grainger (born 1966), British venture capitalist David Grainger (presenter), American businessman and presenter David Grann (born 1967), American journalist David Gravel (born 1992), American racing driver David Greaves (1946–2019), English snooker player David Greczek (born 1994), American soccer player David Greenwood (born 1957), American basketball player David Greetham (born 1975), English cricketer David Greetham (1941–2020), American literary critic David Greilsammer (born 1977), Israeli painter David Grellier (born 1979), French musician David Grene (1913–2002), American professor David Gresham (born 1943), South African record producer David Grewe (born 1976), American baseball coach David Gribble (born 1946), Australian cinematographer David Grier (born 1961), American guitarist David Alan Grier (born 1956), American actor and comedian David Gries (born 1939), American computer scientist David J. Griffiths (born 1942), American physicist David Grigoryan (born 1982), Armenian footballer David Grigoryan (serviceman) (2000–2020), Armenian serviceman David Hieronymus Grindel (1776–1836), Latvian botanist David Grinspoon (born 1959), American astrobiologist David Grisman (born 1945), American mandolinist David Grissom, American guitarist David Grizzle, American business executive Dávid Gróf (born 1989), Hungarian footballer David Groff (born 1950), American poet David Groh (1939–2008), American actor David Grosso (born 1970), American attorney and politician David Groves (born 1942), Australian geologist David Grubbs (born 1967), American musician David Grubin (born 1944), American filmmaker David Grusin (born 1934), American composer David Grusky (born 1958), American sociologist David Grutman (born 1974), American businessman David Guas (born 1975), American chef David Guetta (born 1967), French disc jockey David Guggenheim, American screenwriter David Antón Guijarro (born 1995), Spanish chess player David W. Guion (1892–1981), American composer David Gulasi, Australian social media figure David Gulpilil (1953–2021), Australian traditional dancer David Gurfein, American soldier David P. Gushee (born 1962), American ethicist David Guterson (born 1956), American novelist David Guttenberg (born 1951), American politician David Guttenfelder (born 1969), American photographer David Guzmán (born 1990), Costa Rican footballer David Gvantseladze (1937–1984), Georgian wrestler David Gwillim (born 1948), English actor David Gwinnutt (born 1961), British photographer David Gwynn (1861–1910), Welsh rugby union footballer David Gwynne-James (1937–2012), Welsh cricketer David Gyasi (born 1980), British-Ghanaian actor David Gyngell (born 1966), Australian businessman H David Haas (born 1957), American author David Habib (born 1961), French politician David Hackl (born 1963), Canadian director David Hackworth (1930–2005), American journalist and soldier David Hadley (born 1964), American businessman and politician David Hafler (1919–2003), American audio engineer David A. Hafler (born 1952), American neurologist David Hagberg (1942–2019), American novelist David Hagen (1973–2020), Scottish footballer David Warner Hagen (born 1931), American judge David Hager (born 1946), American physician David Hahn (1976–2016), American amateur nuclear scientist David Haig (born 1955), English actor David Haigh (born 1977), British lawyer David Hair (born 1965), New Zealand writer David Hajdu (born 1955), American columnist David Hajjar (born 1952), American scientist David Hala (born 1989), Australian rugby league footballer David Halberstam (1934–2007), American writer David Haley (born 1958), American politician David Haller (swimmer) (born 1945), British swimmer David M. Halperin (born 1952), American theorist David Halpern (born 1955), American sprint kayaker David Halpern (psychologist) (born 1966), British civil servant and psychologist David Hambrick, American professor David A. Hamburg (1925–2019), American psychiatrist David Hammons (born 1943), American artist David Hampton (1964–2003), American con artist and robber David Hann (born 1952), American politician David Hannah (born 1973), Scottish footballer David Hannah (footballer, born 1867) (1867–??), Irish footballer David Anumle Hansen (1923–2008), Ghanaian naval officer David Harbour (born 1975), American actor David Harney (1947–2019), English footballer David Hartt (born 1967), Canadian artist David Hasselhoff (born 1952), American actor, singer, songwriter David Hatch (1939–2007), English radio producer David Hatch (rugby league) (born 1959), Australian rugby union footballer David Hatendi (1953–2012), Zimbabwean banker David Hathaway (born 1932), British religious figure David Haugh (born 1968), American columnist David Hauser, American entrepreneur David Hauss (born 1984), French triathlete David Haussler (born 1953), American bioinformatician David Havili (born 1994), New Zealand rugby union footballer David Hawthorne (born 1985), American football player David Haye (born 1980), British boxer David Hayman (born 1948), Scottish film actor and director David Hayter (born 1969), Canadian-American actor David Hazeltine (born 1958), American pianist David Hazony (born 1969), American-Israeli writer David Headley (born 1960), American terrorist David Heavener (born 1958), American singer-songwriter David G. Hebert (born 1972), American musicologist David Hedison (1927–2019), American actor David Heimbach (1938–2017), American surgeon David Hein, Canadian librettist David W. Hein, American professor David Heinz (born 1980), American film editor David Held (1951–2019), British political scientist David Helfgott (born 1947), Australian pianist David Hellenius (born 1974), Swedish comedian David B. Heller (born 1968), American businessman David Helpling (born 1969), American guitarist David Helwig (1938–2018), Canadian poet David Hemblen (1941–2020), English-Canadian actor David Hemmings (1941–2003), British actor David Hendricks, American businessman David Hendrix (born 1972), American football player David Henrie (born 1989), American actor David Henson (born 1984), British athlete David Hepworth (born 1950), British journalist David Herbert (1908–1995), British socialite and writer David Herbert (artist) (born 1977), American sculptor David Herro (born 1960), American businessman David Herron (born 1984), American football player David Hewlett (born 1968), English-Canadian actor David Hewson (born 1953), British author David Hey (1938–2016), English historian David Heyman (born 1961), English producer David Hibbett, American biology professor David Hidalgo (born 1954), American singer-songwriter David Higgs (born 1957), American organist David Hilbert (1862–1943), German mathematician David Hiller (born 1953), American lawyer David Hilliard (born 1942), American activist David Hilliard (photographer) (born 1964), American photographer David Hillis (born 1958), American biologist David Himmelstein, American physician David Hinds (born 1956), British musician David Hines (born 1945), English writer David Gordon Hines (1915–2000), British colonial officer David Hinkley (1944–2019), English statistician David Hinton (born 1954), American poet David Hirschfelder (born 1960), Australian musician David Julian Hirsh (born 1973), Canadian actor David Hirshey, American book editor David Hite (1923–2004), American clarinetist David Hitt (born 1975), American author David Hixon (born 1952), American basketball coach David Hobby (born 1965), American photographer David Hoberman (born 1952), American producer David Hockney (born 1937), English painter David Hodgkiss (1948–2020), British administrator David Hodne, American army general David Hodo (born 1947), American singer David Hoflin (born 1979), Swedish-Australian actor David Hofman (1908–2003), American television presenter David Hofmans (born 1943), American racehorse trainer David George Hogarth (1862–1927), British archaeologist David Hoggan (footballer) (born 1961), Scottish footballer David L. Hoggan (1923–1988), American professor David Hogness (1925–2019), American biochemist David Holden (1924–1977), English journalist David Holden (screenwriter), American television producer David Holland (judge), Irish judge David F. Holland (born 1973), American professor David Hollander (born 1968), American television writer David Hollister (born 1942), American politician David Hollister (sport shooter) (born 1944), Australian sport shooter David Holmberg (born 1991), American baseball player David Holmgren (born 1955), Australian designer and educator David Holoubek (born 1980), Czech football manager David Holsinger (born 1945), American composer David Holston (born 1986), American basketball player David M. Holtzman, American neurologist David Holy (born 1979), German designer David T. Hon (born 1941), Hong Kong-American physicist David Honey (born 1958), Australian politician David Hood (born 1943), American bassist David A. Hood, Canadian physiologist David Horler (born 1943), English trombonist David Hornsby (born 1975), American actor David Horovitch (born 1945), English Actor David Horsey (born 1951), American cartoonist David Horsey (golfer) (born 1985), English golfer David Horst (born 1985), American soccer player David Hosack (1769–1835), American physician David Hoselton (born 1968), Canadian screenwriter David Hoskins, American television writer David Hostetler (1926–2015), American sculptor David Hostetter (1819–1888), American businessman David Hou (born 1943), Taiwanese politician David L. Hough (born 1937), American writer David Housewright (born 1955), American author David Hrčkulák (born 1992), Czech sports shooter David Hsieh, Hong Kong-American professor David Hsu, American entrepreneur David Htan (born 1988), Burmese footballer David Huang (born 1966), Taiwanese politician David H. Hubel (1926–2013), Canadian-American neurophysiologist David Hubert (born 1988), Belgian footballer David Huddleston (1930–2016), American actor David Huddleston (gymnast) (born 2000), Bulgarian gymnast David Hudgins (born 1965), American television writer David Huebner (born 1960), American diplomat David Huerta (born 1949), Mexican poet David Huertas (born 1987), Puerto Rican basketball player David Huffman (1945–1985), American actor David Huizenga, American civil servant David Hulse (born 1968), American baseball player David Hume (1711–1776), Scottish philosopher David Humm (1952–2018), American football player David Humphrey (born 1955), American painter David Humphries (1953–2020), English cricketer David Huntley (1957–2017), Canadian lacrosse player and coach David Huntsberger (born 1979), American comedian David Huntsinger (born 1955), American pianist David Hurd (born 1950), American composer David Hurles (born 1944), American pornographer David Hurley (born 1953), Australian army officer David Huron (born 1954), Canadian professor David Hurst (1926–2019), German actor David Hurtado (born 1999), Ecuadorian racewalker David Hussey (born 1977), Australian cricket coach David Hussl (born 1992), Austrian sailor David Hutcheson (1905–1976), British actor David Hutcheson (footballer) (1892–1962), Scottish footballer David Huynh (born 1983), Canadian actor David Henry Hwang (born 1957), American playwright David Hyland (born 1987), American football player David Hyman (born 1967), American entrepreneur I David G. Iadevaia (born 1949), American author David Ian (born 1961), British producer and actor David Ibarra Muñoz (born 1930), Mexican economist David Ibbetson, English legal scholar David Ibiyeomie (born 1962), Nigerian televangelist David Icke (born 1952), English conspiracy theorist David Ickringill (1930–2012), English wrestler David Icove (born 1949), American criminal profiler David Iftody (1956–2001), Romanian-Canadian politician David Ige (born 1957), American politician David Igler, American historian David Ignatius (born 1950), American journalist David Ignatoff (1885–1954), Russian-American author David Ignatow (1914–1997), American poet David Ijaha (born 1990), English footballer David Ikanovich (born 1989), Russian footballer David Ikard, American professor David Ikin (born 1946), English footballer David Ilariani (born 1981), Georgian sprinter Dávid Illés (born 1994), Hungarian footballer David Imlah, Australian curling coach David Immerglück (born 1961), American instrumentalist David Imms (born 1945), English artist David Ince (1921–2017), Scottish fighter pilot David Indermaur, Australian criminologist David Ing (born 1957), Canadian systems scientist David Iñigo (born 1934), Argentine footballer David Inshaw (born 1943), English artist David Into (1940–2015), American race car driver David Iornos, Nicaraguan cyclist David Ipp (1938–2020), South African-Australian lawyer David Ippolito (born 1945), American singer-songwriter David Irons (born 1982), American football player David Ironside (1925–2005), South African cricketer David Isaacson, American army general David Isay (born 1965), American radio producer David Iserson (born 1977), American novelist David M. Israel (born 1951), American television producer David Israelite, American music executive David Itkin (born 1957), American conductor and composer David Ito (born 1966), Japanese comedian and businessman Dávid Ivan (born 1995), Slovak footballer David Iverson (born 1969), American Air Force officer David Ives (born 1950), American playwright David Izatt (1892–1916), Scottish footballer David Izazola (born 1991), Mexican footballer David Izenzon (1932–1979), American bassist David Izonritei (born 1968), Nigerian boxer J David Jablonski (born 1953), American professor David Jacks (born 1948), Australian rules footballer David Jacks (businessman) (1822–1909), American businessman David Jaco (born 1954), American boxer David Jacoby (born 1956), American politician David Stanley Jacubanis (1910–1985), Russian-American criminal and fugitive David A. Jaeger, American professor David Jaffe (born 1971), American video game designer David Jagger (1891–1958), English painter David Jahson (born 1954), Jamaican reggae singer David Jameson (born 1984), Canadian field hockey player David Jameson (governor) (1723–1793), American politician David Janer (born 1973), Spanish actor David Jang (born 1949), Korean-American professor David Janson (born 1950), English actor David Janssen (1931–1980), American actor David Jaomanoro (1953–2014), Malagasy writer David Jarolím (born 1979), Czech footballer David H. Jarvis (1862–1911), American captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service David Jason (born 1940), British actor David Jasper (born 1951), English theologian David Jassy (born 1974), Swedish musician David Javerbaum (born 1971), American comedy writer David Jaynes (born 1952), American football player David Jefferies (1972–2003), English motorcycle racer David Jeffrey (born 1962), Northern Irish football manager David Lyle Jeffrey (born 1941), Canadian-American scholar David Jelínek (born 1990), Czech basketball player David Jemibewon (born 1940), Nigerian Army officer David Jeremiah (born 1941), American political writer David Jerison (born 1953), American mathematician David Jessen (born 1996), Czech artistic gymnast David C. Jewitt (born 1958), British-American astronomer David Jisse (1946–2020), French musician and producer David Johansen (born 1950), American singer-songwriter David Gwilym John (1884–1958?), Welsh cartoonist David Joiner (born 1958), American game programmer David Jude Jolicoeur (born 1968), American rapper David Jolley (born 1948), American musician David Jolly (born 1972), American attorney and lobbyist David Jonas, American government official David Jonkin (??–1641), Scottish merchant David Joris (1501–1556), Belgium Anabaptist leader David Joselit, American art historian David Jost (born 1972), German music producer David W. Jourdan (born 1954), American author David Jove (1942–2004), Canadian director David Joyner, American sports administrator David Joyner (actor) (born 1963), American actor David Julazadeh, American Air Force general David Julius (born 1955), American physiologist David Julyan (born 1967), English musician David Jung, Filipino poker player David Justice (born 1966), American baseball player K David Kahalekula Kaʻauwai (1833–1856), American lawyer and politician David Kabiller (born 1964), American businessman David Kabua (born 1951), Marshallese politician David Kaczynski (born 1949), American social figure David Kadouch (born 1985), French pianist David Kafulila (born 1982), Tanzanian politician David Kajganich (born 1969), American screenwriter David Kakabadze (1889–1952), Georgian painter David Kamau (born 1965), Kenyan boxer David Kämpf (born 1995), Czech ice hockey player David Karnes (1948–2020), American politician and businessman David Karp (born 1986), American entrepreneur David Karr (1918–1979), American journalist David Kaše (born 1997), Czech ice hockey player David Kassan (born 1977), American painter David Katzenstein (1952–2021), American virologist David Kaufman, American actor David Kaye, Canadian voice actor David Kautter, American lawyer David Kear (geologist) (1923–2019), New Zealand geologist David T. Kearns (1930–2011), American businessman David Keck, Canadian author David Kedrowski (born 1942), American politician David Keene (born 1945), American political consultant David Kehr (born 1953), American film critic David Keightley (1932–2017), American sinologist David Keigel (known as Dave Kaye) (1906–1996), British pianist David Keirsey (1921–2013), American psychologist David H. Keller (1880–1966), American writer David Kelsey (born 1932), American theologian David Kendrick, American drummer David Kendziera (born 1994), American runner David Hume Kennerly (born 1947), American photographer David Sabo Kente (born 1965), Nigerian politician David Kenyon, British archaeologist David Vreeland Kenyon (1930–2015), American judge David Kerley (born 1957), American journalist David Kersh (born 1970), American country singer David Kershenbaum, American record producer David Kestenbaum (born 1969), American radio producer David Ketchum (born 1928), American actor David Khakhaleishvili (1971–2021), Georgian mixed martial artist David Khan (born 1974), Canadian politician David Khan (diplomat) (1795–1851), English diplomat David Kherdian (born 1931), Armenian-American poet David Kidwell (born 1977), New Zealand rugby union coach David Kiefer (born 1984), American basketball coach David Kiki (born 1993), Beninese footballer David Kikoski (born 1961), American jazz pianist David Kilcullen (born 1967), Australian author David Kilgour (born 1941), Canadian author David R. Kingsley (1918–1944), American Air Force officer David Leleo Kinimaka (1851–1884), Hawaiian noble David Kinkade (born 1983), American musician David Kipiani (1951–2001), Georgian footballer David Kirch (born 1936), British businessman David Kircus (born 1980), American football player David Kirkland (1878–1964), American actor and director David Kirschner (born 1955), American producer David Kitay (born 1961), American film composer David Kitchen (born 1953), South African sailor David Kitt (born 1975), Irish musician David Kitur (born 1962), Kenyan runner David Kladney, American attorney David Klamen (born 1961), American artist David Klammert (born 1994), Czech judoka David Klass (born 1960), American screenwriter and novelist David Klavins (born 1954), German-Latvian piano maker David Klawans (born 1968), American film producer David Kldiashvili (1862–1931), Georgian writer David Klech (born 1988), American decathlete David Klemmer (born 1993), Australian rugby league footballer David Klenerman (born 1959), British chemist David Klingler (born 1969), American football player David Knezek (born 1986), American politician David Knoller (born 1963), American producer David Knopfler (born 1952), English musician and guitarist David Koch (1940–2019), American businessman and philanthropist David Kočí (born 1981), Czech ice hockey player David Kocieniewski (born 1963), American journalist David Koechner (born 1962), American actor David Koepp (born 1963), American screenwriter David Koff (1939–2014), American filmmaker David Kohan (born 1964), American television producer David Kohler (born 1966), American businessman David Koker (1921–1945), Dutch philosopher and Holocaust victim David A. Kolb (born 1939), American educational theorist David Kollar (born 1983), Slovak guitarist David Koloane (1938–2019), South African artist David Kolomatis (born 1989), American ice hockey player David Koma, Georgian fashion designer David Komansky (born 1939), American businessman David Komatz (born 1991), Austrian biathlete David Konečný (born 1982), Czech volleyball player David Kong, Hong Kong businessman David Konstan (born 1940), American classicist David Kopay (born 1942), American football player David Kopp (born 1979), German cyclist Dávid Korányi (born 1980), Hungarian foreign minister David Koresh (1959–1993), American cult leader David Korins (born 1976), American designer David Korten (born 1937), American author and professor David Kracov (born 1968), American painter David C. Kraemer (born 1955), Israeli theologian David Anthony Kraft (1952–2021), American comic book writer David Kraiselburd (1912–1974), Argentine journalist David Krakauer (born 1956), American musician David Krane, American investor David Krathwohl (1921–2016), American psychologist David Krause (born 1970), Australian rugby league footballer David Krech (1909–1977), Polish-American psychologist David Lloyd Kreeger (1909–1990), American philanthropist David Kreizman (born 1974), American writer David Krejčí (born 1986), Czech ice hockey player David Krentz, American artist David M. Kreps (born 1950), American game theorist David Kretzmer (born 1943), Israeli lawyer David Kreuger (born 1967), Swedish songwriter David S. Kris (born 1966), American lawyer David Kristian (born 1967), Canadian musician David Kross (born 1990), German actor David Kroyanker (born 1939), Israeli architectural historian David Krumholtz (born 1978), American actor David Kudler (born 1962), American editor David Kudrave (born 1966), American racing driver David E. Kuhl (1929–2017), American scientist David Paul Kuhn, American author David Kuijers (born 1962), South African painter David Kuijken, Dutch pianist David J. Kukulka, American professor David Kurten (born 1971), British politician David Kushner (born 1968), American writer David Kushnir (1931–2020), Israeli long-jumper David Kustoff (born 1966), American politician David Vahtangovich Kutaliya (born 1966), Russian lawyer David Kvachadze (born 1951), Georgian light-heavyweight boxer David Kvasnička (born 1999), Czech ice hockey player David Květoň (born 1988), Czech hockey player David P. Kvile (1861–1918), Norwegian teacher, farmer and politician David Kwong (born 1980), American magician David Kyle (1919–2016), American writer David Kyles (born 1989), American basketball player David Kynaston (born 1951), English historian David E. Kyvig (1943/1944–2015), American historian L David Labaree, American historian David Labiosa (born 1961), American actor David Labrava (born 1962), American actor David LaBruyere (born 1969), American musician David LaChapelle (born 1963), American photographer David Lacy, Scottish minister David Lacy-Scott (1920–2020), English cricketer David Ladd (born 1947), American actor David LaFlamme (born 1941), American singer David LaFleur (born 1974), American football player David Lafuente (born 1982), Spanish comic book artist David Lagercrantz (born 1962), Swedish journalist David Lago (born 1979), Cuban-American actor David LaGrand (born 1966), American politician David La Haye (born 1966), Canadian actor David Laliberté (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player David Lama (1990–2019), Austrian sports climber David Lambie (1925–2019), Scottish politician David Lammy (born 1972), British politician David Lamont (born 1953), Australian politician David Lamont (moderator) (1753–1837), Scottish minister David Lange (1942–2005), New Zealand politician David Langton (1912–1994), British actor David Land (1918–1995), British theatre producer David Lander (1947–2020), American actor and baseball scout David Landsberg (1944–2018), American actor David Lanz (born 1950), American pianist David Lapham (born 1970), American comic book writer David G. Larimer (born 1944), American judge David Laro (1942–2018), American judge David Larsen (born 1980), American actor David Larter (born 1940), Scottish cricketer David Lascelles (born 1950), English politician and producer David Lascher (born 1972), American actor David Lassner (born 1954), American computer scientist David Lau (born 1966), Israeli rabbi David Lauren (born 1971), American businessman David Laws (born 1965), British politician David Layzer (1925–2019), American astrophysicist David Lazar (author) (born 1957), American writer David Lazarus, American columnist David Lazer, American professor David Leake (born 1935), Argentine missionary David Lean (1908–1991), English director David Leavitt (born 1961), American novelist David Le Batard (born 1972), Cuban-American graphic artist David Lebe (born 1948), American photographer David Lebón (born 1952), Argentine musician David Leckie (1951–2021), Australian media manager David Ledecký (born 1993), Czech footballer David Leebron (born 1955), American attorney David Adams Leeming (born 1937), American philologist David Lefèvre (born 1972), French cyclist David Lefèvre (serial killer) (born 1980), French serial killer David Legates, American climatologist David Leggio (born 1984), American ice hockey player David Legwand (born 1980), American ice hockey player David Lehman (born 1948), American poet David Leisure (born 1950), American actor David Leitch (born 1975), American filmmaker David Leite (born 1960), Portuguese-American memoirist David Le Marquand (born 1950), English lawn bowler David LeNeveu (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey player David Lenz (born 1962), American painter David Ari Leon (born 1967), American musician David Leonhardt (born 1973), American journalist David Lepper (born 1945), British politician David J. Lesar (born 1953), American businessman David Lesperance, American army officer David Ovide L'Espérance (1864–1941), Canadian manufacturer and politician David Letourneau (born 1989), Canadian squash player David Letterman (born 1947), American comedian David N. Levinson (1935–2019), American businessman and politician David Levinthal (born 1949), American photographer David Levithan (born 1972), American author David Lewiston (1929–2017), English music collector David J. Ley (born 1973), American clinical psychologist David Leyonhjelm (born 1952), Australian politician David Licauco (born 1995), Filipino actor David Licht, American drummer David Lichtenstein (born 1960), American businessman David Liddell-Grainger (1930–2007), English politician David Liddle, American computer developer David Liederman (born 1949), American chef and businessman David Lienemann, American photographer David Lifton (born 1939), American author David Ligare (born 1945), American painter David Lightfoot (1959/1960–2021), Australian producer David Lightfoot (linguist) (born 1945), American linguist David Lighty (born 1988), American basketball player David E. Lilienthal (1899–1981), American attorney and public administrator David Liljemark (born 1973), Swedish comic artist David Lillard (born 1953), American lawyer and politician David Lillehaug (born 1954), American judge David Lilly (born 1986), Scottish footballer David Lin (born 1950), Taiwanese politician David Linarès (born 1975), French footballer David Linden (born 1961), American neuroscience professor David Linden (politician) (born 1990), Scottish politician David J. Lipman, American biologist David Lindsay-Abaire (born 1969), American playwright David L. Lindsey (born 1944), American novelist David Lindsey (politician) (born 1931), American politician David Lipper (born 1974), Canadian actor David Lipscomb (1831–1917), American minister David Lipsky (born 1965), American author David Lipsky (golfer) (born 1988), American golfer David Lisak, American clinical psychologist David Liss (born 1966), American writer David Liti (born 1996), New Zealand weightlifter David Litvinov (born 1993), Israeli weightlifter David R. Liu (born 1973), American chemist and biologist David Livermore (born 1980), English footballer David Livermore (microbiologist), British microbiologist David Livramento (born 1983), Portuguese cyclist David Loades (1934–2016), British historian David Lobell, American agricultural ecologist David Lochary (1944–1977), American actor David Lock (born 1960), British politician David Lockhart (??–1845), English botanist David Loera (born 1998), Spanish-American soccer player David Lofton (born 1984), American football player David Loggie (born 1957), English footballer David Lohr (born 1975), American journalist David Loiseau (born 1979), Canadian mixed martial artist David Loko, Papa New Guinean rugby player David Lomax (born 1970), New Zealand rugby coach David Lomax (journalist) (1938–2014), British reporter David Longdon (born 1965), British musician David Longe-King (born 1995), English footballer David Longhurst (1965–1990), English footballer David Longmuir, Scottish football executive David Longoria (born 1977), American singer-songwriter David Longstaff (born 1974), British ice hockey player David Longstreth (born 1981), American singer-songwriter David B. Loomis (1817–1897), American politician David S. Louderback (1851–1911), American politician David Lough (born 1986), American baseball player David Loughery, American screenwriter David Loveday (1896–1985), English bishop David K. Lovegren, American film producer David Lovelock (born 1938), English physicist and mathematician David Lovering (born 1961), American musician and magician David Loverne (born 1976), American soccer player David Lowenthal (1923–2018), American historian David Lowy (born 1954), Australian aviator and musician David Loxton (1943–1989), British producer David Loy (born 1947), American scholar David Elliot Loye (born 1925), American author David Lozano (born 1988), Spanish cyclist David Lozano (playwright), American director and playwright David Lozeau (born 1975), American artist David Lubar (born 1954), American author and video game programmer David Lubin (1849–1919), Polish merchant David Lubinski, American professor David Lucchino (born 1969), American entrepreneur David M. Ludlum (1910–1997), American historian David Luechtefeld (born 1940), American politician David Luenberger (born 1937), American mathematical scientist David Luff (born 1969), Australian journalist David Luff (legal academic), Belgian professor David Y.H. Lui (1944–2011), Canadian impresario David Luiz (born 1987), Brazilian footballer David Lujan (born 1965), American politician David Luke (1921–2005), British translator David Lumsdaine (born 1931), Australian composer David Luneau (born 1965), American politician David Luque-Velasco (born 1984), Spanish tennis player David Lurie (born 1951), South African photographer David Lurie (equestrian) (born 1939), American equestrian David Luscombe (born 1938), British professor David Lust (1968–2021), American politician David Lutalo (born 1986), Ugandan musician David Lvovich (1882–1950), Russian-Jewish politician M David Maas (1963–2020), American magician, circus performer and entertainer David Mabuza (born 1960), South African politician David Macaulay (born 1946), British-American illustrator David MacBeth (born 1935), English singer David MacDougall (born 1939), American-Australian anthropologist David Macey (1949–2011), English translator David Macklin (born 1978), American football player David Machado (born 1978), Portuguese writer David Maclean (born 1953), British politician David MacLennan (1937–2020), Canadian biochemist David MacMillan (born 1968), Scottish chemist David MacRitchie (1851–1925), Scottish folklorist David Sydney Maddicott (born 1953), British diplomat David Maddison (1947–2019), British judge David M. Maddox (born 1938), American general David Madel (born 1938), British politician David Madigan (born 1962), Irish-American statistician David Magarshack (1899–1977), British translator David Magee (born 1962), American screenwriter David Magerman (born 1968), American computer scientist David Magleby (born 1949), American professor David Magley (born 1959), American basketball player and coach David Maier (born 1953), American professor David Maine (born 16963), American novelist David F. Mains (1874–1949), American politician David Mainse (1936–2017), Canadian televangelist David Zane Mairowitz (born 1943), American writer David Maisel, American film producer David Maisel (visual artist) (born 1961), American photographer David Maister (born 1947), American professor David Makhura (born 1968), South African politician David Makovsky (born 1960), American professor David Malachowski (born 1955), American guitarist David J. Malan, American computer scientist David Malebranche (born 1969), Haitian-American doctor David Maley (born 1963), American radio analyst David Malin (born 1941), British-Australian astronomer David Malinowski, American make-up artist David Mallett (born 1951), American singer-songwriter David Malouf (born 1934), Australian writer David Malpass (born 1956), American economic analyst David Malukas (born 2001), Lithuanian-American race car driver David Malyan (1904–1976), Armenian actor David Mamet (born 1947), American playwright David Mancuso (1944–2016), American disc jockey David Mandel (born 1970), American executive producer David S. Manners (1808–1884), American politician David Manoyan (born 1990), Armenian footballer David Zen Mansley, American voice actor David Mantell (1934–2017), English cricketer David Manzur (born 1929), Colombian painter David S. Mao, American law librarian David Maraniss (born 1949), American journalist David R. Marchant, American geologist David Marciano (born 1960), American actor David Marconi, American screenwriter David Maree (born 1989), South African cyclist David Margesson (1890–1965), British politician David Margulies (1937–2016), American actor David Maroul (born 1983), American baseball player David R. Marples (born 1952), Canadian historian David Marquet, American naval captain David Marrero (born 1980), Spanish tennis player David Daniel Marriott (born 1939), American politician David Martosko (born 1970), American political editor David Marus (born 1986), Ugandan long-distance runner David Marwell (born 1951), American historian David Maslanka (1943–2017), American composer David Masondo (born 1974), South African politician David Massamba (born 1992), Gabonese footballer David Masters (born 1978), English cricketer David Masterson (born 1998), South African cricketer David Matas (born 1943), Canadian legal counsel David Mathias (born 1991), Indian cricketer David Mathis (born 1974), American golfer David Mathison (born 1960), American author and speaker David Matranga (born 1975), American voice actor David Matsumoto (born 1959), American psychologist David Mattingley (1922–2017), Australian pilot David Burroughs Mattingly (born 1956), American digital artist David Matula (born 1937), American mathematician David Matza (1930–2018), American sociologist David Maupin, American gallery director David Edward Maust (1954–2006), American serial killer David Mawutor (born 1992), Ghanaian-Tajikistani footballer David R. Mayhew (born 1937), American political scientist David Maynier (born 1968), South African politician David Mayo (born 1993), American football player David Mays, American magazine writer David Mazouz (born 2001), American actor David Mazzucchelli (born 1960), American comic artist David Mba, American academic administrator David McAfee (1947–2005), American politician David McAlister (1951–2015), English actor David A. McAllester (born 1956), American computer scientist David McBride (born 1942), American politician David McBride (whistleblower) (born 1963/1964), Australian whistleblower David McCagg (born 1958), American swimmer David McCall (1940–2021), Australian bishop David McCall (businessman) (born 1934), Scottish businessman David McCallum (born 1933), Scottish actor David McCampbell (1910–1996), American naval captain David McCandless (born 1971), British data journalist David McCann (born 1973), Irish cyclist David McCarty (born 1969), American baseball player David McClelland (1917–1998), American psychologist David J. McClements, English food scientist David McComb (1962–1999), Australian musician David McCord (1897–1997), American poet David McCormack (born 1968), Australian singer-songwriter David McCormick (born 1965), American business executive David McCracken (born 1981), Scottish footballer David McCrae (1900–1976), Scottish footballer David McCray (born 1986), German basketball player David McCreery (born 1957), Northern Irish footballer David McCullagh (born 1967), Irish journalist David McCullough (born 1933), American author David McDermott (born 1988), English footballer David McDiarmid (1952–1995), Australian artist and political activist David McDonough, American politician David McDowell (1963–2014), American psychiatrist David McDuling (born 1989), Australian rugby union footballer David McDuff (born 1945), British translator David McFadzean (born 1949), American producer David McFarland, American animal behavior scientist David McFarland (politician) (1822–1902), American politician David McGee (born 1947), New Zealand commissioner David McGoldrick (born 1987), British-Irish footballer David McGreavy (born 1951), English convicted murderer David McHugh (born 1955), Irish rugby union referee David McIlwraith (born 1967), Canadian actor David McIlveen (born 1981), Northern Irish politician David Lee McInnis (born 1973), American actor David A. McIntee (born 1968), British writer David McIntyre (born 1987), Canadian ice hockey player David McKeague (born 1946), American judge David McKee (born 1935), British writer David McKie (born 1935), British journalist David McKienzie (born 1979), American volleyball player David D. McKiernan (born 1950), American general David McKinley (born 1947), American businessman and politician David McKitterick (born 1948), English librarian and academic David McKittrick (born 1949), Northern Irish journalist David McKnight (1935–2006), Canadian-British anthropologist David McLane, American businessman David McLeod (born 1971), American football player David McMahon (born 1951), Australian rules footballer David McMahon (association footballer) (born 1981), Irish footballer David McNee (1925–2019), Scottish police officer David McPhail (1945–2021), New Zealand actor David McPhail (rugby league) (1886–??), New Zealand rugby league footballer David McRae, American politician David McReynolds (1929–2018), American politician David McRobbie (born 1934), Australian writer David McSavage (born 1966), Irish comedy writer David McTaggart (1932–2001), Canadian environmentalist David McVicar (born 1966), Scottish opera director David McWane (born 1976), American musician David Meade (born 1976), American politician David Meade (author), American conspiracy author David Medalla (1942–2020), Filipino artist David Meece (born 1952), American musician David Megginson (born 1964), Canadian software consultant David Mehan, Australian politician David Mehić (born 1997), Serbian volleyball player David Meirhofer (1949–1974), American serial killer David Meister (born 1962), American fashion designer David Melding (born 1962), Welsh politician David Meller (born 1959), British businessman David Mendell, American journalist David Mendenhall (born 1971), American actor David Menkin (born 1977), Norwegian-American actor David Méresse (1931–2020), French footballer David Merhar, American ice hockey player David Merrick (1911–2000), American theatrical producer David Messerschmitt (born 1945), American engineer David Messina (born 1974), Italian comics artist David Metzger (born 1960), American composer David Meunier (born 1973), American actor David Meyler (born 1989), Irish footballer David Micevski (born 1986), Australian footballer David Michelinie (born 1948), American comic book writer David Michôd (born 1972), Australian film director David Maxim Micic (born 1990), Croatian musician David Milgaard (born 1952), Canadian criminal David Miliband (born 1965), British politician David Scott Milton (1934–2020), American author David Minasian, American film producer David Minier (born 1934), American politician David Mirkin (born 1955), American director David Mirvish (born 1944), Canadian art dealer David Miscavige (born 1960), American pastor David Mixner (born 1946), American political activist David Mizejewski, American naturalist David Mlinaric (born 1939), British interior decorator David Modell (1960–2017), American sports executive David Moffat (1839–1911), American financier David M. Moffett (born 1952), American businessman David Mogotlane (born 1992), South African cricketer David Moos (born 1965), American art curator David Moosman (born 1986), American football player David Monaghan (1922–1944), New Zealand cricketer and soldier David Monahan (born 1971), American actor David Monasterio (born 1971), Puerto Rican swimmer David Monette, American craftsman David Moniac (1802–1836), American military officer David Howard Maude-Roxby-Montalto di Fragnito (born 1934), British craftsman David Mordaunt (1937–2020), English cricketer David Morrissey (born 1964), English actor David Mortensen, American judge David Moscow (born 1974), American actor David Moses (1925–1999), Welsh rugby union footballer David Lokonga Moses, South Sudanese politician David Mota (born 1985), Spanish rugby union footballer David Mota (footballer) (1942–2015), Venezuelan footballer David Moufang (born 1966), German musician David C. Mowery (born 1952), American professor David Moyes (born 1963), Scottish football manager David Moyo (born 1994), Zimbabwean footballer David Mudd (1933–2020), British politician David Muench (born 1936), American photographer David Muffato (born 1971), Brazilian racing driver David G. Mugar, Armenian-American businessman David Muhammad (born 1970), Trinidadian author David Muhoozi (born 1965), Ugandan military officer David Muir (born 1973), American journalist and news anchor David Muise (1949–2017), Canadian politician David Mullin, English archaeologist David Mumford (born 1937), American mathematician David Mundell (born 1962), Scottish politician David Mundy (born 1985), Australian rules footballer David Mungai (born 1968), Kenyan runner David Mungoshi (1949–2020), Zimbabwean novelist David Ibarra Muñoz (born 1929), Mexican economist David Muntaner (born 1983), Spanish track cyclist David Mura (born 1952), American author David H. Murdock (born 1923), American businessman David Murillo (born 1993), Colombian footballer David Musgrave (born 1965), Australian poet David Musila (born 1943), Kenyan politician David Musuguri (born 1920), Tanzanian soldier David Musulbes (born 1972), Russian wrestler David Mutendera (born 1979), Zimbabwean cricketer David Mwiraria (1938–2017), Kenyan minister David Myatt (born 1950), British poet and philosopher N David Nabarro (born 1949), British civil servant David Nadien (1926–2014), American violinist David R. Nagle (born 1943), American politician and lawyer Dávid Nagy (born 1981), Hungarian musician David Nahmad (born 1947), Monegasque art dealer David Nahmias (born 1964), American judge David S. Nahom (born 1966), American lieutenant general David Nail (born 1979), American country singer David Nainkin (born 1970), South African tennis player David Najem (born 1992), American soccer player David Nakamura (born 1970), American journalist David Nakayama (born 1978), American artist David Nakdimen (1933–2020), American journalist David Nakhid (born 1964), Trinidadian footballer David Nalbandian (born 1982), Argentine tennis player David Nance, American guitarist David Nangle, American politician David Narcizo (born 1966), American musician David Narey (born 1956), Scottish footballer David Nasaw (born 1945), American author David Nascimento (born 1966), Cape Verdean-Portuguese football coach David Nason (born 1970), American lawyer and financier David Naughton (born 1951), American actor David Naylor (born 1954), Canadian physicist David J. Naylor (1843–1926), American naval officer David Nazarian (born 1961), Iranian-American businessman David Nazim (born 1996), Nigerian footballer David Ndii, Kenyan economist David Nedohin (born 1973), Canadian curler David Needham (born 1949), English footballer David Neeleman (born 1959), Brazilian-American entrepreneur David Neft (born 1937), American writer and historian David Neilson (born 1949), English actor David Neitz (born 1975), Australian rules footballer David Neiwert (born 1956), American journalist David Nekrutman (born 1973), American-Israeli Jewish theologian David Nelms (born 1961), American businessman David Nemirovsky (born 1976), Canadian hockey player David Nepomuceno (1900–1939), Filipino runner David Neres (born 1997), Brazilian footballer David Nesbitt (born 1991), Bahamian basketball player David Neuhaus (born 1962), Israeli-German religious scholar David Neumann (born 1965), American choreographer David Neumark (born 1959), American economist David Nevue (born 1965), American solo pianist David Newhan (born 1973), American baseball player David Newsom (born 1962), American actor David D. Newsom (1918–2008), American diplomat David Newsome (1942–2011), American scientist David N'Gog (born 1989), French footballer David Ngoombujarra (1967–2011), Indigenous Australian actor David Nibert (born 1953), American sociologist David Niblock (born 1981), Irish Gaelic footballer David Nichtern (born 1948), American songwriter David Nickson (born 1929), British businessman David Nicolle (born 1944), British historian David Nied (born 1968), American baseball player David Nieto (1654–1728), Italian explainer David Niles (1888–1952), American political advisor David Nimmer (born 1955), American lawyer and professor David Niose (born 1962), American attorney and activist David Nirenberg (born 1964), American historian David Nish (born 1947), English footballer David Nitschmann der Bischof (1698–1772), Czech missionary David Niven (1910–1983), English actor David Niven Jr. (born 1942), British film producer David Njoku (born 1996), American football player David ole Nkedianye (born 1963), Kenyan politician David Noel (born 1984), American basketball player David Nofoaluma (born 1993), Australian rugby league footballer David Nohe (born 1952), American politician David Noon (born 1946), American composer David Norbrook (born 1950), English professor David Nordahl (born 1941), American painter David Norona (born 1972), Cuban-American actor David Norquist (born 1966), American financial manager David Norrie (born 1963), American football player David Nosek (born 1981), Czech ice hockey player David Noton (born 1957), British photographer David Nott (born 1956), Welsh surgeon David Novarro (born 1959), American television journalist David Nualart (born 1951), Spanish mathematician David Nucifora (born 1962), Australian rugby league footballer David Nuffer (born 1952), American judge David Nugent (born 1985), English footballer David Nugent (American football) (born 1977), American football player David Nunan (born 1949), Australian linguist David Nurse (born 1976), English footballer David Nurse (rugby league) (born 1991), Australian rugby league footballer David Nutt (born 1951), English neuropsychopharmacologist David Nuttall (born 1962), British politician David Nutter (born 1960), American television director David Nuuhiwa (born 1948), American surfer David Nuyoma (born 1963), Namibian stock market Chairman David Nwaba (born 1993), American basketball player David Nyathi (born 1969), South African footballer David Nyika (born 1995), New Zealand boxer David Nykl (born 1967), Czech-Canadian actor O David Oakes (born 1983), English actor David S. Oderberg (born 1963), Australian philosopher David Ochieng (born 1992), Kenyan footballer Davíð Oddsson (born 1948), Icelandic politician David O'Doherty (born 1975), Irish comedian David Odonkor (born 1984), German footballer David Oei (born 1950), Hong Kong-American pianist David Oelhoffen (born 1968), French film director David W. Ogden (born 1953), American lawyer David Oh (born 1960), American attorney David O'Halloran (1955–2013), Australian rules footballer David O'Halloran (cricketer) (born 2000), Irish cricketer David O'Hara (born 1965), Scottish actor David O'Hare (born 1990), Irish tennis player David Oistrakh (1908–1974), Soviet violinist David Okereke (born 1997), Nigerian footballer David Ezra Okonşar (born 1961), Turkish-Belgian pianist David Oks (born 2001), American political activist David Okumu (born 1982), Kenyan cricketer David O'Leary (born 1958), Irish football manager David O'List (born 1950), English guitarist David O'Loughlin (born 1978), Irish cyclist David O'Loughlin (politician), Australian politician David Olney (1948–2020), American singer-songwriter David Olusoga (born 1970), British historian David Omand (born 1947), British civil servant David O'Morchoe (1928–2019), British army officer David F. O'Neill (1904–1963), American naval officer David Ono, Japanese-American news anchor David Onyemata (born 1992), Nigerian-Canadian football player David Opas (1936–1980), Australian judge David Opatoshu (1918–1996), American actor David Opoku (born 1992), Ghanaian footballer David Oppenheimer (1834–1897), Canadian entrepreneur David Orbansky (1843–1897), American Union Army soldier David Oreck (born 1923), American entrepreneur David Orentlicher, American educator and politician David Ormsby-Gore (1918–1985), British diplomat and politician David Ortiz (born 1975), Dominican baseball player David Oscarson (born 1966), American sculptor David Oshinsky (born 1944), American historian David Osit (born 1987), American filmmaker David Ospina (born 1988), Colombian footballer David Ossman (born 1936), American writer David Ostrosky (born 1956), Mexican actor David Ostrowski (born 1981), German painter David Oteo (born 1973), Mexican footballer David Otero (born 1980), Spanish singer David Ott (born 1947), American musical composer David N. Ott (1937–2020), American politician and lawyer David Ottignon, American Marine Corps major general David Otto (born 1999), German footballer David Otunga (born 1980), American actor and wrestler David Oubel (born 1975), Spanish convicted criminal David Ousted (born 1985), Danish footballer David Outcalt (1935–2013), American academic administrator David Hicks Overmyer (1889–1973), American artist David Overstreet (1958–1984), American football player David Owens (born 1962), Australian politician David Owe (born 1977), Danish actor and stuntman David Owino (born 1988), Kenyan footballer David Owino (footballer, born 1998) (born 1998), Kenyan footballer David Owusu (born 1998), English footballer David Oxley (1920–1985), English actor David Oxton (born 1945), New Zealand racing driver David Oyedepo (born 1954), Nigerian preacher David Oyelowo (born 1976), English actor David Oyite-Ojok (1940–1983), Ugandan military commander David Ozio (born 1954), American bowler David Ozmanov (born 1995). Russian footballer David Ozonoff, American public health and medicine professor P David Paas (born 1971), Belgian footballer David Pablos (born 1983), Mexican director David Pack (born 1952), American musician David Packard (1912–1996), American electrical engineer and entrepreneur David Woodley Packard (born 1940), American professor David Packouz (born 1982), American arms dealer and inventor David Padgett (born 1985), American basketball coach David Paetkau (born 1972), Canadian actor David Paetz (born 1940), New Zealand cricketer David Paich (born 1954), American musician David Paintin (1930–2019), British doctor David Paisley (born 1979), Scottish actor David Pakman (born 1984), Argentine-American political commentator David Raju Palaparthi (born 1958), Indian legislator David Palecek (1972–2010), American consultant David Palffy (born 1969), Canadian actor David Palladini (1946–2019), American illustrator David Pallister (1945–2021), British journalist David Palumbo (born 1982), American illustrator David Paniagua (born 1959), Bolivian footballer David Panka (born 1999), Dutch footballer David W. Panuelo (born 1964), Micronesian politician David Papillon (1691–1792), British lawyer and politician David Papillon (architect) (1581–1659), French architect David Papineau, British philosopher David Paradelo (born 1985), Canadian water polo coach David Parmley (born 1959), American vocalist David Parry-Evans (1935–2020), British air force commander David Parry-Jones (1933–2017), Welsh sports commentator David Pasquesi (born 1960), American actor David Passig (born 1957), Israeli futurist David Pastorius, American bass guitarist David Pastrňák (born 1996), Czech ice hockey player David Pate (born 1962), American tennis player David Patiño (born 1967), Mexican footballer David Paton (born 1949), Scottish bassist David Pauley (born 1983), American baseball player David Paulides, American police officer and investigator David Paulino (born 1994), Dominican baseball player David Pawson (1930–2020), British evangelical minister David Paymer (born 1954), American actor David Peace (born 1967), English writer David Pears (1921–2009), British philosopher David Peaston (1957–2012), American singer David Pecker (born 1951), American publisher David Peckinpah (1951–2006), American television writer David Pelletier (born 1974), Canadian figure skater David Pellow (born 1969), American professor David Pender (born 1987), American football player David Penner (1958–2020), Canadian architect David Pentreath (1933–2019), English naval officer David Penzer, American realtor David Peralta (born 1987), Venezuelan baseball player David Perdiguero (born 1984), Spanish football manager David Perdue (born 1949), American businessman and politician David Perlman (1918–2020), American journalist David Perlmutter (born 1954), American doctor and author David Perno (born 1967), American baseball coach David Perpetuini (born 1979), English footballer David Perron (born 1988), Canadian ice hockey player David Petel (1921–2019), Israeli politician David Petraeus (born 1952), American military officer and CIA director David Petrović (born 2003), Serbian footballer David Pettifor (1945–2017), British metallurgist David Pevsner (born 1958), American actor David Peyman, American attorney David Pfaff (born 1966), South African businessman and former cricketer David Pfeffer (born 1982), German singer David Pfeil (born 1967), American former soccer midfielder David Pham (born 1967), Vietnamese-American poker player David Philip (1880–1917), Scottish footballer David Butt Philip (born 1980), British tenor David Philipps (born 1977), American journalist and author David Philipson (1862–1949), American rabbi David Phiri (1937–2012), Zambian businessman David Phoenix (born 1966), English biochemist David Pichler (born 1968), American diver David V. Picker (1931–2019), American film executive David Pietrusza (born 1949), American author and historian David Pike (born 1962), English cricketer David Maryanayagam Swamidoss Pillat (1905–1969), Indian clergyman David Pines (1924–2018), American professor David Pingree (1933–2005), American historian David Pion-Berlin, American political scientist David Pipe (born 1983), Welsh footballer David Pipe (racehorse trainer), English racehorse trainer David Pirie (born 1953), English screenwriter David W. Piston, American physicist David Pithey (1936–2018), Zimbabwean cricketer David R. Pitts, American healthcare executive David Pittu (born 1967), American actor David Pizarro (born 1979), Chilean footballer David Plaisted, American computer science professor David Plante (born 1940), American novelist David Plastow (1932–2019), British businessman David Pleat (born 1945), English football manager David Pledger (born 1962), Australian artist David M. Pletcher (1920–2004), American historian David Plotz (born 1970), American journalist David Plouffe (born 1967), American political strategist David Plowden (born 1932), American photographer David Pogue (born 1963), American writer David Poile (born 1950), Canadian ice hockey executive David Pole (1877–1952), British politician David Pole (bishop) (??–1568), English bishop David Pollack (born 1982), American football player David Polonsky (born 1973), Ukrainian-Israeli illustrator David Pomeranz (born 1951), American singer David Pomeroy (born 1973), Canadian operatic tenor David Pool (born 1966), American football player David Poore (born 1966), British musician David Popovici (born 2004), Romanian swimmer David Popper (1843–1913), Bohemian cellist David Portnoy (born 1977), American internet celebrity and businessman David Powers (1912–1998), American military advisor David Poythress (1943–2017), American politician David M. Pozar (born 1952), American engineer David Prager (born 1977), American tech executive David Prall (1886–1940), American philosopher David Pramik (born 1990), American music producer David Praporgescu (1866–1916), Romanian general David Preiss (born 1947), Czech-British mathematician David Premack (1925–2015), American professor David Prentice (1936–2014), English artist David Pressman (born 1977), American diplomat David L. Preston, American historian David Pretot (born 1969), French skier David Pretty (born 1951), Australian rules footballer David W. Preus (1922–2021), American minister David Prill (born 1959), American author David Probert (born 1988), Welsh jockey David Prosho (born 1965), English actor David Proud (born 1983), English actor David Proval (born 1942), American actor David T. Provost (born 1972), American businessman David Pruiksma (born 1957), American animator David Prutton (born 1981), English footballer David Pryce-Jones (born 1936), British author David Pryke (born 1970), South African cricketer David Pryor (born 1934), American politician David William Pua (1836–1896), Hawaiian politician David Puckett (born 1960), English footballer David Puente, Spanish television producer David Pujadas (born 1964), French journalist David Cabrera Pujol (born 1989), Mexican footballer David Pulkrabek (born 1993), Czech judoka David Purley (1945–1985), British racing driver David Endicott Putnam (1898–1918), American flying ace David Puttnam (born 1941), British film producer David Pyatt (born 1973), British musician David Pybus (born 1970), British bassist David E. I. Pyott (born 1953), British business executive Q David Qamaniq (born 1961), Canadian stage actor and politician David Quammen (born 1948), American writer David Quantick (born 1961), English novelist, comedy writer and critic David E. Quantock, American senior army officer David Quarrey (born 1966), British diplomat David Quayle (1936–2010), British businessman David Quesada (born 1971), American soccer player David Quessenberry (born 1990), American football player David Querol (born 1989), Spanish footballer David Quibell (1879–1962), British builder and politician David Quilter (born 1942), English actor David Quirk (born 1981), Australian actor David Quiroz (born 1982), Ecuadorian footballer R David Rabadán (born 2000), Spanish footballer David Rabe (born 1940), American playwright David Rabinowitch (born 1943), Canadian visual artist David Rackley (born 1981), American baseball umpire David Rader (born 1957), American football player and coach David Radler (born 1944), Canadian executive David Radner (1848–1901), Lithuanian writer and translator David Rae (1724–1804), Scottish judge David Ragan (born 1985), American stock car racing driver David Ragsdale (born 1958), American violinist David Raih (born 1980), American football coach David Rainey (born 1968), American reality television personality David Rakoff (1964–2012), American essayist David Rakowski (born 1958), American composer David Raksin (1912–2004), American composer David Rall (1926–1999), American cancer specialist David Ralston (born 1954), American attorney and politician David Ramadan (born 1970), Lebanese-American politician and businessman David A Ramey (1939–2017), American artist David G. Rand, American professor David Randall (1951–2021), British journalist David A. Randall (1905–1975), American book dealer David Randitsheni (??–2009), South African rapist David Ranz, American diplomat David Rapaport (1911–1960), Hungarian clinical psychologist David Rasche (born 1944), American actor David Rasnick (born 1948), American biochemist David Ratcliffe (born 1957), English-Australian footballer David Ratcliffe (cricketer), British cricketer David Ratford (born 1934), British translator and diplomat David Rath (born 1965), Czech physician and politician David Rattray (1958–2007), South African historian David H. Raulet, American immunologist David Raum (born 1998), German footballer David A. Rausch (born 1947), American author David Rawlings (born 1969), American guitarist David Rawson (1941–2020), American diplomat David Raya (born 1995), Spanish footballer David Raziel (1910–1941), Belarusian Zionist David Ready, American film producer David Reale (born 1984), Canadian actor David Rebibo, American rabbi David Recordon (born 1986), American technologist David Reddaway (born 1953), British diplomat David Redden (born 1949), American auctioneer David Redfern (1936–2014), English photographer David Redick (1753–1805), Irish-American lawyer David Regis (born 1968), Martinican footballer David Registe (born 1988), American-Dominican long-jumper David Fukamachi Regnfors (born 1984), Swedish actor David Rehling (1949–2021), Danish lawyer David Reilly (1971–2005), American singer-songwriter David Reimer (1965–2004), Canadian botched surgery victim David Reis (born 1964), American politician David Reivers (born 1958), American actor David Oliver Relin (1962–2012), American journalist David Relman, American microbiologist David H. Remes (born 1954), American lawyer David Remez (1886–1951), Israeli politician David Remnick (born 1958), American journalist David Renz, American professor David Resnik (born 1962), American bioethicist David Reutimann (born 1970), American stock car racing driver David Reyes (born 1985), Chilean footballer David Reynoso (1926–1994), Mexican actor David Rheem (born 1980), American poker player David Rhoads (1932–2017), American cyclist David Rhys-Jones (born 1962), Australian rules footballer David Riazanov (1870–1938), Russian archivist David Ricardo (1772–1823), British political economist David Richman (born 1978), American basketball coach David Rickels (born 1989), American mixed martial artist David Ricketts (born 1953), American musician David Ricketts (cyclist) (1920–1996), British cyclist David Ridgen, Canadian filmmaker David Ridley (born 1954), English cricketer David Rieff (born 1952), American writer and policy analyst David Riehm (born 1988), American writer David Riesman (1909–2002), American sociologist David Rigert (born 1947), Soviet weightlifter David Riker (born 1963), American screenwriter David Rikl (born 1971), Czech tennis player David Rimmer (born 1942), Canadian film director David Rimoin (1936–2012), Canadian-American geneticist David Ring (born 1953), American motivational speaker David Rintoul (born 1948), Scottish actor David Riolo (born 1972), Italian rugby league footballer David Riordan, American media designer David Bárcena Ríos (1941–2017), Mexican equestrian David Ripley (born 1966), English cricket coach David Risher (born 1965), American businessman David Riske (born 1976), American baseball player David Rittenhouse (1732–1796), American astronomer David Rittich (born 1992), Czech ice hockey player David Ritz (born 1943), American author David Rivard (born 1953), American poet David Rivera (born 1965), American politician David Rivers (born 1965), American basketball player David Rivers (American football) (born 1994), American football player David B. Rivkin (born 1956), American attorney and political commentator David Rizzio (1533–1566), Italian courtier David Roback (1958–2020), American guitarist David Robb (born 1947), Scottish actor David Rocastle (1967–2001), English footballer David Rocco (born 1970), Canadian executive producer David Roche (1573–1635), Irish politician and magnate David Rockefeller (1915–2017), American banker David Rocker (born 1943), American hedge fund manager David Rockwell (born 1956), American architect David Rodan (born 1983), Fijian-Australian rules footballer David Roddy, American police chief David Roddy (basketball) (born 2001), American basketball player David Rodela (born 1986), American boxer David Roderick (born 1970), American poet David Rodigan (born 1951), British disc jockey David Roditi (born 1973), Mexican tennis player and coach David Rodman (born 1983), Slovenian ice hockey player David Rodrigues (born 1991), Portuguese cyclist David Roe (born 1965), English snooker player David Roediger (born 1952), American professor David S. Rohde (born 1967), American investigative journalist David Rohl (born 1950), British Egyptologist David Roitman (1884–1943), Russian-American composer David Rokeach, American drummer David Rokeby (born 1960), Canadian artist David Roland (born 1930), American film producer David Rollins (born 1989), American baseball player David Romer (born 1958), American economist David Romtvedt (born 1950), American poet David Ron, Israeli cellular biochemist David Ropeik (born 1951), American consultant David Rorvik (born 1944), American journalist David Rosa (born 1986), Portuguese mountain biker David Rosebrook (1874–1937), American musician David H. Rosmarin, American professor David Rosowsky (born 1963), American engineer David Rothbard (born 1964), American activist David Rotenberg (born 1930), Canadian politician David Rotenberg (author) (born 1950), Canadian author David Rothkopf (born 1955), American professor and journalist David Rothman (1937–2020), American professor David Rothman (statistician) (1935–2004), American statistician David Rotundo (born 1991), Canadian blues player David Roumieu (born 1981), French rugby union footballer David Rounds (1930–1983), American actor David Roundy, American physicist David Rousseau (born 1960), British philosopher David Rousset (1912–1997), French writer and political activist David Rouzer (born 1972), American politician David Rovics (born 1967), American singer-songwriter David Rowe-Ham (1935–2020), British accountant David Rowley, English music writer David Rowley (footballer) (born 1990), Australian-Malaysian footballer David Rubadiri (1930–2018), Malawian diplomat David Rubinger (1924–2017), Israeli photographer David Rubio (1934–2000), English instrument maker David Rubio (coach) (born 1959), American volleyball coach David Rudd (born 1959), American cinematographer David Rudder (born 1953), Trinidadian calypsonian David Sturtevant Ruder (1929–2020), American law professor David Rudisha (born 1988), Kenyan middle-distance runner David Rudman (born 1963), American puppeteer David Rueda, American professor David Ruelle (born 1935), Belgian mathematical physicist David Ruffin (1941–1991), American singer David Ruggerio (born 1962), American chef David Ruggles (1810–1849), American abolitionist and printer David Ruíz (1912–1994), Chilean footballer David Runciman (born 1967), English political scientist David Rundblad (born 1990), Swedish ice hockey player David Rundqvist (born 1993), Swedish ice hockey player David Rupert (born 1951), American intelligence agent David Ruprecht (born 1948), American actor David Rutherford-Jones (born 1951), British army officer David Rutigliano (born 1965), American politician David Ryall (1935–2014), English actor David Ryu (born 1975), Korean-American politician S David Saad (born 1954), Lebanese judoka David M. Sabatini (born 1968), American scientist and professor David Sackett (1934–2015), American-Canadian physician David Sacks, American television writer David O. Sacks (born 1972), American entrepreneur David Saelens (born 1975), Belgium race car driver David Safavian (born 1967), American lawyer and lobbyist David Sage, American television actor David Sagiv (1928–2019), Israeli linguist David Sahadi (born 1961), American multimedia producer David Šain (born 1988), Croatian rower David Saint (born 1963), American theatre director David Saint-Jacques (born 1970), Canadian astronaut David Saker (born 1966), Australian cricket coach David Sakurai (born 1979), Japanese-Danish actor David Sakvarelidze (born 1981), Ukrainian-Georgian politician David Salle (born 1952), American painter David Salo (born 1969), American linguist David Salomons (1797–1873), British activist and baronet David Salsburg (born 1931), American author David Saltzberg (born 1967), American professor David Salzman (born 1943), American television producer David Sam (born 1933), American judge David B. Samadi (born 1963), Iranian-American urologist David Sammartino (born 1960), American wrestler and trainer David Sammel (born 1961), South African tennis coach David Samwell (1751–1798), Welsh naval surgeon and poet David Sanborn (born 1945), American jazz alto saxophonist David Sancious (born 1953), American musician David B. Sandalow (born 1957), American policy expert David F. Sandberg (born 1981), Swedish filmmaker David Sandiford (born 1970), English cricketer David Sandlin (born 1956), Northern Irish artist David Sandström (born 1975), Swedish drummer David Sanjek (1952–2011), American professor David Sankey (1809–1884), American politician and tax collector David Sanko, American community leader David Santee (born 1957), American figure skater David Santiago (born 1970), American politician David Santisteban (born 2001), Spanish footballer David Jhefer Domingues dos Santos (born 1999), Brazilian footballer David Sarnoff (1891–1971), Russian-American businessman David Sarser (1921–2013), American musician David Sassoli (1956–2022), Italian politician David Sasson, Israeli diplomat David Satcher (born 1941), American physician David Sater (born 1947), American politician David Satter (born 1947), American journalist David M. Satterfield (born 1954), American diplomat David Saul (1939–2017), Bermudian politician David Savard (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player David Sawer (born 1961), British composer David Sawyer, American politician David Sawyier (1951–2019), American rower David Sax (born 1979), Canadian journalist David Saxe (born 1969), American theatre producer David Saxe (judge) (born 1942), American judge David S. Saxon (1920–2005), American physicist David Scaife, Australian politician David Scarboro (1968–1988), English actor David Scarpa, American screenwriter David Scase (1919–2003), British theatre director David Scearce (born 1965), Canadian lawyer and screenwriter David Schaal (born 1963), American-English actor David Schaberg (born 1964), American academic David Schley Schaff (1852–1941), American Presbyterian clergyman David Schang, Scottish carpenter David Schapira (born 1980), American politician David S. Scharfstein (born 1960), American professor David Scheffer (born 1953), American lawyer and diplomat David Schenker (born 1968), American diplomat David J. Schiappa (born 1962), American political staff member David Schickele (1937–1999), American musician David Schickler (born 1969), American screenwriter David Schiff (born 1945), American composer David Schimel (born 1955), American rocket engineer David Schindler (1940–2021), Canadian-American limnologist David Schippers (1929–2018), American lawyer David Schirmer (1623–1686), German poet David Schizer (born 1968), American lawyer and academic David Schlemko (born 1987), Canadian ice hockey player David A. Schlissel, American energy consultant David Schlosberg (born 1963), American political theorist David Schmader (born 1968), American writer David Schmeidler (born 1939), Israeli mathematician David Schmidtz, Canadian-American philosopher David P. Schmitt, American psychologist David Schmoeller (born 1947), American film director David Schnarch (1946–2020), American psychologist David Schnaufer (1952–2006), American musician David Schnell (born 1971), German painter David Schnitter (born 1948), American saxophonist David Schnoor (born 1961), American politician David Schoen (born 1958), American attorney David Schoenbrod, American professor David Schoenbrun (1915–1988), American broadcast journalist David Schomer (born 1956), British businessman and inventor David J. Schow (born 1955), American author David Schrader (born 1952), American harpsichordist David Schubert (1913–1946), American poet David Schuler (born 1982), American record producer David Schuman (born 1944), American judge David Schuman (football analyst), American football executive and analyst David Schurmann (born 1974), Brazilian director David Schutter (1940–2005), Hawaii lawyer David Schütter (born 1991), German actor David M. Schwarz (born 1951), American architect David Schwebel, American psychologist David Schweickart (born 1942), American mathematician David Schweikert (born 1962), American politician and businessman David Schweiner (born 1994), Czech volleyball player David Schwimmer (born 1966), American actor and director David Schwimmer (banker) (born 1968/1969), American banker David M. Scienceman, Australian scientist David Scondras (1946–2020), American politician David A. Score, American marine admiral David Scowsill, British businessman David Scrymgeour (born 1957), Canadian professor David Seals (1947–2017), American writer David Seaman (born 1963), English footballer David Seamands (1922–2006), American author and Methodist leader David Searle (1936–2021), Canadian politician David Sedaris (born 1956), American essayist David Seddon, British academic David Segui (born 1966), Cuban-American baseball player David Sehat, American academic David Seisay (born 1967), Swedish-American songwriter David Sejusa (born 1954), Ugandan lawyer David Selberg (1995–2018), Swedish ice hockey player David Selby (born 1941), American actor David Self (born 1970), American screenwriter David Sellar (1941–2019), Scottish heraldry regulator David E. Sellers (born 1938), American architect David Seltzer (born 1940), American screenwriter David O. Selznick (1902–1965), American film producer David Semel, American director and producer David Semerad (born 1991), Filipino-Czech basketball player David Moinina Sengeh, Sierra Leonean politician David B. Sentelle (born 1943), American judge David Sepkoski (born 1972), American professor and historian David Sereda (born 1957), Canadian musician David Serero (born 1974), French architect David Serero (singer) (born 1981), Moroccan-French opera singer David Servan-Schreiber (1961–2011), French physician David Sesay (born 1998), English footballer David Sessions, American politician David Sevilla (born 1940), Mexican field hockey player David Sewall (1735–1825), American judge David Sewart, British professor David Sewell (born 1977), New Zealand cricketer David Shacklady (born 1967), English golfer David Shackleton (1863–1938), British cotton worker civil servant David Shae (born 1981), American actor David Shaffer (born 1936), American professor David Shahar (1926–1997), Israeli writer David Shakarian (1914–1984), American businessman David Shakow (1901–1981), American psychologist David Shale (1932–2016), New Zealand-American mathematician David Shalleck (born 1961), American chef David Shambaugh (born 1953), American professor David F. Shamoon, Canadian screenwriter David Shankle (born 1967), American guitarist David Shannon (born 1959), American writer and illustrator David Shapell (1921–2015), Polish-American real estate developer David Sharbani (1920–1985), Israeli-Colombian rabbi David Shatraw (born 1962), American actor David Shaughnessy (born 1957), British actor and producer David Shaw-Smith (1939–2021), Irish filmmaker David Shayler (born 1965), British whistleblower David Shearer (born 1957), New Zealand politician David Shedd, American intelligence officer David Shedden (1944–2017), Scottish rugby union footballer David Sheehan (1938–2020), American broadcaster David Sheff (born 1955), American author David Sheffield (born 1948), American comedy writer David Sheiner (born 1928), American actor David Sheinkopf, American actor David Sheldrick (1919–1977), Kenyan farmer David Shelley (1957–2015), American musician David Shenk (born 1966), American writer David Shentow (1925–2017), Belgian-Canadian Holocaust survivor David Sheppard (1929–2005), British bishop David Sherer (born 1957), American physician David Benjamin Sherry (born 1981), American photographer David Sherwin (1942–2018), British screenwriter David Shetzline (born 1934), American author David Shields (born 1956), American writer and filmmaker David Shifrin (born 1950), American clarinetist David Shilling (born 1949), English sculptor David Shillinglaw (born 1982), British artist David Shillington (born 1983), Australian rugby union footballer David Shimer, American historian and foreign policy analyst David Shinar, Israeli researcher David Shing (born 1970), Australian marketing executive David H. Shinn (born 1940), American diplomat David K. Shipler (born 1942), American author David Shipley (born 1963), American journalist David Shire (born 1937), American songwriter David Shmoys (born 1959), American professor David Shoebridge, Australian politician David Shofet, Iranian-American rabbi David Sholtz (1891–1953), American politician David Shor, American data scientist David Shore (born 1959), Canadian writer and television producer David M. Shoup (1904–1983), American military general David Showell (1924–1955), American fighter pilot David Shreeve, English religious figure David Shreeve (priest) (born 1934), English priest David M. Shribman, American journalist David Shrier, American futurist David Shrigley (born 1968), British visual artist David Shterenberg (1881–1948), Ukrainian-Russian painter David Shukman (born 1958), British journalist David Shulkin (born 1959), American physician and government official David Dean Shulman (born 1949), Israeli Indologist David Shuster (born 1967), American television journalist David Shute, British journalist David Shute (ice hockey) (born 1971), American ice hockey player David Shutt (1942—2020), British politician David Sibeko (1938–1979), South African journalist David Sidikman (born 1934), American lawyer and politician David Sidoo (born 1959), Canadian businessman David Albin Zywiec Sidor (1947–2020), American-Nicaraguan bishop David Sidorsky (born 1927), American professor David Sidwick, British politician David Sieck (born 1957), American politician David Sieff (1939–2019), British businessman David Silinde (born 1984), Tanzanian politician David Sills (1938–2011), American jurist David Sills (American football) (born 1996), American football player David Silveria (born 1972), American drummer David Silvers (born 1979), American politician David Silverstein (1896–1944), American journalist David Simão (born 1990), Portuguese footballer David Simas (born 1970), American political figure David Simbi, Zimbabwean engineer David Simbo (born 1989), Sierra Leonean footballer David Simchi-Levi (born 1955), American academic David Thabo Simelane (born 1956), Swazi serial killer David Eseli Simiyu (born 1958), Kenyan politician David Simmonds, British politician David J. Simms (1933–2018), Indian-Irish mathematician David Singleton (born 1961), English record producer David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896–1974), Mexican social realist painter David Sirlin, American game designer David Sirota (born 1975), American journalist David J. Skal (born 1952), American historian and critic David Skeel (born 1961), American professor David Skegg (born 1947), New Zealand epidemiologist David Sklansky (born 1947), American poker player David Sklenička (born 1996), Czech ice hockey player David J. Skorton (born 1949), American physician David Skover (born 1951), American professor David Slack (born 1972), American television writer David Slade (born 1969), British director David R. Slavitt (born 1935), American writer David Sleath, English businessman David Sleet, American scientist David Sloman (born 1961), English health service executive David Small (born 1945), American writer David Smerdon (born 1984), Australian chess grandmaster David Sneddon (born 1978), Scottish singer David Snowdon (born 1952), American epidemiologist David Snyder (born 1944), American production designer David So (born 1987), Korean-American comedian and YouTuber David Motta Soares (born 1997), Brazilian ballet dancer David Sobel (born 1949), American academic David Sobolov (born 1964), Canadian voice actor David L. Sokol (born 1956), American business executive David Solans (born 1996), Spanish film and television actor David Somerset (1928–2017), English peer and landowner David Somerset (banker) (1930–2014), English banker David Sonenberg, American music manager David Sonin (1935–2008), English music critic and arts journalist David A. Sonnenfeld (born 1953), American sociologist David Sopher (born 1929), Indian water polo player David Soria (born 1993), Spanish footballer David Sosa, American philosopher David Sosebee (born 1955), American NASCAR driver David Soskice (born 1942), British economist David Sosnowski (born 1959), American novelist David Soto (born 1993), Spanish footballer David Soul (born 1943), British-American actor and singer David Sousa (born 1980), Spanish footballer David Souter (born 1939), American Justice of the Supreme Court David Soyer (1923–2010), American cellist David Spade (born 1964), American actor and television host David Spangler (born 1945), American philosopher David Spears (born 1963), Canadian cyclist David Spedding (1943–2001), British intelligence officer David Speedie (born 1960), Scottish footballer David Speirs (born 1984), Australian politician David Spergel (born 1961), American theoretical astrophysicist David Spero (born 1951), American music manager David Spiegel (born 1945), American cancer researcher David Spiegelhalter (born 1953), British statistician David Spielberg (1939–2016), American actor David Špiler (born 1983), Slovenian handball player David Spiller (1942–2018), British artist David Spiller (politician), American politician David Spindler, American scholar David Spinozza (born 1949), American guitarist David Spinx (born 1951), English actor David Spivak (born 1978), American mathematician David Spofforth (born 1961), English footballer David Spriggs (born 1981), Australian rules footballer David Spring (1872–1947), Australian politician David Sproxton (born 1954), English animator David Squires (born 1957), Canadian composer David Squires (cartoonist) (born 1974), English cartoonist David Stack (1957–1976), American murder victim David Derek Stacton (1923–1968), American novelist David H. Staelin (1938–2011), American astronomer David Stagg (born 1983), Australian rugby league footballer David Stahel (born 1975), New Zealand historian David Staller (born 1955), American theatre director David Staples (born 1953), Barbadian sailor David Starkey (born 1945), English historian David L. Starling, American businessman David Starzyk (born 1961), American actor David Stav (born 1960), Israeli rabbi David Stearns (born 1985), American baseball executive David Steel, (born 1938), English politician David A. Steen, American conservation biologist Davíð Stefánsson (1895–1964), Icelandic poet David Steffen (born 1971), American politician and businessman David Steindl-Rast (born 1926), American monk David Steinhart, American singer-songwriter David B. Steinman (1886–1960), American civil engineer David Stenn, American television writer David Stensrud (born 1961), American meteorologist David Stenstrom (born 1953), American actor David Sterling (born 1958), Northern Irish civil servant David Stern (1942–2020), American basketball executive David Stephan, Canadian social figure David Stephen (born 1951), South African cricketer David Steward (born 1951), American businessman David Ogden Stiers (1942–2018), American actor and conductor David Stiff (born 1984), English cricketer David Stiff (basketball) (born 1972), Australian basketball player David St. James (born 1947), American actor David St. John (born 1949), American poet David Stockdale (born 1985), English footballer David Stockman (born 1946), American politician and businessman David Stockton (born 1991), American basketball player David Stoddart (1926–2020), British politician David Stoll (born 1952), American anthropologist David Stollery (born 1941), American actor David Storey (1933–2017), English playwright David Storl (born 1990), German shot-putter David Stoupakis (born 1974), American artist David Stout (1942–2020), American journalist David Stove (1927–1994), Australian philosopher David Stoyanov (born 1991), Bulgarian footballer David Straiton, American television director David Strand (born 1949), American professor David Strangeways (1912–1998), British Colonel David Strangway (1934–2016), Canadian geophysicist David Stras (born 1974), American judge David Strassman (born 1957), American ventriloquist David Strathairn (born 1949), American actor David Stratton (born 1939), English-Australian film critic David Strauss (1808–1874), German theologian David Street (1917–1971), American actor David Strelec (born 2001), Slovak footballer David Stremme (born 1977), American stock car racing driver David Strettell, American bookstore owner David Strettle (born 1983), English rugby union footballer David Strickland (1969–1999), American actor David Stride (1958–2016), English footballer David Střihavka (born 1983), Czech footballer David Stringer, American attorney and politician David Stromeyer (born 1946), American sculptor David Stronach (1931–2020), British archaeologist David Strooper (born 1968), Australian rules footballer David Stubbs (born 1962), British music journalist David Stupich (1921–2006), Canadian legislator David Stuurman (1773–1830), South African Khoi chief David Stypka (1979–2021), Czech singer-songwriter David Suazo (born 1979), Honduran footballer David Suchet (born 1946), English actor David Sugarbaker (1953–2018), American physician David Suhor (born 1968), American musician David Sumner, American mathematician David Susskind (1920–1987), American producer David Sutcliffe (born 1969), Canadian-American actor David Suzuki (born 1936), Japanese-Canadian environmental scientist David Švagrovský (born 1984), Czech hockey player David Švehlík (born 1972), Czech actor David Svensson (born 1984), Swedish footballer David Sviben (born 1989), Slovenian footballer David Svoboda (born 1985), Czech pentathlon athlete David Lowry Swain (1801–1868), American politician David Swann (born 1949), Canadian doctor and politician David Swanson (born 1969), American activist and author David F. Swensen (1954–2021), American investor and philanthropist David Swerdlick, American journalist David Swinney (1946–2006), American psycholinguist David Swinton, American economist David R. Syiemlieh (born 1953), Indian academic David Sylvester (1924–2001), British art critic David Sylvian (born 1958), English singer-songwriter David Symonds (born 1943), English disc jockey David Syrett (1939–2004), American historian Dávid Szabó, Hungarian volleyball player David Szalay (born 1974), Hungarian-English writer David Szatmary (born 1951), American author and educational entrepreneur David Sze (born 1966), American entrepreneur Dávid Szintai (born 1997), Hungarian tennis player David Sztybel (born 1967), Canadian philosopher David Szurman (born 1981), Czech ice dancer T David Tabak (1927–2012), Israeli runner David Tabizel (born 1965), British entrepreneur David Tabor (1913–2005), British physicist David H. Tabor, American Air Force general David Tacey, Australian writer and intellectual David M. Tait (born 1947), Scottish airline executive David E. Talbert (born 1966), American playwright David Talbot (born 1951), American entrepreneur David Talbot Rice (1903–1972), English art historian David Talerico (born 1956), American politician David Talley (born 1950), American prelate David Tallichet (1922–2007), American businessman David Tanabe (born 1980), American ice hockey player David W. Tandy (born 1972), American politician David Tanenbaum (born 1956), American guitarist David W. Tank, American molecular biologist David Tang (1954–2017), Hong Kong businessman David Tao, (born 1969), Taiwanese singer-songwriter David Tarnas, American politician David S. Tatel (born 1942), American jurist David Taubman, Australian electrical engineer David Tavares (born 1999), Portuguese footballer David Tecchler (1666–1748), German luthier David Teece (born 1948), New Zealand theorist David Teegarden, American musician David Tejada (1929–2018), Peruvian physician David Temple, British conductor David Temple (trade unionist) (1862–1921), Australian trade unionist David Templeman (born 1965), Australian politician David Teoh (born 1955), Australian businessman David Tepper (born 1957), American businessman and sports owner David Terans (born 1994), Uruguayan footballer David Terrien (born 1976), French racing driver David Terrier (born 1973), French footballer David Terteryan (born 1997), Armenian footballer David Testo (born 1981), American soccer player David Texeira (born 1991), Uruguayan footballer David Teymur (born 1989), Swedish mixed martial artist David Thai (born 1956), Vietnamese-American gang leader David Cruz Thayne (born 1971), American businessman David Thesmar, French economist David Thewlis (born 1963), English actor, writer and director David Thibault (born 1997), French-Canadian singer David Thodey (born 1954), Australian businessman David J. Tholen (born 1955), American astronomer David Thorns (1943–2020), New Zealand sociologist David Thorstad (born 1941), American political activist David J. Thouless (1934–2019), British physicist David Threlfall (born 1953), English actor David Thrussell (born 1961), Australian musician David Thulin (born 1983), Swedish music producer David Thwaites (born 1976), British actor David Tibet (born 1960), British poet David Tickle (born 1959), British record producer David Tijanić (born 1997), Slovenian footballer David Timor (born 1989), Spanish footballer David Tindle (born 1932), British painter David Tineo (born 1955), American artist David Tipper (born 1976), British composer David A. Tirrell (born 1953), American chemist David Tisch (born 1981), American businessman David Tischman, American comic book writer David Titcher, American screenwriter David Tkachuk (born 1945), Canadian teacher and politician David Tkebuchava (born 1991), Russian footballer David Tkeshelashvili (born 1969), Georgian politician David Tlale (born 1975), South African fashion designer David Tod (1805–1868), American politician and industrialist David Toews (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player David Toguri (1933–1997), Japanese-Canadian choreographer David Toland, American politician David Tolbert (born 1956), American prosecutor David Toledo (born 1982), Mexican footballer David F. Tolin (born 1968), American psychologist David Tom (born 1978), American actor David Tomassini (born 2000), Sammarinese footballer David Tomassoni (born 1952), American politician David Tomaszewski (born 1984), French music director David Toms (born 1967), American golfer David L. Toney (1857–2014), American politician David Tonoyan (born 1967), Armenian politician David Kimutai Too (1968–2008), Kenyan politician David Toop (born 1949), English musician David Torrence (1864–1951), Scottish actor David Torrence (athlete) (1985–2017), Peruvian-American runner David Torres (born 1986), Spanish footballer David Torn (born 1953), American guitarist David Toska (born 1975), Norwegian bank robber Dávid Tóth (born 1986), Hungarian canoeist David Toups (born 1971), American prelate David S. Touretzky, American research professor David Toussaint (born 1964), American writer David Town (born 1976), English footballer David Trachtenberg, American national security consultant David Tracy (born 1939), American theologian David G. Trager (1937–2011), American judge David Trainer, American television director David Traktovenko (born 1956), Russian businessman and sports owner David A. Trampier (1954–2014), American artist David Travis (born 1949), American politician David Traylor (born 1943), English cricketer David Treacy (born 1989), Irish hurler David Treadwell (born 1965), American football player David Treasure (born 1950), English rugby league footballer David Treasure (politician) (1943–2018), Australian politician David Trefgarne (born 1941), British politician David Tremayne (born 1942), British motor racing journalist David Tremblay (born 1987), Canadian wrestler David Tremlett (born 1945), English-Swiss sculptor David Trench (1915–1988), British army officer David Tress (born 1955), British artist David Treuer (born 1970), American writer David Trewhella (born 1962), Australian rugby union footballer David Trezeguet (born 1977), French footballer David Trim (born 1969), Indian historian David Trimble (born 1944), Northern Irish politician David Trinidad (born 1953), American poet David Trivunic (born 2001), German footballer David Trobisch (born 1958), German scholar David Trone (born 1955), American businessman and politician David Trottier, American screenwriter David Troughton (born 1950), English actor David Trout (born 1957), American football player David True (born 1942), American painter David Trueba (born 1969), Spanish novelist David Trujillo (born 1976), American businessman David Truman (1913–2003), American academic David Trumble (born 1986), British director David Trumbull (1819–1889), American missionary David Trummer (born 1994), Australian biker David Truong (1945–2014), Vietnamese protestor David Tse, Hong Kong professor David Tsebe (born 1966), South African runner David Tshama (born 1996), Congolese boxer David Tsimakuridze (1925–2006), Georgian wrestler David Tso, Hong Kong lawn bowler David Tsorayev (born 1983), Georgian footballer David Tsubouchi (born 1951), Japanese-Canadian politician David Tsugio Tsutada (1906–1971), Japanese cleric David Tua (born 1972), New Zealand boxer David Tubridy (born 1980), Irish Gaelic footballer David Tudor (1926–1996), American pianist David Tukhmanov (born 1940), Soviet composer David Tukiçi (born 1956), Albanian composer David Tůma (born 1991), Czech ice hockey player David Tune (born 1954), Australian public servant David Turk, American attorney and politician David Tustin (born 1935), English bishop David Tutera (born 1966), American wedding planner David Tutonda (born 1995), Congolese footballer David Tuveson (born 1966), American biologist David Tweed, Australian businessman David Tweh (born 1998), Liberian footballer David E. Twiggs (1790–1862), American army officer David Twohill (born 1954), Australian musician David Twohy (born 1955), American film director David Twomey (born 1961), Australian rules footballer David Tyack (1930–2016), American professor David Tyacke (1915–2010), English army officer David Tyavkase (born 1984), Nigerian footballer David Tyree (born 1980), American football player David Tyshler (1927–2014), Soviet saber fencer David Tyson, Canadian musician David Tzur (born 1959), Israeli politician and policeman David Tzuriel (born 1946), Israeli psychologist U David King Udall (1851–1938), American politician David Uhl (born 1961), American artist David Vogel Uihlein Jr., American businessman David Ukleba (1919–1999), Georgian geographer David Ulch, American rugby league footballer David Ulibarri, American politician David C. Ulich, American film producer David Ullström (born 1989), Swedish ice hockey player David Ulm (born 1984), French footballer David Umaru (born 1959), Nigerian politician David Unaipon (1872–1967), Australian author David Underdown (1925–2009), English historian David Ungar, American computer scientist David Unruh, American football coach David Unsworth (born 1973), English footballer David Uosikkinen (born 1956), American drummer David Upshal, British television producer David Upson (born 1962), British canoeist David Urban (born 1964), American lobbyist David Ure (1749–1798), Scottish geologist David Herrera Urias, American lawyer David Urie, American corporate executive David Urwitz (born 1973), Swedish singer and musician David Ury (born 1973), American comedian and actor David Usher (born 1966), British singer-songwriter David Ushery (born 1967), American news anchor David Ussishkin (born 1935), Israeli archaeologist and professor David UU (1948–1994), Canadian poet David Uwins (1780–1837), English physician and medical writer David Uzochukwu (born 1998), Australian-Nigerian photographer V David Vadim (born 1972), Ukrainian-American boxer and actor David Vaealiki (born 1980), New Zealand rugby league player David Valadao (born 1977), American politician and farmer David Valero (born 1988), Spanish mountain biker David Vamplew (born 1987), Scottish poker player David Van (born 1964), Australian politician David Vanacore, American composer David Van Alstyne (1897–1985), American politician David M. Van Buren, American politician David van Dantzig (1900–1959), Dutch mathematician David Van Day (born 1956), English singer David van de Kop (1937–1994), Dutch painter David Van De Pitte (1941–2009), American music arranger David Vanderbilt, American professor David Van der Gulik (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey player David van der Kellen Jr. (1804–1879), Dutch engraver David van der Knaap (born 1948), South African cricketer David van der Poel (born 1992), Belgian-Dutch cyclist David Vanderpool (born 1960), American medical missionary David Vandervelde, American songwriter David VanDrunen (born 1971), American professor David Van Essen (born 1945), American neuroscientist David VanHoose (born 1957), American professor David Vanian (born 1956), English musician David Van Kriedt (1922–1994), American composer David VanLanding (1964–2015), American singer David Van Leer (1949–2013), American educator David Vanole (1963–2007), American soccer player David Van Os (born 1950), American attorney and politician David Van Reybrouck (born 1971), Belgian historian David Vanterpool (born 1973), American basketball player and coach David Van Tieghem (born 1955), American composer David E. Van Zandt (born 1953), American attorney and academic administrator David van Zanten (born 1982), Irish footballer David Varela (canoeist) (born 1993), Portuguese canoeist David Vasquez (born 1948), American boxer David Vaudreuil (born 1966), American soccer player David Vaver (born 1946), Czech-American lawyer David Vavruška (born 1972), Czech football coach Dávid Vecsernyés (born 1991), Hungarian artistic gymnast David Veesler, French biochemist David Veikune (born 1985), American football player David Vela, American park administrator David Velásquez (born 1989), Honduran footballer David Venable (born 1978), American intelligence officer David Venable (TV personality) (born 1964), American television personality David Vendetta (born 1968), French disc jockey David Verburg (born 1991), American track and field athlete David Verdaguer (born 1983), Spanish actor David Verser (born 1958), American football player David Vest (born 1943), American piano player David Vestal (1924–2013), American photographer David Vetter (1971–1984), American clinical patient David Vetter (farmer), American farmer David Viaene (born 1965), American football player David Vickery (born 1977), British visual effects supervisor David Vidal (born 1950), Spanish footballer manager David Vidal (baseball) (born 1989), Puerto Rican baseball player Davíð Viðarsson (born 1984), Icelandic footballer David Vigliano (born 1959), American literary agent David Vigneault, Canadian civil servant David Villa (born 1981), Spanish footballer David Villalba (born 1982), Paraguayan footballer David Villalpando (born 1959), Mexican actor David Vine (1935–2009), English television sports presenter David Vines (born 1949), Australian economist David Viniar (born 1955), American business executive David Virelles (born 1983), Cuban pianist David Virgin (born 1962), Irish-Australian musician David Viscott (1938–1996), American psychiatrist David Visentin (born 1965), Canadian actor and realtor David Vitek (born 1974), Australian entrepreneur David Vitter (born 1961), American lobbyist David Julián Levecq Vives (born 1984), Spanish swimmer David Viviano (born 1971), American judge David Vladeck (born 1951), American government executive David Vlahov (born 1952), American epidemiologist David Vlok (born 1963), South African actor David Voas (born 1955), American social scientist David Vobora (born 1986), American football player David Voelker (1953–2013), American entrepreneur Dávid Vojvoda (born 1990), Hungarian basketball player David Volek (born 1966), Czech ice hockey player David Von Ancken (1964–2021), American screenwriter David von Ballmoos (born 1994), Swiss footballer David Von Drehle (born 1961), American author David Von Erich (1958–1984), American wrestler David von Grafenberg, French novelist David von Krafft (1655–1724), German-Swedish painter David von Schlegell (1920–1992), American sculptor David Vrankovic (born 1993), Australian footballer David Vrbata (born 1983), Czech ice hockey player David Vržogić (born 1989), German footballer David Vseviov (born 1949), Estonian historian David Vuillemin (born 1977), French motocross racer David Vunagi (born 1950), Solomon Islands Anglican bishop David Výborný (born 1975), Czech ice hockey player David Vychodil (born 1980), Czech ice hockey player David Vygodsky (1893–1943), Russian literary critic W David Wachman (born 1971), Irish racehorse trainer David Wachs (born 1980), American actor David Waddington (1929–2017), British politician David Waddington (Essex MP) (1810–1863), English politician David Wagenfuhr (born 1982), American soccer player David Wager (1804–1870), American politician David Wagoner (born 1926), American poet David Wain (born 1969), American actor and comedian David Waisman (born 1937), Peruvian politician David B. Wake (1936–2021), American professor David Wakikona (born 1950), Ugandan aviator and politician David Waksberg (born 1956), American activist David S. Walbridge (1802–1868), American politician David Wald (born 1973), American voice actor David Walentas (born 1939), American real estate developer David Wallace-Wells, American journalist David Walliams (born 1971), English comedian David Walters (born 1951), American politician David Walters (swimmer) (born 1987), American swimmer David Waltz (1943–2012), American computer scientist David Walzer (born 1953), Israeli diplomat David Wanklyn (1911–1942), British military officer David Wansbrough (born 1965), Australian field hockey player David Warbeck (1941–1997), New Zealand actor David Warburton (born 1965), British composer and politician David Warfield (1866–1951), American stage actor David Warrilow (1934–1995), English actor David Warsh (born 1944), American journalist David Warshofsky (born 1961), American actor David Warsofsky (born 1990), American ice hockey player David Washbrook (1948–2021), British historian David Washington (born 1990), American baseball player David Watford (born 1993), American football player David Watkin (1941–2018), British architectural historian David Watmough (1926–2017), Canadian playwright David Waxman, American disc jockey David Wear (born 1990), American basketball player David Weatherall (1933–2018), British physician David Weatherley (born 1939), English-New Zealand actor David Weathers (born 1969), American baseball player David Weaver (born 1987), American basketball player David Webber (born 1955), American information technology expert David Wechsler (1896–1891), Romanian-American psychologist David Wecht (born 1962), American attorney and jurist David Weddle, American television writer David Wehner, American corporate executive David Weigel (born 1981), American journalist David Weil, American economist David Weiner, American editor David A. Weiner, American filmmaker David Weinberg (born 1952), American rower David Weinberger (born 1950), American author David Weisman (1942–2019), American film producer David Weissman, American screenwriter David Weissman (documentary filmmaker), American filmmaker David Welker (born 1964), American painter David E. Wellbery (born 1947), American professor David Weller (born 1957), Jamaican track cyclist David Welter, American politician David Wendell, American professor David Wengrow (born 1972), British archaeologist David Wenham (born 1965), Australian actor David Wenlock (born 1959), English cricketer David Wenzel (born 1950), American illustrator David Weprin (born 1956), American politician David Were, Kenyan politician David Wesely (born 1945), American board game designer David Wesley (born 1970), American basketball player David Wessel (born 1954), American journalist David Westin (born 1952), American television personality David Wetherall (born 1971), English footballer David James Wetherall, American engineer David Wetzel, American historian David Wevill (born 1935), Japanese-Canadian poet David Wharton (born 1969), American swimmer David Whatley (born 1966), American corporate executive David Wheadon (born 1948), Australian rules footballer David John Wheal (1851–1904), Australian businessman David Wheater (born 1987), English footballer David Wheaton (born 1969), American radio host David Whelan (golfer) (born 1961), English golfer David A. Whetten (born 1946), American theorist David F. Wherley Jr. (1947–2009), American general David Whigham (1832–1906), Scottish cricketer David Whitehouse (1941–2013), British archaeologist David Whitehurst (born 1955), American football player David Whitelaw (1875–1970), British writer David Whiteley (born 1977), British television presenter David A. Whiteley (1944–2017), American horse trainer David Whitfield (1925–1980), British vocalist David Whitley (born 1984), British author David Whitley (politician), American politician David W. Whitlock, American academic administrator David Whitmer (1805–1888), American author David Whitmore (born 1967), American football player David Whitney (1939–2005), American art curator David Whyte (footballer) (1971–2014), English footballer David Whyte (poet) (born 1955), English poet David Widdicombe (1962–2017), Canadian filmmaker David Widdicombe (QC) (1924–2019), British political activist David Wiegand (1947–2018), American journalist David Wiens (born 1964), American cross-country bike racer David Wiese (born 1985), South African cricketer David Wiesner (born 1956), American illustrator David Wiffen (born 1942), English-Canadian singer-songwriter David Wiggins (born 1933), English philosopher David Wijnkoop (1876–1941), Dutch political leader David Wijns (born 1987), Belgian footballer David Wikaira-Paul (born 1985), New Zealand actor David Wikander (1884–1955), Swedish musicologist David Wike (born 1969), American actor David Wilczewski (1952–2009), American-Swedish jazz saxophonist David Wild (born 1961), American writer and critic David Wildstein (born 1961), American businessman and politician David Wildt (1950–2020), American biologist David Wilhelm (born 1956), American political figure David Wilkerson (1931–2011), American evangelist David Wilkes (born 1947), British minister David Wilks (born 1959), Canadian politician David Willardson, American artist David Willcocks (1919–2015), British choral conductor David Willetts (born 1956), British politician and life peer David William (1926–2010), British-Canadian actor David Willoughby (1931–1998), English priest David Willsie (born 1968), Canadian Paralympic rugby footballer David Wilmot (1814–1868), American politician David Wilmot (actor), Irish actor David Wilshire (born 1943), British politician David Wilstein (1928–2017), American real estate developer David Wiltse (born 1940), American novelist David J. Wineland (born 1944), American physicist David Winfield (conservator) (1929–2013), British conservator David Wingrove (born 1954), British writer David Winnie (born 1966), Scottish footballer David Winning (born 1961), Canadian-American director David Wippman (born 1954), American academic administrator David Wiseman (born 1981), American artist David Wisniewski (1953–2002), American writer David Wittig (born 1955), American corporate executive David Witts (born 1991), British actor David Wojnarowicz (1954–1992), Polish-American painter David Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Tredegar (born 1968), British politician David Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Sunningdale (1935–2021), British politician David Wolkowsky (1919–2018), American real estate developer David Wolman, American journalist David Wolpe (born 1958), American rabbi David L. Wolper (1928–2010), American producer David Wolpert, American mathematician David Wolstencroft (born 1969), British-American screenwriter David Woodard (born 1964), American businessman David Woodbury, American politician David Woodcock (1785–1835), American lawyer and politician David Woodcock (musician), English singer-songwriter David Woodfield (born 1943), English footballer David Woodhouse, American architect David Woodhouse (priest) (born 1949), English priest David Woodley (1958–2003), American football player David Woodworth (1939–1994), Irish priest David Wootton, British lawyer and politician David Wootton (historian) (born 1952), British historian David Worby, American lawyer David Worthington (sculptor) (born 1962), British sculptor David Wratt (born 1949), New Zealand climate scientist David Wroblewski (born 1959), American novelist David R. Wrone (born 1933), American academic David Wurmser, Swiss-American foreign policy specialist David Wyman (1929–2018), American author David Wyndorf (born 1956), American singer-songwriter David Wynn (1972–2015), Canadian police officer David Wysong (born 1949), American politician X David Xiao (born 1960). Chinese-Canadian businessman and politician David Ximenes (1777–1848), British army officer Y David Yaari (born 1969), American-Israeli entrepreneur David Yacovone, American politician David Yale (1928–2021), English legal scholar David Yallop (1937–2018), British author David Yalof, American academic David Yakobashvili (born 1957), Georgian entrepreneur David Yancey (born 1972), American politician David Yankey (born 1992), Australian-American football player David Yarnold (born 1952), American naturalist David Yarritu, American musician David Yarrow (born 1966), British photographer David Yates (born 1963), British film director David Yau Yau, South Sudanese politician David Yazbek (born 1961), American writer David Yeagley (1951–2014), American composer David Yee (born 1977), Canadian actor David Yellin (1864–1941), Israeli educator and politician David Yencken (1931–2019), Australian businessman David Yerushalmi (born 1956), American lawyer David Yetman (born 1941), American academic David Yeung, Hong Kong entrepreneur David Yewdall (1950–2017), American sound mixer David Yezzi (born 1966), American poet David Zink Yi (born 1973), Peruvian artist David Yip (born 1951), British actor David B. Yoffie (born 1954), American professor David Yonggi Cho (1936–2021), South Korean minister David Yontef, American television personality David Yoo (born 1974), American writer David Yow (born 1960), American musician and actor David Yu (born 1967), American entrepreneur David Yudelman, South African-Canadian writer David Yuengling (1808–1877), American businessman David Z. T. Yui (1882–1936), Chinese religious figure David Levy Yulee (1810–1886), American politician David Yurchenko (born 1986), Armenian footballer David Yurdiga (born 1964), Canadian politician David Yurkovich (born 1964), American comic artist and writer Z David T. Zabecki (born 1947), American historian David Zabel (born 1966), American television producer David Zábranský (born 1977), Czech writer David Zabriskie (born 1979), American cyclist David Zabriskie (wrestler) (born 1986), American wrestler David Zafer (1934–2019), Canadian violinist David Zaffiro, American guitarist David Zaharakis (born 1990), Greek Australian rules footballer David Záizar (1930–1982), Mexican singer David Zakai (1886–1978), Belariusian-Israeli journalist David Zalkaliani (born 1968), Georgian diplomat David Zalzman (born 1996), Venezuelan footballer David Zarefsky (born 1946), American scholar David Zarifa, Canadian academic David Zaslav (born 1960), American business executive David Zatezalo (born 1955), American corporate executive David Zawada (born 1990), German mixed martial artist David Zayas (born 1962), Puerto Rican actor David Zdrilic (born 1974), Australian footballer David Zec (born 2000), Slovenian footballer David Zed (born 1960), American actor David Zeisberger (1721–1808), Moravian clergyman and missionary David Zellner (born 1974), American film director David Zennie (born 1988), American director David Zepeda (born 1973), Mexican actor and model David Zhuang (born 1963), Chinese-American table tennis player David Zhu (born 1990), Chinese race car driver David Zinczenko (born 1969), American publisher David Zindell (born 1952), American writer David Zink (born 1991), Austrian footballer David Zinman (born 1936), American conductor and violinist David Zinn, American costume designer David Zippel (born 1954), American theatre director David Zitelli (born 1968), French footballer David Zollo (born 1969), American singer-songwriter David Zonshine, American talent manager David Zoppetti (born 1962), Swiss-Japanese writer David Vumlallian Zou (born 1977), American historian David Zoubek (born 1974), Czech footballer David Zowie (born 1981), English disc jockey David Zubik (born 1949), American prelate David Zucchino, American journalist David Zucker (born 1947), American film director David zum Brunnen (born 1963), American actor David Zurabishvili (born 1957), Georgian politician David Zurawik (born 1949), American journalist David Zurutuza (born 1986), Spanish-French footballer Dávid Zvara (born 1994), Hungarian footballer David E. Zweifel (born 1934), American diplomat David Zwilling (born 1949), Austrian skier David Zwirner (born 1964), German art dealer David Zwonitzer (born 1953), American politician Disambiguation Pages * David I (disambiguation), multiple people David II (disambiguation), multiple people David III (disambiguation), multiple people David IV (disambiguation), multiple people David V (disambiguation), multiple people King David (disambiguation), multiple people A David Abbott (disambiguation), multiple people David Abraham (disambiguation), multiple people David Abrahams (disambiguation), multiple people David Adam (disambiguation), multiple people David Adams (disambiguation), multiple people David Adler (disambiguation), multiple people David Affengruber (disambiguation), multiple people David Alexander (disambiguation), multiple people David Allen (disambiguation), multiple people David Álvarez (disambiguation), multiple people David Ames (disambiguation), multiple people David Anderson 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people David Lord (disambiguation), multiple people David Louie (disambiguation), multiple people David Love (disambiguation), multiple people David Lowery (disambiguation), multiple people David Lucas (disambiguation), multiple people David Ludwig (disambiguation), multiple people David Lumsden (disambiguation), multiple people David Lynch (disambiguation), multiple people David Lynn (disambiguation), multiple people David Lyons (disambiguation), multiple people M David MacDonald (disambiguation), multiple people David Mack (disambiguation), multiple people David MacKenzie (disambiguation), multiple people David Macpherson (disambiguation), multiple people David Madden (disambiguation), multiple people David Mahoney (disambiguation), multiple people David Main (disambiguation), multiple people David Mallet (disambiguation), multiple people David Malone (disambiguation), multiple people David Mandelbaum (disambiguation), multiple people David Mann (disambiguation), multiple people 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David Mullen (disambiguation), multiple people David Muller (disambiguation), multiple people David Mullins (disambiguation), multiple people David Muñoz (disambiguation), multiple people David Munson (disambiguation), multiple people David Murphy (disambiguation), multiple people David Murray (disambiguation), multiple people David Myers (disambiguation), multiple people David Myles (disambiguation), multiple people N David Napier (disambiguation), multiple people David Nash (disambiguation), multiple people David Nathan (disambiguation), multiple people David Navarro (disambiguation), multiple people David Neal (disambiguation), multiple people David Nelson (disambiguation), multiple people David Neville (disambiguation), multiple people David Newell (disambiguation), multiple people David Newman (disambiguation), multiple people David Newton (disambiguation), multiple people David Nicholas (disambiguation), multiple people David Nicholls (disambiguation), multiple people David 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(disambiguation), multiple people David Oppenheim (disambiguation), multiple people David O'Reilly (disambiguation), multiple people David Orr (disambiguation), multiple people David Orton (disambiguation), multiple people David Osborne (disambiguation), multiple people David O'Sullivan (disambiguation), multiple people David Overton (disambiguation), multiple people David Owen (disambiguation), multiple people David Oxtoby (disambiguation), multiple people P David Packer (disambiguation), multiple people David Padilla (disambiguation), multiple people David Palmer (disambiguation), multiple people David Park (disambiguation), multiple people David Parker (disambiguation), multiple people David Parkes (disambiguation), multiple people David Parks (disambiguation), multiple people David Parry (disambiguation), multiple people David Paterson (disambiguation), multiple people David Patrick (disambiguation), multiple people David Patten (disambiguation), multiple people David Patterson 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multiple people David Stafford (disambiguation), multiple people David Stahl (disambiguation), multiple people David Stark (disambiguation), multiple people David Starr (disambiguation), multiple people David Steele (disambiguation), multiple people David Stein (disambiguation), multiple people David Steinberg (disambiguation), multiple people David Steiner (disambiguation), multiple people David Steinmetz (disambiguation), multiple people David Stephens (disambiguation), multiple people David Stephenson (disambiguation), multiple people David Stevens (disambiguation), multiple people David Stevenson (disambiguation), multiple people David Stewart (disambiguation), multiple people David Stirling (disambiguation), multiple people David Stone (disambiguation), multiple people David Stuart (disambiguation), multiple people David Sullivan (disambiguation), multiple people David Summers (disambiguation), multiple people David Sun (disambiguation), multiple people David Suter 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(disambiguation), multiple people David Tong (disambiguation), multiple people David Torrance (disambiguation), multiple people David Townsend (disambiguation), multiple people David Tucker (disambiguation), multiple people David Turner (disambiguation), multiple people David Turpin (disambiguation), multiple people David Twersky (disambiguation), multiple people David Tyler (disambiguation), multiple people David Tyrrell (disambiguation), multiple people U David Unger (disambiguation), multiple people David Urquhart (disambiguation), multiple people V David Valentine (disambiguation), multiple people David Vance (disambiguation), multiple people David Vaněček (disambiguation), multiple people David Vann (disambiguation), multiple people David Vaughan (disambiguation), multiple people David Vaughn (disambiguation), multiple people David Vincent (disambiguation), multiple people David Vogel (disambiguation), multiple people W David Wade (disambiguation), multiple people David Wagner (disambiguation), multiple people David Wakefield (disambiguation), multiple people David Wales (disambiguation), multiple people David Walker (disambiguation), multiple people David Wall (disambiguation), multiple people David Wallace (disambiguation), multiple people David Waller (disambiguation), multiple people David Walsh (disambiguation), multiple people David Walter (disambiguation), multiple people David Walton (disambiguation), multiple people David Wang (disambiguation), multiple people David Ward (disambiguation), multiple people David Ware (disambiguation), multiple people David Warner (disambiguation), multiple people David Warren (disambiguation), multiple people David Waters (disambiguation), multiple people David Watkin (disambiguation), multiple people David Watkins (disambiguation), multiple people David Watson (disambiguation), multiple people David Watt (disambiguation), multiple people David Watters (disambiguation), multiple people David Watts (disambiguation), multiple people David Wayne (disambiguation), multiple people David Weber (disambiguation), multiple people David Webster (disambiguation), multiple people David Weinstein (disambiguation), multiple people David Weintraub (disambiguation), multiple people David Weir (disambiguation), multiple people David Weiss (disambiguation), multiple people David Wellington (disambiguation), multiple people David Wells (disambiguation), multiple people David Wemyss (disambiguation), multiple people David Werner (disambiguation), multiple people David West (disambiguation), multiple people David Wexler (disambiguation), multiple people David Wheatley (disambiguation), multiple people David Wheeler (disambiguation), multiple people David Whitaker (disambiguation), multiple people David Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people David White (disambiguation), multiple people David Whiteman (disambiguation), multiple people David Wight (disambiguation), multiple people David Wightman (disambiguation), multiple people David Wilcox (disambiguation), multiple people David Wilder (disambiguation), multiple people David Wiley (disambiguation), multiple people David Wilkie (disambiguation), multiple people David Wilkins (disambiguation), multiple people David Willey (disambiguation), multiple people David Williams (disambiguation), multiple people David Williamson (disambiguation), multiple people David Willis (disambiguation), multiple people David Wills (disambiguation), multiple people David Willson (disambiguation), multiple people David Wilson (disambiguation), multiple people David Wingate (disambiguation), multiple people David Winner (disambiguation), multiple people David Winter (disambiguation), multiple people David Winters (disambiguation), multiple people David Wise (disambiguation), multiple people David Wohl (disambiguation), multiple people David Wolf (disambiguation), multiple people David Wolfe (disambiguation), multiple people David Wong (disambiguation), multiple people David Wood (disambiguation), multiple people David Woods (disambiguation), multiple people David Woodward (disambiguation), multiple people David Worth (disambiguation), multiple people David Wotherspoon (disambiguation), multiple people David Wrench (disambiguation), multiple people David Wright (disambiguation), multiple people David Wu (disambiguation), multiple people David Wyatt (disambiguation), multiple people David Wynne (disambiguation), multiple people Y David Yaffe (disambiguation), multiple people David Yates (disambiguation), multiple people David Yelland (disambiguation), multiple people David Yost (disambiguation), multiple people David Young (disambiguation), multiple people Z David Zimmer (disambiguation), multiple people David Zimmerman (disambiguation), multiple people David Zuckerman (disambiguation), multiple people Fictional characters David (Sesame Street), a human character on Sesame Street from 1971 to 1989, played by Northern Calloway David in the Wee Sing 1988 film Grandpa's Magical Toys David of Sassoun, Armenian epic hero David 8, an android in the Alien movie franchise David Brent, the protagonist of The Office David Innes, the protagonist of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Pellucidar novels David Platt, character in British soap opera Coronation Street David Rossi, a main character in the TV series Criminal Minds David Singh, character from DC Comics David Telford, a recurring character in Stargate Universe David Wallace, CEO of Dunder Mifflin on the US TV series The Office David Xanatos, one of the main antagonists, turned ally in the animated series Gargoyles See also Wikipedia articles whose title starts with David David

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Jackson%20%28Richmond%20Bread%20Riot%29

Mary Jackson (Richmond Bread Riot)

Mary Jackson (c. 1829 c. 1870) was a Virginian peddler known for her role in organizing the 1863 riots in Richmond, Virginia, during the Civil War, now known as the Richmond Bread Riots. Jackson instigated and led a group of around 300 armed women through the streets of Richmond, demanding food and supplies that were in shortage during wartime. Although for the most part the violence was only threatened and not actually perpetrated, the armed mob did succeed in stealing thousands of dollars in goods as an expression of their frustration and desperation as the government failed to care for them while most of the men were fighting in the war. Life Mary Jackson was born around 1829. Varina Davis, the wife of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, described Jackson as a "tall, daring, Amazonian-looking" woman. A court reporter remarked in 1863 that Jackson was "an athletic woman of 40, with straight, strong features and a vixenish eye." Another court reporter described her as "a forty-year-old Amazon with the eye of the Devil." Although both court reporters stated that Jackson was 40 years old in 1863, many other accounts put her age at 34 years old at the time of the riot. Jackson lived in a working class suburb on Oregon Hill in the city until 1860, when she moved to a farm several miles west of the city. She lived with her husband, Elisha Jackson, who was 31 at the time and working as a painter, on Pine Street between Plank Road and Elm Street. Although Elisha was illiterate, he possessed $800 in property, and had even owned a slave when he and his wife lived within the city limits. The Jacksons had three children: one daughter and three sons. The eldest son was enlisted in the Confederate Army. Jackson frequently wrote to the War Office to petition for the discharge of her son from the army. Richmond Bread Riot Background The Richmond Bread Riots were born out of Confederate soldiers' wives grievances as women were forced to represent themselves in community appeals and communicate with government and generals. They have been described as an expression of women's mass political mobilization. Women turned vague promises from the state into practical workings for protection. Political development encouraged poor white women to affect change and take justice into their own hands as they fought with mill owners for yarn and food. Food riots and politics left women with direct action as mobs of disenfranchised women armed with revolvers, knives, and hatchets perpetrated 12 violent attacks on stores, government warehouses, army convoys, railroad depots, saltworks, and granaries just during March and April 1863. These highly organized, premeditated and disciplined appeals demonstrated class issues and the social frustrations of women amidst Civil War strife. Planning and recruiting Jackson began recruiting women for the riot on March 22, 1863, telling them in the market where she worked that there would be "a meeting of the women in relation to the high prices." She was open about her recruitment and used all of the urban and rural networks available to her. She primarily reached out to women in the market and to women working in a government clothing factory, but she also appealed to women in the countryside, including those in Henrico, Hanover, and New Kent counties. Jackson persuaded more than 300 women to show up at the Belvidere Baptist Church in Oregon Hill on April 1, 1863, for a meeting. Jackson asserted that, "the object of the meeting was to organize to demand goods of the merchants at government prices; and if they were not given, the stores were to be broken open and goods taken by force." The gathering was rowdy, but Jackson was clearly in control, according to observers. She walked up to the pulpit, where she delivered instructions on how the riot was to take place. She told the gathered women not to create a scene initially, but rather to walk quietly into the stores and demand supplies at government prices. She also insisted that the women were to demand an audience with the governor, John Letcher, to air their grievances. If their demands were not met, the women were to break open the stores and take the goods for themselves. She instructed the women to meet at 9:00 the next morning and to bring weaponry. Riot On the day of the riot, Jackson arrived at the market early in the morning but brought nothing to sell. She continued to openly recruit women to her cause, instructing a police officer that he had "better keep out of the street for today for the women intended to shoot down every man who did not aid them in taking goods", and brandishing weapons. Jackson also warned a clerk of the market and several other men that the women would demonstrate and seize edible goods, but the men did not take her seriously. A man overheard her violent threats against the city's merchants and she asked to borrow his pistol. She was seen leaving the market with a Bowie knife and a pistol. By 8:00 am Jackson and a crowd of women had left the market. They walked to Capitol Square for another meeting and then traveled to the governor’s mansion to demand an audience with him. Visiting the governor's mansion to lay out their demands was a move calculated by Jackson to give their movement a sense of legitimacy, but also to make clear that they held the state government as responsible for their condition as they did the merchants. Accounts vary on what happened next. According to one version, Jackson and the other women barged into Letcher’s office and encountered an aide, Colonel S. Bassett French, who asked what they wanted. They reportedly responded that they "wanted bread, and bread they would have or die." French denied their requests. Other accounts report that Letcher did, in fact, meet with the women outside his mansion at the Washington monument. In either case, Jackson and her compatriots were dissatisfied with the governor's response to their demands. One report indicates that, following the incident at his mansion, Governor Letcher gave a short and menacing speech, but the women were not intimidated and took to the streets. Richmond Mayor Joseph Mayo also spoke, reading the Riot Act to the mob, who ignored him. The crowd, numbering more than 300 women and including a growing number of men and boys, marched silently, per Jackson's instructions, up Ninth Street. The women were heavily armed, carrying both household implements and the contents of an old armory, including pistols, axes, knives, bayonets, and hatchets. Once at the stores, they broke into open violence. They smashed shop windows using axes, held up the owners at gunpoint, took their goods, and loaded them onto stolen wagons in the street. One shopkeeper said that the mob took his entire supply in ten minutes, robbing him of 3,000 dollars of supplies, including 500 pounds of bacon. Jackson was closely involved in the rioting, leading a group of women and returning to her home before noon to retrieve a knife. One observer reported that Jackson directed an assault on John C. Page's shoe store at 93 Main Street midway through the riot. In total, at least twelve shops and warehouses were looted over the course of the riot. Ultimately, the public guard was called in, and the troops threatened to fire on the mob, which brought the riot to an end. One woman reportedly had four of her fingers cut off by a shopkeeper as she attempted to reach through his broken display window, but there are no other reports of bloodshed. Aftermath In the aftermath of the riot, many of the women involved were arrested. A number were captured as they attempted to drive the stolen wagons filled with goods back to their neighborhoods. Jackson was among those arrested. She was taken in around noon, found in the middle of a mob of women attempting to break into a store at First and Broad Street. At the time she was reportedly waving a Bowie knife and yelling "Bread or blood!" At her trial, a great deal of negative evidence, including the accusation that she speculated in beef, was presented. It was accompanied by a smattering of positive evidence at her initial trial in Mayor Mayo's police court, but bail was denied. This was despite the fact that her husband, Elisha, attempted to pay her bail, claiming to possess $7000 of real estate. On November 12, 1863, the Richmond Sentinel reported that Jackson was being tried for a misdemeanor because it could not be proven that she had actually stolen any goods. Death Little is known about Jackson’s fate after her trial, largely because the circuit court records burned in a later fire. However, Jackson is believed to have died shortly after the end of the Civil War. An 1870 census shows a woman of a different name living with her husband in Brookland Township. References 1829 births 1870 deaths 19th-century American women

53808507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20Americans

List of Canadian Americans

This is a list of notable Americans of Canadian descent, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and were the principal founders of the United States, and their American descendants. Americans of Canadian descent Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), rodeo pioneer, inventor, actor, cowboy artist/sculptor, sports hall of fame inductee, father was Canadian citizen Drake Batherson (born 1998), ice hockey player Max Baucus (born 1941), politician, former long-time U.S. Senator from Montana (1978–2014), and former U.S. Ambassador to China (2014–2017) Madonna (full name Madonna Louise Ciccone) (born 1958), singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman also known as "The Queen of Pop" Lady Gaga (born 1986), singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman also known as "The New Queen of Pop" Walter Chrysler (1875–1940), automotive industry executive and founder of the Chrysler Corporation Stephen Curry, basketball player Ayesha Curry, actress and television personality Roy Edward Disney (1930–2009), Walt Disney Company executive Walt Disney (1901–1966), animator Will Durant (1885–1981), historian and philosopher Thomas Edison (1847–1931), inventor Alina Foley (born 2003), child actress known for her role as Leah in Shimmer and Shine; daughter of Dave Foley Marcus Foligno (born 1991), ice hockey player Nick Foligno (born 1987), ice hockey player; older brother of Marcus Foligno Jorja Fox (born 1968), actress Freddie Freeman (born 1989), baseball first baseman Missy Franklin (born 1995), Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer Brendan Fraser (born 1968), film and stage actor Kenny G (born 1956), musician Rene Gagnon (1925–1979), U.S. Marine hero Robert Goulet (1933–2007), singer and actor Mike Gravel (1930–2021), politician, former U.S. Senator from Alaska (1969–1981), and 2008 Democratic presidential candidate Matt Groening (born 1954), cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, voice actor, and creator of The Simpsons Edwin S. Grosvenor, editor, publisher, nonprofit manager Gene Hackman (born 1930), retired actor and novelist Phil Hendrie (born 1952), radio personality and comedian Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson (born 1972), actor, semi-retired WWE wrestler, and producer Angelina Jolie (born 1975), actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian; one-quarter Canadian through her maternal grandfather Jack Kerouac (1922–1969), poet and writer Matt LeBlanc (born 1967), actor Paul LePage (born 1948), 74th Governor of Maine (2011 to 2019) Stephanie Lemelin (born 1979), actress and animal rights activist; Canadian through her father Josh Manson (born 1991), ice hockey player Joel McHale (born 1971), comedian, actor, writer, television producer, and television host Grace Metalious (1924–1964), author Walter Mondale (1928–2021), politician, 42nd vice president of the United States, and 1984 Democratic presidential nominee Elon Musk (born 1971), inventor, engineer, owner of SpaceX, Tesla Motors, and SolarCity Tyler Myers (born 1990), ice hockey player Philip Nozuka, television actor Matthew Perry (born August 19, 1969) actor, best known for his role as Chandler Bing on the long-running NBC television sitcom Friends. S. M. Stirling (born September 30, 1953), French-born author whose father descends from Canada; well known for his Draka series and later his Nantucket series and Emberverse series Angus Sutherland (born 1982), producer, actor and paternal half-brother of Kiefer Sutherland Kiefer Sutherland (born 1966), actor, producer, director, and singer-songwriter Sarah Sutherland (born 1988), actress and daughter of Kiefer Sutherland Jake Tapper (born 1969), journalist Robin Thicke (born 1977), R&B singer-songwriter Rudy Vallée (1901–1986), saxophone player Vince Vaughn (born 1970), actor Mark Wahlberg (born 1971), actor, and retired rapper Born in/lived in Canada, with American citizenship Patrick J. Adams (born 1981), actor, photographer and director Malin Åkerman (born 1978), actress and singer James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939), Inventor of Basketball as a Gym Professor in Springfield Illinois in 1891 Foluke Akinradewo (born October 5, 1987), Volleyball player Stephen Amell (born 1981), actor best known for playing Oliver Queen, the title character in the TV series Arrow Pamela Anderson (born 1967), actress Paul Anka (born 1941), singer-songwriter and actor Will Arnett (born 1970), actor and comedian Dan Aykroyd (born 1952), actor and comedian Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), rodeo pioneer, inventor, actor, artist/sculptor, hall of fame inductee, born in Utah and raised in Alberta, Canada David Baszucki (born 1963), entrepreneur, engineer, inventor, and co-founder and CEO of Roblox Corporation Eric Bauza (born 1979), comedian and voice actor Sugar Lyn Beard (born 1981), actress, voice actress, television personality, and former host of YTV's The Zone from 2001–2007 Samantha Bee (born 1969), comedian, actress, writer, producer, political commentator, media critic and television host Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer especially notable for inventing and patenting the first practical telephone; co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885 Manjul Bhargava (born 1974), Fields Medal winning mathematician at Princeton University Justin Bieber (born 1994), singer-songwriter and actor Marty Biron (born 1977), ice hockey goaltender and commentator Paul Boyd (born 1976), reporter Len Blum (born 1951), screenwriter, film producer, and film composer Brett Boyko (born 1992), professional football player with the B.C. Lions Dayana Cadeau (born 1966), Haitian-born Canadian/American professional bodybuilder Jim Carrey (born 1962), comedian and actor Kim Cattrall (born 1956), British born Canadian-American actress, became an official U.S. citizen in 2020 Rae Dawn Chong (born 1961), actress and daughter of Tommy Tommy Chong (born 1938), comedian, actor, writer, director, activist, musician, and contestant from Dancing with the Stars season 19 Emmanuelle Chriqui (born 1975), actress Kim Coates (born 1958), actor, Tig Trager from Sons of Anarchy Adam Cohen (born 1972), singer-songwriter, and son of Leonard Leonard Cohen (1934–2016), singer-songwriter, poet, and novelist Claire Corlett (born 1999), actress and singer, daughter of Ian James Corlett Ian James Corlett (born 1962), voice actor, musician, animator, and author providing voice work in both Vancouver and Los Angeles Nazneen Contractor (born 1982), Indian-born Canadian American actress most notable as Layla Hourani in The Border and Ruby in The Loud House Laura Creavalle (born 1959), Guyanese-born Canadian/American female professional bodybuilder Rafael Cruz (born 1939), Cuban-born Canadian/American Christian preacher and public speaker; father of Ted Ted Cruz (born 1970), politician, U.S. Senator from Texas since 2013, and 2016 Republican presidential candidate Ayesha Curry, actress and television personality Brian Daboll (born 1975), head coach of the NFL's New York Giants since 2022 Geoff Davis (born 1958), politician and former U.S. Representative from Kentucky (2005–2012) Chris Diamantopoulos (born 1975), actor and comedian, best known for his role as Green Arrow in the Batman Unlimited series, Unicorn in Go Away, Unicorn! and Mickey Mouse in the eponymous TV series Michael Donovan (born 1953), voice actor and director for many animated series and feature films Marie Dressler (1868–1934), actress Feist (full name Leslie Feist) (born 1976), singer-songwriter known for her 2007 hit single "1234" Andrew Feustel (born 1965), NASA geophysicist Nathan Fillion (born 1970), actor Brent Fitz (born 1970), musician and multi-instrumentalist Dave Foley (born 1963), actor, stand-up comedian, director, producer, and writer working out of both Canada and America with dual citizenship Mike Foligno (born 1959), former professional ice hockey player and coach; currently a scout for the Vegas Golden Knights; father of Nick and Marcus Foligno Michael Fougere (born 1956), politician and Mayor of Regina, Saskatchewan since 2012 Michael J. Fox (born 1961), actor, author, producer, and advocate David Frum (born 1960), speechwriter and journalist John Garand, inventor of the M1 Garand rifle Victor Garber (born 1949), actor and singer Frank Gehry (born 1929), architect Drake (real name Aubrey Graham) (born 1986), rapper, singer-songwriter, and former actor Jennifer Granholm (born 1959), politician and former Governor of Michigan (2003–2011) Wayne Gretzky (born 1961), retired ice hockey player; considered the greatest ice hockey player of all time Bruce Greenwood (born 1956), actor and producer, notable as Batman in Young Justice and two TV films Jennifer Hale (born 1965), voice actress for various film and television series Winnie Harlow (born 1994), fashion model and public spokesperson on the skin condition vitiligo Bret Hart (born 1957), professional wrestler Owen Hart (1965–1999), professional wrestler Phil Hartman (1948–1998), actor, comedian, screenwriter, and graphic artist Tricia Helfer, (born 1974), actress Marieve Herington (born 1988), voice actress for various television films, anime, and series Sitara Hewitt (born 1981), actress Matt Hill (born 1968), comedian and voice actor for various television/cartoon series Ernest "Tommy" Hughitt (born 1892, d. 1961), professional football player Chris Irvine (born 1970), professional wrestler known as Chris Jericho; lead singer of Fozzy Rick Jeanneret (born 1942), sportscaster. Jeanneret has full residency rights in the U.S. and identifies as Canadian-American; he has not made it clear whether or not he secured citizenship Peter Jennings (1938–2005), TV journalist and anchor for ABC Avan Jogia, Canadian-born actor raised in America Jason Jones (actor) (born 1973), actor and comedian known for The Daily Show with John Stewart Cory Joseph (born 1991), basketball player Stana Katic (born 1978), actress David Kaye (born 1962), actor most notable as Megatron in Beast Wars/Machines: Transformers, and in Transformers: Armada, Energon, and Cybertron Brittany Kennell (born 1987), singer and contestant from NBC's The Voice season 10 Donnie Keshawarz (born 1969), actor Margot Kidder (1948–2018), actress and activist (father was American) Chris Kunitz (born 1975), NHL ice hockey player Maurice LaMarche (born 1958), voice actor and comedian Rachelle Lefevre (born 1979), actress Ashley Leggat (born 1986), actress best known for her role as Casey McDonald from Life with Derek Mario Lemieux (born 1965), retired ice hockey player and current owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins Rejean Lemelin (born 1954), retired ice hockey goaltender and father of American actor, Stephanie Lemelin Stephanie Lemelin (born 1979), actress and animal rights activist; holding dual citizenship in Canada and the U.S. Sydney Leroux (born 1987), soccer player (father is American) Shin Lim (born 1991), magician and winner of America's Got Talent season 13 Simu Liu (born 1989), actor, writer, and stuntman best known for his roles as Jung Kim from Kim's Convenience and Shang-Chi in Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings Guy Lombardo (1902–1977), bandleader and violinist Erica Luttrell (born 1982), Canadian-born actor, although American through her father; returned to America in the early 2000s William Lyon Mackenzie (1795–1861), Scottish-born Canadian/American journalist, politician, and the 1st Mayor of Toronto Sean Patrick Maloney (born 1966), politician and U.S. Representative from New York since 2013 Rizwan Manji (born 1974), actor Louis B. Mayer (1884–1957), film producer Eric McCormack (born 1963), actor, comedian, singer, voice actor Kevin McDonald (born 1961), Canadian-born actor, voice actor and comedian best known for his roles as Agent Wendy Pleakley in Lilo & Stitch franchise, Waffle in Catscratch, and Almighty Tallest Purple in Invader Zim Norm Macdonald (1959-2021), stand-up comedian, writer and actor notable as Norm the Genie in The Fairly OddParents Shawn Mendes (born 1998), singer-songwriter Burt Metcalfe (born 1935), television and film producer, director, and writer Joni Mitchell (born 1943), singer-songwriter and painter Alanis Morissette (born 1974), singer-songwriter Caroline Mulroney (born 1974), Canadian lawyer and politician; Ontario's Minister of Francophone Affairs (2018–Present), Minister of Transportation (2019–Present) and Attorney General (2018–2019), Member of Provincial Parliament for York—Simcoe (2018–Present); daughter of 18th Prime Minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney; American citizenship by marriage to investment banker Andrew Lapham Elon Musk (born 1971), South African-born Canadian/American businessman, investor, engineer, and inventor; founder of Tesla Motors James E. Murray (1876–1961), politician and longtime U.S. Senator from Montana (1934–1961) Mike Myers (born 1963), Canadian-born British/American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer Timothy Naftali (born 1962), historian James Naismith (1861–1939), inventor of basketball Leslie Nielsen (1926–2010), actor, comedian, and producer Justin Nozuka (born 1988), singer-songwriter Catherine O'Hara (born 1954), actress, writer and comedian Sandra Oh (born 1971), actress Marie Owens (1853–1927), first female police officer in the US and in the Chicago Police Department who enforced child labor and welfare laws Dustin Penner (born 1982), ice hockey player Frank Peppiatt (1927–2012), member of the variety show writing team Peppiatt and Aylesworth Mary Pickford, actress and film executive Jason Pominville (born 1982), ice hockey player with the Buffalo Sabres Jason Priestley (born 1969), actor and director James Randi (1928–2020), Toronto-born Canadian/American stage magician and scientific skeptic. David Reale (born 1985), actor, voice actor, and voice of Kai Hiwatari and Tsubasa Otori from the Beyblade anime series Leon Redbone (1949–2019), Cypriot-born Canadian-American singer Charles Revson (1906–1975) cosmetics pioneer, founder of Revlon Ryan Reynolds (born 1976), actor Caroline Rhea (born 1964), actor and comedian best known for her role as Hilda Spellman in Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Eugenia Scrimmage in the Bruno & Boots movie franchise Rino Romano (born 1969), actor Seth Rogen (born 1982), actor, comedian and filmmaker Jon Ryan (born 1981), professional football player with the Seattle Seahawks Joe Sakic (born 1969), retired hockey player and current general manager of the Colorado Avalanche Andrew Scheer (born 1979), politician, 35th Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (2011–2015), former Leader of the Opposition (2017–2020) and Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (2017–2020), Member of Parliament for Regina-Qu'Appelle (2004–Present), natural-born American citizen by descent from father Jack Scott (1936–2019), singer and songwriter Drew Scott (born 1978), television personality; host of the various Property Brothers TV shows Jonathan Scott (born 1978), television personality; host of the various Property Brothers TV shows Pablo Schreiber (born 1978), actor Mack Sennett (1880–1960), film director Patrick Sharp (born 1981), retired ice hockey player George Beverly Shea (1909–2013), gospel music singer-songwriter Martin Short (born 1950), actor, comedian, singer, voice actor Joe Shuster (1914–1992), comic book artist, co-creator of Superman Lilly Singh (born 1988), YouTuber, actress, and host of A Little Late with Lilly Singh since 2019 Cobie Smulders, (born 1982), actress Hank Snow (1914–1999), country music singer-songwriter David Sobolov (born 1964), voice actor and director most notable for his role as Drax the Destroyer Paul Stastny (born 1985), ice hockey player with the Vegas Golden Knights Stan Stephens (1929–2021), politician, broadcaster, and former Governor of Montana (1989–1993) Geoff Stirling (1921–2013), broadcaster and eccentric (born in the then-independent Dominion of Newfoundland) Tara Strong (born 1973), voice actress for various film and television series Cree Summer (born 1969), voice actress for various film and television series, born in Los Angeles but raised in Toronto. Brad Swaile (born 1976), voice actor best known for roles such as Light Yagami from Death Note, and Kicker Jones from Transformers: Energon The Weeknd (real name Abel Tesfaye) (born 1990), singer-songwriter, record producer, and actor Daniel Thompson (1921–2015), inventor of the automatic bagel maker and the folding ping pong table Robert Tinkler (born 1973), voice actor best known for roles such as Brooklyn Masefield and Gingka Hagane from the Beyblade anime series, Lync Volan from Bakugan: New Vestroia, and Crimson Rubeus from the DIC Entertainment dub of Sailor Moon Alex Trebek (1940–2020), former long-time host of the game show Jeopardy! from 1984-2020 Richard Verma (born 1968), politician and former U.S. Ambassador to India (2015–2017) Sam Vincent (born 1971), voice actor best known for roles such as Double D from Ed, Edd, n' Eddy, and the titular character from Martin Mystery Sugith Varughese, (born 1958), writer, director, and actor Jack L. Warner (1892–1978), film executive Harland Williams (born 1962), actor, comedian, author, artist, singer, musician, and radio personality Calum Worthy (born 1991), actor, writer, and producer most notable as Dez on Austin & Ally Fay Wray (born 1907), actor and author, Wray became a naturalized American citizen in 1933 Jason Wu (born 1982), Taiwanese-born Canadian/American fashion designer; dress designer of former First Lady Michelle Obama References American Canadian Canadian

53835888

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Catherine%20Cesnik

Murder of Catherine Cesnik

Catherine Anne Cesnik (born November 17, 1942; disappeared November 7, 1969) was an American Catholic religious sister who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore, Maryland. On November 7, 1969, Cesnik disappeared. Her body was discovered on January 3, 1970, near a garbage dump in the Baltimore suburb of Lansdowne. Her unsolved murder served as the basis for the Netflix documentary series The Keepers in 2017. Biography Catherine Anne Cesnik was born on November 17, 1942, in the Lawrenceville neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She was the eldest child of Joseph and Anna Omulac Cesnik. Her paternal grandparents, John (Jan) and Johanna Tomec Česnik, were Slovenians who emigrated from Yugoslavia, while her maternal grandfather, Joseph Omulac, came from Yugoslavia and maternal grandmother, Martha Hudok, came from Austria. Cesnik had three siblings. Cesnik attended St. Mary's School on 57th Street and St. Augustine High School, both in Lawrenceville. She was valedictorian at the graduation of her high school class in 1960, after being the May Queen and the president of the senior class and the student council. She joined the School Sisters of Notre Dame when she was 18. Disappearance and death In the fall of 1969, Cesnik was teaching drama and English at Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore, Maryland, a school for girls that had opened in 1965. On November 7, 1969, she left the apartment she shared with Helen Russell Phillips at the Carriage House Apartments, at 131 North Bend Road in Catonsville, en route to the Edmondson Village Shopping Center to purchase a gift for her sister's engagement at Hecht's jewelry store. She cashed a paycheck at First National Bank in Catonsville that night. She may have made a purchase at Muhly's Bakery in Edmondson Village, since a box of buns from that bakery was found in the front seat of her car. Cesnik's car, in muddy condition, was found by Russell's friends, Peter McKeon and Gerard J. Koob, both Catholic priests, illegally parked across from her apartment complex at 4:40 the next morning. Residents at the apartment complex noticed Cesnik in her car at approximately 8:30 that night, and others spotted her car illegally parked across the street about two hours later. Search and discovery of body Immediately after Cesnik's disappearance, police searched the area for her body without success. On January 3, 1970, her body was found by a hunter and his son in an informal landfill located on the 2100 block of Monumental Road, in a remote area of Lansdowne. An autopsy performed by Deputy Medical Examiner Werner Spitz determined that Cesnik died from an intracerebral hemorrhage following a fracture to her skull from a blow to her left temple by a blunt instrument. The case remains unsolved . Background In 2017, CBS Baltimore reported allegations from three women that during Cesnik's tenure at Archbishop Keough High School, two of the priests, Joseph Maskell and E. Neil Magnus, were sexually abusing the girls at the school in addition to trafficking them to others. In 1995, Teresa Lancaster and Jean Wehner (née Hargadon), former students at Keough who say they were sexually abused by Maskell, filed a lawsuit against him, the school, gynecologist Christian Richter, the School Sisters of Notre Dame, the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and William H. Keeler. The trial court dismissed the action as time-barred by the statute of limitations. The plaintiffs appealed. A writ of certiorari was granted by the Maryland Court of Appeals, which upheld the lower court decision, ruling in part, "...that the mental process of repression of memories of past sexual abuse does not activate the discovery rule. The plaintiffs suits are thus barred by the statute of limitation." Wehner said that Cesnik once came to her and said gently, "Are the priests hurting you?" Both women have said that she was the only member of the school's staff who helped them and other girls abused by Maskell, et al., and have said that she was murdered prior to discussing the matter with the archdiocese of Baltimore. However, there is currently no physical evidence linking Maskell to the murder. The Baltimore Sun reported in late 2016 that since 2011 the archdiocese has paid off numerous settlements to Maskell's alleged victims. Wehner says that, two months before Cesnik's body was discovered, and only a day or two after Cesnik disappeared on November 1969, Maskell drove her to a wooded site near Fort Meade and showed her the body. Wehner says she remembers trying repeatedly to brush off the maggots crawling on Cesnik's face while frantically repeating the words, "Help me, help me." Her account was brought into question by scientific evidence showing that it would have been impossible for maggots to be alive at the relevant time of year. However, Spitz, who worked on the case, later confirmed that there had been maggots in both the victim's mouth and trachea when found. Meteorological records also reveal that temperatures during the week in question were warm enough for maggots to hatch. The Huffington Post reported that Maskell told Wehner, "You see what happens when you say bad things about people?" Several days later, on November 13, 1969, the body of Joyce Malecki, a 20-year-old woman who looked like Wehner, was discovered by two hunters in the same wooded location where Maskell had driven Wehner. Cesnik's body was not found until January 3, 1970, and its discovery by two hunters was not in the wooded location near Fort Meade, but on the open hill trash dump of a small business property in Lansdowne. In 2016, the Baltimore County Police Department (BCPD) reassigned the case due to retiring officers, prompting new interviews and further investigation into the alleged sexual abuse at Keough. After obtaining permission from the state's attorney's office, the BCPD exhumed the body of Maskell, who died of a major stroke in 2001, but did not find a DNA match to evidence from the crime scene. Police spokeswoman Elise Armacost announced that this discovery does not exclude Maskell from being a suspect in the case. In popular culture Netflix produced a seven-part documentary series about the case called The Keepers, which debuted on May 19, 2017. The series features interviews with women who were Cesnik's students, with some who say they were sexually abused by Maskell and others. See also Crime in Baltimore List of solved missing person cases List of unsolved murders References 1960s in Baltimore 1960s missing person cases 1969 murders in the United States Crimes in Baltimore Deaths by beating in the United States Deaths by person in the United States Female murder victims Formerly missing people Incidents of violence against women Missing person cases in Maryland Murder in Maryland November 1969 events in the United States Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore Unsolved murders in the United States Violence against women in the United States

53990305

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivi%20Janiss

Vivi Janiss

Vivi Janiss (born Vivian Audrey Jamison; May 29, 1911 – September 7, 1988) was an American actress, known for such films as The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues (1955), Man on the Prowl (1957), and First, You Cry (1978). Career Vivi Janiss' father was Earl Alexander Jamison, born August 3, 1889, in Nebraska, and died June 17, 1962, in California . He was married to Helen Matilda Jamison née Liljgren. They were traveling theatricals in the Midwest in the 1920s and 1930s, eventually settling in California. Vivi was their only child. A native of Nebraska, she was the second wife of actor and comedian Bob Cummings, to whom she was wed from 1935 to 1943. The couple met while performing in 1934 in the Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway. She was also the voice of Walt Disney's Daisy Duck and appeared on both the Gunsmoke radio and television series. From 1952 to 1955, Janiss appeared in five episodes of Jack Webb's original version of the Dragnet police drama television series. From 1953 to 1957, she was cast in four episodes of the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars anthology series. From 1954 to 1959, Janiss appeared as Myrtle Davis in 11 episodes of Robert Young's Father Knows Best situation comedy series, which aired on NBC and then CBS. From 1959 to 1962, she was cast in six episodes, none in the starring role, of the NBC Western series Wagon Train with Ward Bond and John McIntire. In 1955, she played the historical Mary Todd Lincoln in "How Chance Made Lincoln President" in the anthology series TV Reader's Digest. Richard Gaines was cast as Abraham Lincoln; Ken Hardison as Robert Todd Lincoln. In 1957, Janiss joined Frank Ferguson as guest stars in the roles of Mabel and Frank Cliff in the episode "No Blaze of Glory" of Rod Cameron's syndicated series State Trooper, a story of a presumed arson case with a surprise ending set in Goldfield, Nevada. In 1959, Janiss was cast the role of Ella Westover in a second State Trooper episode, "Excitement at Milltown," along with Dayton Lummis and Suzanne Lloyd, a story about mysterious accidents at a remote lumber mill. On December 4, 1959, Janiss was cast in the CBS anthology series Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse, hosted by Desi Arnaz in the episode "The Hanging Judge" in which James Whitmore portrays a judge intent on bringing about vengeance of the killer of the judge's daughter. Others cast in the episode were John McIntire, as Janiss' husband, Jean Hagen, Buddy Ebsen, and Warren Berlinger. In its first season on the air, Janiss was cast with Everett Sloane in Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone episode "The Fever". Then on October 7, 1960, cast as Edna Castle, she joined Luther Adler in the role of her husband, pawnbroker Arthur Castle, in "The Man in the Bottle" episode of The Twilight Zone. In the story line, a genie grants four wishes to the couple, which fail to allow them to escape their humble lifestyle, but allow them to appreciate it. Years later in 1977, Janiss played a minor role as a pawnshop proprietor in the episode "Second Chance" of James Garner's NBC detective series The Rockford Files. Janiss appeared in many other series, too, three times on The F.B.I., starring Efrem Zimbalist Jr., and twice each on The Virginian and Ben Casey. She was cast once on Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater, Lawman, Trackdown, Cimarron City, Route 66, Have Gun – Will Travel, Follow the Sun, Hennesey, Outlaws, Laramie, 87th Precinct, Perry Mason, Mannix, and The Streets of San Francisco. After she and Cummings divorced, Janiss wed actor John Larch, who was cast as the police chief in 1971 in the first of Clint Eastwood's Dirty Harry films. She was married to Larch until her death. The couple appeared together on four television series, including the series premiere, "No Fat Cops", on October 3, 1961, of ABC's The New Breed, starring Leslie Nielsen. In this episode, Larch and Janiss were cast as John and Mary Clark. Earlier, the two had co-starred on November 23, 1959, as Johnny and Elsie in the episode "End of an Era" of NBC's Western series, Tales of Wells Fargo, starring Dale Robertson, and on May 23, 1960, as Isaiah and Rebecca Macabee in the episode "The Proud Earth" of the half-hour NBC anthology series Goodyear Theatre. On November 9, 1960, Larch and Janiss appeared as Ben and Sarah Harness in the episode "The Cathy Eckhart Story" of Wagon Train, with Susan Oliver in the starring role. Later, on December 19, 1968, the couple appeared again together in the 10th episode "Yesterday Died and Tomorrow Won't Be Born" of Jack Lord's CBS crime drama Hawaii Five-O. Janiss' last roles were in the 1978 CBS television film First, You Cry, a story about breast cancer starring Mary Tyler Moore, and in two 1979 CBS series appearances on Barnaby Jones with Buddy Ebsen (Janiss and Bob Cummings had appeared together with Ebsen 45 years earlier in the Ziegfeld Follies), and House Calls, starring Wayne Rogers. Filmography References External links 1911 births 1988 deaths American film actresses American television actresses American stage actresses Actresses from Nebraska People from Los Angeles Jewish American actresses 20th-century American actresses 20th-century American Jews

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallfoot%20%28film%29

Smallfoot (film)

Smallfoot is a 2018 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by the Warner Animation Group and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. Based on the unpublished children's book Yeti Tracks by Sergio Pablos, the film was co-written and directed by Karey Kirkpatrick, and stars the voices of Channing Tatum, James Corden, Zendaya, Common, LeBron James, Gina Rodriguez, Danny DeVito, Yara Shahidi, Ely Henry, and Jimmy Tatro. The plot follows a tribe of Himalayan Yeti who come across a human being, with each species thinking the other was just a myth. Smallfoot was theatrically released in the United States on September 28, 2018. It received a mostly positive reception from critics and grossed over $214 million at the box office. Plot A village of Yetis lives in isolation on the top of a mountain in the Himalayas, above the clouds and hidden away from sight. Migo is a yeti who abides by the law of the ancient stones held by the Stonekeeper, the yetis' leader. Migo's father, Dorgle, projects himself through the air each morning to hit a gong with his head, as the yetis believe this wakes up the sun. While learning how to ring the gong, Migo is distracted by the Stonekeeper's daughter, Meechee, whom he has a crush on, and misses the gong, landing outside the village. There, Migo witnesses a plane crash and finds a "smallfoot" (human), whom the yetis believe is mythical. Migo runs back to inform the villagers, but he lacks proof, and Stonekeeper claims he is lying and banishes him from the village. Migo is suddenly visited by rejected yetis Gwangi, Kolka, and Fleem, who do not believe in the stones, and bring him to the Smallfoot Evidentiary Society (S.E.S.), which is led by Meechee. She convinces Migo to travel below the clouds despite the stones telling them that there is nothing underneath. After some hesitation, Migo agrees to go, but his rope snaps and Migo falls, where he discovers land. Percy Patterson is a British human filmmaker of wildlife documentaries who has lost most of his viewership. He meets the pilot who saw Migo, and in an attempt to regain his fame, tries unsuccessfully to convince his assistant, Brenda, to dress up as a yeti for filming. Migo arrives and unknowingly scares Percy when trying to communicate with him due to yeti's and human's unable to understand each other.When Migo inadvertently terrifies Percy by his attempted communication, Percy attempts to shoot Migo with a tranquilizer dart. However the errant dart ends up hitting Percy, rendering him temporarily unconscious. Migo then decides to abduct the unconscious Percy by stuffing him into a sleeping bag that he straps to his chest for the return trip home. During the long trek back up the mountain, Migo and Percy encounter a severe blizzard which blows them into a nearby cave. Migo discovers that Percy has frozen completely solid. He quickly lights a fire and ties Percy up over a fire to thaw him out and save his life. As Percy regains consciousness, he believes that Migo is trying to cook him alive. Percy breaks free from the rope and proceeds to film and upload a cell phone video of Migo while narrating that the yeti is threatening to eat him, before attempting to escape. While chasing after Percy, Migo's toe becomes ensnared in a bear trap and Percy takes pity on Migo by removing the trap and bandaging his wound. Realizing that the yeti is trying to communicate with him, Percy agrees to go with Migo and they head back up the mountain overnight, where they reunite with the S.E.S. the next morning. The yetis are confused by Percy's appearance, but happily embrace him and learn about his culture, much to Stonekeeper's dismay. Later, Stonekeeper takes Migo inside the palace and reveals the truth: yetis used to live below the clouds, but were forced into hiding by the vicious humans who mercilessly attacked them. To keep themselves safe, the yetis created the stones, and the clouds are actually steam made by the yetis' daily tasks to keep them hidden from the humans below. Meanwhile, Meechee is able to develop a rudimentary line of communication with Percy by referring to crude chalk drawings that Percy scribbles on her cave wall. In order to protect the yeti village, Migo agrees to continue Stonekeeper's lie by telling the yetis that Percy, who is now experiencing altitude sickness, is just a hairless wild yak. Stonekeeper takes Percy and locks him in an ice box, so Percy will be unable to alert other humans of the yetis' whereabouts. Migo later discovers that Meechee took Percy away to return him home, and jumps down the mountain with Gwangi and Kolka following suit. Percy recovers and discovers that his video of Migo has generated significant public excitement, but then notices that Meechee has become distracted by the wonders of Kathmandu and accidentally causes a public disruption. Meechee is attacked by the police, but is rescued by Gwangi, Kolka and Migo. As Migo tries to explain to Meechee that humans are monsters, they see a mural depicting a yeti attacking people and realize that humans view them as monsters. The yetis try to make it back to the mountain, but are chased by a SWAT helicopter that Stonekeeper takes down using his stones. Migo attempts to divert the police away from the other yetis, when Percy arrives on his snowmobile and shoots Migo with a tranquilizer gun to protect him. The police chase and capture Percy in his yeti suit, and arrest him for public disturbance and fraud. Back at the village, inside the palace, Migo explains the truth to the yetis and apologizes for lying to them. He tells the others that even though humans may still be scared of the yetis, they should try to communicate with them. The yetis leave the village, and when Percy and Brenda notice them, they emerge from the crowd and stand up for the yetis. The rest of the humans slowly welcome the yetis and accept them into their lives. Voice cast Channing Tatum as Migo, a young male yeti who is determined to prove the existence of the Smallfoot. James Corden as Percy Patterson, a British human filmmaker of wildlife documentaries trying to get back in the spotlight, who becomes Migo's Smallfoot best friend. Zendaya as Meechee, a young female yeti, the Stonekeeper's daughter, Thorp's younger sister, the leader of S.E.S., and Migo's love interest. Common as Stonekeeper, the condescending yeti chief and father of Thorp and Meechee. LeBron James as Gwangi, a large purple male yeti who is part of the S.E.S. Gina Rodriguez as Kolka, a female yeti who is part of the S.E.S. Danny DeVito as Dorgle, a short male yeti who is the village gong ringer and Migo's widowed father. Yara Shahidi as Brenda, Percy's morally conscious assistant, who does not believe in yetis until the end of the film. Ely Henry as Fleem, a small male yeti who is part of the S.E.S. Jimmy Tatro as Thorp, a slow-witted male yeti who is the Stonekeeper's son and Meechee's older brother. Patricia Heaton as Mama Bear, a himalayan brown bear Migo and Percy encounter in a cave while waiting out a blizzard. In the UK release, the part of Mama Bear was performed by Emma Bunton. Justin Roiland as Garry, a paranoid male yeti. Jack Quaid as Pilot, a human airplane pilot who crashes on the mountain and who Migo first meets. Additional voices are provided by Kelly Holden Bashar, Jonathan Kite, Joel McCrary, Clare Sera, Jessica Tuck, Peter Ettinger, Jonathan Mangum, Vanessa Ragland, Luke Smith, and Rick Zieff. Production Writers Glenn Ficarra and John Requa conceived of Smallfoot, interested in a story about Yeti or Bigfoot; they drew inspiration from an original idea by Sergio Pablos. The concept for Smallfoot was in development before director Karey Kirkpatrick joined the project in July 2016; he viewed an animatic in which Percy was a "ski bum type" with no motivation on his personality in the first drafts of the script and repetitive gag lines, and so they added more elements in his later revisions by giving arc and depth to his character. Kirkpatrick also said Meechee was undeveloped, and she was made head of the S.E.S. in rewrites. Observing Brexit and a rise in nationalism, Kirkpatrick also drew inspiration: On May 11, 2017, it was announced that the film was in-production with Channing Tatum, Zendaya, and Gina Rodriguez providing the lead voice roles. Ely Henry was originally hired as a scratch vocal for the film four years before its release, however was later invited to join the cast and subsequently voiced Fleem in the final product. The film was animated by Sony Pictures Imageworks, who had also provided animation for the Warner Animation Group's Storks, and utilized Autodesk Maya for the animation process. Ryan O'Loughlin, a DreamWorks Animation veteran, was originally the film's director, but was replaced by Kirkpatrick. Music The score for the film was composed by Heitor Pereira. The songs were written by Karey Kirkpatrick and his brother Wayne Kirkpatrick. The film originally had no songs until six months into production when the suggestion of making the film a musical came from Toby Emmerich, who was recently elected as chairman of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group at the time, partially because the Kirkpatrick brothers had previously written the music and lyrics for the Tony-winning Broadway musical Something Rotten!. The songs include "Perfection" by Channing Tatum, "Wonderful Life" by Zendaya, "Percy's Pressure" by James Corden (music from the song "Under Pressure", additional lyrics by Karey and Wayne Kirkpatrick), "Wonderful Questions" by Tatum & Zendaya, "Let It Lie" by Common, "Moment of Truth" by CYN, and "Finally Free" by Niall Horan (written by Horan, Ian Franzino, Andrew Hass, John Ryan and Julian Bunetta). The soundtrack peaked at number 8 on the Billboard 200. The song "Finally Free" peaked a couple of Billboard charts including number 39 on Mexico Ingles Airplay chart and number 2 on Bandsintown X Billboard Top Livestream Artists chart. Release The film was released on September 28, 2018. Marketing In late summer 2018, American pizza chain Chuck E. Cheese's announced that they would be the official partner of the film. Marketing materials for the film, in particular a series of posters in Los Angeles advertising the cast of the film with phrases such as "Zendaya is Meechee", turned into a minor Internet meme (in a short song by Gabriel Gundacker). Home media Smallfoot was released on Digital on iTunes, Movies Anywhere, Microsoft Store, Vudu, and Amazon Prime on December 4, 2018, and on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-Ray 3D, 4K Ultra and Digital Copy on December 11, 2018. The releases also included a short film, titled Super Soozie. Reception Box office Smallfoot grossed $83.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $130.9 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $214.1 million. In the United States and Canada, Smallfoot was released alongside Night School, Little Women and Hell Fest, and was projected to gross $25–30 million from 4,131 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $6.5 million on its first day, including $850,000 from Thursday night previews, more than the Warner Animation Group's previous September release Storks ($435,000 in 2016). It went on to debut to $23 million, finishing second at the box office behind Night School. It made $14.3 million in its second weekend and $9.1 million in its third, dropping 37% each time and finishing third and fifth, respectively. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Smallfoot offers a colorful distraction that should keep younger viewers entertained - and a story whose message might even resonate with older audiences." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 4 out of 5 stars. Accolades Possible sequel In September 2018, writers Glenn Ficarra and John Requa expressed hope for a sequel, with Requa stating that they "could make a whole other movie just on that shtick that we came up with". Ficarra added "Hopefully, we are lucky enough to be in that position. But you have to wait for the world to digest it to a certain extent... We have a myriad of ideas. Just in the discarded notions that we have entertained over the last 6 years." In October 2018, on the subject of a sequel director Karey Kirkpatrick stated, "Haven't gone there yet, but you know it's really just the importance of truth. And the way to get to truth is by asking questions and never losing your sense of wonder and curiosity that leads to bridging a gap between the 'us' and the 'them'. I mean, we are often given misconceptions about things that make us different. And the only way to break through that is to question it and you won't question things without a sense of curiosity and wonder. So never lose that. All the songs basically have something to do with that." Popular culture Migo, Meechee, and Gwangi make cameo appearances in Warner Bros. Pictures' Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). They are seen watching the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad. See also The Son of Bigfoot Missing Link Abominable References External links 2010s American animated films 2010s children's animated films American adventure comedy films American children's animated adventure films American children's animated comedy films American children's animated musical films American films American computer-animated films American musical comedy films 2018 films 2018 3D films 2018 computer-animated films Warner Bros. Animation animated films Warner Bros. films Warner Bros. animated films Warner Animation Group films Films about cryptids American animated feature films Animated films based on children's books 2010s musical films 2010s musical comedy films Films directed by Karey Kirkpatrick Films scored by Heitor Pereira Films set in Asia Films set in the Himalayas Animated films set in Kathmandu Films with screenplays by Karey Kirkpatrick Yeti in fiction 3D animated films 2010s children's adventure films 2018 comedy films Animated films set in Nepal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Zulu%20people

List of Zulu people

This is a list of notable Zulu people. Kings, Chiefs, princes and princesses King Zulu kaMalandela, founder of the Zulu clan King Shaka kaSenzangakhona, founder of the Zulu Nation King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king King Senzangakhona kaJama, Zulu king and father of Shaka Mkabayi kaJama, Zulu princess and sister of Senzangakhona Nandi, Mhlongo princess and mother of Shaka Magogo kaDinuzulu, Zulu princess and mother of Mangosuthu Buthelezi Nomusa kaBhekuzulu, Zulu princess, Regent Queen of AmaRharhabe and sister of Zwelithini Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Buthelezi prince Bhambatha kaMancinza, Zulu chief Dabulamanzi kaMpande, Zulu commander Dingiswayo, Mthethwa chief, mentor of Shaka Zulu Albert Lutuli, chief of Zulu Christian Langa KaXaba, the Ndwandwe, king nation Matshobana KaMangete, the chief of the Northern Khumalo Sigananda kaSokufa, Zulu aristocrat Zwangendaba, Shaka's general Zwide kaLanga, the Ndwandwe king nation Ntshingwayo Khoza, InDuna of Khoza Umhlangana kaSenzangakhona, Zulu prince Ndlela kaSompisi, InDuna for Shaka and Dingaan Nongalaza KaNondela, inDuna for Mpande Zibhebhu kaMaphitha, Zulu chief Mbongeleni Zondi, Zulu chief and great-grandson of Inkosi Bambatha kaMancinza Nothando Dube as known as Inkhosikati LaDube, member of the House of Dlamini as the twelfth wife of King Mswati III of Eswatini Noxolo Nokwethemba Pearl Mthethwa, Royal Princess and great-granddaughter of Dingiswayo, the Paramount King Politicians and activists Edward Bhengu, founder member of the PAC Sibusiso Bengu, Minister of Education, ambassador to Germany Mangosuthu Buthelezi, founder and first president of the Inkatha Freedom Party Bheki Cele, former national S.A. police commissioner and police minister Siyabonga Cwele, former minister of communication; intelligence service; state security; home affairs Thoko Didiza, former Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs and Minister of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development Jackson Mthembu, former Minister in the Presidency Bathabile Dlamini, ANC Women's League leader Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma, chairperson of the African Union Commission John Langalibalele Dube, first President of the African National Congress, founder of the Ohlange Institute, educator Nokutela Dube, wife of John L. Dube, founder of the Ohlange Institute Malusi Gigaba, Minister of Home Affairs Archie Gumede, lawyer, politician, activist Josiah Tshangana Gumede, politician and father of Archie Gumede Zandile Gumede, former Mayor of Durban Harry Gwala, ANC and communist activist Nkululeko Gwala, political activist Princess Constance Magogo Sibilile Mantithi Ngangezinye kaDinuzulu, Zulu princess, ethnomusicologist and composer Velenkosini Hlabisa, Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mbali Ntuli, member of the Democratic Alliance Mxolisi Kaunda, Mayor of Durban Makoti Khawula, EFF Member of Parliament and former anti-apartheid activist Ntombikayise Priscilla Khubeka, anti-apartheid activist Duma Kumalo, South African human rights activist and one of the Sharpeville Six Dumisani Kumalo, South African politician Ellen Kuzwayo, political activist Anton Lembede, political activist Chief Albert Luthuli, President of the African National Congress and first South African Nobel Peace Prize laureate Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology, founder of the National Freedom Party (splinter from the IFP) Moses Mabhida, political activist Nozizwe Charlotte Madlala-Routledge, South African politician, former Deputy Minister of Defence and former Deputy Minister of Health Amos Masondo, Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces Veronica Mate-Sobukwe, political activist and wife of Robert Sobukwe Joseph Mathunjwa, trade union leader and the head of the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) Lindiwe Mazibuko, South African politician and musician Seth Mazibuko, political activist Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni, political activist Senzo Mchunu, former premier of KwaZulu-Natal Willies Mchunu, former premier of KwaZulu-Natal Bandile Mdlalose, general secretary of the South African shackdwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo Frank Mdlalose, first former premier of KwaZulu-Natal Richard Mdluli, former head of Police Crime Intelligence Bertha Mkhize, political activist Florence Mkhize, political activist Nomhlangano Beauty Mkhize, South African activist, politician, shop steward and wife to late Saul Mkhize Zweli Mkhize, former premier of KwaZulu-Natal and former treasure of ANC Obed Mlaba, former Mayor of Durban Johnson Mlambo, revolutionary Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, first female deputy president of South Africa (2005-2008) Zwakele Mncwango, former Leader of the Opposition in the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature James Mpanza, political activist Saul Msane, South African politician and intellectual Bongani Msomi, UDM secretary Ricardo Mthembu, political activist Nathi Mthethwa, Minister of Arts and Culture Siphiwe Mvuyane, IFP member and police officer Sibusiso Ndebele, former Minister of Correctional Services, former premier of KwaZulu-Natal Phila Portia Ndwandwe, anti-apartheid activist Chris Ngcobo, former head of Police Intelligence Sipho Ngwenya, political activist Ben Ngubane, former chair of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, and former premier of KwaZulu-Natal Mxolisi Nxasana, Director of Public Prosecutions in South Africa Sizwe Nxasana, South African businessman Dorothy Nyembe, political activist Blade Nzimande, Minister of Higher Education Nqobile Nzuza, resident in the Marikana Land Occupation Jeff Radebe, Minister in the Presidency for Planning, Performance, Monitoring, Evaluation and Administration Pixley ka Isaka Seme, founder of the African National Congress and first black lawyer in South Africa Gert Sibande, political activist Sihle Zikalala, premier of KwaZulu-Natal Andrew Zondo, former Umkhonto we Sizwe activist Lindiwe Zulu, South Africa's Minister of Small Business Development Jacob Zuma, former President of the Republic of South Africa Religion leaders Nicholas Bhengu, Assemblies of God founder John L. Dube, Christian preacher Smangaliso Mkhatshwa, Catholic priest Saul Msane, Wesleyan Methodist Church member Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa, Zulu traditional healer Selby Mvusi, theologian and artist Isaiah Shembe, Church of Nazareth founder Business and professional figures Khanyi Dhlomo, TV host and the founder and CEO of Ndalo Media and Ndalo Luxury Ventures Sizwe Nxasana, former CEO of First Rand, Telkom (South Africa) & former chairman of NSFAS. Phuthuma Nhleko, former CEO of the MTN Group Nonkululeko Nyembezi-Heita, CEO of the Dutch mining group, IchorCoal N.V., CEO of the JSE Limited & Chairperson of Alexander Forbes Duduzane Zuma, businessman and son of Jacob Zuma Khulubuse Zuma, businessman and nephew of Jacob Zuma Academics, educators, and writers Zodwa Dlamini, biochemist Zodwa Dlamini, scientist Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo, author, educator Rolfes Robert Reginald Dhlomo, author Nokutela Dube, educator, Christian preacher Magema Magwaza Fuze, author Mafika Gwala, poet, editor John Hlophe, judge president of the Western Division Bheki W. J. Langa, diplomatic Mandla Langa, poet Pius Langa, former chief justice Brenda Lindiwe Mabaso-Chipeio, South African international trade expert Sizwe Mabizela, vice-chancellor of Rhodes University Tholie Madala, judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa Dunstan Mlambo, judge president of the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali, author Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa, author and Zulu traditional healer Njabulo Ndebele, former Vice Chancellor of the University of Cape Town, writer Sandile Ngcobo, former chief justice Lewis Nkosi, South African writer Mxolisi Nxasana, former National Prosecuting Authority director Henry Nxumalo, investigating journalist Sibusiso Nyembezi, Zulu writer, novelist, poetry and scholar Menzi Simelane, former National Prosecuting Authority director Benedict Wallet Vilakazi, poet and novelist Raymond Zondo, Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa Actors, TV & radio personalities Baby Cele, actress Henry Cele, actor Pallance Dladla, actor Minnie Dlamini-Jones, on-air personality, actress and model Gugu Gumede, actress Kelly Khumalo, actress Leleti Khumalo, actress Dawn Thandeka King, actress Vusi Kunene, actor Khaya Dladla, actor/actress Nandi Madida, actress Mandla Maseko, aviator Bridget Masinga, 2002 Miss South Africa 2nd princess, actress, businesswoman Gugu Mbatha-Raw, actress Nomzamo Mbatha, actress and model Zamani Mbatha, actor Nomonde Mbusi, actress Ndaba Mhlongo, actor Somizi Mhlongo, actor Gcina Mhlophe, actress, storyteller, poet and politician Bafana Mlangeni, actor Don Eric Mlangeni, actor Roland Mqwebu, actor Masoja Msiza, actor Duma Ndlovu, filmmaker, playwright, director and screenwriter Mbongeni Ngema, writer, lyricist, composer, director and theatre producer Shadrack Ngema, actor and sport commentator Menzi Ngubane, actor Jessica Nkosi, actress Lindani Nkosi, actor Lalela Mswane, Miss South Africa 2021 Winnie Ntshaba, actress Nandi Nyembe, actress Lunga Shabalala, actor and television personality Sjava, actor and musician Siyabonga Shibe, actor Linda Sibiya, radio host, radio producer, DJ, television producer, television host and broadcaster Linda Sokhulu, actress Thando Thabethe, actress, radio and television personality Pearl Thusi, actress, model, radio, and television personality Mary Twala, actress Thishiwe Ziqubu, actress Eddie Zondi, radio personality and music composer Thandeka Zulu, actress Zuluboy, actor Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube, actress and producer Robert Marawa, sports broadcaster Sport figures Makhosonke Bhengu, footballer Phumelele Bhengu, footballer Bafo Biyela, footballer Gideon Buthelezi, boxer Amanda Dlamini, footballer Ayanda Dlamini, footballer Thamsanqa Gabuza, footballer Siboniso Gaxa, footballer Siboniso Gumede, footballer Two-Boys Gumede, footballer Mhlengi Gwala, triathlete Andile Jali, footballer Mabhuti Khenyeza, footballer Doctor Khumalo, footballer Brilliant Khuzwayo, footballer Njabulo Ngcobo, footballer Mbulelo Mabizela, footballer Thulani Malinga, boxer Peter Mathebula, boxer Senzo Meyiwa, footballer Wiseman Meyiwa, footballer Brighton Mhlongo, footballer Helman Mkhalele, footballer Siyabonga Mpontshane, footballer Moruti Mthalane, boxer Emmanuel Ngobese, footballer Mlungisi Ngubane, footballer Siphelele Mthembu, footballer Siyabonga Nkosi, footballer Siyabonga Nomvethe, footballer Luyanda Ntshangase, footballer Siyabonga Sangweni, footballer Thabani Mthembu, footballer Thamsanqa Sangweni, footballer Thulani Hlatshwayo, footballer Lucas Sithole, tennis Lucas Sithole, sculptor Lucas Radebe, footballer Samkelo Radebe, Paralympic runner and gold medalist Siphiwe Tshabalala, footballer Benedict Vilakazi, footballer Sibusiso Vilakazi, footballer Cedric Xulu, footballer Siyanda Xulu, footballer Dumisani Zuma, footballer Sibusiso Zuma, footballer Bongani Zungu, footballer Themba Zwane, footballer Musicians Ladysmith Black Mambazo, musicians Toya Delazy, singer, pianist, dancer and performer Lucky Dube, reggae musician and Rastafarian Big Nuz, music group Black Coffee, record producer and DJ Doja Cat, (half Zulu, half Jewish), American musician Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper DJ Clock, musician DJ Lag, Dj DJ Tira, musician DJ Zinhle, Dj and businesswoman Blaq Diamond, music duo Nandi Madida, musician and businesswoman Imithente, musicians Izingane Zoma, musicians Magogo kaDinuzulu, Zulu princess and artist Jabu Khanyile, musician Babes Wodumo, musician Kelly Khumalo, musician K.O, rapper, musician Killer Kau, musician Sibongile Khumalo, musician Thokozani Langa, musician Solomon Linda Nomcebo Zikode, musician Bhekumuzi Luthuli, musician Sipho Mabuse, musician Mandoza, musician Vusi Mahlasela, musician Mfaz'Omnyama, musician Phumlani Mgobhozi, musician Busi Mhlongo, virtuoso singer, dancer and composer Somizi Mhlongo, musician Bheki Mseleku, musician Sjava, musician and actor Nasty C, musician, rapper, songwriter and record producer Patrick Ngcobo, musician Shiyani Ngcobo, musician Zanefa Ngidi, musician Professor, musician, formally half of Tzozo and Professor Riky Rick, rapper Robert Sithole, musician Zola, musician, poet, actor and presenter Kwesta, rapper and songwriter Khaya Mthethwa, singer-songwriter, musician, composer, arranger, and the multi-instrumentalist Okmalumkoolkat, rapper Sello Twala, musician Vusi Ximba, musician Zakes Bantwini, musician Zakwe, musician Zuluboy, Musician Mlindo the Vocalist, musician Simmy, singer-songwriter, musician Distruction Boyz, DJ duo Criminals Sibusiso Duma Simon Majola Samuel Bongani Mfeka Elifasi Msomi Velaphi Ndlangamandla Moses Sithole Sipho Thwala Christopher Mhlengwa Zikode See also List of Xhosa people List of South Africans List of Southern Ndebele people List of South African office-holders Zulu language Zulu people Zulu Zulu

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumumba%20Government

Lumumba Government

The Lumumba Government (), also known as the Lumumba Ministry or Lumumba Cabinet, was the first set of ministers, ministers of state, and secretaries of state that governed the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) under the leadership of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba from 24 June until 12 September 1960. The government inherited many problems from the era of the Belgian Congo, a tightly administered colony which for most of its existence had few political freedoms. Its members came from different social classes, different tribes, and held varied political beliefs. Weak and divided, its tenure was dominated by a widespread mutiny in the army and two secessions. An exodus of thousands of Belgian functionaries—who had controlled most of the bureaucracy—left the administration in disarray. The United Nations created a large multinational peacekeeping force to assist the government in reestablishing law and order. Western nations were under the impression that Lumumba was a communist, and the United States, Belgium, and France all worked to undermine and divide his government. Domestic opposition to the government cemented by late July, and Lumumba increasingly relied on only a few advisers, and rarely consulted the full Council of Ministers; several members of the government began acting without his direction. He resorted to increasingly authoritarian measures to maintain control over the country. On 5 September, President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba and six other members of the government. The dismissal order was countersigned by two ministers who disapproved of Lumumba's actions. Lumumba refused to leave office and contested with his replacement over control of the administration. Parliament reaffirmed its confidence in the Lumumba Government, resulting in a constitutional deadlock. On 14 September, Colonel Joseph-Désiré Mobutu launched a coup that definitely removed Lumumba from power and installed his own regime. Lumumba was later murdered, and the constitutional crisis created by his removal remained unresolved until 1961. Background Belgian rule of the Congo The Congo Free State was established in 1885 as the private domain of King Leopold II of Belgium. By the turn of the century, however, the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese had brought intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the Belgian Congo. The colony was divided into six provinces: Léopoldville, Équateur, Orientale, Kivu, Kasai, and Katanga. The city of Léopoldville was designated as the capital in 1923. Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that capital sometimes flowed back into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly. As early as the 1920s, the Congo possessed one of the densest colonial regimes in Africa. The administration was heavily involved in the life of the Congolese; Belgian functionaries closely monitored and enforced agricultural production, provided medical services to many residents, and frequently toured even the most rural territories to oversee their subjects. There was also a high degree of racial segregation between the native and white populations, the latter of which grew considerably after the end of World War II due to immigration from Europe. Rise in Congolese political activity During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the évolués. Forming an African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. Most évolués sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo. Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited, the évolué class institutionally manifested itself in social clubs. Additional groups, such as labour unions, alumni associations, and ethnic syndicates, provided other Congolese the means of organisation. Among the most important of these was the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), representing the Kongo people of the Lower Congo. In 1954 ABAKO was taken over by Joseph Kasa-Vubu, and under his leadership it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. A group of Congolese intellectuals issued a manifesto in 1956 that called for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence, and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December that year the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Nationalism increased in 1958 as more évolués began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) under the leadership of Godefroid Munongo and Moïse Tshombe. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by Jason Sendwe's Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT). In October 1958 a group of Léopoldville évolués including Patrice Lumumba, Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo established the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of Stanleyville and from the population of the Kasai Province, where efforts were directed by a Muluba businessman, Albert Kalonji. Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the All-African Peoples' Conference in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958. Lumumba was deeply impressed by the Pan-Africanist ideals of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme, demanding the country's "genuine" independence. Fearing that they were being overshadowed by Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting a rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government issued a de facto ban on the event. ABAKO supporters were infuriated and, at the scheduled time of the rally, initiated three days of violent and destructive riots. The Force Publique (the colonial army) suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. On 13 January the Belgian King, Baudouin, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future. Meanwhile, discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership, who were bothered by Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and antagonising other tribes. This culminated in the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation altogether. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly strident in his demands for independence. He was arrested following a riot in Stanleyville; nevertheless, his influence and that of the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes. With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès (PNP) under the leadership of Paul Bolya and Albert Delvaux. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern Léopoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA), was founded with Antoine Gizenga as its president. The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference After the riots of 4 January 1959 Belgian leaders became increasingly fearful of a violent political conflict emerging in the Congo. The security situation in the country deteriorated over the course of the year, especially in the Lower Congo and in Kasai. Fearing the degeneration of the unrest into a colonial war and facing intense pressure for reform, in late 1959 the Belgian government announced that it would host a round table conference in Brussels in 1960 with the Congolese leadership to discuss the political future of the country. The round table conference formally opened on 20 January. In the first speech, the Belgian Prime Minister assured that the Congo would be granted independence but did not specify a date. Kasa-Vubu demanded that a Congolese government be formed immediately, but his request was denied. Disagreements between him and the Belgians over the competence of the conference led to Kasa-Vubu walking out during the negotiations. His uncompromising style caused a split with ABAKO vice president Daniel Kanza. Lumumba, meanwhile, was released from prison and flew to Brussels to participate in the conference. On 27 January he made his first appearance and voiced his support for independence. After some discussion, the Congolese accepted the date of 30 June 1960 for sovereignty to be granted. Questions over whether Belgium would retain any responsibilities after independence for a transitional period were resolved by a committee, which recommended that all powers should be conferred upon the Congolese state and any technical assistance should be agreed upon through a treaty. The decisions of the delegates were ratified in a series of resolutions on 19 February and the conference closed the following day. One of the resolutions called for another conference to be held to negotiate the economic transition of the Congo. The conference opened on 20 April. Most of the Congolese attendees of the earlier round table were occupied by domestic political affairs and did not attend. The conference dissolved without the Congolese making many serious guarantees, though they obtained for the Congolese state a large number of shares in the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), a highly profitable mining company. The Loi Fondamentale It was decided at the Round Table Conference that the resolutions the participants adopted would serve as the basis for the Loi Fondamentale (Fundamental Law), a temporary draft constitution left for the Congo until a permanent one could be promulgated by a Congolese parliament. The division of executive power between a presumably symbolic head of state and head of government was the most noticeable and potentially harmful feature borrowed from the Belgian constitution. As in a parliamentary system, such power was to be exercised by a Prime Minister and a cabinet responsible to Parliament. If the cabinet lost the confidence of Parliament, a motion of censure would be passed (either with a simple majority in both houses of a two-thirds majority in a single house) and it would be dismissed. By comparison, the head of state (a President) was irresponsible and only had the power to ratify treaties, promulgate laws, and nominate high-ranking officials (including the Prime Minister and the cabinet). In Belgium, parliamentary tradition had rendered these duties inconsequential in the face of the premier's influence. In the Congo, no such convention had been established. The Loi Fondamentale defined the government as solely "the Prime Minister and the Ministers"; the office of the President was regarded as a separate institution. A parliament was to be composed of a lower chamber, the Chamber of Deputies, and an upper chamber, the Senate. Senators and deputies that assumed a ministerial post in the central government were allowed to retain their seats in Parliament. A state commissioner would be appointed by the head of state with the consent of the Senate to represent the central government in each province. Their main duties were to "administer state services" and "assure coordination of provincial and central institutions." The constitution delineated the authority of the central and provincial governments. Among the central government's duties and responsibilities were foreign affairs, national defence, domestic security, customs and currency, communications, major public works, higher education, national judiciary, and economic planning. In areas where the provincial and central governments took contradictory stances, the central government's positions took precedence. The division of authority, a compromise between the federalist and unitarianist politicians, was dubbed by Belgian lawyers as "quasi-federalism". The Loi Fondamentale was a very complicated and cumbersome document for the politically inexperienced Congolese. The General Executive College One of the resolutions adopted at the Political Round Table called for the establishment of a Collège Exécutive Général (General Executive College), a body composed of six Congolese—one from each province—designed to share power with the Governor-general until independence. They were as follows: Rémy Mwamba for Katanga, Joseph Kasa-Vubu for Léopoldville, Patrice Lumumba for Orientale, Paul Bolya for Équateur, Pierre Nyanguyle for Kasaï, and Anicet Kashamura for Kivu. The members of the college did not hold direct responsibility over any departments. General Elections of 1960 Even though the date for independence had been established at the Round Table Conference, there was still substantial uncertainty throughout the Congo as to which faction would come to dominate politics in the new government. This caused deep anxiety among most of the electorate. The official electoral campaign began on 11 May, marred by confusion and violence. With the notable exceptions of CONAKAT, the PNP, and the Parti de l'Unité Nationale (PUNA), most parties' rhetoric was anti-colonial in focus. Frequent attacks on the colonial administration by candidates led to confusion among segments of the electorate, which were given the impression that all forms of government—except welfare services—were to be eliminated after independence. The MNC-L and the PNP were the only parties to launch significant national campaigns. Election results Chamber of Deputies The results for the Chamber of Deputies were as follows: Senate The results for the Senate were as follows: Reactions After the results were announced, Lumumba stated, "I am ready to co-operate with our opponents to from a national union government." Belgium was surprised by the MNC-L's electoral success. Belgians who had anticipated a PNP-led government were aghast at the prospect of Lumumba leading an independent Congo. Many members of the various foreign missions in the Congo, however, believed that he was the only man capable of bringing order and stability to the country. Luluabourg, the provincial capital of Kasai, was designated the provisional seat of Parliament—and by probable extension, the new government—but ethnic violence between the Baluba and Lulua in Kasai led the authorities to remain in Léopoldville. Formation Appointment of a formateur Articles 47 and 48 of the Loi Fondamentale dictated how the first Congolese government was to be formed. In accordance with them, The King of the Belgians would consult with the major political forces that emerged after elections and appoint a formateur (former) who would then create a government "likely to obtain the confidence of [P]arliament". On the advice of the formateur, the King would appoint the Prime Minister and the suggested ministers. Within three days of the nomination the government would have to receive a vote of confidence from both houses of Parliament (in this case, 69 votes in from the Chamber and 43 votes from the Senate would be required). The Belgians hoped a moderate alliance would materialise to oppose the MNC-L, so they would not have to give Lumumba the premiership. An anti-MNC-L coalition did form; it principally consisted of the PNP, PUNA, and the MNC-K led by Jean Bolikango (of PUNA), Kalonji, and Iléo (both of MNC-K). Kasa-Vubu aligned himself with the opposition but refused to become its leader. The loyalties of other parties were unsure, and the whole situation was complicated by the divided opinions within the parties themselves. Meanwhile, Lumumba, mindful of his plurality in the Chamber and busy trying to confirm the support of other parties, demanded to be made formateur. Negotiations on the composition of the first government began on 31 May though a formateur had still not been selected. Belgium had committed itself to 30 June for independence and risked embarrassing itself in the international community if it proceeded without the Congo having its own government. Walter Ganshof van der Meersch was charged with advising Baudouin on the selection of a formateur. On 12 June he appointed Lumumba to be informateur (informer), tasked with investigating the possibility of forming a national unity government that included politicians with a wide range of views, with 16 June as his deadline. The same day as Lumumba's appointment, the parliamentary opposition coalition, the Cartel d'Union Nationale was announced. Though Kasa-Vubu was aligned with their beliefs, he remained distanced from them. The MNC-L was also having trouble securing the allegiances of the PSA, CEREA, and BALUBAKAT. The cartel members refused to work with Lumumba. On 16 June Lumumba reported his difficulties to Ganshof, who then extended the deadline and promised to act as an intermediary between the MNC leader and the opposition. However, once he had made contact with the cartel leadership, he was impressed by their obstinacy and assurances of a strong anti-Lumumba polity. He also faced increasing pressure from Belgian and moderate Congolese advisers to end Lumumba's assignment. On the following day Ganshof declared that Lumumba had failed to fulfill his role, and terminated his mission. Acting on Ganshof's advice, Badouin then named Kasa-Vubu formateur. Lumumba responded by threatening to form his own government and present it to Parliament without official approval. He subsequently announced the creation of a "popular" government with the support of Pierre Mulele of the PSA. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu, like Lumumba, was completely unable to communicate with his political opponents. The decision to appoint him formateur rallied the PSA, CEREA, and BALUBAKAT to Lumumba, making it unlikely that he could form a government that would survive a vote of confidence. This was confirmed when the Chamber met on 21 June to select its officers; Joseph Kasongo of the MNC-L was made president with 74 votes (a majority), while the two vice presidencies were secured by the PSA and CEREA candidates, both of whom had the support of Lumumba. With time running out before independence, Badouin took new advice from Ganshof and made Lumumba formateur. The following day the Senate convened to elect its officers. Though Iléo won the presidency, the two vice presidencies were awarded to BALUBAKAT and the MNC-L. Selection of members Once it was apparent that Lumumba's bloc controlled Parliament, several members of the opposition became eager to negotiate for a coalition government so they could share power. Among these were Bolikango, Delvaux, and Bolya. Their quest for compromise undermined the strength of the anti-MNC-L alliance. By 22 June (shortly before the vote on the Senate's officers) Lumumba's government, headed by himself in the post of Prime Minister, included members of the MNC-L, the PSA, CEREA, BALUBAKAT, and the Fédération des Association de Ressortissments du Kasaï au Katanga (FEDEKA, a party in a cartel with BALUBAKAT). However, negotiations continued between Lumumba and Bolikango, Delvaux, and Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba reportedly offered ABAKO the ministerial positions for Foreign Affairs and Middle Classes, but Kasa-Vubu instead demanded the Ministry of Finance, a minister of state, the Secretary of State for the Interior, and a written pledge of support from the MNC-L and its allies for his presidential candidacy. Lumumba weighed his options for the Minister of Foreign Affairs between Thomas Kanza (Daniel Kanza's son), André Mandi, and Justin Bomboko. He mistrusted Bomboko, whom the Belgians supported and with whom he had political differences. Kanza, who was well acquainted with Bomboko, suggested that he himself be made Delegate to the United Nations (UN) with ministerial status, so he could operate with autonomy, while Bomboko should receive charge of Foreign Affairs, because he was an elected deputy and had more political support. Lumumba eventually agreed to this proposal, while Mandi was made Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. By the morning of 23 June, the government was, in the words of Lumumba, "practically formed". At noon, he made a counter-offer to Kasa-Vubu, who instead responded with a letter demanding the creation of a seventh province for the Bakongo. Lumumba refused to comply and instead pledged to support Bolikango in his bid for the Presidency. At 14:45 he presented his proposed government before the press. Both ABAKO and the MNC-K were absent from its composition, while the only PSA members were from Gizenga's wing of the party. The Bakongo of Léopoldville were deeply upset by their exclusion from Lumumba's cabinet. They subsequently demanded the removal of the PSA-dominated provincial government and called for a general strike to begin the following morning. At 16:00 Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu resumed negotiations. Kasa-Vubu eventually agreed to Lumumba's earlier offer, though Lumumba informed him that he could not give him a guarantee of support in his presidential candidacy. As result of the negotiations with Kasa-Vubu, the cabinet was reshuffled to include an ABAKO Minister of Finance. In turn, the suggested Minister of Finance assumed the responsibility of Economic Coordination. The minister unseated by the change inherited the Ministry of Land Affairs, which was split off from the Ministry of Mines. A member of PUNA took over the Ministry of Social Affairs, which was broken off of the Ministry of Labour. ABAKO earned one minister of state and secretary of state. The Secretary of State for the Interior was transferred to the Secretariat for Finance, while PUNA was entrusted with one minister of state. According to Kanza, Lumbala and Mobutu held much influence in the final determination of Lumumba's government. Badouin also formally decreed Lumumba to be Prime Minister. Composition The government consisted of the following individuals: Ministers Prime Minister and Minister of National Defence Patrice Lumumba (MNC-L) Deputy Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga (PSA) Minister of Foreign Affairs Justin Bomboko (UNIMO) Minister of External Commerce Marcel Bisukiro (CEREA) Minister Resident in Belgium Albert Delvaux (PNP-LUKA) Minister of Justice Rémy Mwamba (BALUBAKAT) Minister-Delegate to the United Nations Thomas Kanza Minister of the Interior Christophe Gbenye (MNC-L) Minister of Finance Pascal Nkayi (ABAKO) Minister of Economic Coordination and Planning Aloïs Kabangi (MNC-L) Minister of Public Works Alphonse Ilunga (UNC) Minister of Agriculture Joseph Lutula (MNC-L) Minister of Communications Alphonse Songolo (MNC-L) Minister of Economic Affairs Joseph Yav (CONAKAT) Minister of Labour Joseph Masena (PSA) Minister of Public Health Grégoire Kamanga (COAKA) Minister of Mines and Power Edmond Rudahindwa (REKO) Minister of Social Affairs Antoine Ngwenza (PUNA) Minister of Information and Cultural Affairs Anicet Kashamura (CEREA) Minister of Youth and Sports Maurice Mpolo (MNC-L) Minister of the Middle Classes Joseph Mbuyi (MNC-L) Minister of National Education and Fine Arts Pierre Mulele (PSA) Minister of Land Affairs Alexandre Mahamba (MNC-L) Ministers of state Georges Grenfell (MNC-L) Charles Kisolokele (ABAKO) Paul Bolya (PNP/UNIMO) André Ngenge (PUNA) Secretaries of state Secretary of State to the Presidency Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (MNC-L) Secretary of State to the Presidency Jacques Lumbala (PNP) Secretary of State for External Commerce Antoine Kiwewa (MNC-L) Secretary of State for Finance André Tshibangu Secretary of State for Justice Maximilien Liongo Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs André Mandi Secretary of State for the Interior Raphael Batshikama (ABAKO) Secretary of State for Defence Albert Nyembo (CONAKAT) Secretary of State for Information and Cultural Affairs Antoine-Roger Bolamba (MNC-L) Secretary of State for Economic Coordination and Planning Alphonse Nguvulu (PP) Analyses The 37-strong Lumumba Government was very diverse, with its members coming from different classes, different tribes, and holding varied political beliefs. Though many had questionable loyalty to Lumumba, most did not openly contradict him out of political considerations or fear of reprisal. He dominated the Council of Ministers, and most of the ministers did respect his abilities. Of the members of the ministerial cabinet, only Kanza and Bomboko had university educations while Yav was completing his studies in Brussels. Nineteen of the ministers had worked as clerks, two as medical assistants, one as a teacher, and one other professionally in the private sector (Kanza had worked with the European Economic Community). Lumumba, Bolya, Nkayi, Rudahindwa, Nguvulu, Mandi, and Liongo were all members of the Association du Personnel Indigene de la Colonie (APIC) labour union. Fourteen of the ministers were openly left-leaning, including Gizenga, Mulele, and Gbenye. Gizenga, Mulele, Kashamura, and Bisukiro had connections with foreign leftists—mostly African nationalists—and harboured a more programmatic approach to their politics, probably due to the disaffection of farmers in their constituencies. Yav, Bomboko, and Bolamba were all known Belgian protégés, while Rudahindwa worked at the behest of the white settlers of Kivu. Nyembo used his position as Secretary of State for Defence to spy on the department's activities for Tshombe, who had secured office as the President of Katanga Province. Most of the members of the government, aside from Bomboko, Kanza, and Mandi, were ignorant of international affairs and Cold War dynamics. Mandi's place as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs allowed him to monitor Bomboko's activities for Lumumba. As Minister of Youth and Sports, Mpolo was in a position to act as the government's primary propagandist. Charles Kisolokele was chosen to be ABAKO's minister of state because he was a practicing member of Kimbanguism. Lumumba probably hoped that through the appointment he could earn the allegiance of the rest of the Kimbaguist members of ABAKO, thereby dividing the party. MNC-L members controlled eight ministries, including four major portfolios: national defence, interior, economic coordination, and agriculture. Tshombe objected to the fact that the former two were held by MNC-L members, while the majority of PUNA and MNC-K members were extremely displeased that their party leaders had not been included in the government. Lumumba failed to prevent dissidence by giving ABAKO and CONAKAT, parties both in control of regions with autonomous tendencies, a more secondary role in his government. European circles were displeased that the portfolio for economic affairs, controlled by a CONAKAT member, was undercut by the positioning of nationalists in control of the Ministry and Secretariat for Economic Coordination, and that mines and land affairs were placed under separate portfolios. Tshombe declared that it rendered his agreement to support the government "null and void". Investiture At 22:40 on 23 June, the Chamber of Deputies convened in the Palais de la Nation to vote on Lumumba's government. Lumumba addressed the deputies, promising to maintain national unity, abide by the will of the people, and pursue a neutralist foreign policy. The Chamber proceeded to engage in a heated debate. Though the government contained members from parties that held 120 of the 137 seats, reaching a majority was not a straightforward task. While several leaders of the opposition had been involved in the formative negotiations, their parties as a whole had not been consulted. Furthermore, some individuals were upset they had not been included in the government and sought to personally prevent its investiture. In the subsequent arguments, multiple deputies expressed dissatisfaction at the lack of representation of their respective provinces and/or parties, with several threatening secession. Among them was Kalonji, who said he would encourage people of Kasaï to refrain from participating in the central government and form their own autonomous state. When a vote was finally taken, only 80 of the 137 members of the Chamber were present. Of these, 74 voted in favor of the government, five against, and one abstained. The 57 absences were almost all voluntary. Though the government had earned just as many votes as when Kasongo won the presidency of the Chamber, the support was not congruent; members of the moderate wing of the PSA had voted against the government while a few members of the PNP, PUNA, and ABAKO, and a single CONAKAT deputy voted in favor of it. Overall, the vote was a disappointment for the MNC-L coalition. The session was adjourned at 02:05 on 24 June. The Senate convened that day to vote on the government. There was another heated debate, in which Iléo and Adoula expressed their strong dissatisfaction with its composition. CONAKAT members abstained from voting. When arguments concluded, a decisive vote of approval was taken on the government: 60 voted in favor, 12 against, while eight abstained. All dissident arguments for alternative cabinets, particularly Kalonji's demand for a new administration, were rendered impotent and the Lumumba Government was officially invested. With the institution of a broad coalition, the parliamentary opposition was officially reduced to only the MNC-K and some individuals. The Soviet Union was pleased by the composition of the government and made several overtures to Lumumba to try and secure his favor, while United States officials were unsure how to respond. Tenure Election of the Head of State According to the Loi Fondamentale, Parliament had to meet to elect the head of state within 48 hours of the appointments of the presiding officers of each chamber. Bolikango and Kasa-Vubu were the only two declared candidates. Lumumba had promised to support the former in the election in exchange for PUNA's support for his government's investiture. Afterward he secretly instructed the nationalist parliamentarians to vote for Kasa-Vubu, figuring that this would please the most pressure groups and appease the ABAKO constituency, which many feared would effect a secession of the Lower Congo. Mpolo thought electing Kasa-Vubu would be a mistake and sought to postpone the vote to give Lumumba time to reconsider his decision. During the session he took the floor and suggested that, in light of heightened tensions between Bolikango's and Kasa-Vubu's supporters, the assembly be adjourned to facilitate further discussions between the political parties on their candidates of choice. Confused by the proposal, Kasongo (who was presiding) asked if it had been made on behalf of the government. Displeased, Lumumba indicated that it was not. Instead of using his power to adjourn, Kasongo deferred to the assembly, which decided to proceed with the election. Thomas Kanza coaxed Lumumba to step outside of the chamber where he, his father, and Mpolo attempted in vain to change his mind. Lumumba refused to alter his decision on the grounds that ABAKO members would revolt and that, in his personal opinion, Kasa-Vubu would make a better head of state. Kasa-Vubu won the vote, 150 to 43 with 11 abstentions. The election of Kasa-Vubu brought about wide-ranging acceptance of the Congo's new administration. The Belgian press reacted positively to the development, while the Léopoldville's daily newspaper Courrier d'Afrique, edited by a Mukongo, showed much warmer approval of the government. However, it also solidified the oppositional alignment of PUNA, CONAKAT, and the MNC-K. Bolikango's supporters were infuriated by the result, as were many Bangala soldiers. Nevertheless, the discontent seemed to pose little threat to the Lumumba Government's operations or credibility, except in Kasai (in regard to the MNC-K). International opinion expressed satisfaction at the striking of a proper balance in leadership. Belgian politicians hoped that Kasa-Vubu would check Lumumba's impulses and personal disdain for Belgian policies. He was officially sworn in as President on 27 June. Organising administration and preparations for independence At the onset of his premiership Lumumba had two main goals: ensure that independence would bring a legitimate improvement in the quality of life for the Congolese and unify the country in a centralised state by eliminating tribalism and regionalism. He was also worried that opposition to his government would appear rapidly and had to be managed quickly and decisively. To achieve the first aim, Lumumba figured a comprehensive "Africanisation" of the administration, in spite of its risks, would be necessary. There were 9,800 Belgian civil servants in the Congo, all of whom held senior positions. Of the 12,485 Congolese functionaries, only 637 held higher level posts. Of the top three grades in the civil service, only three posts were held by Congolese. The Belgians were opposed to Africanisation, as it would create inefficiency in the Congo's bureaucracy and lead to a mass exodus of unemployed civil servants which they would be unable to handle back in Europe. All the same the proposal could not be quickly enacted before independence; Lumumba was wary of a hasty reorganisation that would jeopardise the administration and reluctantly favored a slower transformation. He also considered the Africanisation of the territorial service to be important, but since the central government was preoccupied the task mostly fell to the responsibility of the provincial authorities. Seeking another gesture that might excite the Congolese people, Lumumba proposed to the Belgian government a reduction in sentences for all prisoners and an amnesty for those serving a term of three years or less. Ganshof feared that such an action would jeopardise law and order and he evaded taking any action until it was too late to fulfill the request. Lumumba's opinion of the Belgians was further soured by the affair, which also contributed to his fear that independence would not appear "real" for the average Congolese. He was also wary of the continued dominance of the Catholic Church in Congolese affairs, but declared that his government would support freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. Though he was optimistic about his opportunity to govern, he was disappointed by the fact that his government—composed of inexperienced men and so hastily established—could not function properly and that he had to work with many politicians who opposed his agenda. Meanwhile, the Council of Ministers held its first meetings. Most of the cabinet was concerned about the formalities that were to be in play during independence ceremonies and, following an appeal for advice to the Belgian Foreign Ministry, they adopted an order of precedence that was nearly identical to the system used in Belgium. Ministers also concerned themselves with housing, and several visited Belgian officials at their homes in search of prospective residences. Lumumba was unable to move himself and his staff into his designated residence and offices until the Belgian Governor-general vacated the premises on 5 July. The establishment of the new administration was mired with substantial confusion. The Belgians had expected 10 ministers, not 23 (of whom 20 held responsibility over a unique ministry), so most departments had to be divided. As a result, many ministers were confused as to the location of their offices, the composition of their staffs, and the scope of their responsibilities. Organisational charts for the ministries were under evaluation as late as 28 June. The large number of departments also greatly fractured authority; social policy was shared between three ministries (Social Affairs, Labour, Youth and Sports) and economic policy was shared between four (Economic Affairs, Economic Coordination and Planning, External Commerce, Finance). The ministries were set up according to the Belgian model whereby each was split into two sections. The first consisted of a minister's personal cabinet of up to 12 members (for which no minimum qualifications were specified) under the charge of a chef de cabinet. The cabinets' establishment was the primary concern of ministers and their clientele and they were the only government organisations speedily instituted during the hand-over of authority. The second section of a ministry was composed of several departments led by a secretary-general. Tasked with advising a minister on "political" and "administrative" functions, respectively, the two branches were predisposed to coming into conflict over the duality of authority they held in their ministries. In the ministries that were established before independence the cabinet posts were mostly filled by loyal members of the responsible minister's party. A minority were held by Europeans, with exception of the seats in the Defence cabinet, which were completely occupied by Belgian officers. A handful of the secretariats were given to some of the few Congolese university graduates. In the confused political situation many ministers were mistrustful of others and made such appointments based on regional or tribal affiliations. Petty tribal, religious, and personal disputes among staff hampered the establishment of the administration. Three hundred Congolese personnel were sent to Belgium for training in various ministries but very little changed in the lower levels of the administration; most clerks received the same salary as they had previously and were left under the control of the same Belgian civil servants. The ministries of Foreign Affairs, Youth and Sports, Education, and Information, relative to the other departments, were initially able to function under Congolese management. On the eve of independence the chief of the Sûreté Nationale (security police) was attached to the Prime Minister's office, allowing Lumumba to monitor the activities of Gbenye and Mwamba who both, acting in their respective capacities as Minister of Justice and Minister of Interior, had tried to cement their own control over the organisation. With the independence of the country, the new government also inherited a complex financial situation. The political uncertainty of 1959 led to the overall withdrawal of over £90 million from the Congo by the private sector before the end of the year. In 1960 the flight of capital averaged £7 million a month until the Belgian authorities intervened. By then, the Central Bank of the Congo and Ruanda-Urundi had been drained to a point where it could no longer fulfill its financial obligations. To provide stability, the National Bank of Belgium agreed to back its operations. In return, the Central Bank transferred all of its gold and dollar reserves to Brussels and agreed that the Congo's monetary and fiscal policy would be decided upon by both institutions, greatly limiting the economic freedom of the new government. The Congolese were left in effect with no monetary authority and so could not issue currency or generate credit. The Belgians also persuaded several significant businesses to deposit a total of £17.5 million in the Congo's treasury (which had only £4.9 million in December 1959) as advance payments for future taxes, duties, and dividends. However, this action in-effect guaranteed that the country's future profits would meet its deficits, greatly jeopardising the future liquidity of the Congo's finances. A drop in world commodity prices starting in 1956 had decreased the profitability of the Congo, leading to three-and-a-half years of deficits, though the Belgians proposed subsidising it. Lumumba's government was also liable for a national debt of £350 million. Managing it was estimated to expend 24.2% of the Congo's 1960 budget, by far the largest debt burden of any relinquished African colony. However, this was somewhat alleviated by two factors. Firstly, most of it was incurred through development work. Secondly, the government assumed control over a portfolio of assets worth approximately £240 million, including a significant amount of shares of the UMHK and several important parastatals. In addition to the £13.5 million in servicing the debt, the 1960 second semester budget also called for an expenditure of £38 million in regular appropriations. It only provided for £28.5 million in receipts, so the Belgian subsidy (which was to come in monthly installments) was required to keep it balanced. On 27 June the Lumumba Government convened and announced that the country would be known after independence as the Republic of the Congo. During the meeting a committee was established to draft a Treaty of Friendship, Assistance, and Co-operation to be signed with Belgium. It stipulated that the Belgian civil servants in the Congo and the Belgian officers of the Force Publique would remain at their posts and receive compensation from the Belgian government. It also allowed for Belgian metropolitan troops to continue to garrison the bases of Kitona and Kamina until another agreement could arrange the installations' handover to the Congolese government. The text of the treaty was hurriedly finished and on 29 June the agreement was signed by Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens, Belgian Foreign Minister Pierre Wigny, Lumumba, and Bomboko. Most observers familiar with the Congolese situation believed that the new government would not, with so much technical assistance, really operate independently of Belgium and some feared that regardless of such support it would not be able to function effectively. Meanwhile, foreign delegations arrived in the capital in advance of the Independence Day festivities. The Soviet gestures to Lumumba guaranteed a straightforward arrangement in their diplomatic relations with the Congolese government and an ambassador was assigned to attend the independence ceremony. More complicated negotiations regarding foreign relations took place with other states, such as Ghana. Congolese ministers were invited to an array of receptions, parties, and conferences. Their associations revealed the different factions in the government; some individuals heavily associated with the representatives of socialist countries or "progressive" Africans and Asians, while others only mingled with Westerners and their sympathisers. As these divisions surfaced, the ministers began to label each-other according to their beliefs; the categories ranged from socialist and anti-imperialist to reactionary and pro-Belgian. The ministers' names on the government list circulated among the press were increasingly appended by their respective party affiliation. This development, according to Kanza, led foreigners to pigeonhole ministers with their parties' beliefs. Independence The Independence Day formalities were arranged by the Belgians. The itinerary began with an 11:00 ceremony at the Palais de la Nations, where King Baudouin and President Kasa-Vubu were due to deliver speeches. Kasa-Vubu's address, which was submitted to the Council of Ministers in advance for review, consisted of two parts. The first concerned the Congo's history and its future, while the second acted as a tribute to Baudouin. Lumumba was upset that he was not listed in the programme, and he secretly drafted his own speech with the assistance of Kanza and Mandi and informed Kasongo, who was to preside over the ceremony, of his intention to speak. Baudouin's address was paternalistic in nature. He opened by celebrating the Congo's first Belgian colonists and Leopold II. He cautioned the Congolese not to make any sudden alterations to the institutions of government they were being given, encouraged them to be wary of foreign interference, and stated that they now had to show themselves worthy of being granted independence. The Congolese audience disliked the speech, and Kasa-Vubu omitted the tribute to Baudouin in his oration. Kasongo then called Lumumba to the podium. The Prime Minister delivered a charismatic, nationalist address which praised the Congolese independence movement and spoke toward the necessary sacrifices to be taken to improve the country. He highlighted the abuses the Congolese people had faced under colonial rule and stressed the importance of the Congo as a new African state. The Belgian press and population had an extremely negative reaction, and both believed the Prime Minister's speech was proof of a radical and anti-Western outlook. After the speech Lumumba and Bomboko signed the accords officially conferring sovereignty upon the Congo with their Belgian counterparts. Independence Day and the three days that followed it were declared a national holiday. The Congolese were preoccupied by the festivities which occurred in relative peace. Meanwhile, Lumumba's and Gizenga's offices were overtaken by a flurry of activity. Lumumba, for his part, was mostly preoccupied with a lengthy itinerary of receptions and ceremonies. Bomboko, Kanza, and Mandi were busy attempting to organise the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Bomboko was upset by the fact that most foreign contacts were made either through the entire government or through Lumumba, instead of directly through him. On 1 July Lumumba sent a wire to the UN to request membership, stating that the Congo "accepts without reservation the obligations stipulated in the Charter of the UN and undertakes to abide by the same in absolute good faith." UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld cabled the Foreign Ministry, pointing out the difficulty in admitting the country into the UN under its name in the face of another application for membership from the neighboring Congo, preparing for independence from French control. A delegation was sent from Brazzaville to resolve the matter with Kanza and Mandi. Problems of mutual concern between the two countries were also discussed. In the end, it was decided that the former Belgian Congo would be recognised as the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Léopoldville while the former French Congo would be known as the Congolese Republic or Congo-Brazzaville. The Lumumba Government also signed the Third Geneva Convention. On 3 July the government ordered the arrest of Kalonji's "rival" Kasai provincial government, precipitating unrest in Luluabourg. The following morning Lumumba convened the Council of Ministers to discuss the unrest among the troops of the Force Publique. The ministers resolved to establish four committees to study respectively the reorganisation of the administration, the judiciary, and the army, and the enacting of a new statute for state employees. All were to devote special attention to ending racial discrimination. Lumumba announced the decision over radio that evening. Parliament assembled for the first time since independence and took its first official legislative action by voting to greatly increase the salaries of its members. Lumumba, fearing the repercussions the raise would have on the budget, was among the few to object, dubbing it a "ruinous folly". Mutiny of the Force Publique and the Belgian intervention The Force Publique was long characterised by repressive police actions and entrenched racial segregation. With the exception of 10 adjutants appointed shortly before independence, no Congolese soldier was able to advance past the rank of sergeant. Many hoped that independence would result in immediate promotions and material gains, but were disappointed by Lumumba's slow pace of reform. The rank-and-file felt that the Congolese political class—particularly ministers in the new government—were enriching themselves while failing to improve the troops' situation. There was dissatisfaction that Lumumba had appointed an unpopular colonel to a high post in the Ministry of Defence, and the troops from Équateur and southern Kasai were additionally upset that Bolikango and Kalonji were not included in the government. Many of the soldiers were also fatigued from maintaining order during the elections and participating in independence celebrations. On the morning of 5 July General Émile Janssens, commander of the Force Publique, in response to increasing unrest among the Congolese ranks, summoned all troops on duty at Camp Léopold II. He demanded that the army maintain its discipline and wrote "before independence = after independence" on a black board to emphasise that the situation would not change. That evening the Congolese sacked the canteen in protest of Janssens. He alerted the reserve garrison of Camp Hardy, 95 miles away in Thysville. The officers tried to organise a convoy to send to Camp Léopold II to restore order, but the men mutinied and seized the armoury. The "Congo Crisis" which followed would come to dominate the tenure of the Lumumba Government. The following morning the troops in Thysville began arresting Europeans and confiscating firearms. Some soldiers drove to other towns in the Lower Congo, spreading the mutiny. Meanwhile, Janssens finalised plans to attack Camp Hardy and had alerted the commander of the Belgian metropolitan troops in the Congo. The government countermanded his order and instead dispatched Mobutu, Kisolokele, and the Vice President of Léopoldville Province to negotiate with the mutineers. They succeeded in releasing the captive Europeans and began evacuating them to the capital. Bands of angry soldiers roamed the capital, and Lumumba interrupted a cabinet meeting at his residence to invite one group to share its grievances. In an attempt to placate the mutinous troops, he dismissed Janssens and promoted every soldier by one grade. He also dismissed the Belgian officer in charge of the Sûreté and forced him into exile, precipitating a collapse of the organisation completed by the departure of most other Belgian personnel. In Léopoldville, several Congolese soldiers had been convinced that Lumumba had brought Soviet troops into the country to disarm the Force Publique. Angered by this, they stormed the hotel rooms of Soviet diplomats. Upon hearing what had occurred, Lumumba directed Bomboko to assume responsibility of the security of all foreign delegations present in the Congo and ensure that the Soviets could safely leave the country. Bomboko ordered Kanza to escort the delegation to N'djili Airport where they both convinced the Congolese soldiers to allow the Soviets to depart in peace. On 7 July formal negotiations between the mutineers and the government on the reorganisation of army began. Though the situation in the capital was relatively calm, anxiety grew among the European community, which began to arm itself with weapons from illegal stockpiles. Belgian civilians began seeking passage to the French Congo or refuge in the Belgian embassy to await repatriation. Bomboko and Delvaux devoted much of their time to assisting them. The provincial presidents, who had been summoned to the capital, met with the Council of Ministers to discuss domestic security in the context of the mutiny. Other matters, including the appointment of administrative staff and the budget, were also considered. Tshombe specifically requested that Katanga be allocated a unique budget in consideration of its mineral wealth. Lumumba promised that he would consult his advisers on the proposal but stated that he was more concerned with ensuring order in the provinces. Belgian officials appealed to Lumumba to allow for Belgian troops to intervene to preserve law and order. In public, Lumumba stated that intervention was not necessary. In private, the government considered the possibility of intervention as a necessity and that it could be requested under the terms of the Treaty of Friendship. A ministerial committee was established to monitor the mutiny. On 8 July the full Council of Ministers convened in an extraordinary session under the chairmanship of Kasa-Vubu at Camp Léopold II in Léopoldville to address the task of Africanising the garrison. By then the severity of the mutiny had convinced the ministers that radical reform was necessary in order to maintain the army's discipline. The Council first heard soldier delegations' grievances; the root cause of their dissatisfaction was that the army's leadership was wholly European despite independence from Belgium. The ministers then debated over who would make a suitable army chief of staff. The two main candidates for the post were Mpolo and Mobutu. The former had shown some influence over the mutinying troops, but Kasa-Vubu and the Bakongo ministers feared that he would enact a coup if he were given power. The latter was perceived as calmer and more thoughtful. In the end, Mobutu was given the role and awarded the rank of colonel. The ministers then decided that the Minister of Defence should appoint a Congolese sergeant major to replace Janssens as commander-in-chief of the army with the rank of general. Lumumba, at the suggestion of Mwamba, selected Victor Lundula for the role. In addition to the appointments a state committee for the army—officially renamed the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)—was formed and put under the charge of a Congolese officer. It was further determined that the President would ex officio be the supreme commander of the military, the Prime Minister and Minister of Defence would control the army in a structure approved by Parliament, and all army units would be placed under the command of Congolese officers. Delegations were to be dispatched across the country to implement the latter reform. The ministers resolved to retain all Belgian officers "prepared to serve the Congo loyally" and guarantee the security of their income, families, and property so they could act as advisers to their successors. Marcel Lengema replaced Mobutu as Secretary of State to the Presidency. The ministers decided it would be best to publicise their decisions as soon as possible. Immediately after the Council adjourned, the garrison of Camp Léopold II was summoned to the barrack square. Lumumba, acting in his capacity as Minister of Defence, announced the actions the government was taking to address the army's grievances. A communique was distributed by the secretariat of the Council of Ministers to the press and radio, summarising the government's decisions. The Congolese soldiers were satisfied with them, and tensions relaxed. Nevertheless, European civilians continued to try and flee the country. On 9 July the government delegations left the capital to oversee the Africanisation of the ANC. Mobutu traveled to Équateur and while he was there Mpolo acted as ANC Chief of Staff. Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba went directly to Matadi where tensions were quickly worsening. From that point until later in the month the two worked closely with one another and made most major decisions together. After appointing a new garrison commander, supervising the election of other officers, and securing the release of captive Europeans, the pair left the city to inspect other units throughout the Lower Congo. European officers handed over control to the Congolese in Kivu and Orientale without incident, but the military situation in Kasai and Katanga remained tense and was marked by violence. The government's decision to Africanise the army caused anxiety in the civilian populace of the latter province, which feared such a reform would result in the collapse of domestic security. The provincial government refused to support Africanisation and appealed directly to Belgium to intervene to resolve the situation. The troops subsequently mutinied. Meanwhile, in Brussels news of conflict and abuses against Europeans brought public pressure against the Belgian government to take action. Ganshof and August de Schryver were sent to Léopoldville with an ultimatum for Lumumba: either a formal request for Belgian military assistance could be made or metropolitan troops would act on their own initiative to protect Belgian citizens. As Lumumba was not in the capital, Ganshof and de Schryver met with other ministers in an attempt to persuade them to agree to a military intervention. Discussions continued late into the evening and though some members of cabinet appeared receptive, Deputy Prime Minister Gizenga was obstinately opposed to such action and ultimately refused to consent. Overnight orders to intervene were delivered several times to the Belgian troops at Kamina base only to be repeatedly countermanded by the government. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu were informed of the planned intervention and, though initially receptive to the idea, were disturbed that the Belgian government would not make guarantees regarding respect for Congolese sovereignty and subsequently asked that all Belgian troops be withdrawn from Congolese soil. Regardless, the Belgians' decision to intervene ultimately prevailed and at 06:00 on 10 July metropolitan troops from Kamina flew into Élisabethville, the capital of Katanga Province, and occupied the local airport. In the afternoon Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu returned to the capital having successfully quelled the unrest in the Lower Congo and convinced that negotiation could resolve the situation. Later they decided to solicit aid from the UN in restructuring the Force Publique. Ministers of the cabinet met with UN representative Ralph Bunche to discuss what technical assistance the UN could offer to the Congolese administration. Bunche shortly thereafter informed Hammarskjöld of the Congolese government's intended request. By evening Lumumba had learned of the Belgian intervention in Élisabethville. He was furious that the Belgians had acted contrary to the Treaty of Friendship and delivered a response over radio: We have just learnt that the Belgian government has sent troops to the Congo and that they have intervened. The responsibility of Belgium is great. We protest bitterly against these measures which prejudice good relations between our countries. We appeal to all Congolese to defend our Republic against those who threaten it. At the same time the Belgians launched a second intervention in Luluabourg. On 11 July Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu flew to the town. After overseeing the election of new officers for the garrison, Lumumba joined Kasa-Vubu in admonishing the Europeans to stay. Most refused to do so unless they had the protection of the Belgian troops. After lengthy negotiation Lumumba agreed to the condition and communicated to the Belgian consul-general that the force could remain in the province of Kasaï for two months. Back in Léopoldville, Ganshof and de Schryver continued to meet with the ministers with the hopes of establishing a mutual guarantee of security for both Europeans and Africans. Then, for reasons not entirely clear, Belgian units intervened in Matadi. Fighting broke out and 12 Congolese were killed. News of the conflict (along with exaggerated casualty reports) spread to other army camps across the country, resulting in a wave of renewed mutinies and anti-Belgian hostility. Between 10 and 18 July, Belgian forces intervened 28 times in Congolese localities. With the exception of the Luluabourg authorisation, the Belgian troops never acted with the permission of the government. The Force Publique mutinies increased the unpopularity of the army and cost the government a significant amount of support in rural areas. The insecurity they caused also impeded economic production and the distribution of goods and distracted the leadership from addressing other problems facing the administration. Order was ultimately restored largely through the use of the gendarmerie, a more wieldy and reliable institution than the army. The Katangese secession A number of CONAKAT leaders and Europeans made an attempt shortly before 30 June to declare Katanga an independent country. The Belgian government foiled their plans, as it favored its colony emerging as a unified state. The Force Publique mutiny and the refusal of Lumumba to accede to a military intervention caused the Belgians to alter their opinions; secession could provide them a way to reestablish order in the region and protect their large commercial interests in local industry. CONAKAT politicians also grew increasingly worried that Lumumba would dislodge their provincial government and replace them with BALUBAKAT members. On the evening of 11 July Tshombe, accusing the central government of communist leanings and dictatorial rule, announced that Katanga was seceding from the Congo. When the ANC officer responsible for the Africanisation of the Élisabethville garrison arrived in the city, Katangese authorities immediately detained and expelled him. He flew to Luluabourg and informed Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu of the secession. The two decided to fly to Katanga for to examine the situation themselves. Katangese Minister of Interior Munongo denied them permission to land at the airport and radioed that while Kasa-Vubu could visit Katanga if he wished, Lumumba was not allowed to enter the territory. Infuriated, the President and Prime Minister returned to Luluabourg. They subsequently requested assistance from the UN Security Council in restructuring the ANC via telegram and informed the cabinet of their appeal. Belgian troops immediately began to withdraw to Katanga following the declaration of independence, damaging infrastructure along the way. They disarmed ANC units that remained loyal to the central government, and several Belgian officers were appointed to a newly created Katangese Gendarmerie. The secession had the support of the UMHK, which assisted in the establishment of the new Katangese state—logistically and financially—and urged the Belgian government to support it. The company never sought to negotiate a compromise with Lumumba's government. The Belgian government subsequently established a technical assistance mission in Élisabethville and encouraged its citizens in the local administration to remain at their posts. While the secession was viewed favorably among conservatives in Western circles, leftist media saw the development as an attempt by Belgium to retain control over its economic interests and undermine the Lumumba Government. The government was frequently criticised in the Belgian press, while the Katangese situation was praised. Two of the largest newspapers in Léopoldville, Courrier d'Afrique and Présence Africaine, repeatedly attacked the administration for its failure to end the state of crisis. At 15:30 on 12 July the government convened in Léopoldville in the absence of the President and Prime Minister with Belgian Ambassador Jean van den Bosch, Ganshof, de Schryver, and eventually United States Ambassador Clare H. Timberlake. Bomboko directed most of the meeting, and proposed, in light of the strained relations between Belgium and the Congo, that a "foreign neutral army" be brought in to maintain order. After his initial suggestion of Israeli troops was agreed as too impractical, Bomboko advanced the idea of using United States forces. The ministers then penned a formal request of 3,000 troops for use in the capital and the Lower Congo which the United States government rejected, instead supporting the direction of aid through the UN. Later that day Gizenga addressed a moderate letter to Van den Bosch that implored the latter's government to be mindful of the Treaty of Friendship. That evening Kashamura went on the radio to declare that the government was "indignant" towards the Belgians' actions in Matadi. On the morning of 13 July Bomboko retrieved Belgian officers and their families from Thysville and brought them to the capital. Meanwhile, other ministers went to the Palais de la Nation, where the Chamber was in session. Kashamura pronounced that "Belgium overwhelmingly voted for the declaration of war against the Congo." Delvaux and the President of Léopoldville Province met with the Belgian commander-in-chief of the intervention at N'djili Airport, where the Congolese, after a long debate, agreed to try to set up joint patrols in the capital, "to organise camaraderie between white and black soldiers", and for a "member of the government to be delegated to [the Belgian metropolitan army command] to act in agreement with it". But in the late afternoon the Congolese government, under the leadership of Gizenga, decided, following the refusal of the United States government, to seek military aid from Ghana, pending the arrival of an international peacekeeping force. Gizenga arranged for all attending ministers to sign the letter so that none could disassociate from it. He announced the decision over radio. During the evening the government sent a letter to Van den Bosch demanding the withdrawal of all Belgian troops from Léopoldville by 05:00 the next day under the threat of severing diplomatic relations. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu then sent another telegram to the UN, stating that peacekeepers were requested to guard the Congo's sovereignty against Belgian aggression and warning that if the request was not speedily fulfilled they would turn to the Bandung Powers for assistance. The following day they sent a message to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev from Kindu, asking that he monitor the situation in the Congo closely. In New York City the UN Security Council adopted UNSC Resolution 143, calling upon Belgium to withdraw its troops and authorising the Secretary-General to send military and technical assistance to the Congo in consultation with the government to restore law and order. This resulted in the establishment of a large UN multinational peacekeeping force (generally known by its French acronym of ONUC). Foreign contingents arrived in the capital shortly thereafter. Hammarskjöld later stated that these were to form a "temporary security force" that, although acting with the consent of and performing some of the tasks of the government, was completely under UN command. Later that day Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu, in part to satisfy pressing demands from Parliament, and also upset by the continuation of military interventions, announced that they were severing diplomatic relations with Belgium: Following first Belgium's flagrant violation of the Treaty of Friendship of 29 June with the Republic of the Congo as to the clause stating that Belgian troops could not be used on Congolese territory without express request by the Government of the Congo and second because of the attack on our territorial integrity which Belgium has committed in provoking the secession of Katanga which attack was proved first by the Belgian troops' refusal to permit the Chief of State to land in Élisabethville Tuesday 12 July and second by the nomination of a Belgian officer to command the army in Katanga, our Government has decided in consequence of the act of aggression against the Republic of the Congo to break off all diplomatic relations with Belgium from this day 14 July 1960. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu then instructed their Belgian pilot to fly them from Kindu to Stanleyville. Acting under orders from Brussels, he took them to Léopoldville, where they were both greeted by a large Belgian contingent at N'djili Airport. Later they made another attempt to fly to Stanleyville, but their pilot turned back after saying the aircraft suffered a "fault". They were harassed by Belgian paratroopers and refugees on their return and were under the impression that Congolese sovereignty was being disrespected. Most Congolese were deeply upset by their treatment and felt that the Belgian intervention—even if initially justified—had gone too far. The leadership began turning its attention away from resolving the ANC's systemic problems and more towards checking Belgian military action. A handful of observers were concerned that Lumumba was acting without proper consultation with his ministers or Parliament. On 16 July Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu succeeded in flying to Stanleyville. Lumumba appealed for calm among the garrison, but after hearing of more interventions, he and Kasa-Vubu demanded that all Belgian metropolitan forces withdraw from the Congo in 24 hours or they would request military aid from the Soviet Union. This was done to put pressure on UN officials to ensure the Belgian departure and leave open the option of assistance from another party. UN officials reacted to the ultimatum by calling a meeting to N'djili Airport with the Belgian commander-in-chief and Bomboko and Kanza. All present agreed that the demand was unfortunate and that it would not be possible for the Belgians to withdraw so quickly. Bomboko and Kanza, both surprised by the ultimatum, promised to try and secure a retraction of the measure at the next cabinet meeting. Bunche managed to secure assurance from the Belgian command that all metropolitan troops would leave Léopoldville by 23 August. The last of the Belgian troops did not leave the Congo until 7 August, except in Katanga, where the soldiers did not evacuate until 4 September. On 17 July Yav, a member of Tshombe's CONAKAT, announced his resignation from the Lumumba Government and departed for Katanga. Nyembo followed suit. Meanwhile, ONUC contingents began disarming mutinous soldiers with considerable success, much due to the cooperation of Mpolo. On 19 July Lumumba had ONUC suspend this practice, on the grounds that such confiscations were humiliating and that if the peacekeepers were not going to resolve the Katangese secession he would need the ANC to be prepared to do so. Interactions with Parliament Parliament was convened in an extraordinary session from late June until late July and its discussions during the time were dominated by the mutiny of the Force Publique and the Katangese secession. On the whole the Chamber of Deputies approved of the government's activities while the Senate did not. Throughout July and August the Senate offered frequent criticism of the actions of the members of the government. On 5 July it refused to offer its consent to Lumumba's suggested state commissioners, citing his failure to consult provincial officials on the nominations (it later confirmed Sendwe as State Commissioner for Katanga). The government found the Senate's insistence on monitoring its activities to be overbearing. On 14 July Lumumba spoke to the Chamber, detailing his treatment by Belgians and Katangese, and explaining that his long absence from the capital was necessitated by his tour to calm the disorders in the interior. He asked that Parliament unite with his government to manage the situation, and most deputies subsequently expressed their support. The following day Kanza, Bomboko, and Delvaux appeared before Parliament to reject accusations of personal "complicity" in regards to the Belgian intervention and to affirm their concurrence with the actions taken by Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu to restore order. On 18 July the Senate expressed its disapproval of Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu's threat to seek support from the Soviet Union while the Chamber refused a proposition to grant the government emergency powers. Meanwhile, the nature of the material being issued by Kashamura's Ministry of Information was subjected to an increasing amount of criticism, being labeled "controlled and distorted" by Catholic circles. On the initiative of Iléo, the Senate resolved on 19 July to review the content of government press releases and investigate the possibility of a motion of censure against Kashamura. Parliament also sought to review the government's programme. After the issue was initially raised by several senators on 7 July, the Chamber and the House both concurred that the programme had to be tabled by 19 July. The failure for this demand to be met led to two days of intense debate in which several members of Parliament threatened to withdraw their confidence in the government. Multiple senators filed an interpellation on 7 August directed at Lumumba, requesting an answer for the lack of a programme. Eventually one was released by Kashamura in his capacity as Minister of Information. It read in part as follows: The local authority of chiefs and notables to be sustained, however, in the interests of stability. The Government welcomes democratic opposition once reconstruction has got under way. The Government guarantees individual liberties; separates Church and State. Government is preparing legislation to end arbitrary arrest. Free Marriage. The Republic will be a State of law, thus relative separation of powers. Legislative: Chamber of Deputies.Senate.Executive, represented the Head of State.Each has equal initiative. Members of the Government share in the legislature in two ways:(a) Under authority of Head of State they present legislative projects to the Chambers.(b) As deputies or senators they vote. Judicial: Immediate Africanisation of magistracy as fast as studies permit. Executive: Has to take necessary measures for implementing the laws. [Head of State] is first and foremost the servant of the legislator. Governmental Declaration He deals with general rules and particular appointments.Foreign Affairs: The Congo will follow a policy of:Trades: Aims as follows: (i) To maintain existing markets; to expand these markets. (ii) Open door policy re Imports, as far as is consonant with protection of indigenous industry. (iii) Import/Export reciprocity programme. (iv) The Government declares that private property is the prerogative of individual freedom. It refuses to acknowledged nationalisation, as a general rule. The Government is especially anxious for rural development—communal and collective organisations to be tried. Roads and services to be improved. Town lodgings to be regulated. Co-ops to be government fertilised; other technical and financial assistance to individual traders, etc. The Government is anxious to develop a prosperous middle class. Central Bank and National Institute of Development to be set up. Mines: At present account for 35–40% of Treasury Revenues. 14 milliard francs invested in 1959. 80,000 workers in 1959. The Government aims to develop zinc, cobalt, manganese, gold, etc. based on private initiative; opportunities in Kivu and Bakongo area, where alumina and power are found at Boma. Land Policy: Holdings to be limited in future. Compensation and tenurial stabilisation being prepared. Plan of Economic Co-ordination Finance: Five milliards overseas investment needed. Tax won't supply enough; also moves for loans from International Agencies and Belgium are in train. Congo has every intention of staying within Belgian currency zones. Communications drive. Other matters: Salary policy without discrimination of race...or sex Qualifications standards in construction of rational wages system. A general effort for total wage rise by 30%. Drive to reduce unemployment. Work tribunals and Inspection bodies. Promotion of Co-operatives, Housing Families, Social Security legislation, Youth and Sports. Education programme: Illiteracy drive (adult and child). Primary Instruction for all. Subsidies for Secondary, Normal, and Technical education with equal treatment of girls. Building up educational cadres. Collapse of administration The disorder that engulfed the Congo prevented almost all of the government ministries from functioning. Most of this was due to the flight of European functionaries, which had begun leaving en masse after de Schryver confirmed that all Belgian civil servants would be guaranteed employment in the metropole. By the end of July 5,589 Belgian civil servants had fled the Congo, soon to be joined by an additional 1,129 in August. Almost all of those working for the central government in Léopoldville left. All of the Europeans in the Bureau Central des Traitements (the office in charge of government salaries) had departed, leaving the office in the hands of a Congolese chief clerk. All but one of 175 postal workers vacated their posts, alongside all 542 agricultural experts (some later returned) and most of the 328 Belgians running telecommunications systems. Health services were not as adversely affected, since many of the rural divisions were already managed by Congolese while a substantial number of private practitioners that remained in the country handled work in urban areas. The effects on education were not immediately felt because schools were out of session and most of the teachers were in Europe, though it was unlikely that many would return for September classes. Though the government no longer had to pay the large salaries of many Europeans, the cost benefits were largely offset by the pay increases for soldiers and regular Congolese civil servants (a 30% wage hike for all Congolese functionaries was declared in July). Other administrative areas deteriorated during the time, including sanitation, the postal service, railways, air traffic control, and radio communications. The mutinies deprived the government of an effective means of law enforcement. Provincial institutions were left to operate independently by the collapse. From 20 July onward, the Belgian government attempted to stem the flight of functionaries and convinced some to return to their posts. Ambassador Van den Bosch wanted to avoid a total administrative collapse and worked to ensure the retention of Belgian personnel. In doing so he established contacts with ONUC, Congolese ministers in favor of a strong relationship with Belgium, and certain ministries (namely Finance, Economic Affairs, and External Commerce). He also communicated with the remaining Belgian civil servants who were anxious about serving in an administration that had the disapproval of the Belgian government, advising those in the employment of moderate ministers or the Presidency to continue their work while cautioning those attached to the "extremists" (e.g. Lumumba and Kashamura) to avoid any undertakings that would harm Belgian interests. Throughout July several ministries, including Agriculture, Justice, and Labor, warned Belgian absentees that if they did not resume their duties their employment would be terminated. In the Ministry of Finance there was entrenched opposition to the return of employees that had fled to Belgium. Most of the Congolese civil servants filled the leadership gap by electing their peers to senior posts, some of whom had received the abbreviated training in Belgium. A handful of positions were given out based solely on political considerations by politicians or political parties. With some exceptions, the majority of the appointees faced substantial confusion in their new roles. The situation was complicated by the fact that many Belgian functionaries had withdrawn with keys to filing cabinets and destroyed their documents. The handover in the Ministry of Economic Coordination and Planning under Kabangi's leadership was relatively smooth, and the department busied itself with organising the distribution of foreign food aid to the interior of the Congo. At the end of July the ministry dispatched delegations to the provincial capitals in consultation with the UN to appraise the provinces' economic needs. Almost all Belgian employees of the Ministry of Finance vacated their posts, but the transition to Congolese management occurred quickly and with minimal disruption. This was because most of the department's Congolese staff were already experienced accountants, held an apolitical attitude towards their work, and were committed to learning how to operate in their new roles. Their activities were made easier by the fact that Belgian employees of the Central Bank had remained working in the capital. Still, an internal survey concluded that even after reform additional technicians were needed by the ministry, and recruitment of foreign experts was sought. ONUC personnel also took up many posts in the administration working on a mostly collaborative basis with the Congolese, though they did assume managerial responsibility of health, communication, and some transportation services. ONUC also instituted several successful job training programs for government functionaries. Nevertheless, observers concurred throughout July and August that on the whole the government operated in a state of disorder. Without a functioning administration, the agriculture and construction sectors which depended upon their services suffered, as did public works and parastatals. Critical infrastructure support components such as steamboats, locomotives, agricultural machinery, communications hardware, and dredging equipment, despite sustaining only minimal damage during the army mutinies, were not maintained during the summer and ultimately deteriorated beyond repair. Public expenditure regulations, tax collection (especially of income tax), and foreign exchange controls faltered, driving down receipts. There was no effective monitoring of the amount and use of the funds taken by the provincial administrations. Numerous wage increases drove up regular expenses by about £3 million. Payments on the public debt dropped dramatically. The government began running monthly deficits of FC 700 million ($14 million). To handle the costs, the Central Bank began supplying the government with advances of an average of over FC 500 million per month (the statutory limit on advances was twice raised by presidential decree), covering 90% of the deficit. Lumumba's trip abroad Kanza and Mandi left on 19 July for the UN Headquarters in New York City, arriving the following day. That evening the Security Council discussed the Congolese situation and Kanza debated Wigny over the true nature of the Belgian intervention. A new resolution was unanimously adopted, reaffirming the demand for Belgium's withdrawal and granting the Secretary-General the power to take "all necessary action" to ensure this was fulfilled. Lumumba intended to go to New York and express the position of his government himself. He was encouraged to do this by some of the other ministers, who felt that Kanza would not offer a strong enough rebuke of Belgian actions. Shortly before his departure, Lumumba announced that he had signed an economic agreement with an American businessman who had created the Congo International Management Corporation (CIMCO). According to the contract (which had yet to be ratified by Parliament), CIMCO was to form a development corporation to invest in and manage certain sectors of the economy. He also declared his approval of the second Security Council resolution, adding that "[Soviet] aid was no longer necessary" and announced his intention to seek technical assistance from the United States. On 22 July Lumumba left the Congo for New York City. Accompanying was a delegation including Mbuyi and Kiwewa. The group reached the United States two days later and rendezvoused with Kanza and Mandi at the Barclay Hotel to prepare for meetings with UN officials. Lumumba was focused on discussing the withdrawal of Belgian troops and various options for technical assistance with Hammarskjöld. African diplomats were keen that the meetings would be successful and also convinced Lumumba to wait until the Congo was more stable before reaching any more major economic agreements (like the CIMCO arrangement). The Prime Minister saw Hammarskjöld and other staff of the UN Secretariat on 24, 25, and 26 July. Kanza, Mandi, and other advisers were present for all three meetings. Though Lumumba and Hammarskjöld were hesitant towards one another, their discussions went smoothly. In a press conference Lumumba reaffirmed his government's commitment to "positive neutralism". Following the 26 July meeting, Hammarskjöld departed for Brussels. After conferring with the Belgian government he flew to Léopoldville where on 28 July he met with the Council of Ministers. Hammarskjöld was surprised by the ministers' anger and impatience in relation to Katanga and ONUC's slow pace of operations. He disapproved of the Lumumba Government's positions, especially its handling of the Congo's dire financial situation. He thought of it as "a clumsy, inadequate government that does not do the proper thing" and hoped that it would accept the guiding tutelage of the UN until the Congo Crisis could be resolved. In a telegram to UN Headquarters the Secretary-General described his overall impression of the government: After a number of meetings here with the Cabinet and members of the Cabinet, I have a fairly clear picture of the internal dynamics of politics in the Central Government. The two or three men who may be characterized as moderates and who at all events are men of real integrity, intelligence and sense of national responsibility understand, I believe, fully my approach....However, the vast and vocal majority have a highly emotional and intransigent attitude....Until the Katanga problem is in hand..., there will, I am sure, be a continued drift towards extremism in the Cabinet and a continued weakening of those on whom, in my view, [the] Congo's political future if at all has to be built. It was decided that a committee should be established among the cabinet to coordinate with UN officials, consisting of Gizenga (in the place of Lumumba), Bomboko, Kanza, Gbenye, Mwamba, and Mpolo. The following day Gizenga expressed his dissatisfaction with ONUC's leniency towards the Belgian troops and hesitance to enter Katanga. Lumumba showed his concurrence back in New York. Such pressure, combined with the threat of Soviet intervention, convinced Hammarskjöld to take action; he announced that Bunche would lead an advance guard into Élisabethville followed shortly thereafter by UN peacekeeping contingents. Gizenga's demand that government ministers be allowed to accompany Bunche was rejected. Due to several Katangese political maneuvers, Bunche was dispatched to Katanga early on 4 August. He communicated Katangese threats of armed opposition to Hammarskjöld, who decided to postpone the entry of ONUC troops. Lumumba went to Washington D.C., the United States capital, on 27 July. He met with the American Secretary of State and appealed for financial and technical assistance. The American government informed the Prime Minister that they would only offer aid through the UN. The following day he received a telegram from Gizenga detailing a clash at Kolwezi between Belgian and Congolese forces. Lumumba thus felt that the UN was hampering his attempts to expel the Belgian troops and defeat Katanga. On 29 July he went to Ottawa, the capital of Canada. The Canadians rebuffed a request for technicians and stated that they would channel their assistance through the UN. Frustrated, Lumumba met with the Soviet ambassador and discussed the gifting of military equipment. When he returned to New York the following evening he was incredibly hesitant towards the UN. The attitude of the United States government was also more negative, due to reports of the rapes and violence committed by ANC soldiers and scrutiny from Belgium, which was chagrined by the reception Lumumba had received in Washington. The Belgian government regarded Lumumba as communist, anti-white, and anti-Western, and given their experience in the Congo, many other Western governments gave credence to the Belgian perception. United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower shared such views. Frustrated with the UN's apparent inaction towards Katanga as he departed America, Lumumba decided to delay his return to the Congo and instead visited several African states. This was apparently done to put pressure on Hammarskjöld and, that failing, seek guarantees of bilateral military support to suppress Katanga. Between 2 and 8 August he toured Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Ghana, Liberia, and Togo. Guinea and Ghana pledged independent military support, while the others expressed their desire to work through the United Nations to resolve the Katangese secession. It was also agreed that a summit of African states would be held in Léopoldville between 25 and 30 August to further discuss the issue. Lumumba returned to the Congo, apparently confident that he could now depend upon African military assistance. He also believed that he could procure African bilateral technical aid, which placed him at odds with Hammarskjöld's goal of funneling support through ONUC. Lumumba and some of the ministers were wary of the UN option, as it supplied them with functionaries that would not respond directly to their authority. Stiffening opposition and dissension By the end of July opposition to the Lumumba Government had solidified in Parliament. Lumumba's absence from the country allowed these elements to organise and advertise their position. Van den Bosch had taken advantage of the time to establish contacts with the moderate ministers: Bomboko, Delvaux, Kabangi, Kanza, and Mbuyi. Bomboko became the ambassador's most frequent contact and was relayed messages from Wigny. Van den Bosch also developed a relationship with Iléo, who pledged that he would work in tandem with other senators to remove Lumumba from power. On 3 August Bolikango officially denounced Lumumba's policies, followed the next day by the central committee of the MNC-K. The Prime Minister's impatient and improvising approach caused consternation among the civil service, which wished to operate in a calmer, more methodical style. On 27 July, Nkayi expressed as much when he held a press conference to share his concerns about the national decline in social and economic activity. Alluding to Lumumba, he denounced "demagogic statements that harm the interests of the Congolese people". Through his chef de cabinet, he declared that Lumumba's CIMCO deal was invalid because the cabinet had not been consulted before it was signed. Joseph Malula, the Catholic bishop of Léopoldville, denounced the Lumumba Government's support of separation of church and state, and specifically the secularisation of the latter. In order to distract from their activities, opposition groups began peddling a rumor of a Gizenga coup. Suspicious, Lumumba asked Gizenga to lead Bomboko, Kanza, Mwamba, and Mpolo to New York on 8 August to address the UN Security Council. Lumumba's supporters convinced Gizenga to let Bomboko speak for the delegation at the UN. The speech he delivered had been drafted by the other four ministers and was critical of Belgium's actions. This put up a front of cabinet solidarity and briefly discouraged thought of Bomboko's more pro-Belgian attitudes. Lumumba also faced dissent in the central Congo. Following independence, Baluba throughout Katanga and Kasai became the subject of violent attacks. Kalonji and his allies made an official call to the Baluba across the Congo to return to their "homeland" in the southern portion of the province on 14 July. Initially, they envisaged the division of Kasai in two in order to allow for the creation of a quasi-autonomous MNC-K and Luba-dominated provincial government. Rapidly, however, Kalonji realised that the chaos in the rest of the Congo could be used to secede unilaterally and declare full local independence. On 9 August he announced the secession of the "Mining State of South Kasai". This complicated any future military action against Katanga, as the rail line from the military base in Luluabourg to the province ran through Kalonji's territory. Throughout August Lumumba increasingly withdrew from his full cabinet and instead consulted officials and ministers he trusted, such as Mpolo, Mbuyi, Kashamura, Gizenga, and Kiwewa. Kasa-Vubu's wishes frequently went unheeded by the government. Lumumba kept Kashamura on in spite of his displayed incompetence and disorganisation, instead addressing the problems by assigning most of Kashamura's responsibilities to his own press secretary, Serge Michel. Meanwhile, the Prime Minister's office was in disarray and few members of his staff did any work. His chef de cabinet, Damien Kandolo, was often absent and acted as a spy on behalf of the Belgian government. Lumumba was constantly being delivered rumors from informants and the Sûreté, encouraging him to grow deeply suspicious of others. Kanza attempted in vain to exercise a moderating influence on the Prime Minister. Gizenga privately expressed his disapproval of Lumumba's methods. All the while Mulele was attempting to organise a student exchange program with Eastern European countries and nationalise Lovanium University. He succeeded in proposing the latter action in a meeting of the Council of Ministers on 16 August, but backlash from Christian groups dissuaded Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu from carrying it out. The Council of Ministers met with decreasing frequency throughout August; by September, it was hardly convening at all. Meanwhile, large amounts of capital were withdrawn from the country while exports fell dramatically. Without Katangese participation in the economy, hard currency earnings were halved. On 6 August the government responded to the deteriorating situation by adopting a decree that forbade international payments. The order was never published or otherwise communicated to those it would have concerned and the Central Bank still permitted a number of transactions. Between 1 July and 15 August the bank's foreign currency reserves fell from about $75 million to $35 million. The Lumumba Government threatened to expropriate the abandoned European enterprises if their owners did not return to the Congo and reopen them, but never followed through with any action. It also sought financial support from the International Monetary Fund and dispatched Nkayi and Delvaux to Geneva for negotiations with Belgian authorities. Lumumba and the Council of Ministers were completely bypassed in the implementation of the decisions agreed upon during the discussions; in early September Nkayi, with the sole sanction of Kasa-Vubu, established a monetary council and began issuing new paper currency. Though it was resolved that the Central Bank would be liquidated, the measure was never carried out. By September the government's financial situation was ruinous; a combination of disrupted tax collection, the inaccessibility of Katanga's mining industry, the closure of European enterprises, falling production, and declining volume of foreign trade had brought about a severe reduction in revenue. Neither soldiers, civil servants, nor public contractors could be properly compensated. Affected individuals' faith in the government suffered, as did the overall morale and discipline of the ANC. There were no funds available for the necessary imports required to keep certain segments of the population fed. Lacking in foodstuffs, these groups withdrew their support for the administration. Lumumba believed that Albert Ndele, Nkayi's chef de cabinet and the acting Secretary-General of the Ministry of Finance, had directed the Geneva negotiations and would implement Belgium's financial goals at the expense of the Congo's. In an episode that displayed Lumumba's loss of control of the government, he had Ndele dismissed only for the Council of Ministers to reinstate him on 1 September. The dire administrative and economic situation caused consternation among the trade unions; the government was threatened with a possible civil servants' strike at the hands of APIC, which was protesting politically partisan appointments. Dissension and subversion campaigns, including the dissemination of anti-Lumumba leaflets and inciting of army mutinies, were organised in Brazzaville with the support of President Fulbert Youlou, Belgian intelligence services, the French Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage, and the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Batshikama, though a secretary of state in the Lumumba Government, spent two hours every evening in Brazzaville hosting an anti-Lumumba radio programme. Wigny directed the Belgian agents there to encourage the Congolese opposition to remove Lumumba through presidential revocation, as a parliamentary motion of censure was deemed too likely to fail. In a meeting with his advisers on 18 August President Eisenhower suggested that he wanted Lumumba to be killed; the CIA subsequently organised an assassination operation. Belgium made similar plans. By the end of the month rumors were circulating in the capital of Western overtures to Kasa-Vubu to replace Lumumba's government. Attempts at reconsolidation During a meeting on 1 August the Council of Ministers established a new department, the Ministry of Public Function. Ngenge was given charge of the portfolio, while an experienced clerk was made its secretary-general. Within 15 days of its inception the ministry had produced a plan for staggered Africanisation of the administration (taking living wages, staff competence, and fiscal austerity into consideration) and drafted a standard contract of employment for much-needed foreign technicians. At the end of the month the ministry, with the support of the UN, hosted a meeting of the various government secretary-generals to discuss ways of stemming the politicisation of the civil service. Lumumba returned to the Congo on 8 August and soon thereafter met with the Council of Ministers. The following day he proclaimed an état d'exception throughout the Congo, and his government carried out its expulsion order against Ambassador Van den Bosch. Mandi insisted that his ousting did not signify a permanent rupture between Belgium and the Congo. Lumumba announced that all other Belgian diplomatic staff would face arrest if they did not leave the country. He subsequently issued several orders in an attempt to reassert his dominance on the political scene. The first outlawed the formation of associations without government sanction. A second asserted the government's right to ban publications that produced material likely to bring the administration into disrepute. On 11 August the Courrier d'Afrique printed an editorial which declared that the Congolese did not want to fall "under a second kind of slavery". The editor was summarily arrested and four days later publication of the daily ceased, followed shortly thereafter by the delivery of shut-down orders against the Belga and Agence France-Presse wire services. Lumumba also decreed the nationalisation of Belga, creating the Agence Congolaise de Presse, creating a medium through which the government's platform could be more easily communicated to the public. Bolamba was given responsibility for the agency. Another order stipulated that official approval had to be obtained six days in advance of public gatherings. On 16 August Lumumba announced the installation of a régime militaire espécial for the duration of six months, including the establishment of military tribunals. He also initiated the arrest of public figures who opposed him. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu faced criticism from ABAKO and President Youlou for not curbing Lumumba's authoritarian actions. He resisted their pressure, and on 13 August he broadcast an appeal for unity and support for the government. Nevertheless, he cautioned the government against arbitrariness and excess: If I am under a moral obligation to support and defend the government within the limits set by the law, the members of the government themselves have a duty to work together as a team. Their policy must be the policy of the government and not that of one party, one race, or one tribe. It must be a policy which reflects the interests of the nation and which allows humanitarian values to flourish in freedom. This imperative excludes all feelings of hatred, suspicion, and bad faith towards those who have collaborated loyally with us. It is also the duty of the government to respect the institutions which have been set up and to abide by the normal rules of democratic practice. In New York, the UN Security Council discussed the issue of sending ONUC troops into Katanga. Bomboko debated with Belgian delegates over the nature of the military intervention in Katanga. On 9 August the body passed a resolution that called upon Belgium to withdraw its troops from Katanga with all necessary haste and affirmed that peacekeepers should enter the province, but not act as a party to any belligerent. Tshombe acceded to the resolution, and ONUC established itself in Katanga, but did not interfere with Tshombe's government. Belgian troops grew inactive and were gradually withdrawn. Lumumba remained frustrated and five days later he sent a letter to Hammarskjöld, declaring that the Secretary-General had ignored his obligations under the 14 July resolution to consult the Congolese government before taking action and had failed to assist it in restoring law and order throughout the entire country. With the UN refusing to take action against the secessions, Lumumba decided that his government would have to reintegrate the territories on its own. The central government's assault to retake South Kasai began on 23 August. Lumbala advised the army during the operation and organised the arrests of the rebel leadership. All Sabena aircraft in the Congo were requisitioned by the government for the offensive, while technical and materiel assistance was requested from the Soviet Union. The Soviets supplied 14 Ilyushin transports and 100 trucks. Soldiers were flown into the Kasai region with little supplies. ANC units secured Bakwanga, the South Kasaian capital, on the night of 27–28 August with little resistance, temporarily ending the secession. Kalonji fled to Élisabethville where he vowed to continue his rebellion. Soldiers began seizing food and vehicles in preparation for the assault on Katanga. Conflict erupted between the army and resident Baluba and quickly degenerated into indiscriminate massacres of the latter by the former. International observers reported the deaths of hundreds of Baluba on 29 and 30 August. Colonel Mobutu ended the campaign on 1 September without consulting the government. Hammarskjöld found the event to be "a case of incipient genocide" and believed that Lumumba, having given the orders to commence the offensive in an "almost casual manner", had lost all sense of responsibility. The American press depicted the Prime Minister's regime as a Soviet puppet and dependent on Soviet aid. Western opinion held him at fault for the atrocities. The violence and ultimate failure of the anti-secessionist push greatly damaged the government's faltering reputation. While the operation was underway, Lumumba sought African support for the anti-secessionist campaign and proceeded with the Pan-African Conference in Léopoldville. Representatives from 13 independent countries and four nationalist movements attended. The opening of the conference on the morning of 25 August was marred by large demonstrations from ABAKO, PUNA, and MNC-K supporters outside the meeting hall. Police fired into the air to disperse the crowd, inciting panic and greatly disturbing the foreign delegations. In his opening speech, Lumumba spoke broadly and appealed to African unity. Almost all of the delegations recommended that the attack on Katanga be halted and that the Congolese government mend its relations with the UN. Lumumba was disappointed by their attitude and realised that he would not be able to secure their military support and that rapprochement with the UN was necessary. Nevertheless, he was not dissuaded from pursuing the South Kasai–Katanga offensive; on 27 August he flew to Stanleyville to rally reinforcements for the campaign. Back in the capital, Bomboko chaired the Pan-African Conference. The foreign delegations variously encouraged stronger discipline of the army, better relations with the UN, and that the Congo had to decide whether or not to use force or negotiation against Katanga. In response, the Congolese representatives issued a new policy statement, clarifying that the government was not asking the African states or the UN to attack Katanga but only that the former provide it with technical assistance and refuse Tshombe aid and for peacekeepers to assist in the expulsion of Belgian troops. The statement further said that the government would not negotiate with Tshombe and that the ANC would attempt to occupy Katanga following the Belgian withdrawal and, that failing, an appeal for bilateral African military aid might be made. The foreign delegations accepted the new policy, believing that the offensive against Katanga would soon fail and that they could later mediate a resolution to the secessionist dispute. Following the conference various African diplomats urged UN officials to warm their relations with Lumumba and to encourage more cooperation between him and Kasa-Vubu. Hammarskjöld complained that the "spirit of reconciliation" had "gone far too far on the line of compromise", and said that the "utterly incompetent" Lumumba Government had a "complete misconception of [its] rights in relation to the UN and [its] own role in the world." He also added that the Prime Minister should be "forced to constitutionality". Dissolution Dismissal of Lumumba and formation of the Iléo Government Throughout August, President Kasa-Vubu became increasingly bothered by Lumumba's growing authoritarianism, the collapse in administration, and the enlarging prospects of civil war. On 3 September he summoned Andrew Cordier (Bunche's interim replacement) to communicate that he was considering dismissing the Prime Minister. Cordier reported the development back to Hammarskjöld, who noted that a "complete disintegration of authority" could follow such an action. At 20:12 on 5 September Kasa-Vubu announced the dismissal of Lumumba, along with Deputy Prime Minister Gizenga, Minister of Justice Mwamba, Minister of Interior Gbenye, Minister of Information Kashamura, Secretary of State Bolamba, and Secretary of State Lumbala over the radio. He stated that Iléo would form a new government. After Lumumba heard of the firing he held heated discussions with his ministers and made three broadcasts, defending his government and declaring Kasa-Vubu to be deposed. Kasa-Vubu had not declared the approval of any responsible ministers of his decision, making his action legally invalid. Later that day Kasa-Vubu managed to secure the countersignatures of Delvaux and Bomboko to his order. With them, he re-announced his decision over Brazzaville radio. While the dismissals were recognised, the reigning government was, according to Belgian tradition, legally in place until a full administration was formed that could replace it—though Lumumba's opponents disputed such a view. Kasa-Vubu theorised that Iléo could work with the ministers that had not been revoked until he had a government ready for a parliamentary vote. Despite the confusion, Lumumba was still able to exercise his powers and resumed the military campaign against South Kasai and Katanga. Lumumba and the ministers who remained loyal to him ordered the arrest of Delvaux and Bomboko for countersigning the dismissal order. On 7 September the Chamber convened to discuss Kasa-Vubu's dismissal order. Delvaux made an unexpected appearance and took to the dais to denounce his arrest and declare his resignation from the government. The Chamber voted to annul both Kasa-Vubu's and Lumumba's declarations of dismissal, 60 to 19. The following day the Senate delivered the government a vote of confidence, 49 to zero with seven abstentions. Many of the deputies were nonetheless still upset by Lumumba's style of governance. The legislature felt that an understanding needed to be reached between the President and the Prime Minister to facilitate the return of stable government. The Chamber thus voted to establish a commission of reconciliation to seek a compromise between the two. The commission exacted a promise from Lumumba to reshuffle the Council of Ministers and govern with the assistance and supervision of another parliamentary commission (which never materialised). Other attempts at reconciliation were under taken by foreign diplomats in Léopoldville. Over the next few days little activity was undertaken by Parliament or the Council of Ministers. Lumumba declared himself to still be the legal Prime Minister and delivered rhetorical attacks against his political opponents. According to Article 51, Parliament was granted the "exclusive privilege" to interpret the constitution. Despite this, Lumumba ignored Serge Michel's urges that he secure a formal vote of constitutional interpretation from Parliament in rejection of the Kasa-Vubu's dismissal order. On 9 September he announced that he had assumed the responsibilities of the Head of State, taken command of the ANC, and dismissed Bomboko, Delvaux, and Nkayi from his cabinet. Iléo proclaimed his completed government on 10 September. According to Belgian tradition, an administration could assume its responsibilities as soon as it was proclaimed, before being subject to parliamentary approval. Among the declared ministers he retained from Lumumba's cabinet were MNC-L members Aloïs Kabangi, Alexandre Mahamba, and Alphonse Songolo and CEREA member Marcel Bisukiro. Kabangi subsequently refused to accept the post. Kisolokele remained a minister of state and Bolya was made Minister of Health. Kalonji, though he did not retract his secessionist project, accepted the post of Minister of Justice. Iléo did not present his government to Parliament for a vote of confidence, and even if he had it was unlikely that he would secure its support. Kasa-Vubu issued an ordinance relieving Kamanga, Rudahindwa, and Lutula of their duties. On 13 September Parliament convened in a joint session to discuss the political impasse. Lumumba appealed to them to grant him "full powers" to manage the country's crisis but assured that he was ready to seek an understanding with rival political factions. Parliament passed a resolution in accordance with Lumumba's wishes but also established a commission to oversee the government's implementation of the powers. However, the authenticity and legality of the vote was highly questionable. The legislature also instituted a new commission to modify the composition of the Lumumba Government. Fearing that the Iléo Government would never secure a vote of confidence, Kasa-Vubu proceeded to adjourn Parliament for one month. Mobutu's coup and the College of Commissioners-General On 14 September, Mobutu announced over the radio that he was launching a "peaceful revolution" to break the political impasse and therefore neutralising the President, Lumumba's and Iléo's respective governments, and Parliament until 31 December. He stated that "technicians" would run the administration while the politicians sorted out their differences. In a subsequent press conference he clarified that Congolese university graduates would be asked to form a government. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu were both surprised by the coup. Mobutu shortly thereafter terminated the ANC campaign against Katanga and South Kasai. On 20 September Mobutu announced the formation of the College of Commissioners-General under the chairmanship of Bomboko. Soldiers expelled the remaining politicians from their offices. Of the Commissioners-General, four had each served as chef de cabinet. Both Kanza and Mandi were invited to join the College, but they became disturbed by the body's inclination towards Kasa-Vubu and summarily refused to participate in the administration. Their abstention allowed the government's anti-Lumumba slant to worsen without restraint. Further attempts by African diplomats to reconcile Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu were unsuccessful. Following brief incarceration by Mobutu's troops, Gizenga drove to Stanleyville. Lumumba continued to hold meetings with members of his government, senators, deputies, and political supporters, issue public statements, and maintain that he still held power. Frustrated by the way he was being treated by Lumumba and facing intense political pressure, by the end of the month Mobutu was no longer encouraging reconciliation and had aligned himself with Kasa-Vubu. He ordered ANC units to surround Lumumba's residence, but a cordon of UN peacekeepers prevented them from making an arrest, and Lumumba was thus confined to his home. On 11 October Kasa-Vubu issued a "constitutional decree-law" officiating the establishment of the College of Commissioners-General, asserting his right as Head of State to appoint and dismiss its members, adjourning Parliament indefinitely, and conferring all legislative authority prescribed to Parliament by the Loi Fondamentale to the College. In time, the College would come to bring about the restoration of some order to the administration that had been lost during the Lumumba Government's tenure. Lumumba frequently attacked the body's credibility. Songolo denounced Lumumba and endorsed the College, but was subsequently arrested by Stanleyville authorities. As the end of the year approached Mobutu postponed the return to normal governance indefinitely. Lumumba's attempted escape and the flight of his ministers Once confined in Léopoldville, Lumumba began drafting plans to reassert his authority. In a letter dated 17 September addressed to Nkrumah, he stated his intention to relocate his government to Stanleyville. By October, Lumumba's supporters were convinced that few of their goals could be achieved through the College of Commissioners. In New York Kanza reunited with his delegation to represent the Lumumba Government at the UN. His appearance generated hope among Lumumba's supporters that the domestic crisis could be resolved in their favour. Kasa-Vubu dispatched his own delegation. On 20 September the Congo was officially admitted into the UN, but its seat in the General Assembly was left vacant and the issue over which delegation should be seated was referred to the Credentials Committee. After several delays, on 22 November the General Assembly resolved to seat Kasa-Vubu's delegation. The extension of UN recognition to Kasa-Vubu's delegation definitively ended Lumumba's hopes of a legal return to power. Following his return to the Congo, Kanza avoided arrest by taking refuge in his apartment in a building protected by the UN. The loyal members of Lumumba's government that remained in the capital frequently visited Kanza's apartment to make phone calls to Lumumba on a UN line. On a 26 November phone call, Lumumba shared his intention with Kanza and several other ministers to escape house arrest and go to Stanleyville. He subsequently left the capital in a convoy with Mwamba and Mulele. On 1 December Mobutu's troops caught up with his party as it crossed the Sankuru river. They arrested Lumumba and returned him to Léopoldville. He was subsequently imprisoned at the army camp in Thysville and it was stated that he would be tried for inciting rebellion. Mwamba and Mulele safely crossed the Sankuru and spent several days in the bush before reaching Stanleyville. Other members of the Lumumba Government fled to the east, some simply because they felt threatened in Léopoldville. Kashamura, Lutula, and Gbenye reached Stanleyville without much difficulty. Kanza, fearing arrest, fled to Brazzaville and sought asylum in Guinea, where he was recognised by President Ahmed Sékou Touré as an official representative of the Lumumba Government. Kanza was later joined there by Kiwewa. Mandi was smuggled out of the Congo by Mobutu, his personal friend, who feared for his safety. Mbuyi attempted to rendezvous with the Lumumbists in Stanleyville but was killed in the Charlesville region. Mpolo also intended on reaching the city, but was arrested in Mushie. He was later transferred to the base in Thysville, along with political ally Vice President of the Senate Joseph Okito. Believing Lumumba to no longer be of much political importance, the United States and Belgium suspended their assassination operations. Aftermath Gizenga's regime After Kasa-Vubu's delegation was recognised at the UN, the Lumumbists accelerated their plans to establish a new regime in Orientale Province. The final decision to declare a rival regime was not taken until after Lumumba's arrest. On 12 December, Gizenga announced that Stanleyville was the new capital of the Congo. As Lumumba was detained, he declared that he would provisionally assume the role of head of government. Meanwhile, Gbenye, Mwamba, Rudahindwa, Bisukiro, and Lutula, having successfully evacuated to Stanleyville, were given the same posts they had held under Lumumba in Gizenga's government. Kiwewa was appointed ambassador to Ghana, Guinea, and Mali. Mulele was put in charge of all of Gizenga's diplomatic posts abroad. He was stationed in Cairo and was quickly joined by Mandi. A major reorganisation of the local army units was undertaken and pro-Mobutu elements were purged. In late December, the regime extended its control over Kivu and Kashamura was placed in charge of its provincial administration. Despite the military power it possessed, the Stanleyville government never established an extensive administrative structure, instead functioning in the manner of a government in exile. Death of Lumumba On 13 January 1961, the discipline of the Thysville garrison faltered, and soldiers sympathetic to Lumumba unlocked his cell. Kasa-Vubu, Mobutu, and Bomboko managed to restore order through negotiation, but concluded that Lumumba was too controversial a prisoner to be kept at the camp. Over the next few days there was discussion among the central government concerning his ultimate "elimination". On 17 January the central government flew Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito to Élisabethville. That night all three were driven into the nearby forest and, in the presence of the Katangese cabinet and numerous Belgian advisers, were shot by a firing squad. Yav, serving as Katanga's Minister of Defence, chose not to attend the execution of his former colleagues. On 13 February Munongo announced at a press conference that Lumumba and his two associates had been killed by angry villagers while attempting to escape custody. His story was not widely trusted. The public was shocked upon hearing about Lumumba's death. Soon thereafter it became known that a group of Lumumbist politicians—held as political prisoners by the central government—which had been transferred to South Kasaï were executed by local authorities for "crimes against the Luba people". Lumbala was among them. Kamanga, who was put through a traditional tribunal with the others, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment but was released in March. The killings enraged Gizenga's troops, and on 20 February a Stanleyville firing squad executed 15 political prisoners, including Songolo. Hoping to defuse the situation, the Léopoldville authorities opened serious negotiations with Gizenga's regime. On the international level, the announcement of Lumumba's death led several Eastern Bloc and African states to declare that Gizenga's regime was the sole legal government of the Congo. On 21 February the UN Security Council passed a resolution that permitted ONUC to use military force as a last resort to prevent civil war, established a commission to investigate the deaths of Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito, and called for the reconvening of Parliament to restore democratic processes to the government. Adoula Government and "reconciliation" In an attempt to indicate a reorientation towards legality, the College of Commissioners was dissolved by Kasa-Vubu on 9 February 1961 and replaced by a new cabinet under Iléo. Bomboko returned to his post as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Adoula became Minister of Interior. After several failed attempts at rapprochement with Tshombe, the Iléo Government turned towards the Stanleyville regime to strengthen its position against Katanga. This culminated in the decision to reconvene Parliament with the participation of the senators and deputies representing constituencies under the control of both governments. Parliament reconvened in isolation at Lovanium University in late July. The elections of new officers for the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate indicated a small pro-Lumumba/Gizenga majority. However, the United States believed the moderate Adoula, as a firm anticommunist who opposed Katanga's secession, was the best choice for Prime Minister. On 1 August Adoula was appointed formateur of a new government. The following day he presented his government to Parliament with himself as Prime Minister. Though Gizenga had remained in Stanleyville during the session, the office of Deputy Prime Minister was returned to his control. Of the other members of the Adoula Government Bomboko, Gbenye, Mwamba, Kabangi, Kamanga, Lutula, Ilunga, Rudahindwa, Bisukiro, Mahamba were all given the same posts that they had held in the Lumumba Government. Two were given different positions; Kisolokele was made Minister of Work and Social Welfare and Bolya was made Secretary of State for Justice. Delvaux and Kashamura were both absent from the government, the former because his loyalties were considered suspect by Parliament, and the latter because the repressiveness of his rule of Kivu Province had horrified his colleagues. An intensive lobbying and bribery campaign conducted by Western espionage agencies ensured Adoula parliamentary support; the government was delivered a near-unanimous vote of confidence. The constitutional crisis provoked by Lumumba's revocation on 5 September 1960 was thus resolved, though several non-aligned states delayed their recognition of Adoula's government in preference to Gizenga, who they believed was Lumumba's proper successor. Gizenga used his position to pressure Adoula to take action against Katanga. The Adoula Government maintained that its foreign policy was a continuity of the Lumumba Government's, specifically with its stated pursuance of non-alignment and seeking of assistance from other African states. Regardless of the appearance of a coalition, Adoula's inclusion of the Lumumbists in his cabinet was only a gesture to temporarily stabilise his position; throughout 1962, Lumumbists were gradually purged from the government. Of the 23 ministers that were turned over during the year, 15 were supporters of Lumumba. By April 1963, only one out of the seven ministers and two secretaries of state from Gizenga's regime integrated into Adoula's government in 1961 remained. End of the Congo Crisis and national ramifications The South Kasaian secession was put down by the ANC in October 1962. That December Katangese forces attacked UN peacekeepers, prompting a strong counter-offensive that resulted in the collapse of the Katangese secession in January 1963. Nevertheless, suppression of the Lumumbists continued and the population grew increasingly discontent with the administration. In early 1964 leftist rebellions were initiated by Gbenye and Mulele with the goal of overthrowing Adoula. Tshombe was brought back into Congolese public life in July 1964, with Belgian encouragement, to replace Adoula as Prime Minister and suppress the insurrections. By 1965 the revolt was mostly defeated. Kasa-Vubu dismissed Tshombe in October and attempted to replace him, triggering another political crisis that led to Mobutu seizing power on 25 November. Under his rule, power was concentrated in the executive, a unitary state was established, and political activity was restricted. Gizenga fled the Congo after the 1965 coup and spent many years abroad trying to secure support to overthrow Mobutu. The prospect of multi-party elections in 1992 led him to return to the country and organise the Parti Lumumbiste Unifié. Mobutu was deposed in 1997. Gizenga served as Prime Minister of the Congo from 2006 until 2008. Legacy and historical evaluation The Lumumba Government proved unable to maintain its cohesiveness in the face of successive crises. Its weakness was in part derived from its origin as a coalition of unitarian and federalist elements; Lumumba faced intense opposition in the use of emergency powers from the federalists who feared he would employ them to construct a centralised state. The ministers had varying perceptions of the domestic situation and different ideas on how it could best be solved; the cabinet was thus never able to function smoothly. Political scientist Catherine Hoskyns asserted that had Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba not cooperated with each other so closely in July, the government would have collapsed much sooner than September. The Lumumba Government's weakness ultimately encouraged politicised ethnic elements to seek the institution of a more federalised constitution. One was adopted in 1964, dividing the six provinces into 21 new zones on the principles of ethnic and regional self-determination. Central authority was subsequently fragmented. The issues of federalism, ethnicity in politics and state centralisation were not resolved during the remainder of the Congo Crisis and partly contributed to a decline in support for the concept of the state among Congolese people. The Lumumba Government's removal from power and Lumumba's subsequent death greatly damaged the Pan-Africanist movement. According to Adoula's administration, the absence of the Congo from multilateral discussions throughout 1961 caused the international community to "forget" the Pan-African goals of Lumumba's government. With the sole exception of the institution of the monetary council, under its rule no significant change was made to the Congo's financial structure. Undercut by the secessions and political infighting and lacking in international support, the government proved unable to reform the economy in Lumumba's nationalist fashion. The international press viewed the government's tenure as one dominated by acute crisis and severe instability. Historian Jean-Claude Willame wrote that, in light of the difficult situation the Lumumba Government inherited, its time in power was worthy of a more nuanced appraisal. According to the Adoula Government, "Everything indicates that with the loyal cooperation of the Belgian troops, the government of Mr. Lumumba could have restored order all over the territory." Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo argued that the regime attempted to reform the state in a democratic fashion but was frustrated by foreign imperialists and their domestic allies. A 2010 editorial published by The Guardian asserted, "[T]he challenge of running a vast country whose population had been denied basic education by Belgian rulers interested only in exploiting its wealth would have sunk any government." According to Mueni wa Muiu and Guy Martin, Lumumba's administration "inherited an empty shell and empty coffers in lieu of a state" and "was definitively set up for failure". Notes Citations References Coalition governments Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Lumumba Government members 1960 establishments in Africa 1960 disestablishments in Africa

54156526

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguire

Maguire

Maguire ( , also spelled Mac Guire or McGuire) is an Irish surname from the Irish language , which is "son of Odhar" or "son of the dun or dark coloured one". According to legend, the eleventh in descent from Colla da Chrich, great-grandson of Cormac mac Airt, monarch of Ireland about the middle of the third century. From the 13th to the 17th centuries, the Maguires were kings of Fermanagh. As a given name, Maguire is uncommon. Naming conventions The surname has been Anglicised variously as Maguire, McGuire and McGwire. History The Maguire sept is primarily associated with modern-day County Fermanagh. They possessed the entire county, also known as Maguire's Country, from about 1250 C.E. and maintained their independence as Lords of Fermanagh down to the reign of King James VI & I, when their country was confiscated like other parts of Ulster. The Maguires supplied Chiefs or Princes to Fermanagh, from about A.D. 1264, when they supplanted the former Chieftains (Ó Daimhín, or Devin/Devine). They were inaugurated as Princes of Fermanagh on the summit of Cuilcagh, a magnificent mountain near Swanlinbar, on the borders of Cavan and Fermanagh; and sometimes also at a place called Sciath Gabhra or Lisnasciath, now Lisnaskea. The family was first mentioned in the Annals as early as 956 AD and have always been closely associated with the other leading septs of Ulster such as the O'Neill and the O'Donnell. They spawned several well-known branches which became septs in their own right, including Mac Manus, Mac Caffrey, Mac Hugh, and several others. The name is among the forty most common names in Ireland, among the top twenty-five in Ulster, ten in Co. Cavan, thirty in Co. Monaghan and is the single most common name in Co. Fermanagh. Maguiresbridge in Co. Fermanagh (Irish: Droichead Mhig Uidhir) takes its name from the family. In the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), Hugh Maguire, the Lord of Fermanagh, took the rebels' side, while his subordinate kinsman Connor Roe Maguire of Magherastephana sought to displace him and was nicknamed "the Queen's Maguire" for his support of Queen Elizabeth's forces. Connor was granted the whole of Maguire's Country (Fermanagh) by letters patent in 1601, but this was disregarded by the Plantation of Ulster in 1609, which granted him only twelve thousand acres of the barony of Magherastephana. Connor's son Bryan was made Baron Maguire of Enniskillen in 1627; Bryan's son Connor, 2nd Baron supported the Confederate Ireland rebellion of the 1640s and was executed and attainted in 1645. During translation in the Ulster Plantation, various English translations of the original Mag Uidhir appeared, including Mc Guire, Maguire, Mac Guire and McGuire. In South West Donegal, the name is re-translated into Gaelic as Mac Guibhir. An unusual version is Meguiar, an American spelling best known from "Meguiar's Wax." Enniskillen Castle was the medieval seat of the McGuire (Maguidhir), chieftains of Fermanagh, who policed the lough with a private navy of 1,500 boats. Nearby is Maguiresbridge. At the castle, the King got wind of a large army that had been sent to attack. Fearing the loss of all his clan, he sent half of his people to the northwest of Scotland, who adopted the surname of MacQuarrie. The Maguire clan motto is "Justitia et Fortitudo Invincibilia Sunt", which is Latin for "Justice and Fortitude Are Invincible". People Maguire Andrew Maguire (born 1939), American politician and former member of U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey Baron Maguire, Two Barons Maguire of Enniskillen in the Peerage of Ireland Bassett Maguire (1904–1991), American botanist Bernard A. Maguire (1818–1886), American Jesuit and president of Georgetown University Father Bob Maguire (born c. 1935), Australian priest and community worker; awarded the Order of Australia 1989 Cathy Maguire, Irish singer-songwriter, TV personality from Dundalk, Co Louth. Charles A. Maguire (1876–1949), Canadian politician; mayor of Toronto 1922–1923 Chris Maguire (born 1989), Scottish footballer Clare Maguire (born 15 September 1987), British singer-songwriter Connor Maguire, 2nd Baron of Enniskillen, Irish rebel of 1641 Darragh Maguire (born 1976), Irish footballer Donna Maguire (born 1967), Provisional IRA member Eleanor Maguire, Irish neuropsychologist Emily Maguire (disambiguation), multiple people Frank Maguire (1929–1981), Northern Ireland politician and MP Gavin Maguire (born 1967), Welsh footballer George Maguire (born 1990), Olivier Award-winning English actor George Maguire (1796–1882), Irish-American mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, USA Gerard Maguire (born 1945), Australian actor Gregory Maguire (born 1954), American author Harold Maguire (1912–2001), Director-General of Intelligence at the British Ministry of Defence Harry Maguire (born 1993), English footballer Harry Maguire (sailor), (born 1928), Irish Olympian Hugh Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh) (died 1600), Lord of Fermanagh in Ireland during the reign of Elizabeth Hugh Maguire (violinist) (1927–2013), Irish violinist Jack Maguire (baseball) (1925–2001), American baseball player James G. Maguire (1853–1920), American politician; U.S. representative from California Jeff Maguire (born 1952), American film screenwriter John A. Maguire (1870–1939), American politician from Nebraska John Aloysius Maguire (1851–1920), Catholic Archbishop of Glasgow, Scotland John Norman Maguire (born 1956), Australian cricketer John Maguire (disambiguation), multiple people Jon Maguire, songwriter and producer Joseph Maguire (contemporary), U.S. Navy rear admiral, Commander of the Naval Special Warfare Command Joseph Francis Maguire (1919–2014), American Catholic bishop Josh Maguire (born 1980), Australian soccer player Kathleen Maguire 1925–1989), American actress Kathleen McGuire (born 1965), Australian-American musician (conductor, composer, educator) Kevin Maguire (born 1960), American comic book artist Kristin Maguire, American politician and former chairman of the South Carolina State Board of Education Larry Maguire (born 1949), Canadian politician and activist farmer in Manitoba; representative in the Manitoba legislature Leona Maguire (born 1994), Irish golfer, twin of Lisa. Lisa Maguire (born 1994), Irish golfer, twin of Leona. Luke Maguire (born 1999), Irish Boxer, Elite Irish Boxer. Máiread Corrigan-Maguire (born 1944), Northern Irish peace activist Marian Maguire (born 1962), New Zealand lithographer Martie Maguire (born 1969), American country music songwriter and singer; founding member of the Dixie Chicks Mary Maguire (1919–1974), born Hélène Teresa Maguire, Australian actress Matt Maguire (born 1984), Australian rules footballer Michael Maguire (disambiguation), multiple people Paul Maguire (born 1938), American football player and sportscaster Peter J. McGuire (1852–1906), American labor leader Robert Maguire (1921–2005), American illustrator Sam Maguire (1879–1927), Irish republican and Gaelic footballer; eponym of the Sam Maguire Cup Sarah Maguire (1957–2017), British poet Sharon Maguire (born 1960), British film maker Stephen Maguire (born 1981), Scottish professional snooker player Steve Maguire (contemporary), American software engineer and author Thomas Herbert Maguire (1821–1895) was an English artist and engraver Tobey Maguire (born 1975), American actor; best known for Spider-Man Tom Maguire (1892–1993), Irish republican, commandant-general in the IRA McGuire Al McGuire (1928–2001), American college basketball coach & Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Anne McGuire (born 1949), Scottish politician; MP for Stirling Annie McGuire, Scottish broadcaster and talk-show presenter Barry McGuire (born 1935), American singer and songwriter Barry McGuire (born 1964), Louisiana author, painter and songwriter "Tales from Houma" Bill McGuire (volcanologist), English professor of volcanology Billy and Benny McCrary, Guinness World Record holders for "World's Heaviest Twins" Brian McGuire (1945–1977), Australian race-car driver Bruce McGuire (born 1962), Australian rugby league player Casey McGuire (born 1980), Australian rugby league player Danny McGuire (born 1982), English rugby league player Deacon McGuire (1863–1936), American professional baseball player, manager, and coach Deck McGuire (born 1989), American professional baseball player Dennis McGuire (disambiguation), multiple people Dick McGuire (1926–2010), American professional basketball player and coach Dominic McGuire, American professional basketball player Dorothy McGuire (1916–2001), American actress Eddie McGuire (born 1964), Australian television journalist, sportscaster, and game show host Edith McGuire (born 1944), American Olympic athlete in sprinting events in the 1964 Olympics Edward McGuire (composer) (born 1948), Scottish composer Elijah McGuire (born 1994), American football player Frank McGuire (1916–1994), American college basketball coach Fred Henry McGuire, American Medal of Honor recipient Gary McGuire (born 1938), English footballer Hunter McGuire (1835–1900), American physician, teacher, and orator Kathryn McGuire (1903–1978), American silent film actress and dancer Kristen McGuire, American voice actress James McGuire (VC) (1827–1862), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross James Kennedy McGuire (1868–1923), American politician; mayor of Syracuse, New York Jim McGuire (baseball coach), American college baseball coach Joe McGuire (born 1944), Canadian politician; MP from Prince Edward Island John McGuire (disambiguation), multiple people Josh McGuire (born 1990), Australian Rugby League player Maeve McGuire (born 1937), American soap opera actress Melanie McGuire (born 1972), American criminal who murdered her husband, dismembered his body and put it into suitcases The McGuire Sisters (Christine, Dorothy, Phyllis), American singers (biological sisters) Michael McGuire (disambiguation), multiple people Molly McGuire, Canadian-American singer and songwriter Nathan McGuire (born 2003), Irish cricketer Patrick McGuire (disambiguation), multiple people Patti McGuire (born 1951), American model; Playboy Playmate of the Year 1977 Paul McGuire (disambiguation), multiple people Peter J. McGuire (1852–1906), American labor leader; important figure in the AFL Phil McGuire (field hockey) (born 1970), British former field hockey player Phil McGuire (footballer) (born 1980), Scottish footballer Pierre McGuire (born 1961), American ice hockey analyst and sports commentator Reba Rambo-McGuire, Christian singer and songwriter Reese McGuire, American baseball player Roger A. McGuire (1943–2005), American ambassador Thomas McGuire (1920–1945), American WWII flying ace; eponym of McGuire AFB Victor McGuire, English actor William Anthony McGuire, Academy Award-winning American screenwriter and dramatist William W. McGuire, American physician; former CEO of UnitedHealth Group Fictional people Bren McGuire, player character from the Turrican video game series Father Dougal McGuire, character in the television series Father Ted Edward McGuire (economist), persona of comedian Charles Firth (comedian) of Australia Frankie McGuire, character from The Devil's Own Jerry Maguire, titular character from the 1996 film of the same name Lizzie McGuire, title character of the TV series Dr. Jack McGuire, character in the television series Doogie Howser Rachel McGuire, character from Boy Meets World Sean MacGuire, character from the video game Red Dead Redemption 2 McGwire Two American sportspeople, fellow-siblings: Mark McGwire (born 1963), baseball player Dan McGwire (born 1967), football player Kings of Fermanagh See also County Fermanagh Clan MacQuarrie Johann Sigismund Macquire von Inniskillen References Bibliography External links Official website of Clan Maguire at Clan Maguire Mag-Uidhir at Family Tree DNA Maguires of Fermanagh at Library Ireland Maguire family pedigree at Library Ireland Cormac to Oirghiallaigh Magh Uidhir by Jim Maguire Report on the Pedigree of Terence Maguire by Sean Murphy The Maguires of Fermanagh Surnames of Irish origin Anglicised Irish-language surnames English-language surnames County Fermanagh History of County Fermanagh Ancient Irish dynasties Irish families

54258824

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Seely

Bob Seely

Robert William Henry Seely (born 1 June 1966), known as Bob Seely, is a British Conservative Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Isle of Wight since June 2017. He was re-elected at the general election in December 2019 with an increased vote and majority. Early life and career Seely was educated in North London at Arnold House School and Harrow School, and studied at King's College London. Military As a sergeant in the British Army, he was awarded a Joint Commanders Commendation in 2009 for his tour of Iraq and a Military MBE in the 2016 Operational Awards and Honours List whilst serving in the Intelligence Corps. He also served extensively in Afghanistan. Academia Seely has been a research associate at the Changing Character of War Programme at the University of Oxford. He has contributed to the King's College War Studies blog, Oxford Politics Department blog, The Washington Post's social sciences blog, Prospect magazine and RUSI Journal, published by the Royal United Services Institute. Political career Seely's political career began as a personal assistant to Shaun Woodward, until Woodward's defection to the Labour Party in 1999. Following this he worked at Conservative Central Office as an adviser of foreign affairs to Michael Howard, Francis Maude and Sir Malcolm Rifkind. Elections In 2005, Seely stood at the Broxtowe constituency but lost to the sitting Labour MP Nick Palmer by 2,296 votes. In 2013, he was elected for the Central Wight ward on the Isle of Wight Council for the Conservatives, and retained the seat in 2017. After the decision by sitting Conservative MP Andrew Turner to stand down at the 2017 general election, Seely was selected as the candidate for the Isle of Wight seat and gained 38,190 votes, which was 51.3% of the vote. During his campaign, he suggested that were he to be elected, he would campaign for improvements to the Island Line rail network. He resigned as a county Councillor in late 2017. In Parliament In his maiden speech, he called for a better deal for the Isle of Wight from Government. The "They Work For You" website describes Seely as "an occasional rebel". Seely has voted against Government over the 10pm Covid curfew, and was one of the leaders of the Huawei rebellion in March 2020 that forced a change of direction in Government policy. He also campaigned for the Government to make changes to proposed housing and planning laws, to improve the provision of affordable housing and to prevent greenfield sprawl. Seely voted in favour of the Police Crime Sentencing and Courts Bill at the second debate on 16 March 2021. The Bill was considered controversial in media reports, in part due to the perceived restrictions it would place on protests and protestors. Seely was subsequently criticised in local media coverage. Reference was made to his support for the Bill in light of his track-record in supporting protests in Hong Kong concerning the Chinese government. Seely's first vote as a Member of Parliament took place on 28 June 2017, where he voted against removing the pay cap for police and fire services. This was deemed controversial by some following his comments during his election campaign where he praised the emergency services following the fire at Grenfell Tower. On 12 July 2017 Seely established the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for UK Islands, to promote the interests of islands around the UK. The APPG aimed to encourage MPs and Peers from all political parties to join together to lobby government for their respective islands. In October 2018 a BBC article revealed Bob Seely had accepted two free overseas trips abroad costing £4,410, which included a trip to Bahrain paid for by its government. Seely was appointed the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Ministerial team at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in January 2019. On 16 July 2019 Seely resigned from this position following his decision to vote against Government over HS2. On 31 May 2019, Seely wrote an article for CapX stating that he was supporting Michael Gove in his bid to become leader of the Conservative Party. In the 2019 general election, Seely was re-elected with 56.2% of the votes cast. Committees and foreign affairs In February 2018, he was elected by his Conservative colleagues to sit on the cross-party Foreign Affairs Select Committee, whose remit is to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). In July 2018 Seely was elected to the Committees on Arms Export Controls. In September 2018, in an article for ConservativeHome, Seely outlined the 10 measures the Security Minister Ben Wallace should consider in order to respond to and deter the "subversive activities of Russia". These included: creating a small, permanent multi-agency group to understand and expose foreign subversive activities, introduce a UK Foreign Agents Act to ensure PR agencies, reputation management firms and others who work as agents for foreign states are listed as such, changes to the UK visa regime, strengthen OFCOM powers and a Royal Commission to understand the threat to our electoral system by cyber infiltration and fake news. In October 2018, Seely hosted a press conference in parliament, in conjunction with the online investigative journalist website Bellingcat, to announce the identity of the second Skripal assassin suspect. Seely placed Eliot Higgins, the founder of Bellingcat, in the neoconservative Henry Jackson Society, where Mark Urban, who was working with Skripal up to a year before his poisoning, Sir Richard Dearlove, the ex-head of the British MI6, leaders of the Atlantic Council and James Woolsey, the former director of the CIA, congregate. He writes for the online sites ConservativeHome, CapX and the Spectator online on foreign affairs. Island Manifesto Seely's manifesto, A Vision for the Island, was published a year after he entered parliament, in July 2018. In it, Seely set out how he believed that the Isle of Wight should develop over the coming decades, and covers areas such as housing, transport, health and education. Seely commented: "I offer a vision of what we should aim to achieve to make our Island even better. My role is often to support others, to make connections in Westminster and Whitehall – and to bring people together". Global Britain Study On 11 February 2019, Seely co-authored a report on British foreign policy, post-Brexit, Global Britain: A Twenty-First Century Vision. In it, Seely and co-author James Rogers recommended a restructuring of overseas policy. The recommendations were: Establish a National Strategy Council to oversee a National Global Strategy to better integrate the work of the FCO and MoD, among other parts of government. Integrate the Department of International trade and the Department for International Development into the FCO as agencies to improve integration in Whitehall. Structure British global policy around the promotion of three great, fundamental freedoms: Freedom for Trade, Freedom from Oppression, and Freedom of Thought. Strengthen greater cooperation with Australia, Canada and New Zealand (the so-called "CANZUK" group). Champion the international order by greater investment in the United Nations. Redefine the definition of international aid to allow the UK to fund an expanded BBC World Service and all Ministry of Defence peacekeeping operations. Russian Hybrid Warfare In a June 2018, Seely produced once of the few comprehensive definitions of Russian hybrid war, in a paper entitled: "A Definition of Contemporary Russian Conflict: how does the Kremlin Wage War?" The peer reviewed paper was produced by the Henry Jackson Society and presented in an event in the House of Commons on 4 June. Seely used the term "Contemporary Russian Conflict" to describe both the overt and covert forms of influence used by the Kremlin. He described modern Russian conflict as "a sophisticated and integrated form of state influence closely linked to political objectives. It has, at its core, the KGB toolkit of 'Active Measures' – political warfare – around which has been wrapped a full spectrum of state tools." Investigation into Huawei On 16 May 2019, Seely co-authored, with Peter Varnish and John Hemmings, an investigation into the Chinese tech giant Huawei and its possible role in the development of 5G. The report, published by the Henry Jackson Society, recommended barring Huawei from involvement in the UK's 5G infrastructure network. The report was endorsed by both Sir Richard Dearlove and former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull. The investigation concluded: Huawei was subordinate to China's 2017 National Intelligence Law and was obliged to assist China's intelligence agencies in operations, research and development. Despite claims to the contrary, it would be likely to be compelled to act in Beijing's interests by the CCP leadership. Huawei's claims to be a private company are highly problematic, as it is 98% owned by a trade union committee. Huawei acts like – and is treated like – a state-owned enterprise by Chinese state- banks. Huawei has on many occasions been accused of having an active or passive role in espionage and has worked with Chinese security forces in Xinjiang province, where many individuals are under surveillance or in re-education camps. Huawei should be treated as a high-risk vendor. Surkov Leaks Report In July 2019, Seely co-authored, with Aliya Shandra, a report into Surkov Leaks. "Breaking the China Supply Chain" report Seely contributed to an April 2020 study examining the strategic trade dependency on China of the "Five Eyes" group of nations. The report coincided with a letter written by Seely and a group of UK Conservative MPs to request the Government be legally required to update Parliament annually on the UK's strategic trade dependency on China and potentially other nations. The letter — which cited the Henry Jackson Society report — was signed by 21 MPs. Coronavirus pandemic In early May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government announced that a contact-tracing app would be trialled on the Isle of Wight, a move for which Seely had lobbied Government. Prior to the lockdown, Seely had warned ministers to ensure the emergency supply to the island, and threatened to amend legislation unless the Government acted. Shortly after, the Department of Transport, the Isle of Wight Council and the IOW Transport Infrastructure Board, announced an emergency package to support the island. Tens of thousands of people downloaded the app in the initial period, some of whom were off-island. Seely believed that after three weeks or so of the app's use on the island, approximately 55,000 islanders had downloaded it out of 80,000 who were able to do so, equating to a rate of about 70 percent. In a subsequent article on Conservative Home, Seely argued that working with central Government to pilot national schemes was the best way to ensure the Isle of Wight was able to be at the cutting edge of innovative tech to improve its quality of life, especially in healthcare. He cited the use of drones to supply St Mary's Hospital and money for the island's telemedicine project. On 22 May 2020, Seely and his then girlfriend (Iona Stewart-Richardson, a reporter for Isle of Wight Radio) attended a gathering in the village of Seaview to speak to Freddy Gray, deputy editor of The Spectator. By attending, Seely breached social distancing restrictions. He stated that he had gone to speak to Gray regarding his article about the app. Seely apologised two weeks later, saying that "I called this wrong" and that he "only had half a sausage" whilst in the garden and did not enter the house. On 11 June 2020, The Times quoted Seely in a report that the NHS app may have had a role in suppressing the virus on the Isle of Wight. Seely told his local County Press newspaper that the analysis needed more research to ensure its accuracy. "In blunt terms", he said, "this is the best evidence we may get that the app saved lives of Islanders". On the same day, Seely spoke on a House of Commons debate on zoos, welcoming their reopening following the COVID-19 lockdown, and urging the UK Government to support zoos and animal sanctuaries on the island. Sinophobia allegations In May 2020, Seely was involved in a Sinophobia allegation against fellow Conservative MP Anne Marie Trevelyan. Trevelyan had posted a WhatsApp message of a split fortune cookie, saying "You not have coronavirus", captioned "Just received my Covid-19 rapid test kit from China. Soooooo relieved!", with a follow-up message of "Just for Bob" and a winking emoji. "Bob" referred to Seely, and was in allusion to his campaign against the Chinese tech company Huawei. Seely responded by sending a love heart and smiling emoji. Labour MP Sarah Owen (who is of Chinese descent) accused Trevelyan of Sinophobia, and of employing a style of humour that was "left in the 1970s". Trevelyan apologised, saying that she had not intended to cause offence; while Seely commented that "It was a well-meaning joke at my expense and I didn't think anything of it". Personal life Seely was born to an English father and German mother, and was educated in London at Arnold House School and Harrow. He comes from a family long involved in politics. His great-great-uncle, J. E. B. Seely (later created 1st Baron Mottistone), was MP for the Isle of Wight between 1900 and 1906 and again between 1923 and 1924. In 1995 Seely was briefly married to Nata Rashimas. He is a keen swimmer and has swum the Solent twice for charity, most recently in August 2018 to raise funds for the West Wight Sports and Community Centre. In July 2018 Seely took part in the parade for Isle of Wight Pride, where he was joined by Conchita Wurst. In an interview with Pink News following the event, Seely stated that he felt that "for dictators, gays are the new Jews". On 30 December 2018 Seely wrote an article for Conservative Home expressing his concern over the Chinese state ownership of the dating app Grindr. He said that the Chinese state were very likely to have access to highly sensitive sexual information relating to over 3 million people who used the dating app daily. Seely is a guitar player and in an article in PoliticsHome in March 2019 was noted as having an acoustic guitar on hand to play whilst in his Westminster office. In the same article Seely was quoted as saying that "representing the island is like being married to the right woman". Bibliography War and Humanitarian Action in Chechnya (Occasional paper) (Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, 1996) Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace (Soviet Russian Military Experience) (Routledge, 2001) See also Politics of the Isle of Wight Honours References External links Bob Seely Official site 1966 births Living people Alumni of King's College London British Army personnel of the Iraq War British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies English people of German descent Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight People educated at Harrow School Seely family UK MPs 2017–2019 UK MPs 2019–present

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Bulacan%20massacre

2017 Bulacan massacre

The 2017 Bulacan massacre is a massacre that happened on June 27, 2017, in which the assailants killed 5 members of a family inside their home in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, Philippines. The authorities listed five persons of interest involved in the massacre. Within two weeks after the incident, three of the five persons of interests have been killed by unknown assailants within different areas in Bulacan. Incident On June 27, 2017, according to the authorities, a security guard named Dexter Carlos found that, upon arriving at his house at 8:45 a.m. (PST), his five members of the family were dead inside his house at Block 1, Lot 8, North Ridge Royal Subdivision in Barangay Santo Cristo, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. Carlos's mother-in-law Auring Dizon and his wife Estrella were sexually abused by the assailants and sustained 32 and 45 stab wounds respectively. Three children with stab wounds were found in different areas of the house. Suspects and investigation On June 29, a construction worker named Carmelino Ibañez, who confessed his involvement in the crime, was arrested by the authorities. According to the authorities, Ibañez said that he was alone when he did the crime. He also said that he was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the incident. Ibañez broke the padlock of the door at the back of the house to get inside. However, on July 5, Ibañez retracted the statement, saying that "he was tortured by police to confess to the crime. Before that, he said that, fearing of his safety, he voluntarily surrendered to the police. Four days prior, despite the admission that he was "high" on drugs, the Philippine National Police (PNP) stated that "may have turned out negative because he took a low-grade variant or a small quantity of shabu". Three of the persons of the interest involved in the incident have been killed within two weeks after the massacre, in style of vigilante killings with writings on the cardboard strapped on the body (typically used during the war on drugs), saying that they are considered "rapist". On July 4, Rolando Pacinos (alias: "Inggo") found dead in San Jose del Monte. Pacinos sustained five stab wounds and his four fingers were missing. On July 5, assailants broke into the house, also in San Jose del Monte, of Rosevelt Somera (alias: "Ponga") and shot him dead in front of his family. On morning of July 8, a third person named Anthony Garcia found dead, who had been shot by an unidentified assailant and whose body was dumped on a roadside. However, Alvin Mabesa was still missing. President Rodrigo Duterte visited the wake on July 4. According to the police laboratory report, the blood sample taken from one of the victims in the massacre had matched the DNA of Ibañez. In popular culture The case was featured on GMA Network's investigative docudrama program Imbestigador in an episode entitled "Bulacan Massacre". Dexter Carlos was portrayed by Gabby Eigenmann, while Estrella Carlos portrayed by Winwyn Marquez, and Carmelino Ibañez portrayed by Kiko Estrada References 2017 in the Philippines Massacres in 2017 Massacres in the Philippines San Jose del Monte June 2017 crimes in Asia Philippines Crimes 2010s murders in the Philippines Mass murder in 2017 Family murders

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20propagation%20of%20Salafism%20and%20Wahhabism%20by%20region

International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region

Following the embargo by Arab oil exporters during the Israeli-Arab October 1973 War and the vast increase in petroleum export revenue that followed, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunni Islam favored by the conservative oil-exporting Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf monarchies achieved a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam." The Saudi interpretation of Islam not only includes Salafiyya (often referred by outsiders as "Wahhabism") but also Islamist/revivalist Islam, and a "hybrid" of the two interpretations (until 1990s). From 1982 to 2005 (the reign of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia), over $75 billion is estimated to have been spent in efforts to spread Salafiyya Islam. The money was used to established 200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, and 2000 schools for Muslim children in Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries. The schools were "fundamentalist" in outlook and formed a network "from Sudan to northern Pakistan". By 2000 Saudi Arabia had also distributed 138 million copies of the Quran worldwide. In the 1980s, religious attaches in the Kingdom's ~70 embassies around the world worked to "get new mosques built in their countries and to persuade existing mosques to propagate the dawah salafiyya". The Saudi Arabian government funds a number of international organizations to spread fundamentalist Islam, including the Muslim World League, the World Assembly of Muslim Youth, the International Islamic Relief Organization, and various royal charities. Supporting proselytizing or preaching of Islam (da'wah), has been called "a religious requirement" for Saudi rulers that cannot be abandoned "without losing their domestic legitimacy" as protectors and propagators of Islam. In the words of journalist Scott Shane, "when Saudi imams arrived in Muslim countries in Asia or Africa, or in Muslim communities in Europe or the Americas, wearing traditional Arabian robes, speaking the language of the Quran — and carrying a generous checkbook — they had automatic credibility." In addition to the Salafi interpretation of Islam, other strict and conservative interpretations of Sunni Islam directly or indirectly assisted by funds from Saudi Arabia and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf include those of Islamist organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami. Salafism and forms of Islamism are said to have formed a "joint venture", sharing a strong "revulsion" against Western influences, a belief in strict implementation of injunctions and prohibitions of sharia law, an opposition to both Shiism and popular Islamic religious practices (the cult of `saints`), and a belief in the importance of armed jihad. Later the two movements are said to have been "fused", or formed a "hybrid", particularly as a result of the Afghan jihad of the 1980s against the Soviet Union, and resulted in the training and equipping of thousands of Muslims to fight against Soviets and their Afghan allies in Afghanistan in the 1980s. (The alliance was not permanent and the Muslim Brotherhood and Osama bin Laden broke with Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. Revivalist groups also disagreed among themselves -- Salafi Jihadi groups differing with the less extreme Muslim Brotherhood, for example.) The funding has been criticized for promoting an intolerant, fanatical form of Islam that allegedly helped to breed radicalism. The volunteers mobilized to fight in Afghanistan (such as Osama bin Laden) who became "exultant" at their success against the Soviet superpower, went on to fight Jihad against Muslim governments and civilians in other countries. Western Europe Belgium According to Hind Fraihi, a Moroccan-Belgian journalist, Saudi-trained imams and literature from Saudi Arabia glorifying jihad and advocating Islam versus non-Muslims thinking was “part of the cocktail” (other factors being "economic frustration, racism, a generation that feels it has no future”) leading to the ISIL terror cell in Belgium committing terrorist acts in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016. (Altogether 162 people were killed in the attacks.) . In the capital Brussels, as of 2016, 95 percent of the courses offered on Islam for Muslims used preachers trained in Saudi Arabia, according to European Network Against Racism. In February 2017 the Belgium Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis (OCAD/OCAM, which evaluates terrorist and extremist threats in and to Belgium) voiced concerns over the spread of Saudi-backed Salafism in Belgium and the rest of Europe, stating “An increasing number of mosques and Islamic centres in Belgium are controlled by Wahhabism. This is the Salafist missionary apparatus.” Finland A 2017 proposal to construct a large mosque in Helsinki to "unite all Finnish Muslims", has met with resistance from among others the incoming mayor of the capital (Jan Vapaavuori). This was because it is being funded by Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and may introduce "Sunni-Shia hate politics into Finland", as both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are Sunni ruled and have cracked down on Shia protestors. Germany The German government has expressed concern that religious organizations from the Middle East may be supporting German Salafists through the construction of mosques, training facilities, and the utilization of radical preachers. A large number of radical mosques in Germany have reportedly been funded by Saudi investors. Angela Merkel has raised this matter directly with the Saudis. Iceland In Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland where plans to build a new, larger mosque had been underway for more than a decade, there has been controversy over funding of the mosque. Following the 2015 Paris terror attacks, the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson announced that he was "shocked to the point of paralysis" to learn from Saudi Arabian Ambassador, that Saudi Arabia planned to donate $1 million to the building of a mosque. Grímsson expressed concern that Saudi Arabian financing of the mosque would fuel radical Islam in Iceland. United Kingdom According to a report by Anthony Glees, extremist ideas being spread allow with donations from Saudi and Arab Muslim sources to British universities. Eight universities, "including Oxford and Cambridge", accepted "more than £233.5 million from Saudi and Muslim sources" from 1995 to 2008, "with much of the money going to Islamic study centres". A 2012 article in Arab News reportedOver the past decade, Saudi Arabia has been the largest source of donations from Islamic states and royal families to British universities, much of which is devoted to the study of Islam, the Middle East and Arabic literature. A large share of this money went toward establishing Islamic study centers. In 2008, Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal donated £8 million (SR 48.5 million) each to Cambridge and Edinburgh for this purpose, Al Eqtisadiah business daily reported yesterday. Oxford has been the largest British beneficiary of Saudi support. In 2005, Prince Sultan, the late crown prince, gave £2 million (SR 12 million) to the Ashmolean Museum. In 2001, the King Abdul Aziz Foundation gave £1 million (SR 6.1 million) to the Middle East Center. There are many other donors. Oxford's £75 million (SR 454.6 million) Islamic Studies Center was supported by 12 Muslim countries. Ruler of Oman, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, gave £3.1 million (SR 18.8 million) to Cambridge to fund two posts, including a chair of Arabic. Ruler of Sharjah [in the UAE], Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, has supported Exeter's Islamic studies center with more than £5 million (SR 30 million) since 2001. Trinity Saint David, part of the University of Wales, has received donations from the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. In June 2017, following the London Bridge terror attack, opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn stated that the "difficult conversations" Prime Minister Theresa May called for should start with "Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states that have funded and fuelled extremist ideology". A July 2017 report by the Henry Jackson Society, commissioned by the government of the UK, stated that Middle Eastern nations are providing financial support to mosques and Islamic educational institutions, which have been linked to the spread of extremist material with "an illiberal, bigoted Wahhabi ideology". The report said that the number of Salafi mosques in Britain had increased from 68 in 2007 to 110 in 2014. Eastern Europe/Balkans Historically parts of the Balkans were introduced to Islam while under the domination of the Sufi-led Ottoman Empire and have majority or large minority Muslim populations. The fall of Communism and breakup of Yugoslavia, provided an opportunity for international Islamic charities to Islamization (or re-Islamization) people who had been living under an irreligious Communist government. Islamic charities—often with the backing of oil-rich Gulf kingdoms—built mosques and madrassas in Albania and other Balkan countries. In Bosnia, Salafism is getting established particularly in the remote villages. Albania A Muslim-majority country, Albania had been under anti-clerical communist control for 45 years when the Eastern bloc fell in 1991. The pro-Islamic Democratic Party was elected to power in 1992, and the government of Sali Berisha "turned to Saudi Arabia for financial support," and for assistance in "re-Islamizing" the country. Thirty NGOs and Islamic associations worked toward re-Islamization of Albania, including thirteen of the organizations formed a `Coordination Council of Arab Foundations.` Saudi Arabia sponsored `Al Haramein` and `Musafaq` (which were based in Britain) foundations which "vied" with Islamic organizations from Libya, Sudan, Iran and Turkey in "instumentalization of humanitarian aid as a means of proselytization." At least the Saudi and Sunni Islamist groups preached for creation of an Islamic society influenced by Salafiyya doctrines. Saudi NGOs built 200 mosques and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia donated one million copies of an Albanian-language version of the Quran. According to Olivier Roy and Antoine Sfeir, the "organized project undertaken by preachers and Islamic NGOs" was to "expunge indigenous Albanian ideas about Islam, before replacing it with a version of the faith more in conformity with the Wahhabi model. ... Islam in its most radical form was taught as the only true faith, while tolerance was seen as an indication of weakness. ... Hatred of the West was raised to the status of a creed." One of the first Islamists to come to Albania was Muhammad al Zawahiri, (the brother of Ayman al Zawahiri, the leader of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad movement and Osama Bin Laden's key lieutenant) as an accountant for the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO). (Unbeknownst to Albanians, in addition to helping with relief and spreading correct Islam, IIRO was charged with the task of helping other members of Islamic Jihad find jobs within "charitable organizations building mosques, orphanages and clinics." By the mid-1980s, the Tirana cell of Islamic Jihad numbered 16 members, including a specialist in false identity documents, a recruit wanted on suspicion of involvement in the attempted assassination. This was later exposed during an investigation carried out by the American and Albanian secret services, In June 1998 three Egyptian Islamist accused of terrorist activities were arrested in Albania, with further arrests in September after the 1998 United States embassy bombings. ) How successful the proselytizing has been is unclear. Roy and Sfeir believe that with NGO work in the 1990s "Islamists gained an important foothold", however, a 2012 Pew Research study found that only 15% of Muslims surveyed considered religion "a very important factor" in their lives—the lowest percentage in the world amongst countries with significant Muslim populations. Bosnia During the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (where the approximately 43% of the population that was Muslim formed the largest religious group) received aid from Saudi groups — International Islamic Relief Organization, Saudi High Commission for Relief, Muwaffaq Foundations — as well as from non-Saudi Islamic groups. A 1996 report by the CIA stated that "all of the major and most of the minor Islamic charities are significant players in the former Yugoslavia", particularly in aiding Bosnian Muslims, delivering food, clothing, and medicine; supporting orphanages, schools, hospitals, agricultural, and refugee camps; and constructing housing, infrastructure. According to the Saudi Embassy to the US, the Saudi Joint Committee for Collection of Donations for Bosnia donated $500 million in aid to Muslims for medical care, refugee camps, education during the Bosnian War, and later reconstruction projects for mosques and religious schools. In just one year (1994) Saudi nationals alone gave $150 million through Islamic NGOs for aid to Bosnia. However, a "growing body of reporting indicates that some of these charities are being used to aid Islamic extremist groups that engage in terrorism." Aid to the local Bosnian Islamist party (the SDA) gave it leverage to undermined competing local secular and more traditional Muslim groups. The SDA prohibited consumption of alcohol and pork, "brought Muslim religious instruction into the schools, opened up prayer rooms, and used the leverage of its distribution of aid to pressurize the population to adopt Muslim names, to wear the veil, and grow beards." A 1992 conference on the protection of human rights in Bosnia brought together representatives from 30 Muslims countries. It passed resolutions declaring "without ambiguity that the aim of the Bosnian conflict was the extermination of Bosnia's Muslims." "Afghan Arab" veterans fighting Serbs in Bosnia as volunteers took upon themselves Hisbah ("enjoin good and forbid wrong") including attempting to impose the veil on women and the beard on men. In addition they engaged in causing disturbances in the ceremonies of [Sufi] brotherhoods they deemed to be deviant, .... smashing up cafes, and ... [organizing] sharia marriages to Bosnian girls that were not declared to the civil authorities. Rather than spreading strict Islamic practice, these activities were so unpopular with the Bosnian public and media they were condemned by the SDA. According to Gilles Kepel, as of 2003, the only thing left of their presence were "a few naturalized Arab subjects married to Bosnian women." From the end of the Bosnian War to 2007, Saudi-financed organizations spent about $700 million in Bosnia, "often in mosques", according to analysts quoted by the New York Times. "More than half a dozen new madrasas", (religious secondary schools), have been built throughout the country, as have dozens of mosques. In the capital and largest city Sarajevo, Saudi Arabia financed the King Fahd Mosque, a $28 million complex including a sports and cultural center. According to a former Bosnian intelligence agent (Goran Kovacevic) interviewed by a public television network in the US, (PBS), the mosque is well financed and "the most radical mosque in the whole Bosnia-Herzegovina. ... All those guys that actually performed some kind of terrorist activity in Bosnia-Herzegovina were part of that mosque". In October 2008, eight people were injured when men in hoods attacked participants at a gay festival in Sarajevo, dragging some people from vehicles and beating others while they chanted, “Kill the gays!” and “Allahu Akbar!” Salafi charity organizations also physically influenced Bosnian religious culture following the war. Saudis have helped restore some of the hundreds of mosques and monuments Serb nationalist forces destroyed during the war. While this assistance was badly needed and greatly helpful to thepersecuted Bosniaks, it involved removing the Islamic calligraphy that adorned many Balkan Muslim tombstones, which Salafis considered idolatrous and unIslamic. Critics complain that the graveyards were "often all that was left" of the local Bosnian heritage. Kosovo One country where Saudi Arabia has been particularly successful in spreading conservative Salafism where once Sufi local Islamic beliefs held sway is Kosovo. Following the NATO bombing campaign of 1999 that helped Muslim Kosovo gain independence from Orthodox Christian Serbia, the Saudi government and private sources began to provide aid. Saudi citizens donated $20 million to Kosovo in cash as well as food and medical supplies, and the Saudi Red Crescent sent medical volunteers. The Saudi Joint Committee for Collection of Donations for Kosovo and Chechnya sent $45 million for humanitarian relief services (medical care, refugee camps, education, and later reconstruction of mosques and schools) to Kosovo according to the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in the US. 240 mosques have been built in Kosovo since the 1999 war. The Saudi Joint Committee for Relief of Kosovo and Chechnya built approximately 100 mosques in rural areas, some with Quranic schools adjacent, and sent 388 foreign teachers to spread "their interpretations of Islam". Saudi-sponsored charities sponsored education, classes not only in religion but English and computers, often paying salaries and overhead costs. Families were given monthly stipends. All this was appreciated in the "poor and war ravaged" country but local Kosovar imams complained that stipends were given "on the condition that they attended sermons in the mosque and that women and girls wore the veil". “People were so needy, there was no one who did not join,” according to one Kosovo politician (Ajnishahe Halimi). According to a critical article by journalist Carlotta Gall, corps of extremist clerics and secretive associations funded by Saudi Arabia and other conservative Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region using an obscure, labyrinthine network of donations from charities, private individuals and government ministries ... [They] transformed this once-tolerant Muslim society at the hem of Europe into a font of Islamic extremism and a pipeline for jihadists. Conservatives came to dominate the Islamic Community of Kosovo, the national Islamic organization. Part of the Salafi influence can be found in more conservative practices, such as the refusal by some women to shake hands with or talk to male relatives. But threats — or acts — of violence against academics, journalists and politicians have also occurred. One imam in the city of Gjilan, Enver Rexhepi, was "abducted and savagely beaten by masked men" in 2004 after clashing with a Saudi trained student (Zekirja Qazimi) over whether to continue the long-standing practice of displaying the Albanian flag in his (Rexhepi's) mosque. (Qazimi believed the depiction of the dragon on the flag idolatrous.) Kosovo also had "the highest number" of Muslims per capita of any country in Europe leave to fight for ISIL in the two years from 2014 to 2016. Kosovar police have identified 314 people who have left Kosovo to join the Islamic State, "including two suicide bombers, 44 women and 28 children". After two Muslims from Kosovo killed themselves in suicide bombings in Iraq and Turkey, Kosovo intelligence began an investigation of "sources of radicalism." The Saudi charity Al Waqf al Islami and twelve other Islamic charities were shut down, and 40 people arrested. Saudi aid has also affected the architecture of Islam in Kosovo, leading to the dismantling of centuries-old Ottoman mosques whose ornamentation was offensive to Salafism, including the Hadim Suleiman Aga mosque and Library in Djakovica, Kosovo. Among the destroyed buildings are "a historic library in Gjakova and several 400-year-old mosques, as well as shrines, graveyards and Dervish monasteries". According to Carlotta Gall, as of 2016 "Kosovo Central Bank figures show grants from Saudi Arabia averaging €100,000 a year for the past five years", a reduction from the decade earlier, (although payments can be diverted through another country" to obscure their origin and destination"). Picking up the slack in financing "hard-line" Islam have been donors in Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates — each of which average "approximately €1 million a year" in donations. Poland Although the majority Catholic country has an Islamic population of roughly only 0.1%, its indigenous Muslim population of Lipka Tatars (1,916 per 2011 census) only nominally adheres to Sunni Islam. However, together with an immigration of refugees and foreign students from Muslim majority countries, the Salafiyya movement started taking roots in the country, whilst coming in conflict with the Tatar's local practicing of the faith. A Saudi donor Shaykh Abdullatif al Fozan (ranked 51 in 2013 on the Forbes' list of richest Arabs) sponsored (4,000,000 euro) the construction of the "Center of a Muslim Culture" in Warsaw. The building is fully equipped; has a store, a restaurant, library, prayer hall and even a gym. While officially promoting (Sunni) Islam, the Center adheres to Salafi principles. Originally, it was meant to be built as a "Centre of Arabic Studies" adjacent to the University of Warsaw, but the University's staff refused the offer. Africa East Africa Saudi leaders have endeavoured to influence, trade, resources in Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia Somalia which has also resulted in a regional rivalry between Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabia and Shia Muslim Iran. According to the Guardian, spread of Salafism, is a, "key concern of the west, and of many local players as well". Sudan Sudan, a poor country with a majority Muslim Arab population whose coastline lies just across the Red Sea from the Hijaz province of Saudi Arabia, has had close relations with the kingdom since the Arab Oil Embargo. However, the dominant interpretation of Islam in Sudan was very different from that of Saudis or Muslim Brotherhood. Popular local Islam of the Sufi or mystical brotherhoods (the Ansar and the Khatmiya) who were each attached to a political party, had great influence among the masses of Muslims. Saudi funding, investment, and labor migration from Sudan has all worked over time to change that. Saudi provided funding for the Muslim Brotherhood whose local leader, Hassan al-Turabi, enjoyed "close relations" with "some of the more conservative members of the Saudi royal family". In the fall of 1977, an Islamic bank with 60% of its start up capital coming from Saudi Arabia opened a branch in Sudan. By the mid-1980s this bank (Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan) was second biggest in Sudan in terms of money held on deposit. Shortly after another similar bank (Al Baraka Bank) was founded. Both provided rewards for whose affiliated with Hassan al-Turabi's Islamist National Islamic Front—employment and wealth as a reward for young militant college graduates and low interest loans for investors and businessmen unable to find loans elsewhere. In 1983 Saudis persuaded then-President Gaafar Nimeiry to institute sharia law including interest-free Islamic banking. The traditional Sudanese banking system was abolished and afterwards any enterprise that needed capital had to be part of Turabi's network to gain access to financial markets. Over time, this has concentrated economic power in the old families from the "Three Tribes" who were loyal to the new regime"and who have "transformed themselves into Islamists." The influx of Sudanese labor migrants to Saudi as truck drivers, electricians, factory workers and sales clerks, was also significant. By 1985, according to one source, about 2/3 of the professional and skilled Sudanese workers were employed outside the Sudan, many in the Gulf States. (As of 2013 there were 900,000 Sudanese migrant workers in Saudi Arabia.) Looking at the change in religious practices of a village in northern Sudan over a five-year period from 1982 to 1988, anthropology researcher Victoria Bernal found labor migration of villagers to Saudi Arabia "were catalysts for change, stimulating the rise of `fundamentalist` Islam in the village". Returning migrants "boldly" critiqued the Islamic authenticity of local practices such as "mourning rituals, wedding customs and reverence for holy men in particular." More well-to-do villagers were "building high brick or cement walls around their homes", women began wearing ankle-length robes. Traditional wedding rituals with singing and mixing of genders were called into question. According to Victoria Bernel, "Adopting fundamentalist practices" had become a "way to assert one's sophistication, urbanity and material success." Migrant workers also formed connections with, and helped finance, the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated National Islamic Front political party which could remit their salaries back home to families in Sudan evading taxation in exchange for a percentage (that was less than the taxation). Saudi helped found the African Islamic Center (later the International University of Africa) to help train African Muslim preachers and missionaries "with the Salafist view of Islam." As Hassan al-Turabi and his National Islamic Front grew in influence and in 1989 a coup d'état by Omar al-Bashir against an elected government negotiating to end the war with the animist and Christian South established Sudan as the first Sunni Islamist state. Al-Turabi became the "power behind the throne" of the al-Bashir government from 1989 to 1999. The revivalist tenure in power was not as successful as its influence on banking or migrant workers. International organizations alleged war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing country, and Turabi and allies were expelled from power in 1999. The jihad in the south ended unsuccessfully with the south seceding from Sudan (forming South Sudan) taking with it nearly all of Sudan's oil fields. Turabi himself reversed earlier Islamist positions on marriage and inequality in favor of liberal positions, leading some conservatives to call him an apostate. Al Jazeera estimates that as of 2012 10% of Sudanese are tied to Salafi groups, (more than 60% of Sudanese are affiliated with Sufism), but that number is growing. Egypt Muslim Brethren who became wealthy in Saudi Arabia became key contributors to Egypt's Islamist movements. Many of Egypt's future ulama attended the Islamic University of Madinah in Saudi which was established as an alternative to the Egyptian government-controlled Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, who later became the grand mufti of Egypt, spent four years at the Islamic University. Tantawy demonstrated his devotion to the kingdom in a June 2000 interview with the Saudi newspaper Ain al-Yaqeen, where he blamed the "violent campaign" against Saudi human rights policy on the campaigners' antipathy towards Islam. "Saudi Arabia leads the world in the protection of human rights because it protects them according to the sharia of God." Saudi funding to Egypt's al-Azhar center of Islamic learning, has been credited with causing that institution to adopt a more religiously conservative approach. Algeria Political Islam and salafist "Islamic revivalism" became dominant and the indigenous "popular" or Sufi Islam found in much of North Africa greatly weakened, in large part because of the 1954-1962 Algerian War—despite the fact the victorious National Liberation Front (FLN) was interested in socialism and Arab nationalism, not political Islam. Diminishing indigenous Islam was the dismantling of Sufi mystical brotherhoods and the confiscation and redistribution of their land in retaliation for their lack of support for the FLN during the fight against the French. Strengthening revivalism was a campaign of Arabization and Islamization by the government (FLN) to suppress the use of the French language (which was still dominant in higher education and the professions), to promote Algerian/Arab identity over residual French colonial culture. To do this Egyptians were recruited by the Algerian state to Arabize and de-Frenchify the school system. Like Saudi Arabia, Algeria saw an influx of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members hired to teach Arabic and eager to escape government suppression. While the leftist FLN Algerian government was totally uninterested in Islam as a foundation for conducting worldly affairs (as opposed to building a national identity), the Muslim Brotherhood teachers very much were, and many of the generation of "strictly Arabphone teachers" trained by the Brothers adopted the beliefs of their teachers and went on to form the basis of an "Islamist intelligentsia". In addition, in the 1980s, as interest in Islam grew and devotion to the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) party and secular socialism waned in Algeria, the government imported two renowned Islamic scholars, Mohammed al-Ghazali and Yusuf al-Qaradawi, to "strengthen the religious dimension" of the "nationalist ideology" of the FLN. This was less than successful as the clerics supported "Islamic awakening", were "fellow travelers" of the Muslim Brotherhood, supporters of Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf monarchies, and had little interest in serving the secularist FLN government. Also in the 1980s, several hundred youth left Algeria for the camps of Peshawar to fight jihad in Afghanistan. As the FLN government was a close ally of the jihadists' enemy, the Soviet Union, these fighters tended to consider the fight against the Soviets a "prelude" to jihad in Algeria. When the FLN followed the example of post-Communist Eastern European government and held elections in 1989, the main beneficiary was the massively popular Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) political party which sought to establish sharia law in Algeria. "Islamist intelligentsia" formed its leadership, FIS second in command, Ali Belhadj, was a state school teacher and a prime example or this. The Saudis supporting the party, and the Front's other co-leader Abbassi Madani received much aid from Saudi Arabia and other oil monarchies. (This did not prevent him from coming out in support of Sadam Hussein—along with most other Islamists—when Saddam invaded Kuwait, despite the adamant fear of and opposition to Saddam Hussein by the Gulf oil states.) After the FLN saw how unpopular it was and canceled the elections, a bloody civil war broke out. The Salafist-jihadis returning to Algeria supported the FIS and later provided military skill in the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA). The Algerian Civil War ended badly with an estimated 200,000 Algerians, many of them civilians, killed. FIS did not recover from the war, but by 2002 another strict/conservative Islamic force—Salafism—began to emerge. To end the war, the government needed help disarming the Islamists fighters and were able to enlist the Salafis—apolitical and nonviolent—as a religious counterweight and to use their religious influence to persuade the Islamists to stop fighting. In return the government has shown tolerance towards the Salafis. Culturally, as of 2010 Salafis have exerted "a growing influence over society and how people dress, deal with the state and do business" in Algeria. Their putative quietism notwithstanding they have protested a government plan to make women remove their headscarves for passport photographs, pressuring shopkeepers to stop selling tobacco and alcohol. In June 2010, a group of Salafist clerics attending an official function along with the minister of religious affairs showed their rejection of modern political systems as an illegitimate innovation or "bid‘ah" by refusing to stand for the national anthem. Salafist Sheikh Abdelfettah Zeraoui explains criticism of Salafism as the work of Western powers who have pressured Muslim governments "to crack down on the Salafi current because it represents the pure Islam." The Salafis connection with Saudi Arabia includes Saudi Grand Mufti, Sheikh Abdul-Aziz al-Sheikh who has endorsed opposition to international regulations requiring photographs for passports show a person's forehead and ears even if they are a woman. Abdelmalek Ramdani—the most prominent Salafist imam in Algeria—lives in Saudi Arabia, and prominent Salafist preachers—including Ali Ferkous, Azzedine Ramdani and Al Eid Cherifi—received religious training in Saudi Arabia. West Africa The Izala Society—a Salafi missionary group established 1978—has become one of the largest Islamic societies in Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. Izala is funded by Saudi Arabia and led by the World Muslim League. It fights what it sees as the bid’a, (innovation), practiced by the Sufi brotherhoods, specifically the Qadiri and Tijan Sufi orders. It is very active in education and Da‘wa (propagation of the faith) and in Nigeria has many institutions all over the country and is influential at the local, state, and even federal levels. As per Joshua Meservey of the Hudson Institute, who quantifies the rise of Salafism in Africa by basing himself on diverse scholarship, when it comes to West Africa in particular, in Ghana and Burkina Faso Salafis are said to represent more or so half of the country’s urban Muslim population, in Cameroon around 10% of Muslims are Salafis with numbers going up to 20% in some regions, while in Lagos, Nigeria’s largest city, as of 2014 some 60% of the youth was said to be Salafi. Central Asia and Caucasus Scholar Vitaliĭ Vi͡acheslavovich Naumkin argues that even before the fall of Communism, Saudi Arabia had substantial influence on Islam in Central Asia because of its prestige as the location of the holy places of Hejaz, its financial resources and because of the large number of Central Asian pilgrims (and their descendants) who had gone to Saudi on hajj and decided to stay. During the Soviet–Afghan War, thousands of Soviet Central Asians were drafted into the Soviet Army to fight their co-religionists (and sometimes fellow ethics), the Afghan Mujahideen. As Islam and Central Asian peoples had been repressed by the Soviets—often brutally—many were "deeply affected by the dedication" of their putative enemies. "Hundreds of Uzbek and Tajik Muslims travelled secretly to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to study in madrasahs or to train as guerrilla fighters against the Soviets in Afghanistan." Many of these were influenced by the idea of armed jihad taught at Deobandi madrasahs in Pakistan where "places specifically for Central Asian radicals, who arrived without passports or visas and received a free education and a living allowance." Salafism also made headway with the help of Saudi funding and Saudi-trained preachers. In the late 1980s, at the same time as the Soviets were starting to withdraw from Afghanistan there was "an explosion of interest" in Islam in Central Asia. "Thousands of mosques were built, Qurans and other Islamic literature were brought in from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and distributed free among the population." In Central Asia the label "Wahhabism" has evolved from its original meaning of followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, to become 'agitprop invective' and a ‘polemic foil in sectarian arguments' used by authoritarian governments against Islamic "reformists and ‘troublesome Muslim opponents’", or even against "any and all expressions of nontraditional Islam’. They tend to equate "Wahhabism" with local Sufi-influenced traditional religious culture. Afghanistan Saudi and Islamist forces helped the Afghan Mujahideen in their struggle against the Soviets, with Saudi Arabian government providing approximately $4 billion in aid to the mujahidin from 1980 to 1990. Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf became "important backers" for Islamic schools (madrassas) for Afghan refugees in Pakistan which appeared in the 1980s near the Afghan-Pakistan border. In 1988, the Muslim World League stated that it had opened 150 Quran study centers and 85 Islamic schools for Afghan refugee students in Peshawar, a short distance across the border in Pakistan. Many were radical schools sponsored by the Pakistan JUI religious party and became "a supply line for jihad" in Afghanistan. According to analysts the ideology of the schools became "hybridization" of the Deobandi school of the Pakistani sponsors and the Salafism supported by Saudi financers. Many of the Taliban were graduates of these schools. (Eight Taliban government ministers came from one school, Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania.) While in power, the Taliban implemented the "strictest interpretation of Sharia law ever seen in the Muslim world." After the Taliban came to power the Saudis helped them in a number of ways. Saudi Arabia was one of only three countries (Pakistan and United Arab Emirates being the others) officially to recognize the Taliban as the official government of Afghanistan before the 9/11 attacks, (after 9/11 no country recognized it). King Fahd of Saudi Arabia “expressed happiness at the good measures taken by the Taliban and over the imposition of shari’a in our country," During a visit by the Taliban's leadership to the kingdom in 1997. According to Ahmed Rashid, "Wahhabi" practices might have influenced the Deobandi Taliban. One example was the Saudi religious police, according to Rashid. `I remember that all the Taliban who had worked or done hajj in Saudi Arabia were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter. The money for their training and salaries came partly from Saudi Arabia.` The taliban also practiced public beheadings common in Saudi Arabia. Ahmed Rashid came across ten thousand men and children gathering at Kandahar football stadium one Thursday afternoon, curious as to why (the Taliban had banned sports) he "went inside to discover a convicted murderer being led between the goalposts to be executed by a member of the victim's family." Another activity Afghan Muslims had not engaged in before this time was destruction of statues. In 2001, the Taliban dynamited and rocketed the nearly 2000-year-old statues Buddhist Bamiyan Valley, which had been undamaged by Afghan Sunni Muslim for centuries prior to then. Mullah Omar declared "Muslims should be proud of smashing idols. It has given praise to Allah that we have destroyed them." Uzbekistan The leadership of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) has been influenced by the Salafi and Deobandi traditions. IMU head, Juma Namangani, (who was killed in November 2001) was indirectly influenced by outside Islamic revival when serving in the Soviet army in Afghanistan fighting Afghan mujahideen. He was radicalized by the experience and returning to his home in the Fergana Valley wanting to fight on the side of the Islamic revival not against it. He associated with local Islamists of the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP) and the local Islamic revolutionary party Adolat (), and became a founder of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. In 1995, Namangani traveled to Saudi Arabia to undergo "religious and intelligence training from Saudi intelligence". According to journalist Ahmed Rashid, the IMU is believed to have been funded by Saudis, Pakistanis, Turks, Iranians, and Osama bin Laden. Namangani was one of the most important “foreign Taliban” commanders in northern Afghanistan during the recent fighting there. He led a pan-Islamic force of Uzbeks, Tajiks, Pakistanis, Chechens, and Uighurs from Xinjiang province in China. They fought on the side of the Taliban in Afghanistan, but their long-range goal was to establish an Islamic state throughout Central Asia. Caucasus Salafi proselytising has been particularly successful in the ex-Soviet Muslim-majority areas such as Dagestan and Chechnya for a number of reasons, according to Robert Bruce Ware. Salafi funding, institutions, and missionaries are particularly useful because they fill the gap left by the collapse of the USSR, where traditional Islamic leaders were relatively unknowledgeable, and accustomed to surviving by subservience; Salafiyya fills the ideological void left by the collapse of socialism; the Salafi adversarial role toward the non-Muslim government (i.e. Russia's) fills the traditional role of Islam toward the Russian government and it takes advantage of public resentment against the existing corrupt and incompetent governments which traditional Islamic leaders are tainted by; advocacy of sharia law and organized Salafi enforcement of it plays into the desire for protection against post-Soviet criminal predation and the arbitrary brutality of the police. Azerbaijan Although two-thirds of Azerbaijanis are members of the Shiite branch of Islam, (which Salafis strongly oppose), and Muslims in Azerbaijan have a tradition of secularism, Salafism has made headway among the one third of the country that identify themselves as Sunni Muslims and primarily inhabit the northern and western regions, specifically those of Dagestani ethnicity (Avars, Lezgins, Tsakhurs, Rutuls) in areas bordering Dagestan. Salafism was proselytized and catalyzed starting with the dissolution of the Soviet Union by missionaries and funds from Arab countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and Salafists mainly from Chechnya and Dagestan. In 1997, the Azerbaijani branch of the Kuwaiti Revival of Islamic Heritage society, built the Abu Bakr mosque in Baku, the capital. It became "one of the most successful mosques" in Azerbaijan, with 5000 people typically attending Friday prayer (compared to 300 for an average Azerbaijan mosque) and the "myriad" of social opportunities it provided created an "attractive network for its relatively young believers," and was "a great impetus for the Salafi movement". Its Imam for many years (Gamat Suleymanov) was a graduate of the Islamic University of Madinah of Medina Saudi Arabia. Chechnya Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov has said, that the spread of Salafism must be contained noting the need to, "crack down on the ideology of Wahhabism" in mosques, on TV, on social networks, through mobile devices. Dagestan An Islamist insurgency in the North Caucasus is "particularly intense" in Dagestan. As of 2011, Suicide bombers were killing an average of three policemen per week, with numerous civilians also becoming casualties. From January to June 2011, Police claimed to have killed 100 "rebels" according to Russian Interior Ministry officials. Georgia Although Georgia is predominantly Christian, it has Muslim minorities. In the Pankisi Gorge, home to the Kists, a small Muslim ethnic group, the older generation of Sufis is gradually giving away to younger Salafis who "scorn" the old practices and pray in "new, gleaming mosques". Wahhabi missionary activism entered into "a dozen Pankisi villages in the 1990s, popularized by young people educated in Arab countries". (The "Wahhabis" do not use the term but rather identify as Salafis.) According to a 2015 report, "a year ago, about 70 per cent" of the younger generation were Salafis and "now almost 90 per cent of them are." South Asia Salafi missionary activism is also occurring in South Asia through the funding of mosques, Islamic schools, cultural institutions and social services. With "public and private Saudi funding", Salafi da'wa has "steadily gained influence among Muslim communities" in South Asia since the late 1970s, "significantly" changing "the nature" of South Asian Islam, and bringing an increase in "Islamist violence" in "Pakistan, Indian Kashmir, and Bangladesh". According to Jammu and Kashmir Police and Indian Central intelligence officers, in 2005 the House of Saud approved a $35-billion (Rs 1,75,000 crore) plan to build mosques and madrassas in South Asia. Bangladesh Bangladesh has the forth or fifth largest population of Muslims of any country and about a 30% poverty rate. Since the late 1970s, Saudi Arabia has funded the construction of thousands of mosques and madrasas in Bangladesh. Deobandi Hefazat-e-Islam, controls over 14,000 mosques and madrasas where up to 1.4 million students get an Islamic education without any state supervision. Bangladesh also receives a concession from Saudi on the price of oil imports. With the concession has come changes in religious practices, according to Imtiyaz Ahmed, a religious scholar and professor of International Relations at University of Dhaka, "Saudi Arabia is giving oil, Saudi Arabia would definitely want that some of their ideas to come with oil." The Milad, the celebration of the Prophet Muhammad's birthday and formerly "an integral part of Bangladeshi culture" is no longer popular, while black burqas for women are much more so. In Saudi Arabia Milad is officially ignored, while for women in public places all-covering black (or similar dark color) hijab is required. One way conservative Saudi religious practices are spread is through schools. Nearly 6 million Bangladeshi children attend schools at (private) Quomi madrassas. Unlike regulated state schools these madrasses are free and entirely supported by private donations, which come from both inside and outside Bangladesh. Quomi madrassas syllabus follows "orthodox Islamic teaching", being "restricted to study of Hadith and Tafsir-e-Quran (understanding and interpretation of Hadith and Quran) with emphasis on aspects of Jihad" One burka-wearing Bangladeshi told the DW journalist who interviewed Imtiyaz Ahmed that she started wearing a burqa because at her son's school (a Quomi madrassas) "the teachers scold the students whose mothers don't wear burqas. So, I asked my nephew who works in the Middle East to get me one." While rising crime and desire to feel safe are factors in the popularity of burkas, religious pressure is also. India Between 2011 and 2013, 25,000 Saudi clerics arrived in India with $250 million to build mosques and universities and to hold seminars. There is concern regarding the increasing Saudi-Wahhabi influence in the North West and in the East of India. According to Saudi diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks in 2015, 140 Muslim preachers are listed as on the Saudi Consulate's payroll in New Delhi alone. In the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (part of Indian-administered Kashmir that has been the site of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the 1999 Kargil War, and the ongoing insurgency), 1.5 of the 8 million Muslims affiliated to Salafism. The Saudi-funded Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadith has built 700 mosques and 150 schools in JK and claims that 16 percent of Kashmir's population are members. Police in Jammu and Kashmir believe this is the result of a $35 billion plan approved by Saudi Arabia's government in 2005 to build mosques and madrassas in South Asia. Maldives In the late 1990s, with the growth of Salafi missionary activities in Maldives, the local-traditional practices of Islam in the Maldives were getting challenged. After the 2004 tsunami, Saudi funded preachers gained influence. Within a short period of a decade fundamentalist practices dominated the culture. It is reported that Maldives has a, "growing Wahhabist majority and an autocratic government . . . or, according to the Maldivian opposition, a pliant ally where few questions are asked and fewer are allowed". In 2017, Members of the Maldivian Democratic Party have raised concerns that the decision by the government of President Abdulla Yameen to "sell" one of Maldives 26 atolls, to Saudi Arabia will aggravate Salafi preaching in the Maldives. According to Azra Naseem, a Maldivian researcher on extremism at Dublin City University, “you can't say all of Salafism is radical Islam, but it's a form of Islam that's completely brought into the Maldives from Saudi Arabia and other places. Now, it's being institutionalized, because everybody in the universities, in the Islamic Ministry, they are all spreading this form of Islam.” In April 2017, Yameen Rasheed, a liberal blogger and "a strong voice against growing Islamic radicalization", was stabbed to death "by multiple assailants". According to a study by the Soufan Group, the islands supply 200 fighters to extremist outfits in Syria and Iraq—the world's highest per-capita number of foreign fighters. Pakistan Pakistan has the third largest Muslim population in the world and approximately 30% of its people living below the poverty threshold. Over decades, Saudi has spent billions of dollars in Pakistan, while the $ billions in remittances from the almost one million Pakistanis living and working in Saudi Arabia (as of 2010) are a vital source of income for Pakistan. Many of the madrassas funded through Gulf finances support Deobandi and Salafi interpretations. According to a Pew Research Center survey, Pakistanis hold the most favorable perception of the desert kingdom in the world, with 95 percent Pakistanis surveyed viewing Saudi Arabia favorably. Support is also high for strict/traditional Islamic law favored by Saudi rulers in Pakistani opinion polls — stoning as punishment for adultery (82%), whippings and cutting off of hands for crimes like theft and robbery (82%), death penalty for those who leave the Muslim religion (76%). A major source of Salafi missionary impact in Pakistan has been through the Pakistani religious parties Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (Jamaati Ulama Islam before 1988), Jamiat Ahle Hadith and in particular the Jamaat-e-Islami. Saudis have helped fund Jamaat-e-Islami's educational networks since the 1960s. The party has been active in the Saudi-founded Muslim World League and "segments of the party "came to accept Wahhabism." The constituent council of the Muslim World League included Abul A'la Maududi (founder of Jamaat-e-Islami). With the help of funding from Saudi Arabia and other sources, thousands of religious schools (madrasses) were established during the 1980s in Pakistan, usually Deobandi in doctrine and often sponsored by Jamaati Ulama Islam. "This rapid expansion came at the expense of doctrinal coherence as there were not enough qualified teachers to staff all the new schools. Quite a few teachers did not discern between tribal values of their ethnic group, the Pushtuns and the religious ideals. The result was an interpretation of Islam that blended Pushtun ideals and Deobandi views, precisely the hallmark of the Taliban." Another source describes the madrasses as combining Deobandi ideology with Salafism. Saudi Arabia provides much of the school funding. Critics (such as Dilip Hiro) complained of intolerance teachings as reflected in the chant at the morning student assembly at certain radical madrassas: "When people deny our faith, ask them to convert and if they don't destroy them utterly." Another complaint about religious schools leading to extremism comes from a 2008 US diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks concerning southern Punjab (specifically the Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan Divisions there), government and non-governmental sources claimed that financial support estimated at nearly $100 million USD annually was making its way to Deobandi and Ahl-e-Hadith clerics in the region from "missionary" and "Islamic charitable" organizations in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates ostensibly with the direct support of those governments.But the diplomat complained many of the students ended up in terrorist training camps. The network reportedly exploited worsening poverty in these areas of the province to recruit children into the divisions' growing Deobandi and Ahl-eHadith madrassa network from which they were indoctrinated into jihadi philosophy, deployed to regional training/indoctrination centers, and ultimately sent to terrorist training camps in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).One militant who has fought for Salafi Islam in Pakistan is Sufi Mohammad. Originally an activist of Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), he fought in the Afghan jihad and founded Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law) in 1992. Described as an ardent Salafist who has "remained associated with Saudi-sponsored groups from the Afghan theater of 1980-88", he was imprisoned on January 15, 2002, but the group has gone on to bomb girls schools, video and CD shops, and the statues of Buddhas in Bamiyan. It has also forced the closure of some development organizations, accusing them of spreading immorality by employing female staff. Other scholars argue that outside influences are not alone in generating sectarianism and jihadist violence in Pakistan, which has roots in the country's origins in the partition of India in 1947. Southeast Asia Brunei Saudi Arabia is strengthening its links with Brunei particularly relation to its Islamic-status and its oil-leverage in the region. Indonesia Since 1980, Saudi government, individual Saudis, and Saudi religious foundations and charities has devoted millions of dollars to exporting Salafism to Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim country, historically religiously tolerant and diverse. It has built more than 150 mosques (albeit in a country that has about 800,000), a huge free university in Jakarta, and several Arabic language institutes; supplied more than 100 boarding schools with books and teachers; brought in preachers and teachers; and disbursed thousands of scholarships for graduate study in Saudi Arabia. Kuwait, and Qatar have also "invested heavily" in building religious schools and mosques throughout Indonesia. Salafi radio stations, TV channels and website in Indonesia (and Southeast Asia) have undergone a "rapid rise". The conservative funding sources are eager to strip traditional Indonesian Islam of local customs containing elements of Hindu ritual and Sufi mysticism. Saudi influence began around 1988, when President Suharto, encouraged a Saudi presence in Indonesia. The "primary conduits" of Saudi Islamic funding in Indonesia are the Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (the Indonesian Society for the Propagation of Islam, or DDII founded in 1967) and Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dan Arab (the Institute of Islamic and Arabic Studies, or LIPIA, a branch of the Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University in Riyadh Saudi Arabia). The Saudi embassy's Religious Attache Offices provides scholarships for students to go to Saudi Arabia and pays for "Attache preachers" to give Friday Khutbah sermons "across Indonesia" as well as Arabic teachers. The LIPIA, an all-expenses paid Salafist university in Jakarta, has produced tens of thousands of graduates since its founding in 1980. h Both affluent and poor schools, in both Java and more remote islands are beneficiaries of Saudi largess. As of 2016, the number of "pesantren" (religious boarding schools) following the Salafi manhaj (path) had grown to about 100. The libraries of other pesantren — including the prestigious Gontor pesantren in East Java — are filled with books from Saudi Arabia. The Saudi religious affairs office in Jakarta provides about one million Arabic religious books translated into Indonesian every year. The titles include "Questions and Answers about Islamic Principles," by Bin Baaz, one of Saudi Arabia's most venerated interpreters of Islam. As of 2003, a pew poll found Crown Prince Abdullah, was rated as one of the three leaders Indonesians trusted the most. As Salafism has expanded, some Indonesia have become alarmed at what they call the "arabization" of their country and called for an Islam with freedom of opinion and tolerance, that does not reject pluralism and democracy. A graduate of LIPIA (Farid Okhbah) helped found the National Anti-Shia Alliance (ANNAS) of Indonesia. Although Shia make up only about 1% of the population of the country, Okhbah has called Shia Islam a bigger threat to Indonesia than communism in the 1960s and urged the sect be banded. According to Sidney Jones, the director of the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict in Jakarta, Saudi influence “has contributed to a more conservative, more intolerant atmosphere,” and may be behind campaigns against Shia and Ahmadi Islam, but very few of the Indonesians arrested on terrorism charges in Indonesia since 2002, have any ties to Salafi institutions. However, according to a 2003 article in the New York Times, Saudis have also discretely provided funds for "militant Islamic groups". The Saudi foundation Al Haramain financed educational institutions with the approval of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, and "served as a conduit" for money to Jemaah Islamiyah, a Southeast Asian Islamist organization that aims to build Islamic states in the region and has bombed many civilian targets. (The spiritual guide of Jemaah Islamiyyah (Abu Bakar Bashir) has now pledged his allegiance to ISIS.) On 4 November 2016 approximately 500,000 demonstrators gathered in central Jakarta, Indonesia's capital city, shutting down all the city's major arteries in the largest Islamist demonstration in Indonesian history and a political "turning point" in the nation's history. Led by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), whose connections with Saudi Arabia "date back three decades", the demonstrators called for the rejection of "the leaders of infidels,” referring to Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ("Ahok") the Chinese-Christian governor of Jakarta. When Shihab asked the crowd, “If our demands are not heard, are you ready to turn this into a revolution?” they screamed their affirmation. Ahok was later sentenced to two years in prison for blasphemy, and in the next presidential election, candidates "played up their Islamic credentials" to appeal to the new political trend. Malaysia In 1980 Prince Muhammad al-Faysal of Saudi Arabia offered that Malaysia $100 million for an interest-free finance corporation, and two years later the Saudis helped finance the government-sponsored Bank Islam Malaysia. In 2017 it was reported that Salafi doctrines are spreading among Malaysia's elite, and the traditional Islamic theology currently taught in Government schools is shifted to a Salafi view of theology derived from the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia. Other regions Australia Australia has approximately 600,000 Muslim among its population of about 25 million. Within Australia, Saudi funds have used to build and/or operate mosques, schools, charities, a university and Australian Islamic institutions, with estimates up to US$100 million. This funding has generated tensions between Australian Muslim organizations. In 2015, it was uncovered by WikiLeaks that the Saudi Government has provided finance to build mosques, to support Islamic community activities and to fund visits by Sunni clerics to counter Shiite influence. Canada Canada has approximately one million Muslim out of a population of 35 million. Among the institutions in Canada Saudis have funded include mosques in Ottawa, Calgary, Quebec City. In Toronto, the Salaheddin Islamic Centre was funded by King Fahd of Saudi Arabia himself with a "US$5 million capital grant" and a further "US$1.5 million per year for operations", according to author Lawrence Solomon. According to the National Post the Salaheddin Islamic Centre received substantial funding from donors in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE in 2009 and 2010. One of the founders of the centre (Hassan Farhat), left Canada to join an al-Qaeda-linked group in Iraq, where he allegedly commanded a squad of suicide bombers. The centre's imam (Aly Hindy) is known for his "controversial comments" on homosexuality and Canadian law, and for refusing to sign a statement condemning the 2005 London bombings. According to a report in The Globe and Mail, the Saudi government has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to private Islamic schools in Canada. Saudi diplomatic cables from 2012 and 2013 disclosed by WikiLeaks contain conversations "about a $211,000 donation to a school in Ottawa and $134,000 to a school in Mississauga", according to the report. (The schools confirmed that they had sought the donations to help expand their facilities but denied the money came with conditions.) New Zealand New Zealand has approximately 46,000 Muslims out of a population of 4.6 million. In Christchurch (the largest city on New Zealand's South Island) the local mosque was "funded largely from private Saudi sources". As of 2006 the management the mosque's association (the Canterbury Muslim Association or MAC) is "commonly labelled ‘Wahhabi’ by its opponents" (following "serious and sometimes well-publicised divisions since the early 1990s", stemming from issues including interpretation of Islamic practice). In 2003 it sought "to turn the mosque property over to a trust dominated by the Saudi al-Haramain Foundation in return for money to establish a school, and still evidently wants to establish some sort of a trust". From 2006 to 2013, conservative Islamic preachers associated in some way with Saudi Arabia or Salafiyya da'wa—such as Bilal Philips, Sheikh Khalid Yasin, Siraj Wahhaj, Yahya Ibrahim—held workshops in mosques and university student halls "up and down New Zealand". The conservative Investigate Magazine complains that works by some of the preachers include books that urge "followers to kill Jews, Christians, pagans and Hindus". Islamic youth camps were held in 2001 on the North Island (at the Kauaeranga Forest Education Camp on the Coromandel Peninsula), where the "theme" was the restoration of the Islamic caliphate ("The Khilafah and man's role as Khalifah"); and on the South Island (Muslim students camp near Mosgiel) where the theme was ‘Islam is the Solution’ (a slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood). The Saudi supported World Assembly of Muslim Youth held a 10-day Intensive Islamic course for "more than 300 brothers and sisters" in 2003. In November 2016 Mohammad Anwar Sahib, Imam of At-Taqwa mosque in New Zealand's largest city, Auckland, and a religious advisor for the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ), created controversy when he was videoed saying, "The Christians are using the Jews, and the Jews are using everybody, because they think that their protocol is to rule the entire world....", in a speech at the mosque. In reply he stated that his statement was taken out of context and demanded an apology. He was later terminated as Secretary for the Ulama Board of the FIANZ. In January 2017 Taie bin Salem bin Yaslam al-Saya'ari, a Saudi citizen who is "believed to have lived and studied in New Zealand between 2008 and 2013" and become radicalized there, was killed by Saudi security forces. Bin Yaslam al-Saya'ari is thought to have planned a July 2016 attack on the mosque where the Prophet of Islam Muhammad is buried (Al-Masjid an-Nabawi) which killed four Saudi security force members. He is said to have been inspired by another student studying in New Zealand who went to Syria to fight for the Islamic State and was also killed. United States In the US, where Muslims make up an estimated 1% of the population, Saudi Arabia funds, at least in part, an estimated 80 percent of all mosques. According to an official Saudi weekly, Ain al-Yaqeen, Saudi money helped finance 16 American mosques. According to Yvonne Haddad, (a professor of the history of Islam at the Georgetown center), records of the Muslim World League show that during a two-year span in the 1980s, the League spent about $10 million in the United States on mosque construction. The Saudi royal family directly contributed to the construction of a dozen mosques, including the $8.1 million King Fahad Mosque in Culver City, California. The Saudi embassy's "Department of Islamic Affairs" was founded in 1982 and was directed by Prince Muhammad ibn Faysal ibn Abd al-Rahman for many years. At its height in the late 1990s, the department had 35-40 diplomats and an annual budget of $8 million according to a Saudi official contacted by author Zeyno Baran. The department provided regular financial support "to radical mosques and madrassas (religious schools)" in the United States, "including several attended by the 9/11 hijackers and otherwise linked to terrorist activities" according to author Harry Helms. As in the UK and some other countries, universities in America have received funding from petroleum exporting Muslim states. Harvard and Georgetown universities both received $20 million in 2005 from a Saudi businessman (Prince Alwaleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz Alsaud). Other Saudi gifts reportedly included $20 million to the Middle East Studies Center at the University of Arkansas; $5 million to the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; $11 million to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and a half million dollars to University of Texas; $1 million to Princeton University; $5 million to Rutgers University. Academic chairs for Islamic Studies were donated at Harvard Law School and the University of California Santa Barbara. Islamic research institutes at American University (in Washington), Howard University, Duke University, and Johns Hopkins University were supported by the Saudis. These donations to academia have been described as aimed more at influencing Western public opinion than Muslims. Donors (such as Saudi Prince Alwaleed Bin-Talal) have described them as intended to "promote peace and help bridge the gap between East and West"; Critics (primarily Western political conservatives such as Daniel Pipes) believe they are incentive for "Middle East researchers, instructors and center directors" in Western countries to "behave" and "say the things the Saudis like" in exchange for large donations. See also International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism Islam in Saudi Arabia Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic schools and branches Muslim World League Petro-Islam Salafi movement Wahhabi movement References Notes Citations Books, articles, documents Varagur, Krithika (2020). The Call: Inside the Global Saudi Religious Project. Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-1733623766. Islam and politics Islamic fundamentalism Islamism Sunni Islam Wahhabism Islam by region

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari%20Weiss

Bari Weiss

Bari Weiss (born March 25, 1984) is an American journalist, writer and editor. She was an op-ed and book review editor at The Wall Street Journal (2013–2017) and an op-ed staff editor and writer on culture and politics at The New York Times (2017–2020). Since March 1, 2021, she has worked as a regular columnist for German daily newspaper Die Welt. Biography Early life and education Weiss was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Lou and Amy Weiss, former owners of Weisshouse, a Pittsburgh company founded in 1943 that focuses on high-end flooring, contemporary home furniture, and custom-made kitchens; they own flooring company Weisslines. She grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood, and graduated from Pittsburgh's Community Day School and Shady Side Academy. The eldest daughter among four sisters, she attended the Tree of Life Synagogue and had her Bat Mitzvah ceremony there. After high school, Weiss went to Israel on a Nativ gap year program, helping build a medical clinic for Bedouins in the Negev desert, and studying at a feminist yeshiva and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Weiss attended Columbia University in New York City, graduating in 2007. She founded the Columbia Coalition for Sudan in response to the War in Darfur. Weiss was the founding editor from 2005 to 2007 of The Current, a magazine at Columbia for politics, culture, and Jewish affairs. Following graduation, Weiss was a Wall Street Journal Bartley Fellow in 2007, and a Dorot Fellow from 2007 to 2008 in Jerusalem. Columbians for Academic Freedom As a student at Columbia, Weiss took an active role in the Columbia Unbecoming controversy. Following the release of the film Columbia Unbecoming in fall 2004, alleging classroom intimidation of pro-Israel students by pro-Palestinian professors, she co-founded Columbians for Academic Freedom (CAF) together with Aharon Horwitz, Daniella Kahane, and Ariel Beery. Weiss said she had felt intimidated by Professor Joseph Massad in his lectures, and she thought he spent too much time talking about Zionism and Israel for a course about the entire Middle East. In response to the release of the film, Columbia put together a committee to examine the allegations. The committee criticized Massad, but emphasized a lack of civility on campus, including from pro-Israel students who heckled some of their professors. Weiss criticized the committee for its focus on individual grievances, maintaining that students were intimidated because of their views. In her 2019 book, How to Fight Anti-Semitism, Weiss describes the contentious atmosphere during this period as giving her "a front row seat to leftist anti-Semitism" at the university. The activism initiated by Weiss was alleged by Glenn Greenwald to be "designed to ruin the careers of Arab professors by equating their criticisms of Israel with racism, anti-Semitism, and bullying, and its central demand was that those professors (some of whom lacked tenure) be disciplined for their transgressions." Weiss has called Greenwald's characterizations "baseless", saying that she "advocated for the rights of students to express their viewpoints in the classroom", adding, "I don't know when criticizing professors became out of bounds." Career In 2007, Weiss worked for Haaretz and The Forward. In Haaretz, she criticized the tenure promotion of Barnard College anthropologist Nadia Abu El-Haj over a book that Weiss alleged caricatured Israeli archaeologists. From 2011 to 2013, Weiss was senior news and politics editor at Tablet. 2013–2017: The Wall Street Journal Weiss was an op-ed and book review editor at The Wall Street Journal from 2013 until April 2017. She left following the departure of Pulitzer Prize winner and deputy editor Bret Stephens, for whom she had worked, and joined him at The New York Times. 2017–2020: The New York Times In 2017, as part of an effort by The New York Times to broaden the ideological range of its opinion staff after the inauguration of President Trump, opinion editor James Bennet hired Weiss as an op-ed staff editor and writer about culture and politics. Through her first year at the paper, she wrote opinion pieces advocating for the blending of cultural influences, something derided by what she termed the "strident left" as cultural appropriation. She criticized the organizers of the 2017 Women's March protesting the inauguration of President Trump for their "chilling ideas and associations," particularly singling out several individuals she believed to have made antisemitic or anti-Zionist statements in the past. Her article about the Chicago Dyke March, asserting that intersectionality is a "caste system, in which people are judged according to how much their particular caste has suffered throughout history," was condemned by playwright Eve Ensler, creator of the Vagina Monologues, for misunderstanding the work of intersectional politics. Other sources condemned the article as fundamentally misunderstanding the definition of intersectionality. In January 2018, Babe.net published an anonymous woman's allegation that comedian and actor Aziz Ansari's behaviour during a date rose to the level of sexual assault. Weiss published a piece titled "Aziz Ansari Is Guilty. Of Not Being a Mind Reader", one of many responses to this incident in the context of the #MeToo movement. Weiss was one of several writers, including the Atlantic'''s Caitlin Flanagan, who argued that the woman who wrote the piece ignored her own agency, not considering her own ability to speak up and leave the situation. In March 2018, Weiss published the column "We’re All Fascists Now" in which she argued that members of the left-wing are increasingly intolerant of alternate views, presenting varied examples. Shortly after publication, the piece was corrected and an editorial note was placed on it because one of the examples used was a fake antifa Twitter account. This account had been identified as fake in multiple media outlets in 2017, as a right-wing masquerade aimed at discrediting the left-wing protest movement. In May 2018, Weiss published "Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web". This piece profiled a collection of thinkers who share an unorthodox approach to their fields and to the media landscape. Weiss collectively described them as the Intellectual Dark Web, borrowing the term from Eric Weinstein, managing director of Thiel Capital. Outlets have commented on and critiqued the label through 2020. On June 7, 2020, the Times editorial page editor, James Bennet, resigned after more than 1,000 staffers signed a letter protesting his publication of an op-ed by U.S. Senator Tom Cotton saying that since "rioters have plunged many American cities into anarchy," soldiers should be sent as backup for the police to end the violence. Bennet later stated he had not read the op-ed beforehand. Weiss characterized the internal controversy as an ongoing "civil war" between what she called young "social justice warriors" and what she identified as older, "free speech advocate" staffers. This characterization was disputed by numerous other journalists and opinion writers at the Times; Taylor Lorenz, a technology reporter who covers internet culture, described it as a "willful misrepresentation" that ignored the numerous older staffers who had spoken out, while Jamal Jordan, the Times' digital storytelling editor, criticized her for not listening to her black colleagues and instead dismissing their concerns as a "woke civil war". 2020: Resignation from The New York Times Weiss announced her departure from The New York Times on July 14, 2020, publishing a resignation letter on her website criticizing the Times for capitulating to criticism on Twitter and for not defending her against alleged bullying by her colleagues. Weiss accused her former employer of "unlawful discrimination, hostile work environment, and constructive discharge". Her voluntary departure from the Times drew considerable news coverage after accusing the Times of "caving to the whims of critics on Twitter." In her letter Weiss said, "Stories are chosen and told in a way to satisfy the narrowest of audiences, rather than to allow a curious public to read about the world and then draw their own conclusions." She also wrote, "Twitter is not on the masthead of The New York Times, but Twitter has become its ultimate editor." Her letter was praised by U.S. Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Kelly Loeffler; Donald Trump Jr.; political commentator Ben Shapiro; former Democratic presidential candidates Andrew Yang and Marianne Williamson; and political commentator Bill Maher. Conversely, Weiss's resignation letter attracted substantial criticism from left-leaning media sources. Alex Shephard criticized the content of Weiss's letter in The New Republic, calling Weiss's resignation a form of "self-cancellation" and part of a pattern in Weiss's work of "taking thin, anecdotal evidence and framing it in grandiose, culture-war terms". Writing in The Guardian, Moira Donegan called Weiss a "professional rightwing attention seeker" and disputed her claim that social media's influence had led to a hostile media environment for conservatives. The Financial Times has described Weiss as a "self-styled free speech martyr." In 2021, Weiss compared her own professional travails to Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist who was threatened with being burned at the stake if he did not renounce his scientific views. On October 27, 2020, Weiss appeared on the American talk show The View to discuss cancel culture, which she called "wrong and deeply un-American"; she continued, "I believe that no one should be hung or have their reputation destroyed or lose their job because of a mistake or liking a bad tweet." Beginning in 2020, Weiss occasionally wrote articles for the German newspaper Die Welt. Since March 1, 2021, she has worked as a Contributing Editor for Die Welt. 2021: Substack launch In January 2021, Weiss launched a Substack newsletter. In February, she interviewed Gina Carano about her firing from The Mandalorian. On November 8, 2021 Pano Kanelos, formerly the president of St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), announced the creation of the University of Austin on Weiss's newsletter. Political views According to The Washington Post, Weiss "portrays herself as a liberal uncomfortable with the excesses of left-wing culture," and has sought to "position herself as a reasonable liberal concerned that far-left critiques stifled free speech." Vanity Fair described Weiss as "a provocateur". The Jewish Telegraphic Agency said that her writing "doesn't lend itself easily to labels." Weiss has been described as conservative by Haaretz, The Times of Israel, The Daily Dot, and Business Insider. In an interview with Joe Rogan, she described herself as a "left-leaning centrist". Weiss has expressed support for Israel and Zionism in her columns. When writer Andrew Sullivan described her as an "unhinged Zionist", she responded saying she "happily plead[s] guilty as charged." In 2018, she said she believed the sexual assault allegations against Supreme Court justice nominee Brett Kavanaugh, but questioned whether they should disqualify him from serving on the Supreme Court because he was 17 when he allegedly committed the assault against Christine Blasey Ford. After backlash in the press, Weiss conceded that her sound bite was glib and simplistic, and said instead that Kavanaugh's "rage-filled behavior" before the Senate Judiciary Committee should have disqualified him. Following the Tree of Life synagogue massacre in Squirrel Hill, Pittsburgh, Weiss was a guest on Real Time with Bill Maher in early November 2018. She said of American Jews who support President Donald Trump: "I hope this week that American Jews have woken up to the price of that bargain: They have traded policies that they like for the values that have sustained the Jewish people—and frankly, this country—forever: Welcoming the stranger; dignity for all human beings; equality under the law; respect for dissent; love of truth." In 2019, The Jerusalem Post named Weiss the seventh most influential Jew in the world. In March 2021, she published an article criticizing top independent schools for their social justice curricula. In September 2021, concerning COVID-19, she tweeted an article by Glenn Greenwald which argued that proof of a negative test is far more meaningful than proof of a vaccine, contradicting experts who argue that testing is insufficient and should be considered temporary to allow more time for vaccine hesitancy issues to be addressed. In January 2022, Weiss came under backlash for her comments in the late night talk show Real Time with Bill Maher criticizing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, citing that the COVID-19 pandemic response had resulted in mental health issues, and that as a result she was "done with COVID". Commenting about the incident, MSNBC host Mehdi Hasan said, "Young kids are handling COVID 'less childishly' than Bari Weiss, other 'done with COVID' elites." Dr. Jonathan Reiner in an interview with CNN responded to her comments advising Weiss to "grow up." Personal life Weiss prefers not to label her sexual orientation but has stated that although she had been married to a man, she is mostly attracted to women. While attending Columbia University, she had an on-and-off relationship with comedian Kate McKinnon. She also dated Ariel Beery, with whom she had co-founded Columbians for Academic Freedom. From 2013 to 2016, Weiss was married to environmental engineer Jason Kass, the founder of Toilets for People, a company designing and manufacturing waterless self contained composting toilets. Since 2018, Weiss has been in a relationship with Nellie Bowles,Gilbert, Andrew (March 2, 2021)."S.F.-raised journalist's path to Judaism started on a date with Bari Weiss." J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved November 11, 2021. a former tech reporter for The New York Times. The couple have since married, according to the National Review. Works How to Fight Anti-Semitism, published in September 2019 The New Seven Dirty Words, formerly scheduled for 2020 Awards 2018: Reason Foundation’s Bastiat Prize, which honors writing that "best demonstrates the importance of freedom with originality, wit and eloquence." 2019: National Jewish Book Award in Contemporary Jewish Life and Practice for How to Fight Anti-SemitismReferences External links Articles by Bari Weiss at Tablet Articles by Bari Weiss at The New York Times'' Articles by Bari Weiss at Substack 1984 births Living people 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers American political commentators American political writers American women non-fiction writers American Zionists Die Welt people Jewish American journalists Columbia College (New York) alumni Jewish women writers LGBT Jews LGBT women LGBT writers from the United States The New York Times people Shady Side Academy alumni The Wall Street Journal people Writers from Pittsburgh Writers on antisemitism 21st-century American Jews 21st-century LGBT people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal%20of%20Confederate%20monuments%20and%20memorials

Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

Since the 1960s, many municipalities in the United States have removed monuments and memorials on public property dedicated to the Confederate States of America (CSA; the Confederacy), and some, such as Silent Sam in North Carolina, have been torn down by protestors. The momentum to remove Confederate memorials increased dramatically following high-profile incidents including the Charleston church shooting (2015), the Unite the Right rally (2017), and the murder of George Floyd (2020). The removals have been driven by historical analysis that the monuments express and re-enforce white supremacy; memorialize an unrecognized, treasonous government, the Confederacy, whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery; and that the presence of these Confederate memorials over a hundred years after the defeat of the Confederacy continues to disenfranchise and alienate African Americans. The vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the era of Jim Crow laws, from 1877 to 1964. Detractors claim that they were not built as memorials but as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy after the Civil War. The monuments have thus become highly politicized; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: "If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again". In a counter-reaction to the movement to remove Confederate monuments, some Southern states passed state laws restricting or prohibiting the removal or alteration of public monuments. As part of the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd in 2020, there was a new wave of removal of Confederate monuments. An Alabama law prohibiting the removal of historical monuments was deliberately broken by the mayor of Birmingham, Alabama, the city council of Anniston, Alabama, and others. The mayor said that the penalty fine was preferable to the unrest that would follow if it were not removed. The Governor of North Carolina removed, on the grounds of public safety, three Confederate monuments at the North Carolina Capitol that the legislature had in effect made illegal to remove. The U.S. Army said it would rename Fort Bragg and its other military bases named for Confederate generals. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines prohibited the display of the Confederate flag, including as bumper stickers on private cars on base; a wave of corporate product re-branding has also ensued. During the George Floyd protests, the campaign to remove monuments extended beyond the United States; numerous statues and other public works of art related to the transatlantic slave trade and European colonialism around the world were either removed or destroyed. Background Most of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when Jim Crow laws were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. These two periods also coincided with the 50th anniversary and the American Civil War Centennial. The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s. According to historian Jane Dailey from University of Chicago, in many cases the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future". Another historian, Karyn Cox, from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era". A historian from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, James Leloudis, stated that "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule." Adam Goodheart, Civil War author and director of the Starr Center at Washington College, stated in National Geographic: "They're 20th-century artifacts in the sense that a lot of it had to do with a vision of national unity that embraced Southerners as well as Northerners, but importantly still excluded black people." Academic commentary In an August 2017 statement on the monuments controversy, the American Historical Association (AHA) said that to remove a monument "is not to erase history, but rather to alter or call attention to a previous interpretation of history." The AHA stated that most monuments were erected "without anything resembling a democratic process", and recommended that it was "time to reconsider these decisions." According to the AHA, most Confederate monuments were erected during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century, and this undertaking was "part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South." According to the AHA, memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period "were intended, in part, to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction, and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life." A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement, and according to the AHA "these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes." Michael J. McAfee, curator of history at the West Point Museum, said "There are no monuments that mention the name Benedict Arnold. What does this have to do with the Southern monuments honoring the political and military leaders of the Confederacy? They, like Arnold, were traitors. They turned their backs on their nation, their oaths, and the sacrifices of their ancestors in the War for Independence. ... They attempted to destroy their nation to defend chattel slavery and from a sense that as white men they were innately superior to all other races. They fought for white racial supremacy. That is why monuments glorifying them and their cause should be removed. Leave monuments marking their participation on the battlefields of the war, but tear down those that only commemorate the intolerance, violence, and hate that inspired their attempt to destroy the American nation." According to historian Adam Goodheart, the statues were meant to be symbols of white supremacy and the rallying around them by white supremacists will likely hasten their demise. Elijah Anderson, a professor of sociology at Yale University, said the statues "really impacts the psyche of black people." Harold Holzer, the director of the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College, agreed that the statues were designed to belittle African Americans. Dell Upton, chair of the Department of Art History at the University of California, Los Angeles, wrote that "the monuments were not intended as public art", but rather were installed "as affirmations that the American polity was a white polity", and that because of their explicitly white supremacist intent, their removal from civic spaces was a matter "of justice, equity, and civic values." In a 1993 book on the issue in Georgia, author Frank McKenney argued otherwise; "These monuments were communal efforts, public art, and social history", he wrote. Ex-soldiers and politicians had difficult time raising funds to erect monuments so the task mostly fell to the women, the "mothers widows, and orphans, the bereaved fiancees and sisters" of the soldiers who had lost their lives. Many ladies' memorial associations were formed in the decades following the end of the Civil War, most of them joining the United Daughters of the Confederacy following its inception in 1894. The women were advised to "remember that they were buying art, not metal and stone;" The history the monuments celebrated told only one side of the story, however—one that was "openly pro-Confederate", Upton argues. Furthermore, Confederate monuments were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African-Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved. According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University, "White supremacy is really what these statues represent."<ref name=CSM>Confederate monuments: What to do with them?. Grier, Peter. Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2017</ref> Robert Seigler, in his study of Confederate monuments in South Carolina, found that out of the over one hundred and seventy that he documented, only five monuments were found dedicated to the African Americans who had been used by the Confederacy working "on fortifications, and had served as musicians, teamsters, cooks, servants, and in other capacities." Four of those were to slaves and one to a musician, Henry Brown. Cheryl Benard, president of the Alliance for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage, argued against the removal of Confederate war monuments in an op-ed written for The National Interest: "From my vantage point, the idea that the way to deal with history is to destroy any relics that remind you of something you don't like, is highly alarming." Eric Foner, a historian of the Civil War and biographer of Lincoln, argued that more statues of African Americans like Nat Turner should be erected. Alfred Brophy, a professor of law at the University of Alabama, argued the removal of the Confederate statues "facilitates forgetting", although these statues were "re-inscribed images of white supremacy". Brophy also stated that the Lee statue in Charlottesville should be removed. Civil War historian James I. Robertson Jr. said that the monuments were not a "Jim Crow signal of defiance". He called the current climate to dismantle or destroy Confederate monuments as an "age of idiocy", motivated by "elements hell-bent on tearing apart unity that generations of Americans have painfully constructed". However, Civil War historian David Blight asked: "Why, in the year [2016], should communal spaces in the South continue to be sullied by tributes to those who defended slavery? How can Americans ignore the pain that black citizens, especially, must feel when they walk by the [John C.] Calhoun monument, or any similar statues, on their way to work, school or Bible study?" Julian Hayter, a historian at the University of Richmond, supports a different approach for the statues: re-contextualization. He supports adding a "footnote of epic proportions" such as a prominent historical sign or marker that explains the context in which they were built to help people see old monuments in a new light. "I'm suggesting we use the scale and grandeur of those monuments against themselves. I think we lack imagination when we talk about memorials. It's all or nothin'.... As if there's nothin' in between that we could do to tell a more enriching story about American history. History The removals were marked by events in Louisiana and Virginia within the span of two years. In Louisiana, after the Charleston church shooting of 2015, the city of New Orleans removed its Confederate memorials two years later. A few months later, in August 2017, a state of emergency was declared in Virginia after a Unite the Right rally against the removal of the Robert Edward Lee statue in Charlottesville turned violent. Other events followed across the United States. In Baltimore, for example, the city's Confederate statues were removed on the night of August 15–16, 2017. Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety. Similarly, in Lexington, Kentucky, Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council on August 16, 2017 to approve the relocation of two statues from a courthouse. In the three years since the Charleston shooting, Texas has removed 31 memorials, more than any other state. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, at least 114 Confederate monuments have been removed from public spaces during the same period. According to an April 2020 study, Confederate monuments are more likely to be removed in localities that have a large black and Democratic population, a chapter of the NAACP, and where Southern state legislatures have the power to decree removal. Proponents The Make It Right Project was founded in 2018 to encourage removal of Confederate monuments. Protesters in the movement protesting the murder of George Floyd tore down the statue of Jefferson Davis on Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia. The "Second Annual International Take 'Em Down" conference was scheduled for March 22–24, 2019, in Jacksonville, Florida. It was "designed to commemorate, celebrate and strategically align Take 'Em Down efforts." The first conference was held March 22–24, 2018, in New Orleans. Southern Poverty Law Center published an extensive report in 2016 of Confederate memorials in public spaces and keeps an up to date list online. Legal impediment In Alabama (2017), Georgia (early 20th century), Mississippi (2004), North Carolina (2015), South Carolina (2000), Tennessee (2013, updated 2016), and Virginia (1902, repealed 2020), state laws have been passed to impede, or in the cases of Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina prohibit altogether, the removal or alteration of public Confederate monuments. Attempts to repeal these laws have not been successful, except in Virginia. Alabama's law, the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act, was passed in May 2017, North Carolina's law, the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act, in 2015. Tennessee law Tennessee passed its Tennessee Heritage Protection Act in 2016; it requires a two-thirds majority of the Tennessee Historical Commission to rename, remove, or relocate any public statue, monument, or memorial. In response to events in Memphis (see below), a 2018 amendment prohibits municipalities from selling or transferring ownership of memorials without a waiver. The amendment also "allows any entity, group or individual with an interest in a Confederate memorial to seek an injunction to preserve the memorial in question." Since the THPA was initially passed in 2013, the Tennessee Historical Commission has only issued one waiver to remove a Confederate monument (the Forrest bust in the state capitol). It has considered seven petitions total. According to The New York Times, the Tennessee act shows "an express intent to prevent municipalities in Tennessee from taking down Confederate memorials." The same has been said about Florida's law. South Carolina law The removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina capitol required a two-thirds vote of both houses of the legislature, as would the removal of any other Confederate monument in South Carolina. North Carolina law A state law, the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015, prevents local governments from removing monuments on public property, and places limits on their relocation within the property. In 2017 Governor Roy Cooper asked the North Carolina Legislature to repeal the law, saying: "I don't pretend to know what it's like for a person of color to pass by one of these monuments and consider that those memorialized in stone and metal did not value my freedom or humanity. Unlike an African-American father, I'll never have to explain to my daughters why there exists an exalted monument for those who wished to keep her and her ancestors in chains." "We cannot continue to glorify a war against the United States of America fought in the defense of slavery", he wrote. "These monuments should come down." He also has asked the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources to "determine the cost and logistics of removing Confederate monuments from state property." After the University of North Carolina renamed Saunders Hall in 2014 (see below), its Board of Trustees prohibited for 16 years any more renamings. In another legal impediment to removal, the Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina prohibited for 16 years the renaming of any university memorials. This was triggered by the University's 2014 decision to rename Saunders Hall (see below). In 2019, North Carolina's law prohibiting monument removal was challenged indirectly. The Confederate Soldiers Monument in Winston-Salem was removed as a public nuisance, and a similar monument in Pittsboro was removed after a court ruled that it had never become county property, so the statute did not apply. Virginia law On March 8, 2020, the Virginia legislature "passed measures that would undo an existing state law that protects the monuments and instead let local governments decide their fate." On April 11, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed the bill into law, which went into effect on July 1. Previously, the state law had prohibited local governments from taking the monuments down, moving them, or even adding placards explaining why they were erected. Alabama law On January 14, 2019, a circuit judge ruled that the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act is an un-Constitutional infringement on the City of Birmingham's right to free speech, and cannot be enforced. On November 27, 2019, the Alabama Supreme Court reversed that ruling by a vote of nine to zero. In their decision, the court stated that "a municipality has no individual, substantive constitutional rights and that the trial court erred by holding that the City has constitutional rights to free speech." Unsuccessful federal legislation On July 22, 2020, in the midst of the George Floyd protests, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 305-113 to remove a bust of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (as well as statues honoring figures who were part of the Confederacy during the Civil War) from the U.S. Capitol and replace it with a bust of Justice Thurgood Marshall. The bill called for removal of Taney's bust within 30 days after the law's passage. The bust had been mounted in the old robing room adjacent to the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol Building. The bill (H.R. 7573) also created a "process to obtain a bust of Marshall ... and place it there within a minimum of two years." After the bill reached the Republican-led Senate on July 30, 2020 (S.4382) it was referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration, but no further action on it was taken. Protesters In North Carolina and Georgia, where removal is completely prohibited, protesters toppled three Confederate monuments: The Confederate Soldiers Monument in Durham, North Carolina. Silent Sam, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The Screven County Confederate Dead Monument, in Sylvania, Georgia. Of these, the first and third were damaged to the point that they cannot be repaired. Silent Sam, which was not seriously damaged, is in storage as of June 2020, awaiting a political decision about what to do with it. The "Confederate Dead Monument" was then replaced through funds raised by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. In addition, the bust of Robert E. Lee in Fort Myers, Florida, was toppled by unknown parties during the night of March 11–12, 2019. More details and citations are under each monument, below. Threats of violence Removal of Confederate monuments in Maryland and New Orleans took place in the middle of the night, with police protection and workers wearing bullet-proof vests, because of concerns about possible violence. In the case of New Orleans, a crane had to be brought in from an unidentified out-of-state company as no local company wanted the business; one local company had a vehicle set ablaze and sand poured in the gas tank of another. (See below.) Jason Spencer, a white member of the Georgia legislature, told an African-American colleague that if she continued calling for removal of Confederate monuments that she wouldn't be "met with torches but something a lot more definitive", and that people who want the statues gone "will go missing in the Okefenokee.... Don't say I didn't warn you." Public opinion A 2017 Reuters poll found that 54% of American adults stated that the monuments should remain in all public spaces, and 27% said they should be removed, while 19% said they were unsure. According to Reuters, "responses to the poll were sharply split along racial and party lines, however, with whites and Republicans largely supportive of preservation. Democrats and minorities were more likely to support removal." Another 2017 poll, by HuffPost/YouGov, found that 48% of respondents favored the "remain" option, 33% favored removal, and 18% were unsure. An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll released in 2017 found that most Americans, including 44% of African Americans, believe that statues honoring leaders of the Confederacy should remain in place. Support for removal increased during the George Floyd protests, with 52% in favor of removal, and 44% opposed. Artistic treatment Ben Hamburger, an artist based in North Carolina, has exhibited six paintings, as a group called Monuments. They show monuments being taken down and hauled away: Silent Sam, the Confederate Soldiers Monument in Durham, North Carolina, the Confederate Women's Monument in Baltimore, the Jefferson Davis Monument in New Orleans, and two others. Vestigial pedestals In the case of many monuments, after they are removed the pedestals or plinths remain. What to do with them has been the subject of some discussion. In the case of the toppled Silent Sam monument at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, two scholars proposed leaving the "empty pedestal — shorn all original images and inscriptions — [which] eliminates the offending tribute while still preserving a record of what these communities did and where they did it.... The most effective way to commemorate the rise and fall of white supremacist monument-building is to preserve unoccupied pedestals as the ruins that they are — broken tributes to a morally bankrupt cause." In Baltimore, one of the four empty plinths was used in 2017, for a statue of a pregnant black woman, naked from the waist up, holding a baby in a brightly-covered sling on her back, with a raised golden fist: Madre Luz (Mother Light). The statue was first placed in front of the monument before its removal, then raised to the pedestal. According to the artist Pablo Machioli, "his original idea was to construct a pregnant mother as a symbol of life. 'I feel like people would understand and respect that'". The statue has been vandalized several times. According to a writer for Another Chicago Magazine discussing the removal of the Baltimore monuments, she is "defiant.... [H]er imposing presence combines maternal nurturing with power. Madre Luz is Gaia, The Triple Goddess, and The Mother’s Knot. She is the American Statue of Maternity. She is the African seed of the wawa tree. She is a black flame." The informal artpiece was subsequently removed by the city. At the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, the plinth of Silent Sam and its plaques were removed on January 14, 2019, at the direction of Chancellor Carol Folt (see below). The plinths of the statues in Richmond, Virginia, were removed in 2022. List of removals National Fort Bliss After receiving complaints, Forrest Road was renamed Cassidy Road, in honor of the Lt. Gen. Richard T. Cassidy, former post commander. U.S. Marine Corps In February 2020, Marine Gen. David H. Berger ordered "the removal of all Confederate-related paraphernalia from Marine Corps installations." This includes all Confederate flags, bumper stickers, and "similar items". Alabama Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery: On June 24, 2015, in the wake of the Charleston church shooting on June 17, 2015, on the order of Governor Robert J. Bentley, the four Confederate flags and their poles were removed from the Confederate Memorial Monument. Anniston The monument to Confederate artillery officer John Pelham, erected in 1905, was removed by the city on September 27, 2020. Birmingham The Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was erected in 1905. In the midst of the George Floyd protests, was removed by the city on June 1, 2020, in violation of the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act of 2017, a law passed specifically to prevent the removal of this monument. It was the most prominent Confederate monument in the state. The Alabama Attorney General has filed suit against the city of Birmingham for violating the statute; the city could be fined $25,000 for the violation but cannot be forced to restore the monument. Mayor Randall Woodfin said the fine would be much more affordable than the cost of continued unrest in the city. Demopolis Confederate Park. Renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was erected in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street adjacent to the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers. Huntsville The statue of an unnamed Confederate soldier which stood outside the Madison County Courthouse in downtown Huntsville since 1905 was removed on October 23, 2020. Mobile In 2020, a statue of Confederate Navy Admiral Raphael Semmes removed from downtown on orders of Mayor Sandy Stimpson. The $25,000 fine was paid by July 10. Montgomery The statue of Robert E. Lee in front of the Robert E. Lee High School was removed on June 1, 2020. Four people were charged with felony criminal mischief. Tuscaloosa in September 2020, the University of Alabama trustees renamed Morgan Hall, named for a Confederate general and U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan, to the English Building. Alaska Kusilvak Census Area: In 1913, Judge John Randolph Tucker named the Wade Hampton Census Area to commemorate his father-in-law. It was renamed Kusilvak Census Area in 2015 to remove a place named for a slave-holding Confederate general. Arizona Picacho Peak State Park: A wooden marker dedicated to Col. Sherod Hunter's Arizona volunteers was removed by Arizona State Parks & Trails in 2015. Deterioration of the wood was the supposed cause of the removal. Wesley Bolin Plaza, Arizona State Capitol, Phoenix: Regifted in a letter by the UDC dated June 30, 2020 to the State stating "These monuments were gifted to the State and are now in need of repair but due to the current political climate, we believe it unwise to repair them where they are located." Removed July 22, 2020. Jefferson Davis Highway Marker, U.S. 60 at Peralta Road, near Apache Junction: Regifted in a letter by the UDC dated June 30, 2020 to the State stating "These monuments were gifted to the State and are now in need of repair but due to the current political climate, we believe it unwise to repair them where they are located." Removed July 22, 2020. Picacho Peak State Park: A brass plaque honoring Confederate soldiers who fought there was vandalized and removed in June 2020. According to officials from Arizona State Parks and Trails and the Arizona Historical Society (AHS), it will not be replaced. Stated one AHS official, "Times change. We probably put our name on a few things we shouldn’t have." Arkansas In 2017, the Arkansas Legislature voted to stop honoring Robert E. Lee’s birthday. In 2019, the Arkansas Legislature voted to replace Arkansas's two statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Uriah Milton Rose, an attorney and founder of the Rose Law Firm, advised against secession, but backed the Confederacy during the war; while not a soldier or elected officeholder, he served the Confederacy as chancellor of Pulaski County, later being appointed the Confederacy's state historian. A statue of white supremacist progressive era-Governor James Paul Clarke was also removed. They will be replaced with statues of Johnny Cash and journalist and state NAACP president Daisy L. Gatson Bates, who played a key role in the integration of Little Rock's Central High School in 1957. Fort Smith: Southside High School: Until 2016, the school nickname was the Rebels. Its mascot was Johnny Reb, a fictional personification of a Confederate soldier. The school also discontinued the use of "Dixie" as its fight song. Harrison: General Jubilation T. Cornpone statue removed in 2003. Little Rock: Confederate Boulevard was renamed Springer Boulevard in 2015. The new name honors an African-American family prominent in the area since the Civil War. Memorial to Company A, Capitol Guards, removed June 2020 Pine Bluff Pine Bluff Confederate Monument, removed from public area June 2020 California Confederate Corners: Established 1868. Formerly known as Springtown, it was renamed after a group of Southerners settled there in the late 1860s. Name changed back to "Springtown" in 2018. Long Beach Robert E. Lee Elementary School. Renamed Olivia Herrera Elementary School on August 1, 2016. Los Angeles Confederate Monument, Hollywood Forever Cemetery. "Covered with a tarp and whisked away in the middle of the night after activists called for its removal and spray-painted the word 'No' on its back", August 15, 2017. Quartz Hill: Quartz Hill High School. Until 1995, the school had a mascot called Johnny Reb, who would wave a Confederate Flag at football games. Johnny Reb had replaced another Confederate-themed mascot, Jubilation T. Cornpone, who waved the Stars and Bars flag at football games. "Slave Day" fundraisers were phased out in the 1980s. San Diego Robert E. Lee Elementary School, established 1959. Renamed Pacific View Leadership Elementary School on May 22, 2016. Markers of the Jefferson Davis Highway, installed in Horton Plaza in 1926 and moved to the western sidewalk of the plaza following a 2016 renovation. Following the Unite the Right rally in Virginia, the San Diego City Council removed the plaque on August 16, 2017. San Lorenzo: San Lorenzo High School. Until 2017, the school nickname was the "Rebels" – a tribute to the Confederate soldier in the Civil War. Its mascot, The Rebel Guy, was retired in 2016. The school's original mascot, Colonel Reb, was a white man with a cane and goatee who was retired in 1997. District of Columbia U.S. Capitol, National Statuary Hall Collection Alabama's statue of Confederate officer Jabez Curry was replaced by a statue of Helen Keller in 2009. In 2019, the Arkansas Legislature voted to replace Arkansas's statues; see above. Florida's statue of Edmund Kirby Smith is being replaced by one of Civil Rights advocate and educator Mary McLeod Bethune, which , had not been finished. On December 21, 2020, a statue of Robert E. Lee representing Virginia was removed to be replaced by a statue of civil rights activist Barbara Rose Johns. Confederate Memorial Hall, actually a brownstone row house at 1322 Vermont Avenue, just off Logan Circle. "A home and gathering place for Confederate veterans in Washington, D.C., and later, a social hall for white politicians from the South." The organization that owned it, the Confederate Memorial Association, keeps active the 1997 web page that lists the paintings and artifacts at this self-designated "Confederate Embassy". The building was seized and sold in 1997 to pay $500,000 in contempt of court fines that the organization's president, John Edward Hurley (who calls it "my...organization"), received in District of Columbia courts. It then became a private residence. In 2017, Washington National Cathedral removed stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. In 2016, it had removed the small Confederate flags in those windows. On June 19, 2020, protesters in the movement protesting the murder of George Floyd tore down the statue of Albert Pike, doused it with a flammable liquid and ignited it. After several minutes, local police intervened, extinguished the flames, and left the scene. The statue was taken away later on. Florida An August 2017 meeting of the Florida League of Mayors was devoted to the topic of what to do with Civil War monuments. State symbols Until 2016, the shield of the Confederacy was found in the Rotunda of the Florida Capitol, together with those of France, Spain, England, and the United States – all of them treated equally as "nations" that Florida was part of or governed by. The five flags "that have flown in Florida" were included on the official Senate seal, displayed prominently in the Senate chambers, on its stationery, and throughout the Capitol. On October 19, 2015, the Senate agreed to change the seal so as to remove the Confederate battle flag from it. The new (2016) Senate seal has only the flags of the United States and Florida. Bradenton On August 22, 2017, the Manatee County Commission voted 4–3 to move the Confederate monument in front of the county courthouse to storage. This granite obelisk was dedicated on June 22, 1924 by the Judah P. Benjamin Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It commemorates Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, and Jefferson Davis, and the "Memory of Our Confederate Soldiers." On August 24, while being moved (at 3 AM), the spire toppled and broke. The clean break is repairable, but the County recommends it not be repaired until a new home is found. No final decision has been made as of September 2018, but the Gamble Plantation Historic State Park has been suggested as a possible new home for it. Crestview Florida's Last Confederate Veteran Memorial, City Park (1958). In 2015, ownership was transferred to trustees of Lundy's family and the memorial was moved to private property. Soon after, research determined the memorialized man had not been a veteran but had falsified his age to get veteran benefits. After the removal of the Confederate monument and flag, the park is now referred to as the "former Confederate Park." Daytona Beach In August 2017, the Daytona Beach city manager made the decision to remove three plaques from Riverfront Park that honored Confederate veterans. Fort Myers The bust of Robert E. Lee, on a pedestal in the median of Monroe Street downtown, was found face down on the ground on March 12, 2019; the bolts holding it in place had been removed. It did not appear to be damaged, and was removed by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. The bust had been commissioned in 1966 from Italian sculptor Aldo Pero for $6,000 by the defunct Laetitia Ashmore Nutt Chapter of UDC, chapter 1447. In 2018 there had been conflict over the future of the monument, both at a Ft. Myers City Council meeting and at the monument itself. Ft. Myers is the county seat of Lee County, Florida. Gainesville Confederate monument called "Old Joe", Alachua County courthouse lawn, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and unveiled January 20, 1904. Removed from government land and returned to the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 2017, which relocated it to a private cemetery. Hollywood: Street signs named for Confederate Generals were removed in April 2018. Forrest Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, became Freedom Street. Hood Street, named for CSA Gen. John Bell Hood, became Hope Street. Lee Street, named for CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee, became Liberty Street. Jacksonville Following a petition with 160,000 signatures, Nathan Bedford Forrest High School (1959), originally an all-white school named in protest against school desegregation, renamed Westside High School in 2014 after decades of controversy. Lakeland Confederate soldier statue in downtown Munn Park, created by the McNeel Marble Works. "The United Daughters of the Confederacy paid $1,550 to erect the statue in Munn Park, the town square, on June 3, 1910. The city chipped in $200." In May 2018, the Lakeland City Commission approved unanimously the removal of the statue to Veterans Park. However, they specified that private funds would have to cover the costs. In six months, only $26,209 was raised, so commissioners voted in November "to use $225,000 in red light camera citation money to pay for the move". A coalition of individuals and groups opposed to the move, including the Sons of Confederate Veterans, filed suit in federal court alleging that the money being used was public money, but the suit was dismissed in January 2019 "as a matter of law", and the city proceeded, noting that it will be moved in the daytime. The relocation started on March 21, 2019. Orlando Confederate "Johnny Reb" monument, Lake Eola Park. Erected in 1911 on Magnolia Avenue; moved to Lake Eola Park in 1917. Removed from the park to a public cemetery in 2017. Palatka: Putnam County Confederate Memorial (1925) On August 25, 2020, the Putnam County Commission voted 4–1 to move the monument to a location not yet determined. Quincy: Gadsden Confederate Memorial, Gadsden County Courthouse. Removed on June 11, 2020, 30 minutes after the Gadsden County Commission voted to do so. St. Augustine Memorial to William Wing Loring, on the Plaza de la Constitución, erected behind the Government House (1920) On property belonging to the University of Florida, the University removed it, as Loring's descendants had requested. St. Petersburg Marker for the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway erected on January 22, 1939, was removed on August 15, 2017. Tallahassee The Confederate Battle Flag was included on the Senate seal from 1972 to 2016, when it was removed. It was also displayed in its chambers and on the Senate letterhead. In the wake of the racially motivated Charleston shootings, the Senate voted in October 2015 to replace the confederate symbol with the Florida state flag. The new shield was in place in 2016. The Confederate Stainless Banner flag flew over the west entrance of the Florida State Capitol from 1978 until 2001, when Gov. Jeb Bush ordered it removed. Tampa In 1997, county commissioners removed the Confederate flag from the Hillsborough County seal. In a compromise, they voted to hang a version of the flag in the county center. Commissioners voted in 2015 to remove that flag. In 2007 the county stopped honoring Confederate History Month. In June 2017, the Hillsborough County School Board started a review of how to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School in east Tampa. In September 2017, the school was seriously damaged by fire of accidental origin. Teachers and students were transferred, and the school with this name went out of existence. Memoria In Aeterna ("Eternal Memory"), Old Hillsborough County Courthouse, in 2017 Annex to the current Courthouse. "The monument is two Confederate soldiers: one facing north, in a fresh uniform, upright and heading to battle, and the other facing south, his clothes tattered as he heads home humbled by war. Between them is a 32-foot-tall obelisk with the image of a Confederate flag chiseled into it." It was called "one of the most divisive symbols in Hillsborough County". It was first erected in 1911 at Franklin and Lafayette Streets, and moved to its former location, in front of the then-new county courthouse, in 1952. After voting in July 2017 to move the statue to the small Brandon Family Cemetery in the suburb that bears its name (Brandon, Florida), the County Commission announced on August 16 that the statue would only be moved if private citizens raised $140,000, the cost of moving it, within 30 days. The funds were raised within 24 hours. The following day Save Southern Heritage, Veterans' Monuments of America, and United Daughters of the Confederacy filed a lawsuit attempting to prevent the statue's relocation. On September 5, 2017, a Hillsborough administrative judge denied their request for an injunction. Removal of the monument, which took several days, began the same day. It was cut into 26 pieces to enable its removal. It was moved on September 5, 2017, to the Brandon Family Cemetery; the county paid half the $285,000 cost. A x Confederate flag—when erected, the largest such flag ever made—at the privately-owned Confederate Memorial Park, placed so as to be visible at the intersection of I-4 and I-75, just east of Tampa (actually Seffner, Florida), was removed on June 1, 2020, by its owner, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, after threats to burn it were made on social media. West Palm Beach Confederate monument, Woodlawn Cemetery (1941), located at the front gate, directly behind an American flag. "The only one south of St. Augustine, likely the only Confederate statue in Palm Beach and Broward counties, said historian Janet DeVries, who leads cemetery tours at Woodlawn." Vandalized several times. Removed and placed in storage by order of Mayor Jeri Muoio on August 22, 2017, since its owner, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, had not claimed it despite notification. "Believed by local historians to be the last Confederate monument in Palm Beach County." Jefferson Davis Middle School. Renamed Palm Springs Middle School in 2005. Georgia State flag: From 1956 to 2001 the state flag of Georgia incorporated the Confederate battle flag. The current (2018) flag incorporates a less familiar version of the Confederacy's first flag, the Stars and Bars. Confederate Memorial Day and Robert E. Lee Day: Georgia removed the Confederate references in 2015; they are now known as "State Holidays." Athens: A portrait of Robert E. Lee was removed from a building on the campus of the University of Georgia by the Demosthenian Literary Society. Atlanta: Confederate Ave was renamed United Ave after the neighbourhood organized for a change in 2019. Decatur: The DeKalb County Confederate Monument was removed on June 18, 2020 after a court order on June 12. Lawrenceville: A Confederate memorial outside the Gwinnett County Courthouse was removed to storage in February 2021. Sylvania: The Screven County Confederate Dead Monument was pulled off its pedestal and "virtually destroyed" between August 30 and 31, 2018. The monument had been erected on Confederate Memorial Day, April 26, 1909, and moved to the city cemetery in the 1950s when the city turned the downtown Main Street park – where the monument was originally located – into a parking lot. The Georgia Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans is offering a $2,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of the those involved; the reward was subsequently increased to $10,000. A photo of the destroyed monument shows a flagpole with a Confederate flag. Indiana Indianapolis: On June 8, 2020, following the protests in response to the murder of George Floyd, the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was removed from Garfield Park and dismantled. It originally marked a mass grave for Confederate soldiers who died at Camp Morton, but was relocated away from the grave in 1912. Kansas Wichita: Confederate Flag Bicentennial Memorial (1962, removed 2015). The Confederate battle flag had been displayed at the John S. Stevens Pavilion at Veterans Memorial Plaza near downtown since 1976, when it was placed there in a historical flag display as part of the nation's bicentennial. The flag was removed July 2, 2015 by order of Mayor Jeff Longwell. Kentucky Bowling Green: a "historic" sign indicating that Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky was removed in August 2020. Florence: Boone County High School. The mascot for the school was Mr. Rebel, a Confederate general who stands tall in a light blue uniform, feathered cap, and English mustache. It was removed in 2017. Frankfort: Statue of Jefferson Davis, Kentucky Capitol Rotunda, 1936. (Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky.) In 2015, the all-white state Historic Properties Advisory Commission voted against removing the statue. In 2017 several prominent Republicans called for its removal. It was removed on June 13, 2020. Lexington John C. Breckinridge Memorial, Fayette County Courthouse, 1887. In November 2015, a committee, the Urban County Arts Review Board, voted to recommend removal of both the John Hunt Morgan Memorial and the John C. Breckinridge Memorial. The city council approved the removal on August 17, 2017. They were removed October 17, 2017 with the plan to relocated both to Lexington Cemetery. On July 24, 2018, this was accomplished. John Hunt Morgan Memorial, Fayette County Courthouse, 1911. Removed October 17, 2017 and placed in Lexington Cemetery on July 24, 2018 (see above) Louisville The Confederate Monument in Louisville statue was dedicated in 1895 and was placed next to the University of Louisville on city property. It was removed and re-located to a riverfront park in Brandenburg, Kentucky in December 2016. The cost of the move was $600,000. John B. Castleman Monument, Cherokee Triangle, 1882. In June 2020, the statue was removed to be relocated to Castleman's burial site in Cave Hill Cemetery. Louisiana Baton Rouge: Robert E. Lee High School, renamed Lee High School in 2016. In 2018 Lee Magnet High School. Sports teams, formerly Rebels, are now Patriots. New Orleans: The first Confederate monuments removed in 2017 were those of New Orleans, although it was in 2015 that the City Council ordered their removal. Court challenges were unsuccessful. The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet-proof vests, helmets, and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety. According to Mayor Landrieu, "The original firm we'd hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze." "Opponents at one point found their way to one of our machines and poured sand in the gas tank. Other protesters flew drones at the contractors to thwart their work." The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be "placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history." On May 19, 2017, the Monumental Task Committee, an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city, commented on the removal of the statues: "Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks. With the removal of four of our century-plus aged landmarks, at 299 years old, New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic." Landrieu replied on the same day: "These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for."A seven-person Monument Relocation Committee was set up by Mayor LaToya Cantrell to advise on what to do with the removed monuments. The statue of Jefferson Davis, if their recommendation is implemented, will be moved to Beauvoir, his former estate in Biloxi, Mississippi, that is now a presidential library and museum. The Committee recommended that the statues of Robert E. Lee and P.G.T. Beauregard be placed in Greenwood Cemetery, near City Park Avenue and Interstate 10 (where three other Confederate generals are entombed). However, this conflicts with a policy of former mayor Mitch Landrieu, who had directed that they never again be on public display in Orleans Parish. The Battle of Liberty Place Monument will remain in storage. Battle of Liberty Place Monument – Erected 1891 to commemorate the Reconstruction Era Battle of Liberty Place (1874) and celebrate Louisiana's White League. Removed April 24, 2017. The workers were dressed in flak jackets, helmets and scarves to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety. Police officers watched from a nearby hotel. Jefferson Davis Monument – Cost $35,000 and was unveiled February 22, 1911, the 50th anniversary of his inauguration as President of the Confederacy, by the Jefferson Davis Monument Association, which was formed in 1898. "The unveiling...was preceded by 'an impressive military parade' led by Major Allison Owen. Veterans of the Army of Tennessee, Washington Artillery, Camp Henry St. Paul, Army of Northern Virginia, veterans from the Soldiers Home, National Guard and the Boy Scouts all attended. A group of 500 schoolgirls formed a living Confederate flag." Removed May 11, 2017. General Beauregard Equestrian Statue – Erected in 1913. Removed May 17, 2017. Robert E. Lee monument – Erected in 1884. Statue atop a column with on an earthen mound. Statue removed May 19, 2017. Edward Douglass White Jr. statue – On December 23, the statue of Edward Douglass White Jr. was relocated from outside the Louisiana Supreme Court building to the interior near the court museum. Renaming of public schools. In 1992 the School Board announced plans to rename schools named after owners of slaves, if the parents, teachers, and children of each school approved. Other public schools renamed, not directly relevant to the war, were originally named for Marie Couvent (a black slave owner), George Washington, William C. C. Claiborne, Samuel J. Peters, Étienne de Boré, William O. Rogers ("a general school superintendent who didn't believe blacks should be educated after the 5th grade"), and Edward Douglass White, Jr., a Supreme Court chief justice who voted to uphold the "separate but equal" doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson. Jefferson Davis Elementary School renamed in 1993 for Ernest "Dutch" Morial, New Orleans' first African-American mayor. P.G.T. Beauregard Junior High School was renamed Thurgood Marshall Middle School, after the first black Supreme Court justice. Robert E. Lee Elementary School renamed for Ronald McNair, the black astronaut killed in the 1986 Challenger explosion. J. P. Benjamin School, named for Jefferson Davis's secretary of war, was renamed for African-American educator and civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune. Charles Gayarre Elementary School, named for Charles Gayarré, a financial supporter of the Confederacy, was renamed after New Orleans civil rights leader Oretha Castle Haley. Francis T. Nicholls High School, named for the Confederate general and Governor of Louisiana, was renamed Frederick Douglass High School after the abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass. Adolph Meyer School, named for a Confederate officer and later a congressman, was renamed for the abolitionist Harriet Tubman. Benjamin Palmer School, named for a pro-slavery pastor influential in Louisiana's decision to secede and join the Confederacy, was renamed Lorraine V. Hansberry Elementary School, after the African-American playwright who wrote A Raisin in the Sun.Maine Brunswick, Maine: Confederate plaque, Bowdoin College. Installed in 1965, removed in August 2017. Maryland State of Maryland State Song: In 2021 Maryland officially repealed its state song, Maryland, My Maryland, due to controversial lyrics that call on Maryland to join the Confederacy and label the Union as tyrannical. In March 2021, both houses of the Maryland General Assembly voted to repeal the state song and governor Larry Hogan signed it into law on May 18, 2021. Since then, Maryland has had no official state song. Previously in 2017, the University of Maryland marching band announced it would no longer play the song before football games and in 2020, Pimlico Race Course scrapped its tradition of playing the song before the race. Plaque (1964): Maryland State House Trust removed a plaque from the Maryland State House in 2020. Sons of Confederate Veterans Commemorative License Plate featuring the Confederate battle flag was revoked in 2015 after an 18-year legal battle. Existing plates are recalled for mandatory replacement. Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Spirit of the Confederacy), Mount Royal Avenue. Defaced with red paint August 13, 2017. In 2015, defaced with yellow paint saying "black lives matter". Removed August 16, 2017. Confederate Women's Monument. Charles Street and University Parkway. Removed August 16, 2017. Robert E. Lee Park was renamed Lake Roland Park in 2015. Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument. On the northwestern side of the Wyman Park Dell, Charles Village, opposite the Baltimore Museum of Art, and just south of Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University (1948). Removed August 16, 2017. Catonsville: 1942 mural in Post Office depicting "enslaved Black people pulling barrels of tobacco alongside White men on horses" has been covered with plastic sheeting, pending decision on what to do with it and what to replace it with. Charlotte Hall: Plaque installed in 1993 removed from Charlotte Hall Veterans Home. Ellicott City, Howard County: Howard County Courthouse Confederate Monument. Dedicated in 1948. Removed on August 22, 2017. Lothian: A statue of Confederate soldier Benjamin Welch Owens was vandalized in June 2020 and toppled in July 2020. Rockville: Confederate Monument, lifesize and bronze, on a granite pedestal. It was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of $3,600. The artist is unknown. Inscription: "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865." (Gray was the color of Confederate uniforms.) The dedication was on June 3, 1913 (Jefferson Davis's birthday), and 3,000 (out of a county population of 30,000) attended. It was originally located in a small triangular park called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south. In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission. It was defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it. The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland. White's Ferry, Montgomery County: A passenger and vehicle ferry, formerly named Gen. Jubal A. Early (1954), connects Montgomery County, Maryland, and Loudoun County, Virginia. Owned by White's Ferry, it was named for Confederate General Jubal Early until June 2020. White's Ferry is the only ferry still in operation on the Potomac River. Massachusetts Fort Warren, Georges Island, Boston Harbor: Memorial to 13 Confederate prisoners who died in captivity. Dedicated in 1963; removed October 2017. Oak Bluffs, Martha's Vineyard: Two plaques place in honor of confederate soldiers were removed from the statue of a Union soldier by the town in 2019 and remounted in a contextual display in the Martha's Vineyard Museum. Michigan Lowell: The 1935 Robert E. Lee Show Boat: A campaign by Former Representative Dave Hildenbrand to request money from Rick Snyder's administration resulted in a taxpayer funded grant to rebuild the confederate-named boat. What followed was a contentious and successful petition to change the boat's name. It was demolished February 28, 2019. Mississippi Statewide On June 30, 2020 the Governor Tate Reeves signed a bill which removes the second flag of Mississippi (1894) within 15 days from all public buildings and establish a new flag for the state, that will be voted by referendum in November. Voters approved a new state flag with 68% of the vote on November 3, 2020. "Several city and county governments and all eight of Mississippi's public universities have stopped flying the state flag in recent years amid critics' concerns that it does not properly represent a state where 38 percent of residents are African-American." Greenwood A Confederate monument is to be removed and replaced with a statue of Emmett Till. Jackson Davis Magnet IB School. Renamed "Barack Obama Magnet IB School" in 2017. (Col. John Logan) Power Academic and Performing Arts Complex is renamed for Ida B. Wells and Robert E. Lee Elementary School is renamed for "Drs. Aaron and Ollye Shirley" in December 2020. Oxford Confederate Drive renamed Chapel Lane In 2016, the University of Mississippi marching band, called The Pride of the South, stopped playing Dixie. The school got rid of its Colonel Reb mascot in 2003. Missouri Columbia: In 2018, the Columbia Board of Education voted unanimously to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School to Locust Street Expressive Arts Elementary School. Kansas City, Missouri: United Daughters of the Confederacy Monument on Ward Parkway. The memorial to Confederate women, a 1934 gift by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, was defaced by graffiti on August 18, 2017 and boxed up two days later in preparation for its removal. The monument was removed on August 25, 2017. St. Louis Memorial to the Confederate Dead (1914), removed in June 2017 from Forest Park. It awaits a new home outside St. Louis City and County limits (per agreement between the city and the Missouri Civil War Museum in Jefferson Barracks). Confederate Drive (1914). Road removed and replaced with green space in 2017. Montana Helena: Confederate Memorial Fountain (1916). City Council voted August 17, 2017 to remove it. It was removed on August 18, 2017. In its place is a new fountain known as the Unity Fountain, installed in 2020. Nevada Paradise: University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV): Until the 1970s, the school mascot was Beauregard, a wolf dressed in a gray military field jacket and Confederate cap. Beauregard was named for CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard. New Mexico The three Jefferson Davis Highway markers in the state were removed in 2018. New York New York City Central Park In November 2017, the cover of Harper’s Magazine featured J. C. Hallman’s article "Monumental Error" about the Central Park monument of controversial surgeon – and Confederate spy – J. Marion Sims. The timing coincided with the work New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio’s committee on monuments, and Hallman’s article was distributed to members of New York’s Public Design Commission. The commission voted unanimously to remove Sims’s statue, and it was removed in April 2018. Hallman has since written articles about Sims’s statue in Montgomery, Alabama, and is working on a book, The Anarcha Quest, about Sims and his so-called "first cure", Anarcha Westcott. Brooklyn On August 16, 2017, the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island removed a 1912 plaque from a tree Robert E. Lee planted between 1842 and 1847. They also removed a second marker erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1935. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo has ordered name changes of streets named for Lee and Jackson in the Fort Hamilton section of Brooklyn. The Bronx Busts of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee, formerly in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College (formerly New York University), were removed in 2017 by New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo. North Carolina Statewide: The North Carolina Department of Transportation stopped authorizing the use of specialized license plates of the North Carolina Sons of Confederate Veterans that depict a Confederate battle flag in January 2021. The organization will be able to display other, non-offensive specialty plates. Asheville: In a joint agreement between the city of Asheville and Buncombe County to remove two Confederate monuments that are located in or near Pack Square Park, crews began by the removal of the Robert E. Lee Dixie Highway, Colonel John Connally Marker (1926) on July 10, 2020, leaving only the base for future use. On July 14, crews removed the Monument to 60th Regt. NC Volunteers (1905), located in front of the Buncombe County courthouse. Both monuments were moved to a County-own storage facility, where they will stay till a future decision is made. The Zebulon Vance Monument (1898), a obelisk located at the center of Pack Square Park, was completely covered with a shroud on July 10, 2020, at a cost of $18,500 and a monthly scaffolding rental cost of $2,400. A task force will decide the fate of it by either re-purposing or removing it. Chapel Hill: A 1923 building at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill was named for William L. Saunders, Colonel in the Confederate army and head of the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina. In 2014, the building was renamed Carolina Hall. Silent Sam, a statue erected in 1913 at the entrance to the University of North Carolina (today the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) as a memorial to its Confederate alumni, was pulled down, after years of protests, on August 20, 2018. As of November 20, 2019, the University has not decided whether or where the statue will be restored. In her January 19, 2019 letter of resignation as Chancellor, Carol Folt ordered the removal of the plinth and plaques as a threat to public safety, as they attracted pro-Confederate demonstrators unconnected with the University. A proposal to build a special museum on the campus for the statue was rejected as too expensive and wasteful of resources. A scandal erupted in late 2019 after the press reported a secret agreement to transfer the monument to the Sons of Convederate Veterans, with funding. This deal collapsed once it was exposed. As of August 2020 the statue remains in an undisclosed University of North Carolina warehouse, and its fate remains undecided. The Orange County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously on October 16, 2018, to remove the Jefferson Davis Highway designation from the portion of US 15 that runs through the county. A marker stands at the intersection of East Franklin Street (formerly the route of US 15) and Henderson Street, in downtown Chapel Hill, adjacent to the University of North Carolina. The bronze plaque and stone pedestal were not removed immediately because it was not clear who their owner was. Charlotte: In 2015, the Mecklenburg County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1977) was vandalized following the events of the Charleston church shooting on June 17. In July, the monument was removed from its location at the northwest corner of the Old City Hall for cleaning. Later that same month, the "Historic Artifact Management and Patriotism Act" became law while the monument was still located in a city-owned warehouse. With a technicality, city manager Ron Carlee informed the City Council that he was relocating the monument to the Confederate section of city-owned Elmwood Cemetery. By end of year, it was relocated, next to other Confederate monuments and graves. The Confederate Reunion Marker (1924), located on a hill next to Grady Cole Center and American Legion Memorial Stadium, was removed on June 21, 2020 after the Mecklenburg County Commission became aware of online threats to damage or deface it. No decision if the removal would be temporary or permanent. Clinton: On July 12, 2020, the statue that makes part of the Confederate Soldiers Monument (1916), located on the south side of the Sampson County Courthouse, was removed after it was found bent and teetering on its pedestal that morning. The base currently remains on the Courthouse grounds. Durham: Confederate Soldiers Monument (1924) at the Old Durham County Courthouse, was pulled down and severely damaged during a protest on August 17, 2017. Eight individuals were arrested for destroying the memorial, but the charges were later dropped. The monument is being stored in a county warehouse. In early 2019, a joint city-county government committee to consider what to do with the damaged statue, recommended that it be displayed indoors in its crumpled state. "The committee said displaying the statue in its current damaged form would add important context. The proposal would leave the statue's pedestal in place and add outdoor markers honoring Union soldiers and enslaved people." The proposal needs approval from the Durham County Commission. Durham County maintains that the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015 does not apply, since the law does not address damaged monuments. On August 11, 2020, contractors removed the stone pedestal and moved it to a secure location following the recommendation of the City-County Committee on Confederate Monuments and Memorials. Statue of Robert E. Lee in the Duke Chapel, Duke University. Installed in the 1930s in consultation with "an unnamed Vanderbilt University professor." Defaced in August 2017. After vandalism, removed August 19, 2017. Julian S. Carr Junior High School, for whites only, built in 1928, closed in 1975. The building became part of the formerly all-white Durham High School, which closed in 1993. Since 1995 the buildings are used by the Durham School of the Arts. On August 24, 2017, the Board of the Durham Public Schools voted unanimously to remove Carr's name from the building. Fayetteville: On June 27, 2020, the 1902 Confederate Monument was removed from its location between the intersection of East and West Dobbin Avenue, Morganton Street, and Fort Bragg Road, in the Haymount neighborhood. The decision of its removal was done by its owner, the J.E.B. Stuart Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), in an effort so the monument would not be vandalized. It is not known if it will be returned, relocated or stay in storage indefinitely. This was its third location, originally located at the intersection of Grove, Green, Rowan, and Ramsey Streets; it moved to the northeast corner of the square in 1951 due to road realignments. In 2002, the statue was then moved to its last location, by the UDC, believing the original site lost its charm becoming to commercialized. Gastonia: On June 23, 2020, the Gaston County Commissioners approved creating a council of understanding to give a recommendation to the commissioners about the future of the Gaston County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1912), located at the Gaston County Courthouse along Marietta Street. The commissioners voted on July 13 to relocate the statue and voted on August 3 to gift the monument to the Sons of Confederate Veterans Charles Q. Petty Camp, allowing them to relocate it onto private property, where it can only be used as a war memorial and educational tool. Greensboro: On July 3, 2020, the Confederate Soldiers Monument (1888) was discovered toppled in Green Hills Cemetery. The monument, which marks the grave area of three hundred unknown Confederate soldiers, was moved into storage. Greenville: The Pitt County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1914) sits on the Pitt County Courthouse grounds in Greenville. On June 15, 2020, the Pitt County Board of Commissioners voted to remove the monument to a temporary location immediately, and work toward a permanent relocation. It was removed from its location on June 23. Henderson: On July 3, 2020, the Vance County Confederate Monument (1910), located in front of the old Vance County Courthouse, was removed after Vance County Commissioners approved it by vote a few days prior. The monument is currently in storage until its disposition could be decided. Upon its removal, crews discovered a time capsule that was buried beneath the monument, with artifacts that date back to 1910. Hillsborough: The building that currently houses the Orange County Historical Museum, at 201 N. Churton St., was built in 1934 and housed the (whites only) public library. The UDC donated $7,000 towards its construction, and it was named the Confederate Memorial Library. In 1983, after the library (now the Orange County Public Library) moved into a larger facility, the Museum moved in. The word "Library" was removed from the lettering over the front door, but "Confederate Memorial" remained. In 2015, the Hillsborough Town Board voted to remove the words. Lexington: In October 2020, the United Daughters of the Confederacy requested that a Confederate monument owned by the organization which stood at the city square in Lexington since 1902 be removed. Despite objections from Davidson County Commissioners, the Confederate monument which stood at the city square in Lexington since 1902 was removed after the Davidson County Superior Court allowed for the city and the Daughters of the Confederacy to have it removed from this location. The statue would be removed from the city square late at night on October 15–16, 2020. Louisburg: The Louisburg Town Council voted, in emergency session on June 22, 2020, on a compromise to remove the Confederate Monument (1914) from its location on North Main Street and relocate it to a municipal cemetery and placed among the graves of the Confederate soldiers it memorializes. It was removed from its location on June 30. Oxford: On June 24, 2020, the Granville County Confederate Monument (1909) was removed from its location in front of the Richard Thornton Library, next to the Granville County Revolutionary War Monument (1926). The Granville Board of Commissioners made the decision as they believed there was a credible threat that it would be forcably removed and possible violent protest. The monument would be placed in storage until a new location was determined. This was the second location of the monument; it was first located in front of the Granville County Courthouse till 1971, when it was moved to the library as a compromise from the Oxford Race Riot. Pittsboro: Confederate Soldiers Monument (1907), Old Chatham County Courthouse; erected by Winnie Davis Chapter, UDC. In 2019, there were "months" of discussion about what to do with it, including "multiple late-night Chatham County Board of Commissioners meetings". There were citizens' groups calling for its removal ("Chatham for All") and for leaving it alone. As it is privately owned (by the UDC), the statute protecting public Civil War monuments does not apply, said the County. In July 2019, the local UDC chapter and the county "signed a memorandum of understanding, agreeing to 'meet, cooperate, and work together in good faith to develop a mutually agreeable framework for "reimagining" the monument.'" In an August 12 statement, the UDC said the statue was given by the UDC to the county, which now owns it, "notwithstanding the statement on the south side of the statue carved in granite", the state statute does apply, and "is inappropriate that we re-imagine the statue in any way". After a court ruled that the statue belonged to the UDC and not the county, it was removed on November 20, 2019. Raleigh: A Confederate battle flag hanging in the Old North Carolina State Capitol was removed in 2013. On June 19, 2020, protesters pulled down two of the three bronze soldiers on the Confederate monument at the state Capitol, with one of the statues hung by its neck from the streetlight. The following day, Governor Cooper gave the orders that all three Confederate monuments, located on the Capitol grounds, to be removed for public safety. Two of the three monuments, the Women of the Confederacy (1914) and a statue of Henry Lawson Wyatt (1912), were removed that day and moved into storage. The third, what remains of the monument to fallen Confederate soldiers (1895) was removed from June 21–23. Governor Cooper laid blame to the 2015 law as creating legal roadblocks to removal that eventually led to the dangerous incidents that happened. The two cannons that flanked 75-foot Confederate monument were relocated to Fort Fisher on June 28. Reidsville: From 1910 to 2011, the monument stood in Reidsville's downtown area. In 2011, a motorist hit the monument, shattering the granite soldier which stood atop it. Placing the monument back in the center of town sparked a debate between local officials, neighbors and friends—which resulted in it being placed at its current site—the Greenview Cemetery. Rocky Mount: On June 2, 2020, the City Council of Rocky Mount voted to remove the Nash County Confederate Monument (1917). The land, which the monument was located on, will be vacated by the city, reverting ownership to Rocky Mount Mills. Salisbury: On June 16, 2020, the Salisbury City Council voted to remove the Fame Confederate Monument (1909), located on at the intersection of West Innes and Church Streets, and relocate it to the Old Lutheran Cemetery, where 175 tombstones for Confederate soldiers were installed in 1996. On June 22, an agreement was signed with the Robert F. Hoke Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy to which they will assist on its removal, storage and relocation. The statue was later removed from July 6–7, 2020. Wadesboro: On July 7, 2020, the Anson County Board of Commissioners voted to remove the Anson County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1906) in front of the Wadesboro courthouse. The following day the monument was removed and placed in storage, where it will remain until it can be moved onto private property at a later date. Warrenton: On June 24, 2020 the Warren County Confederate Monument (1913), located in front of the Warren County Courthouse, was removed from its location. The County Commission justified their decision after receiving online several threats to topple the monument; it is currently located in storage. Wilmington: In the early morning of June 25, 2020, in what has been described as a surprise move, the City of Wilmington removed the Confederate Memorial (1924) and the George Davis Monument (1911). The city's twitter page posted at 5:28am "In accordance with NC law, the city has temporarily removed two monuments from the downtown area. This was done in order to protect the public safety and to preserve important historical artifacts." It is not known where the monuments are being stored or what the future plans for them will be. Winston-Salem: The Confederate Soldiers Monument (1905), formerly in front of the former Forsyth County Courthouse, now private apartments, was removed on March 12, 2019 by the city, due to safety concerns and the property owner's unwillingness to maintain it. Mayor Allen Joines said that the statue would be moved to Salem Cemetery after being temporarily in storage. It was vandalized with paint in August 2017 and again late in 2018 with the words "Cowards & Traitors" written with black marker. The UDC, its owner, declined to move it to the Salem Cemetery after the city proposed it. On December 31, 2018, the city attorney sent a letter to the UDC saying that the monument is a threat to public safety and calling for its removal by January 31. "And if they don't, we're prepared to file legal action to achieve that removal", said Mayor Joines. The owner of the property, Clachan Properties, also asked the UDC to remove it. The local chapter of the UDC filed a lawsuit against the city and county May 4, 2020 claiming the city did not own the statue and did not have the right to remove it. On December 31, 2020, the state division of the UDC announced it was appealing to the North Carolina Supreme Court. Ohio Columbus: On August 22, 2017, a Confederate statue at Camp Chase was damaged, with its head stolen, but it was since repaired. Franklin: Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee roadside plaque. Removed August 16–17, 2017. Willoughby: Willoughby South High School: In 2017, the school dropped its "Rebel" mascot—a man dressed in a gray Confederate military outfit—but kept the "Rebel" nickname. Worthington: An Ohio state historical marker outside the home where CSA Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley was born was removed August 18, 2017. Oklahoma Atoka: The Confederate Memorial Museum and Cemetery opened in 1986. In 2016 its name was changed to Atoka Museum and Confederate Cemetery. Tulsa: Robert E. Lee Elementary School, renamed Lee Elementary School in May 2018, then renamed Council Oak Elementary School in August 2018. Pennsylvania "After removing a trio of Confederate historical markers an hour west of Gettysburg, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission has replaced two with significant revisions that view Confederate milestones through a more critical lens. ...In Pittsburgh, the commission took down a United Daughters of the Confederacy-backed plaque." South Carolina Columbia: The Confederate battle flag was raised over the South Carolina statehouse in 1962 as a protest to desegregation. In 2000 the legislature voted to remove it and replace it with a flag on a flagpole in front of the Capitol as a monument. In 2015 the complete removal was approved by the required 2/3 majority of both houses of the Legislature. The flag was given to the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum. Rock Hill: In 2017, the Confederate flag and pictures of Jackson and Lee were removed from the York County courthouse. Tennessee The 2016 Tennessee Heritage Protection Act puts "the brakes on cities' and counties' ability to remove monuments or change names of streets and parks." Crossville South Cumberland Elementary School: Murals painted in 2003, one of a large Confederate battle flag and another showing the team's mascot, the Rebel, triumphantly holding a Confederate battle flag while a boy in a blue outfit is being lynched on a tree, were altered/removed in 2018 after it was discovered by the anti-hate organization located in Shelbyville. Franklin The Forrest Crossing Golf Course, owned by the American Golf Corporation, changed its name to the Crossing Golf Course on September 22, 2017. It had been named after Confederate General and Klansman Nathan Bedford Forrest. Memphis Three Confederate-themed city parks were "hurriedly renamed" prior to passage of the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act of 2013. Confederate Park (1908) was renamed Memphis Park; Jefferson Davis Park (1907) was renamed Mississippi River Park; and Forrest Park (1899) was renamed Health Sciences Park. The vote of the City Council was unanimous. At the time the monuments were dedicated, African Americans could not use those parks. Jefferson Davis Monument located in Memphis Park, 1904/1964. The city is suing the state to get it removed. It was removed under police guard December 20, 2017. Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument commissioned 1901, dedicated 1905, was installed thanks in part to Judge Thomas J. Latham's wife. It was located in the former Nathan Bedford Forrest Park, renamed Health Sciences Park in 2015. Memphis City Council officials were unanimous in seeking to have the statues removed, but were blocked by the Tennessee Historical Commission under the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act. After exploring legal remedies, the city of Memphis decided to sell the two parks to a new non-profit, Memphis Greenspace, whose president was a county commissioner, for $1,000 each. Memphis Greenspace removed the statue, under police guard, the same day, December 20, 2017. The Sons of Confederate Veterans sued the city, but their suit was unsuccessful. In June 2021, Forrest's and his wife's remains began to be removed from Health Sciences Park to be reinterred on private land. Statue of J. Harvey Mathes, Confederate Captain, removed December 20, 2017. Murfreesboro Forrest Hall (ROTC building), Middle Tennessee State University: In 2006, the frieze depicting General Forrest on horseback that had adorned the side of this building was removed amid protests, but a major push to change its name failed. Also, the university's Blue Raiders' athletic mascot was changed to a pegasus from a cavalier, in order to avoid association with General Forrest. Nashville Confederate Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University, was renamed Memorial Hall on August 15, 2016. Since the building "was built on the back of a $50,000 donation from the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1933", the university returned to them its 2017 equivalent, $1.2 million. Prior to this, Vanderbilt was involved in a lawsuit, dating at least back to 2005, with the United Daughters of the Confederacy. "Michael Schoenfeld, Vanderbilt's vice chancellor for public affairs, said he and other university officials had gotten death threats over his school's decision." On June 4, 2020, Montgomery Bell Academy announced plans to remove the statue of Sam Davis (1999), which was completed a few days later. Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue was removed on December 7, 2021. Sewanee (Sewanee: The University of the South): Confederate flags were removed from the Chapel in the mid-1990s "reportedly to improve acoustics". A portrait of Leonidas Polk was moved from Convocation Hall to Archives and Special Collections in 2015. However "two other portraits of Polk currently hang in different locations on campus. One can easily find Polk's image and influence all over Sewanee." Kirby-Smith Monument (1940). Smith was, after the war, a Sewanee professor of botany and mathematics. Plinth defaced with "Elevate People of Color" and "Elevate Women" in 2018. Removed to Graveyard in 2018, at request of Smith's descendants. Texas Arlington: Six Flags Over Texas theme park: In August 2017 it removed the Stars and Bars Confederate Flag, after flying it for 56 years with the other flags that have flown over Texas. In the 1990s the park renamed the Confederacy section the Old South section and removed all Confederate Battle Flags. University of Texas at Arlington changed sports mascot from Rebels to Mavericks "in the 1970s". Austin: Children of the Confederacy plaque, erected in 1959 and located inside the State Capital, with the assertion that "the War Between the States was not a rebellion, nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery." The plaque was removed between January 11 and 13, 2019 after a unanimous vote by the Texas State Preservation Board, chaired by Governor Greg Abbott. Calls for its removal started in 2017 by then House Speaker Joe Straus, in a letter to the State Preservation Board that oversees the Capitol grounds, in which he was joined by 40 other lawmakers. The Texas Confederate Museum closed in 1988. It was from its opening in 1903 until 1920 in a room on the first floor of the Capital. It then moved to the adjacent Old Land Office Building, where it remained until 1998, much longer than the building had been used by the Land Office. When the building was vacated for renovation, the Museum was not permitted to return. (The building is now the Capital Visitors Center.) It never reopened as it never found another home. Its collections are now divided between the Haley Memorial Library and History Center in Midland and the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, a suburb of Fort Worth. Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1939) was renamed for local photographer Russell Lee in 2016. He was a prominent photographer with the Farm Security Administration and the first Professor of Photography at the University of Texas. Johnston High School: Named for Albert Sidney Johnston, Confederate general killed in the Battle of Shiloh. The school closed in 2008; the Liberal Arts and Science Academy is now (2021) at that location. Jeff Davis Avenue. The Austin City Council voted unanimously to rename the street for William Holland, born a slave, an educator who served one term in the Texas Legislature and became a Travis County commissioner. Robert E. Lee Road. The Austin City Council voted unanimously to rename the street, whose signs had been defaced, for Azie Morton, the only African American to hold the office of Treasurer of the United States. University of Texas In May 2015, the student government at the University of Texas at Austin voted almost unanimously to remove a statue of Jefferson Davis that had been erected on the campus's South Mall.Tom McCarthy, "Drive to call time on Confederate flag sweeps south – 150 years after civil war", The Guardian, June 23, 2015. Beginning shortly after the Charleston church shooting of June 2015, "black lives matter" was written repeatedly in bold red letters on the base of the statue. Previous messages had included "Davis must fall" and "Liberate U.T." (the University of Texas). The University of Texas officials convened a task force to determine whether to honor the students' petition for removal of the statue. Acting on the strong recommendation of the task force, UT's President Gregory L. Fenves announced on August 13, 2015 that the statue would be relocated to serve as an educational exhibit in the university's Dolph Briscoe Center for American History museum. He said: "it is not in the university's best interest to continue commemorating him [Davis] on our Main Mall." Legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans was unsuccessful. The statue was removed on August 30, 2015. After the removal of the Jefferson Davis statue in 2015 there were four remaining Confederate statues left on the South Mall at the University of Texas, portraying Generals Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston, and Confederate Postmaster John H. Reagan. They were dedicated in 1933. On August 20–21, 2017 the university removed the three Confederate statues from the Austin campus grounds and relocated them to a museum. The decision was inspired by the Unite the Right rally August 10–11 in Charlottesville. At the same time, a statue of Texas Governor Jim Hogg was also removed, although he had no direct link with the Confederacy. In 2018 it was announced that it would be reinstalled at a different location. IDEA Allan School, a charter school, was renamed IDEA Montopolis in 2018. It had been named for Confederate Army officer John T. Allan. Four other related properties in Austin are being similarly renamed. In 2019, Lanier High School was renamed Navarro High School in honor of 2007 graduate Juan Navarro, a U.S. Army officer killed in Afghanistan. Sidney Lanier, the "poet of the Confederacy", served as a private in the CSA. Dallas: Removal of the Confederate War Memorial in Dallas was approved by the Dallas City Council in February 2019, but a citizens' group filed lawsuits, and the planned removal was blocked indefinitely later that year by the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas. On June 11, 2020, the city filed an emergency motion for immediate permission to remove the monument, citing the possibility of serious injury to protesters if the monument is toppled during a planned rally at the site. It was removed on June 24, 2020. In 2016, the John B. Hood Middle School renamed itself, with the concurrence of the Dallas Independent School District Board of Trustees, as the Piedmont Global Academy. The Robert E. Lee statue in Lee Park along Turtle Creek Boulevard, dedicated in 1936 to celebrate the Texas Centennial Exposition, was removed on September 14, 2017 after the City Council voted 13–1 in favor of removal. The city considered lending it to the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, the only local institution willing to accept it, but declined because it would not be displayed in a historical context the Dallas City Commission found acceptable. In June 2019, the city sold it in an online auction for $1,435,000, on condition that it not be displayed in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. Thomas Jefferson High School's sports mascot changed from Rebels to Patriots "in the 1970s". William L. Cabell Elementary School, named after William Lewis Cabell, was renamed Chapel Hill Preparatory in 2018. Stonewall Jackson Elementary School (1939) in Lower Greenville was renamed Mockingbird Elementary School in 2018, after Mockingbird Lane on which it is located. Robert E. Lee Elementary School was renamed Geneva Heights Elementary School in 2018. Robert E. Lee Park: The park was temporarily renamed "Oak Lawn Park" until a permanent name can be approved. Lee, Gano (Richard Montgomery Gano), Stonewall, Beauregard, and Cabell (William Lewis Cabell, mayor of Dallas) streets are currently named for Confederate Generals. They will be renamed at a future date. Fort Worth: Granite marker remembering pioneer banker and Confederate soldier Khleber Miller Van Zandt, after the war commander of the trans-Mississippi division of the United Confederate Veterans. Removed on August 18, 2017 and given to the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, Texas, a Fort Worth suburb. Granite marker remembering a violent east Texas Ku Klux Klansman, Confederate Brig. Gen. H.P. "Hinchie" Mabry. Removed on August 18, 2017 and given to the Texas Civil War Museum. Southwest High School's sports logo changed from Rebels to Raiders "in the 1980s". Richland High School (Texas) formerly had the Confederate flag painted on the floor of the gymnasium. Garland: South Garland High School removed various Confederate symbols in 2015. A floor tile mosaic donated by the Class of 1968 and a granite sign in front of the school were replaced. Both had incorporated the Confederate flag, which was part of the school's original coat of arms. In addition, the district has dropped "Dixie" as the tune for the school fight song. The school changed its Colonel mascot's uniform from Confederate gray to red and blue in 1991. Houston: Dowling Street. Named for Confederate commander Richard W. Dowling. Renamed Emancipation Avenue in 2017. The street leads to Emancipation Park. The site originally was the only municipal park available to blacks, who pooled their money in 1872 to buy the property to celebrate their freedom. In 2016, Jackson Middle School was renamed for Hispanic community activist Yolanda Black Navarro. Lee High School (1962). Originally known as Robert E. Lee High School, district leaders dropped the "Robert E." from the school's title to distance the school from the Confederate general. School officials changed the name to Margaret Long Wisdom High School in 2016. Westbury High School changed the nickname of its athletic teams from the "Rebels" to the "Huskies." Lakeside, Tarrant County The "smallest Confederate monument", two small Confederate flags, was removed from Confederate Park in August 2017. Midland: Prior to 2002, the Commemorative Air Force was the Confederate Air Force. San Antonio: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, dedicated April 28, 1899, located in Travis Park next to The Alamo. Removed September 1, 2017. Robert E. Lee High School renamed LEE (Legacy of Education Excellence) High School, reportedly to preserve the school's history and minimize the expense of renaming, in 2017. Utah St. George: Confederate statue The Rebels (1983; removed 2012), Dixie State University. Vermont Brattleboro: Brattleboro Union High School. Until 2004, the school mascot was Colonel Reb, a Confederate plantation owner. South Burlington: South Burlington High School Confederate themed Captain Rebel mascot (1961), use of the Confederate Battle Flag, and playing of Dixie almost immediately sparked controversy during the Civil Rights era and every decade since. The school board voted to retain the name in 2015 but to change it in 2017. "The Rebel Alliance", a community group opposed to changing the mascot has led two successful efforts to defeat the school budget in public votes as a protest. The students choose the "Wolves" and rebranding is proceeding. Virginia Statewide Confederate History Month (April) last celebrated in 2000. Lee-Jackson Day (January 17) was last celebrated in 2020. On February 6, 2020, Virginia passed legislation ending celebration of Lee-Jackson day: a state holiday commemorating Robert E Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. The holiday was replaced with Election Day and signed into law by Virginia Governor Ralph Northam. Alexandria In 2017, a portrait of Robert E. Lee (born in Alexandria) that hung in the City Council chambers was moved to the Lyceum, a local history museum. In 2017, the Vestry of Christ Church (Alexandria) voted unanimously to remove from the sanctuary plaques honoring Washington and Lee, placed there just after Lee's death in 1870, saying they "make some in our presence feel unsafe or unwelcome." In 2017, "[a] hotel on King Street removed a plaque that had been bolted to the wall of the building for decades and gave an incomplete account of the first war-related deaths after the Union invaded Alexandria on May 24, 1861. The marker, posted in 1929 by the Sons and Daughters of Confederate Veterans, memorialized the first Southerner killed by the Union, belying the fact that he had first shot and killed a Northern colonel on the property." In 2020, the Appomattox statue (1899) was removed. Dedicated to the Confederate dead and placed in the middle of the intersection of Washington and Prince Streets, in 2016 the mayor and city council voted unanimously for it to be moved to a museum. The statue was removed and put into storage in June 2020 by its owners, the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Arlington County Jefferson Davis Highway (U.S. 1) was renamed Richmond Highway in 2019. Arlington County announced in December 2020 that Robert E. Lee's former home, Arlington House, was being removed from its icon and seal, "primarily because it was built by enslaved people and later owned by Lee, who led the Confederate Army during the Civil War." Bailey's Crossroads J. E. B. Stuart High School (1958), named for Confederate general J. E. B. Stuart. Following protests by students and alumni that began in June 2015, the school board voted in July 2017 to rename the school as "Justice High" by the beginning of the 2019 school year. The new name took effect July 1, 2018. Bowling Green Confederate Monument (1906). On August 25, 2020, the Caroline County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to remove the monument. Charlottesville Lee Park, the setting for an equestrian statue of Robert E. Lee, was renamed Emancipation Park on February 6, 2017. In July 2018 it was renamed again, to Market Street Park. On February 6, 2017, the Charlottesville City Council also voted to remove the equestrian statue of Lee. In April, the City Council voted to sell the statue. In May a six-month court injunction staying the removal was issued as a result of legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and others. The prospect of removal, as well as the park renaming, brought numerous white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and other alt-right figures to the Unite the Right rally of August 2017, in which there were three fatalities. In June 2016 the pedestal had been spray painted with the words "Black Lives Matter", and overnight between July 7 and 8, 2017, it was vandalized by being daubed in red paint. On August 20, 2017, the City Council unanimously voted to shroud the statue, and that of Stonewall Jackson, in black. The Council "also decided to direct the city manager to take an administrative step that would make it easier to eventually remove the Jackson statue." The statues were covered in black shrouds on August 23, 2017. By order of a judge, the shrouds were removed in February 2018. After enabling legislation was signed by Governor Ralph Northam in April 2020, and following a 2021 Virginia Supreme Court ruling against opponents of removal, the Lee statue was removed on July 11, 2021. On September 6, 2017, the city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from Emancipation Park. The statue was removed on July 11, 2021. Jackson Park, named for Stonewall Jackson, was renamed Justice Park. In July 2018, it was renamed a second time, to Court Square Park. The University of Virginia Board of Visitors (trustees) voted unanimously to remove two plaques from the university's Rotunda that honored students and alumni who fought and died for the Confederacy in the Civil War. The University also agreed "to acknowledge a $1,000 gift in 1921 from the Ku Klux Klan and contribute the amount, adjusted for inflation, to a suitable cause." On September 12, 2020, At Ready, a statue of a Confederate soldier in front of the Albemarle County courthouse in Charlottesville, where it had stood since 1909, was taken down after a unanimous vote of the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors. A cannon and pyramid of cannonballs were also removed. Doswell Major amusement park Kings Dominion operated the popular "Rebel Yell" roller coaster from the park's 1975 opening until 2017. The ride's name referenced the "Rebel yell", a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War. On February 2, 2018, the park announced that the attraction would be renamed to "Racer 75" beginning in the 2018 season, although Kings Dominion did not comment on the relationship between the name change and the previous name's Confederate roots in its press release. Fairfax County Former J. E. B. Stuart High School reopened as Justice High School in September 2018. The school is near Munson Hill, Stuart's headquarters. It was given Stuart's name in 1958 as part of the county's "massive resistance" against the U.S. Supreme Court order to end racial segregation of public schools. Former Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield was renamed John R. Lewis High School on July 23, 2020, effective for the 2020/2021 school year. Front Royal The segregation academy John S. Mosby Academy, named for Confederate hero John S. Mosby, was founded in 1959 as an all-white school. It closed in 1969. Hampton Robert E. Lee Elementary School, closed 2010. Isle of Wight A generic "Johnny Reb" statue and its base, referring to "Confederate Dead", were removed from in front of the former Isle of Wight County Courthouse on May 8, 2021. Lexington In 2011, the City Council passed an ordinance to ban the flying of flags other than the United States flag, the Virginia Flag, and an as-yet-undesigned city flag on city light poles. Various flags of the Confederacy had previously been flown on city light poles to commemorate the Virginia holiday Lee–Jackson Day, which was formerly observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. About 300 Confederate flag supporters, including members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, rallied before the City Council meeting, and after the vote the Sons of Confederate Veterans vowed to challenge the new local ordinance in court. Court challenges have not been successful and the ordinance remains in effect. The city tried to prevent individuals from flying Confederate flags on their own property, but a 1993 federal injunction blocked effort. On the campus of Washington and Lee University, a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related flags were removed from the Lee Chapel in 2014. Close to Lee Chapel is the older Grace Episcopal Church, where Lee attended. In 1903 the church was renamed the R. E. Lee Memorial Church. In 2017 the church changed its name back to Grace Episcopal Church. On September 3, 2020, the Lexington City Council voted to rename Stonewall Jackson Cemetery to Oak Grove Cemetery. Jackson is buried in the cemetery. Virginia Military Institute (VMI) removed a statue of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, a former VMI professor, on December 7, 2020. The statue is to be relocated to a Civil War museum located on a battlefield where a number of VMI cadets and alumni were killed or wounded. Lynchburg A statue of Confederate veteran George Morgan Jones was removed from the Randolph College grounds on August 25, 2017. Manassas Stonewall Middle School (1974) was renamed Unity Braxton Middle School in 2020. Stonewall Jackson High School (1973) was renamed Unity Reed High School in 2020. Norfolk In 2020, the city removed the statue atop the Norfolk Confederate Monument (1907) and put it into storage, pending the dismantling of the rest of the monument. In June 2020 the City of Norfolk removed the long standing historical marker commemorating Father Abram Ryan "The Poet Priest of the Confederacy" which had stood on the corner of Tidewater and Lafayette Boulevard for 85 years. Petersburg: Three schools were renamed effective July 1, 2018. A $20,000 private donation covered the costs. A.P. Hill Elementary became Cool Spring Elementary Robert E. Lee Elementary became Lakemont Elementary J.E.B. Stuart Elementary became Pleasants Lane Elementary. Portsmouth The Confederate Monument, located in the town square. Local politicians had been contemplating the fate of the monument since 2015, in 2017 the town's mayor announced that it would be relocated to a cemetery, and in 2018 courts were involved to determine who owned it. In June 2020, protesters beheaded several of the statues and tore one down, injuring a man in the process. The city covered up the monument as they tried to figure out if, and when, they could relocate the remainder. Richmond Monument Avenue, 2020 On June 10, 2020, protesters in the movement protesting the murder of George Floyd tore down the Jefferson Davis Memorial. It had been defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015. On July 1, 2020, the first day possible under a new statute, the city removed the Stonewall Jackson Monument (1919), by sculptor Frederick William Sievers. On July 2, 2020, the statue of Matthew Fontaine Maury (1929), also by Sievers, was removed by the city. On July 7, 2020, the city removed the J. E. B. Stuart Monument (1907) by Frederick Moynihan. In February 2000, the City Council voted to change the names of the J. E. B. Stuart and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson bridges, which cross the James River, to the names of Samuel Tucker and Curtis Holt, two local notables in the civil rights movement. J.E.B. Stuart Elementary School (1922) was renamed Barack Obama Elementary School in 2018. On June 6, 2020, the Statue of Williams Carter Wickham (1891) in Monroe Park was toppled from its platform by Black Lives Matter protesters. On June 16, 2020, the Howitzer Monument (1892) by sculptor Caspar Buberl was torn down by Black Lives Matter protesters. On July 8, 2020, the statue on top of the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors memorial in the Libby Hill district was removed by the city. Busts of Robert E. Lee and eight other Confederate leaders were removed from the Old House Chamber in the Virginia State Capitol building on July 23, 2020. Monument Ave, 2021 On September 8, 2021, the Robert E. Lee Monument (1890) by Antonin Mercié was removed at the direction of the state government. Roanoke Stonewall Jackson Middle School was renamed John P. Fishwick Middle School in July 2018. Staunton Robert E. Lee High School (1967), was renamed Staunton High School in 2018/2019. Washington (state) Bellingham: Pickett Bridge, commemorating an earlier wooden bridge erected by US Army Capt. Pickett over Whatcom Creek. Sign erected in 1920, was removed August 18, 2017, along with signs leading to Pickett House. Signs leading to Pickett House were put back up September 2017. Blaine: A stone marker at the northernmost end of the state designating Highway 99 the "Jeff Davis Highway" was erected in the 1930s by the Daughters of the Confederacy, with State approval. It was removed in 2002 through the efforts of State Representative Hans Dunshee and city officials, and after it was discovered that the highway was never officially designated to memorialize Davis by the State. The marker stone was moved to Jefferson Davis Park, a private park operated by the Sons of Confederate Veterans just outside Ridgefield right beside I-5. Everett: In 2002, the Washington House of Representatives unanimously approved a bill proposed by Hans Dunshee to rename part of Washington State Route 99, which had been the Jefferson Davis Highway. The bill, however, was killed by a committee of the state's Senate. In March 2016, the Washington State Legislature unanimously passed a joint memorial that asked the state's transportation commission to designate the road as the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway" to honor an African-American volunteer during the Civil War who later settled in the nearby city of Snohomish. In May 2016, the transportation commission agreed to rename the road. Vancouver: In 1998, officials of the city of Vancouver, Washington, removed a marker of the Jefferson Davis Highway (formerly U.S. Route 99) and placed it in a cemetery shed. This action later became controversial when the issues surrounding the Blaine marker were being discussed in the state legislature in 2002. The marker was subsequently moved twice more, to eventually be placed alongside Interstate 5 on private land purchased for the purpose of giving this marker a permanent home in 2007. Seattle: The Robert E. Lee Tree was one of many trees in Seattle's Ravenna Park dedicated to persons of note. The tree and plaque were removed in 1926. The United Confederate Veterans Memorial was a Confederate monument in Seattle's privately-owned Lake View Cemetery. The monument was toppled by unknown persons, apparently on July 3, 2020, after weeks of protests in the city following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota. East Wenatchee Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1955). The school district rejected a name change in 2015, and again in 2017. In 2018 it voted to change the name to Lee Elementary School. West Virginia Charles Town: It was in Charles Town, in the Jefferson County Courthouse, that abolitionist John Brown was tried; he was hanged nearby. In 1986, the UDC, who oppose memorials to John Brown, erected at the entrance to the Jefferson County Courthouse a bronze plaque "in honor and memory of the Confederate soldiers of Jefferson County, who served in the War Between the States". The local newspaper, Spirit of Jefferson, and a group of local African Americans called for its removal. On September 7, 2017, the Jefferson County Commission voted 5–0 to let the plaque be. The group Women's March West Virginia attended each County Commission meeting holding signs that say "Remove the plaque". After the 2018 elections, the composition of the County Commission changed; the plaque was the main issue in the election. On December 6, 2018, the Commission voted 3–2 to remove the plaque, and it was removed December 7, and returned to the UDC. Wisconsin Madison Confederate Rest section of Forest Hill Cemetery. This section of the cemetery contains the remains of more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died as prisoners of war at nearby Camp Randall. In 2015, a flag pole was removed from the section. The pole had been used to fly the Confederate flag for one week around Memorial Day. In August 2017, Madison mayor Paul Soglin ordered the removal of a plaque and a larger stone monument, erected in 1906 with UDC funding. The plaque, which referred to the interred Confederates as "valiant Confederate soldiers" and "unsung heroes", was removed on August 17, 2017. Removal of the stone monument, which contains the names of the soldiers buried there, did not take place immediately because of legal challenges and logistical concerns. On October 2, 2018, the Madison City Council voted 16–2 for its removal, overruling a Landmark Commission's recommendation that it stay. In January 2019, a stone cenotaph etched with the names of Confederate 140 prisoners of war was removed from the cemetery by the Madison Parks Department and transferred to storage at the Wisconsin Veterans Museum. Brazil From 1975 to 1998, a version of the Confederate battle flag appeared in the shield and flag of Americana, Brazil, a city settled by Confederate expatriates. Canada Montreal: In 1957, the United Daughters of the Confederacy had a plaque installed on the outer wall of a Hudson's Bay Company store, commemorating Jefferson Davis's brief stay in the city; the plaque was removed following the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally of August 2017, under pressure from the "public". Worldwide As part of the worldwide George Floyd protests, members of the Black Lives Matter movement have also removed or defaced statues of other historical figures that were responsible or alleged of causing suffering or harm against Black people. In Bristol, England, protesters toppled a statue of slave trader Edward Colston, who played a prominent role in the Bristol slave trade, while other protesters in Ghent vandalized a statue of King Leopold II of Belgium, the ruler of the Congo Free State during atrocities that took place there. See also Cultural Revolution, removal of capitalist and traditional Chinese symbolism following the Chinese Communist Revolution Decommunization in Ukraine, a similar campaign of monument and memorial removals in Ukraine since 2014 Denazification, removal of Nazi symbols in Germany after World War II Iconoclasm, the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments List of Confederate monuments and memorials List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests List of monuments to African Americans List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr. Modern display of the Confederate battle flag Neo-confederate Rhodes Must Fall, statue removal campaign in South Africa and Oxford University Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America Notes References Further reading (arranged chronologically, oldest first= Videos External links , via the official YouTube channel of Vice News'' (4 minutes) Whose Heritage - Public Symbols of the Confederacy list, map, and resources via the Southern Poverty Law Center 2017 controversies in the United States 2018 controversies in the United States Charleston church shooting Confederate States of America monuments and memorials Removed statues Lost Cause of the Confederacy Race-related controversies in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellik%20%28TV%20series%29

Rellik (TV series)

Rellik ("Killer" spelled backwards) is a British-American crime drama television series created and written by brothers Harry and Jack Williams that premiered on 11 September 2017. The project was commissioned by the BBC in 2015, with Cinemax joining them later in November 2016. In the United States the series premiered on 13 April 2018. Synopsis The series tells the story of the hunt for a serial killer who always attacks his victims with acid. The chief investigating officer, Detective Chief Inspector Gabriel Markham, himself becomes a victim of the perpetrator but survives the attack. The story is shown in reverse, starting with the police shooting the suspected killer and then moving backwards in sections to finish at the beginning of the story. The period of time the story has moved backwards is shown each time on the screen. Cast and characters Main Richard Dormer as DCI Gabriel Markham Jodi Balfour as DI Elaine Shepard Paterson Joseph as Dr Isaac Taylor Lærke Winther as Lisa Markham Shannon Tarbet as Hannah Markham Paul Rhys as Patrick Barker Michael Shaeffer as Steven Mills Rosalind Eleazar as Christine Levison Georgina Rich as Beth Mills Ray Stevenson as DSI Edward Benton Recurring Clare Holman as Rebecca Barker Clive Russell as Henry Parides Kieran Bew as DI Mike Sutherland Reece Ritchie as DC Asim Fry Faye Castelow as DS Jenny Roberts Joseph Macnab as DC Sam Myers Mimi Ndiweni as DC Andrea Reed Michael Wildman as DI Martin Brook Tanya Reynolds as Sally Annabel Bates as Jill Parides Charlotte Dylan as Cassie Hughes Richard Cunningham as Brian Sweeney Lucy Chappell as Kerri Michael Sardine as Dr Jonas Borner Episodes Production Harry Williams and Jack Williams began writing Rellik while they were filming and editing the first series of The Missing. "We didn't want it to be a technical exercise," the pair remarked, "so we had to ask ourselves why you'd tell a story that way. It became clear quite quickly that it was all about motive. That things happen for a reason and those reasons lie in the past. So, what happens when you start at the end and find your way back to the past sounded like an interesting thing to explore." Reception Initial reaction after the first episode were mixed: some people struggled to understand the programme's style. Episode one's consolidated viewing figure of 4.96 million fell to 2.82 million for episode two and subsequent episodes failed to register at all in the top 30 programmes for the week on BBC1. However, after the show's finale, it received acclaim from critics. References External links 2017 British television series debuts 2017 British television series endings 2010s British crime television series 2010s British drama television series BBC high definition shows BBC television dramas 2010s British television miniseries English-language television shows Television series about fictional serial killers Cinemax original programming

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20September%202017

Deaths in September 2017

The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2017. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. September 2017 1 S. Anitha, 17, Indian student, suicide by hanging. Armando Aste, 91, Italian alpinist. Shelley Berman, 92, American comedian and actor (Curb Your Enthusiasm, Meet the Fockers, You Don't Mess with the Zohan), Alzheimer's disease. Vladimír Brabec, 83, Czech actor and voice actor (Thirty Cases of Major Zeman, Desire, Návštěvníci). Jackie Burkett, 80, American football player (Baltimore Colts), leukemia. Jérôme Choquette, 89, Canadian lawyer and politician, MNA (1966–1976), pneumonia. Verner Dalskov, 85, Danish politician, mayor of Odense (1973–1992). Ralph Dellor, 69, British cricketer and broadcaster, sepsis. Isaac Fulwood, 77, American police officer, District of Columbia police chief (1989–1992). Bud George, 89, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1975–2013). Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, 87, British peer. Tony Hakaoro, Cook Islands broadcaster and radio talk show host (Radio Cook Islands). Hedley Jones, 99, Jamaican musician, audio engineer and inventor. Alex Karczmar, 100, American neuroscientist. Elizabeth Kemp, 65, American actress (Love of Life, Challenger, He Knows You're Alone), cancer. Matthew Labine, 58, American soap opera writer (General Hospital). Peadar Lamb, 87, Irish actor (Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks, Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog, Father Ted). Paul Moreno, 86, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1967–2008). Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, 85, English Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Arundel and Brighton (1977–2000) and Westminster (2000–2009). Paul Schaal, 74, American baseball player (Los Angeles Angels, Kansas City Royals), cancer. Rick Shorter, 83, American folk singer, record producer and author, stroke. Mick Softley, 77, British singer, songwriter and guitarist. Štefan Vrablec, 92, Slovak Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Bratislava (1998–2004). Gin D. Wong, 94, Chinese-born American architect. 2 *Shirish Atre-Pai, 87, Indian poet. Marge Calhoun, 91, American surfer. Viktor Cherepkov, 75, Russian politician, mayor of Vladivostok (1993–1994, 1996–1998), cancer. Eric Conn, 94, American biochemist. Halim El-Dabh, 96, Egyptian-born American composer and ethnomusicologist. Sybil Flory, 97, Burmese-born British teacher. Murray Lerner, 90, American documentarian and producer, Oscar winner (1981), kidney failure. María Cristina Orive, 86, Guatemalan photojournalist. Hugo Obwegeser, 96, Austrian oral and plastic surgeon, father of modern orthognathic surgery. Ian Powe, 84, British naval officer. Sharad Rao, 60, Indian cricketer. Michael Simanowitz, 46, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (since 2011). Lucky Varela, 82, American politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1987–2016). Drew Wahlroos, 37, American football player (St. Louis Rams), suicide by gunshot. Xiang Shouzhi, 99, Chinese general, commander of the Nanjing Military Region (1982–1990) and the Second Artillery Corps (1975–1977). 3 Tom Amundsen, 74, Norwegian Olympic rower (1972, 1976). John Ashbery, 90, American poet (Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror) and art critic, Pulitzer Prize winner (1976). Walter Becker, 67, American Hall of Fame musician (Steely Dan), songwriter and producer, Grammy winner (2001), esophageal cancer. William Clauson, 87, Swedish-American singer. Joan Colom, 96, Spanish photographer. John Byrne Cooke, 76, American author and musician, throat cancer. Luis Duarte, 76, Peruvian Olympic basketball player (1964). Roberto Hernandez Jr., 79, Mexican journalist and sportscaster. Jesús González, 58, Spanish Olympic rower. Dave Hlubek, 66, American guitarist and songwriter (Molly Hatchet), heart attack. Victor Krasin, 88, Ukrainian-born Russian human rights activist, economist and Soviet dissident. Hans Nylund, 78, Norwegian footballer Piet Ouderland, 84, Dutch footballer (Ajax, national team) and basketball player (national team). Sugar Ramos, 75, Cuban-Mexican Hall of Fame boxer, WBA/WBC featherweight champion (1963–1964), cancer. Larrington Walker, 70, Jamaican-born British actor (Taboo). John P. White, 80, American politician, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1995–1997), Parkinson's disease. Peter Zobel, 81, Danish Olympic equestrian (1960). 4 Sultan Ahmed, 64, Indian politician, MP for Entally (since 2009), heart attack. Badih Chaaban, 57, South African politician, Cape Town city councilor (2006–2015), cancer. Don Cockburn, 87, Irish journalist, presenter and newsreader (RTÉ). David Consunji, 95, Filipino engineer and industrialist. Mountaga Diallo, 74–75, Senegalese diplomat and army officer, Force Commander of MONUSCO (2000–2004), Ambassador to Russia (since 2005). Bob Kehoe, 89, American soccer player. Jomde Kena, 49, Indian politician. John Wilson Lewis, 86, American political scientist. Earl Lindo, 64, Jamaican reggae musician (Bob Marley and the Wailers). Lev Lipatov, 77, Russian nuclear and particle physicist. Abdullah Maute, Filipino Islamist militant (Maute group), airstrike. (death announced on this date) Les McDonald, 84, British-Canadian triathlon competitor and administrator. Harry Meshel, 93, American politician, member of the Ohio Senate (1970–1993). Gastone Moschin, 88, Italian actor (The Godfather Part II, Caliber 9, My Friends), cardiomyopathy. José Trinidad Sepúlveda Ruiz-Velasco, 96, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tuxtla (1965–1988) and San Juan de los Lagos (1988–1999), respiratory complications. 5 Eloísa Álvarez, 61, Spanish politician, Mayor of Soria (1999–2003), Deputy (2004–2011) and Senator for Soria (2011–2015). Nicolaas Bloembergen, 97, Dutch-American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (1981). Holger Czukay, 79, German musician (Can). Cedric Hassall, 97, New Zealand chemist. Robert Jenson, 87, American theologian. Mike Lair, 71, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (2009–2016), heart disease. Gauri Lankesh, 55, Indian journalist and political activist, shot. Ma Kwang-soo, 66, South Korean author. Gina Mason, 57, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2017). Arno Rink, 76, German painter. Hansford Rowe, 93, American actor (Three Days of the Condor, Dante's Peak, The Bonfire of the Vanities), traffic collision. Bo Södersten, 86, Swedish professor and politician, MP (1979–1988). Sir Terence Streeton, 87, British diplomat, High Commissioner to Bangladesh (1983–1989). Tom Wright, 93, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox). 6 Derek Bourgeois, 75, English composer, cancer. Sir Robert Bruce-Gardner, 74, British art conservator. Carlo Caffarra, 79, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Ferrara–Comacchio (1995–2003) and Bologna (2003–2015). Raúl Castañeda, 34, Mexican Olympic boxer (2004), shot. Daniel Federman, 89, American medical researcher. Walter Guralnick, 100, American dentist. Rosa Judge, 97, Maltese musician. Peter Luck, 73, Australian journalist and television presenter (This Day Tonight), Parkinson's disease. Nicolae Lupescu, 76, Romanian football player (Rapid București, Admira Wacker Wien, national team) and manager. Şerif Mardin, 90, Turkish sociologist. Jim McDaniels, 69, American basketball player (Seattle SuperSonics, Los Angeles Lakers, Buffalo Braves), complications from diabetes. Eleanore Mikus, 90, American artist. Kate Millett, 82, American feminist writer (Sexual Politics), cardiac arrest. Mike Neville, 80, British television presenter (BBC North East and Cumbria, ITV Tyne Tees), cancer. Noel Picard, 78, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, St. Louis Blues, Atlanta Flames). Solomon Efimovich Shulman, 81, Belarusian writer and film director. Dimitris Varos, 68, Greek journalist and poet. Hugo Wathne, 84, Norwegian sculptor. Lotfi A. Zadeh, 96, Azerbaijani-born American mathematician, innovator of fuzzy mathematics. 7 Türkân Akyol, 88, Turkish politician, physician and academic, Minister of Health and Social Security (1971) and rector of University of Ankara (1980–1982). Jeremiah Goodman, 94, American illustrator. Terence Harvey, 72, British actor (Hollyoaks, From Hell, The Phantom of the Opera), cancer. Mike Hicks, 80, British politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party (1988–1998). Tsunenori Kawai, 80, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (since 2004). Kim Ki-duk, 82, South Korean film director (Five Marines) and professor (Seoul Institute of the Arts), lung cancer. Mark P. Mahon, 87, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1993–1998). Gene Michael, 79, American baseball player, manager and executive (New York Yankees), World Series winner (1978), heart attack. Charles Owens, 85, American golfer. Jeanne Robert, 103, French WWII resistance member. Roger Gordon Strand, 83, American federal judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona (1985–2000). Tomás Villanueva, 64, Spanish politician, Vice President of Castile and León region (2001–2003), heart attack. Duncan Watt, 74, Zambian-born Singaporean broadcaster and author. 8 Ann Bagnall, 90, British cookbook publisher. Lawrence Bartell, 84, American physical chemist. Pierre Bergé, 86, French businessman, co-founder of Yves Saint Laurent, myopathy. Cory Cadden, 48, Canadian ice hockey player (Knoxville Cherokees). Parzival Copes, 93, Canadian economist. Isabelle Daniels, 80, American sprinter, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). A. Joseph DeNucci, 78, American boxer and politician, Massachusetts State Auditor (1987–2011), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd, 97, American political economist and activist. Kevin Dynon, 92, Australian football player (North Melbourne). Troy Gentry, 50, American country singer (Montgomery Gentry), helicopter crash. Blake Heron, 35, American actor (Shiloh, We Were Soldiers, Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher), accidental fentanyl overdose. Connie Johnson, 40, Australian cancer research fundraiser, breast cancer. Harry M. Kuitert, 92, Dutch theologian (Reformed Churches in the Netherlands). Catherine Hardy Lavender, 87, American sprinter, Olympic gold medalist (1952). Daniel McNeill, 70, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (since 2013). Toshihiko Nakajima, 55, Japanese voice actor (Cowboy Bebop, Inuyasha, Mobile Suit Gundam). Jerry Pournelle, 84, American science fiction author (CoDominium) and journalist (Byte). Karl Ravens, 90, German politician, Federal Minister of Regional Planning, Construction and Urban Development (1974–1978). Humberto Rosa, 85, Argentine-Italian football player. Ljubiša Samardžić, 80, Serbian actor (Vruć vetar) and director. José Antonio Souto, 78, Spanish jurist, academic and politician, Mayor of Santiago de Compostela (1979–1981). R. N. Sudarshan, 78, Indian actor (Super), kidney disease. Don Williams, 78, American Hall of Fame country music singer ("Tulsa Time", "I Believe in You", "You're My Best Friend") and songwriter, emphysema. 9 Frank Aarebrot, 70, Norwegian political scientist, complications following a heart attack. Gretta Chambers, 90, Canadian journalist (Montreal Gazette) and Chancellor of McGill University (1991–1999). Velasio de Paolis, 81, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See (2008–2011), cancer. Jim Donohue, 79, American baseball player (Los Angeles Angels). Michael Friedman, 41, American composer and lyricist (Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson), complications from AIDS. Sir Pat Goodman, 88, New Zealand businessman (Goodman Fielder). Mike Hodge, 70, American actor (Law & Order, All My Children, Striking Distance) and union executive (SAG-AFTRA). Oscar E. Huber, 100, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1961–1972). Geoffrey Maynard, 95, British economist. Otto Meitinger, 90, German architect and preservationist, president of the Technical University of Munich (1987–1995). Harold Nutter, 93, Canadian Anglican prelate, Metropolitan of Canada (1980–1989). Pierre Pilote, 85, Canadian ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks). Doug Sewell, 87, English golfer. *Wang Hairong, 78, Chinese politician. 10 Hans Alfredson, 86, Swedish actor (The Apple War), film director (The Simple-Minded Murderer), writer and comedian (Hasse & Tage). Xavier Atencio, 98, American animator, lyricist and Imagineer (Pirates of the Caribbean, Haunted Mansion). Stephen Begley, 42, Scottish rugby union player (Glasgow Warriors). Luigi Maria Burruano, 68, Italian actor (One Hundred Steps, The Return of Cagliostro, Baarìa), cancer. Mel Didier, 90, American baseball scout (Toronto Blue Jays, Montreal Expos) and coach (Southwestern Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns). Nancy Dupree, 89, American historian (modern Afghanistan). *E Thi, 47, Burmese fortune teller. Sir David Ford, 82, British government official, Chief Secretary of Hong Kong (1986–1993). Kenneth I. Gross, 78, American mathematician. Harry Landers, 96, American actor (Ben Casey). René Laurentin, 99, French theologian. Kate Murtagh, 96, American actress (Breakfast at Tiffany's, Doctor Detroit, The Twilight Zone). James Morwood, 73, English classical scholar. Don Ohlmeyer, 72, American entertainment executive (NBC, NBC Sports, ABC Sports), cancer. Jean Pruitt, 77, American charity worker. Konstantins Pupurs, 53, Latvian political scientist. B. V. Radha, 69, Indian actress (Thazhampoo), heart attack. Grigoris Varfis, 90, Greek politician, MEP (1984–1985) and Commissioner for Regional Policy (1985–1989). Gerald Willet, 82, American politician, member of the Minnesota Senate (1971–1988). Len Wein, 69, American comic book writer and editor (Swamp Thing, Watchmen), co-creator of Wolverine. 11 *Abdul Halim of Kedah, 89, Malaysian sultan, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1970–1975, 2011–2016), Sultan of Kedah (since 1958). Jan Brittin, 58, English cricketer, cancer. Alfonso Caycedo, 84, Colombian medical hypnotist. Dan Currie, 82, American football player (Green Bay Packers). J. P. Donleavy, 91, Irish-American novelist and playwright (The Ginger Man, A Fairy Tale of New York). Alfred Gadenne, 71, Belgian politician, mayor of Mouscron (since 2006), slit throat. Sir Peter Hall, 86, British theatre, opera and film director, director of the National Theatre (1973–1988), dementia. Virgil Howe, 41, British drummer (Little Barrie). Bruce Laming, 79, Australian politician, member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Mooloolah (1992–2001), dementia. Mark LaMura, 68, American actor (All My Children, Something Borrowed, City by the Sea), lung cancer. James Madison Lee, 90, American lieutenant general. Alberto Pagani, 79, Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer (Honda, MV Agusta). Jeff Parker, 53, American ice hockey player (Buffalo Sabres), heart and lung infections. Arnold Sagalyn, 99, American journalist (Northern Virginia Sun). António Francisco dos Santos, 69, Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Aveiro (2006–2014) and Porto (since 2014), heart attack. Malcolm Templeton, 93, New Zealand diplomat, Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1973–1978). 12 Frank Capp, 86, American jazz drummer. John Chambers, 86, Australian cricketer. Heiner Geißler, 87, German politician, Secretary General of the CDU (1977–1989), Federal Minister of Youth, Family and Health (1982–1985). Alex Hawkins, 80, American football player (Baltimore Colts). Charles F. Knight, 81, American businessman (Emerson Electric), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Siegfried Köhler, 94, German conductor (Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, Royal Swedish Opera). Allan MacEachen, 96, Canadian politician, Deputy Prime Minister (1977–1979, 1980–1984), MP for Inverness—Richmond (1953–1958, 1962–1968) and Cape Breton Highlands—Canso (1968–1984). Bert McCann, 84, Scottish footballer (Motherwell, national team). Nicoletta Panni, 84, Italian opera singer. Tudor Petruș, 67, Romanian Olympic fencer. Xohana Torres, 85, Spanish Galician language writer, poet, narrator and playwright. Gary I. Wadler, 78, American physician, multiple system atrophy. Edith Windsor, 88, American mathematician and activist, lead plaintiff in United States v. Windsor. 13 Basi, 37, Chinese panda, world's oldest living, cirrhosis and renal failure. David Bey, 60, American boxer, struck by steel sheet. Peter Birch, 65, British actor (Casualty, The House of Eliott), esophageal cancer. Pete Domenici, 85, American politician, member of the U.S. Senate for New Mexico (1973–2009), complications from abdominal surgery. Per Fugelli, 73, Norwegian author, physician and professor of medicine, colorectal cancer. Basil Gogos, 88, American magazine cover illustrator (Famous Monsters of Filmland). Slavko Goldstein, 89, Croatian journalist, screenwriter (Signal Over the City), publisher and politician. Grant Hart, 56, American singer, songwriter ("Turn On the News") and drummer (Hüsker Dü), liver cancer. Saby Kamalich, 78, Peruvian film and television actress (Simplemente María). Stewart Moss, 79, American actor, writer, and director. Gary Otte, 45, American murderer and robber, execution by lethal injection. Edwin H. Ragsdale, 87, American politician. Kazimierz Ryczan, 78, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Kielce (1993–2014). Robert Franz Schmidt, 84, German physiologist. Frank Vincent, 80, American actor (The Sopranos, Goodfellas, Raging Bull), complications during heart surgery. Derek Wilkinson, 82, English footballer (Sheffield Wednesday). 14 Wolfgang Bochow, 73, German badminton player. Arnold Chan, 50, Canadian politician and lawyer, MP for Scarborough—Agincourt (since 2014), nasopharyngeal carcinoma. George Englund, 91, American film producer and director (The Ugly American, Zachariah), fall. Michael Freeman, 85, British orthopaedic surgeon. Marcel Herriot, 83, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Verdun (1987–1999) and Soissons (1999–2008). Ermalee Hickel, 92, American philanthropist, First Lady of Alaska (1966-1969, 1990-1994). Wim Huis, 89, Dutch footballer (Ajax). John Humphreys, 85, Australian Olympic fencer (1960, 1964). Tommy Irvin, 88, American politician, Georgia Commissioner of Agriculture (1969–2011), member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Djibo Leyti Kâ, 69, Senegalese politician, Foreign Minister (1991–1993). Ata Kandó, 103, Hungarian-born Dutch photographer. Wolfgang Michels, 66, German musician (Percewood's Onagram). Jan Niemiec, 76, Polish slalom canoeist (bronze medallist in 1961 World Championship). Jack Teele, 87, American football executive. Otto Wanz, 74, Austrian professional wrestler (AWA, NJPW) and promoter (CWA). 15 Arthur Apfel, 94, British figure skater. Violet Brown, 117, Jamaican supercentenarian, world's oldest living person. Alma Evans-Freke, 85, New Zealand television presenter. Frode Granhus, 52, Norwegian author. Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, 100, Ukrainian-born Romanian politician, Minister of Justice (1991–1992) and President of the Senate (2000), heart failure. Herbert W. Kalmbach, 95, American attorney and banker, figure in the Watergate scandal. Wolfgang Klein, 76, German lawyer, football director (Hamburger SV), and Olympic long-jumper (1964). Izidoro Kosinski, 85, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Três Lagoas (1981–2009). Myrna Lamb, 87, American playwright, heart disease. Leon Mestel, 90, British astronomer and astrophysicist. Albert Moses, 79, Sri Lankan actor. *Nan Rendong, 72, Chinese astronomer, founder of the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, lung cancer. Jim Reese, 87, American politician, mayor of Odessa, Texas (1968–1974). Dwijen Sharma, 88, Bangladeshi naturalist, kidney disease. Anthony Thomas Smith, 82, British lawyer. Albert Speer Jr., 83, German architect (Expo 2000), complications from a fall. Harry Dean Stanton, 91, American actor (Alien, The Green Mile, Big Love). Hans Weinberger, 88, Austrian-born American mathematician. Geoff Wragg, 87, British horse trainer (Teenoso, Pentire). 16 Bautista Álvarez, 84, Spanish Galician nationalist politician, heart attack. Gerald Bernbaum, 81, British academic administrator, Vice-Chancellor of Southbank University (1993–2001), cancer. Penny Chenery, 95, American racehorse owner and breeder (Secretariat). Ted Christopher, 59, American racecar driver (NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour), plane crash. Ben Dorcy, 92, American roadie. Steve Evans, 59, English rugby league player (Hull FC, Featherstone Rovers). Mitchell Flint, 94, American fighter pilot (Navy, 101 Squadron). José Florencio Guzmán, 88, Chilean lawyer and politician, Minister of National Defence (1998–1999). Nicolaas Jouwe, 93, Papuan politician, vice-president of New Guinea Council (1961–1962). Brenda Lewis, 96, American opera soprano and theatre actress. Madge Meredith, 96, American actress (Child of Divorce, The Falcon's Adventure). Fred Moore, 97, French colonel and politician, MP (1958–1962) and Order of Liberation (2011). Nabeel Qureshi, 34, American Christian apologist, stomach cancer. Brendan Reilly, 38, Irish Gaelic football player (Louth GAA). Marcelo Rezende, 65, Brazilian journalist and television presenter (Linha Direta), pancreatic and liver cancer. Petr Šabach, 66, Czech writer (Babičky). Bucky Scribner, 57, American football player (Green Bay Packers, Minnesota Vikings), brain cancer. Arjan Singh, 98, Indian Air Force marshal, Lieutenant Governor of Delhi (1989–1990), heart attack. Sven Oluf Sørensen, 96, Norwegian physicist. Elżbieta Wierniuk, 66, Polish Olympic diver. 17 Bonnie Angelo, 93, American journalist (Time), complications from dementia. Steve Baker, 79, American illusionist. Eugenio Bersellini, 81, Italian football player and manager (Inter Milan, Sampdoria), pneumonia. Cris Bolado, 47, Filipino basketball player (Alaska Milkmen), traffic collision. Gerd Bollmann, 69, German politician. Mahant Chandnath, 61, Indian politician, MP for Alwar (since 2014), cancer. Kirpal Singh Chugh, 84, Indian nephrologist. René Drucker Colín, 80, Mexican scientist, researcher and journalist. Mary Fairfax, 95, Polish-born Australian philanthropist. Suzan Farmer, 75, British actress (The Scarlet Blade, Doctor in Clover, Coronation Street). William F. Goodling, 89, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district (1975–2001). Bobby Heenan, 72, American professional wrestler, manager and commentator (WWF, AWA, WCW), organ failure. Dave Hilton, 67, American baseball player (San Diego Padres, Tokyo Yakult Swallows). Bob Holland, 70, Australian cricketer (New South Wales, national team), brain cancer. Per Kleiva, 84, Norwegian painter. Marc Klionsky, 90, Belarusian-born American painter. Laudir de Oliveira, 77, Brazilian percussionist (Sérgio Mendes, Marcos Valle, Chicago) and producer. Lucy Ozarin, 103, American psychiatrist. Buster Parnell, 83, Irish jockey. Iftikhar Qaisar, 60, Pakistani actor. Uwe Storch, 77, German mathematician. Mohammed Taslimuddin, 74, Indian politician, MP for Araria (since 2014). Lionel Wilson, 84, South African rugby union player (Western Province, national team). 18 Ronald E. Carrier, 85, American educator, President of James Madison University (1971–1998). Roger Cisneros, 93, American politician, member of the Colorado Senate (1965–1977), carbon monoxide poisoning. Paul E. Gray, 85, American professor, President of MIT (1980–1990), Alzheimer's disease. Paul Horner, 38, American fake news writer and comedian, drug overdose. Qamar ul Islam, 69, Indian politician, Member of Karnataka Parliament (1978–1983, 1989–1996, 1999–2004, since 2008), heart attack. Tony Laffey, 92, New Zealand footballer. Chuck Low, 89, American actor (Goodfellas, The Mission, Sleepers). Jean Plaskie, 76, Belgian footballer (Anderlecht, national team). Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, 80, Pakistani writer. Mark Selby, 56, American musician, cancer. Zurab Sotkilava, 80, Georgian-Russian footballer (Dinamo Tbilisi) and opera singer, People's Artist of the USSR, pancreatic cancer. Sydney Starkie, 91, English cricketer. Pete Turner, 83, American photographer. Kenji Watanabe, 48, Japanese Olympic swimmer (1984, 1988, 1992). Paul Wilson, 66, Scottish footballer (Celtic, national team). 19 Sir Brian Barder, 83, British diplomat, High Commissioner to Nigeria (1988–1991) and Australia (1991–1994). Christine Butler, 73, British politician, MP for Castle Point (1997–2001), dementia. Bernie Casey, 78, American actor (Revenge of the Nerds, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure) and football player (San Francisco 49ers). Else Marie Christiansen, 96, Norwegian speed skater. Sir John Hunt, 88, British politician, MP for Bromley (1964–1974) and Ravensbourne (1974–1997). Leonid Kharitonov, 84, Russian opera singer, soloist of the Alexandrov Ensemble (1953–1972) and People’s Artist of the RSFSR (1986). Jake LaMotta, 95, American Hall of Fame boxer and comedian, inspiration for Raging Bull, complications from pneumonia. Maurice Lavigne, 86, French cyclist. Vasily Melnikov, 74, Soviet Olympic skier. Massimo Natili, 82, Italian racing driver (Formula One). John Nicholson, 75, New Zealand racing driver (Formula Atlantic). Sigurður Pálsson, 69, Icelandic author, cancer. José Salcedo, 68, Spanish film editor (Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, Nobody Will Speak of Us When We're Dead, All About My Mother), Goya winner (1989, 1996, 2000). Johnny Sandlin, 72, American record producer (The Allman Brothers Band), cancer. David Shepherd, 86, British artist and conservationist, Parkinson's disease. Manuela Sykes, 92, British politician and activist. Helen J. Walker, 64, British space scientist. 20 Greg Antonacci, 70, American director, actor and producer (The Royal Family, The Sopranos, Boardwalk Empire). Santanu Bhowmik, 28, Indian journalist, murdered. Ken Dean, 90, English rugby league footballer (Halifax). William J. Ely, 105, American army officer. Richard Gendall, 93, British linguist and teacher. GK, 60, Indian art director (Avvai Shanmughi, Arunachalam, Chandramukhi) Mickey Harrington, 82, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies). Garry Hill, 70, American baseball player (Atlanta Braves). Jimmy Magee, 82, Irish sports broadcaster (RTÉ). Ene Mihkelson, 72, Estonian poet and novelist (Ahasveeruse uni). Ed Phillips, 73, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox), cancer. Lillian Ross, 99, American journalist (The New Yorker) and author, stroke. Oskar Schulz, 93, Austrian Olympic cross country skier (1952, 1956), mineralogist and petrologist. Shakila, 82, Indian actress (Aar Paar, C.I.D., Alibaba Aur 40 Chor), heart attack. Arne Solli, 79, Norwegian military officer, Chief of Defence (1994–1999). Sir Teddy Taylor, 80, British politician, MP for Glasgow Cathcart (1964–1979) and Rochford and Southend East (1980–2005). 21 Edward Allington, 66, British sculptor. David Beatson, 72–73, New Zealand broadcaster. Liliane Bettencourt, 94, French cosmetics businesswoman (L'Oréal) and socialite, world's richest woman (since 2015). Johnny Burke, 77, Canadian country singer. Vera Burt, 90, New Zealand cricketer (national team) and field hockey player (national team), coach and administrator. *Juan Nicolás Callejas Arroyo, 73, Mexican politician, Deputy for Veracruz (1982–1985, 2000–2003, 2009–2012). Michael Colborne, 83, British Royal Navy officer and private secretary. Warren Druetzler, 88, American Olympic athlete (1952). Larry J. McKinney, 73, American federal judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (1987–2009). Maurice Nivat, 79, French computer scientist, co-father of theoretical computer science. Evelyn Scott, 81, Australian Indigenous social activist, Chairwoman of the National Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation. William G. Stewart, 84, British game show host (Fifteen to One) and television producer. 22 Mohammed Mahdi Akef, 89, Egyptian religious and political leader, head of the Muslim Brotherhood (2004–2010), cancer. Mike Bright, 79, American Olympic volleyball player (1964). Mike Carr, 79, English keyboard player. Thelma Chalifoux, 88, Canadian Métis teacher and politician, Senator (1997–2004). Dunc Fisher, 90, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers, Hershey Bears, Boston Bruins). Gérard Haché, 92, Canadian politician, New Brunswick MLA (1967–1970). Vagn Hedeager, 78, footballer Paavo Lonkila, 94, Finnish cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1952). Bill Michie, 81, British politician, MP for Sheffield Heeley (1983–2001), chest infection. Shmuel Moreh, 84, Iraqi-born Israeli writer and Arabic professor (Hebrew University of Jerusalem). Harold Pendleton, 93, British music executive and club owner (Marquee Club). Rick Shaw, 78, American radio disc jockey (WQAM, WAXY, WMXJ). Elizete da Silva, 46, Brazilian heptathlete, South American champion (2001, 2005, 2006), traffic collision. Börje Vestlund, 57, Swedish politician, MP (since 2002). Sima Wali, 66, Afghan human rights advocate. John Worsdale, 68, English footballer (Stoke City, Lincoln City). Daniel Yankelovich, 92, American social scientist, kidney failure. Stan Zajdel, 90, American football player and coach. 23 Valery Asapov, 51, Russian army general, blast injury. Charles Bradley, 68, American singer ("Changes"), stomach cancer. Loreto Carbonell, 84, Filipino Olympic basketball player (1956), cardiac arrest. Dorothy Eck, 93, American politician, member of the Montana Senate (1980–2000). Seth Firkins, 36, American audio engineer (Future, Jay-Z, Young Thug). Caesar Giovannini, 92, American composer and pianist. Harvey Jacobs, 87, American author. Simon J. Kistemaker, 87, American theologian. Aline Nistad, 63, Norwegian trombonist, cancer. Charles Osborne, 89, Australian-born British music writer. Elizabeth D. Phillips, 72, American educator and academic administrator, Provost of the University of Florida (1996–1999). Samuel H. Young, 94, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 10th congressional district (1973–1975). 24 María Julia Alsogaray, 74, Argentine politician, MP for City of Buenos Aires (1985–1991) and Secretary of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development (1991–1999), pancreatic cancer. Washington Benavides, 87, Uruguayan poet, professor and musician. Barbara Blaine, 61, American founder of SNAP, heart disease. Tharald Brøvig Jr., 75, Norwegian shipowner. Gisèle Casadesus, 103, French actress (My Afternoons with Margueritte). Al Cannava, 93, American football player (Green Bay Packers). E.G.D. Cohen, 94, Dutch-American physicist. Fiorenzo Crippa, 91, Italian cyclist. Norman Dyhrenfurth, 99, Swiss-American mountaineer and filmmaker. Jack Good, 86, British producer. Albert Innaurato, 70, American playwright. Kito Lorenc, 79, German writer, stroke. Orville Lynn Majors, 56, American serial killer, heart failure. Manuel da Silva Martins, 90, Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Setúbal (1975–1998). Joseph M. McDade, 85, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district (1963–1999). Robert J. McFarlin, 87, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1967–1970; 1973–1974). Kit Reed, 85, American science fiction and mystery writer, brain tumor. Carlos Vidal Layseca, 85, Peruvian doctor, Minister of Health (1990–1991) and Rector of Cayetano Heredia University (1994–1999). 25 Joe Bailon, 94, American car customizer, creator of candy apple red color. M. Cherif Bassiouni, 79, Egyptian lawyer and human rights activist, multiple myeloma. Richard Beckler, 77, American attorney. Tony Booth, 85, British actor (Till Death Us Do Part, Coronation Street, The Contender). Nora Marks Dauenhauer, 90, American Tlingit author, poet, and scholar. Liz Dawn, 77, British actress (Coronation Street, Crown Court, The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club), emphysema. *Eman Ahmed Abd El Aty, 37, Egyptian woman, world's heaviest, kidney failure and intestinal shock. Helga Grebing, 87, German historian. Anatoly Gromyko, 85, Russian scientist and diplomat. Mathew Hu Xiande, 83, Chinese clandestine Roman Catholic prelate, Coadjutor Bishop (2000–2004) and Bishop of Ningbo (since 2004). Aneurin Jones, 87, Welsh painter. Bobby Knutt, 71, British actor and comedian (Coronation Street, Benidorm, Emmerdale), heart attack. Peter Lewis, 75, Australian politician, Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly (2002–2005). David Mainse, 81, Canadian televangelist (100 Huntley Street). Leonard Mashako Mamba, 66, Congolese politician, Minister of Public Health (1997–2001) and Minister of Higher Education and Universities (2008–2012). Tom Miller, 70, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Islanders), cancer. Grant H. Palmer, 77, American educator and writer (An Insider's View of Mormon Origins), cancer. Clarence Purfeerst, 90, American politician, member of the Minnesota Senate (1971–1991). Tim Quill, 54, American actor (Hamburger Hill, Argo, JAG), cancer. Folke Rabe, 81, Swedish composer. Charles Roff, 65, Scottish photographer. Arun Sadhu, 76, Indian writer (Sinhasan), cardiomyopathy. Joe Schaffer, 79, American football player (Buffalo Bills), progressive aphasia. Freddy Shepherd, 76, English businessman, Chairman of Newcastle United (1997–2007). Joseph W. Schmitt, 101, American spacesuit technician. Yoshitomo Tokugawa, 67, Japanese writer, head of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke (since 1993). Jan Tříska, 80, Czech actor (Andersonville, 2010, The People vs. Larry Flynt), fall. Jim Walrod, 56, American interior design consultant. Elaine Hoffman Watts, 85, American drummer. 26 Mehmet Aksoy, 32, British filmmaker, shot. Anthony Allom, 78, English cricketer (Surrey). Samuel Amirtham, 85, Indian Anglican prelate and theologian, Bishop of South Kerala (1990–1997). Dominador Aytona, 99, Filipino politician, Senator (1965–1971). Mario Bedogni, 93, Italian Olympic ice hockey player (1948, 1956). Ludmila Belousova, 81, Russian pair skater, Olympic champion (1964, 1968). Richard Boucher, 85, French footballer (Toulouse). Donnie Corker, 65, American transvestite entertainer. Sir James Craig, 93, British diplomat, Ambassador to Syria (1976–1979) and Saudi Arabia (1979–1984). Robert Delpire, 91, French photographer, publisher and filmmaker. Barry Dennen, 79, American actor (Jesus Christ Superstar, The Shining, Fiddler on the Roof), complications from a fall. Květa Fialová, 88, Czech actress (Lemonade Joe, Dinner for Adele, The Phantom of Morrisville). Neville Furlong, 49, Irish rugby player (national team), cancer. Günter Halm, 95, German World War II military officer. Augustine Hoey, 101, English priest. Morton Kaplan, 96, American political scientist. Fred Ryecraft, 78, English footballer (Brentford F.C.). Sigmund Vangsnes, 91, Norwegian educationalist. Rinse Zijlstra, 90, Dutch politician, MP (1967–1973), Mayor of Smallingerland (1975-1981), and Senator (1983–1995). 27 Edmond Abelé, 92, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Monaco (1972–1980) and Digne (1980–1987). K.R. Aravindakshan, 66, Indian politician. Dwijen Bandyopadhyay, 68, Indian actor (Jaatishwar), heart attack. Raymond Buckland, 83, English Wiccan writer. CeDell Davis, 90, American blues musician. Joy Fleming, 72, German singer (Eurovision Song Contest 1975). Hans Gerschwiler, 96, Swiss figure skater, Olympic silver medalist (1948). Sir Richard Greenbury, 81, British businessman, Chairman of Marks and Spencer (1988–1999). Hiromi Hayakawa, 34, Japanese-born Mexican actress (El Chema) and singer (La Academia), liver hemorrhage during childbirth. Hugh Hefner, 91, American magazine publisher (Playboy), businessman (Playboy Enterprises) and reality television personality (The Girls Next Door), cardiac arrest due to sepsis. Anne Jeffreys, 94, American actress (General Hospital, Topper, Dick Tracy). Manuel Jiménez, 77, Spanish Olympic archer. Vann Johnson, 56, American singer, cancer. Red Miller, 89, American football coach (Denver Broncos), complications from a stroke. Stanley M. Rumbough Jr., 97, American businessman (Colgate-Palmolive). Zuzana Růžičková, 90, Czech harpsichordist, cancer. Antonio Spallino, 92, Italian fencer and politician, Olympic champion (1956) and Mayor of Como (1970–1985). Alfred Stepan, 81, American political scientist. 28 Aleksey Arifullin, 46, Russian footballer (Lokomotiv Moscow). Jerry Balmuth, 93, American philosopher. Chyung Jinkyu, 77, South Korean writer. Makhan Lal Fotedar, 85, Indian politician. Balys Gajauskas, 91, Lithuanian politician and prisoner of conscience, member of the Seimas (1990–1992). Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi, 90, Spanish film director and producer (That Man in Istanbul, The Summertime Killer, They Came to Rob Las Vegas). Lee Hsin, 64, Taiwanese politician, member of the National Assembly (1996–1998) and the Taipei City Council (since 1998), suicide by jumping. Marietta Marich, 87, American radio personality and actress (Rushmore, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre). Donald Mitchell, 92, British musicologist. Steven Marshall, 60, British chief executive (Railtrack). Vann Molyvann, 90, Cambodian architect (Chaktomuk Conference Hall, Independence Monument, Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium). Daniel Pe'er, 74, Israeli television host, complications from a stroke. Željko Perušić, 81, Croatian football player and manager. Jürgen Roth, 71, German journalist. Andreas Schmidt, 53, German actor (Summer in Berlin, The Counterfeiters) and director, cancer. Spikeld, 23–24, Norwegian racehorse, euthanized. Alan Thompson, 54, British broadcaster (BBC Radio Wales). Benjamin Whitrow, 80, British actor (Pride and Prejudice, Chicken Run, Quadrophenia). 29 Abu Tahsin al-Salhi, 63, Iraqi sniper, shot. Tom Alter, 67, Indian actor, skin cancer. Joep Baartmans-van den Boogaart, 77, Dutch politician. Keith Bush, 87, British army officer and intelligence analyst. Lorenz Funk, 70, German ice hockey player and manager (EC Bad Tölz, BSC Preussen), Olympic bronze medalist (1976), cancer. Tim Hackworth, 84, British army officer. Rolf Herings, 77, German Olympic javelin thrower (1964, 1968) and football coach (1. FC Köln). Tore Lindbekk, 84, Norwegian sociologist and politician. Philippe Médard, 58, French handball player, Olympic bronze medalist (1992). Wiesław Michnikowski, 95, Polish actor. Anthony Leopold Raymond Peiris, 85, Sri Lankan Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Kurunegala (1987–2009). Magdalena Ribbing, 77, Swedish etiquette expert, writer and journalist, complications from a fall. Ryūji Saikachi, 89, Japanese voice actor (Castle in the Sky, Dragon Ball Z, Anne of Green Gables), heart failure. Jarvis Scott, 70, American Olympic sprinter (1968). Ian Smith, 76, New Zealand rugby union player (Otago, national team). Dmitry Smolsky, 80, Belarusian composer and teacher (Belarusian State Conservatory). 30 Alan K. Adlington, 92, Canadian economist. Hortense Aka-Anghui, 83, Ivorian politician and pharmacist, MP (1965–1990), Mayoress of Port-Bouët (since 1980) and Minister of Women's Affairs (1986–1990). Apex, 36, British drum and bass music producer, suicide. John Arenhold, 86, South African cricketer. Elizabeth Baur, 69, American actress (Ironside, Lancer, The Boston Strangler). Francis Harold Brown, 73, American geologist. Alan Carroll, 84, British RAF officer and engineer. Max Haines, 86, Canadian crime columnist and author, progressive supranuclear palsy. Monty Hall, 96, Canadian-American game show host (Let's Make a Deal), heart failure. Frank Hamblen, 70, American basketball coach (Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers), heart attack. Donald Malarkey, 96, American soldier (Easy Company), depicted in Band of Brothers. Jimmy McDonnell, 90, Irish Gaelic footballer. Glen Newey, 56, British political philosopher, boating accident. Tom Paley, 89, American folk musician (New Lost City Ramblers). Lou Reda, 92, American documentary filmmaker. Stig Stenholm, 78, Finnish physicist. Joe Taruc, 70, Filipino news anchor and radio broadcaster (DZRH). Gunnar Thoresen, 97, Norwegian footballer (Larvik Turn, national team). Joe Tiller, 74, American football coach (University of Wyoming, Purdue University). Vladimir Voevodsky, 51, Russian-American mathematician, 2002 Fields medalist, aneurysm. References 2017-09 09

55155591

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20University%20of%20Utah%20Hospital%20incident

2017 University of Utah Hospital incident

On July 26, 2017, Jeff Payne, a detective for the Salt Lake City Police Department (SLCPD), arrested nurse Alex Wubbels at the University of Utah Hospital after she refused to illegally draw blood from an unconscious patient. Footage of the incident released on August 31, 2017 went viral online. The SLCPD announced policy changes which would affect how police should handle situations involving drawing blood, and the hospital announced it would also change its police protocol to avoid repeating the incident. Utah lawmakers made a bill to amend the blood draw policy of Utah law enforcement, which Utah Governor Gary Herbert signed into law on March 15, 2018. Incident On July 26, 2017, Marcos Torres, a pickup truck driver fleeing from Utah Highway Patrol troopers in Cache County, Utah, crashed head-on into a semi-truck. Torres, the pickup truck driver, died at the scene. William Gray, the semi-truck driver and a part-time police officer, was severely burned. He was taken into the University of Utah Hospital in a sedated and comatose state. Officers from the Salt Lake City Police Department arrived at the hospital and asked to get a blood sample from Gray. Alex Wubbels was on-duty nurse at the time and advised Payne that the police request did not meet the legal requirements and could not be performed. Wubbels cited established policy that the patient must be under arrest, or a warrant must have been issued ordering the taking of a blood sample, or the patient must give his or her consent. She cited to that effect the specific hospital policy, on which the police department had agreed, that would not permit her to provide the blood sample. Wubbels is shown in the Detective Jeff Payne's body cam video holding a cell phone in her palm. On the video, Payne can be heard saying, "She [Wubbels] is the one who has told me 'No'." The remote person on that phone, assumed to be a hospital administrator, says"Yeah, sir, but you're making a big mistake. Right now you are making a huge mistake and are threatening a nurse-" Payne then cut the conversation off with an "OK" and made a two-handed grab for her phone; when she pulled it away he said "No. We're done. We're done.", and then grabbed and arrested Wubbels. She was later released after spending 20 minutes in the police car in handcuffs without any charges being brought against her. Gray never recovered from his injuries and died on September 25, 2017. Investigations & response At a press conference on August 31, 2017, nurse Wubbels and her attorney released footage of the incident taken from hospital surveillance and police body cameras. The footage of the incident soon went viral online. The SLCPD faced heavy criticism on social media for how it handled the incident. According to a statement posted by Salt Lake City mayor Jackie Biskupski, the SLCPD launched a 35-day internal affairs investigation into the arrest within 24 hours of the July 26 incident, starting with meeting the hospital's CEO and nursing management team. A state audit of this investigation found that the police department had followed policies for this investigation, though it suggested the SLCPD should work faster to publicize information that is in public interest. The Salt Lake County District Attorney Sim Gill announced that his office was also investigating the arrest. Gill requested investigative assistance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). FBI spokeswoman Sandra Yi Barker said the agency opened a civil rights review after the video went public, agreed to help the county investigate the incident, and also opened a probe into the arrest. The Unified Police Department of Greater Salt Lake also investigated the arrest. The SLCPD publicly apologized to Wubbels for the arrest, and put officer Payne on paid leave on September 1, 2017. Another police officer connected to the incident was put on paid leave the next day. According to Payne's attorney, Payne had expressed a desire to apologize to Wubbels for the incident. On September 2, about a hundred Utahns gathered at a Utah Against Police Brutality rally near the SLCPD courtyard to call for Payne to be fired. The University of Utah police chief apologized to Wubbels on September 4, saying that the university police should have done more to protect her on the night she was arrested. On September 13, 2017, Jackie Biskupski, the mayor of Salt Lake City, said that the internal investigation revealed Payne and his watch commander, Lt. James Tracy, violated six separate staff policies during the incident, including policies regarding arrests and standards of conduct. A report from Salt Lake City's Police Civilian Review Board also alleged that Payne and Tracy violated police policies. It stated that Payne became upset and frustrated during the incident, eventually "[losing] control of his emotions." Payne's lawyer said this report was based on speculation. On September 25, the Salt Lake Police Association, the police union, criticized the city for its treatment of the police officers involved in the incident. On October 11, 2017, Payne was fired by the police department and his commanding officer at the time of the incident, Lieutenant James Tracy, was demoted two ranks down to police officer. Payne had been already fired on September 5 from his part-time job as a paramedic for the private firm of Gold Cross Ambulance. Tracy appealed his demotion, arguing it amounted to "excessive discipline," but the Salt Lake City's Civil Service Commission upheld it. Aftermath Following the incident, the SLCPD changed its policies on drawing blood. A police department spokeswoman said these changes require law enforcement to have consent or a warrant to draw blood, instead of just implied consent. These policy changes served as the model for police protocols announced by the SLCPD on October 12, 2017, which other police agencies in the Salt Lake Valley could choose to adopt. According to hospital officials, within weeks after the incident, they had implemented new rules meant to allow patient care staff to focus on their work and minimize disputes in patient care units. The hospital announced these changes in September 2017, which included not allowing police officers in patient-care areas and having them speak with "house supervisors" instead of nurses. On October 31, 2017, Wubbels and her attorney announced that Salt Lake City and the University of Utah had agreed to settle the incident for $500,000. She said that part of the settlement would go toward efforts geared to making body cam footage easier for the public to obtain. On October 11, 2019, the former detective Payne filed a suit against the Salt Lake City Police Department, seeking more than $300,000 in damages and claiming that, in 2017, though following the orders of his commanding officer and complying with department policies, he was "wrongfully terminated." Payne had been hired in August 2019 by the Weber County Sheriff's Office as a "part-time civilian corrections assistant," the "second controversial high-profile hire" for the Sheriff’s Office "in recent months," as the press reported, coming a few weeks after Kayla Dallof, a former University of Utah police detective who had been fired for showing a “complete dereliction of duty,” was hired as a sheriff's deputy. Legislative effect On September 20, 2017, the Utah State Legislature's Judiciary Interim Committee voted unanimously in favor of drafting a bill that would clarify consent laws regarding police-ordered blood draws. On November 15, 2017, a legislative committee drafted a bill that, mainly, would require police officers to take a blood draw only with the person's oral or written consent, through presenting a warrant, or presenting a judicially recognized exception to a warrant. Representative Craig Hall, R-West Valley City, who was a member of the drafting committee, stated that "there are situations where a blood draw is necessary and justified" but the new legislation "takes that decision out of the police officer's hands," adding that "electronic warrants take about 10 minutes to obtain, so there's really no reason not to get one." On January 25, 2018, the Utah House of Representatives voted 72–0 to pass the bill, numbered HB43. On January 31, Alex Wubbels testified to the State's Senate Judiciary, Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Committee in support of the bill. The Salt Lake City Police, the Utah Highway Patrol, the American Civil Liberties Union of Utah, and the Libertas Institute also expressed their support during the hearings. The Committee voted 6–0 in favor of passing the bill. Utah Governor Gary Herbert signed it on March 15, 2018, and the legislation went into effect on May 8, 2018. See also Birchfield v. North Dakota References Further reading External links Footage of the incident released by The Salt Lake Tribune Frequently Asked Questions regarding the incident from the Salt Lake City mayor's office H.B. 43 Blood Testing Amendments, legislation inspired by the incident 2010s in Salt Lake City 2017 in Utah 2017 controversies in the United States July 2017 events in the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation operations Law enforcement in Utah Medical controversies in the United States Police brutality in the United States Social problems in medicine 2017 hospital incident Viral videos Salt Lake City Police Department

55199737

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratched%20%28TV%20series%29

Ratched (TV series)

Ratched is an American psychological thriller streaming television series created by Evan Romansky, developed by Ryan Murphy and starring Sarah Paulson in the title role of Nurse Mildred Ratched. A prequel to Miloš Forman's 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (based on Ken Kesey's 1962 novel of the same name), it depicts the life of Mildred Ratched prior to the events portrayed in the film, albeit in a different state (California as opposed to Oregon). Ratched received a two-season series order; the first season premiered on Netflix on September 18, 2020. Premise Cast and characters Main Sarah Paulson as Nurse Mildred Ratched, a nurse who is hired by Dr. Hanover to work at Lucia State Hospital, but her motive to work there is to break her foster brother Edmund out of the hospital after he is admitted there for killing several priests. Finn Wittrock as Edmund Tolleson, the murderous and mentally unstable foster brother of Ratched, an inmate at Lucia State Hospital. Cynthia Nixon as Gwendolyn Briggs, Governor Willburn's press secretary and campaign manager, and Ratched's love interest. Jon Jon Briones as Dr. Richard Hanover/Dr. Manuel Bañaga, the director of Lucia State Hospital who hires Ratched. (season 1) Charlie Carver as Huck Finnigan, an orderly at Lucia State Hospital, his face badly disfigured from a war injury. He later gets promoted to head nurse after Betsy takes over the hospital from Dr. Hanover. (season 1) Judy Davis as Nurse Betsy Bucket, the head nurse at Lucia State Hospital and a rival of Ratched. She later takes over the hospital from Dr. Hanover after he goes on the run from the police for his past crimes. Sharon Stone as Lenore Osgood, a wealthy heiress who hires a hit man to kill Dr. Hanover for disfiguring her son after she hired him to treat her son's mental illness. (season 1) Recurring Corey Stoll as Charles Wainwright, a private investigator and hit man who accepts a contract on Dr. Hanover from Lenore Osgood Vincent D'Onofrio as Governor George Willburn, the governor of California Alice Englert as Nurse Dolly, a nurse trainee with undiagnosed nymphomiania at Lucia State, and Edmund's love interest Amanda Plummer as Louise, the owner of the motel that Ratched and Wainwright stay at and longtime friend to Nurse Bucket Jermaine Williams as Harold, a security guard at Lucia State Annie Starke as Lily Cartwright, a patient at Lucia State who is being treated for her lesbianism Brandon Flynn as Henry Osgood, Lenore's psychopathic killer-turned-amputee son who was disfigured by Dr. Hanover when he was his patient Michael Benjamin Washington as Trevor Briggs, Gwendolyn's husband with whom she is in a lavender marriage Sophie Okonedo as Charlotte Wells, a patient at Lucia State with dissociative identity disorder Guest Hunter Parrish as Father Andrews Robert Curtis Brown as Monsignor Sullivan David Wells as Father Murphy Emily Mest as Nurse Amelia Emerson Daniel Di Tomasso as Dario Salvatore Harriet Sansom Harris as Ingrid Blix, an opera singer who is lobotomized Liz Femi as Leona Joseph Marcell as Len Bronley Ben Crowley as Reggie Hampson Rosanna Arquette as Anna, Ratched and Edmund's former case worker in the foster care system Kerry Knuppe as Doris Mayfair Benjamin Rigby as Case Hitchen Teo Briones as Peter, a boy who is lobotomized by Dr. Hanover to cure daydreaming Episodes Production Development On September 6, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a series order for two seasons. Netflix reportedly won a bidding war over Hulu and Apple who also were interested in developing the project. The series was created by Evan Romansky who also wrote the pilot. His script was eventually received by television producer Ryan Murphy, who then spent a year securing the rights to the Nurse Ratched character and the participation of the Saul Zaentz estate and Michael Douglas, who owned the screen rights to One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest. Murphy directed the pilot and executive produced alongside Douglas, Aleen Keshishian, Margaret Riley and Jacob Epstein. Production companies involved in the series included Fox 21 Television Studios, The Saul Zaentz Company, and Ryan Murphy Productions. Mac Quayle, who has frequently collaborated with Murphy, composed the series' score. Casting Alongside the initial series order announcement, it was confirmed that Sarah Paulson had been cast in the lead role of Nurse Ratched. On December 11, 2018, it was reported that Finn Wittrock and Jon Jon Briones had joined the cast of the series. On January 14, 2019, it was announced that Charlie Carver, Judy Davis, Harriet Harris, Cynthia Nixon, Hunter Parrish, Amanda Plummer, Corey Stoll, and Sharon Stone had been cast in the series. In February 2019, it was reported that Rosanna Arquette, Vincent D'Onofrio, Don Cheadle, Alice Englert, Annie Starke, and Stan Van Winkle had been cast in recurring roles. On July 29, 2020, it was reported that Sophie Okonedo, Liz Femi, and Brandon Flynn were cast in recurring roles. Filming Filming for the first season took place in early 2019 in Los Angeles and 20th Century Fox Studios. One of the filming locations was the historic Adamson House in Malibu. Release The series premiered on September 18, 2020, after the official trailer was released on August 4. Reception Audience viewership In its first week of release, Ratched was ranked number one in the Nielsen ratings, who announced that the show had been viewed for a total of 972 million minutes. According to Netflix, the series was viewed by 48 million people, in its first four weeks. Critical response For the first season, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes collected 93 critic reviews and identified 61% of them as positive, with an average rating of 6.24/10. The website's critics consensus states, "Ratched is undeniably stylish, but salacious plot holes and cartoonish characterizations undermine its gorgeous production and committed performances." Metacritic assigned the season a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". In a 5/5 stars review, Nicholas Barber from BBC Online wrote, "Ratched ratchets up everything, from the deeply colourful design to the Bernard Herrmann-like music to noir-ish soap-opera plotting that drips with sex and violence. But it isn't pure camp. Romansky's superb scripts keep tight control of the characters and their intertwining stories, and there are some chillingly accurate depictions of brutal 1940s psychiatric treatment. Ratched is also oddly big-hearted for such a gruesome series. The characters are a crowd of villains, with next to no one who could be classed as heroic, but they are all vulnerable, and most of them are motivated by love – even if that love inspires them to hire a hitman to decapitate an old enemy." The Independents Alexandra Pollard, who rated it 4/5, found the origin story to be "thoughtful and beguiling". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a C− and described the series' clothes as "nice, but they're dressing a corpse." Reviewing the series for The Hollywood Reporter, Inkoo Kang wrote that, "The performances are across-the-board fantastic, but Nixon—playing Ratched's love interest—exhibits such frailty, sensuality and decency that her turn ultimately ends up feeling like it belongs in a much better production." TVLine wrote that the series "might be [Ryan Murphy's] emptiest effort yet", giving it a D. Accolades References External links 2020 American television series debuts 2020s American drama television series American prequel television series 2020s American LGBT-related drama television series Dissociative identity disorder in television English-language television shows English-language Netflix original programming Feminist television Lesbian-related television shows Psychological thriller television series Psychological thriller web series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Touchstone Television Television series created by Ryan Murphy (writer) Television series set in 1947 Television shows based on American novels Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in California Works about nursing Works set in psychiatric hospitals Television about mental health Mass murder in fiction Matricide in fiction Murder in television Suicide in television

55414108

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Illinois%20House%20of%20Representatives%20election

2018 Illinois House of Representatives election

The 2018 elections for the Illinois House of Representatives took place on Tuesday, November 6, 2018 to elect representatives from all 118 districts. The winners of this election served in the 101st General Assembly, with seats apportioned among the states based on the 2010 United States Census. The Democratic Party has held a House majority since 1997. The inauguration of the 101st General Assembly occurred on Wednesday January 9, 2019. The Democrats flipped 8 seats while Republicans flipped 1 seat, resulting in a net gain of 7 seats for the Democratic caucus. The elections for Illinois's 18 congressional districts, Governor and Lieutenant Governor, statewide constitutional officers, and the Illinois Senate were also held on this date. Results Retirements The Illinois House of Representatives saw 28 Representatives (14 Democratic and 14 Republican) choose to either retire or not run before the 2018 election. Democratic retirements 4th district: Cynthia Soto: Soto is running for a seat on the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District. 5th district: Juliana Stratton: Stratton became J. B. Pritzker's running mate in the 2018 gubernatorial election. 17th district: Laura Fine: On July 28, 2017, Fine announced her intention to run for the senate seat being vacated by Daniel Biss. 21st district: Silvana Tabares: On June 15, 2018, Tabares was appointed as the 23rd Ward alderman of Chicago after Mike Zalewski retired from the position on May 31, 2018. 25th district: Barbara Flynn Currie: Majority Leader Barbara Flynn Currie, the longest tenured female legislator in Illinois history, announced she would retire. 34th district: Elgie Sims: After State Senator Donne Trotter announced his retirement, Sims was appointed to his seat and sworn in on January 26, 2018. 38th district: Al Riley: On September 26, 2017, Riley announced he would not seek reelection to a seventh term. 57th district: Elaine Nekritz announced she was planning to resign. Her official resignation became effective October 2, 2017. 58th district: Scott Drury: Drury attempted to run for Governor of Illinois, but opted to run for Illinois Attorney General after the retirement of Lisa Madigan. 59th district: Carol Sente: Sente announced she will not run for reelection on September 12, 2017. 67th district: Litesa Wallace: Wallace became Daniel Biss's running mate in the 2018 gubernatorial election. 85th district: Emily McAsey: McAsey resigned from her seat on June 2, 2017 to, according to the Daily Southtown, "join her husband who accepted a job out of state." 111th district: Dan Beiser: On August 30, 2017, Beiser announced his retirement from the Illinois House of Representatives. Beiser chose to resign in December 2017, and was succeeded by Monica Bristow. 118th district: Brandon Phelps: Phelps resigned in September 2017. Natalie Phelps Finnie was appointed to succeed him. Republican retirements 42nd district: Jeanne Ives: In October 2017, Jeanne Ives announced her intention to run for the Republican nomination for Illinois Governor in 2018, adding that she had stopped distributing petitions for state representative. 47th district: Patti Bellock: On August 1, 2017, Deputy Republican Leader Bellock announced her intention to retire at the end of her term. 49th district: Mike Fortner: Fortner announced August 7, 2017 he would not seek reelection. 51st district: Nick Sauer: On August 1, 2018, Politico reported on Sauer allegedly using his ex-girlfriend's nude photos to catfish for seeking online relationships with men. Sauer would then resign at 5 pm on the same day. 53rd district: David Harris: On October 4, 2017, Harris announced his retirement from the Illinois House citing frustration from the Illinois Budget Impasse. Harris was one of the Republicans who crossed party lines to vote to end the Illinois Budget Impasse which included an income tax increase. 64th district: Barbara Wheeler: Wheeler will not run for reelection in 2018. 65th district: Steven Andersson: On August 16, 2017, Andersson announced he would not seek reelection to the Illinois House of Representatives in 2018 during an appearance on Chicago Tonight. Andersson was one of the Republicans who voted to end the Illinois budget impasse which included an income tax increase. 70th district: Bob Pritchard: The 72 year old legislator announced he would retire at the end of the 100th General Assembly. Pritchard was one of the Republicans who voted to end the Illinois budget impasse which included an income tax increase. 89th district: Brian W. Stewart: Stewart is vacating his seat to run for the senate seat being vacated by Tim Bivins. 99th district: Sara Wojcicki Jimenez: Wojcicki Jimenez announced she would not seek reelection in 2018. 101st district: Bill Mitchell: The Assistant Republican Leader announced he would not run for another term in the Illinois House on August 3, 2017. 104th district: Chad Hays: On July 7, 2017, Hays announced his retirement from the Illinois House citing the budget impasse. 107th district: John Cavaletto: On September 18, 2017, Cavaletto announced he would not be seeking reelection. 110th district: Reggie Phillips: On September 22, 2017, Phillips announced he would not run for a third term. District index Districts 1–25 District 1 The 1st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Forest View, as well as all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Archer Heights, Brighton Park, Chicago Lawn, Garfield Ridge, New City, and West Elsdon. The district had been represented by Democrat Daniel J. Burke since January 9, 2013, previously serving the 23rd district from January 9, 1991 to January 9, 2013. Burke faced a primary challenger from Aaron Ortiz, a teacher and college counselor for Back of the Yards High School. After defeating Burke in the primary, Ortiz faced no Republican challenger. District 2 The 2nd district includes all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Armour Square, Bridgeport, Brighton Park, Lower West Side, McKinley Park, Near South Side, Near West Side, and New City. The district has been represented by Democrat Theresa Mah since January 11, 2017. Mah faced neither a Democratic challenger in her primary election nor a Republican challenger in the general election. District 3 The 3rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Elmwood Park, as well as all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Austin, Belmont Cragin, Dunning, Hermosa, Logan Square, Montclare, and Portage Park. The district has been represented by Democrat Luis Arroyo since his appointment in December 2006. He was an Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives during the 100th General Assembly. Arroyo faced neither a Democratic challenger in his primary nor a Republican challenger in the general election. District 4 The 4th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Hermosa, Humboldt Park, Logan Square, and West Town. The district had been represented by Democrat Cynthia Soto since January 10, 2001. Soto would run for commissioner of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago and would not run for re-election for her seat. The Democratic primary for the 4th district seat featured four candidates. Iris J. Millán, Community Affairs Liaison for Wilbur Wright College, former Community Development Manager of St. Joseph Services, and former Director of Community Affairs for the 1st Ward Office for the City of Chicago. Alyx S. Pattison, Campaign staffer and Congressional Aide to Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky, former Local School Council Member and tutor of Jose de Diego Community Academy, Wicker Park, and former Commissioner of the Cook County Commission on Women's Issues. Delia C. Ramirez, former Campaign Chair for Irizarry for 26th Ward Alderman, former Deputy Director of the Community Renewal Society, and former Executive Director of the Center for Changing Lives. Anne Shaw, Community Activist and Civil Rights Attorney. After winning her primary election, Ramirez would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 5 The 5th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Armour Square, Avalon Park, Douglas, Englewood, Fuller Park, Grand Boulevard, Greater Grand Crossing, Loop, Near North Side, Near South Side, South Shore, Washington Park, and Woodlawn. The district had been represented by Democrat Juliana Stratton since January 11, 2017. Stratton would later on become Governor J.B. Pritzker's running mate for lieutenant governor, leaving her seat open. The Democratic primary for the 5th district seat featured four candidates. Felicia Bullock, first-time candidate and procurement buyer. Ken Dunkin, former representative of the 5th district, losing his primary race in 2016 to former representative Juliana Stratton. Lamont Robinson, small business owner, Director of the Kappa Leadership Institute based out of Kenwood High School, and member of the 51st Street Business Association. Dilara Sayeed, first-time candidate and volunteer for several campaigns and candidates over 15 years, educator, and tech entrepreneur. After winning his primary election, Robinson would face no Republican challenger in the general election. Through his election and swearing-in, Lamont Robinson made history by becoming the first openly LGBTQ person of color to serve in the Illinois General Assembly. District 6 The 6th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Armour Square, Bridgeport, Chicago Lawn, Douglas, Englewood, Fuller Park, Grand Boulevard, Greater Grand Crossing, Loop, Near North Side, Near South Side, Near West Side, New City, and West Englewood. The district has been represented by Democrat Sonya Harper since her appointment in October 2015. Harper faced neither a Democratic challenger in her primary nor a Republican challenger in the general election. District 7 The 7th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Bellwood, Berkeley, Broadview, Forest Park, Hillside, La Grange Park, Maywood, Melrose Park, Northlake, Oak Brook, River Forest, Westchester, and Western Springs. The district has been represented by Democrat Emanuel "Chris" Welch since January 9, 2013. Welch faced neither any Democratic challenger in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 8 The 8th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Berwyn, Brookfield, Forest Park, La Grange, La Grange Park, North Riverside, and Oak Park and parts of the Chicago neighborhood of Austin. The district has been represented by Democrat La Shawn Ford since January 10, 2007. Ford faced neither a Democratic challenger in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 9 The 9th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of East Garfield Park, Lincoln Park, Loop, Lower West Side, Near North Side, Near West Side, North Lawndale, South Lawndale, West Garfield Park, and West Town. The district has been represented by Democrat Art Turner since December 2010. He was the Deputy Majority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives during the 100th General Assembly. Turner faced neither any Democratic challenger in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 10 The 10th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Austin, East Garfield Park, Humboldt Park, Lincoln Park, Logan Square, Near North Side, Near West Side, West Garfield Park, and West Town. The district has been represented by Democrat Melissa Conyears-Ervin since January 11, 2017. Conyears-Ervin faced neither any Democratic challenger in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 11 The 11th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Albany Park, Avondale, Irving Park, Lake View, Lincoln Park, Lincoln Square, Logan Square, and North Center. The district has been represented by Democrat Ann Williams since January 12, 2011. Williams faced neither any Democratic challenger in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 12 The 12th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Lake View, Lincoln Park, Near North Side, and Uptown. The district has been represented by Democrat Sara Feigenholtz since January 11, 1995. Feigenholtz faced neither any Democratic challenger in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 13 The 13th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Albany Park, Edgewater, Lake View, North Center, North Park, Rogers Park, Uptown, and West Ridge. The district has been represented by Democrat Greg Harris since December 2006. He was an Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives during the 100th General Assembly. Harris faced neither any Democratic challenger in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 14 The 14th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Evanston and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Edgewater, Rogers Park, Uptown, and West Ridge. The district has been represented by Democrat Kelly Cassidy since her appointment in May 2011. Cassidy faced a primary challenger from Arthur Noah Siegel, former worker on Bernie Sanders' campaign and business owner in construction. After winning her primary election, Cassidy would not face any Republican challenger in the general election. District 15 The 15th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Glenview, Morton Grove, Niles, Park Ridge, and Skokie and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Albany Park, Forest Glen, Irving Park, Jefferson Park, North Park, and Norwood Park. The district has been represented by Democrat John D'Amico since November 2004. D'Amico faced a Republican challenger from Amanda Biela, a first-time candidate, former Chicago public school teacher, and past president of the local parenting organization Moms Club of Northwest Chicagoland. District 16 The 16th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Lincolnwood, Morton Grove, and Skokie and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of North Park and West Ridge. The district had been represented by Democrat Lou Lang since his appointment in July 1987. Lang faced neither any Democratic challenger in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. After winning his election, Lang would resign two days before his inauguration to work as a lobbyist. Yehiel Mark Kalish was appointed to fill the seat. District 17 The 17th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Evanston, Glenview, Golf, Morton Grove, Northbrook, Skokie, and Wilmette. The district had been represented by Democrat Laura Fine since January 9, 2013. On July 28, 2017, Fine announced her intention to run for the senate seat being vacated by Daniel Biss, leaving her seat open. The Democratic primary for the 17th district seat featured five candidates. Candance Chow, Evanston/Skokie District 65 school board president. Pete Dagher, former Deputy Political Director of the Democratic National Committee, former Director of Special Projects at the White House, and former staffer for President Bill Clinton. Alexandra Eidenberg, President & Co-Founder of The Insurance People, founder of We Will, and has worked on campaigns for Illinois Representative Robert Martwick, US Representative Chuy Garcia, and US Senator Bernie Sanders. Jennifer Gong-Gershowitz, pro bono attorney for the National Immigrant Justice Center, founding member and co-chair of the Illinois Unaccompanied Children's Task Force, and Board Member of the Glenview Education Foundation. Mary Rita Luecke, attorney, precinct volunteer for Niles Township Democratic Party, and former member of Evanston/Skokie District School Board. The Republican primary for the 17th district seat featured Peter Lee, attorney and president of the Korean Association of Chicago. District 18 The 18th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Deerfield, Evanston, Glencoe, Glenview, Kenilworth, Northbrook, Northfield, Wilmette, and Winnetka. The district has been represented by Democrat Robyn Gabel since her appointment in April 2010. The Republican challenger in this election was Julie Cho, an operations consultant. District 19 The 19th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Elmwood Park, Harwood Heights, Norridge, and River Grove and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Dunning, Forest Glen, Jefferson Park, Norwood Park, O'Hare, and Portage Park. The district has been represented by Democrat Robert Martwick since January 9, 2013. Martwick faced a primary challenger from Jeffrey La Porte, police officer, former Director for the Gladstone Park Chamber of Commerce, and former Parent Representative for Onahan Elementary LSC. The Republican challenger in this election was Ammie Kessem, sergeant of police and an active parishioner of the St. Monica Catholic Church. District 20 The 20th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Des Plaines, Franklin Park, Harwood Heights, Niles, Norridge, Park Ridge, Rosemont, and Schiller Park and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Dunning, Edison Park, Norwood Park, and O'Hare. The district has been represented by Republican Michael McAuliffe since his appointment in July 1996. He was the Assistant Republican Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives during the 100th General Assembly. McAuliffe is the only Republican to serve parts of Chicago in the Illinois House. According to Illinois Election Data, the 20th district was the most Democratic district represented by a Republican during the election. The Democratic challenger in this election was Merry Marwig, former Democratic candidate for this district in 2016 and owner of a data security company. After winning her primary, Marwig announced she would step down from the race, saying “changing circumstances in my family have forced me to reconsider my run.” After Marwig stepped down from the race, McAuliffe would face no other Democratic challenger in the general election. District 21 The 21st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bedford Park, Bridgeview, Cicero, Forest View, Lyons, McCook, Riverside, Stickney, and Summit and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Brighton Park, Garfield Ridge, Lower West Side, McKinley Park, and South Lawndale. The district had been represented by Democrat Silvana Tabares since January 9, 2013. After winning her primary, Tabares was appointed as the 23rd Ward alderman of Chicago on June 15, 2018 after Mike Zalewski retired from the position on May 31, 2018. Celina Villanueva, youth engagement manager for the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights (ICIRR) and former director of Organizing for Chicago Votes was appointed July 24, 2018 to the state representative seat. Villanueva faced no Republican challenger in the general election. District 22 The 22nd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bedford Park and Burbank and includes all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Archer Heights, Ashburn, Brighton Park, Chicago Lawn, Clearing, Gage Park, Garfield Ridge, West Elsdon, and West Lawn. The district has been represented by Mike Madigan since January 13, 1971. He was the 67th Speaker of the House from 1983 to 1995 and has been the 69th Speaker of the House since 1997. He has been chairman of the Democratic Party of Illinois since 1998. Madigan faced neither any Democratic challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 23 The 23rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bedford Park, Berwyn, Bridgeview, Brookfield, Burbank, Cicero, Countryside, Hickory Hills, Hodgkins, Justice, La Grange, La Grange Park, McCook, Riverside, and Summit. The district has been represented by Democrat Michael Zalewski since December 2008. Zalewski faced neither any Democratic challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 24 The 24th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Berwyn, Brookfield, Cicero, Riverside, and Stickney and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhood of South Lawndale. The district has been represented by Democrat Elizabeth "Lisa" Hernandez since January 10, 2007. Hernandez faced a primary challenger from Robert Rafael Reyes, Vice President of Realty of Chicago, worked on Antonio Villaraigosa’s Mayoral Campaign in Los Angeles, and an alumnus of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute D.C. After winning her primary, Hernandez would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 25 The 25th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Calumet Heights, East Side, Hegewisch, Hyde Park, Kenwood, South Chicago, South Deering, South Shore, and Woodlawn. The district had been represented by Democrat Barbara Flynn Currie since January 13, 1993. She had served the Illinois House since January 1979. She had been Majority Leader of the Illinois House since 1997. Currie announced she would be retiring from the House and would not run for re-election. As a result of the seat of a major political player in the Illinois House now being open, the Democratic primary for the seat was very crowded. The primary featured seven candidates: William Calloway, community leader, activist, and one of Laquan McDonald Video Revealers. Angelique Collins, small business owner, lobbyist, and member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority Adrienne Irmer, former Legislative Coordinator to the Cook County Bureau of Asset Management, a 2018 Emerging Leader with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and involved with several social causes for over 16 years. Anne Marie Miles, attorney and Aldermanic candidate for 5th Ward of Chicago in 2011 and 2015. Grace Chan McKibben, Development Director at Indo-American Center, former Chief of Staff at Illinois Department of Employment Security, and former Deputy Director at Chinese American Service League. Flynn Rush, Community Outreach Specialist for the Cook County Assessors Office, Employment Specialist for the Rebirth of Englewood Community Development Corporation, and Precinct Captain, Area Coordinator for various campaigns including Barack Obama, Bill Clinton and Harold Washington. Curtis Tarver II, trial attorney, Board of Trustees Member of Depaul USA, and member of the Chairman's Advisory Council for Big Shoulders Fund. After winning his primary, Tarver would not face a Republican challenger in the general election. Districts 26–50 District 26 The 26th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Calumet Heights, Douglas, Grand Boulevard, Hyde Park, Kenwood, Loop, Near North Side, Near South Side, South Chicago, South Shore, Washington Park, and Woodlawn. The district had been represented by Democrat Christian Mitchell since January 9, 2013. Mitchell faced neither any Democratic challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. After winning his election and the election of Governor J.B. Pritzker, Mitchell would join the Pritzker administration as a deputy governor. Kam Buckner was appointed to serve out the remainder of Mitchell's term. District 27 The 27th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Alsip, Blue Island, Crestwood, Midlothian, Orland Park, Palos Heights, Robbins, and Worth and parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Auburn Gresham, Beverly, Chatham, Morgan Park, Roseland, Washington Heights, and West Pullman. The district has been represented by Democrat Justin Slaughter since his appointment in January 2017. Slaughter faced a primary challenger from Tawana J. (T.J.) Robinson, a special education teacher, former campaigner with LSC members of the Riverdale School District 133, and former campaigner with the various school board members of District 205 Proviso Township High Schools. After winning his primary, Slaughter would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 28 The 28th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Blue Island, Calumet Park, Crestwood, Midlothian, Oak Forest, Orland Park, Riverdale, Robbins, and Tinley Park and parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Morgan Park, Roseland, and West Pullman. The district has been represented by Democrat Robert Rita since January 8, 2003. Rita faced two challengers in his primary election. Mary Carvlin, teacher, Blue Island Library Board trustee for 6 years, and founder of Northeast Blue Island Resident Action Group (now a Rain Ready / CNT group) to solve flooding issues. Kimberly Nicole Koschnitzky, a Connected Vehicle Specialist for General Motors. As a result of the ongoing Me Too movement, Rita's past domestic battery case with a former girlfriend came back into the limelight, previously being at the center of his 2002 election to the seat, as his aforementioned former girlfriend sides with Rita's primary challenger Carvlin. Carvlin would accuse fellow primary challenger Koschnitzky of being a 'ghost candidate' from Speaker Mike Madigan to split the vote between Carvlin and Koschnitzky to guarantee Rita won in the primary. After winning his primary election, Rita would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 29 The 29th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Calumet Heights, Chicago Heights, Crete, Dolton, East Hazel Crest, Ford Heights, Glenwood, Harvey, Homewood, Lansing, Lynwood, Monee, Phoenix, Sauk Village, South Chicago Heights, South Holland, Steger, Thornton, and University Park and parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Riverdale and West Pullman. The district has been represented by Democrat Thaddeus Jones since January 12, 2011. Jones faced a primary challenger from Corean Davis, a human resource professional. After winning his primary, Jones would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 30 The 30th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Blue Island, Dixmoor, Dolton, East Hazel Crest, Flossmoor, Harvey, Hazel Crest, Homewood, Markham, Midlothian, Oak Forest, Phoenix, Posen, Riverdale, and Robbins. The district has been represented by Democrat Will Davis since January 8, 2003. Davis faced neither a Democratic challenger in his primary nor a Republican challenger in the general election. District 31 The 31st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bedford Park, Bridgeview, Burr Ridge, Chicago Ridge, Countryside, Hickory Hills, Hodgkins, Hometown, Indian Head Park, Justice, Oak Lawn, Palos Hills, and Willow Springs and parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Ashburn, Auburn Gresham, Chatham, Chicago Lawn, Englewood, Greater Grand Crossing, and West Englewood. The district has been represented by Democrat Mary E. Flowers since January 9, 1985. She was an Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois House during the 100th General Assembly. She faced a primary challenger from Willie Preston, carpenter, Community Representative for Scott Joplin Elementary School, and former community organizer for SouthSiders Organized for Unity and Liberation (SOUL). After winning her primary, Flowers would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 32 The 32nd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bridgeview, Burbank, Hickory Hills, Justice, and Oak Lawn and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Ashburn, Chicago Lawn, Englewood, Greater Grand Crossing, West Englewood, and Woodlawn. The district has been represented by Democrat Andre Thapedi since January 14, 2009. Thapedi faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 33 The 33rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Burnham, Calumet City, Ford Heights, Lansing, Lynwood, and Sauk Village and includes all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Avalon Park, Burnside, Calumet Heights, Chatham, East Side, Hegewisch, South Chicago, and South Deering. The district has been represented by Democrat Marcus C. Evans Jr. since his appointment in April 2012. Evans Jr. faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 34 The 34th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Beecher, Bourbonnais, Burnham, Calumet City, Crete, Ford Heights, Grant Park, Lansing, Lynwood, Manteno, Momence, Peotone, Sauk Village, South Holland, and Willowbrook and includes all or parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Chatham, Greater Grand Crossing, Hegewisch, Pullman, Riverdale, Roseland, South Deering, and West Pullman. The district had been represented by Democrat Elgie Sims since his appointment in August 2012. After State Senator Donne Trotter announced his retirement, Sims was appointed to his seat and sworn in on January 26, 2018. Nicholas Smith, former Chicago 9th Ward Streets & Sanitation Superintendent, Legislative Aide to the Committee on Transportation and Public Way, and Community Liaison/ Coordinator for Chicago State University was appointed to the seat in February 2018. Smith did not face any Republican challenger in the general election. District 35 The 35th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Alsip, Chicago Ridge, Merrionette Park, Oak Lawn, Orland Hills, Orland Park, Palos Heights, Palos Park, Tinley Park, and Worth and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Auburn Gresham, Beverly, Morgan Park, Mount Greenwood, and Washington Heights. The district has been represented by Democrat Frances Ann Hurley since January 9, 2013. Herb Hebein, former Chicago police officer, was the Republican challenger in this election. District 36 The 36th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Chicago Ridge, Evergreen Park, Oak Lawn, Palos Heights, Palos Park, Willow Springs, and Worth and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Ashburn, Auburn Gresham, Beverly, and Mount Greenwood. The district has been represented by Democrat Kelly M. Burke since January 12, 2011. Burke faced neither any challengers in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 37 The 37th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Frankfort, Frankfort Square, Homer Glen, Joliet, Lockport, Mokena, New Lenox, Orland Park, and Tinley Park. The district has been represented by Republican Margo McDermed since January 14, 2015. McDermed faced a Democratic challenger in the general election from Matthew Hunt, property and casualty insurance agent for his family's agency, Hunt Insurance Group, Board Member of the Illinois State Fire Marshall Elevator Safety Division, and Trustee of the Palos Heights Police Pension Board. District 38 The 38th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Country Club Hills, Flossmoor, Frankfort, Frankfort Square, Harvey, Hazel Crest, Homewood, Markham, Matteson, Oak Forest, Olympia Fields, Park Forest, Richton Park, Tinley Park, and University Park. The district had been represented by Democrat Al Riley since January 10, 2007. On September 26, 2017, Riley announced he would not seek reelection to a seventh term. The Democratic primary for the 38th district featured four candidates: David Bonner, former legal officer and administrative law attorney in the Department of the Army's Office of The Inspector General, at The Pentagon, former Illinois Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Trials and Prosecutions unit, and formerly worked on Barack Obama's Senate campaign. Cecil Matthews Jr., finance supervisor for Winston & Strawn LLP, first-time candidate Debbie Meyers-Martin, former village president and trustee of Olympia Fields, president of the South Suburban Mayors and Managers Association, and former member of several advisory boards, economic boards, and regulatory boards. Max Solomon, attorney, adjunct professor at South Suburban College, and former primary candidate for the 19th district in the Illinois Senate. After winning her primary, Meyers-Martin would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 39 The 39th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Avondale, Belmont Cragin, Dunning, Hermosa, Irving Park, Logan Square, and Portage Park. The district has been represented by Democrat Will Guzzardi since January 14, 2015. Guzzardi faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 40 The 40th district includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Albany Park, Avondale, Irving Park, Logan Square, and Portage Park. The district has been represented by Democrat Jaime Andrade Jr. since his appointment in August 2013. Andrade Jr. faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 41 The 41st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bolingbrook, Naperville, and Warrenville. The district has been represented by Republican Grant Wehrli since January 14, 2015. Val Montgomery was the democratic challenger in this election. Montgomery would later be found to be incorrectly listed by the DuPage County Election Commission as living in the 41st district, whereas her address placed her in the 49th district. DuPage County Judge Bonnie Wheaton as a result ruled that Montgomery could not be a candidate in the election and if elected could only be seated if she wins and the Illinois General Assembly decided to seat her. Despite this ruling, Montgomery did not withdraw from the race and remained on the ballot. District 42 The 42nd district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Carol Stream, Lisle, Naperville, Warrenville, West Chicago, Wheaton, and Winfield. The district had been represented by Republican Jeanne Ives since January 9, 2013. Ives announced in October 2017 her intention to run for Governor and would not run for reelection to her seat. The Republican primary for the 42nd district seat featured three candidates. Ryan Edward Byrne, Director of Marketing for Cunningham Trading Systems, LLC and BS in Mechanical Engineering from Washington University in St. Louis. Amy Grant, former school teacher of Pittsburgh Public Schools, DuPage County Board member since her election in 2012, and a Milton Township Republican Committeewoman since 2006. Burt Minor, former member of the Wheaton Chamber of Commerce, former alderman of Warrenville, Illinois, and a retired USAF Officer Lieutenant Colonel. Burt Minor would face controversy after the leak of a conversation he had with Republican candidate for Illinois Attorney General Erika Harold. The conversation involved Burt Minor asking Erika Harold about her marriage status, asking if she was a "lesbo" and frequent use of the n-word in front of her and her assistant, asking whether Erika Harold found it offensive. Kathleen Carrier, family caregiver, precinct committeeman since 2003, and former chair of the Wayne Township Democratic Party was the sole Democratic nominee for the 42nd district. District 43 The 43rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Barrington Hills, Carpentersville, East Dundee, Elgin, Hoffman Estates, and South Elgin. The district has been represented by Democrat Anna Moeller since her appointment in March 2014. Moeller faced a Republican challenger in the general election from Andrew Cuming, propert management company owner, member of the Citizen's Police Academy Alumni Association, and President of the Elgin Southwest Area Neighbors. District 44 The 44th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Bartlett, Elgin, Hanover Park, Hoffman Estates, Schaumburg, and Streamwood. The district has been represented by Democrat Fred Crespo since January 10, 2007. Crespo faced a Republican challenger in the general election from Katy Dolan Baumer, business owner, worked as President of the Streamwood Chamber of Commerce, and clerk to the Hanover Township. District 45 The 45th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Addison, Bartlett, Bloomingdale, Carol Stream, Elk Grove Village, Hanover Park, Itasca, Roselle, Streamwood, Wayne, West Chicago, and Wood Dale. The district had been represented by Republican Christine Winger since January 14, 2015. Prior to the primary election, the Democratic nominee for the district was Cynthia Borbas, IT consultant, formerly volunteered at the Carol Stream Chamber of Commerce, and formerly volunteered at the Northern Illinois Food Bank. At some unknown time, Borbas would withdraw from the race. Diane Pappas, attorney specializing in corporate counsel, former President of the Friends of the Itasca Community Library, and a Democratic Precinct Committeeman of Addison Township Precinct 23 would become the Democratic candidate for the general election. District 46 The 46th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Addison, Bloomingdale, Carol Stream, Elmhurst, Glen Ellyn, Glendale Heights, Hanover Park, Lombard, Oakbrook Terrace, Villa Park, and Wheaton. The district has been represented by Democrat Deb Conroy since January 9, 2013. The Republican primary saw two candidates seek the nomination for the general election. Gordon "Jay" Kinzler, doctor and surgeon, member of the Glen Ellyn Park District Board, and former commissioner of the Environmental Commission of the Village of Glen Ellyn. Roger Orozco, police detective and former school board member of Community Consolidated School District 93. District 47 The 47th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Burr Ridge, Clarendon Hills, Darien, Downers Grove, Elmhurst, Hinsdale, Lombard, Oak Brook, Oakbrook Terrace, Villa Park, Western Springs, Westmont, and Willowbrook. The district had been represented by Republican Patti Bellock since January 13, 1999. She had been the Deputy House Minority Leader since October 2013. On August 1, 2017, Bellock announced her intention to retire at the end of her term. Deanne Mazzochi, lawyer, business owner, and former chairman of the College of DuPage Board of Trustees, was the Republican nominee for this election. The Democratic primary featured two candidates. Jim Caffrey, former customer team manager for Clorox, a Democratic Precinct Committeeman, and served in the Peace Corps for 2 years. Anne Sommerkamp, prenatal educator, former journalist from 1980 to 1999, and former candidate for Downers Grove Township Clerk in 2017. Caffrey would go on to win the primary election and become the Democratic nominee. Patti Bellock would resign from her State Representative seat to serve as Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services Director. Candidate Mazzochi would then be appointed on July 16, 2018 to fill the vacancy. District 48 The 48th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Downers Grove, Glen Ellyn, Lisle, Lombard, Oakbrook Terrace, Villa Park, and Wheaton. The district had been represented by Republican Peter Breen since January 14, 2015. The Democratic candidate for this election was Terra Costa Howard, lawyer, former member of the Glen Ellyn School District 41 Board of Education, and adjunct professor at College of DuPage. District 49 The 49th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Aurora, Bartlett, Batavia, Elgin, Geneva, Naperville, North Aurora, South Elgin, St. Charles, Warrenville, Wayne, and West Chicago. The district had been represented by Republican Mike Fortner since January 10, 2007. Fortner announced August 7, 2017 that he would not seek reelection. The Republican primary featured two candidates. Tonia Jane Khouri, business owner, DuPage County board member, and chair of the DuPage County Economic Development Committee. Nic Zito, CEO of Rev3 Innovation Center, member of the DuPage PADS Homelessness Awareness board of directors, and member of the International Business Innovation Association board of directors. Khouri would go on to become the Republican nominee. The Democratic nominee for this election was Karina Villa, school social worker, member of the West Chicago District 33 Board of Education since 2013, and vice president of the West Chicago 33 Board of Education. District 50 The 50th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Aurora, Batavia, Big Rock, Campton Hills, Elburn, Geneva, Lily Lake, Montgomery, North Aurora, Oswego, Plano, Prestbury, St. Charles, Sugar Grove, and Yorkville. The district has been represented by Republican Keith R. Wheeler since January 14, 2015. The Democratic candidate for this election was James Leslie, firefighter/paramedic, former executive of the Naperville IAFF L4302, and first-time candidate. Districts 51–75 District 51 The 51st district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Arlington Heights, Barrington, Barrington Hills, Buffalo Grove, Deer Park, Forest Lake, Grayslake, Green Oaks, Gurnee, Hawthorn Woods, Kildeer, Lake Barrington, Lake Zurich, Libertyville, Long Grove, Mettawa, Mundelein, North Barrington, Tower Lakes, Vernon Hills, Wauconda, and Waukegan. The district had been represented by Republican Nick Sauer since December 2016. Nick Sauer was slated to be the Republican nominee for the general election. On August 1, 2018, Politico reported on Sauer allegedly using his ex-girlfriend's nude photos to catfish for seeking online relationships with men. Sauer would then resign at 5 pm on the same day. Helene Walsh, wife of former US representative Joe Walsh, was appointed to Sauer's seat on August 18, 2018. Mary Edly-Allen, bilingual teacher, co-founder of Foundation 46, and board member of the Illinois Science Olympiad was the Democratic candidate for the general election. District 52 The 52nd district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Algonquin, Barrington, Barrington Hills, Carpentersville, Cary, Crystal Lake, East Dundee, Fox River Grove, Hoffman Estates, Inverness, Island Lake, Lake Barrington, Lake in the Hills, North Barrington, Oakwood Hills, Port Barrington, Prairie Grove, South Barrington, Tower Lakes, Trout Valley, and Wauconda. The district has been represented by Republican David McSweeney since January 9, 2013. McSweeney faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challengers in the general election. District 53 The 53rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Arlington Heights, Buffalo Grove, Des Plaines, Elk Grove Village, Mount Prospect, Prospect Heights, and Wheeling. The district had been represented by Republican David Harris since January 12, 2011, previously serving the Illinois State House from January 12, 1983 to January 13, 1993. Harris announced on October 4, 2017 that he would be retiring from the Illinois House, citing his frustrations with the Illinois Budget Impasse as he was one of the few Republicans who voted to overturn Governor Bruce Rauner's veto. The Republican primary featured two candidates. Eddie Corrigan, outreach coordinator and cancer research and awareness advocate. Katie Miller, registered nurse, religious education teacher, and a former basketball coach. Corrigan would become the Republican nominee. The Democratic nominee for this election was Mark Walker, experienced in business and entrepreneurship for 35 years, treasurer of the Journeys organization, and member of the Arlington Heights Park Foundation Board. He previously served as State Representative from 2009–2011 in the 66th district. District 54 The 54th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Arlington Heights, Barrington, Deer Park, Hoffman Estates, Inverness, Palatine, Rolling Meadows, Schaumburg, and South Barrington. The district has been represented by Republican Tom Morrison since January 12, 2011. The Democratic candidate for this election was Maggie Trevor, principal, owner of Trevor Research Services, LLC, and member of the City of Rolling Meadows Environmental Committee since 2015. District 55 The 55th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Arlington Heights, Des Plaines, Elk Grove Village, Mount Prospect, Park Ridge, Rolling Meadows, and Schaumburg as well as parts of the Chicago neighborhood of O'Hare. The district has been represented by Democrat Marty Moylan since January 9, 2013. The Republican challenger for this election was Marilyn Smolenski, business owner, volunteer for USO and Special Olympics, and was involved with the Boy Scouts of America for many years. District 56 The 56th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Elk Grove Village, Hanover Park, Hoffman Estates, Palatine, Rolling Meadows, Roselle, and Schaumburg. The district has been represented by Democrat Michelle Mussman since January 12, 2011. The Republican primary for this election featured two candidates. Jillian Rose Bernas, international relations manager, a Schaumburg Township District Library Trustee, and Township of Schaumburg Mental Health Committee Member. Char Kegarise, branch officer manager and member of the Schaumburg District 54 School Board. Bernas would go on to become the Republican nominee for the general election. District 57 The 57th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Arlington Heights, Buffalo Grove, Des Plaines, Glenview, Mount Prospect, Northbrook, Palatine, Prospect Heights, and Wheeling. The district had been represented by Democrat Elaine Nekritz since January 8, 2003. Nekritz announced she was planning to resign in June 2017. Her official resignation became effective October 2, 2017. Jonathan Carroll was appointed to Nekritz's seat on October 4, 2017. Mary Battinus was the Republican challenger in this election. On May 29, 2018, Battinus withdrew from the race as a result of moving out of the state. District 58 The 58th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Bannockburn, Deerfield, Glencoe, Highland Park, Highwood, Knollwood, Lake Bluff, Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Mettawa, North Chicago, Northbrook, and Riverwoods. The district had been represented by Democrat Scott Drury since January 9, 2013. Drury attempted to run for Governor of Illinois, but opted to run for Illinois Attorney General after the retirement of Lisa Madigan, leaving the 58th district seat open. The Democratic nominee for this election was Bob Morgan, former lead healthcare attorney for Illinois, board member of the Anti-Defamation League, and serves as a trustee for Equip for Equality. Cindy Masover was slated to be the Republican nominee for the general election until she decided to leave the race for personal reasons. Rick Lesser, small business owner and estate planning attorney, former member of the Lake Bluff Village Board of Trustees, and former president of the Lake County Bar Association, became the Republican nominee on July 26, 2018 for the general election. District 59 The 59th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Buffalo Grove, Green Oaks, Gurnee, Indian Creek, Knollwood, Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Long Grove, Mettawa, Mundelein, North Chicago, Northbrook, Park City, Riverwoods, Vernon Hills, Waukegan, and Wheeling. The district had been represented by Democrat Carol Sente since her appointment in September 2009. Sente announced on September 12, 2017 that she would not seek reelection. The Democratic primary featured two candidates. Daniel Didech, municipal attorney and supervisor of the Vernon Township. Susan Malter, attorney, founding member of the Chicago Legal Responders Network, and an active member of the Lawyers for Good Government (L4GG). Didech would go on to become the Democratic nominee for the general election. The Republican primary featured two candidates. Karen Feldman, residential realtor and Village Trustee of Lincolnshire from 2001–2018. Marko Sukovic, business owner, former political director for Congressman Robert Dold, and outreach director for Turning Point USA. Feldman would go on to become the Republican nominee for the general election. District 60 The 60th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Beach Park, Gurnee, North Chicago, Park City, and Waukegan. The district has been represented by Democrat Rita Mayfield since her appointment in July 2010. Mayfield faced neither any challengers in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 61 The 61st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Antioch, Beach Park, Gages Lake, Grandwood Park, Gurnee, Lake Villa, Lindenhurst, Old Mill Creek, Third Lake, Wadsworth, Waukegan, Winthrop Harbor, and Zion. The district had been represented by Republican Sheri Jesiel since her appointment on July 2, 2014. The Democratic nominee this election was Joyce Mason, human resources consultant, vice president of the board of education for the Woodland Consolidated Community School District 50, and a member of the board of directors for A Safe Place, a domestic violence organization. District 62 The 62nd district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Gages Lake, Grayslake, Gurnee, Hainesville, Lake Villa, Long Lake, Round Lake, Round Lake Beach, Round Lake Heights, Round Lake Park, Third Lake, Venetian Village, Volo, Wauconda, and Waukegan. The district has been represented by Democrat Sam Yingling since January 9, 2013. The Republican primary featured two candidates. Ken Idstein, mortgage banker, member of the Grayslake Chamber of Commerce, and member of the Grayslake Planning and Zoning Commission. Adam Solano, financial advisor, former president of National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors (NAIFA) in Illinois, and former president of NAIFA Chicago. Idstein would go on to become the Republican nominee. District 63 The 63rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Bull Valley, Chemung, Crystal Lake, Greenwood, Harvard, Hebron, Johnsburg, Lakemoor, Marengo, McCullom Lake, McHenry, Pistakee Highlands, Richmond, Ringwood, Spring Grove, Union, Wonder Lake, and Woodstock. The district has been represented by Republican Steve Reick since January 11, 2017. Reick faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. District 64 The 64th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Antioch, Bull Valley, Channel Lake, Crystal Lake, Fox Lake, Fox Lake Hills, Holiday Hills, Island Lake, Johnsburg, Lake Catherine, Lake Villa, Lakemoor, Lakewood, Lindenhurst, Long Lake, McHenry, Prairie Grove, Round Lake Heights, Spring Grove, Venetian Village, Volo, Wauconda, Wonder Lake, and Woodstock. The district had been represented by Republican Barbara Wheeler since January 9, 2013. Wheeler announced on July 28, 2017 that she would not seek reelection in 2018. The Republican nominee this election was Tom Weber, small business owner, member of the Lake County Board since 2012, and member of the Lake County Forest Preserve District Board. The Democratic nominee for this election was Trisha Zubert, works in finance, a school board member and president, and a volunteer with Lake County Haven. District 65 The 65th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Batavia, Burlington, Campton Hills, Elgin, Geneva, Gilberts, Hampshire, Huntley, Pingree Grove, South Elgin, St. Charles, and Wayne. The district had been represented by Republican Steven Andersson since January 14, 2015. Andersson announced on August 16, 2017 he would not seek reelection to the Illinois House of Representatives in 2018 during an appearance on Chicago Tonight. Andersson was one of the few Republicans during the Illinois Budget Impasse to vote to overturn Governor Bruce Rauner's veto. The Republican nominee for this election was Dan Ugaste, attorney, former member of the Illinois Workers Compensation Medical Fee Advisory Board, and the Technical Advisor to Governor's Office on Workers Comp Reform. The Democratic nominee for this election was Richard Johnson, law and psychology teacher at Bartlett High School and President of the Elgin Teachers Association. District 66 The 66th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Algonquin, Carpetnersville, Crystal Lake, East Dundee, Elgin, Gilberts, Huntley, Lake in the Hills, Lakewood, Sleepy Hollow, and West Dundee. The district has been represented by Republican Allen Skillicorn since January 11, 2017. Skillicorn faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. District 67 The 67th district covers a large part of Rockford. The district had been represented by Democrat Litesa Wallace since her appointment in July 2014. Wallace would become Daniel Biss' running mate for seeking the Democratic nomination in the gubernatorial election, leaving her seat open. The Democratic primary for this election featured four candidates. Gerald O. Albert, self-employed, former candidate for several town, township, and county positions, and involved in several campaigns for elected officials in Rockford. Valerie DeCastris, community volunteer activist, worked as a research associate for the Illinois General Assembly, and founder of the Rockford Ethnic Village Neighborhood Association. Angela Fellars Maurice West, director of career development at Rockford University and member of the Community Action Agency Board in Rockford since 2013. After winning the Democratic nomination, West would face no Republican challenger in the general election. District 68 The 68th district covers parts of Cherry Valley, Loves Park, Machesney Park, Rockford, and Roscoe. The district has been represented by Republican John Cabello since his appointment in August 2012. The Democratic nominee for this election was Jake Castanza, the executive director of Project First Rate. District 69 The 69th district covers all or parts of Belvidere, Caledonia, Capron, Cherry Valley, Loves Park, New Milford, Poplar Grove, Rockford, Rockton, Roscoe, South Beloit, and Timberlane. The district has been represented by Republican Joe Sosnowski since January 12, 2011. The Democratic nominee for this election was Angie Bodine, driver for First Student and Precinct Committee Person Secretary of Boone County Democrats. District 70 The 70th district, located partly in the Chicago area, includes Belvidere, Big Rock, Burlington, Campton Hills, Cortland, DeKalb, Elgin, Garden Prairie, Genoa, Hampshire, Hinckley, Kaneville, Kingston, Kirkland, Lily Lake, Malta, Maple Park, Poplar Grove, Sugar Grove, Sycamore, and Virgil. The district had been represented by Republican Bob Pritchard since his appointment in December 2003. Pritchard announced that he would be retiring at the end of his term. He was one of the few Republicans who voted to end the Illinois Budget Impasse. The Republican nominee for this election was Jeff Keicher, small business owner. The Democratic primary featured two candidates. Howard Solomon, retiree, member and secretary of the District 428 Board of Education, and former member of the Village of Fox Lake Planning Commission. Paul Stoddard, retired Associate Professor of Geology at Northern Illinois University and member of the DeKalb County board. Stoddard would go on to become the Democratic nominee for the general election. Republican candidate Keicher would later be appointed to the seat in July 2018 to finish the remainder of Pritchard's term. District 71 The 71st district, located partly in the Quad Cities area, covers all or parts of Albany, Carbon Cliff, Cleveland, Coal Valley, Colona, Como, Cordova, Deer Grove, East Moline, Erie, Fulton, Hampton, Hillsdale, Lyndon, Moline, Morrison, Port Byron, Prophetstown, Rapids City, Rock Falls, Savanna, Silvis, Sterling, Tampico, and Thomson. The district has been represented by Republican Tony McCombie since January 11, 2017. The Democratic nominee for this election was Joan Padilla, executive director of Home of Hope Cancer Wellness Center, former Sauk Valley Community College Trustee, and a member of the Sauk Valley Community College Foundation. District 72 The 72nd district, located in the Quad Cities area, covers all or parts of Andalusia, Coyne Center, Milan, Moline, Oak Grove, Reynolds, Rock Island, and Rock Island Arsenal. The district has been represented by Democrat Michael Halpin since January 10, 2017. The Republican nominee for this election was Glen Evans, Sr., former state house primary candidate for the Democratic Party in 2012 and 2016 and former candidate for multiple county and municipal positions. District 73 The 73rd district, located in the Peoria metropolitan area, covers all or parts of Bay View Gardens, Bradford, Brimfield, Buda, Chillicothe, Dana, Dunlap, Elmwood, Germantown Hills, Henry, Hopewell, La Fayette, La Rose, Lacon, Leonore, Lostant, Metamora, Neponset, Peoria, Peoria Heights, Princeville, Roanoke, Rome, Rutland, Sparland, Spring Bay, Tiskilwa, Toluca, Toulon, Varna, Washburn, Wenona, Wyanet, and Wyoming. The district has been represented by Republican Ryan Spain since January 11, 2017. Spain faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. District 74 The 74th district covers all or parts of Aledo, Alexis, Alpha, Altona, Amboy, Andover, Annawan, Atkinson, Bishop Hill, Buda, Cambridge, Dover, East Galesburg, Galesburg, Galva, Geneseo, Gilson, Harmon, Henderson, Hooppole, Joy, Keithsburg, Kewanee, Knoxville, La Moille, London Mills, Manlius, Maquon, Matherville, Mineral, New Bedford, New Boston, North Henderson, Oak Run, Ohio, Oneida, Orion, Rio, Seaton, Sheffield, Sherrard, Sublette, Victoria, Viola, Walnut, Wataga, Williamsfield, Windsor, Woodhull, and Yates City. The district has been represented by Republican Daniel Swanson since January 11, 2017. Swanson faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. District 75 The 75th district, located in parts of the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Braceville, Braidwood, Carbon Hill, Channahon, Coal City, Diamond, Dwight, Godley, Joliet, Kinsman, Lake Holiday, Lakewood Shores, Lisbon, Marseilles, Mazon, Millbrook, Millington, Minooka, Morris, Newark, Oswego, Plano, Plattville, Ransom, Sandwich, Seneca, Sheridan, Verona, Wilmington, and Yorkville. The district has been represented by Republican David Welter since his appointment in July 2016. Welter faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. Districts 76–100 District 76 The 76th district covers all or parts of Arlington, Bureau Junction, Cedar Point, Cherry, Dalzell, Dayton, De Pue, Dover, Grand Ridge, Granville, Hennepin, Hollowayville, Kangley, LaSalle, Ladd, Magnolia, Malden, Mark, Marseilles, McNabb, Naplate, North Utica, Oglesby, Ottawa, Peru, Seatonville, Spring Valley, Standard, Streator, Tonica, and Troy Grove. The district had been represented by Republican Jerry Lee Long since January 11, 2017. The Democratic primary featured two candidates. Jill Bernal, registered nurse, member of the La Salle County Board for the 8th district, and member of the Peru School Board. Lance Yednock, business agent with Operating Engineers Local 150 and first-time candidate. Yednock would go on to become the Democratic nominee for the general election. District 77 The 77th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Addison, Bellwood, Bensenville, Berkeley, Des Plaines, Elk Grove Village, Elmhurst, Franklink Park, Maywood, Melrose Park, Northlake, Rosemont, Stone Park, Villa Park, and Wood Dale as well parts of the Chicago neighborhood of O'Hare. The district has been represented by Democrat Kathleen Willis since January 9, 2013. The Republican nominee for this election was Anthony Airdo, sales director, former Republican candidate in the 2016 election, and a church volunteer. District 78 The 78th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Elmwood Park, Franklin Park, Melrose Park, Oak Park, and River Grove and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhood of Austin. The district has been represented by Democrat Camille Lilly since her appointment in April 2010. Lilly faced neither any challengers in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 79 The 79th district, located mostly in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Aroma Park, Beecher, Bonfield, Bourbonnais, Braceville, Bradley, Buckingham, Cabery, Chebanse, Coal City, East Brooklyn, Essex, Gardner, Godley, Herscher, Hopkins Park, Irwin, Kankakee, Limestone, Momence, Peotone, Reddick, Sammons Point, South Wilmington, St. Anne, Sun River Terrace, and Union Hill. The district has been represented by Republican Lindsay Parkhurst since January 11, 2017. The Democratic nominee for this election was former State Representative Lisa M. Dugan of the district from December 2003 to January 9, 2013. The race, dubbed a "battle royal" by the Daily Journal, is expected to cost in the millions of dollars. District 80 The 80th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Chicago Heights, Flossmoor, Frankfort, Glenwood, Hazel Crest, Homewood, Joliet, Manhattan, Matteson, Mokena, Monee, New Lenox, Olympia Fields, Park Forest, Richton Park, South Chicago Heights, Steger, Symerton, University Park, and Wilmington. The district has been represented by Democrat Anthony DeLuca since his appointment in March 2009. DeLuca faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 81 The 81st district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Bolingbrook, Darien, Downers Grove, Lisle, Naperville, Westmont, and Woodridge. The district had been represented by Republican David S. Olsen since his appointment on August 3, 2016. The Democratic nominee for this election was Anne Stava-Murray, former consumer researcher, member of the Naperville Board of Fire & Police, and a former student non-voting member of the Naperville Board of Zoning Appeals from 2002–2004. District 82 The 82nd district, located in the Chicago area, covers parts of Burr Ridge, Countryside, Darien, Hinsdale, Homer Glen, Indian Head Park, La Grange, Lemont, Lockport, Palos Park, Western Springs, Willow Springs, Willowbrook, and Woodridge. The district has been represented by Republican Leader Jim Durkin since his January 2006 appointment. He previously served in the Illinois House from January 1995 to January 2003. Durkin is being challenged by Burr Ridge Mayor Mickey Straub. Straub is being backed by radio host and political operative Dan Proft. While Michael Madigan was challenged by Jason Gonzalez in 2016, it is rare that one of the "four tops" is challenged, let alone in a primary election. On October 26, 2017, Durkin was endorsed by a number of Republican mayors from DuPage County. Durkin would go on to become the Republican nominee for the general election. Republican Primary Endorsements The Democratic nominee for this election was Tom Chlystek, Alderman for the City of Darien in Ward 4. District 83 The 83rd district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Aurora, Montgomery, and North Aurora. The district has been represented by Democrat Linda Chapa LaVia since January 8, 2003. LaVia faced neither any challengers in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 84 The 84th district, located in the Chicago area, covers parts of Aurora, Boulder Hill, Montgomery, Naperville, and Oswego. The district has been represented by Democrat Stephanie Kifowit since January 9, 2013. The Republican nominee for this election was Patty Smith, an ABA certified paralegal at Prairie State Legal Services, chairwoman of the Western Suburb National Association for Down Syndrome, and board member and parent advocate for Gigi's Playhouse Fox Valley. District 85 The 85th district, located in the Chicago area, covers parts of Bolingbrook, Crest Hill, Fairmont, Lemont, Lockport, Naperville, Romeoville, and Woodridge. The district had been represented by Democrat Emily McAsey since January 14, 2009. McAsey resigned from her seat on June 2, 2017 to, according to the Daily Southtown, "join her husband who accepted a job out of state." John Connor, a prosecutor for Will County for 14 years, was named to fill the seat in June 2017. The Republican nominee for this election was originally slated to be Lisa Bickus, but she would later withdraw from the race at an unknown date. District 86 The 86th district, located in the Chicago area, covers all or parts of Channahon, Crest Hill, Elmwood, Ingalls Park, Joliet, New Lenox, Preston Heights, Rockdale, and Shorewood. The district has been represented by Democrat Larry Walsh Jr. since his appointment in April 2012. The Republican nominee for this election was Rick Laib, sergeant of the Will County Sheriff's Office, formerly a part of the United States Army Reserve, and in his police work is assigned as an Honor Guard and a member of the SWAT team. District 87 The 87th district, located within the Springfield metropolitan area, includes all or parts of Armington, Athens, Atlanta, Beason, Broadwell, Buffalo, Cantrall, Chestnut, Clear Lake, Cornland, Dawson, Delavan, Elkhart, Emden, Grandview, Green Valley, Greenview, Hartsburg, Hopedale, Illiopolis, Lake Petersburg, Latham, Lincoln, Mechanicsburg, Middletown, Minier, Morton, Mount Pulaski, New Holland, Oakford, Pekin, Petersburg, Riverton, Rochester, San Jose, Sherman, Spaulding, Springfield, Tallula, Tremon, and Williamsville. The district has been represented by Republican Tim Butler since his appointment in March 2015. Butler faced neither any challengers in his primary nor any Democratic challengers in the general election. District 88 The 88th district, located in parts of the Peoria metropolitan area and Bloomington–Normal area, covers all or parts of Bloomington, Danvers, Deer Creek, East Peoria, Goodfield, Heritage Lake, Mackinaw, McLean, Morton, Normal, Pekin, Stanford, Twin Grove, and Washington. The district has been represented by Republican Keith P. Sommer since January 13, 1999. The Democratic nominee for this election was Jill Blair, communications analyst for Country Financial, former dean of adult education at Heartland Community College, and former full-time coordinator of the ESL program at the college. District 89 The 89th district covers all or parts of Adeline, Apple Canyon Lake, Apple River, Cedarville, Chadwick, Coleta, Dakota, Davis, Durand, East Dubuque, Elizabeth, Forreston, Freeport, Galena, The Galena Territory, German Valley, Hanover, Lake Summerset, Lanark, Leaf River, Lena, Menominee, Milledgeville, Mount Carroll, Mount Morris, Nora, Orangeville, Pearl City, Pecatonica, Ridott, Rock City, Rockford, Scales Mound, Shannon, Stockton, Warren, Winnebago, and Winslow. The district had been represented by Republican Brian W. Stewart since his appointment in October 2013. Stewart announced on September 6, 2017 that he would be running for the seat of retiring State Senator Tim Bivins, leaving his own seat open. The Republican primary featured two candidates. Andrew Chesney, small business owner and licensed real estate agent, chairman of the Stephenson County Republican Party, and an alderman of Freeport. Steve Fricke, owner/operator of Triple Creek Farms, member of the Stephenson County board, and member of the Stephenson County Farmland Assessment Committee. Chesney would go on to become the Republican nominee for the general election. The Democratic nominee for this election was Nick Hyde, attorney, formerly worked for Senator Dick Durbin, and former volunteer for the Legislative Technical Review Office in the Illinois General Assembly. After winning the election, Chesney would be appointed to the seat for the 100th General Assembly on December 5, 2018. District 90 The 90th district covers all or parts of Amboy, Ashton, Byron, Compton, Creston, Davis Junction, DeKalb, Dixon, Earlville, Franklin Grove, Grand Detour, Hillcrest, Lake Holiday, Lee, Leland, Lost Nation, Malta, Mendota, Monroe Center, Nelson, Oregon, Paw Paw, Polo, Rochelle, Sandwich, Shabbona, Somonauk, Steward, Stillman Valley, Sublette, Waterman, and West Brooklyn. The district has been represented by Republican Tom Demmer since January 9, 2013. The Democratic nominee for this election was Amy Davis, a retired educator and involved in the Action for a Better Tomorrow organization. District 91 The 91st district, located in the Peoria metropolitan area, includes all or parts of Banner, Bartonville, Bryant, Canton, Creve Coeur, Cuba, Dunfermline, East Peoria, Fairview, Farmington, Glasford, Hanna City, Kingston Mines, Lake Camelot, Lewistown, Liverpool, Mapleton, Marquette Heights, Morton, Norris, North Pekin, Norwood, Pekin, South Pekin, and St. David. The district has been represented by Republican Mike Unes since January 12, 2011. He was an Assistant Republican Leader in the Illinois House during the 100th General Assembly. According to Illinois Election Data, the 91st district was the 4th most Democratic district represented by a Republican during the election. The Democratic challenger in this election was Carolyn Blodgett, a member of the Fulton County Board, caseworker for the Lewistown Department of Human Services, and AFSCME union steward. District 92 The 92nd district, located at the heart of the Peoria metropolitan area, covers all or parts of Bartonville, Bellevue, Peoria, Peoria Heights, and West Peoria. The district has been represented by Democrat Jehan Gordon-Booth since January 14, 2009. She was an Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois House from 2015–2019. She faced neither any challengers in her primary nor any Republican challengers in the general election. District 93 The 93rd district represents all or parts of Abingdon, Adair, Alexis, Arenzville, Ashland, Astoria, Avon, Bardolph, Bath, Beardstown, Blandinsville, Browning, Bushnell, Camden, Chandlerville, Colchester, Easton, Ellisville, Forest City, Galesburg, Georgetown, Good Hope, Goofy Ridge, Havana, Industry, Ipava, Kilbourne, Littleton, London Mills, Macomb, Manito, Marietta, Mason City, Mound Station, Mount Sterling, Plymouth, Prairie City, Ripley, Rushville, San Jose, Sciota, Smithfield, St. Augustine, Table Grove, Tennessee, Topeka, Vermont, Versailles, and Virginia. The district has been represented by Republican Norine Hammond since her appointment in December 2010. As a result of Hammond's yea votes to overturn Governor Rauner's vetoes during the Illinois Budget Impasse, she would face a Republican challenger from Joshua Griffith, first-time candidate and manager of a roofing company in Galesburg. After winning her primary, Hammond would face Democratic challenger John Curtis, owner of Barefoot Gardens CSA and public school teacher, in the general election. District 94 The 94th district represents all or parts of Augusta, Basco, Bentley, Biggsville, Bowen, Camp Point, Carthage, Clayton, Coatsburg, Columbus, Dallas City, Elvaston, Ferris, Gladstone, Golden, Gulf Port, Hamilton, Kirkwood, La Harpe, La Prairie, Liberty, Lima, Little York, Lomax, Loraine, Media, Mendon, Monmouth, Nauvoo, Oquawka, Payson, Plainville, Plymouth, Pontoosuc, Quincy, Raritan, Roseville, Stronghurst, Ursa, Warsaw, and West Point. The district has been represented by Republican Randy Frese since January 14, 2015. Democrat Richard Cramsey, former 30 year pharmaceutical employee and farmer, would enter the race to challenge Frese after the primary election. District 95 The 95th district includes all or parts of Assumption, Benld, Brighton, Bunker Hill, Butler, Carlinville, Coalton, Coffeen, Donnellson, Dorchester, Eagarville, East Gillespie, Farmersville, Fillmore, Gillespie, Girard, Harvel, Hillsboro, Holiday Shores, Irving, Lake Ka-Ho, Litchfield, Livingston, Medora, Morrisonville, Mount Clare, Mount Olive, Moweaqua, New Douglas, Nilwood, Nokomis, Ohlman, Owaneco, Palmer, Pana, Panama, Raymond, Royal Lakes, Sawyerville, Schram City, Shipman, Standard City, Staunton, Stonington, Taylor Springs, Taylorville, Virden, Waggoner, Walshville, Wenonah, White City, Williamson, Witt, and Worden. The district has been represented by Republican Avery Bourne since her appointment in February 2015. Bourne faced a Democratic challenger from Dillon Clark, a Montgomery County Board Member and a compliance officer at the Litchfield National Bank. District 96 The 96th district, located in the Springfield metropolitan area, includes all or parts of Blue Mound, Boody, Bulpitt, Decatur, Edinburg, Harristown, Jeisyville, Kincaid, Mount Auburn, Niantic, Rochester, Springfield, Stonington, Taylorville, and Tovey. The district has been represented by Democrat Sue Scherer since January 9, 2013. The Republican challenger in this election was Herman Senor, alderman for Springfield's Ward 2 and over 25 years as an employee of the Illinois Department of Transportation. District 97 The 97th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Aurora, Bolingbrook, Boulder Hill, Channahon, Joliet, Montgomery, Naperville, Oswego, Plainfield, Romeoville, and Shorewood. The district has been represented by Republican Mark Batinick since January 14, 2015. The Democratic challenger in this election was Mica Freeman, a fifth grade teacher and a ParentWISE volunteer through Anne & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. District 98 The 98th district, located in the Chicago area, includes all or parts of Bolingbrook, Crest Hill, Crystal Lawns, Joliet, Romeoville, and Shorewood. The district has been represented by Democrat Natalie Manley since January 9, 2013. The Republican challenger in the general election was Alyssia Benford, accountant, President of the Rotary Club of Bolingbrook, and serves on the Board of Directors for the United Way of Will County. District 99 The 99th district, located in the Springfield metropolitan area, covers all or parts of Auburn, Berlin, Chatham, Curran, Divernon, Jerome, Leland Grove, Loami, New Berlin, Pawnee, Pleasant Plains, Southern View, Springfield, Thayer, and Virden. The district had been represented by Republican Sara Wojcicki Jimenez since November 2015. Jimenez announced she would not seek reelection in 2018, leaving her seat open for other candidates. The Republican primary featured Mike Murphy, US Army and Illinois National Guard veteran, former member of the school board and village board of Divernon, and a restaurateur. Steven Westerfield, originally on the Republican primary ballot, was kicked off due to invalid signatures and filed as a write-in candidate for the primary. The Democratic challenger in this election was Marc Bell, former Illinois State Police officer for 28 years, member of the Executive Board of the NOBLE Land of Lincoln Chapter, and previously served on the board of directors for Big Brothers, Big Sisters of the Illinois Capitol Region. District 100 The 100th district, located in parts of the Metro East, covers all or parts of Alsey, Batchtown, Baylis, Bluffs, Brighton, Brussels, Carrollton, Chapin, Chesterfield, Concord, Detroit, El Dara, Eldred, Exeter, Fidelity, Fieldon, Florence, Franklin, Glasgow, Godfrey, Grafton, Greenfield, Griggsville, Hamburg, Hardin, Hettick, Hillview, Hull, Jacksonville, Jerseyville, Kampsville, Kane, Kinderhook, Lynnville, Manchester, Meredosia, Milton, Modesto, Murrayville, Naples, Nebo, New Canton, New Salem, Otterville, Palmyra, Peal, Perry, Pittsfield, Pleasant Hill, Rockbridge, Roodhouse, Scottville, South Jacksonville, Time, Valley City, Waverly, White Hall, Wilmington, Winchester, and Woodson. The district has been represented by Republican C. D. Davidsmeyer since his appointment in December 2012. Davidsmeyer faced a primary challenge from business owner Jonas Petty. After winning his primary, Davidsmeyer would face no Democratic challenger in the general election. Districts 101–118 District 101 The 101st district, located partly in the Bloomington-Normal area, covers all or parts of Argenta, Arrowsmith, Atwood, Bellflower, Bement, Cerro Gorod, Champaign, Cisco, Clinton, De Land, De Witt, Decatur, Downs, Ellsworth, Farmer City, Fisher, Foosland, Forsyth, Hammond, Heyworth, Ivesdale, Kenney, Lake of the Woods, LaPlace, Le Roy, Long Creek, Ludlow, Mahomet, Mansfield, Maroa, Monticello, Mount Zion, Niantic, Oreana, Saybrook, Wapella, Warrensburg, Waynesville, Weldon, and White Heath. The district had been represented by Republican Bill Mitchell since January 9, 2013, who had been serving the Illinois House of Representatives since 1999. On August 3, 2017, Mitchell announced he would not run for another term in the Illinois House. Former Decatur city councilman and Eastern Illinois University trustee Dan Caulkins ran as the Republican candidate. Jen McMillin, annual giving officer at Lincoln College, ran as the Democratic candidate. District 102 The 102nd district covers parts of the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area, including all or parts of Allenville, Allerton, Arcola, Arthur, Atwood, Bethany, Bondville, Broadlands, Brocton, Camargo, Champaign, Chrisman, Cowden, Fairmount, Findlay, Garrett, Gays, Herrick, Hindsboro, Homer, Hume, Ivesdale, Longview, Lovington, Macon, Metcalf, Mount Zion, Moweaqua, Newman, Oconee, Pana, Paris, Pesotum, Philo, Redmon, Sadorus, Savoy, Seymour, Shelbyville, Sidell, Sidney, Sigel, St. Joseph, Stewardson, Strasburg, Sullivan, Tolono, Tower Hill, Tuscola, Vermilion, Villa Grove, Westervelt, and Windsor. The district has been represented by Republican Brad Halbrook since January 11, 2017, previously serving the 110th district in the Illinois House of Representatives from April 2012 to January 2015. Halbrook faced neither any Republican challenger in his primary nor any Democratic challenger in the general election. District 103 The 103rd district covers the heart of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, including most of Champaign and Urbana. The district has been represented by Democrat Carol Ammons since January 14, 2015. Ammons faced neither any Democratic challenger in her primary nor any Republican challenger in the general election. District 104 The 104th district covers parts of the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area, including all or parts of Belgium, Catlin, Champaign, Danville, Fithian, Georgetown, Gifford, Indianola, Muncie, Oakwood, Olivet, Penfield, Rantoul, Ridge Farm, Royal, Savoy, Thomasboro, Tilton, and Westville. The district had been represented by Republican Chad Hays since December 2010. On July 7, 2017, Hays announced his retirement from the Illinois House citing the budget impasse. Vermillion County Board Chairman Mike Marron was appointed to Hays' seat on September 7, 2018 and was the Republican nominee in this election. Cindy Cunningham, who formerly directed Adult Day Care services at the Champaign County Nursing Home, was the Democratic challenger in this election. District 105 The 105th district, located in the Bloomington-Normal area, includes all or parts of Anchor, Bloomington, Carlock, Chenoa, Colfax, Cooksville, Downs, El Paso, Fairbury, Forrest, Gridley, Hudson, Lexington, Normal, Strawn, and Towanda. The district has been represented by Republican Dan Brady since January 9, 2013, who formerly represented the 88th district from January 10, 2001 to January 9, 2013. The Democratic challenger in this election was Illinois State University Laboratory Schools' English and theater teacher Ben Webb. This is the first time since 2000 that Brady has faced a Democratic challenger. District 106 The 106th district covers parts of the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area, including all or parts of Alvan, Ashkum, Beaverville, Benson, Bismarck, Buckley, Cabery, Campus, Chatsworth, Chebanse, Cissna Park, Clifton, Congerville, Cornell, Crescent City, Cullom, Danforth, Deer Creek, Donovan, Dwight, El Paso, Elliott, Emington, Eureka, Flanagan, Forrest, Gibson City, Gilman, Goodfield, Henning, Hoopeston, Iroquois, Kappa, Kempton, Loda, Long Point, Martinton, Melvin, Milford, Minonk, Odell, Onarga, Panola, Papineau, Paxton, Piper City, Pontiac, Potomac, Rankin, Reddick, Roanoke, Roberts, Rossville, Saunemin, Secor, Sheldon, Sibley, Thawville, Watseka, Wellington, and Woodland. The district has been represented by Republican Tom Bennett since January 14, 2015. Bennett faced neither any primary challengers nor Democratic challengers before the 2018 general election. District 107 The 107th district includes all or parts of Alma, Altamont, Beecher City, Bingham, Brownstown, Central City, Centralia, Edgewood, Effingham, Farina, Greenville, Iuka, Junction City, Kell, Keyesport, Kinmundy, Mason, Mulberry Grove, Odin, Old Ripley, Panama, Patoka, Pierron, Pocahontas, Ramsey, Salem, Sandoval, Shumway, Smithboro, Sorento, St. Elmo, St. Peter, Teutopolis, Vandalia, Vernon, Walnut Hill, Wamac, and Watson. The district had been represented by Republican John Cavaletto since January 14, 2009. Cavaletto announced he would not seek another term on September 18, 2017. Former Illinois Army National Guard veteran and former Fayette County Board member Blaine Wilhour ran as the Republican challenger in this election. Former high school teacher of Effingham High School and St. Anthony High School and Lake Land College history instructor David Seiler ran as the Democratic challenger. District 108 The 108th district, located in the Metro East, includes all or parts of Addieville, Albers, Alhambra, Aviston, Bartelso, Beckemeyer, Breese, Carlyle, Centralia, Damiansville, Edwardsville, Germantown, Grantfork, Hamel, Highland, Hoffman, Hoyleton, Huey, Irvington, Marine, Maryville, Mascoutah, Nashville, New Baden, New Minden, O’Fallon, Oakdale, Okawville, Pierron, Richview, St. Jacob, Summerfield, Trenton, Troy, and Venedy. The district has been represented by Republican Charles Meier since January 9, 2013. Meier faced a primary challenger from Madison County Board Member Don Moore. After winning the nomination, Meier would face no Democratic challenger in the general election. District 109 The 109th district, located in the Illinois Wabash Valley, includes all or parts of Albion, Allendale, Bellmont, Bone Gap, Bridgeport, Browns, Burnt Prairie, Calhoun, Carmi, Cisne, Claremont, Clay City, Crossville, Dieterich, Enfield, Fairfield, Flora, Golden Gate, Grayville, Iola, Jeffersonville, Johnsonville, Keenes, Keensburg, Louisville, Maunie, Montrose, Mount Carmel, Mount Erie, Newtown, Noble, Norris City, Olney, Parkersburg, Phillipstown, Rose Hill, Sailor Springs, Sims, Springerton, St. Francisville, Ste. Marie, Sumner, Teutopolis, Watson, Wayne City, West Salem, Wheeler, Willow Hill, Xenia, and Yale. The district had been represented by Republican David Reis since January 12, 2005. Reis was challenged by farmer and North Clay Board of Education member Darren Bailey. In a rare victory for candidates supported by Dan Proft's Liberty Principles PAC, Bailey defeated Reis in the 2018 Republican primary. Bailey then defeated Democratic candidate Cynthia Given, the Secretary of the Richland County Democratic Party, in the staunchly Republican district. District 110 The 110th district includes all or parts of Annapolis, Ashmore, Casey, Charleston, Flat Rock, Greenup, Humboldt, Hutsonville, Jewett, Kansas, Lawrenceville, Lerna, Marshall, Martinsville, Mattoon, Neoga, Oakland, Oblong, Palestine, Robinson, Russellville, Stoy, Toledo, West Union, West York, and Westfield. The district had been represented by Republican Reggie Phillips since January 14, 2015. On September 22, 2017, Phillips announced he would not run for a third term. The Republican challenger in this election was owner of the Miller Brothers Farms Chris Miller. The Democratic challenger was retired Eastern Illinois University professor Shirley Bell. District 111 The 111th district, located in the Metro East, includes all or parts of Alton, Bethalto, East Alton, Edwardsville, Elsah, Godfrey, Granite City, Hartford, Holiday Shores, Madison, Mitchell, Pontoon Beach, Rosewood Heights, Roxana, South Roxana, and Wood River. The district had been represented by Democrat Dan Beiser since his appointment in 2004. According to Illinois Election Data, the 111th district was the 4th most Republican district represented by a Democrat during the election. Beiser announced his retirement from the Illinois House of Representatives on August 30, 2017. Monica Bristow, President of the RiverBend Growth Association, was sworn in on December 19, 2017 as his replacement. She would go on to be the Democratic candidate for the general election. The Republican challenger in this election was the Wood River Township Supervisor Mike Babcock, who has previously run for the 111th district in the past. District 112 The 112th district, located in the Metro East, includes all or parts of Bethalto, Caseyville, Collinsville, Edwardsville, Fairmont City, Fairview Heights, Glen Carbon, Granite City, Madison, Maryville, O'Fallon, Pontoon Beach, Roxana, Shiloh, Swansea, and Wood River. The district has been represented by Democrat Katie Stuart since January 11, 2017. According to Illinois Election Data, the 112th district was the 3rd most Republican district represented by a Democrat during the election. Dwight Kay, former representative of the district, was the Republican challenger in this election. District 113 The 113th district, located in the Metro East, includes all or parts of Belleville, Brooklyn, Caseyville, Collinsville, East St. Louis, Fairmont City, Fairview Heights, Granite City, Madison, Shiloh, Swansea, Venice, and Washington Park. Democrat Jay Hoffman, who has been a member of the Illinois House of Representatives since January 9, 1991 (with a nine-month interruption in 1997), has represented the district since January 9, 2013. St. Clair County Republican Committee chairman Doug Jameson was the Republican challenger in this election. District 114 The 114th district, located in the Metro East, includes all or parts of Alorton, Belleville, Cahokia, Centreville, East St. Louis, Fairmont City, Fairview Heights, Freeburg, Lebanon, Mascoutah, Millstadt, O'Fallon, Rentchler, Sauget, Scott Air Force Base, Shiloh, Smithton and Washington Park. The district has been represented by Democrat LaToya Greenwood since January 11, 2017. Centreville Township assessor Jason Madlock was the Republican challenger in this election. District 115 The 115th district includes all or parts of Alto Pass, Anna, Ashley, Ava, Belle Rive, Bluford, Bonnie, Campbell Hill, Carbondale, Centralia, Cobden, De Soto, Dix, Dongola, Du Bois, Du Quoin, Elkville, Gorham, Grand Tower, Harrison, Ina, Jonesboro, Makanda, Mill Creek, Mount Vernon, Murphysboro, Nashville, Opdyke, Pinckneyville, Radom, Richview, St. Johns, Tamaroa, Vergennes, Waltonville, and Woodlawn. The district has been represented by Republican Terri Bryant since January 14, 2015. Former teacher and Illinois Education Association union leader Marsha Griffin was the Democratic challenger in this election. District 116 The 116th district, located in parts of the Metro East, includes all or parts of Baldwin, Cahokia, Chester, Columbia, Coulterville, Cutler, Darmstadt, Du Quoin, Dupo, East Carondelet, Ellis Grove, Evansville, Fayetteville, Floraville, Fults, Hecker, Kaskaskia, Lenzburg, Maeystown, Marissa, Millstadt, New Athens, Paderborn, Percy, Pinckneyville, Prairie du Rocher, Red Bud, Rockwood, Ruma, Sauget, Smithton, Sparta, St. Libory, Steeleville, Tilden, Valmeyer, Waterloo, and Willisville. The district has been represented by Democrat Jerry Costello II since January 12, 2011. According to Illinois Election Data, the 116th district was the most Republican district represented by a Democrat during the election. David Friess was the Republican challenger in this year's election. District 117 The 117th district includes all or parts of Benton, Buckner, Bush, Cambria, Carbondale, Carterville, Christopher, Colp, Crab Orchard, Creal Springs, Energy, Ewing, Freeman Spur, Granville, Hanaford, Herrin, Hurst, Johnston City, Macedonia, Marion, McLeansboro, Mulkeytown, North City, Orient, Pittsburg, Royalton, Sesser, Spillertown, Stonefort, Thompsonville, Valier, West City, West Frankfort, Whiteash, and Zeigler. The district has been represented by Republican Dave Severin since January 11, 2017. Jason Woolard, president of the Southern Illinois Central Labor Council for the AFL-CIO, was the Democratic challenger to Severin in this election. District 118 The 118th district includes all or parts of Anna, Belknap, Belle Prairie City, Brookport, Broughton, Buncombe, Burnside, Cairo, Carbondale, Carrier Mills, Cave-In-Rock, Cypress, Dahlgren, Dongola, East Cape Girardeau, Eddyville, Eldorado, Elizabethtown, Equality, Galatia, Golconda, Goreville, Harrisburg, Joppa, Junction, Karnak, Makanda, Marion, McClure, McLeansboro, Metropolis, Mound City, Mounds, New Grand Chain, New Haven, Old Shawneetown, Olive Branch, Olmsted, Omaha, Pulaski, Raleigh, Ridgway, Rosiclare, Shawneetown, Simpson, Stonefort, Tamms, Thebes, Ullin, and Vienna. The district had been represented by Democrat Brandon Phelps since January 8, 2003. According to Illinois Election Data, the 118th district was the 2nd most Republican district represented by a Democrat during the election. Phelps stepped down, citing health reasons, and would be replaced by his cousin Natalie Phelps Finnie. Massac County's state's attorney Patrick Windhorst ran in the election as the Republican challenger. References Illinois House of Representatives 2018 Illinois House of Representatives

55444002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Abbatemarco

Frank Abbatemarco

Francesco "Frankie Shots" Abbatemarco (July 4, 1899November 4, 1959) was a New York captain in the Profaci-Colombo crime family, his murder is known for starting the first Colombo mafia war which was on and off for 12 years. Early life Abbatemarco was born in 1899 in Red Hook, Brooklyn alongside 3 other siblings, his older brother Michael "Mike Schatz" Abbatemarco (1894-1928) was also a Brooklyn gangster and close associate of Frankie Yale. His brother would be gunned down in 1928. Abbatemarco was born to Italian immigrants from Salerno and they moved to the United States around 15 years before he was born. He grew up with the Cardello brothers, who would later join the Colombo and Bonanno crime family including future captain-turned informant Michael "Mikey Bat" Cardello. As a teenager his first job was at a local lumber yard in Brooklyn and then several years later he was employed to work at Manhattan's lower west side on a teamsters firm, he also worked as a truck driver. He married Lucy Abbatemarco in 1921 and moved in together into the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn. He had a son a year after named Anthony "Tony Shots" (1922-2005), who later became the underboss of the Colombo crime family in the 1970s. Criminal career His first prison sentence was in October 1922, which was several months after he had his first son. He was sentenced to 2 years on a conspiracy to sell morphine charge alongside 4 other criminals and served his time at the Atlanta federal prison. Abbatemarco became a soldier in the Profaci (Colombo) crime family in 1928, shortly after Yale and his brother were murdered. He was arrested on August 27, 1931, for vagrancy however he was acquitted of all charges two weeks later. Another arrest would occur in 1932 in New Jersey on suspicion charges but was subsequently released. A year later in May 1934, he was arrested on an unknown charge and only spent several days in police custody before they released him. Abbatemarco became a high level earner for his crime family and began operating several illegal gambling operations during the 1930s, including a lucrative lottery in South Brooklyn. By the 1940s Abbatemarco was elevated to the rank of caporegime (captain) and ran a crew that specialized in racketeering and burglary. He recruited teenager Carmine Persico in the early 50s; who was the imprisoned boss of the Colombo crime family from 1973 till his death in 2019. On March 25, 1952, Abbatemarco amongst his son, Joe Gallo, his brother Lawrence Gallo and 18-year old Persico were arrested by the Special Rackets Squad of the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office for racketeering related charges and the operation was alleged to have earned them $2.5 million. Abbatemarco and his son were charged with conspiracy to operate a lottery and both pleaded guilty, however 7 of the other accused did not. He received a year in prison at Riker's Island Penitentiary. Death On November 4, 1959, Abbatemarco was gunned down by assassins as he left a tavern owned by his cousins, the Cardello brothers. Abbatemarco and his crew stopped paying tribute to boss Joe Profaci and it was his downfall. He claimed he was in debt although he owned two homes in New Jersey and Florida, and donated extravagantly to catholic causes. The Gallo brothers have been suspected of killing him as they were allegedly promised rackets by Profaci however he gave them to his own relatives. Abbatemarco's murder would start the first Colombo war. He is buried at the Holy Cross Cemetery in Brooklyn. His son Anthony went into hiding for 2 years and sought revenge. He assisted Profaci in killing Lawrence Gallo however he mistakenly shot a police officer and was charged with attempted murder. A month after his cousin Joseph Magnasco would be murdered. During the war Abbatemarco somewhat helped the Gallo brothers and changed sides several times in order to stay alive. The war ended after Joe Gallo was assassinated in 1971. Anthony Abbatemarco would later serve as underboss from 1973 to 1977. References 1899 births 1959 deaths Colombo crime family People from Red Hook, Brooklyn Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn Deaths by firearm in New Jersey People from Park Slope

55730351

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Lewis

Eva Lewis

Eva Maria Lewis is a student protester, advocate, poet, and artist. From South Side, Chicago, she is a contributor to Teen Vogue, founder of The I Project, Youth for Black Lives, and an organizer of the July 11, 2016 youth march on Millennium Park to protest police brutality. Education Lewis is a graduate of Walter Payton College Prep, and a student at University of Pennsylvania. Community activism After the shooting of Trayvon Martin, Lewis protested for the first time, marching with her mother on Michigan Avenue (Chicago). Lewis became further engaged while attending high school at Walter Payton College Prep, after attending primary school in the less-affluent, majority African American South Side. In 2015, when she was a junior in high school, Lewis founded the non-profit The I Project. The I Project supports intersectional activism through art, with fundraising and community outreach. Events have included a photo shoot for people of all sizes and shapes, with a discussion of culture and body image, and a screening of Beyoncé's Lemonade with inter-generational panel discussion. In 2016, Lewis joined three other black teen women activists to organize a youth sit-in in Chicago, to protest police shootings of people of color, particularly Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. The organizers rallied young community members on social media, with a Facebook event and the hashtag #BLMCHIYouth. The four organizers led a crowd of over 1,000 (some sources say 2,000) people in a peaceful sit-in in Millennium Park, and a march down Michigan Avenue and State Street (Chicago). There were no arrests, a symbolic victory because of the reputation of violence in Chicago, especially among youth of color, and a strained relationship between anti-racism activists and Chicago police. Following the march, Lewis and the organizers started Youth for Black Lives (Y4BL) to activate youth voices against systemic oppression. With Y4BL, Lewis organized a second march beginning in Millennium Park on August 7, 2016, to protest police brutality following the death of Paul O'Neal. In November 2016, in response to a deadly shooting in Mount Greenwood, Chicago where Joshua Beal, 25, of Indianapolis brandished a gun and failed to drop it after being instructed by a police sergeant; and text messages sent among students of Marist High School (Chicago, Illinois), Y4BL organized another march. However, Lewis and the organizers received threats on social media, and CPS leadership contacted the organizers parents, and the march was cancelled due to safety concerns. Instead, Y4BL organized meetings with Chicago Police Department Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson. The first, held on November 11, 2016, included Johnson, the Chief of Patrol, the Alderman of Mt. Greenwood, and the principal of Marist High School. During the first and subsequent meetings, Lewis and the other Y4BL members questioned Johnson and discussed racism and policing in Mt. Greenwood and Chicago at large. United Nations Through her decade of involvement with the Girl Scouts of the USA, Lewis participated in the United Nations’ 60th Annual Commission on the Status of Women in New York in March 2016. Lewis spoke at the U.N. again in October 2016 for the United Nations' International Day of the Girl Child, performing spoken word during the opening of the event; she also gave a speech during the proceedings. Teen Vogue Lewis contributed to Teen Vogue in 2016 and 2017, focusing on black women, intersectional feminism, and perceptions and approaches to handling violence in Chicago. She addresses social justice, especially for people of color. Awards Pioneer Award, Chicago Foundation for Women, March 2017 Princeton Prize in Race Relations, April 2017 Rising Star award, DuSable Museum of African American History, June 2017 Publications and speeches Eva Lewis articles on Teen Vogue website ABC 7 Chicago interview with Lewis on The I Project Eva Lewis Opening Performance, U.N. International Day of the Girl Child, 2016 Eva Lewis Speech, U.N. International Day of the Girl Child, 2016 Chicago: A Land of Wilderness and Oasis | Eva Lewis | TEDxTeen References External links The I Project website Press release on July 11, 2016 youth march on Millennium Park Youth for Black Lives Garcia, Tess, "Young Feminists are Leading the Fight for Black Lives in Chicago," Ms. Magazine, 4 April, 2018. Phillips, Daschell, "CPS denies travel aid to fair winner," Hyde Park Herald, 15 May 2013. Ritzu, Julianna, "No Justice No Peace: How Eva Lewis is Transforming Youth Activism in Chicago," Payton Paw Print, 6 October 2016. Activists for African-American civil rights African-American feminists American civil rights activists Women civil rights activists American feminists People from Chicago Activists from Illinois Intersectional feminism Race and society Youth activists Spoken word Black Lives Matter people American anti-racism activists Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

56108696

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance%20Building%2C%20Charters%20Towers

Ambulance Building, Charters Towers

Ambulance Building is a heritage-listed former ambulance station and now museum at 157 Gill Street, Charters Towers City, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Walter Hunt and built in 1903 by Arthur Reid and James Walker. It is also known as Ambulance Building (former). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 December 2015. History The former Ambulance Building (1903) is the first QATB branded building in Queensland(CATB 1892-1901 QATB 1902-1991) is a two-storey masonry structure, located in the former mining town of Charters Towers. As the second purpose-built, and oldest surviving ambulance building in Queensland, it is important in demonstrating the establishment of ambulance services in regional centres throughout the state in the early 20th century. It is an excellent example of an early 20th century ambulance building, makes a strong aesthetic contribution to the townscape, and has a special association with the Queensland Ambulance Service (formerly QATB). Charters Towers was established after gold was discovered at the foot of Towers Hill in December 1871, leading to the proclamation of the Charters Towers Goldfield on 31 August 1872. The settlement began with a number of shops and hotels along a track, which became Mosman Street, with the population reputedly 3000 by August 1872. In 1877 the comprising Charters Towers, centred on Mosman Street, was declared a municipality (the Borough of Charters Towers). In the 1880s Charters Towers continued to prosper and grow, becoming the most productive goldfield in Queensland. The completion of the Great Northern railway line from Townsville to Charters Towers in December 1882 boosted the town's prosperity, by lowering the cost of supplies and building materials. An influx of capital from English speculators from 1886 funded further mining. In 1889 the famous Brilliant Reef, the richest on the field, was discovered, boosting the goldfield's fortunes. Charters Towers consistently out-produced all other Queensland goldfields between 1880 and 1913, apart from a brief spike in production at Mount Morgan in 1888-1889, coinciding with a brief economic downturn at Charters Towers due to drought reducing the water supply for crushing machines. According to Government Geologist Robert Logan Jack, Charters Towers was the third largest gold producing area in Australia, after Ballarat and Sandhurst (Bendigo). From 1883 to gold was Queensland's second largest or largest export by value. At the turn of the century, Charters Towers had just achieved peak production (1899), comprised a multi-cultural population of around 26,500, was Queensland's second largest city, and was known colloquially as "the World". During the field's period of high production, its mines were dangerous places to work. Death and injury figures between 1890 and 1901 for Charters Towers "were consistently higher, in proportion to the number of miners employed, than for the colony in general". The whole community was affected by accidents, poor mine sanitation (resulting in typhoid and other enteric disease) and "miners lung". The causes were poor health and safety due to inappropriate managerial practices, and the field's geology. In addition, there were the usual injuries such as fractures, contusions, gunshot wounds, cuts, burns, bites and drownings. An ambulance service for Charters Towers was proposed in 1900, as an initiative of the City Ambulance Transport Brigade (CATB), which had operated in Brisbane from 1892, due to concerns about the lack of adequate medical aid for accident victims. Prior to its establishment, the sick and injured were required to make their own way to medical services, at times, worsening injuries. The objective of the brigade was to provide first aid and to transport sick and injured people to hospital. Elsewhere in the world, ambulance services had commenced earlier. In the United States of America, the Commercial Hospital in Cincinnati started the first public, hospital-based ambulance service before 1865. Britain's first hospital-based ambulance, for transportation of fever and smallpox patients in London, commenced in 1867. The Red Cross formed in Europe in 1870 and St John's Ambulance Association commenced in England in 1877. Wheeled litters were used in London from 1880 with police taking responsibility for transportation of the injured. In Australia, Sydney's Board of Health formed the first recorded ambulance corps in 1881, for transportation of patients with suspected infectious diseases to the Coast Hospital. Thereafter, other Sydney hospitals replicated this service. In 1900 the CATB instructed Superintendent R Nye Stevens to report on extending an ambulance service to the Colony's larger towns and cities. He visited Townsville and Charters Towers to discuss the establishment of ambulance services. A public meeting, organised by Mayor John Asher Benjamin, for those interested in the commencement of an ambulance and transport brigade in Charters Towers, was held on 12 October 1900. Superintendent Stevens informed the meeting that an Ambulance Brigade Centre in Charters Towers would require at least two paid officers, who would be paid per week, while 20-30 honorary staff would be required (at a cost of per head for uniform, badge etc.). The necessary equipment would be three improved Ashford Litters, and associated gear. The headquarters for Charters Towers could be anywhere in the centre of town. The management costs would be met by the public, aided by government subsidy and the first year's expenditure could be covered by from locally-raised subscriptions plus the government subsidy. As a result of this meeting, a local committee was formed to establish the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade. The Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade, operational in December 1900 was the first regional centre opened in Queensland. It operated from the fire station in Bow Street under the superintendence of TW Treacy of the CATB. Later the centre moved to a six-roomed house on the corner of Deane and Ann Streets, with its stable and plant room located on an adjoining allotment. In 1902, the CATB was renamed the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade (QATB), to reflect the expansion of its operations in regional centres throughout Queensland. Ambulance brigades were established in Charters Towers and Townsville (1900); Rockhampton, Warwick and Ipswich (1901); Toowoomba (1902); Ravenswood and Mackay (1903); Cairns (1904) and Bundaberg (1907). While most ambulance services were affiliated with the QATB, others such as Gympie (1902) were established independently. The goldfields of Charters Towers, Ravenswood and Gympie, with large working populations of miners, were among the first to establish ambulance services in the state. Recognition of the need for a permanent centre in Charters Towers, and action to achieve it, soon followed. As early as December 1901, the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade Committee discussed the need for a permanent centre. It wished to purchase land and erect its own premises at the cost of about and the Chair, JA Benjamin, thought it should be located near the suburb of Queenton, to the east of the city centre. An advertisement requesting details of land for sale in Charters Towers, in a central position and suitable for building the new ambulance brigade quarters, was placed in The Northern Miner in July 1902 by TW Treacy, Superintendent. Subsequently, land was purchased in Gill Street, Queenton, just beyond Boundary Street, for from Joseph Hopper. On the site was a seven-room house and store. The property was located between the city centre and the railway station, and close to the hospital (one block to the west on Gill Street) and to the principal mines of the goldfield (the Brilliant and Queen reefs to the east); therefore, near transport, medical facilities and potential patients. Fundraising for the Ambulance Brigade Fund was necessary, but attracted criticism. The North Queensland Register newspaper criticised the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade for spending too much on its new premises, claiming the two-storey masonry building would be costly and take money from hospital fundraising. There was also resistance to the ambulance service from the hospital, which believed that ambulance subscriptions disadvantaged its own fundraising activity. Nevertheless, fundraising continued, with an ambulance sports day attended by the Governor, Sir Herbert Chermside, and musical performances at Charters Towers' Theatre Royal. Local architect Walter Hunt was appointed to design the building. Arthur Reid was contracted for its construction and James Walker carried out the brickwork for Reid, under Hunt's supervision. Walter Hunt was born in Kiama, New South Wales (NSW) in 1870 and trained in NSW. From 1902 he was a Fellow of the Institute of Architects New South Wales and from 1912 a Fellow of the Queensland Institute of Architects. He practised as an architect in Charters Towers from 1899-1910. During that time, as well as the Ambulance Building, he designed the Charters Towers Swimming Baths (1900); the Commonwealth Fountain in Lissner Park (1900); the 1901 extension to the ED Miles Mining Exchange; cottages; villa residences; and The Northern Miner Newspaper Building (1903). In 1911 Hunt formed a partnership with Charles Dalton Lynch - CD Lynch and Walter Hunt, Architects, Northern Queensland - located in Townsville. During that partnership the firm undertook diverse projects. Hunt practised as an architect and surveyor in Townsville from 1921 to 1931 and from 1923 taught architecture at Townsville Technical College. With his son, Maurice, Hunt operated Maurice and Walter Hunt, Architects, Townville from 1931 until he retired to Sydney in 1932. On 29 March 1903, 1500 people witnessed Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade Committee member, Percy James Allen, lay the marble foundation stone of the Ambulance Building, the second purpose-built ambulance centre in the state. Less than three months later, on 13 June 1903, the building was officially opened by JA Benjamin, Chair of the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade Committee. The property, building and fixtures had cost , of which, had already been repaid. The building was described by the Charters Towers Mining Standard newspaper at this time:The ground floor being paved with concrete blocks ... consists of a large room where the sulky and stretchers are kept, the harness being suspended over the shafts of the sulky ready to drop on the horse at any time... Wunderlick [sic] ceiling has been used on the ground floor...The front and stable doors opened by electricity, so that when the alarm bell is rung - and the horse is trained sufficiently - the doors will open and the horse will walk into position ready for the men to come sliding down the pole from the upper storey.[Upstairs] is the large boardroom, two lavatories and bathrooms and six bedrooms for the staff.At the Ambulance Brigade's Annual Meeting in January 1904, the Committee's purpose in erecting such a building was given:The building is of brick and most substantially erected, consequently the cost of repairs will be practically nil and should meet the requirements of this district for all time. A 1905 photograph shows the building as a two storeyed, rendered structure with a symmetrical front elevation that featured an eclectic mix of classical motifs, such as pediments with entablature, pilasters, an aedicule, arched openings and rendered ornamentation of acanthus and ivy leaves. The exception to the elevation's symmetry was a large opening at the western end of the ground floor which allowed for horse-drawn vehicle access. The logo of the QATB (a Maltese cross encircled by the letters Q, A, T and B), the date "1900" and the word "AMBULANCE" were also incorporated into the elevation's ornamentation, and a stepped parapet concealed the roof structure from the street. Moulded horizontal bands spanned across the elevation and each level of the stepped parapet. The building was erected close to the western boundary of the allotment, leaving space to the east of the building for access to the rear of the block. The superintendent resided in a timber house to the rear of the ambulance station, on the same allotment. Although the Charters Towers Mining Standard concluded that the building "really represents a Sydney fire station, adapted to the use of the ambulance brigade", the layout of the Ambulance Building mimics that used in the Wharf Street headquarters of the CATB in Brisbane in 1897 (since demolished), which established a precedent for subsequent ambulance station designs as the service expanded throughout Queensland. The Wharf Street building comprised two storeys with plant and staff facilities on the ground level and accommodation on the first floor. Large ground floor openings allowed ready access directly to the street for horse and sulky to quickly exit the building. The first year of operation was busy for the Charters Towers Ambulance Centre. In 1901 it attended 1165 cases: 388 attended outside, 175 transported to hospital and 602 transported to the ambulance centre, showing that the organisation and its service had been very much needed. Production at all Queensland gold mining centres declined in the early 20th century. Charters Towers experienced a rapid downturn in mining from 1914, leading to its cessation in 1917. Consequently, the city's population decreased steadily to 13,000 by the end of World War I, and more than 900 homes and business premises were removed between 1914 and 1918. However, Charters Towers remained a regional centre providing services to its surrounding community; one of which was the ambulance service. Despite the decline in the town with mining, the ambulance brigade's work did not lessen, as the use of motor vehicles extended its area of service into outlying rural areas. In 1915, the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade "installed a new motor car for bush work", and in 1918 the QATB converted from horse-drawn vehicles to motorised ambulances. This greatly increased, by number of cases and distance travelled, the Charters Towers Ambulance Brigade's work as it increasingly assisted the community beyond Charters Towers. A number of changes to the Ambulance Building were made over time; primarily for operational purposes. In 1916 a Wunderlich ceiling was added to the first floor of the ambulance station by contractor Ben Toll. In 1946 the top floor of the building was converted into a residence for the Superintendent and the former detached residence sold for for removal. This change "cut down maintenance costs" and converted the Ambulance Building to the standard layout for ambulance buildings which the QATB had developed by 1921. This included a space for vehicles with easy street access, a casualty room, a meeting room and a sleeping room for ambulance bearers on the ground floor and residential quarters for the superintendent above. In the following year, one of the doors to the plant room was sheeted over; there was "installation of [a] septic system, bathroom and laundry for use of the bearers; levelling of the old workshop floor; and the erection of a partition between that workshop and Plant room which became a much need room for the bearers use". Further operational changes took place in the ensuing years. Sometime after 1956, the timber-doored opening to the plant room from Gill Street, which was designed for horse-drawn vehicle access, was widened to accommodate motor vehicles, but its height lowered and a cantilevered awning added. Air-conditioning was installed prior to 1994, using modern single air-conditioning units fitted within windows on both floors, primarily on the eastern side of the building, but has since been removed. Expansion of the Charters Towers facilities was planned when the QATB purchased additional land adjacent to the existing site. In 1983 a block of land to the west of the Ambulance Building was purchased and two more blocks were purchased, again to the west, in 1988. In 1995 there were major changes to the Charters Towers ambulance service when a new lowset ambulance building was added, to the west of the original building, on land purchased during the 1980s. Alterations made to the former Ambulance Building at that time probably included the covered passage on its western side, from the "rec room" (former workshop) to the new ambulance station building. In April 2003 in preparation for the re-purposing of the Ambulance Building to a museum display, the awning over the plant room's vehicular entrance was removed and the Gill Street elevation rebuilt to its 1903 specifications, including the re-creation of the middle doorway, but with the vehicular entrance lower than its original height. In 2015 the Ambulance Building, Charters Towers retains a strong presence in the streetscape of Gill Street, the principal street of the city. The building houses a museum display including a collection of vehicles, uniforms, ambulance paraphernalia and log books recording cases treated by ambulance officers. Some of these are objects associated with the Charters Towers QATB, while others have been donated from elsewhere. Description The former Ambulance Building occupies the southwest corner of a level, , rectangular allotment, approximately east of the central business district in Charters Towers, North Queensland. The site is bounded to the south by the major thoroughfare of Gill Street, to the west by a lowset modern ambulance facility (setback from Gill Street), to the north by residential properties, and to the east by a vacant lot. The Ambulance Building (1903) is positioned at the front (southern end) of the allotment, facing Gill Street, and is an eye-catching feature in the townscape. An access driveway runs along the eastern boundary. Ambulance Building (1903) The Ambulance Building is a two storey, rendered brick structure, designed in a classical idiom, and sheltered by a corrugated metal-clad gable roof that is hipped at the rear. The building is approximately rectangular in plan, with its front elevation angled to align with Gill Street and its long axis running north-south. The building's roof has circular metal vents along its ridgeline and a tall, rendered brick chimney protrudes from the northeastern corner. The building has pedestrian and vehicular access from Gill Street, with additional pedestrian entrances on the north and west sides. Various items relating to Queensland's ambulance history are retained in a museum display within the building. The front elevation is symmetrical around a central pediment, arched window and front entry aedicule. A stepped parapet concealing the roof is terminated at each end by octagonal pilasters, projecting prominently above the roofline and topped with domed caps and ball finials. Other applied ornamentation to the front elevation includes: the former logo of the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade (QATB) (a Maltese cross encircled by the letters Q, A, T and B) and the date "1900" in raised letters within the pediment; acanthus leaf motifs and the word "AMBULANCE" raised within the entablature; fluted arch spandrels; ivy leaf motifs; and moulded horizontal bands. A foundation stone, set within the wall at the eastern end of the elevation, commemorates the foundation date of the building, 29 March 1903, and the name of the person who laid the stone, PJ Allen. In plan, the former ambulance service facility rooms are housed on the ground floor, and the former living quarters occupy the first floor. The ground floor is divided into two sections: front and rear. The front section comprises a large plant room, with servicing rooms along the eastern side, including (running south to north): a former casualty room, a former radio room and, underneath the timber stair, a former kit room. The stair features an early metal handrail, and memorial plaques dating back to at least 1934. The kit room houses built-in, timber-framed bunk beds and timber lockers. A corridor, beginning at the plant room and terminating at a rear entrance door, divides the rear section - to the west is a recreation (rec) room (former workshop), with a northern store room, toilet and bathroom; and to the east is a laundry and kitchen. The first floor contains a large boardroom in the southwestern corner, with two bedrooms flanking the eastern side. North of the boardroom, a hallway runs north through the centre of the building. Three bedrooms and a northern bathroom are west of the corridor, and a southern bedroom, stairwell, former kitchen and northern former laundry are to the east. Early timber joinery is retained. Most windows have deep reveals and wide sills. The front elevation contains a tall, timber-framed casement window (ground floor) and double-hung windows with timber sashes (first floor). The window in the centre of the first floor is arched. On the ground floor, the central entrance door and wide, vehicular access door are recent reconstructions - render and brick arches above these doors indicate their lowered height. The openings on the side and rear elevations remain in their early locations, with the ground and first floor openings generally aligned. Doors to the northern elevation are ledged and boarded with v-jointed (VJ) timber. A doorway on the eastern elevation and an archway in the northern elevation are now enclosed. Aligned with the northern archway, a large, internal arched opening is set within a wall separating the front and rear of the ground floor. Most interior doors are panelled timber and those at the southern end of the ground floor have decorative timber fanlights. Most early interior linings are intact. The brickwork of the exterior walls is painted internally. Partition walls are generally single-skin, timber-framed and lined with wide, horizontal, VJ timber boards. Those at the rear of the ground floor are lined with flat sheeting (some with cover strips), indicating their later installation. Notches within partitions in the boardroom are evidence of the location of early picture rails. Large concrete pavers line the floor of the plant room, which slopes from the north down to the south. The floors of the first level are lined with timber boards; and a mark within the floor lining of the boardroom is indicative of the location of a later partition (now removed). Pressed metal ceilings of various patterns are featured throughout the building - those at the front end of the ground floor and in the first floor boardroom are of a more decorative style. The first floor features a range of decorative ceiling roses. A section of narrow floor boards at the southern end of the first floor corridor, and a circular hole within the ceiling lining, denote the former location of a pole which accessed the ground floor. The underside of this floor lining is visible within a recessed section of the ground floor ceiling. A hole in the ceiling lining of the laundry is indicative of a chimney connection's location. Cornices and architraves are timber of a detailed profile. Recent elements that are not of cultural heritage significance include: the carpet, tile and linoleum floor linings; kitchen and bathroom fit-outs; external, northern stairs; aluminium-framed windows; sheeting enclosing openings; the door connecting to adjacent, modern ambulance facilities; reconstructed doors within the front elevation; paint covering window panes; and light fittings. Landscape Elements A driveway remains in its original () location along the eastern edge of the site and allows access to the rear of the Ambulance Building. It has a recent surface. Other Structures/Elements Other structures, sheds, footpaths, walkways and roads within the cultural heritage boundary are not of cultural heritage significance. Heritage listing Ambulance Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 December 2015 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The former Ambulance Building in Charters Towers (1903) is important in demonstrating the development of civic ambulance services in regional Queensland centres, a pattern of development commencing in the first decade of the 1900s and continuing during the 20th century. It is the earliest known surviving, purpose-built ambulance building in Queensland. Built during the peak period of gold mining in Charters Towers, the most productive and dangerous goldfield in Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ambulance Building, Charters Towers, is important in demonstrating the early role of gold mining towns in developing ambulance services in Queensland. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The former Ambulance Building is important in demonstrating the evolution of the principal characteristics of purpose-built ambulance stations during the 20th century. The building is a two-storey structure, incorporating ambulance service facilities at ground level with ready-access to the street; and living quarters (and boardroom) at the first level. It is positioned in a central location, in close proximity to a hospital, transport and its patients. The earliest surviving ambulance building in Queensland it is substantially intact and has a high degree of integrity. Alterations undertaken during the building's use as an ambulance building (1903–95), including widening of access doors and alterations to the ground floor for motorised vehicles, provide important evidence of the evolution of Queensland ambulance services – illustrating the transition from hand litter and horse-drawn to motorised transport, and growth in demand for the service. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The former Ambulance Building, through its substantial form and eclectic design, is important for its contribution to the Charters Towers townscape. The building is an eye-catching feature at the eastern entrance to Charters Towers' central business district; and its substantial massing and detailed ornamentation express the importance of ambulance services to early mining areas. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. The former Ambulance Building is important for its association, since 1903, with the Queensland Ambulance Service (formerly the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade and initially the City Ambulance Transport Brigade), an organisation of enormous importance to Queensland in providing ambulance services throughout the state since 1900. References Attribution External links Queensland Heritage Register Charters Towers City, Queensland Ambulance stations in Queensland Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Museums in Queensland

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20in%20Ireland

2018 in Ireland

Events during the year 2018 in Ireland. Incumbents President: Michael D. Higgins Taoiseach: Leo Varadkar (FG) Tánaiste: Simon Coveney (FG) Minister for Finance: Paschal Donohoe (FG) Chief Justice: Frank Clarke Dáil: 32nd Seanad: 25th Events January 1 January TDs rang in the new year with a pay increase of €3,600, with a further increase to follow in October, bringing the total increase in 2018 to €4,500, yielding an annual salary of €94,500. The Road Safety Authority (RSA), published provisional statistics for 2017, which showed a 15% drop in road deaths compared with the previous year. A total of 158 people lost their lives on Ireland's roads compared to 186 lives lost in 2016. It represented 28 fewer fatalities on the previous year and was the lowest figure for annual road deaths since they were first officially recorded in 1959. 2 January A record 656 patients were on trolleys or on wards waiting for admission to a bed, according to the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation. Met Éireann issued two Status Orange warnings as Storm Eleanor swept across the country bringing gusts of up to 130 km/h and flooding in some areas. Up to 55,000 ESB customers in the west and north west of the country were left without power. 3 January – The level of hospital overcrowding increased to a national record of 677 patients, according to the latest figures from the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation. 4 January – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar apologised to patients who have experienced long delays and waits on trolleys in emergency departments as the Health Service Executive revealed that there were 12 children on trolleys in the three children's hospitals in Dublin. 6 January – The diocese of Down and Connor suspended the sign of peace between people at mass in response to the surge in cases of influenza. 7 January – Met Éireann issued a Status Orange low temperature warning for many counties, with temperatures plummeting to as low as -6C over night. 8 January – Sinn Féin MP Barry McElduff was suspended from all party activity for three months after he posted a video online that relatives of the victims of the 1976 Kingsmill massacre described as callous and offensive. He resigned as an MP a week later. 12 January – Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney met new Northern Ireland Secretary Karen Bradley for the first time. The two ministers discussed the re-establishment of power-sharing in the north. 14 January – The Citizens' Assembly recommended a ban on anonymous donations to political parties and campaign groups, weekend voting and lowering the voting age to 16. 15 January – Gardaí announced that they are to conduct a review into the death of a baby whose body was found on a beach at Cahersiveen in County Kerry 33 years ago. 16 January – Gardaí apologised to Joanne Hayes for the stress and pain she was put through as part of the original investigation into the murder of 'Baby John' in Kerry in 1984. 17 January Taoiseach Leo Varadkar said that the European Union is at a decisive point in its future when he addressed MEPs in the European Parliament in the first of a series of debates between EU government leaders and MEPs on the future of the EU. Opening statements on the Report of the Joint Committee on the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution were made in the Dáil, with Minister for Health Simon Harris describing the commencement of the debate as an historic one. 18 January Minister for Transport Shane Ross accidentally voted against his own Road Traffic Bill in the Dáil. Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin announces his support for the repeal of the Eighth Amendment. 20 January – Mary Lou McDonald was confirmed as Sinn Féin's President-elect by Gerry Adams at a meeting of the party Ard Comhairle and its Northern region organisation in Belfast. She was he only candidate for the leadership. 25 January – The Dáil passed legislation to allow the sale of alcohol on Good Friday for the first time in over 90 years. 27 January – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced that he will be campaigning for more liberal abortion laws in the forthcoming referendum on the repeal of the Eighth Amendment. 29 January It was announced that Michelle O'Neill is to be the new deputy leader of Sinn Féin after it was confirmed she was the only candidate nominated for the post. The Cabinet gave formal approval to the holding of a referendum on the Eighth Amendment. February 3 February – Brexit supporter Nigel Farage said at a Dublin conference that there was "a gap in the political market" in Ireland for a party to push for an Irish exit from the European Union. 5 February – More than 30 homes in 12 counties were searched as part of an investigation into the possession and distribution of child abuse images. 7 February – More than 30 secondary school students and two adults were taken to hospital after a school bus and a car collided in Caherconlish, County Limerick. 9 February – The EU's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier said the UK's decision to leave the EU single market and customs union will mean checks at the Irish border are "unavoidable". 10 February – Mary Lou McDonald was formally elected as President of Sinn Féin at a special Ard Fheis at the RDS. 12 February – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar and British Prime Minister Theresa May held talks at Stormont in an effort to resolve the deadlock in establishing the Executive. 14 February – A three-year-old girl died following an alleged assault at her home in Dublin the previous Saturday. 16 February – The government launched a €116 billion development plan for the country. Project Ireland 2040 is aiming to spread economic development across the country which will see a population expansion of one million people over the lifetime of the plan. 20 February – The proposed wording that would be inserted in the Constitution should people vote to repeal the Eighth Amendment has been agreed by the Cabinet. 25 February – Aodhán Ó Conchúir, a 14-year-old student at Pobalscoil Chorca Dhuibhne, died following a head injury sustained while playing in a football match in Dingle. 28 February – Met Éireann issued a red weather warning, its most severe alert, for all of Munster and Leinster as the Beast from the East weather event arrived. March 1 March – The Status Red snow and ice warning was extended to the entire country with blizzard conditions expected. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar called on people to heed public safety warnings about the blizzard conditions that are expected and to be safe at home by 4pm on Thursday. 2 March Two separate weather warnings were in place for the country tonight as blizzard-like conditions and exceptionally high accumulations of snow were expected with the arrival of Storm Emma. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar ordered a general review of the Government's Strategic Communications Unit (SCU) after a week of controversy over advertorials for Project Ireland 2040. 3 March – A vote in Lisdoonvarna returned a 93% rejection of plans by the Reception and Integration Agency (RIA) to house asylum seekers in the King Thomond Hotel. 4 March – A 27-year-old man appeared in court in Dundalk charged with the murder of Detective Garda Adrian Donohoe in County Louth just over five years earlier. 5 March – Thousands of people were without electricity, while water rationing was imposed in some areas as the country recovered from the recent bad weather. 6 March – Ryanair chief executive Michael O'Leary becomes Ireland's latest billionaire, earning himself a place on Forbes's annual billionaire ranking. 8 March The Cabinet agreed to hold a referendum asking voters to repeal the Eighth Amendment and "provision be made in law for the regulation of termination of pregnancy". Former President Mary McAleese criticised the Catholic Church as "an empire of misogyny". 10 March – Tens of thousands of people marched through Dublin in one of the country's biggest ever anti-abortion demonstrations. 12 March The Taoiseach, speaking at an event in Oklahoma, thanked members of the Choctaw Nation for the generosity shown by their ancestors to Ireland during the Great Famine. There were 714 patients on trolleys or on wards awaiting admission to a hospital bed – the highest number ever recorded. 14 March 36 people were arrested following days of Garda activity in the Kilkenny-Carlow area aimed at preventing crime and disrupting criminal activity. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar confirmed that an invitation to US President Donald Trump to visit Ireland extended by his predecessor Enda Kenny still stands. Students occupying Trinity College Dublin's dining hall in a protest over extra charges were denied access to toilets and water by security at the college, according to the students' union. 15 March – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar met US President Donald Trump in the White House where Trump said he would like to visit Ireland soon. He later had to clarify that he had not interfered in the planning process four years previously when Trump had asked him to intervene to block the creation of a wind farm near Trump's Doonbeg golf resort. 16 March – The Taoiseach met US Vice President Mike Pence at his official residence. In a break with protocol, the media were not in attendance, however, it is understood that the Taoiseach did raise the issue of gay rights. 17 March – The Irish rugby team beat England 24–15, winning the Grand Slam in addition to the 2018 Six Nations Championship secured a week earlier. 19 March – The European Union and Britain agreed that there must be a "backstop" solution to ensure that there is no hard border on the island of Ireland. A backstop agreement would fully align Northern Ireland with the rules of the EU in order to avoid a hard border. 20 March – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar discussed Brexit with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin during his first visit to the German capital as Taoiseach. 21 March Pope Francis confirmed that he will make the first papal trip to Ireland in nearly 40 years, visiting Dublin for two days in August. The second stage of the bill to allow for a referendum on the Eighth Amendment passed by a large majority in the Dáil by 110 votes to 32. 27 March The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Simon Coveney, informed the Russian Ambassador to Ireland that the "accreditation of a member of his staff with diplomatic status is to be terminated". The Minister for Health, Simon Harris, announced that the Cabinet approved the "general scheme" of the legislation on abortion that would be brought forward if the referendum on the Eighth Amendment was passed. 28 March Ulster and Ireland rugby player Paddy Jackson was acquitted of rape and sexual assault, while his teammate Stuart Olding was acquitted of rape. The government announced that the referendum on repealing the Eighth Amendment will take place on 25 May. New figures revealed that there were 1,739 homeless families recorded in February. 29 March – The Save the 8th campaign was launched in Dublin. The group is campaigning for a "No" vote in May's referendum on the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution. 30 March Pubs opened on Good Friday for the first time in 91 years. The Department of Foreign Affairs confirmed that an Irish diplomat has been instructed to leave Russia. April 1 April The 1916 Easter Rising was commemorated around the country, while a military ceremony took place in O'Connell Street in Dublin. Sinn Féin deputy leader Michelle O'Neill called for an Irish unity referendum within five years. 3 April – Heavy overnight rain forced an early end to the Easter festival at Fairyhouse Racecourse due to a waterlogged track. 4 April – President Higgins signed a warrant granting a posthumous pardon to Myles Joyce who was wrongfully convicted and hanged over the murder of five people in 1882. 6 April – Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) lightweight champion Conor McGregor was charged with assault, menacing and reckless endangerment at the UFC 223 media day in New York. 7 April – Up to 10,000 people took part in a demonstration in Dublin to demand action over the continuing housing crisis. 9 April – Two American tourists died when a jaunting car overturned near the Gap of Dunloe, County Kerry. 10 April – A man died after his fishing boat sank off the Mayo coast. Events were held in Belfast to mark the 20th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement. 12 April – Eir announced the loss of 750 jobs after a majority stake takeover by two French firms connected to a telecoms billionaire. 17 April – Enterprise Ireland launched €1 million for a competitive start fund for female entrepreneurs. 19 April – Minister for Communications Denis Naughten said he regretted expressing his own opinion to a public relations executive acting for Independent News & Media in relation to the company's proposed takeover of Celtic Media. 20 April – The harvesting of up to 1,000 silage bales began at Shannon Airport in an effort to help farmers with fodder shortages. 25 April – A County Meath man was in a critical condition after being assaulted before Liverpool's Champions League semi-final football match against Roma at Anfield. 26 April – CervicalCheck cancer scandal: The Health Service Executive (HSE) confirmed that 206 women developed cervical cancer after having a misdiagnosed smear in the free national screening programme. 29 April – After a week of uncertainty regarding cancer misdiagnoses, the HSE confirmed that the clinical director of CervicalCheck, Dr Gráinne Flannelly, has resigned from her post. May 2 May – CervicalCheck cancer scandal: New information in the cervical cancer tests scandal revealed that up to 3,000 women may be at risk as a result of misdiagnoses. 3 May – It was announced that HSE director-general Tony O’Brien is to take a temporary leave of absence from the board of a U.S. medical company amid calls for him to stand aside from his position due to the continuing controversy over CervicalCheck. 4 May A man was killed when the single-seater light aircraft he was piloting crashed near Ballina, County Mayo. CervicalCheck cancer scandal: The HSE agreed to pay the €150,000-a-year cost of treatment for cervical cancer victim Vicky Phelan. 5 May – A report revealed that the national average rent for accommodation has risen to €1,261. 7 May – CervicalCheck cancer scandal: A number of individuals affected by the cervical cancer tests scandal revealed that they were in the process of suing the HSE, a cervical screening laboratory and a number of doctors. 8 May - Ryan O'Shaughnessy takes Ireland to its first Eurovision final since 2013, with the song "Together". 9 May – Transport Minister Shane Ross was accused by Mattie McGrath of picking his nose and not listening to rural TDs during a debate on his Road Traffic Bill. 10 May – Tony O'Brien announced that he would resign as director-general of the HSE on 11 May following the CervicalCheck cancer scandal. 11 May Gardaí announced that they are investigating photographs posted online of two men, one dressed as a priest, engaged in sex on an altar of a rural Catholic church in Kildorrery, County Cork. The government announced a package of supports including discretionary medical cards, travel and childcare expenses, and counselling services to women affected by the CervicalCheck scandal. 13 May – A 47-year-old man and a seven-year-old boy were killed in a light plane crash in County Offaly. 14 May – a 14-year-old girl, Ana Kriégel, is murdered in Lucan. 15 May – There were calls to expel the Israeli ambassador to Ireland following the killing of 58 Palestinians on the Gaza border. 16 May The Acting Director General of the HSE, John Connaghan, apologised for the "confusion and alarm" that was created in relation to the CervicalCheck programme, as a result of the failure to communicate with the women affected. Galway GAA hurler Davy Glennon was given 240 hours' community service, in lieu of seven concurrent two-year sentences, after he pleaded guilty to the theft of an estimated €70,000 from his employers to fund a gambling addiction. 17 May – A 41-year-old man was jailed for three years for the harassment of RTÉ newsreader and journalist Sharon Ní Bheoláin. 20 May – A 40-year-old armed man died following a shooting in Cherrywood by Gardaí searching for missing woman Jastine Valdez. 21 May – A body was found in the Puck's Castle area in south County Dublin by Gardaí searching for 24-year-old Jastine Valdez, who had been missing since the previous Saturday evening. 25 May – A constitutional referendum on whether to repeal the ban on abortion in Ireland took place, with a landslide win of 66.4% to 33.6% for the repeal side. A 13-year-old boy was charged with the murder of teenager Anastasia Kriegel, whose body was found in Lucan on 17 May. 26 May – Gardaí launched a murder investigation following a post-mortem examination on the body of an 18-year-old man found dead in a field in Dunleer. 29 May – The child and family agency Tusla said 126 people were incorrectly registered at birth between 1946 and 1969 by the former adoption society, Saint Patrick's Guild. 31 May – Two teenage boys died while swimming in a lake in a quarry outside Ennis, County Clare. June 1 June – A 36-year-old man died after he was assaulted at a pub in Mitchelstown, County Cork. 3 June A 27-year-old man was charged with the murder of Patrick O'Donnell at a pub in Mitchelstown two days earlier. Gardaí began a murder investigation into the death of Monaghan man Séamus Bell following a post-mortem examination this afternoon. A 20-year-old Irish tourist died after falling from an apartment block in the Mallorcan resort of Magaluf. 4 June – A 39-year-old man died following a collision between a van and a tractor near Buttevant, County Cork. Two teenagers were also injured in the crash. 5 June A 30-year-old man died after a shooting at Bray Boxing Club. Two other men – including well-known trainer Pete Taylor – were injured in the incident. More than 220 survivors of the Magdalene Laundries attended a special reception at Áras an Uachtaráin hosted by President Higgins. A syndicate of 32 people from a hardware shop in Thurles, County Tipperary won the EuroMillions jackpot worth €17m. 6 June More than 121,000 students began their Leaving and Junior Certificate exams. Former Chief Executive of Anglo Irish Bank David Drumm was found guilty of a conspiracy to defraud and of false accounting. Aer Arann announced that it is to terminate its contract to operate Public Service Obligation flights to the Aran Islands. 8 June Leo Varadkar became the first Taoiseach to visit the Orange Order's headquarters in Belfast. The EU's chief Brexit negotiator, Michel Barnier rejected British Prime Minister Theresa May's proposals for a backstop customs arrangement in Northern Ireland. A 14-year-old boy was killed in County Donegal when the car he was driving on a dirt road crashed. 9 June – 2,505 women set a new Guinness World Record for the world's largest Skinny-Dip at a beach in County Wicklow. 12 June A report on the CervicalCheck scandal recommended an immediate-assistance payment of €2,000 to women and their families. All planned Irish Ferries sailings to France on the WB Yeats vessel this summer were cancelled due to a delay in the delivery of the new ferry. 13 June An elderly husband and wife from the United Kingdom died in a two-vehicle crash near Dromkeen in County Limerick. Met Éireann issued two weather warnings ahead of Storm Hector, which is expected to bring gusts of up to 125 km/h in parts of the south and northwest. 14 June Latest figures revealed that the total number of people on waiting lists to be treated, or seen by a doctor, stood at over 707,000, the highest number recorded. Up to 35,000 homes and businesses were left without power as a result of Storm Hector. Mixed martial arts fighter Conor McGregor appeared in court in New York on charges of assault, criminal mischief and reckless endangerment. Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall visited Cork for a round of engagements, which included a visit to the city's English Market. 15 June – James Quinn was convicted of the murder of gang criminal, Gary Hutch – but the jury ruled he was the getaway driver and not the gunman. 19 June An investigation by the Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) revealed that the Child and Family Agency, Tusla, must take urgent action to address serious shortcomings in how it manages allegations of child sexual abuse. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar apologised in the Dáil to members of the LGBT community who suffered as a result of the criminalisation of homosexuality. 20 June – Former Anglo Irish Bank chief executive David Drumm was sentenced to six years in prison for conspiracy to defraud, and false accounting. 21 June The President of the European Commission Jean Claude Juncker addressed a joint session of the Oireachtas. James Quinn was sentenced to 22 years in prison by a Spanish judge for the murder of Gary Hutch. 22 June – Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was awarded an honorary doctorate of law from Trinity College Dublin. 23 June – Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht Josepha Madigan stepped in to perform most elements of Mass in her local church after a priest failed to arrive. 24 June A special ceremony took place at Dublin Castle to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Ireland's involvement in United Nation peacekeeping missions. First Minister of Northern Ireland Arlene Foster became the first leader of the Democratic Unionist Party to attend the Ulster Football Final. 25 June Seven people were injured following a collision between a vehicle and pedestrians in Clondalkin. In the first prosecution of its kind in the State, former Garda Jimell Henry was sentenced to three years in prison for passing information to criminals. 26 June PSNI Deputy Chief Constable Drew Harris was appointed as the new Garda Commissioner following an international selection process. Independent TD Michael Lowry and his company Garuda were fined €25,000 after being found guilty of a tax offence and failing to keep proper books of account. Fianna Fáil announced that it will endorse President Higgins if he seeks a second term of office. 27 June – The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) backed down after a three-day standoff with the Kildare GAA team over the venue for their All-Ireland Qualifier clash with the Mayo team. 28 June Met Éireann announced that the temperature of 32 °C recorded at Shannon Airport today was the highest in Ireland since 1976. Retired detective Ben O'Sullivan and murdered detective Jerry McCabe were awarded the Freedom of Limerick at a ceremony in the city. 29 June – Terminally ill woman Emma Mhic Mhathúna settled her case against the Health Service Executive and a US laboratory for €7.5 million. July 2 July The Taoiseach and Minister for Foreign Affairs were in New York to launch Ireland's bid for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council. Irish Water banned the use of hosepipes in the Greater Dublin Area as efforts continued to conserve water during a heatwave. 3 July – Ryanair pilots balloted by the Irish Air Line Pilots' Association voted in favour of a 24-hour strike on Thursday 12 July. 4 July – Irish Water announced that a nationwide hosepipe ban will be in effect from 8am on 6 July until midnight on 31 July as the dry spell continued across the country. 5 July – 26-year-old Hasan Bal from Waterford was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison for providing funding for the so-called Islamic State. 6 July – The Road Traffic (Amendment) Bill was passed after heated exchanges in the Dáil with 75 TDs voting in favour and eight TDs voting against. 8 July – The National Day of Commemoration service took place at Collins Barracks, honouring Irish men and women who died in past wars or on United Nations service. 10 July Michael D. Higgins confirmed that he will seek a second term as President of Ireland as an Independent candidate. Prince Harry and Meghan Markle began a two-day visit to Dublin. Former Anglo-Irish Bank chief executive David Drumm received a 15-month suspended sentence for providing unlawful loans to a group of businessmen. 11 July The Fine Gael parliamentary party decided that it should actively support Michael D. Higgins's bid for a second term as president." The record dry spell was credited with the discovery of a previously unknown henge beside the Newgrange site in County Meath. 13 July County Clare-based diver Jim Warny, who was involved in the rescue of the Thai boys football team from a cave complex, arrived back in Ireland. Dáil Éireann rose for the summer holidays which will last until 28 September. The Belfast homes of two prominent Sinn Féin members, Gerry Adams and Bobby Storey, were attacked with explosive devices. The July fire season resumed when an uncontrolled campfire at Bray Head began at 01:00 and spread over the hill, consuming gorse. Homes were evacuated and train service halted while an Air Corps AW 139 helicopter lifted tonnes of water from the sea to drown the blaze. Aerial operations were then suspended at 16:45 for some hours because of the danger posed to the helicopter by people flying drones near the fire. Wicklow County Fire Service worked overnight and contained the fire. Before this operation, the Air Corps had already performed about 500 water drops over wildfires in the previous fortnight, dropping more than 620,000 litres of water around the drought-ridden country. 14 July Sinn Féin announced that it is to contest the Presidential election, following a meeting of the party's Ard Comhairle. Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney and DUP leader Arlene Foster visited Derry following six successive nights of violence in the city. 16 July – A megalithic passage tomb dating back some 5,500 years was discovered at the 18th century Dowth Hall in County Meath. 17 July Two people died after their boat capsized in the sea off Malin Head in County Donegal. The formation of TU Dublin, an amalgamation of three existing institutes of technology in the Dublin area - Dublin Institute of Technology, Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown, and Institute of Technology, Tallaght -, is announced. 18 July – The Cabinet held a meeting at Derrynane House, County Kerry where they discussed Brexit contingency plans. 20 July Ryanair was forced to cancel 24 flights as the airline's Irish-based pilots conducted their second 24-hour strike. The High Court refused permission to two people seeking to challenge the abortion referendum result. 22 July – A number of flights at Cork Airport were cancelled after the nose wheel of a private jet burst on the runway. 23 July – Independent Senator Gerard Craughwell announced that he will not be contesting the Presidential Election in the autumn. 25 July – On the third day of strike action by its pilots, Ryanair announced the possibility of further job cuts on top of the possible 300 announced on Wednesday. 26 July Thirty-one homes around the country were searched by Gardaí as part of an investigation into the possession and distribution of child abuse images. MMA fighter Conor McGregor was sentenced to five days community service and is to undergo an anger management programme as part of a plea deal. 27 July – Irish Water confirmed that the countrywide hosepipe ban introduced earlier this month will remain in place until the end of August. 30 July – The Minister for Finance agreed to pay Aidan Flanagan - a Garda and former Tipperary hurling captain - €1.16m for injuries he suffered when making an arrest. 31 July – A dispute over a €3.3m winning Lotto ticket was resolved when the Court of Appeal ruled that Mary Walsh must pay €560,000 to her stepson David Walsh plus his legal costs after finding her stepson was part owner of and entitled to a one-sixth share of the winning ticket. August 1 August Cork's English Market, one of the oldest municipal markets of its kind in the world, celebrated its 230th birthday. Organisers of the Papal visit delayed issuing tickets over concerns about the number of people travelling to the event by car. 2 August – An Post stated that up to 161 post offices might close after they confirmed the same number of postmasters applied for the company's voluntary retirement package. 3 August – A post-mortem examination was to take place following the death of a transgender woman living in the male wing of a Direct Provision Centre in Galway. 4 August The family of an Irishman who disappeared in 1985 were told that DNA analysis confirmed a match with a body that has remained unidentified in Wales since then. A recent gorse fire on Bray Head in County Wicklow has revealed an ÉIRE sign which dates from the Second World War. 5 August – CEO of Sport Ireland John Treacy said the Ireland women's hockey players did not have to each pay a levy of €550 to represent Ireland at the World Cup, despite reports that they had to because of a shortfall in funding. 6 August – Thousands of people gathered in Dublin city centre to welcome home Ireland's women's hockey team following their success at the Hockey World Cup. 8 August – The Policing Authority identified fundamental flaws in the reform process of the Garda Síochána, which it said were barriers to effective progress. 9 August – Oscar-winning screenwriter and director Neil Jordan donated his archive to the National Library of Ireland. 10 August – The HSE confirmed that the number of measles cases in an outbreak in Dublin had risen to 11. 15 August A ceremony was held in Omagh to remember the 29 people who were killed and the hundreds injured by a Real IRA bomb on this day 20 years ago. More than 57,000 students received the results of their Leaving Certificate exams at their schools. 16 August – Archbishop of Boston, Seán Patrick O'Malley, withdrew from the World Meeting of Families where he was to chair a debate on child safeguarding. 17 August – A new all-time high for private residential rents was reached for the ninth quarter in a row, according to a report from the property website Daft.ie. 18 August Archbishop of Washington, Donald Wuerl, withdrew from the World Meeting of Families due to controversies about his role in cover-ups of clerical child sexual abuse. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar said he wants Fianna Fáil to commit to a two-year extension of the confidence and supply deal, and agree to holding a General Election in 2020. 19 August – Journalist Gemma O'Doherty announced her intention to run for the presidency. 20 August – Iarnród Éireann announced the development of a new railway station on the Maynooth commuter line at Pelletstown in West Dublin. 21 August – A woman in her 50s was arrested after she attempted to drive a Nissan Micra through the gates of Government Buildings. 25 August Pope Francis began a 2-day visit to Ireland. It was only the second papal visit to Ireland ever and the first since Pope John Paul II in 1979. In his first official engagement, the Pope held private discussions in Spanish with President Higgins on issues including climate change, inequality, poverty and migration. In a speech in front of the Pope at Dublin Castle, the Taoiseach said that the history of the Catholic Church in Ireland was one of "sorrow and of shame." At St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral, the Pope said a silent prayer at the Candle of Innocence to remember the survivors of clerical and institutional abuse. After a journey through the streets of Dublin, the Pope visited the Capuchin Day Centre for Homeless People. During a 90-minute meeting with eight Irish survivors of clerical, religious and institutional abuse, the Pope described those who covered up the abuse as "caca". The Pope ended his first day in Ireland by attending the World Meeting of Families concert at Croke Park. 25 August On the second day of his visit to Ireland, the Pope began by visiting Knock Shrine in County Mayo where he spoke about the "open wound" of clerical child sexual abuse. 1,000 people held a silent vigil in Tuam to remember the Tuam Babies, while thousands attended the Stand4Truth event in Dublin to show solidarity with victims of abuse. The Pope celebrated Mass at the Phoenix Park, however, according to an official statistic supplied by the Office of Public Works, fewer than 152,000 people attended, far short of the expected 500,000. 28 August It was announced that more than 150 post offices around the country are to close as part of a deal reached between An Post and the Irish Postmasters' Union. Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government Eoghan Murphy confirmed that the Presidential Election will be held on Friday 26 October. 29 August – Businessman Seán Gallagher announced that he is going to seek a nomination to run for the presidency for a second time. 30 August Virgin Media Television was officially launched, with new channel names and identities going live and replacing the old TV3 stations. Businessman Peter Casey announced that he is seeking a nomination to contest the Presidential Election. 31 August – The American White House published a statement that Donald Trump would visit Ireland on 11 November. President Trump would visit France on the 11th as part of the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the World War I armistice, and the Irish Government issued a statement that the Irish visit will probably follow this. Various political parties announced their intention to protest against the visit, while the Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that facilitation of the visit was not an Irish endorsement of Trump's politics. The White House cancelled the visit on 11 September (q.v.). September 3 September Drew Harris was sworn in as Garda Commissioner at a ceremony at Kevin Street Garda Station in the early hours of the morning. Gavin Duffy and Joan Freeman received endorsements from two separate county councils for nominations to run as candidates in the Presidential Election. 6 September The inquest into the death of Dolores O'Riordan found that the singer-songwriter died by drowning due to alcohol intoxication. Searches were carried out in at least five counties in the east of the country by Gardaí investigating a multimillion-euro fraud network. 10 September – Sean Gallagher and Joan Freeman secured nominations to contest the Presidential Election after receiving the support of four separate local authorities. 11 September Minister for Health Simon Harris said he still plans to set up a Commission of Investigation into the CervicalCheck crisis, despite the author of the review into the controversy saying he did not think one was needed. Donald Trump cancelled his visit to Ireland, planned for November, which he announced just 11 days ago. Both the announcement of the visit and its cancellation took the Irish government by considerable surprise. Six people were arrested on North Frederick Street in Dublin in connection with the occupation of a house by a group of activists protesting over the housing crisis. 12 September The Scally Report confirmed there was "a deficit of clear governance and reporting lines" between CervicalCheck, the National Screening Service and HSE management. 1,000 protesters demonstrating over the eviction of people from a repossessed building blocked the junction between Dublin's Parnell Street and O'Connell Street. The Cabinet approved the nomination of Edward F. Crawford as the new US ambassador to Ireland. 13 September – Mary Lou McDonald apologised to alleged sex abuse victim Máiría Cahill after a report found her case was failed by a disjointed police investigation. 14 September – Businessman Gavin Duffy secured a nomination to contest the Presidential Election after receiving the support of four local authorities. 16 September – Liadh Ní Riada was selected as the Sinn Féin candidate to contest the Presidential Election. 18 September President Higgins signed the Thirty-Sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018, thereby repealing the Eighth Amendment and allowing for abortion legislation. Businessman Peter Casey secured a nomination to contest the Presidential Election after receiving the support of four local authorities. 19 September A Status Orange wind warning was in effect due to Storm Ali. Over 186,000 homes, businesses and farms were without power as a result of the storm. A Swiss tourist in her 50s died after the caravan she was sleeping in blew off a cliff in Claddaghduff, County Galway due to Storm Ali. The second day of the National Ploughing Championships in Tullamore was cancelled due to public safety concerns following extreme weather conditions. 22 September Protesters staged a sit-down protest on O'Connell Bridge in Dublin as part of a rally calling for an end to evictions, more social housing and affordable rent. Two investigations were launched after a woman drove through the gate of Áras an Uachtaráin, walked in the front door and accosted President Higgins a week earlier. 24 September Nearly 100 children were evacuated from Drumgossatt National School near Carrickmacross when a sinkhole opened up on the grounds of the school. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar highlighted the 20th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement during a speech at the Nelson Mandela Peace Summit at the United Nations. 25 September – A Sinn Féin motion of no confidence in Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government Eoghan Murphy was defeated in the Dáil by 59 votes to 49 votes with 29 abstentions. 26 September The deadline for nominations to contest the Presidential Election passed. 18-year-old student Rebecca Carter, who was in danger of losing her university place after the marks on one of her Leaving Certificate papers were incorrectly added up, won her case against the State Examinations Commission in the High Court. 27 September – A man who was late for a flight to Amsterdam was pinned down by Ryanair staff and police after running out of the Dublin Airport terminal onto the tarmac. 30 September – The bodies of three men were recovered from the water close to their upturned rib near Coonanna in South Kerry. October 1 October Twelve people were arrested as part of an ongoing Garda investigation into child abuse. Fine Gael TD Peter Fitzpatrick resigned from the party and announced his intention to run in the next election as an independent candidate. 2 October DUP leader Arlene Foster said the Good Friday Agreement should not be considered as a sacrosanct piece of legislation in Brexit negotiations. Flights in and out of Cork, Shannon and Knock airports were temporarily suspended due to "significant air traffic issues" regarding the radar system at Shannon. 3 October Thousands of people from around the country took part in the Raise the Roof protest in Dublin to highlight the housing crisis. Minister for Housing Eoghan Murphy acknowledged there is a "serious crisis" in housing as the Dáil debated a private members' motion on the issue. The Public Health (Alcohol) Bill, which was before the Oireachtas since 2015, was passed. It will mean more stringent rules around the sale of alcohol. 4 October The Minister for Health introduced the Regulation of the Termination of Pregnancy Bill in the Dáil to legalise abortion services in Ireland. The government lost a Dáil vote by 83 votes to 43 on a motion tabled by Solidarity–People Before Profit to declare housing and homelessness a national emergency. The Office of the President announced that it will be handing around €200,000 back to the State from the underspend of the Presidential allowance. The Saint Lawrence family, which has owned Howth Castle and its 182-hectare (450-acre) desmesne for more than 840 years, announced their agreement to sell the property to an investment group. 5 October – Father-of-two Robert Sheridan was shot dead after he answered the door at his home at Poppintree Crescent in Ballymun at around 11.15pm. 6 October – Conor McGregor submitted to Khabib Nurmagomedov during a fight in Paradise, Nevada. 8 October – A murder investigation was launched after a 44-year-old man was found dead with suspected stab wounds and two other people were injured in Macroom. 9 October – The Minister for Finance, Paschal Donohoe, announced the 2019 Budget. 10 October The funeral mass of Emma Mhic Mhathúna took place at the Pro-Cathedral in Dublin. Her funeral cortège later passed by Leinster House, Government Buildings, and Áras an Uachtaráin. The Public Health (Alcohol) Bill was signed by the President. It will see cancer warnings on labels (a development vigorously opposed by the alcohol industry),and the introduction of minimum pricing to prohibit cheap selling, and the regulation of alcohol marketing and advertising. 11 October Denis Naughten resigned as Minister for Communications over revelations he met three times with the only bidder still in the national broadband plan process. The third interim report of the Disclosures Tribunal vindicated Garda Sergeant Maurice McCabe, former Garda Commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan, and former Minister for Justice Frances Fitzgerald; it severely criticised former Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan and former Garda press officer Superintendent David Taylor. 12 October Iarnród Éireann introduced a ban on alcohol on a number of Friday services to Galway and Westport. The Late Late Show was broadcast from the Central Hall in London. It was the third time since 1968 that the show travelled to London. 13 October – Richard Bruton was named as Minister for Communications while Joe McHugh was nominated as Minister for Education and Skills. 14 October – Former Garda press officer, Superintendent Dave Taylor, applied to retire early from the Gardaí the day after being suspended from the force. 15 October – DUP leader Arlene Foster visited Dublin for talks with the Taoiseach and the Fianna Fáil leader, Micheál Martin. 16 October – 119 Irish soldiers deployed to the Golan Heights and Syria returned home following a two-week delay due to diplomatic clearance. 18 October – A 21-year-old Italian man was found not guilty of causing grievous bodily harm to Seán Cox outside Anfield Stadium in Liverpool earlier this year. 19 October National Slow Down day, a 24-hour operation aimed at getting motorists to watch their speed on roads, took place. Presidential candidate Peter Casey temporarily suspended his campaign in light of the controversy over his earlier comments about Travellers. 21 October Ardgillan Community College in Balbriggan was forced to close down a section of its building after significant structural flaws were discovered following a fire safety audit. Presidential candidate Peter Casey announced that he intended to resume his campaign after suspending it for 48 hours. 23 October – It was announced that two Dublin primary schools with a combined enrolment of 1,200 are to close immediately following structural assessment inspections. 24 October Bord na Móna announced that up to 430 workers are to be made redundant, with up to 150 expected to go by Easter next year. The Irish language was heard in the British House of Commons for the first time since 1901 when Welsh MP Liz Saville-Roberts used the language to make her opening remarks during a debate on the introduction of an Irish Language Act in Northern Ireland. 26 October The people of Ireland voted to choose their president. There was also a constitutional referendum to determine if the offence of blasphemy should be removed from the Constitution. 27 October – Michael D. Higgins was officially declared President of Ireland after receiving 822,566 first preference votes. 31 October It was announced that Garda whistleblower Maurice McCabe was retiring at midnight from the Garda Síochána after 30-year's of service. Former Garda Commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan was appointed as the United Nations' Assistant Secretary-General for Safety and Security. November 1 November The Football Association of Ireland and the Irish Football Association launched a joint-bid to host the 2023 European Under-21 Championships. Sinn Féin TD Peadar Tóibín was suspended from the party for six months after voting against abortion legislation. Staff at Google offices around the world, including Dublin, staged an unprecedented series of walkouts in protest at the company's treatment of women. 2 November – Jonathan Keogh, Thomas Fox and Regina Keogh were each given life sentences after being found guilty of murdering Gareth Hutch in May 2016. 3 November – Labour Party leader Brendan Howlin called on his party's voters to also lend support to some other parties and progressive independents at the next election. 4 November – Hundreds of people attended an event in St. Stephen's Green to mark the arrival of a six-metre-high () sculpture of a World War I soldier. 5 November Bohemian F.C. were forced to change the design of their controversial 2019 away kit which was due to feature the image of Bob Marley because of image rights issues. Footballer James McClean criticised reports that the English FA is to investigate his social media response to those who abused him for not wearing a poppy on his shirt. 6 November – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar was criticised for warning all hospital workers that they must work "at full whack" over the Christmas holidays. 8 November – Éamon Ó Cuív was sacked from the Fianna Fáil front bench after unveiling a Northern Ireland election candidate without the party's permission. 9 November – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar met his counterparts from England, Scotland and Wales at the 31st summit meeting of the British-Irish Council. 10 November – Hundreds attended the funeral mass of 20-year-old Gussie Shanahan, who had been missing for 18 years and whose remains were only recently identified. 11 November President-elect Higgins led the State commemoration to mark the centenary of the Armistice which brought the first World War to an end in 1918. The Taoiseach joined with more than 60 heads of state and government at a service at the Arc de Triomphe to commemorate 100 years since the end of World War I. Michael D. Higgins was inaugurated for a second term as President of Ireland. 12 November – Sinn Féin said that some British political parties had made representations to it to abolish its policy of abstention and take up its seats at Westminster. 13 November PBP Ruth Coppinger held up a lace thong in the Dáil to highlight a rape trial in which remarks were made about the 17-year-old complainant's underwear. EU and UK Brexit negotiators agreed on a text that deals with the Irish border - there will be one backstop to avoid a hard border on the island of Ireland. 14 November Following a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day, the Taoiseach announced that the proposed Brexit deal will be put to a vote in Dáil Éireann. The heart of St Laurence O'Toole, Dublin's patron saint, was returned to Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin after it was stolen over six years ago. 15 November – Two weeks after being suspended from the party, Peadar Tóibín resigned from Sinn Féin with a view to establishing a new political party. 16 November – The Primary Response Agencies took part in a major emergency training exercise, simulating a terrorist attack, at Dublin City University. 17 November – At the Fine Gael Ard-Fheis, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar promised five years of income tax cuts if Fine Gael wins the next election. 18 November Events took place across the country today to mark World Day of Remembrance for road traffic victims. The body of a 30-year-old Irishman was discovered in the harbour in Havnegade area of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. 20 November – The HSE offered its "sincerest apologies" to the family of a woman who died after her jugular vein was torn during a routine surgical procedure two years ago. 21 November – A review of historical cases of allegations of abuse in Scouting Ireland found evidence of 71 alleged abusers and 108 victims between the 1960s and 1980s. 22 November – The World War I sculpture, 'The Hauntings Soldier', which was on display on St Stephen's Green in Dublin was vandalised with red paint. 24 November – Around 50 flights were impacted by an air traffic control radar fault at Dublin Airport. 25 November – The Taoiseach was one of 27 European Union leaders who endorsed the Brexit deal at a summit in Brussels. 26 November A rape trial at the Central Criminal Court collapsed, following what the judge in the case described as "unprecedented media coverage" in the Irish Independent. Former MEP Dana Rosemary Scallon settled her legal action against the Sunday World after the newspaper falsely stated that she engaged in a cover up of child abuse. 27 November – A review of the bidding process for the National Broadband Plan found that ex-minister Denis Naughten did not jeopardise or influence it. 29 November – Hurling and camogie were officially recognised by UNESCO as protected cultural activities. December 1 December – Thousands of people took to the streets of Dublin in the latest campaign to highlight Ireland's housing crisis. 3 December – More than eight million cigarettes were seized by Revenue officers at Dublin Port. 5 December A report on a review of 46,000 radiology scans at University Hospital Kerry found that 11 patients had their cancer diagnoses delayed and four of these patients later died. A 66-year-old Irish lecturer was killed after being stabbed by a former student at a university in the Paris suburbs. 6 December – Convicted murderer Graham Dwyer won a legal action against the Garda Commissioner and the State over data from mobile phones. 7 December – The Minister for Health, Simon Harris, said he will extend the HPV vaccine to boys following recommendations by HIQA. 9 December – A Garda was hospitalised after an early-morning attack by two men, aged in their 30s and 60s, in Castlerea. 10 December – The annual Climate Change Performance Index deemed Ireland the worst country in the European Union on climate action for the second year in a row. 12 December – Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin said his party will guarantee the Government can continue throughout 2019 and an election may be held early in 2020. 13 December Áras An Uachtaráin published the details of a €317,000 annual allowance provided to the Office of the President. The Termination of Pregnancy Bill passed all stages of the Oireachtas. 14 December The Taoiseach said he was satisfied with the conclusions agreed at the European Council, which said the Withdrawal Agreement for Brexit is not open for renegotiation. Ex-Ireland and Ulster players Paddy Jackson and Stuart Olding, who were earlier acquitted of rape, lost a court bid to recoup the legal costs of their defence. 15 December – A local volunteer cleaning the area found the body of an infant on Bell's Beach in Balbriggan, County Dublin. 16 December – Eight people were injured, four vehicles were burned out and one dog was killed in an attack at a recently repossessed house near Strokestown. 17 December – An investigation began into the theft of a life-size bronze statue from the car park at W. B. Yeats' final resting place at St Columba's Church in Drumcliff. 18 December – Irish Ferries announced that it was unlikely to operate a service between Rosslare Europort and France next year. 19 December The Government announced that it is to establish an independent statutory tribunal to deal with CervicalCheck claims. The Government unveiled contingency plans to cope with a potential no-deal Brexit, identifying affected sectors that would require up to 45 pieces of emergency legislation. 20 December Abortion was legalised, as President Michael D. Higgins signed the Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy Bill into law. A man was arrested after he produced an imitation firearm and a device at a hearing at the family law courts in Dublin. 21 December – The Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine announced that large fishing boats are to be banned from trawling within six nautical miles of the Irish coast. 22 December A 34-year-old man was shot dead outside his home as part of an ongoing gangland feud in West Dublin. Gardaí began investigating a suspected arson attack on a branch of KBC Bank in Swords, County Dublin in the early hours of this morning. 25 December – More than 450 people attended the annual Christmas Day dinner for the homeless at the RDS in Dublin. 27 December – Taoiseach Leo Varadkar said he cannot guarantee the next general election will not be called before the planned 2020 date. 28 December – The National Maternity Hospital in Holles Street announced that it will accept referrals for abortion services from 7 January 2019. 29 December – The Taoiseach revealed that the excavation of a site at the former Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home in Tuam will begin in the latter stages of 2019. 31 December – The Department of Foreign Affairs said that a record 822,000 Irish passports were issued in the past 12 months, up around 43,000 from 2017. Sports Association football International friendly matches 26 March – Turkey def. Ireland 1–0 in Antalya. Gaelic games 2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final 19 August – Limerick 3-16 Galway 2-18 2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final 2 September – Dublin 2-17 Tyrone 1-14 Rugby union 10 March – Ireland beat Scotland 28–8, winning the 2018 Six Nations Championship when France beat England on the same day. 17 March – Ireland beat England 24–15, winning the Grand Slam in addition to the 2018 Six Nations Championship secured a week earlier. 23 June – Ireland beat Australia in the third test match on their summer tour, winning the series 2–1. 17 November - Ireland beat New Zealand for the first time on home soil. Women's hockey 5 August – Ireland were beaten 6-0 by the Netherlands in the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup final. Arts and literature 23 February – Pálás cinema, Galway, designed by Tom de Paor, opened. Politics Presidential election Deaths January 1 January Mick Murphy, 99, hurler (Tipperary). Tim Sweeney, 88, hurler (Galway). 3 January – Donal Barrington, 89, judge and barrister. 5 January – Mick Murphy, 77, hurler (Tipperary), illness. 7 January – Peter Sutherland, 71, barrister, businessman and former Attorney General, illness. 8 January – Paddy Harte, 86, politician, TD (1961-1997) and Minister of State for Telecommunications (1981-1982). 9 January – Vivian Kennedy, 75, racehorse jockey and trainer. 12 January – Jim Kennedy, first president of the Ladies' Gaelic Football Association (1974–1977). 14 January – John Monaghan, 73, academic and social justice advocate, prostate cancer. 15 January – Dolores O'Riordan, 46, musician, singer-songwriter and lead singer with The Cranberries. 26 January – Pat Lynch, 84, singer, cancer. 27 January – Peter Casey, 82, horse trainer. 30 January Pat McLoughney, 68, hurler (Offaly), cancer. Richard Murphy, 90, poet. February 4 February – Séamus Pattison, 81, politician TD (1961-2007), Minister of State for Social Welfare (1983-1987) and Ceann Comhairle (1997-2002), Parkinson's disease. 5 February – Seán O'Connor, hurler and referee (b. 1935) 9 February – Liam Miller, 36, footballer (Cork City, Celtic, Manchester United, national team), pancreatic cancer. 13 February James Barrett, architect (Spire of Dublin). John Robb, 85, surgeon and politician, Senator (1982-1989). 14 February – Jamie McCarthy, 33, distance runner, car crash. 19 February – Catherine Nevin, 67, convicted murderer, brain tumour. 20 February Brendan Heneghan, 53, politician and businessman, heart attack. Frank Norberg, 69, hurler (Cork). 28 February – Kieron Durkan, 44, footballer (national under-21 team), suicide. March 3 March Emma Hannigan, 45, author, cancer. Fred Perry, 84, businessman and golf official, road traffic collision. 4 March – Carmel McSharry, 91, character actress (Casualty, Z-Cars). 8 March – Pearse Lyons, 73, businessman, complications following heart surgery. 10 March Garech Browne, 78, arts patron. Val Mulkerns, 93, novelist. 14 March – Liam O'Flynn, 72, uileann piper, cancer. 17 March Elisha Gault, 14, missing teenager, drowned Ned Kavanagh, 93, hurler (Kilkenny). 19 March – Joseph Gallagher, 93, surgeon. 21 March – Jim Good, 94, Roman Catholic priest and academic. 23 March – Seán Treacy, 94, politician, TD (1961–1997), Ceann Comhairle (1987–1997). 31 March – Frank Murray, 76, civil servant. April 1 April – Joseph Mallin, 104, priest and the last surviving child of an executed leader of the 1916 Easter Rising (Michael Mallin). 2 April – Justin Nelson, 82, photographer, cameraman and television producer (RTÉ), Parkinson's disease. 7 April – Barney Sheehan, 84, writer and poet, Parkinson's disease. 9 April Liam Devally, 85, broadcaster, singer, barrister and judge. Timmy Matley, 36, singer (The Overtones), skin cancer. 10 April – Gerry McGuinness, 79, businessman and founder of the Sunday World. 17 April – Big Tom, 81, country music singer. 24 April – Tommy Varden, 79, businessman and Galway GAA sponsor, short illness. 29 April – Tony Lambert, musician (The Saw Doctors), heart condition. May 3 May – Monica Barnes, 82, politician, Senator (1982) and TD (1982-1992 and 1997–2002). 5 May – Séamus Lagan, 71, Gaelic footballer. 8 May Michael Stokes, 15, teenager who appeared on RTÉ's Room to Improve, accident. Abigail Hennessy, actress and theatre director. 9 May – Arthur Fitzsimons, 88, footballer. 12 May – Kevin Tierney, 67, Irish-Canadian film producer and journalist, cancer. 14 May – T. P. Burns, 94, jockey. 15 May – Tom Murphy, 83, playwright. 16 May – Joe Byrne, 64, jockey. 18 May Liam Ó Muirthile, 68, poet. Christopher Jones, 82, Bishop of Elphin. Sir Des Champs, 12, racehorse. 25 May – Brendan Ingle, 77, trainer, manager and former professional boxer. June 2 June – Seán McSweeney, 82, painter. 3 June – John Coolahan, 76, academic, teacher, author and educational adviser. 4 June – Seán Calleary, 86, politician, TD (1973–1992). 5 June Micheál McKeown, 67, Ladies' Gaelic football manager (Louth), illness. Stephen Swift, 44, actor (Fair City, Game of Thrones). 6 June – Alan O'Neill, 47, actor (Fair City, Sons of Anarchy). 9 June – Martin Birrane, 82, businessman, racing driver and team owner (Lola Cars). 13 June Myrtle Allen, 94, chef and hotel manager, pneumonia. Rory Kiely, 84, politician, Senator (1977–2007). 15 June – Macdara Woods, 76, poet. 17 June – John Blayney, 93, judge and rugby union player. 19 June – Ron Healey, 65, footballer (Manchester City, Cardiff City, national team). 24 June – Jack O'Brien, broadcaster (RTÉ Radio One), long illness. 25 June – Daniel Doyle, 31, convicted criminal and actor (Love/Hate), drug overdose. 28 June – John McCaughan, 38, hurler (London), short illness. 29 June – Derrick O'Connor, 77, actor. July 7 July – William Dunlop, 32, motorcycle racer. 13 July – Laura Barry, 25, jockey. 18 July – Tadhg de Brún, RTÉ Gaelic games floor manager. 20 July – Martin O'Donoghue, 85, politician, TD (1977–1982), Minister for Economic Planning and Development (1977–1979), Minister for Education (1982) and Senator (1983–1987). 26 July – Achille Boothman, 79, hurler (Dublin). 29 July – Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh, 84, Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin (1994–2009). 31 July – John Riordan, 72, former President of New York GAA. August 4 August – Tommy Peoples, 70, fiddler. 5 August – Matthew Sweeney, 65, poet, motor neurone disease. 6 August Margaret Heckler, 87, American politician and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Ireland (1986–1989), cardiac arrest. Seán Cromien, 89, former Secretary-General of the Department of Finance, long illness. 7 August Paddy Dolan, Gaelic footballer, (Leitrim), short illness. Nan Joyce, 78, human rights activist (Irish Travellers). 12 August – Michael O'Flaherty, 86, businessman. 21 August – Michael O'Shea, 37, Gaelic footballer (Clare), cancer. 23 August – Mick O'Toole, 86, racehorse trainer (Dickens Hill). 25 August – Con Cooney, 84, hurler (Carrigaline, Fermoy, Cork). 31 August – Philip Short, 58, chess player. September 6 September – Sylvia Meehan, 89, women's rights campaigner, long illness. 7 September – John Mulcahy, 86, publisher, editor and satirist, long illness. 19 September – Bunny Carr, 91, television presenter; public relations and media coach. 26 September Sam Morshead, 63, jockey and horse racing administrator (Perth Racecourse), cancer. Joe Carolan, 81, footballer (Manchester United, Brighton & Hove Albion, national team). 27 September – Richard Lewis, 73, couturier and fashion designer. 29 September – Billy Neville, 83, footballer (West Ham). 30 September – Dan McInerney, 93, building contractor and hurler (Scariff, Clare). October 7 October – Emma Mhic Mhathúna, 37, CervicalCheck controversy campaigner, brain cancer. 10 October – Laurence Forristal, 87, Bishop of Ossory (1981–2007), short illness. 17 October – Paddy Duffy, 75, political adviser, heart attack. 19 October Patsy Dan Rodgers, 74, King of Tory, long illness. Tom Neville, 79, hurler (Wexford, Leinster). 20 October Tom Peters, 74, Garda. Philip McCabe, President of the International Federation of Beekeepers Associations. 21 October – Seymour Crawford, 74, politician, TD (1992-2011). 25 October – John Reynolds, 52, concert promoter. 28 October – Mick Archer, 75, hurler and Gaelic footballer (St. Finbarr's, Cork), short illness. November 2 November – Leonard Enright, 65, hurler (Patrickswell, Limerick), cancer. 3 November – Noel Hanlon, 78, businessman, cancer. 6 November – Cliffs of Moher, 4, thoroughbred racehorse, euthanised. 7 November – Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin, 67, musician, composer and academic. 8 November – Virginia Cole, 71, actress, cancer. 10 November – Paddy Clarke, Gaelic football manager (Louth, Ireland). 13 November Paul McKeever, 39, Gaelic football referee (Antrim), illness. James Mortell, army officer and first person to be seen on Telefís Éireann. 15 November – Sonny Knowles, 86, singer. 16 November – Alec Finn, 74, English-born trad musician (De Dannan). 18 November – Weeshie Fogarty, 77, Gaelic footballer (Killarney Legion, Kerry), referee and sports broadcaster (Radio Kerry). 19 November – Nan Ghriallais, sean-nós singer, long illness. 20 November – Sandy Harsch, 76, radio presenter, short illness. 22 November – Tom Considine, former Secretary-General of the Department of Finance, short illness. 26 November – Sinndar, 21, racehorse. (death announced on this date) December 6 December Dónall Farmer, 81, actor (Glenroe), film director and producer. Jerome O'Shea, 87, Gaelic footballer (South Kerry, Kerry, Munster), short illness. Peter O'Reilly, 78, fly fisherman and author. 13 December – Seán Garland, 84, politician, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ireland (1977–1990). 23 December – Eileen Battersby, 60, American-born literary critic and author (Irish Times), traffic collision. 26 December – Jer O'Leary, 70s, actor (Michael Collins, In the Name of the Father). 29 December – Scott Doran, 44, Gaelic footballer (Wexford, London). 31 December – Mark Killilea Jnr, 79, politician, Senator (1969-1977 and 1982–1987), TD (1977-1982), Minister of State (1979-1981) and MEP (1984-1999). References

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20New%20Year%20Honours

2018 New Year Honours

The 2018 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours are awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were officially announced in The London Gazette on 30 December 2017. Australia, an independent Realm, has a separate honours system and its first honours of the year, the 2018 Australia Day Honours, coincide with Australia Day on 26 January. New Zealand, also an independent Realm, has its own system of honours. The 2018 honours list includes knighthoods for music legends Ringo Starr—which was reported by the press a week before the list was made public—and Barry Gibb. Veteran actor Hugh Laurie, who was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2007, was advanced to a Commander of the Order (CBE). Former ballerina Darcey Bussell was created a Dame Commander of the Order (DBE) and Lady Antonia Fraser, author and historian, received the Order of the Companions of Honour. The highest chivalric honour was awarded to Richard Scott, Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, who was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Thistle, filling the vacancy since the death of Lady Marion Fraser on 25 December 2016. The ancient order is reserved for Scots and is limited to 16 ordinary members. The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate. United Kingdom Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of the United Kingdom with honours within her own gift and with the advice of the Government for other honours. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle Knight Companion of the Order of the Thistle (KT) His Grace Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry Knight Bachelor Professor Timothy John Besley — London School of Economics and Political Science. For services to economics and public policy. Graham Stuart Brady — Member of Parliament for Altrincham and Sale West. For political and public service. Christopher Robert Chope — Member of Parliament for Christchurch. For political and public service. The Right Honourable Nicholas William Peter Clegg — For political and public service. Geoffrey Robert Clifton-Brown — Member of Parliament for the Cotswolds. For political and public service. Professor John Kevin Curtice — Professor of politics, University of Strathclyde and senior research fellow, NatCEN Social Research. For services to the social sciences and politics. Barry Alan Crompton Gibb — Singer, songwriter and record producer. For services to music and charity. Anthony John Habgood — Chairman, Court of the Bank of England. For services to UK industry. Mark Phillip Hendrick — Member of Parliament for Preston. For parliamentary and political service. The Right Honourable Lindsay Harvey Hoyle — Member of Parliament for Chorley. For parliamentary and political services. Richard Julian Long — Artist and sculptor. For services to art. Craig Thomas Mackey — Deputy Commissioner, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to policing. Timothy David Melville-Ross — Chair, Higher Education Funding Council for England. For services to higher education. Michael Andrew Bridge Morpurgo — Author. For services to literature and charity. Kenneth Aphunezi Olisa — For services to business and philanthropy. Dr. Andrew Charles Parmley — lately Lord Mayor of London. For services to music, education and civic engagement. Professor Bernard Walter Silverman — lately Chief Scientific Adviser, Home Office. For public service and services to science. Professor Robert Stephen John Sparks — Professorial research fellow, University of Bristol. For services to volcanology and geology. Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr) — Musician. For services to music. Professor Terence John Stephenson — Chair, General Medical Council. For services to healthcare and children's health services. Very Reverend Professor Iain Richard Torrance — Pro-Chancellor, University of Aberdeen. For services to higher education and theology. Edward Astley (John) Troup — lately Executive Chair, HM Revenue and Customs. For public service to taxpayers and the tax system. Alan John Tuckett — Professor of education, University of Wolverhampton. For services to education, particularly adult learning. Alan Thorpe Richard Wood — Lately corporate director, Children and Young People's Services, London Borough of Hackney. For services to children's social care and education. Dr. William Thompson Wright — Founder, Wrightbus Ltd. For services to the economy and the bus industry. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) The Right Honourable Christopher Edward Wollaston MacKenzie Geidt, Lord Geidt — Lately private secretary to HM the Queen. For public service. Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Military Division Royal Navy Vice Admiral Simon Jonathan Woodcock Civil Division Philip McDougall Rutnam — Permanent Secretary, Home Office. For public service. Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Royal Navy Rear Admiral Keith Edward Blount Army Major General Angus Stuart James Fay Acting Lieutenant General Ivan Hooper Royal Air Force Air Vice-Marshal The Honourable Richard John Martin Broadbridge Air Vice-Marshal (The Venerable) Jonathan Paul Michael Chaffey Civil Division Raymond John Long — Programme Director, Department for Work and Pensions Digital Group. For services to government and the public sector. Howard Orme — Chief Financial and Operating Officer, Department For Education. For public services especially to finance and building delivery capability. Nicholas Proctor Perry — For services to the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland. Dr. David Prout — lately Director General, HS2. For services to transport. Timothy David Rossington — lately Finance Director, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. For public service. Stephen John Charles Speed — Director, Civil Nuclear and Resilience, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to the oil and gas industry. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Marcus Boyd Willett — Director general, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Sir Mark Lyall Grant — For services to UK foreign and national security policy. Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG / DCMG) Diplomatic Service and Overseas List The Honourable Joseph John Bossano — Member of Parliament and Minister, former Chief Minister. For services to Gibraltar. Dominick John Chilcott — Former HM Ambassador, Dublin, Ireland. For services to British foreign policy. Paul John Mahoney — UK Judge of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. For services to international justice. Mark Sedwill — National security adviser and former permanent secretary at the Home Office. For services to UK national security. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Helen Patricia Sharman — For services to science and technology educational outreach. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Duncan Brierton Allan — Research analyst, Eastern Europe and Central Asia directorate, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to supporting and informing British government policy towards Russia. Francis Raymond Baker — Lately HM Ambassador, Baghdad, Iraq. For services to British foreign policy and UK/Iraq relations. Alison Mary Blake — High Commissioner, Dhaka, Bangladesh. For services to British foreign and security policy. Terry Callaghan — Professor of Arctic ecology and director, University of Sheffield. For services to advancing knowledge and international collaboration in Arctic science. Diana June Nelson — Head of Health and Welfare International, Human Resources Directorate, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to the welfare of staff and families working for the British government overseas. Quentin James Kitson Phillips — Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Dr. William George Stirling — lately Director General, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and lately Director Institut Laue–Langevin, Grenoble, France. For services to British science and international science collaboration. The Royal Victorian Order Knight / Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO / DCVO) Denis Fitzgerald Desmond — Lord-Lieutenant of County Londonderry. Marcus James O'Lone — Land agent, Sandringham Estate. Mary, Lady Carew Pole — Lady in waiting to the Princess Royal. Kathrin Elizabeth Thomas — Lord-Lieutenant of Mid-Glamorgan. Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) Donald Angus Cameron of Lochiel — Lord-Lieutenant of Inverness-shire. Joan Christie — Lord-Lieutenant of County Antrim. Guy Wyndham Nial Hamilton Clark — Lord-Lieutenant of Renfrewshire. Lieutenant General Arundell David Leakey — Formerly Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. Charlotte Elizabeth Manley — Chapter clerk, College of St George. Nuala Patricia McGourty — Retail director, Royal Collection Enterprises Ltd. Theresa-Mary Morton — Head of exhibitions, Royal Collection Trust. Dame Janet Olive Trotter — Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. Stephen Gregory Wallace — formerly Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada and Herald Chancellor. Galen Willard Gordon Weston — For services to the Prince's Charities, Canada. Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) Anthony Richard Bird — Chief Pilot, the Queen's Helicopter Flight Alexander Christopher De Montfort — Assistant comptroller, Lord Chamberlain's Office Brian Edward Ford — The Duke of York's Household Amanda Jane Foster — Senior communications officer, Household of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall Nicholas John Henderson — Trainer of the Queen's Racehorses Commodore Laurence Charles Hopkins — formerly Gentleman Usher to the Queen John Lynes — Private secretary's office, Royal Household Justin Rupert John Hainault Mundy — Senior Director, the Prince of Wales's International Sustainability Unit Neil Alexander Wilson — Head of IT operations, Royal Household Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) Evelyn Margaret Beattie — formerly Clerk to the Lieutenancy of County Armagh Lieutenant Commander James Alexander Kennedy Benbow — formerly equerry to the Duke of Cambridge Peregrine David Bruce-Mitford — Gilding Conservator, Royal Collection Trust Sergeant Stephen Collingwood — Metropolitan Police. For services to royalty protection. Inspector Rodney Paul Feichtinger — Metropolitan Police. For services to royalty protection. Emma Elizabeth Goodey — Digital Engagement Manager, Royal Household Gillian Harding — formerly Executive Assistant to the Private Secretary to the Queen Karen Louise Lawson — Picture Library Manager, Royal Collection Trust Simon Edward Lloyd — Systems Manager, Household of the Earl and Countess of Wessex Ian John Miles — Senior Manager, Specialist Operations, Dyfed Powys Police Geoffrey Charles Munn — Managing director, Wartski Jacqueline Hope Newbold — Personal Assistant, the Queen's Dressers John Revill — Formerly the Duke of York's Household Katherine Charlotte Scully — For services to the household of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall. Paul Eric Southwell — Manager, Sandringham House Clive Anthony Stevens — Messenger Sergeant Major, the Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard Inspector Douglas Ian Thompson — Metropolitan Police. For services to royalty protection. Audrey Williams — For services to the Lieutenancy of Dyfed. John David Williams — Formerly clerk to the Lieutenancy of West Sussex To be an Honorary Member Rachel Gwendoline Leocadia Murat — Stud groom, Polhampton Stud Farm Royal Victorian Medal (RVM) Royal Victorian Medal (Gold) Stephen Henry Ronald Marshall — Yeoman of the Glass and China Pantry, Royal Household Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) Paul Alexander Lawrence — Tractor and machinery operator, Crown Estate, Windsor Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) Philip Anthony Collins — Fire Safety and Access Officer, Buckingham Palace John Anthony Denton — Yeoman Bed Goer, the Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard Henry Melbourne Everist — Warden, Windsor Castle Alan Campbell Haggarty — formerly dining room assistant, Royal Household Alan Richard Parry — Semi-state harness cleaner and assistant to the stores manager, Royal Mews Barry Lyndon Jacob Shrubb — Deputy Head Chauffeur (Operations), Royal Household The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Knight / Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Civil Division Sir Keith (David) Peters — For services to the advancement of medical science. Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE / DBE) Military Division Civil Division Professor Janet Patricia Beer — Vice-Chancellor, University of Liverpool. For services to higher education and equality. Darcey Andrea Bussell — For services to dance. Professor Hilary Anne Chapman — Chief nurse, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to nursing. Jacqueline Lesley Daniel — Chief Executive, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust. For services to healthcare. Professor Pratibha Laxman Gai-Boyes — Professor and Chair of Electron Microscopy, University of York. For services to chemical sciences and technology. The Right Honourable Cheryl Elise Kendall Gillan — Member of Parliament for Chesham and Amersham. For political and public service. Vivian Yvonne Hunt — Managing Partner for UK and Ireland, McKinsey and Company. For services to the economy and to women in business. Clare Lucy Marx — Lately president, Royal College of Surgeons. For services to surgery in the NHS. Angela Mary Pedder — Lately chief executive, Devon Success Regime and Sustainability and Transformation Plan. For services to healthcare. Susan Ilene, Lady Rice — For services to business, the arts and charity in Scotland. Christine Ryan — lately Chief Inspector, Independent Schools Inspectorate. For services to education. Rosemary Anne Squire — Co-founder, the Ambassador Theatre Group Ltd. For services to theatre and philanthropy. Catherine Lilian Warwick — Lately chief executive, Royal College of Midwives. For services to midwifery. Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy Commodore Ross Albon Commodore Ian Shipperley Rear Admiral Richard Stokes Commodore Phillip James Titterton Army Brigadier Alastair James Aitken Acting Brigadier Barry William Bennett Brigadier Iain Graham Harrison Brigadier John Henry Ridge Royal Air Force Group Captain Richard Andrew Davies Air Commodore Alan Kenneth Gillespie Group Captain (now Air Commodore) Michael John Smeath Civil Division Professor Stuart Ryan Ball. For services to political history. Paul David Baumann, Chief Financial Officer, NHS England. For services to NHS financial management. Professor Nevin Fraser David Bell. For services to economics and public policy. Professor Norman David Black. For services to higher education, science and the voluntary sector. Josephine Catherine Boaden Totton, Chief Executive, Northern Housing Consortium. For services to housing providers in the North of England. Professor Timothy William Roy Briggs, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust. For services to the surgical profession. Dale Graham Bywater, Executive Regional Managing Director for Midlands and East, NHS Improvement. For services to NHS patients and taxpayers. Professor Joy Carter, Vice-Chancellor, University of Winchester. For services to higher education. David Alan Clarke, Chief Executive, Assured Food Standards. For services to the British food and farming industry. Blondel Bernadette Rosceilia Cluff, Member, Royal Mint Advisory Committee and Chief Executive, West India Committee. For services to numismatic design and the Caribbean community in the UK and abroad. Clare Joanne Connor Director of Women's Cricket, England and Wales Cricket Board. For services to cricket. Joyce Evelyn Cook For services to sport and accessibility. Jilly Cooper Author and journalist. For services to literature and charity. Professor Diane Coyle For services to economics and the public understanding of economics. Patrick Lorne Crerar. For services to the hospitality industry in Scotland and to charity. Professor Martyn Christopher Davies, lately Professor of Biomedical Surface Chemistry, University of Nottingham. For services to pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. Thomas Auguste Read Delay, Chief Executive, the Carbon Trust. For services to sustainability in business. Sean Nicholas Dennehey, Deputy Chief Executive, Intellectual Property Office. For services to intellectual property. Professor Caroline Dive, Professor of Cancer Pharmacology and Deputy Director, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute. For services to cancer research. Professor Christl Ann Donnelly, Professor of Statistical Epidemiology, Imperial College London. For services to epidemiology and the control of infectious diseases. Professor Michele Karen Dougherty, Professor of Space Physics, Imperial College London. For services to UK physical science research. Judith Doyle, Principal and chief executive officer, Gateshead College. For services to education and skills in the North East. Janette Anita Durbin, Director, Civil Service Talent. For services to diversity in the senior civil service. Elizabeth Lucy Dymond, Finance director, the Charity for Civil Servants. For public service. David Robert Earnshaw, Chair, Outwood Grange Academies Trust. For services to education. Professor Richard Ludlow English, Pro-Vice-Chancellor and professor of politics, Queen's University Belfast. For services to the understanding of modern-day terrorism and political history. Dr. Phillip Andrew Evans, Head, DFID Somalia, Department for International Development. For services to humanitarian relief. Peter Kenrick Florence Co-founder and director, Hay Festival. For services to literature and charity. Professor Jonathan Freeman-Attwood, Principal, Royal Academy of Music. For services to music. Hilary Mary Garratt, Director of Nursing, NHS England. For services to nursing and the safeguarding of vulnerable people. Michael Anthony Giannasi Chairman, Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust. For services to the NHS. Professor Simon John Gibson Chief executive, Wesley Clover Corporation. For services to the economy in Wales. Martin Keith Green, Chief executive and director, Hull UK City of Culture. For services to the arts in Hull. Paul Gregg, Professor of Economic and Social Policy, University of Bath. For services to children and social mobility. Andrew Melvin Hamilton. For services to government and to charitable fundraising. Jane Sarah Hamlyn. For services to philanthropy and the arts. Dr. Demis Hassabis, Co-founder and chief executive officer, DeepMind. For services to science and technology. Dave Christopher Hill, Executive Director for Social Care and Education, Essex County Council. For services to children's social care. Dawn Elysea Hill, Chairman, Black Cultural Archives. For services to culture. Lilian Hochhauser. For services to the arts and cultural relations. Professor Karen Margaret Holford, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Cardiff University. For services to engineering and the advancement of women in science and engineering. Denise Susan Horsfall, Work Services Director, Department For Work and Pensions. For services to welfare in Scotland. Stephen William Howlett Group chief executive, Peabody. For services to housing. Professor Katherine Jane Humphries Professor of economic history, University of Oxford. For services to social science and economic history. Raymond Joseph James, lately President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services, London Borough of Enfield. For services to adult social services. Shaun Kingsbury, Chief Executive, Green Investment Bank. For services to the UK Green economy. Susan Hampshire, Lady Kulukundis Actress. For services to drama and to charity. James Hugh Calum Laurie Actor. For services to drama. Professor Richard James Lilford, Professor of Public Health, University of Warwick. For services to health research. Dr. Suzannah Claire Lishman, Consultant Histopathologist, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust. For services to pathology. Dr. Robin Howard Lovell-Badge, Senior Group Leader, Francis Crick Institute. For services to genetics, stem cell research and the public understanding of science. James Brown Martin, lately Scottish Public Services Ombudsman. For services to the Scottish public sector. Professor Maureen Lesley McAra, Professor of penology and assistant principal for community engagement, University of Edinburgh. For services to criminology. Anne McGaughrin, Legal Director for Department for Education, Government Legal Department. For services to law and order in the public sector. Julia Kathleen Nancy McKenzie, Actress, singer and director. For services to drama. David Robert Michael Melding. For political and public service. David Robert Meller, Founder, Meller Educational Trust and Chair, National Apprenticeship Ambassadors Network. For services to education. Nigel John Mills, Co-founder and Chairman, the Lakes Distillery. For services to entrepreneurship in the North East and Cumbria. Professor Andrew David Morris Lately chief scientist (health), Scottish government and vice-principal (data science), University of Edinburgh. For services to science in Scotland. Dr. Joseph John Morrow, President, Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland. For public service to mental health. John Frederick Nelson Lately chairman, Lloyd's of London. For services to the global promotion of British business and to diversity in the workplace. Professor Philip Arthur Nelson, Chief executive officer, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Chair, Research Councils UK. For services to UK engineering and science. Peter Nichols, Playwright. For services to drama. Dr. Anne Louise Rainsberry, Regional Director, London, NHS England. For services to the NHS. Norma Redfearn. For public and community service in Tyneside. Hilary Marion Ruth Reynolds, Executive Director, Research Councils UK. For services to policy and research. Howard Charles Fraser Riddle, lately Senior District Judge (Chief Magistrate) for England and Wales. For services to the administration of justice. Timothy John Rix, Group Managing Director, J R Rix and Sons Ltd. For services to the economy and regeneration in the Humber Region. Andrew Ogilvie Robertson Chairman, LAR Housing Trust. For services to veterans, healthcare and affordable housing in Glasgow and the West of Scotland. Jacqueline de Rojas, President, techUK. For services to international trade in the technology industry. Professor Philip Alexander Routledge Consultant physician, Llandough Hospital, Cardiff and professor emeritus of clinical pharmacology, Cardiff University. For services to medicine. Kevin Ian Sadler, Director, Courts and Tribunals Development, HM Courts and Tribunals Service. For services to the administration of justice. Nuzhat Saleh Gould, Assistant Director, Directorate of Legal Services, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to policing. Alan Scott, Deputy Director, North West Prisons. For services to HM prison and probation service and to the community in the North West. Dr. Siu Hung Robin Sham, Global Long Span and Speciality Bridges Director, AECOM. For services to the civil engineering profession. Alexandra Shulman Lately editor, British Vogue. For services to fashion journalism. Amanda Skelton, Chief Executive, Redcar and Cleveland Council. For services to the Redcar and Tees Valley economy. Alison Helen Stanley. For services to the creation and leadership of civil service employee policy, with a particular focus on improving and implementing workforce policies. Christopher Richard Stein Chef and restaurateur. For services to the economy. David James Edwin Stephens, Director of Resources (Army), HM Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Andrea Mary Sutcliffe, Chief Inspector of Adult Social Care, Care Quality Commission. For services to adult social care in England. Robert William Ashburnham Swannell, Non-Executive Chairman, UK Government Investment. For services to the public, retail and financial sectors. Joanna Kate Swinson. For political and public service. Benjamin John Paget Thomson, lately Chairman, Board of Trustees, National Galleries of Scotland. For services to arts and culture in Scotland. Anthony Edward Timpson. For public and parliamentary service. Dana Rachel Pressman Tobak, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Hyperoptic. For services to the digital economy. Veronica Judith Colleton Wadley Bower, Chair, Arts Council London. For services to the arts. Anthony James Walker Deputy managing director, Toyota Manufacturing (UK) Ltd. For services to the motor industry. Deborah Anne Walsh, Deputy Head of Counter Terrorism, Special Crime and Counter Terrorism Division, Crown Prosecution Service. For services to law and order. Dr. Lindsey Janet Whiterod Chief executive, South Tyneside College. For services to education and the community in South Tyneside. Nick Gerard Peter Whitfield, Chief Executive, Achieving for Children and Children's Services and lately Commissioner, Sunderland and Reading. For services to children. Professor Ngaire Tui Woods, Dean, Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University. For services to higher education and public policy. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Tung Lam, Medical Law Consultant, Eternity Living Life Company Limited. For services to advance directive and euthanasia in Hong Kong. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy Commander Johanna Deakin Commodore David Graham Elford Captain Clayton Richard Allan Fisher Lieutenant Colonel Damian Jon Huntingford, Royal Marines Commander Peter John Pipkin Commander Philip Charles Richardson Captain Stephen John Thompson Army Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Richard Baker, the Rifles Colonel Nicholas Hugh De Renzy Channer Lieutenant Colonel Richard George Hallett, Royal Logistic Corps Warrant Officer Class 1 Glenn John Haughton, Grenadier Guards Lieutenant Colonel Rachel Samantha Hawes, Royal Army Medical Corps, Army Reserve Colonel Neill Allan Page Lieutenant Colonel Rhodri David Phillip, Royal Army Medical Corps Lieutenant Colonel Victoria Caroline Reid Royal Logistic Corps Colonel Michael Peter Sykes Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey John Whatmough, Royal Regiment of Artillery Royal Air Force Group Captain Andrew Edgar Battye Wing Commander Sean Donoghue Wing Commander Darryn George Rawlins Group Captain Roland Stephen Smith Civil Division Christine Abbott, Chief Executive Officer, The Education Alliance and Executive Principal, South Hunsley School and Sixth Form College, Melton. For services to education. Irene Adams, Adviser to the Chair, Green Investment Bank. For services to the UK Green economy. Raja Mohammed Adil, Chairman, the Adil Group. For services to business, job creation and charity. Sarah Alexander, Chief Executive and Artistic Director, National Youth Orchestra. For services to music. Peter Mark (Marc) Almond, Singer-songwriter, musician and campaigner. For services to arts and culture. Sophie Andrews, Chief Executive, Silver Line. For services to older people. Patricia Ann Armstrong, Chief Executive Officer, Association of Chief Officers of Scottish Voluntary Organisations. For services to voluntary organisations. Dr. William Stewart Arnold, Principal Mechanical Specialist Inspector, Health and Safety Executive. For services to industry health and safety. Professor James Arthur, Professor of Education and Civic Engagement, University of Birmingham. For services to education. Jarnail Singh Athwal, Founder and Managing Director, Premier Decorations Ltd. For services to business and charity. Professor Jeremy Bagg, Head of Dental School, University of Glasgow. For services to dental education. Dr. Tina Lorraine Barsby, Chief Executive and Director, National Institute of Agricultural Botany. For services to UK agricultural science and biotechnology. Professor Clive Behagg, lately Vice-Chancellor, University of Chichester. For services to higher education and economic regeneration. Professor Derek Bell, President, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. For services to unscheduled care and quality improvement. Dr. Jacqueline Bene, Chief Executive, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust. For services to healthcare. Pamela Birch, Executive Principal, Hambleton Primary Academy and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Fylde Coast Academy Trust. For services to education. Nilufer Von Bismarck, Head Financial Institutions Group and Equity Capital Markets, Slaughter and May. For services to financial services. Professor Charanjt Bountra, Professor of Translational Medicine, University of Oxford. For services to translational medical research. Dr. Brian Robert Bowsher, Chief Executive, Science and Technology Facilities Council. For services to international and national metrology. James Gerard Boyle, Head of Infrastructure Architecture, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to taxpayers and government modernisation. Matthew Boyle, President and Chief Executive, Sevcon. For services to engineering and skills. Dr. Fiona Janet Bradley, Director, the Fruitmarket Gallery. For services to the arts. Stephen Brady, Leader, Hull City Council. For services to local government. Professor Karen Bryan, lately Pro Vice-Chancellor, Regional Engagement and Dean, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University. For services to higher education. Thomas Lionel Ashley Burgess. For services to charity, the RNLI and business. David George Harmer Buttery, lately Deputy Director, High Speed Rail Legislation and Environment, Department for Transport. For services to transport. John Neil Buxton, General Manager, Association of Community Rail Partnerships. For services to local and rural railways. David Alexander Canning. For services to children, young people and education. Zoe Elizabeth Carr, Chief Executive Officer, WISE Academies Multi Academy Trust. For services to education. Katharine Elizabeth Carruthers, Director, UCL Institute of Education, Confucius Institute for Schools. For services to education. Suranga Chandratillake , General Partner, Balderton Capital. For services to engineering and technology. Professor Antony Chapman, lately Vice Chancellor, Cardiff Metropolitan University. For services to higher education. Sarah Joanne Churchman, Head of Diversity, Inclusion and Employee Wellbeing, PricewaterhouseCoopers. For services to women in business. Jane Clare (Margaret Jane Buddle), lately Executive Producer, English Touring Theatre. For services to drama. Catherine Jane Clarke, lately Headteacher, King's Oak Primary School, New Malden. For services to education. Kevin Leslie Clifford, lately Chief Nurse, NHS Sheffield Clinical Commissioning Group. For services to nursing. Lynn Codling, Executive Headteacher, Portswood Primary and St Mary's CE Primary School. For services to education. Joanna Clare Coleman, Director of Strategy, Energy Technologies Institute. For services to the energy sector. Michael Hyde Collon. For parliamentary and public service. Professor Sally-Ann Cooper, Professor of Learning Disabilities, University of Glasgow. For services to science and medicine. Stephen Melville Criddle, Principal, South Devon College, Paignton. For services to education. Professor Timothy John Crow, Honorary Scientific Director, Prince of Wales International Centre for SANE Research. For services to schizophrenia research and treatments. David Deane, Headteacher, St Thomas of Canterbury Primary School, National Leader for Education and Ofsted Inspector. For services to primary education. Anthony Peter Delahunty, Non-Executive Board Member, Marine Management Organisation. For services to the fishing industry. Ranjit Lal Dheer. For services to local government and to charity. Robert John (Jack) Dobson, Group Executive Director, Dunbia (NI) Ltd and Consultant, Cranswick (Ballymena) Ltd. For services to economic development in Northern Ireland. Caroline Docherty, Deputy Keeper of the Signet. For services to the legal profession and the Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet. Dr. David Docherty, Chief Executive, National Centre for Universities and Business. For services to higher education and business. Geraldine Patricia Doherty. For services to public safety and social care. Nicholas Byron Drinkal, Deputy Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security in Calais and Dunkirk. Dr. Michael Anthony Patrick Durkin, lately National Director, Patient Safety, NHS England. For services to patient safety. Ian Trevor Edwards, Executive Vice President, Spectrum Geo. For services to the UK oil and gas exploration industry. Robert Thomas Edwards, Chairman, Scotframe Timber Engineering Ltd. For services to business and charity in Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Oliver James Entwistle, lately Chair, Civil Service Rainbow Alliance. For services to diversity and inclusion in the civil service. Raymond Marvin Entwistle. For voluntary and charitable services particularly to the arts in Scotland. Professor Margaret Catherine Frame, Professor of Cancer Research and Science Director, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre. For services to cancer research. Lynne Joanne Franks. For services to business, fashion and women's empowerment. Dr. Janet Frost, Chief Executive, Health Research Authority. For services health and social care research. Andrew John Fry, lately Chief Fire Officer and Chief Executive, Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the fire and rescue service. Carol Garrett, Team Leader for Ports and Borders, Trading Standards. For services to business. Graham Henry Tarbet Garvie, lately Convener, Scottish Borders Council. For services to local government and to the community in the Scottish Borders. Alan James Giles, Non-Executive Director, Competition and Markets Authority. For services to UK business and the economy. Dr. John Harry Godber, Writer and Director. For services to the arts. Jonathan Philip Pryce Goodwin, Entrepreneur and Co-founder, Lepe Partners and the Founders Forum. For services to the economy. Professor Ian Michael Goodyer, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cambridge. For services to psychiatry research. Ellvena Graham, Chair, Northern Ireland Economic Advisory Group. For services to the economy and the advancement of women in business. Dr. Giles Andrew Graham, Technical Sponsor, Atomic Weapons Establishment. For services to national security and counter terrorism. Professor Hilary Joyce Grainger Viner, Dean, Academic Development and Quality Assurance, London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London. For services to higher education. David Greensmith, Justices' Clerk, HM Courts and Tribunals Service. For services to the administration of justice and to the UK Scout movement. Professor Christopher Ernest Maitland Griffiths, Foundation Professor of Dermatology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester. For services to dermatology. Revel Sarah Guest Albert, Chair, Hay Festival. For services to literature. Philip Hamilton, Chief Executive Officer and Founding Trustee, Community Academies Trust. For services to education. Willimina Ann Beauchamp (Annie) Hampson, Chief Planning Officer and Development Director, City of London Corporation. For services to planning in London. Dr. Shabana Rounak Haque, Head, Government Science and Engineering Profession Team, Government Office for Science. For services to civil service science and the engineering profession. Edward Mortimer Harley. For services to heritage. Dennis Harvey, Leader, Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. For political service in Warwickshire. Frances Anne Hawkes, Headteacher, the Federation of St Elphege's and Regina Coeli Catholic Schools. For services to education. Judith Ann Hay, Assistant Director for Children and Families, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to child protection in North Yorkshire. Paul Leslie Hayden , Chair, Anglian Eastern Regional Flood and Coastal Committee. For services to flood risk management and disaster response. Francesca Elizabeth Hegyi, Executive Director, Hull City of Culture 2017. For services to culture in Hull. Jeannine Hendrick, Governor, HM Prison Exeter and Violence Reduction Project Manager. For services to prison safety and governance. Robert Herman-Smith. For services to the global aerospace sector. Jacqueline Hewitt-Main, Chief Executive Officer, the Cascade Foundation. For services to prisoners. Dr. Stanley Derek Higgins, lately Chief Executive, North East Process Industry Cluster. For services to the chemical process industry. Dr. Graham Russell Hoare, Director of Global Product Verification, Engineering Operations, Ford Motor Company. For services to the automotive industry. Barbara Jane Holm, Principal, Westminster Adult Education Service and Founder, National Adult Community Learning Support and Development Network. For services to adult education. Eamonn Holmes. For services to broadcasting. Joseph Holness , Lately Inspector, Kent Police. For services to policing and the National Police Memorial Day. Ralph Christopher Hoult. For services to the community in Ramsgate, Kent. Professor Margaret Ann House (Mrs. Calderback), Vice-Chancellor, Leeds Trinity University. For services to higher education. Nora Helen Houston, Senior Delivery Manager, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to taxpayers. John Hudson. For political and public service. Joan Ingram (Mrs. Logan), For voluntary service to healthcare, particularly Type 1 diabetes treatment. Rilesh Kumar Jadeja, National Access to Work Delivery Manager, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to people with disabilities. Poppy Jaman, Chief Executive, Mental Health First Aid England. For services to people with mental health issues. Clare James, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Richard James, Tailor. For services to men's fashion. David Johnston, Chief Executive, Social Mobility Foundation. For services to social mobility and education. Harry Johnston. For services to charity and the community in Manchester. Philip James Kevin Jones, Defence Adviser to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence. For services to international defence relations. Rohinton Minoo Kalifa, Vice Chairman Worldpay. For services to financial services and technology. Stephanie Jane Karpetas, Founder and Director, Sustainability Connections CIC and director, Orchard Community Energy. For services to the community in East Kent. Martin Kelly, Head of Resources, Children and Young People's Services, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to children and young people in North Yorkshire. Aina Khan. For services to the protection of women and children in unregistered marriages. Rosamund Ann Kidman Cox, Wildlife Editor and Writer. For services to wildlife conservation through photography. William Stanyer Kilby, Deputy Head, Afghanistan, Department for International Development. For services to International Development. Heather Clare Knight, Captain, England Women's Cricket Team. For services to cricket. Emma Shevvan Knights, Chief Executive, National Governance Association. For services to education. Paromita Konar-Thakkar, Deputy Director, Energy Economics and Analysis, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to energy analysis. Professor Elizabeth Alice Kuipers, Professor of Clinical Psychology, King's College, London. For services to clinical research, treatment and support for people with psychosis. Deborah Lamb, Deputy Chief Executive, Historic England. For services to heritage. Stephen Alan Lamb, lately Director, Returns Preparation, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For services to improving immigration systems. Susan Lancioni, Customer Insight and Analysis Lead, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to UK and global nuclear security. Bernard Derek Lane, Grade 6, Tackling Crime Unit, Crime Policing and Fire Group, Home Office. For services to community safety and reducing crime. Professor Hilary Margaret Lappin-Scott. For services to microbiology and the advancement of women in science and engineering. Donna Leong, Deputy Director, Consumer and Competition Policy, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to business. Sarah Lewis, Secretary General, International Ski Federation. For services to sport. Professor Christopher Swee Chau Liu, Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Sussex Eye Hospital. For services to ophthalmology. Alwen Lyons, lately Company Secretary, Post Office Ltd. For services to the post office and to equality and diversity. Dr. Rajan Madhok, Trustee, Darlinda's Charity for Renal Research. For services to renal research and tackling health inequalities in Scotland. Dr. Clifford John Mann, President, Royal College of Emergency Medicine. For services to emergency medicine. Naomi Marek, Chief Executive, Sky Badger. For services to special educational needs. Jane Marjorie Marriott, Cabinet Office. For services to public administration and finance. Wendy Matthews, Director of Midwifery and Deputy Chief Nurse, Barking, Havering, and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to midwifery. Olive Mary Maybin, lately Strategic Policy Adviser to Head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service. For public service. Geraldine McAndrew, Chief Executive, Buttle UK and Chair, Grant Management Panel, Consortium of Voluntary Adoption Agencies. For services to the voluntary sector. Bernice Alda McCabe, Headmistress, North London Collegiate School. For services to education. Dr. Elizabeth Angela McDonnell, lately Head, Biomass Electricity Policy, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to bioenergy policy. John McGregor, Founder, Contamac. For services to international trade and innovation in polymer technology. John Ian McLauchlan. For services to rugby and charity. Dr. Clive Julian Meux, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to people with mental ill health. Rosemary Harriet Millard, Chair, Hull City of Culture 2017. For services to culture in Hull. Richard Mintz. For services to philanthropy. Victoria Marion Miro, Gallery Owner. For services to art. Deborah Moggach. For services to literature and drama. Dr. Patricia Anne Moore, Regional Chairman, South West of England, Conservative Party. For voluntary political service. Jonathan Howell Morgan. For services to disability sport in Wales. Colin Morrison. For charitable services to vulnerable young people. Edward Francis Morrison. For services to rugby union. Elma Murray, Chief Executive, North Ayrshire Council. For services to local government, education and the economy. Vinodka (Vin) Murria. For services to the UK digital economy and advancing women in the software sector. Robert Anthony Neil, Head, Project Race, Ministry of Justice. For services to race equality in the workplace and the community. Grace Foster Nesbitt, Head, Pensions Division, Department of Finance, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to government in Northern Ireland and for voluntary and charitable services. Dr. Trevor Leo Ogden. For services to occupational hygiene and workplace air quality. Anthony O'Hear, Professor of Philosophy and lately Head, Department of Education, University of Buckingham. For services to education. Gavin David Redvers Oldham. For services to children and young people through the share foundation. Sarah Louise Parkinson (Lou Cordwell), Chief Executive Officer, Magnetic North. For services to the creative and digital economy. Kevin Allen Huw Parry, Chairman, Royal National Children's Springboard Foundation. For services to vulnerable children. Norman Nathaniel Pascal, lately Chief Inspector Operations, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For services to diversity in the community in Avon and Somerset. John Cook Pattullo, lately Chair, NHS Blood and Transplant. For services to healthcare. Graham Richard Pellew, lately Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Families for Children Adoption Agency. For services to children. Dr. Lynsey Pinfield, Grade 6, British Defence Staff Washington. For services to international defence relations. Nicholas Powell, lately Director, National Film and Television School. For services to the music, film and television industries. William John Priestley. For services to criminal justice. Antony Alan Pritchard, Deputy Command Secretary, Navy Command, Ministry of Defence. For services to the Royal Navy. Jonathan Peter Pywell, City Culture and Place Manager, Hull City Council. For services to culture. Rhona Mary Quinn. For services to the construction industry and the community in Northern Ireland. Jaswant Ramewal, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Barbara Kathleen Rayment, Director, Youth Access. For services to children and young people. Dr. Dorothy Glenda Cerys Rees, Fellow, Chemical and Biological Analysis, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For services to defence. Richard Rhodes, District Manager, Essex, Work Services Directorate, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to disadvantaged people in Essex. Gary Ridley, Assistant Chief Officer, Durham Constabulary. For services to policing. Mark Robinson, Head Coach, England Women's Cricket Team. For services to cricket. Dr. Marian Brooke Rogers, Reader in Risk and Terror, King's College London. For services to academia and government. Christian Rucker , Founder, the White Company. For services to retail. Dr. Lesley Sawers, Equality and Human Rights Commissioner for Scotland. For services to business and equality. Teresa Patricia Scott, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Kennedy Scott. For services to entrepreneurship and employability. Professor Judith Carmel Sebba. For services to higher education and to disadvantaged young people. Alison Norma Sellar, Chief Executive, Activpayroll. For services to business in Scotland and abroad. Professor Richard Sennett, Chair, LSE Cities Programme. For services to design. Samenua Sesher, Coach and Culture Management Consultant. For services to art. Naymitkumar Shah, Manager, International Liaison Officer, National Crime Agency. For services to law enforcement and diversity. John Strother Shallcross. For voluntary services to young people and youth clubs in the North East. Pauline Shaw, Director of Care and Service Development, the Royal Star and Garter Homes. For services to veterans. Professor Andrew Hoseason Shennan, Consultant Obstetrician, St Thomas' Hospital London. For services to maternity care. Acting Detective Inspector David John Simm, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to national security and counter terrorism. Professor John Anthony Sloboda , Research Professor, Guildhall School of Music and Drama. For services to psychology and music. Annika Elisabeth Small, Social Entrepreneur and Co-founder, Centre for Acceleration of Social Technology. For services to social innovation and digital technology. Bartholomew Evan Eric Smith, Founder, Amber Foundation. For services to young people. Colin Stuart Squire. For services to the horticultural industry and to charity. Emeritus Professor Nicholas David Stafford, Professor of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Hull. For services to medical research and healthcare. Peter Graham Stebbings, lately Regional Chairman, East of England, Conservative Party. For voluntary political service in the East of England. Professor Mary (Maria) Josephine Stokes, Professor of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, University of Southampton. For services to physiotherapy research. Lynne Marie Swift, Director of People and Organisational Development, Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the fire and rescue service. Paul Taiano, Chair of Governors, Central School of Speech and Drama. For services to drama training and horse racing welfare. Timothy William Trelawny Tatton-Brown. For services to heritage. Kim Bernadette Taylor, Headteacher, Spring Common Academy. For services to education. Julia Templeman, Chief Executive Officer, Northampton Primary Academy Trust Partnership. For services to education. Teresa Tennant, Co-founder Jupiter Ecology Fund. For services to sustainable investment. Professor Angela Eleine Thomas (Mrs. Brown), Consultant Paediatric Haematologist, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh. For services to the regulation of public health. David Barrie Thompson, Head, First World War and Ceremonials Team, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. For services to the First World War centenary commemorations. Professor Richard Charles Thompson, Professor of Marine Biology, University of Plymouth. For services to marine science. John Richard Tiffany, Director. For services to drama. Dr. Sally Clare Uren, Chief Executive, Forum for the Future. For services to sustainability practice in business. Dr. James Patrick Vestey, lately Consultant Dermatologist and Head of Service, NHS Highland. For services to dermatology. Marc Ferdinand Vlessing, Chief Executive Officer, Pocket Living. For services to housing delivery. Dr. Joanne Wade, Chief Executive, Association for the Conservation of Energy. For services to energy efficiency. Paul Walker, Grade 6, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to engineering, bio-containment and UK animal, plant and food science. Sam Kennedy-Warburton. For services to rugby union. William Ward, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder, Clipper Round the World Yacht Race. For services to the economy and the GREAT Campaign. David Arwyn Watkins, Managing Director, Cambrian Training Company. For services to education and training in Wales. Professor Kathryn Anne Whaler, Chair of Geophysics, University of Edinburgh. For services to geophysics. Nicholas Charles Tyrwhitt Wheeler, Founder and Managing Director, Charles Tyrwhitt Shirts. For services to retail. Joyce Helen White, Chief Executive, West Dunbartonshire Council. For services to local government, further education and Girlguiding. Linda Teresa Willson, lately Head, Maritime Commerce and Infrastructure, Department for Transport. For services to transport. Richard Wilson, Head, Office of the Chairman and Chief Executive, Maritime and Coastguard Agency. For services to transport. Dr. Richard Christopher Wilson, Chief executive officer, Independent Game Developers Association. For services to the video game industry. Diane Winder, Neighbourhood Watch Coordinator, West Yorkshire Police. For services to community safety. Elizabeth Wolverson, Chief Executive, London Diocesan Board For Schools Academies Trust. For services to education. John Nicholas Woolf, Co-founder, Charities Leadership Programme. For services to the charitable sector in the UK and abroad. Marion Wynn. For services to Girlguiding in the UK and abroad. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Margaret Therese Al-Sayer, Founding Director, Kuwait Association for the Care of Children in Hospital and the Bayt Abdullah Children's Hospice, Kuwait. For services to child health and hospice provision in Kuwait. Susanna Gisela Berry, Deputy Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security. Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Angus John Clarkson, lately Head, Syria Office, Amman, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to furthering UK interests in Jordan and Dyria. Hannah Kathryn Cockburn-Logie Head, political and bilateral affairs, British high commission, new delhi. For services to UK/India relations. Colin Wynn Crorkin Lately HM Ambassador, banjul, Gambia. For services to British interests in the Gambia. Karen Danesi, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Matthew Kingswood, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Robert James Lygoe, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Olive Hilda Miller, Community volunteer. For services to the community in the Cayman Islands. Dr. Paul Willion Munro Faure, former Deputy Director, Climate Energy and Tenure Division, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. For services to the development of international land policy. Stephen Christopher Phillips, Chief Executive, China/Britain Business Council, China. For services to promoting trade and investment in support of UK/China relations. Hugh Stanley Philpott, HM Ambassador, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. For services to British foreign policy. Consulota Carmen Price, British Council Country Director, Nigeria. For services to UK/Nigeria cultural relations. Professor Christopher Douglas Rudd, Provost and chief executive officer, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. For services to higher education and UK/China co-operation. Professor Patrick Salmon, Chief Historian, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Nichola Jane Samuel, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to the British government's legal service. Susan Barbara Speller, lately Consul General, Düsseldorf. For services to UK/German relations. Dr. Philip Neil Trathan, Head, Conservation Biology, British Antarctic Survey and Scientific Adviser to the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. For services to southern ocean science and conservation. Barbara Wickham, British Council Country Director, Bangladesh. For services to UK/Bangladesh and UK/Pakistan cultural relations. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy Warrant Officer 1 (Communications Technician) David John Bagnall Major Kevin Charles Carter Royal Marines Colour Sergeant Daniel Gad Curtis, Royal Marines Major Edward Charles Malet Hall, Royal Marines Lieutenant Commander (now Commander) Richard Paul Hewitt Commander John Lea Lieutenant Commander David Francis McInerney Warrant Officer 1 (Seaman) Robert Ratcliffe Lieutenant Commander (Acting Commander) Stephen Eric Saywell-Hall Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Manish Tayal Lieutenant Commander David Nicholas Wilcocks Army Acting Lieutenant Colonel James Bain, Combined Cadet Force Major David Andrew Barringer, Corps of Army Music Major Adam Christopher Birley, Corps of Royal Engineers Acting Corporal Thomas Oliver Briggs, Royal Corps of Signals Captain Glen Paul Bullivant, Royal Army Medical Corps Corporal Craig Cardy, Corps of Royal Engineers Major Andrew John Carter, Royal Regiment of Artillery Major John Robert Chetty, the Parachute Regiment Staff Sergeant Louis John Cleary, Royal Corps of Signals Major Barry James Cooke, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) Major Oliver Philip Butler Dobson, the Royal Regiment of Scotland Captain Martin Geoffrey Doherty, Royal Regiment of Artillery Warrant Officer Class 1 George Richard Douglas, the Royal Irish Regiment, Army Reserve Warrant Officer Class 1 Roy Paul Duffin, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Army Reserve Major Damian John Flanagan, the Rifles Lieutenant Colonel Richard Michael Garbutt, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Lieutenant Colonel Timothy John Gillies, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Major Paul Dennis Headington, the Parachute Regiment Captain Timothy Shanti Holmes-Mitra, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals Staff Sergeant David Mark Jones, Intelligence Corps Sergeant Christopher Robert Jordan, the Parachute Regiment Captain Kevin Kirkham-Brown, Royal Corps of Signals, Army Reserve Major Edwyn Nicholas Launders, Welsh Guards Staff Sergeant Adrienne Richelle Lavery, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) Major James Douglas Louther Leask, Scots Guards Warrant Officer Class 1 John Richard Lewis, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Lieutenant Colonel Lorraine Elizabeth Markham, Intelligence Corps Warrant Officer Class 2 Neil McRae Martin, the Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve Warrant Officer Class 2 Todd William McCartney, Intelligence Corps Sergeant Matthew Robert McGlown, Royal Corps of Signals Major Andrew Thomas George McLannahan, the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Paula Janet Nicholas, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) Major Thomas Michael Parsons, Scots Guards Captain Simon Colin Paterson, Intelligence Corps Major Richard William Roberts, Corps of Royal Engineers Major Bijayant Sherchan, the Royal Gurkha Rifles Major John Patrick Tymon, Army Air Corps Captain Grant Wallace, Royal Corps of Signals Major Aaron John West, the Rifles Royal Air Force Wing Commander Edward Challoner, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training) Wing Commander John Howard Davies Flight Sergeant Alison Frances Fisher Squadron Leader Martin Geraghty Corporal Liam Paul Grime Warrant Officer Alan Stuart Hart Squadron Leader Scott Smith MacColl Squadron Leader Thomas Martin McMorrow, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training) Sergeant Louise Mary Mullen Corporal Anthony Grant Muller Squadron Leader James Andrew Schofield Warrant Officer Robert Ernest Weaving Civil Division Charmian Jacqueline (Jackie) Adams-Bonitto, Head of Training Assurance, London Fire Brigade. For services to the fire and rescue service and to equality and diversity. Joyce Adeluwoye-Adams, lately Head of Diversity, PACT. For services to diversity in the media. Philipa Ann Ailion, Casting Director. For services to theatre and diversity in the arts. Adetunji Adeboyejo Akintokun, Director of CISCO Systems and Co-Director, Your Future, Your Ambition. For services to young people from minority ethnic backgrounds in science and technology. Dr. Anwara Ali, General Practitioner, the Spitalfields Practice, East London. For services to community healthcare. Daphne Claire Amlôt. For voluntary service to the community in Wirral, Merseyside. Peter Robert Andrew, Deputy Chairman, House Builders Federation. For services to the construction industry. Maria Angel. For services to the community in Normandy, Surrey. Susan Jane Anstiss. For services to grassroots and women's sport. Afrasiab Anwar. For services to community cohesion in Burnley. Ethel Armstrong, Chair, NHS Retirement Fellowship. For services to the NHS workforce and retired people. Janet Mary Armstrong. For services to the community in Oakworth, West Yorkshire. Sally Arnison, Pharmacist and director, Barnton Pharmacy and Travel Clinic. For services to healthcare and the community in Edinburgh. Dr. Elaine Louise Atkins, Programme Leader, Society of Musculoskeletal Medicine. For services to physiotherapy. Elizabeth Rachel Atkinson, Cancer Specialist Nurse, Cancer Focus Northern Ireland. For services to cancer patients and their families. Robert Henry Bagley. For services to disadvantaged children and the community in Canterbury, Kent. Lisa Anne Baldock, Administrative Officer, Human Resources, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to people with disabilities in public service. Iain Godfrey Ball. For services to cathedral choral music and to young people. Joan Bamber, Governor, Dame Evelyn Fox and Newfield Schools. For services to education. Comfort Louise Anna Banahene, Head of Educational Engagement, University of Leeds. For services to higher education. Isabella Bell Banks, Secretary, Lightburn Elderly Association Project. For services to older people in South Lanarkshire. Norman Leslie Banner. For public and charitable services. Anne Ellen (Annie) Barr, Founder, Annie Barr Associates. For services to exports in healthcare. Michael John Barratt, Director of Road Space Management, Surface Transport. For services to transport. Claire Elizabeth Batt, Welfare Officer, Defence Police Federation. For services to the Ministry of Defence police. Philip Andrew Batt. For services to community safety in Northern Ireland. Jean Barbara Beauchamp. For services to young people in Lockerley, Hampshire. Tamsin Tilley Beaumont. For services to cricket. Sara Catherine Beauregard, Co-founder, Youth Vision. For services to special needs education in Edinburgh. William Alexander Beckett. For services to the voluntary sector and to sport. Cindy Bonita Beckford, Principal Programme Controls Manager, Network Rail, Network Operations, High Speed Rail Phase One Team. For services to the railway industry. Michael Bell. For services to the Cardiff Philharmonic Orchestra. Paul Nicholas Berman, Chair of Trustees, Wargrave House School. For services to children with special educational needs and disabilities. Onkardeep Singh Bhatia. For services to the community particularly young people. Detective Constable Timothy John Bird, North Wales Police. For services to policing and the community in North Wales. Robert George Black, Northern Ireland District Chairman, Royal British Legion. For services to ex-service personnel and their families. Rosamund Anne Blair, County Vice-President, Girlguiding Dunbartonshire and Instructor, Riding for the Disabled. For services to children and people with disabilities. Lorraine Bliss. For services to disadvantaged young people in Norfolk and Suffolk. Neil David Bohanna, Head of Operations, Royal Northern College of Music. For services to higher education. Donovan Bolessa, Head of International Visits, Department for International Trade. For services to international trade. Leanne Jayne Bonner-Cooke, Managing Director, Evolve-IT Consulting Ltd. For services to women in business. Barbara Bower, Foster Carer, West Sussex County Council. For services to children and families. Christine Ann Bower, Athletes' Services Coordinator, British Olympic Association. For services to British Olympic sport. John Edwards Bowers, Chair of Governors, Dixons Kings Academy. For services to education. Patricia Edith Boyd. For services to religious and moral education in Scotland. Douglas Bradbury, Master Farrier and Fellow, Worshipful Company of Farriers. For services to the farrier profession and the community in the East Midlands. Jayne Brady. For services to economic development in Northern Ireland. Ian James Brailey . For services to the magistracy and the community in Bristol. Lucille De Zalduondo Briance, Founder, London Children's Ballet. For services to dance. Morris Bright, Leader, Hertsmere Borough Council. For services to local government. John Ross Brodie, Chief Executive, Scottish Midland Co-operative Society. For services to business and the voluntary sector in Scotland. Joanna Caroline Jane Brotherstone, Governor, Greenmead School, Wandsworth, London and Co-founder, Small Steps Charity. For services to children with special educational needs and disabilities. Christopher Malcolm Brown, Governor, Sir Tom Finney Community High School, Preston. For services to children with special educational needs and disabilities. James (Jim) Brown, Policy Officer, Secure Children's Homes, Department for Education. For services to education. Carol Leslie Browne, Coordinator, 16 Air Assault Brigade, Ministry of Defence. For services to army personnel. Deborah Louise Brownson. For services to autism awareness. Dr. Jane Bruce, lately Clinical Director, Out of Hours Service, NHS Tayside. For services to general practice and primary care services in Tayside. Colin George Bryant. For services to young people. Adrian James Bull, Director of External Relations, National Nuclear Laboratory. For services to the development of public understanding in nuclear research. Michael Burgess. For services to disadvantaged young people in North Tyneside. David Richard Beveridge Burn. For services to the magistracy and the community in Hexham, Northumberland. Margaret Rose Burn. For services to the salvation army and vulnerable people. Kathleen Nancy Burns. For services to post 16 education and skills in Wales. Jessica Rose Butcher Simpson, Co-Founder and director, Blippar. For services to digital technology and entrepreneurship. Sarah Butcher, Director of Care, Priors Court School, Berkshire. For services to children with special educational needs and disabilities. Charles Richard Butler, Assistant Headteacher (Community) and Head of Performing Arts, Ulverston Victoria High School, Cumbria. For services to music education. Darrell George Buttery. For services to heritage in York. Philip Peter Buxton. For services to mountain rescue and the community in Cumbria. Rosemary Jayne Cadbury. For services to philanthropy and the community in Bournville, West Midlands. Donald Delachevois Campbell, lately Chairman, East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. For services to nature conservation. Hilary Cantle. For services to the older people and to charity in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. Ian David Carnell. For services to young people in Solihull. Monica Catherine Carroll. For services to the community in South Yorkshire. Craig Carscadden. For services to athletes with disabilities and to the Paralympics. David Carter. For services to the community in Reesside. Richard Alan Carter, Governor, West Suffolk College. For services to education. John Millar Caskie. For services to the community in Dumfries. Balwant Singh Chadha, lately Councillor, North Lanarkshire Council. For services to local government and community cohesion in the West of Scotland. Professor David Hugh Gray Cheape. For services to Scottish cultural education and traditional music. Cynthia Louise Hart Cherry . For services to the community and charitable fundraising in Northern Ireland. Claire Marie Chippington, Deputy Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security. Elinor Chohan, Chair, North West Regional Board, Remembering Srebrenica. For services to interfaith and community cohesion. Nicola Clark, Tax Professional Manager, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to business and the community in the North East. Derek Kenneth Clarke, Duke of Edinburgh's Award Coordinator, Broxbourne and Richard Hale Schools. For services to young people in Hertfordshire. Jane Helen Clarke, lately Chief Executive, Churches Housing Association, Dudley and District. For services to vulnerable women and children. Catherine Vivian Lindsay Clay. For political and public service. Jeffrey Alan Coates, Social Worker and Member, Adoption Support Expert Advisory Group. For services to children. Susan Mary Coates. For services to Girlguiding. Paul Anthony Cobbing, Chief executive officer, National Flood Forum. For services to flood management risk. Lieutenant Colonel Mordaunt Cohen . For services to Second World War education. Michael Francis Coker. For services to the community in Warwickshire. Linda Colclough. For services to victims of sexual abuse in West Yorkshire. Mary Barbara Collen, Volunteer, Young Witness Service, NSPCC. For services to children and young people in Northern Ireland. George Edward Colligan. For services to the museums sector. Christine Rosemary Collins, Member, Northern Ireland Rare Disease Partnership. For services to people with rare diseases. Alec George Collyer, Chairman, Dartmoor Search and Rescue Group. For services to search and rescue in Dartmoor. Christopher Constantine, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Martin James Paul Cooke. For services to the arts and the community in Chester, Tattenhall and North Cornwall. Wendy Coombey, Community Partnership and Funding Officer, Hereford Diocese. For services to churches in Herefordshire. Dr. Tracey Cooper, Head of midwifery, Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to midwifery. James Cosmo Copeland, actor. For services to drama. Royston Vincent Court. For services to inclusive judo. Richard Cowie, Musician. For services to music. Gail Crouchman, Senior Officer, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security and prevention of modern slavery. Brian Albert Leopold Davies, Senior Executive officer, Engineering Authority, Ministry of Defence. For services to military aviation. Dr. Ian Morris Davies, Programme Manager, Renewables and Energy, Marine Scotland Science. For services to marine science and voluntary service in the UK and abroad. Alan Davis, Coach, Maindy Flyers, Cardiff and Newport. For services to youth cycling and diversity inclusion in South Wales. Bobby Gurbhej Singh Dev. For services to young people in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Albert George Dicken. For charitable services. Gillian Dillon, Senior Executive officer, District Employer and Partnership Manager, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to employment and skills in the Humber. Nora Dillon. For services to affordable housing, credit management and the community in Rutherglen and Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire. Julie Dixon. For services to the community in Northumberland. Nicholas Dobrik, Volunteer, the Thalidomide Trust. For services to people affected by thalidomide. Michael John Doherty. For services to community cohesion in Northern Ireland. Grant Jonathan Douglas, Founder and chief executive officer, S'up Products Limited. For services to people with disabilities. Mary Louise Drinkwater. For services to the community in Worcester. Jill Dudley-Toole, Chair, Frank Dudley Ltd. For services to business and the community in Birmingham. David Duke, Founder and Chief Executive, Street Soccer Scotland. For services to football and socially disadvantaged people. Alexander Duncan, Regional Commissioner, East Region, Scout Association. For services to the scouting movement and the Vine Trust. Dr. William Jake Dunning, Deputy Programme Director for High Consequence Infectious Disease, NHS England. For services to clinical research. Karyn Dunning, Head of Detained Casework, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For services to asylum and humanitarian operations. Richard Anthony Edwards. For services to the community in Hastings. Derek Ernest Elton. For services to scouting and the community in Stourbridge, West Midlands. John Alfred Eltringham, Chairman of Trustees, South Shields Sea Cadets. For voluntary service to young people. Dr. Alistair Mark Emslie-Smith, General Practitioner, Arthurstone Medical Centre, Dundee. For services to healthcare, particularly diabetes treatment in Scotland. Dr. David Martyn Evans, lately General Practitioner, Budleigh Salterton Health Centre. For services to the community in Budleigh Salterton, Devon. Geoffrey Frank Evans. For services to local government and the community in Falmouth. Maria Eves, Chair of Governors, Broughton Hall Catholic High School and Vice Chair, St Teresa of Lisieux Catholic Primary School. For services to education. Brian Timothy Exell, President, Seashell Trust and Chair of Governors, Ysgol y Deri, Penarth. For services to special needs education in Wales and England. Julia Emma Farman, Head, European Intake Unit, UK Visas and Immigration, Home Office. For public service. Neelam Farzana, Co-founder and Managing Director, the Listening Service. For services to mental health in the community. Susan Mary Fazackerley. For services to the community in Lytham St. Annes, Lancashire. James William Ferguson. For services to mental health awareness in Devon. Paul Hugh Paterson Ferguson. For services to carving, gilding and conservation. Shimon Fhima, Programme Director, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to taxpayers. Norman Finlay. For services to UK shipbuilding. Michael William Finney, Director of Advice, Admissions and Marketing, South Cheshire College. For services to education. Louise Fitzroy-Stone, Executive Director of Sport, Guildford High School. For services to education. Sara Lee Fitzsimmons, Executive Charity Director, SiMBA. For services to bereaved families. William David Fleetwood. For services to the community in the North East of England. Charlie Fogarty. For services to young people in Solihull, West Midlands. Lawrence Forshaw, Life President, Governing Body, Alder Grange School, Rossendale, Lancashire. For services to education. Rebecca Jane Foster, Course Leader for Physical Education and Senior Lecturer in Adapted Physical Education, University of Worcester. For services to inclusive sport and young people. Dr. Rosemary Fox, National Director for Screening Programmes, Public Health Wales. For services to healthcare in Wales. Arthur Frost, Foster Carer, East Cheshire Council. For services to children and families. Dorothy Ann Frost, Foster Carer, East Cheshire Council. For services to children and families. Patricia Veronica Fuller. For services to the community in Norwich. Dr. Nicholas Pearson Gair. For services to ex-service personnel and young people in London. Sergeant Scott John Gallagher, North Wales Police. For services to policing and the National Police Air Service. Constable James David Gallienne, Devon and Cornwall Police. For services to policing and search and rescue. Angela Gannon, Training Standards Verifier, London and South Region, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to first aid. Deborah Sylvia Gardiner, Chief executive officer, Qube Learning. For services to apprenticeships and charity. Donovan John Gardner. For services to the community in Cornwall. Edward Gatenby, Head of Residence and Services, HM Prison Durham. For services to HM prison service. Beverly Gayle, Higher Executive officer, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to unemployed people. Jacqueline Alexandra Gerrard, Chair of the corporation, Stode's College, Egham. For services to education. Margaret Emily Gianotti, Executive officer, Work Service Directorate, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to employment in South London. Dr. Ben Michael Goldacre, Senior Clinical Research Fellow, Centre For Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford. For services to evidence in policy. Antony Goodman, Chief executive officer, Yumsh Snacks Ltd. For services to international trade and UK exports. Tobiasz Gorniak. For services to young people in Plymouth. Craig Andrew Graham, Chairman, the Spartans Community Football Academy. For services to football and the community in Edinburgh. Michael William Graham, lately Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Ruth Graham. For services to disabled and bereaved children in Northern Ireland. Evelyn Joan Grieve, Speaker, Children's Hospice Association Scotland. For voluntary service in Perthshire. Malcolm Grindrod. For services to mountain rescue in Cumbria. Anita Rosina Grodkiewicz, Manager, the Rosmini Centre. For services to the community in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire. Howard Groves, Member, Senior Mathematical Challenge Problems Group and Member, UK Mathematics Trust Challenges Sub Trust. For services to education. Catherine Diane Gullen. For services to children. Rosemary Hadfield, Member, the Clement Danes Trust Board and Associate Governor, Westfield Academy, Hertfordshire. For services to education. Susan Morgan Hallam, Managing Director, Hallam Internet Limited. For services to entrepreneurship and innovation. Sacha Ian Harber-Kelly, Case Controller, Serious Fraud Office. For services to investigating and prosecution of fraud, bribery and corruption. David Lawrence Harcourt. For services to the community in Stourbridge, West Midlands. Jill Hardy. For voluntary service to the arts in Dumfries and Galloway. Jane Harley, Team Leader, Teacher Strategy and Practice Unit, Department for Education. For services to education and to the community in Sheffield. Florence Harper. For services to cardiology in County Tyrone. Ian David Harrabin. For services to heritage and regeneration in Coventry. Ian Michael Harris, Chief Executive, Wine and Spirit Education Trust. For services to the wine and spirit industry. Ian Richard Harris, Honorary Trustee, Citizens' Advice Bureau. For services to the Citizens' Advice Bureau in Newcastle upon Tyne. Eric George Harrison, lately Youth Team Coach, Manchester United Football Club. For services to football. Professor Matthew Harrison, Trustee, STEMNET. For services to engineering and education. Margaret Ann Harvey, Vice Chair, Camden Association of Foster Carers. For services to children. Deborah Maria Heald, Managing Director, Heald Ltd. For services to exports and promotion of STEM careers for women. Peter John Heald, Director, Lunds of Otley. For services to business and the community in West Yorkshire. Roderick John Heather. For services to flood risk management. Christopher Charles Hebden, Chair, Southend MENCAP. For services to people with disabilities in Essex. Dr. Jonathan Heggarty, Director of Curriculum, Belfast Metropolitan College. For services to further education in Northern Ireland. Margaret Dorothy Heller. For services to the magistracy and to vulnerable families in the community in Southampton. Jennifer Henderson. For parliamentary and voluntary service. Anne Hendy, Teacher, Hitchin Girls' School. For services to education. Inez May Henriques. For services to the West Midlands Caribbean Parents and Friends Association. Matt Henry, Actor and singer. For services to musical theatre. Maureen Constance Hercules, Founder and Headteacher, Dallington School, London. For services to education. Hedley George Heron. For services to charity and the community in Northumberland. Kenneth Malcolm Hewitt. For services to cross community relations in Londonderry. Beverley Elizabeth Hickey, Administrative Officer. For services to defence. Patricia Hiley. For services to adoption. Rachael Maria Hill Thomas, National Flood and Coastal Risk Manager, Environment Agency. For services to flood risk management and flood recovery. Michele Hodgson, lately Chair, County Durham and Darlington Fire and Rescue Authority. For services to fire and rescue. Margaret Helen (Maggie) Hollingsworth, lately Trustee, Inspiration Trust. For services to education. Susan Yvonne Hollister, Headteacher, Cefn Hengoed Community School, Swansea. For services to education in Swansea. Carol Holt, Flood Incident Manager, Environment Agency. For services to flood risk management and the environment. Colin Roy Hopkins, School Governor and Chair of Trustees, Church of England Central Education Trust. For services to education. William Thomas Hopkins. For services to the community, particularly children and maritime safety, in South Wales. Pearline Evadney Howard, Foster Carer, Wandsworth Borough Council. For services to children and families. Christopher Paul Hudson, Founder and Owner, Chimo Sheffield (Manufacturing) Limited. For services to exports and investment in Sheffield. Alan Thomas Hughes, Area Convener, Glasgow Children's Panel. For services to the children's hearings system in Scotland. Glenys Irene Hughes. For services to music in Orkney and charity in Malawi. John Martin Hughes, Managing Director, Ryobi Aluminium Castings (UK). For services to economic development in Northern Ireland. Christopher Robin Hyson. For services to the magistracy and the community in Hampshire. Anthony Impey, Founder and chief executive officer, Optimity. For services to apprenticeships, small businesses and broadband connectivity. Lindsey Ann Isaacs, lately Head of Prevention, Dorset Fire and Rescue Service. For services to fire prevention and community safety in Dorsetshire. Adrian Antony Jackson, Artistic Director and chief executive officer, Cardboard Citizens. For services to the arts. Dr. Sarah Caroline Jarvis, General Practitioner, Shepherd's Bush, London. For services to general practice and public understanding of health. Mark Richard Jefferson, lately Higher Officer, National Deep Rummage Team Immingham, Border Force North Region, Home Office. For public service. Christine Ann Jeffery, Chair, Skills Group UK Ltd. For services to skills training and charity. David Ellis Jenkins. For services to maritime safety. Philippa Helen Dodds John. For services to young people and culture in London. Sian Bassett John, lately Chief Security Strategist, Symantec Corporation. For services to cyber security. Anthony Colin Johnson, Chair of Governors, Oaklands Primary School, Yeovil, Somerset. For services to education. Shahina Baloch Johnson. For services for the arts and creative industries in Swindon and Wiltshire. Elizabeth Anne Johnston. For voluntary service to the community in Donaghadee, County Down. Carly Jayne Jones. For services to people with autism. Karen Jones. For services to children with life-limiting illnesses in the North West and North Wales. Peter Jones, National Account Manager, National Employer and Partnership Team, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to unemployed people. Rowena Wendy Jones, Paediatric Oncology Outreach Specialist Nurse, Hywel Dda University Health Board. For services to sick and disabled children and end of life care. Trevor John Jones. For services to the community in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Mohammad Yaqub Joya. For services to the army and the Muslim community in Northern Ireland. Shirley Kankowski, Project Manager, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to state pension reform. Andrew Charles Kaufman. For services to Holocaust education. Dorothy Harriet Keane, Clinical Lead, E-Learning for Healthcare Image Interpretation Project, Society of Radiographers. For services to radiography. Kathleen Keillor, Governor, Caroline Haslett Primary School. For services to education. Susan Stephen Kennedy, lately National Co-ordinator, General Practice Nursing in NHS Education Scotland. For services to general practice nurse education. Alexander Khan, Chief executive officer, Lifetime Training. For services to apprenticeships. Sadi (Mehmood Sajdah) Khan. For services to cultural/religious awareness training and voluntary service to vulnerable women. Ronald George Knight, Co-Founder, Knight Farm Machinery Limited and Harvesting Machinery Historian. For services to agricultural engineering entrepreneurship and charitable fundraising. Geoffrey Arthur Knights. For services to the community in High Kelling, Norfolk. Reverend Bernd Koschland. For services to Holocaust education. Dr. Susan Elizabeth Kruse. For services to community archaeology in the Highlands of Scotland. Grace Ladoja. For services to music. Gillian Lane, lately Vice-Chair of Governors, Central College Nottingham and Governor, Acorn Primary Federation. For services to education. Mark Ralph Langshaw, Managing Director, Continental Teves Ltd. For services to the economy and community in Blaenau Gwent. Ganiyu Laniyan, Managing Director, Shian. For services to the community in London. John Larke . For services to music in Cornwall. Susan Florence Moyes Law, Chair, Muirfield Riding Therapy. For services to riding for the disabled. Rosemary Leach, Principal Lecturer, Sport Development, Sheffield Hallam University. For services to education. Ivy Agnes Lee. For services to Girlguiding in Northern Ireland. Michele Ganley Lee, Chair, Dyspraxia Foundation Charity. For services to improving the diagnosis and treatment of children with dyspraxia. Professor Michael Levin, Professor, Paediatrics and International Child Health, Imperial College London and St Mary's Hospital. For services to infectious disease critical care and research. Alison Lewis, Site Lead, HM Revenue and Customs. For public service. Christopher David Lewis, Lifeguard, RNLI. For services to maritime safety. Hannah Lewis. For services to Holocaust education. Leonie Rachelle Lewis. For services to the Jewish community in London. Robert Joseph Stanley Long. For services to the community in Maldon, Essex. Christopher Charles Loveday. For services to children, to people with mental health issues and the community in Swindon. Elizabeth Ann Lovesey. For services to education and the community in Great Barford, Bedfordshire. Deborah Karen Lovett (BASS), Director of Export and Trade Finance, Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank. For services to exports. Timothy James Lovett, Director of Public Affairs, British Beekeepers Association. For services to the beekeeping industry. Carol Lukins. For services to HM Coastguard and the Prison Service. Margaret Ann Lynch. For political service. Inez Therese Philomena Alice Lynn. For services to literature and libraries in London. James Jamieson Lyon, Forest Management Director, Forestry Commission. For services to forestry and to conservation in the North East. Katherine Mary (Kay) MacKay, Chair, Isle of Lewis Local Committee, Cancer Research UK. For services to charitable fundraising. Sine Cameron MacVicar, lately Headteacher, Dunbeg Primary School. For services to education and the community in Dunbeg, Argyll. Roisin Maguire, lately Principal, St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent. For services to education. Sajda Majeed. For services to the community in Burnley. Suzanne Marie Marklew, Senior Executive Officer. Foreign Liaison Staff (Army), Ministry of Defence. For services to defence engagement. Ian George Marks. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. Lucy Marks, Chief Executive Officer and Clinical Psychologist, Compass Wellbeing. For services to children's mental health and primary care. Margaret Patricia Martin. For voluntary service to road safety in Northern Ireland. Anthony Marwood, Violinist. For services to classical music. Margaret Mather, Founder, Dundee Junior Showtime Youth Theatre. For services to the arts and community in Dundee. John Bernard Roger Matthews, Trustee, Heart Your Smile. For services to dentistry. Linda Jane McAuley Wilson, Presenter, BBC Radio Ulster. For services to consumers in Northern Ireland. Thomas Adrian McAuley. For services to first aid and healthcare in Northern Ireland. Thomas Celestine McBride, Head, Department for Business Services, South West College. For services to further education in Northern Ireland. Margaret Lynne McCabe, Head, Welsh Tribunals Unit. For services to administrative justice in Wales. Daniel McCallum, Co-founder and Managing Director, Awel Aman Tawe. For services to community energy in Wales. Hazel Roberta McCready. For services to disabled ex-police officers in Northern Ireland. Angus James McIntosh, Managing Director, Lecht Ski Centre. For services to skiing and tourism in North East Scotland. John Stuart McLester. For services to education and the community in Monmouth. Stefa Janita McManners. For services to the community in County Durham. Robert Duncan McPhail. For services to the community in Tarbert, Argyll. Donald Wallace McPhie, National Trustee and Regional Representative, West Midlands, SSAFA. For voluntary service to ex-service personnel. Carolyn Anne McVittie, Managing Director, Stepahead. For services to children and families. Bazil Leonard Duncan Meade, London Community Gospel Choir. For services to the development of British gospel music. Jennifer Meakin. For services to children with disabilities, particularly through sport. Thomas Frederic Metcalfe. For services to bell ringing in Cumbria. Detective Constable Garry Millar, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Professor Mark Andrew Miodownik, Professor of Materials Science, University College London. For services to science, engineering and broadcasting. Christine Valerie Mitchell, Account Manager, Department for International Trade. For services to international trade. Gillian Moglione. For services to the community in Liverpool. Moira Anne Monaghan, lately Head Teacher, Bushes Primary School, Paisley. For services to education in Renfrewshire. Margaret Gilmour Wilson Moodie, lately volunteer, St Columba's. For services to people with life-limiting illnesses and to deaf people in Scotland. Henry Joseph Moore . For services in support of the Northern Ireland peace process. Sandra Moore, Chief executive officer, Welcome Organisation. For services to tackling homelessness. Rachel Duncan Morgan. For services to UK Antarctic heritage and conservation. Constable Richard Hugh Morgan, South Wales Police. For charitable services to armed forces veterans. Elizabeth Julie Morris, Headteacher, Severn Primary School, Cardiff. For services to education. Margaret Anne Morris. For services to health and wellbeing in Salford. Richard Morris, lately Senior Head of Service, Children and Family Courts Advisory and Support Service. For services to children in England. Karen Vivienne Morrison. For services to the children's hearings system in Scotland and the community in North Lanarkshire. Michael Cecil Moss. For services to golf, tourism and charity in Northern Ireland. Alison Moth. For services to education in Northern Ireland. Sylvia Doreen Moys, Member, Court of Common Council. For services to the City of London corporation and education in Croydon. Ann Stewart Muir, Volunteer, MacMillan Cancer Voice. For services to people affected by cancer in Scotland. Eric Eugene Murangwa. For services to raising awareness of the Rwandan genocide. Kenneth John Nelson, Chief executive officer, LEDCOM. For services to economic development and the voluntary sector. Edward Augustus Nestor. For services to radio and to charity. Moira Newton. For services to the Jewish community in North London. Peter John Wellesley Noble. For services to photography and to charity. Alison Elizabeth North, Teacher and Choir Leader, Lindley Junior School, Huddersfield. For services to education. Josephine Maria O'Farrell. For services to the community in Crowthorne and Bridport, Dorsetshire. David George Openshaw. For services to music in Northern Ireland. Professor Gerard Patrick Parr. For services to developing telecoms infrastructure in Northern Ireland. Janet Elizabeth Parrott. For voluntary political service. Dr. Bernard Neil Parsons, Co-founder and chief executive officer, Becrypt. For services to digital technology. Atulkumar Bhogilal Patel. For services to heritage and the community in the East Midlands. Mubeen Yunus Patel, Administrative Officer, Personal Tax Operations, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to public sector digital transformation programme. Robert Ian Paterson. For services to Paralympic sport. Desmond George Arthur Payne, Master Distiller, Beefeater London Dry Gin. For services to the British gin industry. Bernadette Peers, Compliance Manager, Strategic Shipping Ltd. For services to export control. Major (retired) Donald Peploe, Staff Officer, Army Equipment Support, Ministry of Defence. For services to military capability. Clifford Edward Perry, Business Coordinator, Railway Division, Institution of Mechanical Engineers. For services to railways. Janice Pettit. For services to youth work and the community in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. Marcella Eileen Phelan. For services to young people in Ealing, London. Helen Margaret Phillips. For services to Welsh gymnastics and the Commonwealth Games Council for Wales. Martin Graham Highmore Phipps, Harbour Master. For services to UK exports. David Pickering, Education Administrator and Teacher, the Royal Ballet. For services to the arts and education. Michael John Pipes, lately School Governor, Hampshire. For services to education. Susan Platten, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire business and partnership manager, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to young people. Timothy Michael Staden Pocock. For services to education and charity. Kathryn Podmore, lately Principal, Birkenhead Sixth Form College. For services to education. Diana Lois Porter, Founder, Fresh Start-New Beginnings. For services to sexually abused children, young people and their families. Stephen Philip Prenter. For services to arts, business and education. Michael Julian Prior, Commercial Officer, Military Flying Training System Programme, Ministry of Defence. For services to military training provision. Adrian John Prior-Sankey. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset. Captain (retired) Santa Pun, Staff Officer, Army Division, Defence Academy. For services to defence. Naeem Rabbani Qureshi. For services to the community in Sparkbrook, Birmingham. Dr. Robert Ramdhanie. For services to dance. Dr. Michael John Rance. For services to the community in Macclesfield, Cheshire. Dorothy Anne Rand. For services to local government and the community in Durham. Gurmit Singh Randhawa. For services to community cohesion in the Vale of Glamorgan. Linda Mary Ransom. For services to the community in East London and Essex. Andrew Rowland Ready, Senior Surgeon, Renal Transplant Programmes, University Hospital Birmingham. For services to renal transplantation. Alan Regin. For services to campanology and its heritage. Allan Martin Russell Reid. For services to the community in Winchester, Hampshire. Ann Lorraine Reid, Councillor, City of York Council. For services to local government. Patricia Ann Reid, Secretary, Dunfermline Tennis Club. For services to tennis and lacrosse in Scotland. Stefanie McLeod Reid. For services to Paralympic sport. Janet Elizabeth Riches. For political and public service. Watch Manager Christine Elizabeth Robson, County Durham and Darlington Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the fire and rescue service and the community in County Durham. Dr. James Peter Robson, Doctor, Scotland National Rugby Team and Head of Medical Services, Scottish Rugby Union. For services to rugby. Louise Mary Rooney, Senior Nurse, Head of Prison Healthcare, HM Prison Usk. For services to nursing and prison healthcare in Monmouthshire. Paula Roots, Group Manager, Early Years and Early Intervention, West Lothian Council. For services to the community in West Lothian. Carolyn Ann Roseberry-Sparkes, Deputy Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security. Dr. Nicholas Andrew Nesbitt Rowe, Director of Converge, York St John University. For services to people with mental ill health in Yorkshire and the North East. Linda Ruth Rowles, Personal Assistant to Directors for Higher Education Reform, Department for Education. For services to education and to the community in bromley. Professor Helen Elizabeth Roy, Group Leader, Population Ecology, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. For services to biodiversity research, science communication and citizen science. Leslie Ann Roy. For services to athletics in Scotland. Sean Edward Ryan, Volunteer, St Monica's Flixton Parish, Manchester. For services to refugee resettlement. Watch Manager Simon Charles Ryder, Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service. For voluntary service to the Manchester Children's Burns Camp and Northern Burns Care Network. Joan Salter. For services to Holocaust education. Joan Mary Sanger. For services to charity and the community in Beckingham, South Yorkshire. Dr. Mehool Harshadray Sanghrajka. For services to the Jain faith and education. Jeffrey Scorah, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Neil Duncan Scott, Project Support Officer, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For public service. Dr. Martin Pengton Seah, Emeritus Senior Fellow in Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory. For services to measurement science. Keith Dennis Sears, lately Inspector, Sports Ground Safety Authority. For services to sport. Diana Joyce Seeney. For services to the Girls' Brigade. Shyamal Kanti Sengupta. For services to interfaith relations in Renfrewshire. William Robert Sergeant , County vice-chairman, Merseyside and West Lancashire, Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to ex-service personnel and to First World War remembrance. Professor Vikas Sagar Shah, Member, Industrial Development Advisory Board and chief executive officer, Swiscot Group. For services to business and the economy. Summera Naheed Shaheen, Owner, the Diamond Studio. For services to business and the community in Glasgow. Dr. Rohit Shankar, Consultant in Adult Developmental Psychiatry, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. For services to people with learning disabilities in Cornwall. Anne Florence May Shaw, Foster carer, Sheffield City Council. For services to children and families. Margaret Ann Shields, Administrative Assistant, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Patricia Anne Shore. For services to the community in Harrogate. Dr. Sanjiv Kumar Shridhar, General Practitioner, Nantwich, Cheshire. For services to primary care. Anya Shrubsole. For services to cricket. Hazel Marie Simmons. For services to local government in Luton. Colin Ian Angus Skeath, lately Neighbourhood Inspector, West Yorkshire Police. For services to policing and the community in Halifax. Frances Jane Sloan, Chair, Aldouran Wetland Garden. For voluntary service in Leswalt, Wigtownshire. Emma Louise Smith, Head of Operations, National Crime Agency. For services to tackling economic crime. Jeffrey Douglas Reginald Smith, Founder, Ards Peninsula First Responders Group. For services to health in Northern Ireland. Raymond John Smith, Ceremonial Technical Officer, House of Commons. For services to Parliament. Susan Smith, Joint Chief Executive, South Northamptonshire and Cherwell District Councils. For services to local government. Wendy Jane Smith, Community Engagement Strategic Lead, Peninsula School of Dentistry. For services to oral healthcare and dental education in the South West. Jonathan William Spencer, Head of Planning and Environment, Forest Enterprise England. For services to woodlands, nature conservation and the environment. Peter Stewart Spencer, Adviser, Environment Agency. For services to flood hydrology and the economy. Dr. Andrew Spiers, Director of Science and Technology, Ardingly College. For services to education. Michael George Squire, Foster carer, Wiltshire Council. For services to children and families. Rachel Denise Squire, Foster carer, Wiltshire Council. For services to children and families. Dr. Seema Srivastava, Safety Programme and Falls Lead, North Bristol NHS Trust. For services to improving quality and patient safety. David Leonardus Steenvoorden, Superintendent Coxswain, Humber Lifeboat Station, RNLI. For services to maritime safety. Professor William Stephens, University Secretary and Head, Executive Office, Cranfield University. For services to higher education. Dr. Martin Adam Stern. For services to Holocaust education. Alison Rosemary Stewart. For services to libraries in Suffolk. David Arthur Stone. For services to young people and the community in Wolverton, Warwickshire. Freda Streeter. For services to open water swimming. Paul Anthony Strothers, lately Chief executive officer, Zodiac Seats (UK) Ltd. For services to the development of aerospace manufacturing in the UK. Deborah Alison Sugg. For political and public service. Madeleine Sumption, Director, Migration Observatory, University of Oxford. For services to social science. Bryan James Sutherland, Engineer, Loganair. For services to the Orkney Air Service. Claudette Joyce Sutton, lately Chief executive officer, Minority Ethnic Talent Association. For services to diversity in the civil service. Rosamund Anne Sweet, Police Community Support Officer, City of London Police. For services to policing and the community in the City of London. Dr. Melinda Tan, Rector, University of Central Lancashire Cyprus Branch Campus. For services to British higher education overseas and the promotion of bi-communal relations in Cyprus. Elizabeth Tappenden, Owner and Founder, in to Biz Ltd. For services to small business start-ups and women in business on the Isle of Wight. Angela Tate, Probation Officer, HM Prison Isle of Wight. For services to probationers and voluntary work to the community on the Isle of Wight. Patrick Francis Benjamin (Ben) Tatham. For services to the community in the Mole Valley, Surrey. Suzanne Jane Taylor. For services to education. David Anthony Temple, Musical Director, Crouch End Festival Chorus. For services to music. Gerald Robert Tessier, Review Manager, Boundary Commission for England, Cabinet Office. For services to democracy. David Thomas. For services to social work education and people with disabilities. Elizabeth Ann Patricia Thomas, Group Leader, Bereavement Service, Gloucestershire. For services to supporting people bereaved by suicide in Gloucestershire. Michael Everard Thornhill. For services to the community in Leominster, Herefordshire. Robert Telford Tinlin, lately Chief Executive, Southend on Sea Borough Council. For services to local government in Essex. Professor Michael John Tipton, Professor of Human and Applied Physiology, University of Portsmouth. For services to physiological research in extreme environments. Stella Gladys Tomkinson. For services to foster care in Warwickshire. Adrian Treharne, Grade 7, Capabilities and Resources, Home Office. For services to people with disabilities in the public and charitable sectors. Kevin Trickett. For services to the community in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Ian Nigel Tully. For services to music. Professor Lynne Frances Turner-Stokes, Consultant in Rehabilitation Medicine, Northwick Park NHS Trust and Herbert Dunhill Professor of Rehabilitation, King's College, University of London. For services to rehabilitation medicine. Professor Philippa Jane Tyrell Jones, Professor and consultant, Stroke Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester. For services to stroke medicine and care. Frances Margaret Veal. For services to the community in Bridgnorth, Shropshire. Dr. Tracey Jayne Vell, General Practitioner, Surrey Lodge Group Practice, Greater Manchester. For services to primary care. John Victor Frederick Voss. For services to rugby. Dr. Joanna Margaret Walker, Consultant Paediatrician, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to children, young people and families in Hampshire and West Sussex. Anne Amelia Manson Wallace, Senior Personal Secretary, Department for Communities, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to the Northern Ireland Civil Service. Verena Lesley Wallace, Midwife. For services to midwifery in Northern Ireland. David Walsh, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence. Dr. Jennifer Mary Walsh Cooper, Independent Research and Development Manager. For services to transmissions research and development. Hayley Walters, Welfare and Anaesthesia Veterinary Nurse, University of Edinburgh. For services to veterinary education and animal welfare. Stephen James (Steve) Waltho, lately Mayor of Dudley. For services to local government and the community in Dudley. Cleveland Alexander Watkiss, Jazz vocalist, actor and composer. For services to music. Alison Jayne Watson, Chief executive officer, Class of Your Own. For services to education. Andrew Paul Watson, Leader, Geese Theatre Company. For services to the arts in the criminal justice system. William John Allen Watson. For services to cycling. William Duncan Watt, Chairman, Wick Harbour Authority. For services to the community in Wick and Caithness. Edward John Watts. For services to the scouting movement, mission to seafarers and community cohesion in South Wales. Derek Weaver, Curator, Marine Engineering Museum, HMS Sultan. For voluntary service to naval heritage. James Lewis West, lately Head, Product Assurance, AWE Aldermaston. For services to nuclear safety. Christopher John Whiteside. For political and public service. Derrick John Willer, Schools Liaison Officer, Institution of Engineering and Technology. For services to education. Cheryl Barbara Williams, Director, Yorkshire Wildlife Park and Chief Executive, Yorkshire Wildlife Park Foundation. For services to business and conservation. James Hugh Alexander Williams. For services to the shrievalty and the community in Hertfordshire. Mark Williams, Manager, Investigations, Specialist Operations, National Crime Agency. For services to law enforcement. Martin Williams, Foster Carer, Croydon Borough Council and Chair, Croydon Foster Carer Association. For services to children and families. Jacqueline Frances Williamson, Founder, Kinship Care Northern Ireland. For services to carers and children in Northern Ireland. Robert Clive Wilson, Director of Estates and Facilities, University of Bradford. For services to higher education and sustainability. Dr. John Albert Wood, General Practitioner, St Elizabeth's Medical Centre. For services to general practice in Leicester. Janet Sarah Woodroffe. For voluntary and charitable services in Wistanstow, South Shropshire. Barbara Ann Woodward-Carlton, Chair, University of Bradford Panel for Dementia Research. For services to patient and public involvement in furthering dementia research. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Ann Aspinall, Past patron and lifetime honorary member of the British Women's Association Manila. Trustee of Stepping Stone Foundation. For services to charity and the British community in the Philippines. Betty Louise Baraud, Fundraiser and community volunteer, Cayman Islands. For services to the community in the Cayman Islands. Alison Blair, Founder and Clinical Director, Madrugada Associação, Praia da Luz, Portugal. For services to supporting people with life-limiting illness and their families in Portugal. Marrena Ruby Bradshaw, Chief of Staff to the Director, Middle East and North Africa Directorate, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Paul Broom, Political Officer, British High Commission, Singapore. For services to UK/Singapore relations. Jeremy Chivers, former Stabilisation Advisor, British Embassy Beirut. For services to UK/Lebanon relations. Patricia Coelho, First Secretary Political, British Embassy, Tunisia. For services to British foreign policy. Lesley Anne Hanson De Moura, lately Honorary Consul for Bahia and Sergipe, Brazil. For services to the British community in Bahia and Sergipe States in Brazil. Philip Oscar Dexter, Global Teacher Development Adviser, English and Exams, British Council. For services to special educational needs, equality, diversity and inclusion. Paul David Hamilton, Regional Security Advisor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to overseas security. William Nicholas Harris, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security. Paul Ian Hebbron, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Andrew Edward Beare Hirst, Honorary Consul, Maldonado and Rocha, Uruguay. For services to British interests in Uruguay. Dr. David John Hitchen, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Dr. William Hrudey, Observatory Director, University College of the Cayman Islands. For services to promoting science education in the Cayman Islands. Gillian Karatas, lately Head of Corporate Services, British Consulate General, Istanbul. For services to staff and families at the British Consulate General, Istanbul. Kerrie Louise Kearney, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Derek Ross King, Television and radio presenter. For services to broadcasting, the arts and charity. Dr. Vijay Kumar, Director of Public Health. For services to the Gibraltar Health Authority. Leila Memmi, Vice Consul, British Embassy, Tunis. For services to British victims and families of the terrorist attack in Sousse, Tunisia. Carol Angela Murray, Volunteer and Member of the Bahrain Anglican Church Council. For services to charity and the community in Bahrain. John Rolfe, Schools Outreach Manager, British Council. For services to international education. Adrian Donovan Short, President, Rolls Royce Indonesia and Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce. For services to UK/Indonesia trade and investment. Hulian Lynden Smith, lately Teacher in the British Virgin Islands. For services to developing education programmes and advocating literacy in the British Virgin Islands. Alan David Thomson, Managing Director, Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company. For services to the UK and global water industry and associated charities. Sally Mary Unsworth, Director, Cyprus Samaritans and founder of Paphos Bereavement Group. For services to charity and the British community in Cyprus. James Verrier, Chief executive officer, BorgWarner Corporation, USA. For services to the UK automotive industry. Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) The Rt. Hon. The Lord Bragg. For services to broadcasting and the arts. Lady Antonia Fraser Author and historian. For services to literature. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Professor Margaret Olwen MacMillan, lately Warden, St Antony's College, Oxford. For services to higher education, history and international affairs. British Empire Medal (BEM) Civil Division David John Allen. For services to the community in Barnsley. Thomas Allen. For services to the community in Donemana, County Tyrone. Yasmin Jade Allen, Clinical Fellow, NHS. For services to oral health. Michael Anthony Amies, lately Chair, Organ Donation Committee, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to healthcare. Anthony Robin Ardron. For services to people with learning difficulties in Cumbria. Antony Robin Brian Ashburner. For services to the community in Exford, Somerset. Violet Atkinson, Road Safety Volunteer, Northumbria Police. For services to road safety awareness and education in Northumberland. Sarah Avery Hogan, Team Manager, Child Protection and Court Team, Bath and North East Somerset Council. For services to children. Gertrude Ayer. For services to the community in Annfield Plain, County Durham. Peter Baillie, Senior Executive officer, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence and veterans. Ramon Lionel (Ray) Banks. For services to the community in Tiptree, Essex. Reginald Robert Barry. For services to the community on the Isle of Wight. Jack Alexander Erwin Beattie. For services to the development of sport in Lisburn, Northern Ireland. Mark MacLeod Beaumont. For services to sport, broadcasting and charity. Catherine Cicely Beech. For services to the community in Ceredigion. James Bell. For services to the farming community in Northern Ireland. Neomi Beverley Bennett, Managing Director, Neo-Innovations UK Ltd. For services to nursing and healthcare. Jean Bett. For services to education and community drama in Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire. Mark Gunter Beyer, Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence. For services to defence and the Dartmoor Mountain Rescue Group. Harry Bibring. For services to Holocaust education. Bryan Birkett. For services to bell ringing and the community in Nottinghamshire. Margaret Jean Bishop. For services to Age UK and to charity. Elizabeth Masson Blades, Captain, 5th Motherwell Girls' Brigade. For services to young people and the community in Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Regina Akosua Boakye-Nimo. For services to dance. Terence George Bolt. For services to the community in Cornwall. Sonia Jane Bond. For services to dance. Sandra Jane Booer. For services to music and the community in Dartford. Eileen Borton. For services to older people in Rugby, Warwickshire. Alison Sara Bradbury. For services to the community in Clophill, Bedfordshire. Sandra Bradshaw. For services to the community in Manchester. Kulbir Singh Brar, Community and Diversity Officer, Thames Valley Police. For services to community cohesion. Andrew Robert Bromley, International Student Support Officer, Sheffield Hallam University. For services to higher education. Joyce Ellen Brooker. For services to the community in Wing, Buckinghamshire. Ann Maureen Browning, Chairman, Berkhamsted Committee, the Children's Society. For charitable services. Frank Eric Bull. For services to the Royal British Legion and the community in Whitby. Derek Alan Burnett. For services to the community in Nottinghamshire. Margaret Cahoon, Learning Support Assistant, Knockloughrim Primary School, Magherafelt. For services to education in Northern Ireland. Gayle Luett Carson, Administrator, Northern Ireland Custody Visitor Scheme. For services to prisoner welfare and charity in Northern Ireland. Samuel Frederick Erskine (Ricky) Caruth. For services to rowing in Northern Ireland. Colin Russell Case. For voluntary and charitable services to the community in Ruyton Xi Towns, Shropshire. Anita Itallina Castellina. For services to the community in Cannock. Stephen Chapman. For services to music in Northern Ireland. Paul Clabburn, Member, London Veterans Advisory and Pensions Committee. For services to veterans and to awareness of cardiac risk. Susan Clarey, Office Manager, St. Anne's Church of England Primary School, Bishop Auckland. For services to education. Mary Clarke. For services to flood defence and the community in Cardiff. Jacqueline Clark-Basten. For services to the community in Sipson, Middlesex. Jean Clarkson. For services to riding for the disabled in Dumfries and Galloway. Gayle Denise Clay, Team Manager, Homeless Healthcare Team, Gloucestershire Care Services NHS Trust. For services to community health for homeless and vulnerable people. Richard Cleaves. For services to the community in Ewhurst, Surrey. Jonathan Victor Cooke. For services to cross community relations through sport in Northern Ireland. John Mervyn Cornish. For services to the community in Stewkley, Buckinghamshire. Lee Coulson. For services to disability basketball. John Charles Cox. For services to scouting and to Holy Trinity Church, Bradford on Avon. Patricia Anne Cox. For voluntary and charitable services. Michael Credland. For services to First World War Heritage and remembrance. June Mary Crew. For voluntary service to natural history and the community in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire. Tom Crosby, Volunteer, Network Rail Community Safety Programme. For services to railway safety. Diane Gail Curtis, Manager, Bowel Screening Wales. For services to cancer patients. Nadine Samantha Daniel. For services to interfaith and community relations in Merseyside. Jacqueline Rhys Davies. For services to young people in Cheshire. Dawn Ruth Davis, Northern Ireland Environment Agency. For voluntary services through the Samaritans. Wendy Elizabeth Daws. For voluntary service to visually impaired people in North Kent. Hamish Dean, Pipe Major, Huntly and District Pipe Band. For services to piping and the community in Aberdeenshire. Elizabeth Gabrielle Deans. For voluntary service to the Western Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland. Sheila Delahoy. For services to cancer and cystic fibrosis charities in Flintshire. Louise Gail Dembny, Executive officer, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and charitable services. Leslie David Dennison For services to charity. Watch Commander David Denvir, Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service. For services to fire safety in Northern Ireland. Rosalind Jane Dolding. For services to the community in Edington and Polden Hill, Somerset. Theresa Mary Douglas, Police Staff, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Rosemary Enid Dowie. For services to the community in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. Mary Dowson. For services to community radio. Gregory Matthew Drozdz. For services to the community in Hinckley, Leicestershire. Hazel Valerie Drummond. For services to music in Northern Ireland. Frances Edwards. For services to the community in Bishopsteignton, Devon. Thomas Wallace Elder. For services to the community in Ahoghill, County Antrim. James Andrew Emery. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade and the community in County Tyrone. Alison Lesley Evans. For services to the community in Suffolk. Gareth Evans, Deputy Local Policing Inspector, South Wales Police. For services to community cohesion and engagement. Gordon Malcolm Evans, Chairman, Stafford Town Football Club. For services to football in Stafford. Efe Elizabeth Ezekiel. For services to young people in London. Special Constable Lloyd Bartle Fairey, Northamptonshire Police. For services to policing and the community in Wootton Fields, Northampton. Adrian Kenneth Farmer. For services to the community in Belper and Derwent Valley, Derbyshire. Gay Sandra Fifield. For services to older people in South Wales. Susan Ann Fifield. For services to the community in Farringdon, Hampshire. Robert Fisher. For services to the Northern Ireland Prison Service pipes and drums band. William James Keith Fleming. For services to young people through the Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigades and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme. Joan Marie Flynn, lately Senior Receptionist, Medical Research Council. For services to the Medical Research Council. Anne Danson Forbes, Refugee Resettlement Co-ordinator, Ashford Borough Council. For services to the resettlement of Syrian refugees in the UK. Hilary Cynthia Ford, School volunteer, Herringthorpe Junior School, Rotherham. For services to education. Edwin Ian Fowles, Trumpeter, Bunbury Branch, Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to ex-service personnel. Gregory Francis, Senior Officer, National Cyber Crime Unit, National Crime Agency. For services to law enforcement and protecting vulnerable people. Sabrina Alicia Francis, Social Media Officer, City, University of London. For services to the University of London. Margaret Louise Frost. For services to charity and the community in Bude, Cornwall. Stuart Alan Frost. For services to the community in Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Alan Futter. For services to people with visual impairments. Mathew Fyfe, Poppy Convener, Royal British Legion. For services to veterans in Aberdeenshire. Patrick James Gaul. For voluntary service in Turriff, Aberdeenshire. Bernard Oswyn George. For services to Withybush Hospital Chemotherapy Day Unit, Pembrokeshire. Patricia Elizabeth George. For services to Withybush Hospital Chemotherapy Day Unit, Pembrokeshire. Teifwen Mary George. For services to equality, young people, charity and the community in Merthyr Tydfil. Mary Bernadette Glass. For services to nursing and the community in the Causeway Area, Northern Ireland. Mary Sydney Grace. For services to the community in Crawley, West Sussex. Aonghas William Grant. For services to fiddling and music tuition in the Highlands. David Edward Gravell. For services to charity, sport and education in Wales. Jenny Griffiths. For services to Wrexham Maelor Hospital, North Wales. Lesley Ann Hall. For services to education. Isabella Turnbull Halliday, Fundraiser, Children's Hospices Across Scotland. For services to charity. Benjamin David Hammond. For services to dance and charity. Peter George Thomson Hardie, badminton and tennis coach. For services to sport and young people in the Scottish Borders. Celia Hargrave. For services to charity and the community in Sheepscombe, Gloucestershire. Roberta June Harrington, Education Officer, Chelmsford Cathedral, Essex. For services to education. Margaret Mary Harvie. For services to music in Dumfries and Galloway. Judith Haycocks, Healthcare Assistant, Whitchurch Community Hospital, Shropshire Community Health NHS Trust. For services to care of older people. Kathryn Jane Heyworth. For services to the community in Burnley. Emmelence Irivuzimana Higgins, Manager, Barlochan Care Home. For services to older people in Castle Douglas, Dumfries and Galloway. Henry Arnold Hill, Tailor to the Royal Navy and Royal Marines. For services to naval personnel. Dr. Norman Wesley Francis Berkeley Hill. For services to music in Kent. Roselyn Hirst, Senior Chief Cardiac Physiologist, Manchester Royal Infirmary. For services to the NHS. Pauline May Hodgetts. For services to the community in Tipton, West Midlands. Colin Brendan Holloway, Field Force Collector, Debt Management, HM Revenue and Customs. For voluntary services to young people. Jean Holmes. For services to choral music in Nottinghamshire. Lisa Jane Horder, Domestic Abuse Champion, British Forces Germany, Ministry of Defence. For services to the Armed Forces and their families in Germany. Gail Louise Humphreys, Troubled Families Lead, Liverpool City Council. For services to troubled families in Liverpool. James George Hurst, Administrative Officer, Compliance Operations Processing, HM Revenue and Customs. For voluntary and charitable services in Salford. Caroline Anne Husain. For services to charity and the community in Chandlers Ford, Hampshire. Percy Edwin Iles. For services to RAF veterans and the community in Basingstoke, Hampshire. Adrian Mark Jacobs, Volunteer, Police Liaison, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to interfaith relations and the community in the London Borough of Barnet. Robert Walker James. For services to the community in Hungerford, Berkshire. Margaret Harvey Jamieson, Founder, the Blue Door. For services to the community and charity in Orkney. Patricia Jardine. For services to charity through the Annan and District Group of Friends, Dumfries and Galloway. Yvonne Margaret Jardine. For services to the community in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. Annwen Selima Amoret Johnson, Correspondence Manager, HM Treasury. For service to diversity and inclusion. Betty Irene Johnson, Visiting Assistant, the Royal Star and Garter Home. For voluntary service to veterans. Brenda Johnston. For services to swimming and the community in Grimsby. Bryan Stanley Jones. For services to education and young people. Gareth Jones. For services to church communities in Skewen and Neath, South West Wales. Helena Jones. For services to young people and the community in Wales. Buldev Kaur Angela Kandola, Founder, AWAAZ charity. for services to Vulnerable People with Mental Health Issues. Geoffrey Miles Keating, Founder and Conductor, Solway Sinfonia. For services to music and charity in Dumfries and Galloway. John Roger Kennedy. For services to the community in St Bees and West Cumberland. Sarah Gertrude (Sally) Kennedy. For services to the community in St Bees and West Cumberland. Yvonne Teresa Key, Main Reception Coordinator, Queen's Medical Centre. For services to the community in Nottingham. Leslie Kleinman. For services to Holocaust education. Maria Kovacevic-Thomas. For services to the national health service and voluntary service in Merthyr Tydfil. Philip Colin Kyle. For services to young people and the community in Northern Ireland. Janet Eve Lake. For services to the community in Brancaster, Norfolk. Sister Mary-Joy Langdon. For services to disabled and disadvantaged children. John Law. For services to the community in Coldstream, Scottish Borders. Elizabeth June Lawrence. For services to the community in Morton, Shropshire. Angeline Margaret Lawson. For services to children, the judiciary and the community in Denbighshire. Sonia Jean Lewis, Alderman. For services to the community in Colchester, Essex. Kathryn Angela Maria Ann Livingston, Founder, First Person Plural Charity. For services to people with dissociative identity disorder. Ann Maria Loader. For services to charity and the community in Tickenham, North Somerset. Elizabeth MacColl. For voluntary service in North Berwick. John MacLean, Chairman, Peterhead Branch, RAF Association. For voluntary service to ex-service personnel. John Madden, Principal, Roddensvale School. For services to the community in Larne, County Antrim. Eileen Mary Magee. For services to Cheltenham Croquet Club and the community in Hartpury, Gloucestershire. Subhash Chander Mahajan. For services to the community in Hounslow. Ellen Maisie Mann, Nurse, Cwm Taf University Health Board. For services to children and young people. James Donald Manning. For services to young people and the community in Ipswich. Andrea Manson. For voluntary service to disability sport. Giles William Margarson. For services to the community in Aylsham, Norfolk. Jennifer Susan Marlow. For services to vulnerable people in the community in Alton, Hampshire. Richard Marriott, Fundraiser, RNLI. For charitable services. Andrew Neil Marshallsay, Fire Service Trainer, Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For voluntary service to the fire cadets unit and the Fire Service Touth Training Association. George Edwin Martin, Train Manager, CrossCountry Trains and Founder, Myra's Wells. For services to charity. William John Matheson. For services to music, culture and charity in the Highlands. Norman Mawhinney. For services to running and the community in Comber, County Down. Ann Margaret Mayer. For services to the community in Bollington, Cheshire. Clare Beatrice McCarthy, Member, London and South Region, St John Fellowship. For voluntary service to first aid. Fiona McCormack. For services to children and young adults with special educational needs in Essex, Hertfordshire and London. Margaret Patricia McDonald. For services to young people through the Dunmurry Girls' Brigade and to the community in Lisburn, Northern Ireland. Veronica McDonald, Club Leader, Firpark Alma Group. For services to adults with special needs in North Lanarkshire. Jennifer Mary McGregor-Smith. For services to the community in Bromsgrove. Alistair McInnes, Civilian Assistant, Gwent and Powys Army Cadet Force. For voluntary service to young people. Elaine Davidson McIntee, Physiotherapy Technical Instructor, Douglas Grant Rehabilitation Centre, Irvine. For services to holistic rehabilitation in Ayrshire. Alan McIntosh Company captain, 1st Buckie Company. For services to the Boys' Brigade. Jennifer Kay McIntosh, Officer in Charge, Anchor Boys, 1st Buckie Company. For services to the Boys' Brigade. Barbara McKinley, Company Secretary, Ulster Orchestra. For services to culture in Northern Ireland. Selma Anne McMullan. For services to young people through the Girls' Brigade in Ballycastle, County Antrim. Jeanette McMurray, Police Staff, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Sarah Reeman McNamara. For services to the community in Terling, Essex. Iris Phoebe McSwigin. For services to charity and community relations in Fivemiletown, County Tyrone. Heather Mealing. For services to people with disabilities and their carers in Leeds and East Sussex. Lucia Quinney Mee. For services to promoting public awareness about organ donation. Andrew Menmuir, Group Scout Leader, Tannadice Scout Group. For services to the scouting movement in Angus. John Robert Middleton, lately Facilities Manager, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham. For services to higher education and science. Sheila Miller, Volunteer, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the community in Leeds. Gillian Ward Milne, Senior Dental Nurse, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. For services to maxillofacial surgery patients in Tayside. Dean John Milton. For voluntary service to young people and charitable fundraising. William David Alexander Mitchell. For services to the community in County Down. Colin John Moore. For services to music in East Sussex. Jo-Ann Moran, Senior Executive officer, Home Office. For services to people with disabilities in the public sector. Judith Morris, Unit Manager, Halesowen Young Persons Service Unit, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to first aid and to young people. Patricia (Patsy) Morrison, Founder and Managing Director, Universal Comedy. For services to comedy, people with long-term health conditions and charity. Rachel Morrison. For services to the community in Portstewart, County Londonderry. Helen Arrol Morton, Childline Volunteer, NSPCC. For services to children and young people. Janice Inglis Moss. For voluntary services and for fundraising for the Christie Hospital, Manchester. Peter Francis Mulligan. For services to archery and the arts in Northern Ireland. Diana Stella Murdie. For services to sport for visually impaired people. Peter Neild. For services to the community in Maghull, Merseyside. Elizabeth Mary (Elma) Nelson. For services to the community in Maguiresbridge, County Fermanagh. Hayley Angela Rhodes Nelson. For services to digital inclusion in Sheffield. Lucy Nkwameni Njomo. For services to vulnerable young people on the dangers of female genital mutilation. Jean O'Hanlon, Caseworker, Northumberland Branch, SSAFA. For voluntary service to ex-service personnel and to the community in Alnwick, Northumberland. Ernest O'Hara. For services to agriculture and the community in Northern Ireland. Alex Peter Oliver. For services to charity and the community in Durham. Dr. Chaim Olmer. For services to Holocaust education. Rebekah Mary Olphert, Founder and Artistic Director, Ballymena Chamber Orchestra. For services to music. Francis Peter George Osborn, Civilian Instructor, Bexley and Lewisham Sea Cadets. For voluntary service to young people. Jane Claire Owen, Train Running Controller, Network Rail. For services to the LGBT community. Melanie Jane Petrina Parker. For services to Girlguiding and the Royal British Legion. Martin Richard Parry. For services to film, media and music. Ann Marjorie Francescia Pembroke. For services to the cultural history of the City of London. Josef Perl. For services to Holocaust education. Hugh Raymond Phillips. For services to gymnastics. Sandra Elizabeth Plasting, Manager and Matron, Queen's House Nursing and Residential Home. For services to older people and the community in the Scottish Borders. Avril Pollock. For services to the community in Strabane, County Tyrone. Samuel Pollock. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. Christine Pratt. For services to the community in Blurton, Stoke-on-Trent. Patrick Joseph Prunty. For services to the Lough Neagh rescue service. Elfyn Pugh. For voluntary service to rugby. Manju Rajawat, Higher Officer, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security. Robert Ramsey. For services to schools and youth football in Northern Ireland. Dr. Suryadevara Yadu Purna Chandra Prasad Rao, lately Chair, Stoke-on-Trent Clinical Commissioning Group. For services to health and care. Phyllis Martha Kathleen Reeve. For services to Basildon Hospital. Phoebe Ethel Revill-Johnson, Secretary and treasurer, Leeds Branch, National Association of Retired Police Officers. For voluntary service to police officers. Alison Margaret Reynolds. For services to community sport in Kent. Gillian Mary Rhodes. For services to digital inclusion in Sheffield. Elvet Owen Richards. For services to the community in Trelystan, Powys. Terry Stephen Ridgley, Welfare Officer, Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the fire and rescue service and the fire fighters charity. William Robert Roberts. For services to in community in Ty'n-y-Groes, Conwy. Mary Gertrude Robinson. For services to nursing. Steven Michael Robinson. For services to people with disabilities and the community in West Yorkshire. Stuart Christopher Rose. For services to the Multiple Sclerosis Society in Scotland. Paul David Roy, Vice President, the Spinal Injuries Association. For voluntary service to healthcare. Hayley Louise Ryan, Teaching Innovation Manager, Southampton City College. For services to education. Janet Ryles. For services to the community in Aston-on-Trent, Derbyshire. Julie Elizabeth Salmon. For services to charitable fundraising and the community in the Wirral. Robert John Savage, Caretaker, Southern Regional College, Greenbank Campus. For services to further education in Northern Ireland. Alfred George Scorer. For services to the community in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire. Elizabeth Pauline Scott, Crossing Patrol Warden, Alloway Primary School. For services to education in Ayrshire. Thomas Richard Scott. For voluntary service to the Ulster Special Constabulary Association. Carl Jonathan Scrivens. For services to the community in Glenridding, Cumbria. Nancie Caroline Shackleton, lately Assistant Chief Officer (Resources), Lincolnshire Police. For services to policing and to charity. Paul Terence Sheehy, Driver, Government Car Service. For public service. Janet Mary Shephard, Trustee, the Sunrise Appeal. For services to cancer care in Cornwall. Elizabeth Joan Shipton. For services to the community in South Derbyshire. Adele Ellen Silvey, Volunteer, Thames Valley Hospice. For services to hospice patients. Daryl Jon Simpson. For services to community relations and peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Joan Edna Simpson. For services to the community in Coningsby, Lincolnshire. Arthur Roy Skellington. For services to the community in Gedling, Nottinghamshire. Jeanette Lavon Smith, County Youth Officer, West Glamorgan, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to first aid and to young people. Maureen Smith, Operations Manager, Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements. For services to atmospheric science and meteorology. Ronald Scott Smith. For voluntary service to Harmeny School, the Seagull Trust and the community in Midlothian. Amy Margaret Smyton. For services to local government and the community in Omagh, County Tyrone. Susan Mary Sollis. For services to leukaemia research. Asish Jaidev Soni. For voluntary and charitable services to homeless people in London. Michael John Speight. For services to the community in Rotherham. Susan Spence. For voluntary service to rugby. Nicola Jane Spencer. For services to the arts in London. Harry Spiro. For services to Holocaust education. Karen Squires. For services to the community in Sheffield. David Stark, Pipe Major. For voluntary service to piping in South Lanarkshire. Margaret Elizabeth Stead, Voluntary Worker, Breast Cancer Research Action Group, Leeds. For services to women suffering from breast cancer in West Yorkshire. Lisa Ann Stephenson, Founder, Lisa's Challenge for Maggie's. For services to Maggie's Cancer Care Scotland. Maryon Stewart, Founder, Angelus Foundation. For services to drug education. Elizabeth Macphail Stoddart. For services to the community in Lanarkshire. The Reverend Deacon Roger Stone, Apostleship of the Seas Port Chaplain. For services to seafarers. Eileen Thelma Strange. For voluntary service to the Seven Towers Male Voice Choir. Dr. Sarah Louise Stringer, Honorary Lecturer, King's College London. For services to psychiatry and equality in mental healthcare. Marilyn (Marsie) Stuart, Founder, Sign and Be Heard. For services to British Sign Language education. Margaret Janet Sutton, Chair, Mount Vernon Hospital Comforts Fund, Hillingdon Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. Deviesh Tankaria, International Youth Chairman, Sathya Sai International Organisation. For voluntary service. Geoffrey Taylor. For services to the Scouts and the community in Chester. Joyce Taylor. For services to Durham Cathedral. Stephen Terence Taylor. For services to the community in Midsomer Norton, Somerset. Sheila Lynnette Thomas. For services to music, education and the Welsh language in Powys. David Thompson. For services to the community in Billingshurst, West Sussex. John Charles Thompson, Administrative Officer, Detection Technology Management Unit, Border Force South and Europe, Home Office. For services to border security. Martin Piers Grant Thompson, Higher Officer, Border Force, Home Office. For services to border security. Robert James Hamilton Thornberry. For services to young people through the Boys' Brigade in Northern Ireland. Lillian Thornton. For services to local government and the community in County Fermanagh. Joanna Tindall. For voluntary service to the Pony Club. Lisa Tookey. For voluntary service. Mary Edith Toward. For political service in the North East of England. James Travis. For services to the community in Silkstone, South Yorkshire. Roy William Tricker. For services to heritage in Suffolk. Robert John Trimble, Chief Executive and Team Leader, the Bromley by Bow Centre. For services to the economy. Lisa Mariane Turner. For services to the community in the Four Churches Benefice, South Cambridgeshire. Patricia Catherine Venton, Business Manager, Camelsdale Primary School. For services to education. Alfred Shaun Vickers. For voluntary service to sport in Tower Hamlets. Dr. Margaret Ruth Vincent. For charitable services in the UK and abroad and the community in Swansea. Graham John Wadley. For services to church music. Marion Maitland (Morag) Wallace. For voluntary service in Falkirk and Stirlingshire. Bernadette Mary Wallington. For services to homeless people. Scott John Watkin, Eye Care and Vision Development Officer, SeeAbility. For services to people with learning disabilities. Paul Watson, Vice Chairman, Lee-on-Solent Branch, Royal Naval Association. For voluntary service to veterans. Janine Webber. For services to Holocaust education. Philippa Pia Webster, Trustee, NSPCC. For services to children and young people. Shirley Ann Wells. For services to education and young people. Kerstin Yvonne Wheeler, Higher Officer, Border Force Intelligence, Home Office. For services to preventing modern slavery and protecting vulnerable people. Susan Jacqueline Whitham, Head of Student Services, St Mary's University, Twickenham. For services to higher education. Ellen Wiles, Chef, Oak Field Special School. For services to children with special dietary requirements. Alyson Elizabeth Williams. For services to young people and the community in Swansea. David John Williams, First Aid Volunteer and Trainer, Shrewsbury Branch, British Red Cross. For voluntary service to first aid. Doris Williams. For services to choral singing in the North East. Geoffrey David Williams. For services to the community in Merseyside. David Alan Wilson, Conductor, Slough Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus. For services to music and young people. John Samuel Wilson. For services to the community in Newtownstewart, County Tyrone. Freda Wineman. For services to Holocaust education. Alan Robert Witham, Parish Councillor. For services to the community in Erpingham, Norfolk. Michael John Woodhall. For services to the community in Hampshire. David Thomas William Woodward. For services to youth hockey in South Yorkshire. Frances Elizabeth Woolaway. For services to the Ways and Means Trust and the community in Caversham, Berkshire. Gillian Doreen Worthing, Manager, Holy Trinity Cadet Unit, Hereford, St John Ambulance. For services to first aid and young people. Brian Arthur Frederick Yeoman. For services to lions clubs international and the community in Bramley and Wickersley, South Yorkshire. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Monica Allen, Volunteer. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands. Ian Alexander Baddon, Volunteer for cancer patients, Cyprus. For services to supporting patients with both cancer and dementia. Peter George Davies, Third Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Leo Gabriel Paul Marie Joseph Demay, Director of International Affairs, United Nations Military Cemetery in Korea. For services to British and Commonwealth Korea War veterans. Gillian Hanlon, Third Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. John Allan Hunter, lately Chair of the Argentine-British Community Council. For services to the Anglo-Argentine community in Argentina. Peter Ibbetson, Third Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy. Sonia Penelope Stanton, Service Children's Education Teacher, Ralston School, Alberta. For services to service children's education in Canada. Martin Gideon Walsh, Head of Corporate Services, British Embassy Budapest. For services to British interests in Hungary. Sabra Williams, Director, the Prison Project and director of engagement, the Actors Group, Los Angeles. For services to the arts and prison reform. Royal Red Cross Members of the Royal Red Cross, First Class (RRC) Military Division Army Lieutenant Colonel Simon Davies, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, Army Reserve Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Queen's Police Medal For Distinguished Service England and Wales Detective Constable Alice Barr, Surrey Police Detective Chief Inspector Michael Vincent Callan, Durham Constabulary Jeremy Graham, Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary Charles Edwin Nelson Hall, Chief Constable, Hertfordshire Constabulary Constable Matthew Hone, City of London Police Matthew Jonathan Jukes, Deputy Chief Constable, South Wales Police Constable Virginia Jupp, Sussex Police Constable Paul Lockhart, Metropolitan Police Service Andrew David Marsh, Chief Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary Constable Tina Louise Newman, Avon and Somerset Constabulary Constable Adele Owen, Greater Manchester Police Superintendent Lee Porter, South Wales Police Inspector William James Scott, North Yorkshire Police Michelle Skeer, Deputy Chief Constable, Cumbria Constabulary Neill Tully, lately Constable, Metropolitan Police Service Constable Sara Widdrington, North Yorkshire Police Chief Superintendent Richard Wood, Metropolitan Police Service Superintendent Matthew Wratten, British Transport Police Scotland Superintendent Lesley Clark, Police Service of Scotland Chief Superintendent Barry McEwan, Police Service of Scotland Northern Ireland Superintendent Alywin John Barton, Police Service of Northern Ireland Detective Inspector Jeremy Thomas McFarland, Police Service of Northern Ireland Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM) Queen's Fire Service Medal For Distinguished Service England and Wales Chief Fire Officer James William Courtney, South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service Chief Fire Officer Philip John Loach, West Midlands Fire Service Chief Fire Officer Russell Pearson, Surrey Fire and Rescue Service Watch Manager Karen Anne Soady, Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service Chief Fire Officer Paul Walker, Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service Scotland Fire-Fighter Gordon Brown, Scottish Fire and Rescue Service Queen's Ambulance Service Medal (QAM) Queen's Ambulance Service Medal For Distinguished Service England and Wales Kuldip Singh Bhamrah, Technician, East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust Kath Charters, Clinical data specialist, Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust David Roger Thomas John, advanced paramedic practitioner, Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust Diane Jessica Scott, Deputy chief executive officer, West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust Scotland Mark Treherne, SORT Team Leader, East of Scotland Special Operations Response Team, Scottish Ambulance Service Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM) Royal Navy Corporal Timothy Byrom, Royal Marines Reserve Army Warrant Officer Class 2 Peter Lewis Gliwitzki, the Mercian Regiment, Army Reserve Warrant Officer Class 1 Nigel Christian Marshall, Corps of Royal Engineers, Army Reserve Sergeant Alan Rainey, the Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve Warrant Officer Class 2 Steven Singleton, the Parachute Regiment, Army Reserve Royal Air Force Warrant Officer Shobha Earl, Royal Auxiliary Air Force Flight Lieutenant Norman McKay Gray, Royal Auxiliary Air Force Overseas Territories Police Medal (OTPM) Diplomatic Service and Overseas List Superintendent Andreas Pitsillides, Sovereign Base Areas Police, Cyprus Crown Dependencies The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Jersey Philip Sidney Gower. For services to vulnerable children and young people in Jersey. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Isle of Man Norma Angela Aire. For services to Breast Cancer Now Isle of Man and the wider community. Aileen Norma Gelling. For services to the Isle of Man Prison's Independent Monitoring Board. Guernsey Derek Alfred Webb. For services to table tennis in Guernsey. British Empire Medal (BEM) Isle of Man Julian Roderick Power. For services to the Manx community. Guernsey Anne Mildred Diamond. For services to the deaf community in Guernsey. Jersey Stuart William Elliott. For services to the community in Jersey. Antigua and Barbuda Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Antigua and Barbuda, on advice of Her Majesty's Ministers in Antigua and Barbuda. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Dr. Barbara Jean Paca. For services to heritage development. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Stephen Joseph. For services to business and community development. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Albert Michael Patrick Wade, Assistant Police Commissioner. For services to national security and public safety. Bahamas Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Bahamas, on advice of Her Majesty's Ministers in the Bahamas. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Lawrence Cartwright. For services to education and politics. Mark Holowesko. For services to business and to the community. Reverend Dr. Ranford Patterson. For services to religion, education and to the community. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Pastor Rex Major. For services to religion and to the community. Antonius Roberts. For services to education, the arts and to the community. Dr. Robin Roberts. For services to medicine. David Thompson. For services to the legal community and politics. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Elma Garraway. For services to education and to the community. Nancy Kelly. For services to education and volunteering. Dr. Nigel Lewis. For services to dentistry, the community and politics. Dr. Jonathan Rodgers. For services to ophthalmology. British Empire Medal (BEM) Roney Armbrister. For services to entertainment and the community. Willis Bain. For services to the arts and to the community. Lewellyn Augustine Cartwright. For services to business. Kendal Romeo Haurtwerth Culmer For services to business and politics. Elijah Miller. For services to politics and to the community. Quintin Woodside. For services to business and to the community. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Queen's Police Medal For Distinguished Service Anthony Ferguson, Commissioner of Police. For services to policing and the community. James Vaughan, Chief Constable of Dorset Police. Barbados Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Barbados, on advice of Her Majesty's Barbados Ministers. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Shirley Farnum. For service to public service. Reverend Dr. Orlando Seale. For services to religious education. Charles Smith. For public service. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Linda Brooks. For services to the labour movement. Carlton Hinds. For services to the catering industry. Cedric Murrell. For services to the labour movement. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Velmo Cadogan. For services to the Barbados Fire Service. Alvin Carter. For services to education. Clifford Clarke. For services to the Barbados Fire Service. Belize Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Belize, on advice of Her Majesty's Belize Ministers. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Douglas Anthony Singh. For services to commerce, industry and community leadership. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Dinesh Bhojwani. For services to commerce, industry and community leadership. John Longsworth. For public service. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Armando Chang. For services to business and to the community. Manuel Cowo. For services to the community and religion. Jeaneane Vaneasa Neal. For services to education and to the community. Joel Westby. For services to education and to the community. Marilyn Williams For public service and to the legal fraternity. Grenada Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Grenada, on advice of Her Majesty's Grenada Ministers. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Sister Maureen Alexander. For services to education. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Andre Cherman. For services to business. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Cecil St Louis. For services to education. British Empire Medal (BEM) Adrian Blackman. For services to the community. Sergeant Lawrence Francis. For services to the community. New Zealand Saint Christopher and Nevis Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis, on advice of Her Majesty's Saint Christopher and Nevis Ministers. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Patricia Anelta Hobson. For services to education and public service. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Benjamin Cromwell Francis. For services to business. Dr. Ian Jacobs. For services to the medical profession. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Queen's Police Medal For Distinguished Service Inspector Alphonso Leroy Hendrickson. For services to police service. Solomon Islands Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of the Solomon Islands, on advice of Her Majesty's Solomon Island Ministers. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Kaába Newton Maági. For services to education, the Church and rural development. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Violine Evalita Titiulu Aruafu. For services to nursing and to the community. Chief Patteson Kikolo. For services to rural and community development. Chief Johnson Leamana. For services to rural and community development. Taeasi Sanga. For public service and community development. British Empire Medal (BEM) Israel Ratu Adino. For services to rural and community development. Cecil Beliga. For services to community development. John Vine Golomo. For services to community development. Jerry Jackson Suku. For services to community development. References 2018 awards New Year Honours 2018 in the United Kingdom 2018 in Belize 2018 in Barbados 2018 in Grenada 2018 in the Bahamas 2018 in the Solomon Islands 2018 in Saint Kitts and Nevis

56140811

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Macquer

Philippe Macquer

Philippe Macquer (15 February 1720, Paris – 27 January 1770) was a French historian and lawyer. His brother was the chemist Pierre Joseph Macquer. Life He came from a family of Scottish origins. His health did not allow him to devoted himself to being a lawyer to the Parlement of Paris and so he dedicated himself to literature. He is notable for his summaries of history, known for their clarity and precision in a similar vein to président Hénault. He contributed to the Dictionnaire portatif des arts et métiers (1766, 2 vol. in-8°, republished and expanded by abbé Pierre Jaubert as Dictionnaire raisonné universel des arts et métiers, 1773, 4 vol.). This work was strongly critiqued by Melchior Grimm, spokesman for the Encyclopédistes - he accused Macquer of plagiarism. The controversy is analysed by Jacques Proust. Works Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire ecclésiastique, de 33 à 1700, 1751, 2 volumes ; 1757 ; expanded by abbé Joseph Antoine Toussaint Dinouart, 1768, 3 volumes ; published in Italian, 1757 ; published in German by abbé Rauscher, Vienna, 1788, 4 volumes in octavo Annales romaines ou abrégé chronologique de l'histoire romaine depuis la fondation de Rome jusqu'aux empereurs, 1756 ; La Haye, 1757; translated into English by Thomas Nugent Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire d'Espagne et de Portugal, collaboration with Jacques Lacombe and Charles-Jean-François Hénault, 1759, 2 volumes Dictionnaire portatif des Arts et Métiers, contenant en abrégé l’histoire, la description & la police des arts & métiers, des fabriques & manufactures de France & des pays étrangers, Paris : chez Jacques Lacombe, 1766, 2 volumes in octavo ; Yverdon, 1766-1767, in octavo ; Amsterdam : Arkstée et Merkus, 1767, 2 volumes in octavo with l'abbé Jaubert, Dictionnaire raisonné universel des Arts et Métiers, contenant leur description, et la police des manufactures de France et des pays étrangers, Paris : chez Pierre-François Didot jeune (1731-1795), 1773, 4 volumes in octavo ; Lyon : A. Leroy, 1793-1801, 5 volumes in octavo ; frequently republished (the first edition was produced by Macquer in 1766, but Jaubert's several additions meant that the work no longer appeared under Macquer's name) References Sources Cardinal Georges Grente (ed.), Dictionnaire des lettres françaises. Le siecle XVIII, new edition edited and published under François Moureau, Paris, Fayard, 1995. French people of Scottish descent 18th-century French historians Writers from Paris 1720 births 1770 deaths

56186412

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindspotting

Blindspotting

Blindspotting is a 2018 American comedy-drama film written by, produced by and starring Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal. Carlos López Estrada directs while Janina Gavankar, Jasmine Cephas Jones, Ethan Embry, Tisha Campbell-Martin, Utkarsh Ambudkar, and Wayne Knight also star. The plot follows a parolee with three days left on his sentence, only to have him witness a police shooting that threatens to ruin a lifelong friendship. Casal and Diggs, childhood friends in real-life, wrote the screenplay in the mid-2000s, initially to speak for the city of Oakland, which they felt was often misrepresented in film. After years of delays, the pair's schedules finally allowed them to make the film, with principal photography beginning in June 2017. Blindspotting had its world premiere on January 18, 2018 in the U.S. Dramatic Competition section at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was released in the United States on July 20, 2018, by Lionsgate. The film received positive reviews from critics, and at the 34th Independent Spirit Awards, was nominated for Best Male Lead for Diggs' performance, while López Estrada earned a Directors Guild of America Award nomination for Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film. A spin-off sequel television series of same name, created and executive produced by Diggs and Casal and run by Casal, premiered in 2021. It focuses on Jones' character, Ashley, with Diggs and Casal reprising their roles as guests. Plot Collin Hoskins (Daveed Diggs), a convicted felon, is struggling to finish the last three days of his probation. Collin, along with his short-tempered best friend Miles Turner (Rafael Casal), works for a moving company located in Oakland, California. One night while waiting for a red light, Collin witnesses a white police officer (Ethan Embry) using lethal force on a fleeing black suspect. As Collin is haunted by the incident, he begins to have nightmares and experiences hallucinations. At the same time, Miles becomes distraught by the gentrification of Oakland, and a resulting sense of loss of identity, home, and belonging. Miles purchases a gun from a friend on the basis of self-protection, an action of which Collin strongly disapproves. As Miles continues to display erratic behavior, Collin's ex-girlfriend Val (Janina Gavankar) warns Collin of the dangers that may result from a continued friendship with Miles. Later that evening while having dinner, Miles' gun accidentally ends up in the hands of his young son Sean, an incident which horrifies Sean's mother Ashley (Jasmine Cephas Jones), who forces both Miles and Collin to leave the house. At a party, an agitated Miles brutally assaults a black man who misinterpreted Miles' persona as cultural appropriation, leading to a fight between the two. Miles uses his gun to terrorize the party guests before being stopped by Collin. In an explosive argument, Collin criticizes Miles for his reckless behavior and the trouble it keeps causing him. With his probation now over, Collin continues to feel psychologically troubled by the police shooting he saw. As he and Miles are finishing a moving job, the house is revealed to be that of Officer Molina, the same officer whom Collin witnessed using lethal force on a fleeing black man a few days earlier. Collin trespasses to the officer's garage and holds the officer at gun point. Miles comes in to witness as Collin launches into a rant in the form of freestyle rap, criticizing the relationship between the police and black America, and gentrification in Oakland. He breaks some of the officer's property, but ends up not shooting him, leaving the distraught officer behind. Following a moment of solemnity, Collin and Miles repair their friendship as they drive off to their next job. Cast Daveed Diggs as Collin Hoskins, a former convicted felon on his last three days of probation. He is friendly and laid back. Rafael Casal as Miles Turner, Collin's short-tempered and reckless best friend. The two have been close since childhood. Janina Gavankar as Val, a desk secretary and Collin's love interest. According to Miles, she never visited him while in prison. She urges Collin to end his relationship with Miles because Miles could get Collin in trouble. Jasmine Cephas Jones as Ashley, Miles' partner and mother of Sean. Ethan Embry as Officer Molina Tisha Campbell-Martin as Mama Liz Utkarsh Ambudkar as Rin Wayne Knight as Patrick Justin Chu Cary as Tin Kevin Carroll as James Nyambi Nyambi as Yorkie Lance Cameron Holloway as Curtis 'Cuttie' Cuttworth Margo Hall as Nancy, Collin's mother Jon Chaffin as Dez Leland Orser as Judge Sarah Kay as Angela Travis Parker as Randall Marshall Production Background The screenplay for Blindspotting was written by Rafael Casal and Daveed Diggs over a period of nine years. Daveed, who grew up in Oakland, and Rafael, who grew up in bordering Berkeley, California, felt that cinematic portrayals of the San Francisco Bay Area have constantly "missed something". They wanted to draw attention to the culture, community, and sense of "heightened reality" that shape life in Oakland. The film addresses issues of gentrification, police violence, and racism. Filming Principal photography finally began in June 2017 and lasted for 22 days, filming around Oakland. Diggs hired John Mader, drummer for Hamilton, to play drums on the film score. Release Blindspotting premiered at Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2018, and was limited released in the United States on July 20, 2018, with a nationwide release date of July 27, 2018. Reception Box office Blindspotting grossed $332,500 in its opening weekend from 14 locations, including in Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, and Oakland, for a $23,750 average per theater. It expanded to 513 theaters in its second weekend and made $1.3 million. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "As timely as it is overall impactful, Blindspotting blends buddy comedy with seething social commentary, and rises on the strength of Daveed Diggs' powerful performance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Former United States President Barack Obama named Blindspotting among his favorite films of 2018, in his annual list of favorite films. Television adaptation In September 2020, Starz ordered a TV spinoff of Blindspotting, with Jasmine Cephas Jones set to reprise her role as Ashley. Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal act as writers and executive producers on the series, with Casal to serve as showrunner. The pair each also reprise their roles in the premiere episode. The series will focus on Ashley's point of view when Miles is imprisoned. Production began in December 2020. See also List of hood films References External links 2018 films 2018 comedy-drama films 2010s hip hop films American films American comedy-drama films English-language films Summit Entertainment films Lionsgate films Films set in Oakland, California Films shot in California Films about police brutality Films scored by Michael Yezerski Films produced by Keith Calder

56220477

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station%2019

Station 19

Station 19 is an American action-drama television series created by Stacy McKee for ABC that premiered on March 22, 2018. It is the second spin-off of Grey's Anatomy (after Private Practice). Set in Seattle, the series focuses on the lives of the men and women at Seattle Fire Station 19. It stars Jaina Lee Ortiz, Jason George, Grey Damon, Barrett Doss, Alberto Frezza, Jay Hayden, Okieriete Onaodowan, Danielle Savre, Boris Kodjoe, Stefania Spampinato and Miguel Sandoval. McKee, Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, and Paris Barclay serve as executive producers on the series. It is produced by Shondaland and ABC Studios, with McKee serving as showrunner for its first two seasons, later replaced by Krista Vernoff since season three. In May 2017, the spin-off received a series order from ABC. Ortiz was cast in July 2017, and the cast was filled out by October. Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles. In March 2020, ABC renewed the series for a fourth season; which premiered on November 12, 2020. In May 2021, the series was renewed for a fifth season which premiered on September 30, 2021. In January 2022, the series was renewed for a sixth season. Premise The series follows a group of heroic firefighters of the Seattle Fire Department at Station 19 from the captain down the ranks to the newest recruit in their personal and professional lives. Cast and characters Legend = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1-2) Cast notes Main Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea "Andy" Herrera: A Lieutenant at Station 19 and the headstrong daughter of Captain Pruitt Herrera. She was a Co-Acting Captain of Station 19. In the season 2 finale and in season 3, her new love interest is the new captain, Robert Sullivan, whom she marries prior to her father's death. At the start of season 5, she is forcibly transferred to Station 23 for protesting Maya's demotion from Captain at the end of the previous season. Jason George as Dr. Benjamin "Ben" Warren, MD: A firefighter and PRT Physician at Station 19 and a former anesthesiologist-turned-surgical-resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He is married to Miranda Bailey. Grey Damon as Jack Gibson: Lieutenant at Station 19. He is passionate, energetic, and fearless. He was one of Station 19's Co-Acting Captains, along with Herrera. Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes: A younger, big-hearted firefighter at Station 19. Hughes is close friends with her fellow firefighters. Alberto Frezza as Ryan Tanner (main seasons 1–2, recurring season 3): A police officer at Seattle PD. He and Andy were longtime friends and had a romantic relationship in high school. He was shot in the second episode of season 3, and died in the third episode. Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery: An openly gay firefighter and the heart of Station 19. Montgomery is a widower, having lost his husband Michael, a fellow firefighter. Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller (seasons 1–5): A charismatic firefighter at Station 19. In season 3, he becomes a dad to a baby girl he names after Cpt. Pruitt Herrera. In season 5, he is mortally wounded following a gas explosion at a call and dies en route to the hospital. Danielle Savre as Maya Deluca-Bishop: A bisexual, Type-A Lieutenant, and later Captain, at Station 19 and a former Olympic athlete. She is Carina's wife and Andy's best friend. At the start of season 5, she is demoted back to Lieutenant for breaking protocol to save a life. Miguel Sandoval as Pruitt Herrera (seasons 1–3, guest season 4): Captain at Station 19, Andy’s father, and a mentor to her and her coworkers. He steps down from his role in the series premiere, and later dies in season 3 while at the scene of a fire call. Boris Kodjoe as Robert Sullivan (season 2–present): The new Captain at Station 19 who recently returned to Seattle. In "Eulogy", he is promoted to Battalion Chief. Prior to being Captain he was the General at the Academy where Miller and Gibson were training. He was once best friends with Chief Ripley but their friendship faded when Robert moved to Montana after his wife's death. Sullivan suffers from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In the season 2 finale and season 3, he becomes Andy's new love interest. Sullivan marries Andy in season 3 before Pruitt's death. At the start of season 4, he is demoted back to regular firefighter due to his actions that resulted from his opioid addiction. He is re-promoted to Lieutenant half-way through season 5 by his old friend, new SFD chief Tasha Ross. Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca-Bishop (season 4–present; recurring season 3): An openly bisexual OB/GYN Attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Maya's wife. Carlos Miranda as Theo Ruiz (season 5; recurring season 4): Lieutenant at Station 23 and Michael Williams' old captain. Recurring Marla Gibbs as Edith (season 1): A feisty retirement home retiree who sets up Travis with her grandson, Grant. Brett Tucker as Fire Chief Lucas Ripley (seasons 1–2, guest season 3): The Fire Chief for Seattle Fire Department. He dies after a fire and leaves behind his friends and colleagues at the Seattle Fire Department. Brenda Song as JJ (seasons 1, 3): A music reviewer who Dean saves from a fire and later begins to date. In season three, she has a baby with Dean, but she left as she feels incompetent in motherhood. Sterling Sulieman as Grant (seasons 1–2): The sous chef grandson of Edith who she sets up with Travis. Dermot Mulroney as Greg Tanner (season 2): Ryan's father. Birgundi Baker as Yemi Miller (season 2), Dean's sister. Rigo Sanchez as Rigo Vasquez (season 3): A firefighter at Station 19. He has problems working with Jack Gibson because he slept with Rigo's wife. The tension between the two comes to a head at the firehouse and while on a call he gets injured during a rescue and before being discharged out of the hospital, he dies. Kelly Thiebaud as Eva Vasquez (season 3): Rigo's wife. She had a sexual relationship with Jack. Pat Healy as Fire Chief Michael Dixon (seasons 3-4): The new Fire Chief for the Seattle Fire Department as the replacement of Lucas Ripley. He returned to be a police officer after he was fired at the end of Season 3. Lachlan Buchanan as Emmett Dixon (seasons 3-5): A probationary firefighter at Station 19 and the son of Fire Chief Dixon. Jayne Taini as Marsha Smith (seasons 3-4; guest season 5): An elderly woman who becomes a maternal figure for Gibson. Colleen Foy as Inara (season 4; guest season 3): A friend of Jack after he rescued her and her son from an abusive husband. Ansel Sluyter-Obidos as Marcus (season 4; guest season 3): Inara’s son who is deaf. He communicates with people through ASL Robert Curtis Brown as Paul Montgomery (seasons 4-5): Travis' dad. He was also portrayed by Kenneth Meseroll in season 3 and one episode of season 4. Jeanne Sakata as Nari Montgomery (season 4; guest season 5): Travis’ mom. Josh Randall as Fire Captain Sean Beckett (season 5): The newly appointed Fire Captain of Station 19. He is smug, chauvinistic, and rather incompetent at his job. He cares more about maintaining a good appearance for the station as he fails to understand the value of Station 19's engine, which was dedicated to Cpt. Pruitt Herrera, when it was destroyed in a gas fire. Lindsey Gort as Ingrid Saunders (season 5): a widow whose shop caught fire. Alain Uy as Captain Pat Aquino (season 5): The Fire Captain of Station 23. Natasha Ward as Deja Duval (season 5): A probie firefighter at Station 23 that Andy is mentoring as she’s the only other woman there. Shane Hartline as Maddox (season 5): An immature firefighter at Station 23. Notable guests BJ Tanner as Wiliam George “Tuck” Jones (seasons 1, 3–4): Warren's stepson. Jee Young Han as Charlotte Dearborn (seasons 1–2): The Fire Lieutenant of Station 12, who competes against Herrera and Gibson for Captain. Patrick Duffy as Terry (season 2) who appears in the episode "Into the Wildfire". Nyle DiMarco as Dylan (season 2): A deaf firefighter who appears in the episode "Into the Wildfire". Jonathan Bennett as Michael Williams (season 3–4): Travis’ deceased husband Tracie Thoms as Dr. Diane Lewis (seasons 3–5): A therapist who assisted and evaluated professional and personal concerns the staff at Station 19 have individually. Khalilah Joi as Condola Vargas (season 4): a lawyer who has a romantic history with Dean Grey's Anatomy Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey (recurring seasons 1, 3, 5; guest seasons 2, 4): Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Ben Warren's wife. Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey (guest seasons 1, 3): Chief of General Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt (guest seasons 1–4): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca (guest seasons 2, 4): A surgical resident, and later attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, and the brother of Carina DeLuca. Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce (guest seasons 2–3): Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery (recurring season 3): Chief of Plastic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd (guest seasons 3-4): Chief of Neurosurgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt (guest seasons 3–5): Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick (guest season 3): Chief of Hospitals at Catherine Fox Foundation, Attending Neurosurgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman (guest season 3): Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and former Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim (recurring season 3): Doctor at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Levi's boyfriend. Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm (guest seasons 3–4): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Vivian Nixon as Dr. Hannah Brody (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Devin Way as Dr. Blake Simms (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber (recurring season 4, guest season 5): Chief Medical Officer, Senior Attending General Surgeon, Director of the Residency Program and former Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He becomes Sullivan's addict recovery sponsor. Zaiver Sinnett as Dr. Zander Perez (guest season 4) Episodes Production Development On May 16, 2017, ABC chief Channing Dungey announced at ABC's upfront presentation that the network had given a straight-to-series order for a second Grey's Anatomy spin-off. Stacy McKee, a long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as showrunner and executive producer, with Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers also serving as executive producers. The series, which would be set in a Seattle firehouse, would follow the lives of a group of firefighters. The order consisted of 10 episodes. When announcing the series, Dungey said, "No one can interweave the jeopardy firefighters face in the line of duty with the drama in their personal lives quite like Shonda, and Grey's signature Seattle setting is the perfect backdrop for this exciting spinoff." Patrick Moran, president at ABC Studios, added that "We talked [with Shonda] about the elements of Grey's Anatomy that seem to resonate with the audience—emotional storytelling, deep human connection, a high-stakes environment and strong and empowered women—and those elements will carry over to the spinoff." In July 2017, Paris Barclay signed on to the series as producing director and executive producer. In January 2018, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo had renewed her contract to portray Meredith Grey through season 16 of Grey's, in addition to becoming a producer on the show and a co-executive producer on the spin-off. Later that month, ABC announced that the series would be titled Station 19. An episode of Grey's Anatomy, originally planned to air in fall 2017 but instead set to air in March 2018, will serve as a backdoor pilot for the series. The backdoor pilot episode will feature the introduction of the lead character of the spin-off, Andy Herrera, "as a story within the episode" and "showcase a really lovely story for Ben, where we get to just juxtapose his two worlds and see his reaction as he transitions from one world to the next". On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season. The second season premiered on October 4, 2018. On October 19, 2018, it was announced that ABC had ordered a full season for the second season. On May 10, 2019, the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on January 23, 2020. On March 11, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season which premiered on November 12, 2020. On May 10, 2021, ABC renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on September 30, 2021. On January 11, 2022, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season. Casting On July 26, 2017, Jaina Lee Ortiz was cast as the female lead, Andrea "Andy" Herrera. In September 2017, it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 of Grey's Anatomy, would be leaving the series to join the spin-off as a series regular. On October 6, 2017, Grey Damon was cast as Lieutenant Jack Gibson, Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery, Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller, Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop, and Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes. They were shortly followed by Miguel Sandoval as Captain Pruitt Herrera, and Alberto Frezza as police officer, Ryan Tanner. Filming Filming for the first season began on October 18, 2017, and concluded on April 2, 2018. Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles; additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle. The station in Station 19 is based on Seattle's Station 20, located in its Queen Anne neighborhood. Release Broadcast Station 19 began airing on March 22, 2018, on ABC in the United States. CTV acquired the broadcast rights for Canada. Sky Living acquired the rights to air the series in the UK and Ireland. Marketing In early December 2017, Entertainment Weekly released first look images of the series. Reception Ratings Critical response For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65% approval rating with an average rating of 6/10 based on 17 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Fans will bask in the familiar glow from Station 19, though anyone who doesn't already indulge in the soapy delights of Shondaland may not feel the spark." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Accolades Station 19 won "Best Primetime Program – Drama" at the 2018 Imagen Awards. References External links 2010s American workplace drama television series 2018 American television series debuts 2020s American workplace drama television series American action television series American television spin-offs American Broadcasting Company original programming 2010s American LGBT-related drama television series 2020s American LGBT-related drama television series English-language television shows Seattle Fire Department Television franchises Television series about firefighting Television series by ABC Studios Television series by Shondaland Television shows filmed in California Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Seattle Television shows about the COVID-19 pandemic Grey's Anatomy

56270432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Puerto%20Rico

Crime in Puerto Rico

Crime in Puerto Rico describes acts of violent and non-violent crime that take place within the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. To combat crime, the Puerto Rican government adopted a broad anti-crime policy referred to locally as "mano dura contra el crimen" (or simply mano dura), "iron fist against crime". In 1993, Governor Pedro Rosselló summed up government efforts by remarking, "They have asked for war, and war they shall have. Let every criminal know: Our patience has ended". However, even after adopting the multiple anti-crime measures, violent crime stayed too high. In 2006, for instance, the island reported 736 murders. In the early twenty-first century police corruption facilitated drug related crimes; it resulted in the arrest of over thirty Puerto Rico law enforcement agents. It came at a time when Puerto Rico ranked sixth worldwide in murders per capita. To counteract, federal law enforcement agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), coordinated efforts with the Puerto Rico Police Department (PRPD) and other local agencies. The increased law enforcement efforts and tactics and equipment used led to popular criticism about a fundamental militarization of the police in the island. Crimes by decade Crime before the 1980s Antonio Correa Cotto was a notorious 1950's Puerto Rican criminal. On January 25, 1950, he murdered two people in Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico. After being caught, prosecuted and sentenced to prison, he managed to escape and returned to Ponce where he killed 10 more people. Correa Coto was killed shortly after in a shootout with police. At least one significant robbery also took place after the 1950s ended. More recently, the Government of Puerto Rico has combated the illegal drug trade and the resulting crime since the mid-1970s, with increasing law enforcement efforts over multiple decades contributing to a cycle of violence in which both demand and supply of illegal substances remain considerable. Though recreational drug use was uncommon in Puerto Rico in the 1950s, it markedly increased in the 1960s. By the following decade, said increase in usage, particularly among those under the age of 25, became a major concern in Puerto Rican society. Estimates found that up to seventy thousand islanders were substance abusers. A number of drug cartels discovered that Puerto Rico functioned as an efficient transfer point while trafficking contraband such as cocaine to the mainland United States, and has been a magnet for organized crime for several decades. A major focus on crime and, specifically, drug-related problems arose in Puerto Rican politics out of those events. A 1975 survey found that 87% of respondents believed that violence had recently increased to a serious extent. Beside mentioning "vice", however, inflation and lack of employment attracted notice as causes of Puerto Rican crime as well. Crime in the 1980s The existence of apparent 'no man's land' areas, in which all manner of criminal activity could take place without any sort of police control, among particularly lower-class communities caused widespread concern. The use of automatic weapons and other arms to directly fight back against law enforcement became a particular problem as well. From 1993 to 1996, the government confiscated a total of 10,017 illegal firearms during their efforts. As well, the total number of murders in Puerto Rico nearly doubled from 1987 to 1994— increasing from 509 to 995, respectively. These trends received massive interest in the island's news media. Crime in the 1990s Perceptions about widespread crime triggered political turmoil and sustained pressure for the authorities to change their approaches, often involving a doubling-down of anti-drug crackdowns. In the early 1990s, notably, law enforcement began specifically targeting white collar drug users. A government chief of staff remarked that the police had witnessed "housewives who go to these [drug distribution] spots with their children in the car" and vowed to send a strong message. The broad, strict approach of the island's government has been known as the "iron fist" ( or simply mano dura). In 1993, Governor Pedro Rosselló summed up government efforts by remarking, "They have incited a war, and they'll get it: let criminals know that our patience is gone" (). During the first month of that year alone, a total of 104 murders took place. Specific changes in the anti-crime efforts have included assigning police officers with more weapons and targeted intervention of the National Guard in certain places. However, Puerto Rican efforts generally proved inadequate in stopping widespread drug trafficking in the latter part of the 20th century. The government had not just expanded employment levels and general funding for jailing and policing but also undergone a kind of militarization in its organization. Specific strategies included longer sentences for criminals, increased funding for officer equipment, and the construction of new prisons. From 1992 to 1998, the island's budget for policing approximately doubled. Yet progress remained mostly elusive. Public opinion viewed the island's law enforcement situation in critical terms. In 1997, a major national poll found that a 68% majority believed that crime had gotten "much worse" over the previous five years. In response to pervasive crime, local law enforcement attempted to integrate their efforts with U.S. federal agencies, especially with fighting trafficking in mind. The U.S. Coast Guard and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) both reinforced their presence on the island during the 1990s, setting up connections that remained years later. Nonetheless, challenges such as police corruption have frequently complicated matters as different groups attempt to work with each other. The Puerto Rico Police Department (PRPD), the territory's primary law enforcement agency, has been tarnished by multiple scandals over officer misconduct up to and including outright criminal activity. Crime in the 2000s One of the biggest law enforcement corruption busts in U.S. history took place in 2001 on the island. Twenty-nine police officers were caught on videotape drug trafficking thanks to an undercover operation initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Coming after authorities suspected local police of direct involvement in drug dealing, some officers even being bold enough to sell heroin from their squad cars, the bust additionally aimed to stop the illicit protection provided to certain cocaine dealers who shipped their contraband throughout the island. Known as Operation Lost Honor, a total of thirty-two individuals were arrested in the case. Orlando Sentinel journalist Ivan Roman stated that the bust "stunned a department already reeling from a series of" previous scandals. As well, four Puerto Rican officers were arrested in 2008 by the FBI, including the director of the island's Extradition Division, for extortion as well as the distribution of both cocaine and heroin. The EFE World News Service stated in a report that the arrested "took advantage of the authority of their uniforms". Between 1993 and 2000, the PRPD kicked out a full one thousand officers due to a variety of criminal charges. Between 2003 and 2007, a hundred officers had been under investigation, with seventy-five others convicted under the jurisdiction of the U.S. federal court system. Then Police Superintendent Pedro Toledo said in 2007, "We have had officers using police cars to escort drug dealers, and we have arrested officers selling weapons to undercover agents". He stressed that many officers did their best even while some had chosen to "violate their oath". The previous year, the violent death of trafficking kingpin Jose "Coquito" Lopez Rosario had spawned an investigation into the upper levels of the territory's government. The late kingpin's ties to three local senators extended to the point that one of the officials had brought him along during prison inspections. Crime in the 2010s The massive bust on Puerto Rican soil as a result of Operation Guard Shack generated international media coverage, with publications such as the American CNN and the British Daily Telegraph reporting on it. The culmination of a two-year FBI investigation into law enforcement corruption in the territory, the operation came to a head on October 6, 2010, with a series of pre-dawn raids. These led to over a hundred arrests, with those taken in including members of the PRPD, the Puerto Rico Corrections Department (PRCD), and even U.S. Army soldiers. The corrupt individuals had gone beyond providing security for drug traffickers to actively taking part in the deals. Officials charged a total of 133 individuals in the operation. The operation began at 3 a.m. as sixty-five tactical groups spread across the territory, with Hostage Rescue Teams (HRT) and Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) making the surprise arrests. Over one thousand agents of the FBI, many of them flown into the island secretly, conducted the massive raid. The organization labeled the operation as "likely the largest police corruption case in the FBI's history." "The people of Puerto Rico deserve better," stated then U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder. Causes of police corruption include the relatively low wages paid to regular officers. Then Police Association President Jose Rodriguez reported in 2007 that Puerto Ricans patrolling the streets made about twenty-six thousand dollars a year. Rodriguez additionally pointed out how local sergeants supervised thirty to thirty-five officers— in contrast to the average of ten in the continental U.S. Puerto Rico's murder rate dropped somewhat from the 1990s into the 2000s, yet violent crime remained significantly higher not just at a regional but also on an international scale. In the mid-2000s, the territory's troubles ranked it sixth worldwide in murders per capita. In 2006, a total of 736 individuals were murdered in Puerto Rico. In terms of the 2010s, the cycle of violence between criminals and law enforcement remained a severe challenge as conditions on the island evolved. A 2011 report by the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice into the Puerto Rican police concluded that the department was "broken in a number of critical and fundamental respects". While stating that many "hard working and dedicated" officers "serve the public with distinction under often challenging conditions", the investigators declared that the violations "uncovered are pervasive and plague all levels of" the department. At the conclusion of that year, Puerto Rico's experienced a spike in violent crime, with over a thousand people having been killed. The Puerto Rican debt crisis of the mid-2010s has challenged the territory's civil society and resulted in hundreds of thousands of residents becoming unemployed. A subsequent wave of migration to the mainland from the island took place as well. A U.S. federal oversight board agreed to supervise the local government's financial administration in 2016, with some $74 billion of debt on the line. A Miami Herald article from 2017 stated that the crisis has left Puerto Rican "institutions in shambles". During a weekend in December 2018, there were seven killings. The extent to which such violence will cycle as the rebuilding takes place remains uncertain. Police Superintendent Hector Pesquera remarked in 2017 that Puerto Rico's crime problem had been mostly "out of sight, out of mind" to mainland Americans before the hurricane and no longer was. Nonetheless, individuals such as former Police Superintendent Miguel Pereira have observed that the large profit margins associated with illegal drugs in Puerto Rico, the high demand being driven by multiple social problems, will foster criminal acts no matter what law enforcement tries to do. Pereira provided a specific example in 2013 with how cocaine sold for about $15,000 a kilo on Puerto Rican streets while wholesale producer in areas of Colombia produced the substance for only $400 per kilo or so. Thus, Pereira publicly lamented, criminals could even lose a full 90% of their supply through anti-drug efforts and still receive significant returns; for instance, a mobster cleaned out of all but 100 of his initial 1,000 kilos could still manage to become a millionaire from those leftovers alone. Crime in the 2020s There were 529 homicides in 2020 and 614 in 2019. Debates and discussions Commentators that have questioned the effectiveness of government anti-crime policy altogether include Gary Gutierrez, a criminal justice professor at the University of Turabo, and Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, an academic and historian associated with the University of Puerto Rico (UPR). In 2013, the former secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Zoé Laboy remarked publicly that "in general terms we have failed" () while arguing that some initiatives had resulted in good outcomes. In the aftermath of 2017's Hurricane Maria, Miami Herald journalist David Ovalle wrote, Crime against women Domestic violence was criminalized in Puerto Rico under Law 54 of 1989. The law includes a rehabilitation program as an alternative to prison for convicted offenders but according to the Centro de Periodismo Investigativo (Center of Investigative Reporting) this program lacks supervision, which undermines its credibility. From 2009 to 2021 at least 196 women on the island were killed in acts of gender-based violence according to the Oficina de la Procuradora de la Mujer (Office of the Woman's Rights Advocate) of the government of Puerto Rico. On January 26, 2021, governor Pedro Pierluisi declared a state of emergency after several women were murdered. The epidemic of violence against women in Puerto Rico reached a high when in two unrelated cases women were murdered at the end of April, 2021. According to the FBI Félix Verdejo murdered his pregnant lover on April 30, 2021. The 27-year-old was punched, injected with drugs, tied to heavy stones, thrown over a bridge into a river and then shot at. The other murder victim, Andrea C. Ruiz Costas, had requested a restraining order against her violent partner but had been denied. These murders attracted large media and public attention which increased demands from women seeking assistance in cases of gender based violence. On May 5 the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico which is managing Puerto Rico's debt crisis approved $7 million in funding after initially rejecting this amount. The money was approved so that the Puerto Rico police can address the epidemic of gender violence. On August 27, 2021, governor Pedro Pierluisi signed into law a measure that turned feminicides and transfeminicides into separate categories of crimes. The new law designated these crimes as first degree murders and as a result raised the punishment for committing them to a maximum of 99 years. In popular culture Crime in Puerto Rico was featured in a film and accompanying soundtrack by Daddy Yankee called . The soundtrack has had four singles released off of it: "Pose", "Somos de Calle", "¿Qué Tengo Que Hacer?", and "Llamado de Emergencia". See also Crime in the United States Government of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Department of Justice Puerto Rico Police Department Martinez Familia Sangeros Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico-related articles Puerto Rican people Social culture of Puerto Rico Tony Tursi (criminal) Edsel Torres Gomez Papo Cachete References External links United States Attorney's Office - District of Puerto Rico Incident Statistics Tool

56352643

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Maskell

Joseph Maskell

Anthony Joseph Maskell (April 13, 1939 – May 7, 2001) was an American Catholic priest who was removed from the ministry because of sexual abuse toward female students at Archbishop Keough High School between 1969 and 1975. He served the Archdiocese of Baltimore as a counselor from 1965 to 1994. The Netflix documentary series The Keepers alleges Maskell's involvement in the murder of Catherine Cesnik in 1969, after a former Keough student and alleged abuse victim, Jean Hargadon Wehner, claimed he showed her Cesnik's body to threaten Wehner into silence. Maskell denied all accusations until his death in 2001. Early life Anthony Joseph Maskell was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Joseph Francis Maskell and Susie Helen Jenkins, and grew up in Northeast Baltimore. He preferred to be called Joseph in deference to St. Joseph. After graduating from Calvert Hall College High School, Maskell went to St. Mary's Seminary in Roland Park for priesthood training. His father died in 1963. Maskell was ordained on May 22, 1965, at the age of 26. His peers described him as "deeply intelligent" and "fascinated with psychology". In 1972, Maskell earned a master's degree in school psychology from Towson State University, and then a certificate of advanced study in counseling from Johns Hopkins University. Career After his ordination, Maskell worked at Sacred Heart of Mary in Baltimore from 1965 to 1966, then transferred to St. Clement Church in Lansdowne, where he worked from 1966 to 1968, and then to Our Lady of Victory from 1968 to 1970. He simultaneously worked at the all-girls Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore from 1967 to 1975 as a counselor and chaplain, but was removed from the school by a new headmistress after she received complaints about him from parents. Maskell was transferred to the Division of Schools from 1975 to 1980, and served at Annunciation from 1980 to 1982. He transferred to Holy Cross from 1982 to 1992. The Archdiocese of Baltimore sent Maskell for treatment at The Institute of Living, a psychiatric facility in Connecticut, from 1992 to 1993 over allegations of sexual abuse. He was finally sent to St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church in Elkridge as a pastor from 1993 to 1994, before being "prohibited" from the ministry after further abuse allegations surfaced in 1994. Maskell had also concurrently in his career served as chaplain for the Maryland State Police, the Baltimore County Police Department (BCPD), the Maryland National Guard, and the Air National Guard where he was a lieutenant colonel. He kept a police scanner and a loaded gun in his car. Abuse allegations Prior to accusations of sexual abuse against female students at Keough High School, Maskell was first accused of forcing an altar boy at St. Clement Church, Charles Franz, to drink wine before sexually abusing him. Franz and his mother came forward in 1967. The next year, instead of charging or removing Maskell from the ministry, the Archdiocese of Baltimore simply removed him from St. Clement and sent him to a neighboring parish, Our Lady of Victory. There, his duties included acting as the moderator of the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO). During CYO dances, Maskell frequently left a BCPD auxiliary officer to act as security while he went on ride-alongs with other BCPD officers. When sent to Our Lady of Victory, he was also assigned the position of chaplain/counselor at the all-girl Keough High School. While there, his alleged abuse continued and became progressively worse. Archbishop Keough High School Jean Hargadon Wehner, a student at Keough, alleged she first confided in Father E. Neil Magnus (1937–1988) in 1968 about sexual abuse she allegedly was subjected to at the hands of her uncle when she was a child, beginning at age 14, and continuing from 1968 to 1972. Wehner alleges Magnus then sexually abused Wehner and blamed her for being promiscuous. Later, Wehner alleges Maskell joined in the abuse. Wehner stated she was far more frightened of Maskell, who she found to be more intimidating and threatening. Wehner alleges Maskell repeatedly called her a "whore" and forced her to swallow his semen, claiming she was "receiving the Holy Spirit." Wehner has stated these memories of abuse had been recovered after twenty years. Repressed memories are very controversial. Teresa Lancaster, another alleged victim at Keough, stated that on Halloween of 1970, Maskell drove her to a popular location where students gathered. Two police officers arrived and directed other students to leave, then raped Lancaster while Maskell waited outside the car. It is believed that approximately 30 people claim Maskell was sexually abusive towards them. Murder of Catherine Cesnik In 1969, toward the end of the school year, Wehner allegedly confided about the abuse to Catherine Cesnik, a popular nun among the students. Cesnik promised she would help, but was then transferred along with her friend, Sister Helen Russell Phillips, to Western High School for a public school outreach teaching program. Cesnik disappeared on November 7, 1969, and her body was eventually discovered on January 3, 1970. Four days after her disappearance, 20-year-old Joyce Malecki also disappeared in a nearby region. Wehner alleged that shortly after Cesnik's disappearance, Maskell took her to a wooded area to see Cesnik's decomposing body and stated, "You see what happens when you say bad things about people?" After his death Maskell was exhumed. His DNA did not match; he was not ruled out as a suspect formally. Lawsuit In 1992, the first sexual abuse allegation against Maskell was made public by Wehner. He was removed from the ministry that year, and sent for evaluation and "treatment" at The Institute of Living. Maskell was reinstated in 1993 after the Archdiocese claimed it was unable to corroborate the allegation through an internal investigation. However, on September 8, 1993, criminal charges regarding Wehner's allegation were filed through Maryland Deputy Attorney General Ralph S. Tyler III. The lawsuit was dropped after the court rejected repressed memories as a scientifically proven memory mechanism. In 1994, another lawsuit was filed by Wehner, this time with Lancaster and four others, included allegations against gynecologist Christian Richter, who engaged in abuse with Maskell. Lawyers representing the Archdiocese were able to have the second lawsuit dropped due to the statute of limitations. Maskell was removed from the ministry on July 31, 1994. That same year, following the abuse allegations, Maskell fled to Wexford, Ireland, and was placed on "temporary leave". He was ordered not to perform any of his priestly duties. However, Maskell continued to practice psychology. According to Lancaster, "We do have word that there are two victims coming forward in Ireland." The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns was not made aware of Maskell's presence in Ireland by the Archdiocese and it was only discovered after Maskell performed Mass without approval. Ferns Diocese kept a file on Maskell dating from April 19, 1995, to September 22, 1998. On June 25, 1996, Ferns Diocese, after requesting information from Baltimore regarding Maskell, was informed that he was placed on leave following accusations of sexual abuse and that his whereabouts were unknown to the Archdiocese. Death He claimed his innocence until his death due to a stroke on May 7, 2001. Maskell's body was exhumed on February 28, 2017, prior to the release of the Netflix documentary series The Keepers, for DNA testing involving the murder of Cathy Cesnik. Maskell's DNA did not match the forensic profile from 1970, although investigators noted that this did not definitively rule him out as a suspect. Though never formally charged, the Archdiocese of Baltimore had settled with sixteen of Maskell's possible victims for a total of $472,000. HSE investigation in Ireland In July 2017, the Health Service Executive (HSE) in Ireland opened an investigation into the employment of Maskell. As of October 2019, the HSE refused to offer any timeframe for the investigation. Abbie Schaub, a former student of Cesnik, expressed frustration that the HSE refused to release documentation to her concerning how Maskell was hired by the Eastern Health Board in 1995. She said: "Fr Maskell’s employment, working with youngsters for the Irish health board, after he fled a trial for sexual abuse of minors in America, is cause for public concern. If there were problems in the background check system, these should be discussed and corrected." References External links 1939 births 2001 deaths Religious leaders from Baltimore St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni Towson University alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore School sexual abuse scandals Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States 20th-century American Roman Catholic priests United States Air National Guard

56447678

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20February%202018

Deaths in February 2018

The following is a list of notable deaths in February 2018. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. February 2018 1 Omar Aggad, 90, Palestinian-born Saudi Arabian investor and philanthropist. Haji Saifullah Khan Bangash, 70, Pakistani politician, Senator (since 2012), heart failure. John Battaglia, 62, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection. André Baudry, 95, French magazine editor (Arcadie). Niranjan Bhagat, 91, Indian poet, stroke. Hazar Khan Bijarani, 71, Pakistani politician, MP (1990–1993, 1997–2013), shot. Cliff Bourland, 97, American sprinter, Olympic champion (1948), complications from pneumonia. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart, 68, Cuban nuclear physicist and scientific adviser, suicide. Dino Cinel, 76, Italian-American priest and historian, stabbed. Dennis Edwards, 74, American Hall of Fame soul and R&B singer (The Contours, The Temptations), complications from meningitis. Édouard Ferrand, 52, French politician, MEP (since 2014). Sonia Gechtoff, 91, American painter. Germain Grisez, 88, French-American philosopher. Nicholas von Hoffman, 88, American journalist. Barys Kit, 107, Belarusian rocket scientist. Robert Larsson, 50, Swedish ice hockey player (Skellefteå AIK), complications from a heart attack. Li Kelin, 75, Chinese container transport executive (China Shipping Group). John Jacob Lavranos, 91, South African insurance broker and botanist. Patricia Lindop, 87, British radiation biologist. Michael O'Hara, 85, American Olympic volleyball player (1964), Pan-American Games champion (1959). Frank L. Oliver, 95, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1973–2010). Mowzey Radio, 33, Ugandan singer (Goodlyfe Crew), head injury. Fariha Razzaq Haroon, 61–62, Pakistani politician, shot. Sewall Shurtz, 84, American Olympic fencer (1956). Palle Sørensen, 90, Danish convicted murderer. Alan Stout, 85, American composer. Su Bai, 95, Chinese archaeologist. William Whitehead, 86, Canadian writer. 2 Boaz Arad, 61, Israeli artist, suicide by hanging. Dave Barrett, 87, Canadian politician, Premier of British Columbia (1972–1975), Alzheimer's disease. Carlo Brugnami, 79, Italian racing cyclist. Sanford Diller, 89, American real estate developer and philanthropist. Derek Freeman, 93, Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council (1973–1981, 1981–1984). Albina Girfanova, 61, Russian linguist and anthropologist. Tomás Gutiérrez, 77, Puerto Rican basketball player (Leones de Ponce). Jon Huntsman Sr., 80, American chemical manufacturer and philanthropist, prostate cancer. Malcolm Jefferson, 71, British racehorse trainer. Paulo Roberto Morais Júnior, 33, Brazilian footballer (Incheon United, Al-Fujairah), leukemia. Alan Maynard, 73, British health economist. Durk van der Mei, 93, Dutch politician, Secretary of State (1977–1981). Kingunge Ngombale–Mwiru, 87, Tanzanian politician, MP (2000–2010). Fábio Pereira de Azevedo, 41, Brazilian-born Togolese footballer (A.D. Isidro Metapán), traffic collision. Joseph Polchinski, 63, American theoretical physicist, cancer. Ole Thestrup, 69, Danish actor (Borgen, The Green Butchers, Ronal Barbaren), lung cancer. Melvyn Weiss, 82, American attorney, complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 3 Bert Brown, 79, Canadian politician, Senator (2007–2013). Sam Cataldo, 80, American politician, member of the New Hampshire Senate (2012–2016), traffic collision. Leon "Ndugu" Chancler, 65, American jazz/pop drummer ("Billie Jean"), prostate cancer. Pierre Conner, 85, American mathematician. Ted Corbett, 94, New Zealand organic chemist (University of Otago). Roy Dietzel, 87, American baseball player (Washington Senators). Roman Filipov, 33, Russian fighter pilot, suicide by grenade explosion. Michael Gordon, 62, Australian journalist (The Age), heart attack. Michael Harner, 88, American anthropologist and author. Lakshmi Kanakala, 78, Indian actress, cardiac arrest. Federico Leardini, 38, Italian economic journalist, heart attack. Oswaldo Loureiro, 85, Brazilian actor. Bert Lundin, 96, Swedish union leader. Károly Palotai, 82, Hungarian football player and referee, Olympic champion (1964). Ilse Petri, 99, German actress. Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten, 95, Dutch economist. Alec Sehon, 93, Romanian-born Canadian immunologist. George Shadid, 88, American politician, member of the Illinois Senate (1993–2006). Hukum Singh, 79, Indian politician, MP (since 2014). Bill Teale, 70, American educator. Rolf Zacher, 76, German actor (Jaider, der einsame Jäger, Angelo und Luzy, Rising to the Bait). 4 Frank Allen, 91, Australian footballer (East Perth, Western Australia), cancer. Zvi Arad, 75, Israeli mathematician. Majid Ariff, 80, Singaporean football player and coach. Alan Baker, 78, British mathematician, recipient of the Fields Medal (1970), stroke. Etelka Barsi-Pataky, 76, Hungarian politician, MEP (2004–2009). Don Choate, 79, American baseball player (San Francisco Giants), cancer. Jack Davis, 82, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1987–1989), dementia. Nicholas Dopuch, 88, American accounting researcher. Gregor Dorfmeister, 88, German writer and journalist (Die Brücke, Town Without Pity). Martin Grüner, 88, German politician. Kenneth Haigh, 86, British actor (Man at the Top, Cleopatra, Eagle in a Cage). *Hoàng Vân, 87, Vietnamese songwriter. Takuya Iwasaki, 88, Japanese Middle Eastern archaeologist and professor (University of Tsukuba). Edwin Jackson, 26, American football player (Indianapolis Colts, Arizona Cardinals), traffic collision. John Mahoney, 77, English-American actor (Frasier, In the Line of Fire, Say Anything...), Tony winner (1986), complications from throat cancer. Esmond Bradley Martin, 76, American conservationist, stabbed. Nat Neujean, 95, Belgian sculptor. Séamus Pattison, 81, Irish politician, TD (1961–2007), Parkinson's disease. Laurin Pepper, 88, American football and baseball player (Southern Miss Golden Eagles, Pittsburgh Pirates). Wojciech Pokora, 83, Polish actor. Leif Rygg, 77, Norwegian fiddler, cancer. Irina Sanpiter, 60, Russian actress (Bianco, rosso e Verdone), leukemia. Jim Stillwagon, 68, American football player (Ohio State Buckeyes, Toronto Argonauts). T. Varagunam, 87, Sri Lankan academic and physician. 5 John Agitation, 90, Trinidadian comedian. Siddiq Baloch, 77, Pakistani journalist and political economist, pancreatic cancer. Caroline Brown, 64, British cellist (Hanover Band), Krukenberg tumor. Chien Te-men, 74, Taiwanese actor. Richard Doughty, 57, English cricketer (Gloucestershire). Margot Duhalde, 97, Chilean pilot (Air Transport Auxiliary). Dovid Grossman, 71, American rabbi, traffic collision. Ladislav Kačáni, 86, Slovak football player and coach. Yoshihide Kozai, 89, Japanese astronomer, liver failure. Ken McPherson, 90, English footballer (Coventry City, Newport County, Swindon Town). Bob Morrow, 71, Canadian politician, Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario (1982–2000). Jeremy Nunley, 46, American football player (Houston Oilers, Carolina Panthers), heart attack. Seán O'Connor, 82, Irish hurler (Limerick GAA) and referee. Domingo Pillado, 90, Chilean Olympic footballer (1952). Mathieu Riboulet, 57, French writer and film director, cancer. Francisco Rojas San Román, 59, Mexican trucker, motivational coach and politician, MP (2009–2012, since 2015), shot. Zeno Roth, 61, German guitarist and songwriter (Uli Jon Roth). Sushma Shimkhada, 82, Nepali sculptor. Jockie Soerjoprajogo, 63, Indonesian musician and songwriter, complications from diabetes, cirrhosis and stroke. Ove Stokstad, 78, Norwegian artist and jazz musician. Hugh Wirth, 78, Australian veterinarian and animal welfare advocate. Norman Zabusky, 89, American physicist. 6 Fedora Alemán, 105, Venezuelan singer (Virginia). Aljabr, 22, American racehorse, heart attack. Liliana Bodoc, 59, Argentine author (La Saga de los Confines), heart attack. Douglas Botting, 83, English explorer and author. Bernard Darmet, 72, French Olympic racing cyclist (1968). Doug Guetzloe, 63, American political consultant. André Harvey, 75, American sculptor. Jao Tsung-I, 100, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, calligrapher and painter. Joe Knollenberg, 84, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1993–2009), Alzheimer's disease. Donald Lynden-Bell, 82, English astrophysicist, complications from a stroke. Muhiyidin Moye, 32, American political activist (Black Lives Matter), shot. Madavoor Vasudevan Nair, 88, Indian Kathakali dancer. Débora Pérez Volpin, 50, Argentine journalist and politician, member of the Buenos Aires City Legislature (since 2017), cardiac arrest. James W. Sire, 84, American author. Brunello Spinelli, 78, Italian water polo player, Olympic champion (1960), traffic collision. Frida Topno, 92, Indian politician. John Anthony West, 85, American author and Egyptologist, cancer. Michael White, 58, British author and musician (Thompson Twins). 7 Brahim Akhiat, 77, Moroccan author. John Perry Barlow, 70, American writer, lyricist (Grateful Dead) and internet activist, co-founder of Electronic Frontier Foundation. Nelson Cooke, 98, Australian cellist (London Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and teacher (Canberra School of Music). Torsten Engberg, 83, Swedish military officer. Johny Hoffmann, 73, Luxembourgian footballer. Mickey Jones, 76, American drummer (Kenny Rogers and The First Edition) and actor (Home Improvement, National Lampoon's Vacation), complications from diabetes. Waltraud Kretzschmar, 70, East German handball player (national team), world champion (1971, 1975, 1978), Olympic silver (1976) and bronze medalist (1980). T. N. Krishnamurti, 85, Indian meteorologist. Ralph Lumenti, 81, American baseball player (Washington Senators). Jill Messick, 50, American film producer (Mean Girls, Frida) and talent manager (Rose McGowan), suicide. Newton Morton, 88, American epidemiologist. Herman Ferdinandus Maria Münninghoff, 96, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jayapura (1972–1997), cancer. Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu, 70, Indian politician, dengue fever. Valerii Postoyanov, 76, Russian Olympic sport shooter (1972). Nabi Şensoy, 72, Turkish diplomat, ambassador to the United States (2006–2009). Pat Torpey, 64, American drummer (Mr. Big), complications from Parkinson's disease. Skule Waksvik, 90, Norwegian sculptor. Catherine G. Wolf, 70, American psychologist, complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 8 Ben Agajanian, 98, American football player (New York Giants, Green Bay Packers), NFL Champion (1956, 1961). Zarnigar Agakisiyeva, 72, Azerbaijani actress, heart failure. Jarrod Bannister, 33, Australian Olympic javelin thrower (2008, 2012), Commonwealth Games champion (2010). Carl K. Benhase, 88, American football coach (Hanover Panthers). Paul Danblon, 86, Belgian journalist and composer. Agenor Girardi, 66, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of União da Vitória (since 2015). Robert A. Gross, 90, American physicist and engineering scientist. Marie Gruber, 62, German actress (Go Trabi Go, The Lives of Others, The Reader), lung cancer. Don Hart, 87, Australian football player (Fitzroy). Algia Mae Hinton, 88, American blues singer and guitarist. M. Cecil Mackey, 89, American academic administrator, President of Michigan State University (1979–1985). John Martinkovic, 91, American football player (Green Bay Packers, New York Giants). Khalid Mehsud, 44, Pakistani terrorist, drone strike. Ebony Reigns, 20, Ghanaian singer, traffic collision. Carlos Robles Piquer, 92, Spanish diplomat and politician, Minister of Education and Science (1975–1976), Senator (1983–1987) and MEP (1986–1999). Gary Seear, 65, New Zealand rugby union player (Otago, New Zealand Colts, national team), cancer. Kavous Seyed-Emami, 64, Iranian environmentalist, suicide by hanging. Lovebug Starski, 57, American rapper and disc jockey, heart attack. Sandra L. Townes, 73, American judge (United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York), cancer. 9 Ray Baum, 62, American politician, lawyer and lobbyist (NAB), member of the Oregon House of Representatives (1988–1996), cancer. Peter Beer, 89, American judge (Eastern District of Louisiana). Reg E. Cathey, 59, American actor (The Wire, House of Cards, Fantastic Four), Emmy winner (2015), lung cancer. Michael Crouch, 84, Australian investor and water boiler manufacturer (Zip Industries). Dolores Crow, 86, American politician and legislator, member of the Idaho House of Representatives (1982–2006). Antoine Culioli, 93, French linguist. Serge Daan, 77, Dutch zoologist. Jim Garrett, 87, American football player (BC Lions), coach (Columbia Lions) and scout (Dallas Cowboys). John Gavin, 86, American actor (Psycho, Spartacus, Imitation of Life) and diplomat, Ambassador to Mexico (1981–1986), pneumonia. Nebojša Glogovac, 48, Serbian actor (Klopka), cancer. István Hevesi, 86, Hungarian water polo player, Olympic champion (1956). Jóhann Jóhannsson, 48, Icelandic film composer (The Theory of Everything, Arrival, Sicario), accidental cocaine overdose. Bernard Koura, 94, French painter. Mordechai E. Kreinin, 88, Israeli-born American economist. Alfonso Lacadena, 53, Spanish Mesoamerican epigraphist and academic (Complutense University of Madrid), cancer. Robert W. Lichtwardt, 93, Brazilian-born American mycologist. Craig MacGregor, 68, American bass guitarist (Foghat), lung cancer. Neill McGeachy, 75, American college basketball coach (Duke University) and athletic director (Lenoir–Rhyne University). Liam Miller, 36, Irish footballer (Manchester United, Sunderland, national team), pancreatic cancer. Wally Moon, 87, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers), World Series champion (1959, 1963, 1965). Henryk Niedźwiedzki, 84, Polish boxer, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). "Sunshine" Sonny Payne, 92, American radio presenter (KFFA). Edward Pearce, 78, English political journalist and writer. Bruno Rossetti, 57, Italian sport shooter, Olympic bronze medalist (1992). Anne Treisman, 82, British psychologist. Edward Vebell, 96, American Olympic fencer (1952) and illustrator. Keith M. Wilson, 73, British historian. 10 Advent Bangun, 66, Indonesian karateka and actor (The Devil's Sword), diabetes. Sir Alan Battersby, 92, British organic chemist. Jeff Bell, 74, American political consultant, presidential speechwriter and politician. Fran Bera, 93, American aviator. Troy Blakely, 68, American music executive and talent manager (Sammy Hagar, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Poison), cancer. Tina Louise Bomberry, 52, Canadian Mohawk actress (North of 60). Walter Boucquet, 76, Belgian racing cyclist. Sir Lawrence Byford, 92, British police officer and author, Chief Inspector of Constabulary (1983–1987). Bevan Congdon, 79, New Zealand cricketer (Central Districts, Canterbury, national team). Rosa Ferrer Obiols, 57, Andorran politician, MP (1994–2001, 2005–2007), Mayor of Andorra la Vella (2007–2015) and Minister of Health, Welfare and Occupation (2015–2016), cancer. Michiko Ishimure, 90, Japanese writer, complications from Parkinson's disease. Raimund Herincx, 90, British bass-baritone. Tamio Kawachi, 79, Japanese actor (Story of a Prostitute, Tokyo Drifter, Gappa: The Triphibian Monster), cerebral infarction. Richard C. Lamb, 84, American astrophysicist. Stephen A. Mahin, 71, American structural engineer. Donald Mark, 91, American judge (New York Supreme Court). William Merriweather Peña, 99, American architect. John Muir, 73, Australian judge. Myroslav Popovych, 87, Ukrainian philosopher. Ludmila Švédová, 81, Czech gymnast, Olympic silver medalist (1960). Chris Stockwell, 60, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP (1990–2003) and Speaker (1996–1999), cancer. V. Joseph Thomas, 76, Indian police chief. Peter Thonemann, 100, Australian-born British physicist. Calvin Edouard Ward, 92, American concert pianist. 11 Anthony Acevedo, 93, American soldier and diarist. Darien Boswell, 79, New Zealand Olympic rower (1964). Sister Claire SMMI, 81, Indian Roman Catholic nun and artist. Michael Cohen, 80, American physician and anthropologist, pneumonia. Vic Damone, 89, American pop singer ("On the Street Where You Live", "You're Breaking My Heart"), complications from respiratory illness. Ramendra Narayan Debbarma, 68, Indian politician, MLA (since 2013), stroke. Jon D. Fox, 70, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995–1999), cancer. Parbati Ghose, 84, Indian actress and film director, first female filmmaker from Odisha. Asma Jahangir, 66, Pakistani human rights activist and lawyer, President of SCBAP (2010–2012) and Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran (since 2016), heart attack. Lâm Ngươn Tánh, 89, Vietnamese military officer. Joseph MacNeil, 93, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint John (1969–1973), Archbishop of Edmonton (1973–1999). Jan Maxwell, 61, American actress and singer (Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Follies, Gossip Girl), meningitis complicated from breast cancer. Des Moroney, 82, Canadian-born Swedish ice hockey player and coach (Leksand, Västerås, Örebro). Juozas Preikšas, 91, Lithuanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Panevėžys (1989–2002). Tom Rapp, 70, American singer-songwriter (Pearls Before Swine), cancer. Jean Renaux, 84, French Olympic sports shooter (1960, 1964). Andy Rice, 77, American football player (Kansas City Chiefs, Cincinnati Bengals, Chicago Bears). Dick Scott, 76, English footballer (Norwich City F. C.). John Nanzip Shagaya, 75, Nigerian politician, Minister of Internal Affairs (1985–1990), traffic collision. Sir Nicholas Shehadie, 92, Australian rugby union player (Randwick, New South Wales, national team), Lord Mayor of Sydney (1973–1975). Sun Shu, 84, Chinese geologist, Director of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Raymond Vautherin, 82, French-born Italian linguist. Qazi Wajid, 87, Pakistani actor (Ankahi, Tanhaiyaan, Dhoop Kinare) and radio personality, heart attack. 12 Marty Allen, 95, American actor and comedian (Allen & Rossi), complications from pneumonia. Mohammed Amin, 89, Indian politician and trade unionist. Weems Oliver Baskin III, 81, American politician, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1972–1974). Jean-Jacques Béchio, 68, Ivorian politician. Martin van der Borgh, 83, Dutch racing cyclist. Dave Clark, 81, American Olympic pole vaulter (1960), cancer. Bill Crider, 76, American author, cancer. Leo Falcam, 82, Micronesian politician, President of the Federated States of Micronesia (1999–2003), Vice President (1997–1999), Governor of Pohnpei (1979–1983). Giuseppe Galasso, 88, Italian historian and politician, Deputy (1983–1994). Jef Geys, 83, Belgian artist. Luo Haocai, 83, Chinese politician and legal scholar, chairman of China Zhi Gong Party. Abdul Manan Ismail, 69, Malaysian politician, fall. Louise Latham, 95, American actress (Marnie). Jack Ludwig, 95, Canadian author. Ursula Marvin, 96, American planetary geologist. Grant McBride, 68, Australian politician, member of the Parliament of New South Wales (1992–2011), Alzheimer's disease. László Melis, 64, Hungarian composer and violinist. Alexander B. Morrison, 87, American religious leader, general authority of the LDS Church (since 1987). Fethia Mzali, 90, Tunisian politician, country's first female government minister. Gerald Reaven, 89, American endocrinologist. Rudy Regalado, 87, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians). Daryle Singletary, 46, American country music singer ("I Let Her Lie", "The Note", "Amen Kind of Love"). Mogau Tshehla, 26, South African footballer (Witbank Spurs, Polokwane City), traffic collision. Françoise Xenakis, 87, French writer. 13 Edward M. Abroms, 82, American film editor (Blue Thunder, The Sugarland Express, Street Fighter), heart failure. Joseph Bonnel, 79, French footballer (Marseille, national team). Scott Boyer, 70, American singer, songwriter and musician (Cowboy, The 31st of February). Carriega, 88, Spanish football coach (Real Zaragoza, Sevilla, Atlético Madrid). Chyskillz, 48, American hip hop producer. Danilinho, 32, Brazilian footballer (Chapecoense, Juazeirense), heart attack. Florin Diacu, 58, Romanian-born Canadian mathematician. Dobri Dobrev, 103, Bulgarian ascetic and philanthropist. James W. Downing, 104, American naval officer and author, commanding officer of , complications from heart surgery. Tito Francona, 84, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, Baltimore Orioles). Ernest Hecht, 88, Czechoslovakian-born British publisher. Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark, 83, French-born Danish royal consort (since 1972), complications from pneumonia. Sandra Love, 72, American politician, member of the New Jersey General Assembly (2008–2010). Victor Milan, 63, American author (Wild Cards, Deathlands, BattleTech), cancer. Geir Magnus Nyborg, 66, Norwegian theologian. Danko Radić, 65, Croatian basketball referee and coach. Carmela Rey, 86, Mexican singer and actress. John Robb, 85, Northern Irish politician and surgeon. Josefina Samper, 90, Spanish syndicalist, communist and feminist. George P. Steele, 93, American military officer. Nini Theilade, 102, Danish ballet dancer and choreographer (A Midsummer Night's Dream, Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo). Peter Daniel Truman, 83, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1983–1988). John Turnbull, 82, New Zealand cricketer. 14 Zoltán Agócs, 79, Slovakian architect (Apollo Bridge). Abolfazl Anvari, 80, Iranian Olympic wrestler (1968, 1972), world championship bronze medalist (1966, 1969). Lois Barker, 94, American baseball player (AAGPBL). Lev Bayandin, 76, Russian politician, Governor of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (1991–1994). Lerone Bennett Jr., 89, American scholar and author, editor of Ebony, vascular dementia. Angus Black, 92, Scottish rugby player (Lions, national team). Pyotr Bochek, 92, Ukrainian military officer, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Don Carter, 84, American investor, founding owner of the Dallas Mavericks. Marty Dolin, 78, American-born Canadian politician, Manitoba MLA for Kildonan (1985–1988). Claes Elmstedt, 89, Swedish politician, MP (1965–1984), Minister for Communications (1981–1982). Nuray Hafiftaş, 53, Turkish folk singer. Billy Henderson, 89, American football coach (Clarke Central). Walter W. Holland, 88, Czech-born British epidemiologist. Antoni Krauze, 78, Polish screenwriter and director. Jörg Kuebart, 83, German military officer. Ruud Lubbers, 78, Dutch politician and diplomat, Prime Minister (1982–1994), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005). Arthur J. Moss, 86, American cardiologist (University of Rochester). John Pitman, 77, American journalist. Bolla Bulli Ramaiah, 91, Indian politician. Morgan Tsvangirai, 65, Zimbabwean politician and opposition leader, Prime Minister (2009–2013), colorectal cancer. AnnMarie Wolpe, 87, South African feminist, sociologist and academic. 15 Abdilaqim Ademi, 48, Macedonian politician, MP (2002–2006) and Minister of Education and Science (since 2014). Lassie Lou Ahern, 97, American actress (Our Gang, Uncle Tom's Cabin), complications from influenza. Abdon Alinovi, 94, Italian politician, deputy (1976–1992). Bibi Ballandi, 71, Italian television producer, colorectal cancer. Tosun Bayrak, 92, Turkish writer and artist. Ivar Belck-Olsen, 86, Norwegian politician. Tom Brewer, 86, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox). Don J. Briel, 71, American theologian, leukemia. Leo Cahill, 89, American-Canadian football coach (Toronto Argonauts). Pier Paolo Capponi, 79, Italian actor (The Cat o' Nine Tails). Steven Collins, 66, British-born American Buddhist studies scholar. Marian Czachor, 93, Polish footballer Jacques Hébert, 97, French politician, Mayor of Cherbourg (1958–1977), Deputy (1962–1973). Geoff Jones, 87, Australian football player (St Kilda). Chuck Klausing, 92, American football player (Penn State) and Hall of Fame coach (IUP, Carnegie Mellon). Milan Křížek, 91, Czech composer. Iseabail Macleod, 81, Scottish lexicographer. Gian Paolo Mele, 73, Italian composer, choral director and musicologist. Samuel Mpasu, 72, Malawian politician and author, Speaker of the National Assembly (1999–2003), hypertension. Tamara Nizhnikova, 92, Belarusian singer, People's Artist of the USSR (1964). J. Clay Smith Jr., 75, American jurist and author, chairman of the EEOC, complications from Alzheimer's disease. Daniel Vernet, 72, French journalist and author, heart attack. 16 Napoleon Abueva, 88, Filipino sculptor, National Artist for Visual Arts. Constance Bapela, South African politician, heart attack. Reidar Berg, 93, Norwegian Olympic bobsledder (1948). Jim Bridwell, 73, American free climber, complications from hepatitis C. Little Sammy Davis, 89, American blues singer-songwriter and harmonicist. Hubert Doggart, 92, English cricketer (Cambridge, Sussex, national team). Charles W. Eriksen, 95, American psychologist. Kikuko Inoue, 93, Japanese Olympic equestrian. Heli Lääts, 85, Estonian singer. Eleanor Winsor Leach, 80, American academic. Gochomu J. Mudzingwa, 101, Zimbabwean traditional ruler, Chief Wozhele (since 2008), pneumonia. Harry R. Purkey, 83, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1986–2014). Hans Rinner, 54, Austrian football official, President of Bundesliga (since 2009), cancer. Alexander Sevastian, 41, Russian-born Canadian accordionist, heart attack. Miroslav Šlouf, 69, Czech lobbyist (Lukoil), cirrhosis. Greg Smyth, 51, Canadian ice hockey player (Quebec Nordiques, Philadelphia Flyers, Calgary Flames), cancer. Deryck Stapleton, 100, British Royal Air Force officer. Osvaldo Suárez, 83, Argentine Olympic long-distance runner (1960, 1964), Pan-American Games champion (1955, 1959, 1963). Mike Walker, 72, American gossip columnist (National Enquirer). Jayadeva Yogendra, 88, Indian yoga guru. 17 Ya'akov Ben-Yezri, 90, Moroccan-born Israeli politician, member of Knesset (2006–2009) and Minister of Health (2006–2009). Martin Buvik, 95, Norwegian politician, MP (1965–1977). Blas Calzada Terrados, 80, Spanish economist, Chairman of INE (1977–1979) and President of CNMV (2001–2004), stomach cancer. Silvio Conrado, 72, Nicaraguan economist and banker, cardiac arrest. Jacques Deslauriers, 89, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens). Jim Dickey, 83, American football coach (Kansas State). Beebe Freitas, 79, American pianist and vocal coach. Akinwunmi Isola, 78, Nigerian playwright and actor. Boyd Jarvis, 59, American music producer (Herbie Hancock, La Toya Jackson, Johnny Kemp), cancer. Emmanuele Kanyama, 55, Malawian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Dedza (since 2007), complications from diabetes. Kenneth Kester, 81, American politician, member of the Colorado House of Representatives (1998–2002) and Colorado Senate (2003–2011). Vasily Krylov, 71, Russian biologist. Gumercindo España Olivares, 83, Mexican toymaker. Miguel Pacheco, 86, Spanish racing cyclist. Peder Persson, 79, Swedish footballer. Mikey Post, 35, American actor (Pair of Kings), complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dorothy Rungeling, 106, Canadian aviation pioneer. Rapee Sagarik, 95, Thai orchidologist. Mohamed Shahabuddeen, 86, Guyanese politician and judge (International Court of Justice, Yugoslavia tribunal, International Criminal Court), Vice President (1983–1988). Sampie Terreblanche, 84, South African economist and writer, brain cancer. Gerald Weiß, 58, German Olympic javelin thrower (1988). 18 Rein Ahas, 51, Estonian geographer, heart attack. Abbas Alasgarov, 80, Azerbaijani civil engineer and politician. Günter Blobel, 81, German-born American biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (1999), cancer. Peggy Cooper Cafritz, 70, American social activist and educator, co-founder of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, complications from pneumonia. José Luis Elejalde, 67, Cuban footballer (FC La Habana). Victor Franco, 87, French journalist. Sonia Graham, 88, British actress (Compact, London's Burning, One by One). Peirce F. Lewis, 90, American geographer. Didier Lockwood, 62, French jazz violinist, heart attack. Larry Lolley, 72, American state judge, member of the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal (2003–2017). Georgi Markov, 46, Bulgarian footballer (Lokomotiv Sofia, Levski Sofia, Botev Plovdiv), heart attack. John David Morley, 70, English writer and journalist. Nazif Mujić, 47, Bosnian actor (An Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker). Kandiah Neelakandan, 70, Sri Lankan lawyer. Idrissa Ouédraogo, 64, Burkinabé film director. Pavel Panov, 67, Bulgarian football player and coach (Levski Sofia, Aris, national team). Lee Harris Pomeroy, 85, American architect. K. S. Puttannaiah, 68, Indian politician, MLA for Pandavapura (1994–1999) and Melukote (since 2013), heart attack. Elmar Rojas, 75, Guatemalan artist. Eido Tai Shimano, 85, Japanese Buddhist monk. Ivor Smith, 92, British architect (Park Hill). Heiner Stadler, 75, German jazz musician and producer. Chinedu Udoji, 28, Nigerian footballer (Enyimba, Kano Pillars), traffic collision. Barbara Wersba, 85, American youth writer (Tunes for a Small Harmonica). 19 Hernán Alzamora, 90, Peruvian Olympic hurdler (1948). Judy Blame, 58, English stylist and art director. Harry Blevins, 82, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1998–2001) and Senate (2001–2013). Fred Carr, 71, American football player (Green Bay Packers), dementia and prostate cancer. Max Desfor, 104, American photographer (Associated Press), Pulitzer Prize winner (1951). Jean-Paul Faber, 87, French Olympic sports shooter. Teresa Gisbert Carbonell, 91, Bolivian architect and art historian. Gundu Hanumantha Rao, 61, Indian actor and comedian. Floros Konstantinou, 65, Greek politician, economist and historian, Member of the Parliament of the Hellenes (1981–1996, 2000–2004). Sergei Litvinov, 60, Russian hammer thrower, Olympic champion (1988) and silver medalist (1980), world champion (1983, 1987), heart attack. Thomas Lockhart, 82, American politician, member of the Wyoming House of Representatives (2001–2017). Robert McKim, 72, American politician, member of the Wyoming House of Representatives (2009–2017). Necton Mhura, 61, Malawian diplomat, Ambassador to the United Nations (since 2016) and the United States (2015–2016), cancer. Catherine Nevin, 67, Irish murderer, brain tumour. Sir John Orr, 72, British police officer. Daniel Peredo, 48, Peruvian sports journalist, heart attack. Geoff Pimblett, 73, British rugby league player (England, St Helens R.F.C., Lancashire). Charles Pence Slichter, 94, American physicist. Larry Smith, 79, American puppeteer. Jim Springer, 91, American basketball player (Indianapolis Jets, Bridgeport Roesslers). Sir Peter Squire, 72, British Royal Air Force officer, Chief of the Air Staff (2000–2003). Stormin, 34, British grime musician, skin cancer. Sabah Tani, 49, Bangladeshi singer, low blood pressure. Yuriy Tyukalov, 87, Russian rower, Olympic champion (1952, 1956). Zhang Junsheng, 81, Chinese politician and academic, cardiac arrest. 20 David Barons, 81, British racehorse trainer. Sonja Bata, 91, Swiss shoe museum curator and philanthropist. *Lucien Bouchardeau, 56, Nigerien football referee, heart failure. John Boyd, 92, Scottish milliner. David Caron, 65, American legal scholar. Jiichiro Date, 66, Japanese wrestler, Olympic champion (1976). Herbert Ehrenberg, 91, German politician, Minister of Labour and Social Affairs (1976–1982). William H. Friedland, 94, American rural sociologist. Arnaud Geyre, 82, French racing cyclist, Olympic champion (1956). B. K. Goyal, 82, Indian cardiologist, cardiac arrest. DeWitt Hale, 100, American politician, Member of the Texas House of Representatives (1939–1940, 1953–1978). Joe Hung, 86, Taiwanese journalist (Central News Agency) and diplomat, Representative to Italy (1993–2000), heart and lung disease. Tōta Kaneko, 98, Japanese writer. Agnieszka Kotulanka, 61, Polish actress. Lionel March, 84, British mathematician, architect and digital artist. Howard McCurdy, 85, Canadian politician, MP for Windsor—Walkerville (1984–1988) and Windsor—Tecumseh (1988–1993), cancer. Roy McDonald, 80, Canadian poet, author and musician. Sir Donald Murray, 95, Northern Irish jurist. Andrew Ranicki, 69, British mathematician, leukaemia. Irene Strong, 88, Canadian Olympic swimmer (1948, 1952). Waldo R. Tobler, 87, American geographer and cartographer. Zigmas Zinkevičius, 93, Lithuanian linguist-historian. 21 Valentin Afraimovich, 72, Russian mathematician. Ian Aitken, 90, British journalist and political commentator. Sergei Aleksandrov, 44, Russian footballer (Orenburg, Luch Vladivostok). Arthur Black, 74, Canadian radio broadcaster (CBC), pancreatic cancer. Lawrence D. Brown, 77, American statistician. Thomas M. Carsey, 52, American political scientist, complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Emma Chambers, 53, English actress (The Vicar of Dibley, Notting Hill, How Do You Want Me?), heart attack. Kalyan Singh Chauhan, 58, Indian politician, MLA for Nathdwara (since 2008), cancer. Chow Chee Keong, 69, Malaysian footballer (national team), bladder cancer. John Cribb, 67, Australian triple murderer and rapist. Zelda D'Aprano, 90, Australian political activist. Harriet Fier, 67, American magazine and newspaper editor (Rolling Stone, The Washington Post), breast cancer. Beryl Fletcher, 79, New Zealand novelist. Billy Graham, 99, American evangelist and Southern Baptist minister. Kurt Hansen, 90, footballer Taïeb Louhichi, 69, Tunisian film director (Shadow of the Earth). Betty Miller, 91, American aviator, first female pilot to fly solo across the Pacific Ocean. Ren Osugi, 66, Japanese actor, heart failure. John R. Schmidhauser, 96, American politician, member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Iowa's 1st congressional district (1965–1967). Lokendra Singh, 41, Indian politician, MLA for Noorpur (since 2012), traffic collision. Giuseppe Turini, 90, Italian politician, Senator (1992–2001). 22 Marilyn Fain Apseloff, 83, American children's writer. Errol Buddle, 89, Australian jazz musician. Serban Cantacuzino, 89, Romanian architect. Nanette Fabray, 97, American actress and singer (High Button Shoes, Caesar's Hour, One Day at a Time), Tony (1949) and Emmy Award-winner (1956, 1957). Valentin Falin, 91, Russian Soviet-era diplomat and politician. Forges, 76, Spanish cartoonist (El Jueves, Diario 16, El País), pancreatic cancer. Billi Gordon, 63, American actor, model and neuroscientist. Euler Granda, 82, Ecuadorian poet, writer and psychiatrist. Jack Hamilton, 79, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies, California Angels, New York Mets). Bette Henritze, 93, American actress (The Hospital, The World According to Garp, Other People's Money). Peter Kocot, 61, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (since 2002). Bence Lázár, 26, Hungarian footballer (Újpest FC, SV Würmla), leukemia. Li Ching, 69, Hong Kong actress. (body discovered on this date) Gladys Maccabe, 99, Northern Irish artist. William Serrin, 78, American journalist (Detroit Free Press), winner of Pulitzer Prize (1968), heart attack. László Tahi Tóth, 74, Hungarian actor, stroke. Richard E. Taylor, 88, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (1990). Billy Wilson, 71, English footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Portsmouth). 23 Dom Anile, 80, American football coach and executive (Indianapolis Colts). James Colby, 56, American actor (Patriots Day, Tower Heist, Empire). Graeme Gahan, 76, Australian footballer (Richmond). Ali Teoman Germaner, 83–84, Turkish sculptor. Lewis Gilbert, 97, British film director (You Only Live Twice, Alfie, Educating Rita). James Laxer, 76, Canadian political economist. Donovan McClelland, 69, Northern Irish politician. Saichiro Misumi, 101, Japanese indologist. Allen B. Rosenstein, 97, American systems engineer. Celal Şahin, 92, Turkish musician and actor. Sir Kenneth Scott, 87, British diplomat and courtier. Teddi Siddall, 64, American actress. Jesus Varela, 90, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Sorsogon (1980–2003). Wolfhart Westendorf, 93, German Egyptologist. 24 Getulio Alviani, 78, Italian painter. Kalman Aron, 93, Holocaust survivor and artist. Shmuel Auerbach, 86, Israeli Haredi rabbi, heart disease. Eitan Avitsur, 76, Israeli composer and conductor. Judith Baxter, 62–63, British sociolinguist. Irwin Belk, 95, American politician, philanthropist and retail executive (Belk), member of the North Carolina Senate (1963–1966) and House of Representatives (1959–1962). Wim Claes, 56, Belgian composer, songwriter and music producer. Sir Durward Knowles, 100, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (1964), kidney failure. Ed Leede, 90, American basketball player (Boston Celtics). Bud Luckey, 83, American animator and voice actor (Toy Story, Boundin', Winnie the Pooh). James McIntosh, 87, American rower, Olympic silver medalist (1956). Folco Quilici, 87, Italian film director and screenwriter. Bhanu Kumar Shastri, 92, Indian politician. Sridevi, 54, Indian actress (English Vinglish), accidental drowning. Óscar Julio Vian Morales, 70, Guatemalan Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Santiago de Guatemala (since 2010), cancer. Charles Byron Wilson, 88, American neurosurgeon, heart disease. Yang Rudai, 91, Chinese politician, member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. 25 Urban Bowman, 80, American-Canadian football coach (Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Hamilton Tiger Cats), prostate cancer. Max Cole, 77, Australian football player (Fitzroy). Dai Fudong, 89, Chinese architect, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Dan Fegan, 56, American basketball agent (DeMarcus Cousins, John Wall, Ricky Rubio), traffic collision. Danny Florencio, 70, Filipino basketball player (Toyota, Crispa, U/Tex), heart attack. Ainsley Gotto, 72, Australian political secretary and interior designer, cancer. Michael Green, 91, British journalist and writer. Cynthia Heimel, 70, American columnist, author and humorist, complications from dementia. Richard Hundley, 86, American pianist and composer. Branko Kubala, 69, Czechoslovak-born Spanish footballer (RCD Espanyol, Dallas Tornado). Burton Leland, 69, American politician, member of the Michigan Senate (1999–2006) and House of Representatives (1981–1998), cancer. Leif Liljeroth, 93, Swedish actor. John C. Mula, 75, American art director and production designer (Barney Miller, Charles in Charge, Dinosaurs). Nev Pask, 87, Australian property developer. Ram Punjabi, 89, Indian cricket umpire. Ola Thorleif Ruud, 91, Norwegian politician. Frank Sander, 90, American law professor. Noel Scott, 88, New Zealand politician, MP for Tongariro (1984–1990). Bruce Nelson Stratton, 74, American radio personality (WPLO), throat cancer. Scott Westgarth, 31, British boxer, injuries sustained in match. Tsvetan Veselinov, 70, Bulgarian footballer (Levski Sofia, national team), Olympic silver medalist (1968). Penny Vincenzi, 78, British writer. 26 Joseph Achuzie, 88–89, Nigerian politician and secessionist Biafran military commander. Sir Richard Body, 90, English politician, MP for Boston and Skegness (1966–2001) and Billericay (1955–1959). Ernest Bohr, 93, Danish lawyer and Olympic field hockey player (1948). Mies Bouwman, 88, Dutch television presenter, pneumonia. Patrick Cusick, 98, American civil engineer and city planner, Executive Director of the Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association (1957–1964). *Paul De Meo, 64, American screenwriter and producer (The Rocketeer, Trancers, The Flash). Jim Dobson, 78, American baseball player. Alan Geldard, 90, British cyclist, Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Jim L. Gillis Jr., 101, American politician. Juan Hidalgo Codorniu, 90, Spanish composer. Sir Paul Jenkins, 63, British lawyer, Treasury Solicitor (2006–2014). Mariadas Kagithapu, 81, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Visakhapatnam (1982–2012). Tatyana Karpova, 102, Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1990). Sean Lavery, 61, American ballet dancer (New York City Ballet). Li Boguang, 49, Chinese legal scholar and human rights activist, liver cancer. Giorgi Maisashvili, 55, Georgian economist and politician, cancer. Benjamin Melniker, 104, American film producer (Batman, Constantine, National Treasure). Peter Miles, 89, English actor (Z-Cars, Doctor Who, Blake's 7). Carmen A. Orechio, 91, American politician, member of the New Jersey Senate (1974–1992). Thomas Pernes, 62, Austrian avant-garde composer. Michael J. Pikal, 78, American pharmaceutical scientist. Gary H. Posner, 74, American chemist, Parkinson's disease. Veljko Rus, 88, Slovenian sociologist. T. S. R. Subramanian, 79, Indian civil servant, Cabinet Secretary (1996–1998), chancellor of Shiv Nadar University. Muriel Turner, Baroness Turner of Camden, 90, British politician. 27 Gertrude Alderfer, 86, American baseball player (AAGPBL). Joseph Bagobiri, 60, Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Kafanchan (since 1995). Albert Benschop, 68, Dutch sociologist. William H. T. Bush, 79, American venture capitalist and financier. Lance Clark, 81, British shoemaker (Clarks). Gabriel Cruz, 8, Spanish boy, suffocated. Steve Folkes, 59, Australian rugby league player (Canterbury Bulldogs, Hull FC, New South Wales), heart attack. Makoto Hirayama, 65, Japanese politician. M. Jaishankar, 41, Indian serial killer and rapist, suicide by throat-cutting. Henri Leonetti, 81, French footballer (Marseille). Bill Lignante, 91, American comics artist. Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, 90, Argentine military officer, convicted murderer and human rights violator, cardiogenic shock. Keith Murdoch, 74, New Zealand rugby union player (Otago, national team). Daniel Perlsweig, 91, American racehorse trainer (Lord Avie), awarded Dogwood Dominion Award (1993). Prabodh Panda, 72, Indian politician, heart attack. Quini, 68, Spanish footballer (Sporting de Gijón, F.C Barcelona, national team), heart attack. Hugo Santiago, 78, Argentine film director (Invasión, Écoute voir, The Others) and actor. Jacqueline Vaudecrane, 104, French figure skater. Jan Vercruysse, 69, Belgian artist. 28 Chen Xiaolu, 71, Chinese businessman and princeling, heart attack. Barry Crimmins, 64, American comedian and social activist, cancer. Amand Dalem, 79, Belgian politician, Mayor of Rochefort (1970–1994), Senator (1979–1994), Minister of the Walloon Government (1985–1992), Governor of Namur (1994-2007). Kieron Durkan, 44, English footballer (Wrexham, Stockport County, Macclesfield Town). Keith English, 50, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (2013–2017), suicide by gunshot. Antonio García-Trevijano, 90, Spanish lawyer, politician, philosopher and anti-Francoist activist. Rogelio Guerra, 81, Mexican actor (Mañana es para siempre, Rafaela, Amor Bravío), complications from thrombus. Jeff Kowalick, 71, Australian cricketer. Stefán Kristjánsson, 35, Icelandic chess grandmaster. Lye Siew Weng, 77, Malaysian politician, MLA for Air Itam (1995–2004) and Air Putih (2004–2008), bone cancer. Marc L. Marks, 91, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 24th district (1977–1983). Pierre Milza, 85, French historian. Albert Mkrtchyan, 81, Armenian theater director, film director, actor, screenwriter. John Muir, 70, Scottish footballer (St Johnstone, Alloa). Ratnavel Pandian, 89, Indian judge, member of the Supreme Court (1988–1994), chief justice of Madras High Court (1988). Jayendra Saraswathi, 82, Indian guru, seer of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham (since 1954). Gerhard Scherhorn, 88, German economist. Harvey Schmidt, 88, American musical theatre producer and writer (The Fantasticks, 110 in the Shade). Naomi Siegmann, 84–85, American artist, pneumonia. Ștefan Tașnadi, 64, Romanian weightlifter, Olympic silver medalist (1984). William R. Trotter, 74, American author and historian. Noble Villeneuve, 79, Canadian politician, MPP (1983–1999). Gjert Wilhelmsen, 91, Norwegian shipowner. References 2018-02 02

56840531

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20Lone%20Wolf%20Terrorism

Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism

Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism is a 2017 book about lone wolf terrorism co-authored by Mark Hamm, a criminologist at Indiana State University and Ramon Spaaij, a sociologist at Victoria University, Australia. According to a review in Times Higher Education that described Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism as an "genuinely indispensable study of today's steadily increasing terrorist threat," the book's "pivotal contention" that the radicalization of lone wolf terrorists exhibits discernible patterns that include “the integration of personal and political grievances; an affinity with online sympathizers and/or extremist groups," and "triggering events that, oftentimes, cause a dramatic change in behavior”. Hamm and Spaaij constructed a database funded by the United States Department of Justice in which they identified 124 instances of lone wolf terrorist attacks in the United States between 1940 and 2016; the list includes "about" 30 planned attacks that are known not to have been carrier out, or that have been identified as FBI sting operations, or as hoaxes. Hamm and Spaaij defined lone wolf terrorism narrowly; they required an attacker to be politically motivated, this excluded, for example, mass shooters such as Adam Lanza, whose motive appeared to be entirely personal. And they had to have acted entirely alone, excluding cases like the 2015 San Bernardino attack carried out by a married couple, and the Boston Marathon bombing, carried out by a pair of brothers. The tightness of this definition was widely criticized. Findings Hamm and Spaaij use data they compiled, and examinations of the lone wolf phenomenon by other researches to reach a series of conclusions. They conclude that lone wolf terrorist attacks are becoming more common in the United States, and that casualty tolls, both of injuries and of deaths, has risen steadily over the decades since 1940, and risen sharply in the 2010s. They note that the lone wolf terrorist who killed the highest number of victims was Joseph Paul Franklin who carried out a series of attacks in which he targeted black and Jewish Americans. They also show that in recent years lone wolves have more frequently targeted uniformed police and military personnel. They conclude that although as of 2018, white supremacist ideologies continue to account for the largest share of attacks, but that jihadist motivation has risen rapidly. They conclude that lone wolf terrorists are usually unemployed, single, white males with a criminal record who tend to be older, to have less education, and more likely to have a record of mental illness than other violent criminals. In particularly, they demonstrate that in recent years such recent attacks have followed incidents in which the lone wolf uses physical violence against women. Their data demonstrates that although explosives and guns were the most common weapons used by lone wolves from the 1940s through the 1980s, the use of guns has skyrocketed and they are now the weapon most commonly employed by lone wolf terrorists. They show that most lone wolves tell someone that they intend to carry out an attack. From the 1940s through the end of the century 84% of lone wolves did so, since 76% have done so. Criticism of law enforcement Hamm and Spaaij single out FBI sting operations for special criticism. Book reviewer Kris Millett praises their "devastatingly effective" use of data to "argue that those captured in the sting operations did not display the personal characteristics common to the radicalisation of lone wolf terrorists." Reception Reviewer James Mills criticizes Hamm and Spaaij for using narrow criteria that eliminate lone wolf pairs such as Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik and the Tsarnaev brothers from inclusion on their list, even though they meet the definition in all other ways. Mills also criticized their argument that lone wolf terrorism is preventable since “violent radicalization is a social process involving behavior that can be observed, comprehended and modeled,” arguing that the influences on human action are complex and not easily modeled and predicted, while praising the author's data gathering. Reviewer Joshua Sinai points out that lone wolves may regard themselves as members of terrorist organizations on the grounds that they are carrying out orders broadcast on the internet by the leaders of such organizations, and argues that, pace Hamm and Spaaij, FBI "sting" operations have been effective in preventing terrorism, but praises the author's six-part model (p. 159 in book,) of personal and political grievance, affinity with online sympathizers or an extremist group, enabler, broadcasting intent, triggering event, and engaging in terrorism (p. 159). References 2017 non-fiction books Books about terrorism Columbia University Press books

56917990

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Stephon%20Clark

Shooting of Stephon Clark

In the late evening of March 18, 2018, Stephon Clark, a 22-year-old African-American man, was shot and killed in Meadowview, Sacramento, California by Terrence Mercadal and Jared Robinet, two officers of the Sacramento Police Department in the backyard of his grandmother's house while he had a phone in his hand. The encounter was filmed by police video cameras and by a Sacramento County Sheriff's Department helicopter which was involved in observing Clark on the ground and in directing ground officers to the point at which the shooting took place. The officers stated that they shot Clark, firing 20 rounds, believing that he had pointed a gun at them. Police found only a cell phone on him. While the Sacramento County Coroner's autopsy report concluded that Clark was shot seven times, including three shots to the right side of the back, the pathologist hired by the Clark family stated that Clark was shot eight times, including six times in the back. The shooting caused large protests in Sacramento, and Clark's family members have rejected the initial police description of the events leading to Clark's death. The Sacramento Police Department placed the officers on paid administrative leave and opened a use of force investigation. Police have stated they are confident that Clark was the suspect responsible for breaking windows in the area prior to the encounter. On March 2, 2019, the Sacramento County district attorney announced that the Sacramento police officers who killed Clark would not be charged and that they had probable cause to stop Clark and were legally justified in the use of deadly force. Stephon Clark Stephon Clark (born Stephan Alonzo-Clark, August 10, 1995 – March 18, 2018) an African American, graduated from Sacramento High School in 2013, where he was on the football team. He was 22 years old at the time he was killed. According to The Los Angeles Times, Clark lived in a "tough neighborhood" characterized by tense relations with the Sacramento Police Department. His older brother, Stevante Clark, told KOVR that he and Stephon had come from "underprivileged, broken homes". Their 16-year-old brother was killed in a shooting in 2006. Stephon had been released from county jail about a month before the shooting and was staying with his grandparents on and off. His brother said, "He was arrested before, but he's been different lately. He really changed his life." Sacramento County court records show that Clark had a history of convictions for robbery, domestic abuse, and a prostitution-related offense. At the time of his death he was on probation for a 2014 robbery conviction. According to the investigation, Clark had searched online for ways to commit suicide. A toxicology report also released by police found traces of cocaine, cannabis, and codeine in Clark's system. Codeine and hydrocodone were found in Clark's urine. Multiple leaders in the community opined that Clark's criminal record was immaterial to his death. Domestic incident On March 16, a neighbor called the police to report on behalf of Salena Mohamed Manni, the mother of Clark's child, to report that the two had been arguing and the argument had turned violent. When police arrived at their apartment, Clark was not present, but officers found Manni with extensive injuries to her face and a hole in the wall of the apartment. Clark, on probation from two domestic violence convictions and one conviction of assault with a deadly weapon, evaded police in the days leading up to the shooting. Shooting The Sacramento Police Department stated that on Sunday, March 18 at 9:18 p.m., two officers responded to a 9-1-1 call that an individual was breaking car windows. In a media release after the shooting, police stated that they had been looking for a suspect hiding in a backyard. They said the suspect was a thin black man, in height, wearing dark pants and a black hooded sweatshirt. A sheriff's helicopter spotted a man at 9:25 p.m., in a nearby backyard and told officers on the ground that he had shattered a window using a tool bar, run to the front of that house, and then looked in an adjacent car. Officers on the ground entered the front yard of Clark's grandmother's home, and saw Clark next to the home. Vance Chandler, the Sacramento Police Department spokesman, said that Clark was the same man who had been breaking windows, and was tracked by police in helicopters. Chandler said that when Clark was confronted and ordered to stop and show his hands, Clark fled to the back of the property. Police body camera footage from both of the officers who shot Clark recorded the incident, though the footage is dark and shaky. In the videos, officers spot Clark in his grandmother's driveway and shout "Hey, show me your hands. Stop. Stop." The video shows that the officers chased Clark into the backyard and an officer yells, "Show me your hands! Gun!" About three seconds elapse and then the officer yells, "Show me your hands! Gun, gun, gun", before shooting Clark. According to the police, before being shot, Clark turned and held an object that he "extended in front of him" while he moved towards the officers. The officers said they believed that Clark was pointing a gun at them. The police stated that the officers feared for their safety, and at 9:26 p.m., fired 20 rounds, hitting Clark multiple times. According to an independent autopsy, Clark was shot eight times, including six times in the back. The report found that one of the bullets to strike Clark from the front was likely fired while he was already on the ground. Body-cam footage shows that after shooting him, the officers continued to yell at him as one shined a flashlight at him and they kept their guns aimed at him. One officer stated in one of the body-cam videos, "He had something in hands, looked like a gun from our perspective." Three minutes after the shooting, a female officer called to him and said "We need to know if you're OK. We need to get you medics, so we can't go over and get you help until we know you don't have a weapon." They waited five minutes after shooting Clark before approaching and then handcuffing him. Clark was found to have an iPhone, and was unarmed. Clark's girlfriend later said the phone belonged to her. After more officers arrived, one officer said "Hey, mute", and audio recording from the body camera was turned off. The Police Department stated on March 19, one day after the shooting, that Clark had been seen with a "tool bar". On the evening of that day, police revised their statement to say that Clark was carrying a cell phone, and not a tool bar, when he was shot. Police added that Clark might have used either a concrete block or an aluminum gutter railing to break a sliding glass door at the house next door to where he was shot, and that they believed Clark had broken windows from at least three vehicles in the area. Investigation The Sacramento Police Department began a use-of-force investigation and placed both officers on paid administrative leave. On March 27, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said that his department would provide independent oversight into the investigation, and separately would scrutinize the police department's use-of-force policies and training procedures. Prior to the release of the county coroner's report, the family requested a second, independent autopsy, results of which were released March 30, 2018. The pathologist, Dr. Bennet Omalu, said Clark had been shot eight times from the back or side, adding "You could reasonably conclude that he received seven gunshot wounds from his back." The Sacramento County Coroner's report was subsequently released to the public on May 1, 2018. The county autopsy, conducted by forensic pathologist Dr. Keng-Chih Su, indicated that Clark had been shot once in the front of the left thigh, three times directly to the side, and three times in the right side of the back. The Coroner's office had Dr. Su's autopsy reviewed by "the county’s chief forensic pathologist, and two county coroner pathologists, in addition to" forensic pathologist Dr. Gregory Reiber. On June 7, 2018, a New York Times team published an analysis also based on videos made by two police body cameras and by an overhead, heat-sensing helicopter camera. During the investigation, it was discovered that Clark's phone records showed that he had called Salena Mohamed Manni 76 times leading up to the shooting, causing her to block his phone number. Clark also attempted to get ahold of his probation officer in the 48 hours after he was reported for domestic violence, but was unable to do so. Clark had also received text messages from Manni telling him that he would be sent back to prison for the domestic incident and that he would not see his children for a long time. Clark also texted other ex-girlfriends seeking drugs, as well as texting Manni that he was going to commit suicide. An examination of his internet search history also showed that he had been researching websites about suicide. On March 2, 2019, Sacramento County District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert announced that her office would not be filing criminal charges against the police officers involved in Clark's death. Schubert stated that the officers had probable cause to stop and detain Clark and that they were legally justified in using deadly force against him. On March 5, 2019, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced that his office could not file criminal charges for Clark's death. On September 26, 2019, US Attorney McGregor Scott and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced there was "insufficient evidence" to bring federal civil right charges against the officers. The Sacramento Police Department also said the department's investigation found no policy or training violations related to the shooting. The officers were cleared to return to active duty after they had been assigned to desk duty. Officers The Sacramento Police Department initially stated that they would release the names of the officers who shot Clark within 10 days of the event. Sources leaked what they alleged were the names of the shooters; however, the Sacramento Police Department did not confirm the validity of the names citing fears for the officers' safety. In March 2019 shortly after the district attorney decided to not press charges against them, the two officers came forward and revealed their identities (Terrance Mercadal and Jared Robinet), and opened up about their experience during the shooting in an interview with The Sacramento Bee. Protests There were numerous public protests in Sacramento after the killing. On March 22, 2018, Black Lives Matter led a march that shut down Interstate 5 and prevented NBA fans from entering a Sacramento Kings game, resulting in a delay of the game. One week after the shooting, the Sacramento Kings and Boston Celtics NBA teams wore shirts with Clark's name and the words "Accountability" and "We are One" during warm-ups and the national anthem. On March 31, after an independent autopsy had concluded that Clark was shot eight times, mostly in the back, hundreds of protesters gathered in downtown Sacramento. The peaceful protest was led by retired NBA player Matt Barnes, who announced that he is starting a scholarship fund for Clark's sons. Local activist Wanda Cleveland was struck by a Sacramento County Sheriff's Department vehicle at a rally. Video of the incident shows that a number of protesters converged on official vehicles and were ordered over loudspeakers to step away. One sheriff's vehicle hit Cleveland and knocked her down while she was standing in front of the car. According to Cleveland the vehicle was accelerating and "never even stopped" when it hit her. She was hospitalized with bruises on her head and arm and released the next morning. Members of the progressive advocacy group National Lawyers Guild who were present during the protest said the vehicle "accelerated very fast" as it hit Cleveland and then "sped off". According to the sheriff's department, "A collision occurred while the patrol vehicle was traveling at slow speeds." The California Highway Patrol is investigating the matter. At a press conference, Sacramento County Sheriff Scott Jones blamed "paid professional protesters" and "professional instigators that infiltrate the protests for their own purposes" for the incident. Protest organizers denied the allegation and were outraged by his comments. Sociology and political science professor David Meyer said Jones's allegation was not realistic. PolitiFact concluded that Jones did not provide evidence to his claim, and rated his claim as false. On March 2019, the district attorney decided not to pursue charges for Clark's death, which led to protests. 84 people, including journalists, were arrested. About 100 protesters marched through east Sacramento. One protester said they went through the area populated by Sacramento's elite because it was "a neighborhood that would likely never experience such a tragic and violent loss of one of its residents, so we are bringing the discomfort and pain of our trauma to their doorstep". Responses Elected officials and political activists Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg, initially said he would not second-guess decisions made by officers on the ground. Following public backlash, Steinberg stated the videos of Clark's shooting made him feel "really sick" and that the shooting was "wrong," however declined to comment whether the officers should be charged. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi stated that Clark "should be alive today". Reverend Al Sharpton stated that he was alarmed by the story, which he said had not received enough media attention. On March 26, White House spokesman Raj Shah stated that he was unaware of any comments from President Donald Trump regarding the incident. Two days later, White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump is "very supportive of law enforcement" and that the incident was a "local matter" that should be dealt with by the local authorities. Clark family Civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump, who represents the Clark family, stated that the autopsy finding was inconsistent with the official narrative that Clark was charging toward the police officers when they fired. Clark's family expressed skepticism of the police version of events. Clark's brother, Stevante Clark, said of police statements: "They said he had a gun. Then they said he had a crowbar. Then they said he had a toolbar ... If you lie to me once, I know you'll lie to me again." Clark's aunt Saquoia Durham said that police gave Clark no time to respond to their commands before shooting him. According to Crump the officers did not identify themselves as police when they encountered Clark. The police have stated that the officers who confronted Clark were wearing their uniforms at that time. In January 2019, Clark's two underage sons filed a civil lawsuit against Sacramento and the two officers who shot Clark, seeking $20 million in damages. In September 2019, the city settled the lawsuit for $2.4 million; each son will receive $900,000 tax-free when they turn 22. Policing experts University of South Carolina criminology professor Geoffrey Alpert stated that it might be hard for officers to justify their conclusion that Clark was armed, since they had been told he was carrying a toolbar. Peter Moskos, assistant professor of Law and Police Science at John Jay College, said that the officers appeared to think they had been fired upon following the shooting. Alpert, Clark's family, and protesters questioned officers' decisions to mute their microphones. Police Chief Daniel Hahn said he was unable to explain the muting. Cedric Alexander, former police chief in Rochester, New York, and former president of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, said that the muting did not appear to violate any policy, although the action would reflect poorly on the officers. He also stated that it is not unusual for police to mute their body cams and that attorneys advise the police to mute conversations to prevent recording any comments that could be used in administrative or criminal proceedings. Policy changes In April 2018, the city of Sacramento enacted a policy that generally prohibits police officers from shutting down their body cams and audio recording devices. In July 2018, the Sacramento Police Department changed its foot pursuit policy, requiring officers to assess the danger chasing a suspect poses to officers and to the public. See also Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Police use of deadly force in the United States Killing of Joseph Mann References 2018 deaths 2018 in California Deaths by firearm in California Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement controversies in the United States History of Sacramento, California Race and crime in the United States March 2018 events in the United States 2018 controversies in the United States African-American-related controversies African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Law enforcement in California

56940497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Marie%20Pi%C3%A9tri

Joseph Marie Piétri

Émile Joseph Marie Piétri (25 February 1820 – 4 January 1902), known as Joachim Pietri, was a French lawyer and public servant who was prefect of several departments, a repressive police chief of Paris in the last years of the Second French Empire and Bonapartist Senator of Corsica from 1879 to 1885. Early years Joseph Marie Piétri was born in Sartène, Corsica, on 25 February 1820. His parents were Angelo Francesco Pietri (1784–1848) and Giulia Pietri (1786–1853). His family was not wealthy. His brother was Pierre-Marie Piétri(fr), who later became prefect of the police of Paris from January 1852 to January 1858. Piétri studied law in Paris, then practiced as an advocate in Sartène. By ordinance of 31 August 1838 he was appointed justice of the peace in the Corsican canton of Rogliano. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Revolution of 1848. On 9 August 1848 thanks to the support of his brother he was appointed sub-prefect of Argentan. He then became a supporter of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. On 29 April 1850 Piétri married Palma de Rocca Serra (1830–1885) in Sartène. They had several children including Marinette (c. 1843–1941), Pomponne (1855–1880) and Louis (born 1872). Piétri was appointed sub-prefect of Brest on 9 May 1852. He became Prefect of Ariège on 3 April 1853. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour on 3 January 1855 for his dedication during an outbreak of cholera. He became Prefect of Cher on 6 November 1855, Prefect of Hérault on 5 January 1861 and of Prefect of Nord on 12 November 1865. He became known for his administrative qualities and support of the Bonapartist regime. Prefect of Police On 21 February 1866 Piétri was appointed Prefect of Police of Paris in place of Symphorien Boittelle. He was aged 46. By decree of 19 December 1866 he was made a member of the Imperial Commission of the Exposition Universelle of 1867. On 13 August 1867 he was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. Piétri was energetic in repressing unrest. On 2 November 1867 he surrounded Montmartre Cemetery in Paris where 1,500 Republicans had gathered at the grave of the deputy Jean-Baptiste Baudin, who had been killed on a barricade on 4 December 1851 after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 that brought Napoleon III to power. He also suppressed the demonstration in honour of Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, who had defended Ernest Renan in the senate. Piétri did not moderate the violence of his agents, and in December 1867 sent a circular to the police commissioners "to guard against any hesitation or failure." At the same time, he declared that "individual liberty has never been, under any regime, better guaranteed or better respected." During the general elections of 1869 Piétri took a tough line with men who were hostile to the regime, and in a report to Napoleon on 28 November 1869 attacked powerful men such as Rouher and Persigny. After discovery of the plot that was judged at Blois in 1870 he encouraged the demonstrations on the boulevards of Paris in favour of war with Prussia. A decree of 27 July 1870, which was not published, made him a senator. After the defeat of France at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War he left France hastily on 4 September 1870 and joined Napoleon III in exile. Later career In 1872 Piétri applied to the government of Adolphe Thiers for a retirement pension. Although he did not qualify on age or years of service, a decree in April 1873 fixed his pension arrears at 6,000 francs. Léon Renault, the prefect of police, reported in January 1875 that Piétri was one of the most active members of the Bonapartist committee. He became a general councilor of Corsica. On 22 June 1879 Piétri was elected Senator of Corsica on an imperialist platform by 256 votes against 227 for his opponent, Tomasi. He sat on the right with the Appel au peuple group. He voted against the application of laws to religious congregations, against changes to the judicial oath, against reform of the magistrature and against restoration of divorce. He left office on 24 January 1885. In the general election of 25 January 1885 he failed to be reelected, winning only 212 out of 744 votes. He was defeated by Paul de Casabianca, who won 477 votes. Piétri retired from politics after this. He died on 4 January 1902 in Sartène at the age of 82. Notes Sources 1820 births 1902 deaths 19th-century French lawyers Prefects of Ariège (department) Prefects of Nord (French department) Prefects of police of Paris French Senators of the Third Republic French general councillors Senators of Corsica Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur

57024025

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly%20Gardner

Kimberly Gardner

Kimberly M. Gardner (born Aug. 2, 1975) is an American politician and attorney from the state of Missouri. She is the circuit attorney for the city of St. Louis, Missouri. She previously served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. Early life and education Gardner was born in 1975 and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. Her family runs a funeral home in North St. Louis, at which she also worked. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in healthcare administration from Harris–Stowe State University in 1999. She then earned a Juris Doctor from the Saint Louis University School of Law in 2003 and a Master of Science in nursing from Saint Louis University in 2012. Career Pre-public life and State Rep. Gardner worked at Bell, Kirksey & Associates and as an assistant prosecutor (St. Louis Circuit Attorney's Office, 2005–2010) prior to being elected as Circuit Attorney. From 2013 to 2017 she was a Missouri State Representative for District 77. Circuit attorney Gardner took office on January 6, 2017. She is the first African-American to head the Circuit Attorney's Office. Under Gardner's tenure, St. Louis has seen a significant increase in non-prosecuted felonies. In 2019, St. Louis police sought 7,045 felony cases, but only 1,641 were prosecuted by Gardner's office. Many were returned to the police citing insufficient evidence, despite claims of sufficient evidence to prosecute by the police union. Gardner continued the prosecution of former St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department police officer Jason Stockley for first degree murder in the shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith, a case first filed by her predecessor Jennifer Joyce. The acquittal in the bench trial in a controversial decision by Judge Timothy Wilson led to intense protests in the latter months of 2017. As Circuit Attorney, Gardner has reduced and removed or reduced amounts of cash bond for minor, nonviolent offenses. She is also expanding diversion and drug court programs, and consulting with the Vera Institute of Justice on these issues. She is ending prosecutions of low-level marijuana possession and is dismissing many cases. The CAO is sharing a federal grant to work with the Midwest Innocence Project on wrongful convictions. Staff shortage The Circuit Attorney's Office has experienced a more than 100% turnover rate in staff since Gardner took office. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported in September 2019 that "over 65 attorneys with a combined experience of over 460 years in prosecutorial experience" have left the Circuit Attorney's office under Gardner. Grand jury process Kim Gardner's office charges defendants under direct complaint and then uses the grand jury process to delay the preliminary hearing. This wait on average is 344 days as of March 2021. The Missouri Supreme Court changed the rules on preliminary hearings effective March 1, 2021, to that "courts must hold preliminary hearings within 30 days of felony complaints being filed if a defendant is in jail, and within 60 days if not." Kim Gardner's continued use of the grand jury process has circumvented the Supreme Court's attempt at reform. Controversies Eric Greitens investigation and indictment Gardner's office secured a grand jury indictment of sitting Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in February 2018, for felony invasion of privacy. On April 20, 2018, Gardner's office announced a new charge of tampering with computer data against Greitens. The governor was swiftly released on his own recognizance. Then Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley had opportunity to prosecute but declined to do so. In May 2018, the judge in the Greitens case ruled that the defense could call Gardner as a witness due to suspected criminal conduct by the prosecution. Following the judge's ruling, Gardner's office announced that they would be dismissing the invasion of privacy charge, citing that Gardner could not testify in a case her office was prosecuting. Following the Governor's announcement that he planned to resign, Gardner announced that all charges against Greitens would be dropped. On May 15, 2018, Missouri Governor Eric Greitens' attorneys filed a police report with the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department alleging perjury by William Don Tisaby, an ex-FBI agent and private investigator that Gardner hired to investigate Greitens. Defense attorneys also cited $100,000 in secret cash payments to witnesses, payments they stated were concealed from the defense team by Gardner, as well as numerous meetings between the Circuit Attorney and William Tisaby, and "a major witness in the case". In a statement regarding the police report, defense attorneys said, "By law, both the Circuit Attorney and William Tisaby were required to testify about what was said and done in those secret meetings. Both refused to do so." Tisaby asserted his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination in response to over 50 questions. Special prosecutor investigation On June 29, 2018, St. Louis Circuit Judge Michael Mullen appointed St. Louis attorney Gerard Carmody as special prosecutor to investigate allegations of criminal misconduct in the case against Governor Eric Greitens. Gardner appealed the appointment of a special prosecutor to the Missouri Supreme Court, which ruled that Gardner had a conflict of interest in the case and upheld Mullen's appointment of Carmody. The Missouri Supreme Court also rejected an appeal from Gardner's office seeking to block a search warrant signed by Mullen for the files of Gardner's office; the court ordered Gardner to turn over servers requested by Carmody. On June 17, 2019, a 30-page grand jury indictment was unsealed against William Don Tisaby, the private investigator hired by Gardner to investigate Greitens, charging him with six counts of felony perjury and one count of felony tampering with evidence. The indictment alleges that Tisaby lied under oath about "matters that could substantially affect, or did substantially affect, the course or outcome of the Greitens case" (specifically, about his contacts with a major witness in the case and the nature of those conversations) and had concealed documents from defense attorneys. Tisby pleaded not guilty. In June 2019, Tisaby's attorney told reporters that "Ms. Gardner is probably the actual target here, not Mr. Tisaby." Although Gardner was not indicted, the indictment against Tisaby stated that Gardner "failed to correct Tisaby’s lies, failed to report them to police, and made incorrect statements to defense lawyers and the judge." On July 10, 2019, the grand jury disbanded without charging Gardner. The next day, Gardner held a press conference denying any wrongdoing in Greitens's case (her first public statement on the matter since the appointment of the special prosecutor, as a gag order had been placed on the case for the duration of the grand jury) and saying it was time for the city to "move on". Following the press conference, special prosecutor Carmody took the unusual step of putting out a statement clarifying that the grand jury disbanded because its term expired, not because the investigation was complete. Carmody announced that despite the original grand jury's conclusion, his investigation would continue, pointing out his authority to seat a new grand jury to review any evidence relating to Gardner's conduct. Tisaby's motion to dismiss the indictment against him was denied by St. Louis Circuit Judge Bryan Hettenbach, who also placed a protective order on approximately 4,000 documents at Carmody's request to protect the privacy of some parties involved in the Greitens case and the integrity of "an active criminal investigation" focused on the failed prosecution of Greitens. On July 2, 2021, Judge Bryan Hettenbach approved Carmody's withdrawal from the case and appointed Johnson County prosecutor Robert Russell to the case. The court ordered the city of St. Louis to pay Russell's expenses. Judge Bryan Hettenbach also denied Tisaby's attorneys' motion to dismiss the case and the sanctioning of Carmody for allegedly not providing transcripts. Misconduct Probe It was published on May 4, 2021 that the Missouri's State Disciplinary Counsel found probable cause that during the Greitens prosecution, Gardner committed professional misconduct. Gardner will face a disciplinary panel and any possible punishment will be decided by the Missouri Supreme Court which could range from admonishment to the suspension or revocation of her law license. An expert on prosecutorial misconduct, Professor Bennett Gershman, described the case as "startling" and an unusual invocation of Brady v. Maryland, on which the record focuses. Exclusion list In summer 2018, the existence of an "exclusion list" (similar to a "Brady list" in other jurisdictions) of 28 SLMPD officers whose conduct is considered so tainted by misconduct that the CAO would no longer accept testimony or evidence in court cases and would reconsider past cases. Fifty-five prosecutors and law enforcement officials from across the United States signed a statement supporting Gardner's Brady List. Gardner, in February 2019, announced that the CAO and police department are working together on problems stemming from the list. In January 2019, Gardner's office accused officers within SLMPD of obstructing their investigation in the shooting death of officer Katlyn Alix by officer Nathaniel R. Hendren, one of two officers charged with crimes relating to the incident, which resulted in a sharp rebuke by Chief John Hayden. Traffic stop controversy On December 23, 2019 (the day before Christmas Eve), Kim Gardner was pulled over by St. Louis downtown police on Market Street for a traffic stop. In January 2020, Gardner made numerous news interviews and public claims stating that: the stop was on December 24, 2019 (Christmas Eve), police had held her for 15 minutes without stating why, and that these were "intimidation tactics used by the police to stop reform". Police records state that the stop occurred on December 23, 2019 instead. KMOV4 news also published video evidence from a camera across the street revealing that St. Louis downtown police had pulled Gardner over when her car was shown driving without headlights on at night, and that the stop lasted for only 6 minutes. Gardner continued to claim that the stop lasted 15 minutes and was without reason. The Circuit Attorney's Office also sent an email statement that "According to the police it was a 15 minute stop. In addition, the officer's statement is different than the one shared by Jeff Roorda." The St. Louis Police Sergeant then issued a follow-up statement that the police had never stated Gardner was detained for 15 minutes. The St. Louis Police statement also reveals that an investigator from the Circuit Attorney's Office had attempted to involve himself into the traffic investigation, which is an illegal act and the investigator could have been arrested for it. The St. Louis Police did not arrest the investigator. The Circuit Attorney's Office continued to assert Gardner's false allegations. Campaign finance violations In 2019, Gardner admitted to repeat campaign finance violations dating back to her time as a Missouri state legislator. These violations included using campaign donations to pay for a private apartment. Gardner reached an agreement with the Missouri Ethics Commission to pay a settlement of $6,314 in lieu of a $63,009 fine. Civil rights lawsuit In January 2020, Gardner filed a civil rights lawsuit against St. Louis City and St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department on the basis of the Fourth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, and Ku Klux Klan Act of 1865, alleging a racist conspiracy. The lawsuit cites a 2016 report from the Ethical Society of Police detailing a history of racial discrimination in the police force, as well as the Plain View Project's report exposing city police officers' racist social media activities. The city and the St. Louis Police Officers Association, led by Jeff Roorda, denied the lawsuit's allegations. Several African American women district attorneys, including Marilyn Mosby and Aramis Ayala, traveled to St. Louis to demonstrate support for Gardner, declaring that she has been targeted by a "fundamentally racist" system which they also contend against. On 30 September 2020, U.S. District Judge John Andrew Ross dismissed Gardner’s lawsuit. The judge wrote that: wrote: “Her 32-page complaint can best be described as a conglomeration of unrelated claims and conclusory statements supported by very few facts, which do not plead any recognizable cause of action” and continued that "Gardner presents no specific material facts, circumstantial or otherwise, to show that defendants acted with each other for the purpose of depriving her – or anyone else – of a constitutional right to equal protection. Her complaint is nothing more than a compilation of personal slights – none of which rise to a legal cause of action."  Judge Ross is a federal judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. He was nominated by President Barack Obama in December 2010. Prior to becoming a federal judge, Ross was a circuit court judge for the 21st Circuit Court in Missouri. The costs to defend her out of taxpayer funds has been widely discussed. Invoices and receipts obtained by the Post-Dispatch show the city in June approved and paid the Brown & James firm about $153,600 in legal bills to defend the Circuit Attorney’s Office against two lawsuits. The city paid about 80% of those bills three weeks after Circuit Judge Joan Moriarty blocked payments to at least five other private firms. Open records lawsuit In January 2020, Fox News contributor and political commentator John Solomon sued Gardner and several others—including former State Representatives Jay Barnes and Stacey Newman, billionaire political donor George Soros, and individuals connected to the state's low income housing tax credit industry—in the St. Louis Circuit Court, alleging violations of Missouri's open records laws. Solomon claimed that Gardner's office violated the state's "Sunshine Law" by refusing to make available records involving investigations into former Republican Missouri Governor Eric Greitens. Gardner hired a local private law firm to represent her in the case while Solomon was represented by Dave Roland, president of the Freedom Center of Missouri. In November 2020, Christopher McGraugh, the circuit judge in the case, wrote that Gardner's “conduct in this case has recklessly impeded the judicial process.” He determined that Gardner purposely violated the law and ordered Gardner to produce the records requested within 30 days and fined Gardner's office $5,000. Gardner's team tried to get the case dismissed claiming that they never received the request. In January 2022, the Court of Appeals ruled to uphold McGraugh's ruling. The Court of Appeals wrote: "(Gardner’s) failure to file a timely response to (Solomon’s) amended petition was not the result of an unexpected or unavoidable hindrance, accident or mishap, but was instead the result of defendant’s careless inattention and deliberate disregard.” The Appeals Court also ruled that McGraugh would determine how much Gardner's office would have to pay for attorney fees. Gardner's office intends to have the decision reviewed. McCloskey prosecution In June 2020, 36 people were arrested in St. Louis during two nights of the George Floyd protests for alleged trespassing, burglary, property damage, assault, and theft. All were released, two after being issued summons, eight after prosecutors declined to immediately file a charge, and the rest "while police apply for charges." Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt, a Republican, criticized Gardner on Twitter over the arrestees' release. Gardner said she would bring "the full power of the law" against those responsible for violent acts, but, responding to Schmitt, said that the prosecutor's office cannot bring charges against individuals without admissible evidence from police. Gardner criticized Schmitt for launching "a politically motivated attack against me, even if it means misleading and lying to the public." In December 2020, a judge disqualified Gardner from prosecuting the case against Mark McCloskey, writing that "the Circuit Attorney’s conduct raises the appearance that she initiated a criminal prosecution for political purposes". Dropped charges controversy On July 16, 2021 charges in a murder case were dropped due to the prosecutor not showing up to multiple hearings in the case. The Judge in the case saying that Gardner's office "essentially abandoned its duty to prosecute those it charges with crimes.” Kim Gardner declared in a press briefing that the charges had refiled and the suspect was in custody, although he was not. The family of the man who was killed claimed they were not contacted when the defendant was released, which violates state laws. On July 20, Gardner's office finally contacted the family about the case and apologized to the family. The prosecutor assigned to the case, who had been on maternity leave and whose signature was forged on at least 20 cases, quit after learning this information. Gardner blamed the mistake on the office's internal policy and procedures on Family Medical Leave. The dismissal rate of cases since Gardner has taken office has doubled and is double the rate of surrounding counties. In another case, one of Gardner's prosecutors entered in a plea deal with the defendant without telling the family of the victim, which violates state law. The mother learned of this update when she called Gardner's office to know when she should fly up to see the case. The mother claims the first prosecutor was not going to accept the deal and was going to prosecute the case. The mother wrote letters to the judge in the case not to accept the plea deal and claims Gardner and two of her associates called her to bully her into accepting the deal. On January 12th 2022, Gardner's office was forced to drop charges against a car bomber due to violating his rights to a speedy trial. He was charged with arson, endangering the welfare of a child, unlawful possession of a weapon, and property damage. At the time he was serving a five year sentence for federal charges of failure to register an explosive device that was used in the bombing. In May 2021 the man requested a speedy trial for the state charges and Gardner's office failed to meet the 180 day deadline to either bring the man to trial or object. On December 9th 2021, Gardner's office filed a motion alleging that the motion for a speedy trial was not filed properly. The assistant circuit attorney in the case stated charges would likely not be refiled and could not explain to the victim why. Election history 2016 campaign Gardner ran against three Democratic opponents to secure her post as Circuit Attorney in the 2016 elections, following the retirement of Jennifer Joyce. She ran on reforming and rebuilding trust in the criminal justice system and reducing violent crime. She also promised to increase diversity, bring independent investigations of police use of force, work to reduce racial disparities, and enhance gun control. Gardner's campaign accepted $190,750.73 from 'Super PACs' (Political Action Committees) funded in part by billionaire George Soros. 2020 campaign On August 4, Gardner won a contested primary for reelection, receiving 60.9% of the vote against her leading 2016 primary opponent, Mary Pat Carl. Gardner won the November general election with 74.01% of the vote, defeating Republican Daniel Zdrodowski. Further reading References External links City of St. Louis profile Circuit Attorney Office (CAO) website Living people Harris–Stowe State University alumni Saint Louis University School of Law alumni Saint Louis University alumni Lawyers from St. Louis Missouri Democrats Missouri lawyers Politicians from St. Louis African-American people in Missouri politics Members of the Missouri House of Representatives American prosecutors 1975 births 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20interments%20at%20Forest%20Lawn%20Memorial%20Park%20%28Hollywood%20Hills%29

List of interments at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Many prominent persons, especially from the entertainment industry, are interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) California. A Harry Ackerman (1912–1991), television executive producer Rodolfo Acosta (1920–1974), actor Edie Adams (1927–2008), actress and singer Iris Adrian (1912–1994), actress Philip Ahn (1905–1978), actor Harry Akst (1894–1963), songwriter Robert Aldrich (1918–1983), director Irving Allen (1905–1987), producer and director Steve Allen (1921–2000), actor, comedian, writer, and television host (unmarked grave) Don Alvarado (1904–1967), actor and director Leon Ames (1902–1993), actor Morey Amsterdam (1908–1996), actor and comedian Carl David Anderson (1905–1991), scientist Ernie Anderson (1923–1997), television announcer Mignon Anderson (1892–1983), actress Lois Andrews (1924–1968), actress Michael Ansara (1922–2013), actor Dimitra Arliss (1932–2012), actress Robert Arthur (1909–1986), producer Kelly Asbury (1960-2020), animator and film director John Ashley (1934–1997), actor Gene Autry (1907–1998), actor and singer Luis Ávalos (1946–2014), actor Doe Avedon (1925–2011), actress and model Patricia Avery (1902–1973), actress Tex Avery (1908–1980), animator B Art Babbitt (1907–1992), animator Lloyd Bacon (1889–1955), director Parley Baer (1914–2002), actor David Bailey (1933–2004), actor Jimmy Bain (1947–2016), musician Richard Bakalyan (1931–2015), actor Buddy Baker (1918–2002), composer Bonnie Lee Bakley (1956–2001), actress and singer John Ball (1911–1988), novelist Frankie Banali (1951–2020), musician Harry Barris (1905–1962), singer, songwriter and musician Don "Red" Barry (1912–1980), actor Ivor Barry (1919–2006), actor Judith Barsi (1978–1988), child actress Gordon Bau (1907–1975), film and television makeup artist Clyde Beatty (1903–1965), circus owner and lion tamer Noah Beery, Jr. (1913–1994), actor Noah Beery, Sr. (1882–1946), actor Ralph Bellamy (1904–1991), actor Richard Benedict (1920–1984), actor and director Spencer Gordon Bennet (1893–1987), director Lamont Bentley (1973–2005), actor Frances Bergen (1922–2006), actress, wife of Edgar Bergen. Mary Kay Bergman (1961–1999), voice-over artist Fred Berry (1951–2003), actor/street dancer/ordained Baptist minister (unmarked grave) Gus Bivona (1915–1996), musician Willie Bobo (1934–1983), musician Priscilla Bonner (1899–1996), actress Tom Bosley (1927–2010), actor Truman Bradley (1905–1974), actor and television announcer Delaney Bramlett (1939–2008), musician Chet Brandenburg (1897–1974), actor Mary Brian (1906–2002), actress Pamela Britton (1923–1974), actress Albert R. Broccoli (1909–1996), producer Joe Brooks (1923–2007), actor Leslie Brooks (1922–2011), actress and model Wally Brown (1904–1961), actor and comedian Kathie Browne (1930–2003), actress Mona Bruns (1899–2000), actress Edgar Buchanan (1903–1979), actor Mary-Ellis Bunim (1946–2004), TV producer, creator of The Real World and The Simple Life Mildred Burke (1915–1989), professional wrestler Solomon Burke (1940–2010), singer Bartine Burkett (1898–1994), actress Everett G. Burkhalter (1897–1975), politician Smiley Burnette (1911–1967), actor Jerry Buss (1933–2013), majority owner of the Los Angeles Lakers C Salvador "Tutti" Camarata (1913–2005), composer Godfrey Cambridge (1933–1976), actor and comedian William Campbell (1923–2011), actor Pete Candoli (1923–2008), musician Stephen J. Cannell (1941–2010), producer Philip Carey (1925–2009), actor Frankie Carle (1903–2001), musician, pianist and bandleader Johnny Carpenter (1914–2003), actor, director, and screenwriter David Carradine (1936–2009), actor John Carroll (1906–1979), actor and singer Virginia Carroll (1913–2009), actress Nick Ceroli (1939–1985), musician, jazz drummer for Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass Michael Chekhov (1891–1955), actor, director, novelist, and theater practitioner Warren Christopher (1925–2011), former Secretary of State and Deputy Attorney General Ethlyne Clair (1904–1996), actress Bob Clampett (1913–1984), animator Robert Clarke (1920–2005), actor William H. Clothier (1903–1996), cinematographer Bill Cody, Jr. (1925–1989), actor Nudie Cohn (1902–1984), fashion designer Buddy Cole (1916–1964), musician Dennis Cole (1940–2009), actor Ray Collins (1889–1965), actor Roberta Collins (1944–2008), actress Joyce Compton (1907–1997), actress Christopher Connelly (1941–1988), actor William Conrad (1920–1994), actor Bert Convy (1933–1991), actor and television host Wilbur Cooper (1892–1973), Major League Baseball player Rita Corday (1920–1992), actress Tara Correa-McMullen (1989–2005), actress Jerome Cowan (1897–1972), actor Willie Crawford (1946–2004), Major League Baseball player Gary Crosby (1933–1995), actor and singer Scatman Crothers (1910–1986), actor and musician Pauline Curley (1903–2000), actress D Virginia Dale (1917–1994), actress Ken Darby (1909–1992), composer Hal David (1921–2012), songwriter Beryl Davis (1924–2011), singer Bette Davis (1908–1989), actress Brad Davis (1949–1991), actor Gail Davis (1925–1997), actress Rufe Davis (1908–1974), actor Laraine Day (1920–2007), actress Frank de Kova (1910–1981), actor Gene de Paul (1919–1988), composer Tamara De Treaux (1959–1990), actress Frank De Vol (1911–1999), composer, actor Rod Dedeaux (1914–2006), longtime USC Trojans baseball head coach Sandra Dee (1942–2005), actress Reginald Denny (1891–1967), actor Vernon Dent (1895–1963), actor André DeToth (1913–2002), director Ronnie James Dio (1942–2010), heavy metal singer and songwriter, member of Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Heaven & Hell and Dio Roy Oliver Disney (1893–1971), businessman, co-founder of The Walt Disney Company Edward Dmytryk (1908–1999), director Jimmie W. Dodd (1910–1964), actor, singer, and songwriter, host of The Mickey Mouse Club, Mouseketeer Jim Duffy (1937–2012), animator George Duke (1946–2013), musician Michael Clarke Duncan (1957–2012), actor Jerry Dunphy (1921–2002), television news anchor Leo Durocher (1905–1991), Major League Baseball Hall of Famer Dan Duryea (1907–1968), actor E Arthur Edeson (1891–1970), cinematographer Anthony Eisley (1925–2003), actor Dan Enright (1917–1992), producer Josh Ryan Evans (1982–2002), actor Michael Evans (1920–2007), actor F Richard Farnsworth (1920–2000), actor Marty Feldman (1934–1982), actor and comedian William Ferrari (1901–1962), art director Jim Ferrier (1915–1986), professional golfer George Fischbeck (1922–2015), meteorologist Carrie Fisher (1956–2016), actress and writer Shug Fisher (1907–1984), actor, singer and songwriter Robert Florey (1900–1979), director Tony Fontane (1925–1974), singer Ruth Foster (1920–2012), actress Robert Charles Francis (1930–1955), actor Melvin Franklin (1942–1995), singer and member of The Temptations Mona Freeman (1926–2014), actress Milton Frome (1909–1989), actor Bobby Fuller (1942–1966), singer G Reginald Gardiner (1903–1980), actor Michael Garrison (1922–1966), producer Frankie Gaye (1941–2001), singer Wally George (1931–2003), television host Andy Gibb (1958–1988), singer Hughie Gibb (1916–1992), bandleader Paul Gilbert (1918–1976), actor Peggy Gilbert (1905–2007), musician Haven Gillespie (1888–1975), songwriter Roger Gimbel (1925–2011), producer Joel Goldsmith (1957–2012), composer Claude Gordon (1916-1996), trumpeter Floyd Gottfredson (1905–1986), Disney cartoonist Alfred J. Goulding (1885–1972), director and screenwriter Earl Grant (1931–1970), musician R. B. Greaves (1943–2012), singer Howard Greenfield (1936–1986), songwriter H Hard Boiled Haggerty (1925–2004), professional wrestler Barbara Hale (1922–2017), actress Monte Hale (1919–2009), actor and singer Jon Hall (1915–1979), actor Porter Hall (1888–1953), actor Thurston Hall (1882–1958), actor Stuart Hamblen (1908–1989), actor, singer, and songwriter Thomas F. Hamilton (1894–1969), founder of the Hamilton Standard propeller company John Hancock (1941–1992), actor Jack Hannah (1913–1994), animator Ben Hardaway (1895–1957), animator and voice-over artist Ann Harding (1902–1981), actress Bob Hastings (1925–2014), actor Marvin Hatley (1905–1986), composer George "Gabby" Hayes (1885–1969), actor Jim Healy (1923–1994), sports commentator Neal Hefti (1922–2008), composer Horace Heidt (1901–1986), bandleader Wanda Hendrix (1928–1981), actress Buck Henry (1930–2020), actor, director and screenwriter Maxine Elliott Hicks (1904–2000), actress Higgins (1957–1975), dog actor (urn is buried with trainer, Frank Inn) James Day Hodgson (1915–2012), politician John C. Holland (1893–1970), Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–67 Red Holloway (1927–2012), musician Sol Hoʻopiʻi (1902–1953), musician Jean Speegle Howard (1927–2000), actress Nipsey Hussle (1985–2019), musician Michael Hutchence (1960–1997), musician, frontman of INXS I James Ingram (1952–2019), musician, singer and songwriter Rex Ingram (1895–1969), actor Frank Inn (1916–2002), animal trainer Jill Ireland (1936–1990), actress Ub Iwerks (1901–1971), animator J James Jacks (1947–2014), film producer Dennis James (1917–1997), actor and television host Al Jarreau (1940–2017), singer and musician Charles Jarrott (1927–2011), director Howard Jarvis (1903–1986), political activist Sybil Jason (1927–2011), child actress Tony Jay (1933–2006), actor and voice-over artist Kelly Johnson (1910–1990), aviation engineer I. Stanford Jolley (1900–1978), actor Mickey Jones (1941–2018), drummer and actor Allyn Joslyn (1901–1981), actor K Dick Kallman (1933–1980), actor Bob Kane (1915–1998), comic book artist Stacy Keach, Sr. (1914–2003), actor Joseph Kearns (1907–1962), actor Buster Keaton (1895–1966), actor and comedian Adolf Keller (1872–1963), theologian and writer Lemmy Kilmister (1945–2015), Musician, singer and songwriter of Motörhead. Lincoln Kilpatrick (1932–2004), actor (unmarked grave) Peter King (1914–1982), composer Rodney King (1965–2012), author, activist, police brutality victim and civil rights figure Winrich Kolbe (1940–2012), German-American television director James Komack (1924–1997), TV producer, screenwriter, director and actor Ernie Kovacs (1919–1962), actor and comedian Helen Barbara Kruger (1913–2006), fashion designer Otto Kruger (1885–1974), actor Kay E. Kuter (1925–2003), actor L Jack LaLanne (1914–2011), fitness and nutrition expert Dorothy Lamour (1914–1996), actress and singer Muriel Landers (1921–1977), actress Fritz Lang (1890–1976), director June Lang (1917–2005), actress Grace Lantz (1903–1992), voice-over artist, voice of Woody Woodpecker Walter Lantz (1899–1994), animator and founder of Walter Lantz Productions Eric Larson (1905–1988), animator Nicolette Larson (1952–1997), singer Philip H. Lathrop (1912–1995), cinematographer Wesley Lau (1921–1984), actor Charles Laughton (1899–1962), actor Stan Laurel (1890–1965), actor and comedian, one-half of the Laurel and Hardy duo William Lava (1911–1971), composer Yvette Lebon (1910–2014), actress Arthur Lee (1945–2006), singer, songwriter, musician Robert Edwin Lee (1918–1994), playwright and lyricist Lance LeGault (1935–2012), actor Earl Lestz (1938–2017), studio executive Stan Levey (1926–2005), musician Liberace (1919–1987), musician George Liberace (1911–1983), actor and musician Diane Linkletter (1948–1969), daughter of Art Linkletter Glenard P. Lipscomb (1915–1970), former US Congressman Felix Locher (1882–1969), actor Carey Loftin (1914–1997), actor and stuntman Hicks Lokey (1904–1990), animator Julie London (1926–2000), actress and singer Louise Lorraine (1904–1981), actress John Lounsbery (1911–1976), animator Otto Ludwig (1903–1983), editor Art Lund (1915–1990), actor and singer Jeffrey Lynn (1909–1995), actor M Kenneth MacDonald (1901–1972), actor Harriet E. MacGibbon (1905–1987), actress Chummy MacGregor (1903–1973), musician Wilbur Mack (1873–1964), actor Dave Mackay (1932-2020), jazz pianist Marjorie Main (1890–1975), actress Albert Hay Malotte (1895–1964), composer Shelly Manne (1920–1984), musician Jerry Maren (1920–2018), actor Richard Marquand (1937–1987), director Garry Marshall (1934–2016), writer, director, producer, and actor Jack Marshall (1921–1973), guitarist, composer and conductor Penny Marshall (1943–2018), actress and director Lock Martin (1916–1959), actor Strother Martin (1919–1980), actor Michelle Triola Marvin (1932–2009), actress Joseph Mascolo (1929–2016), actor Matty Matlock (1907–1978), musician Junius Matthews (1890–1978), actor Frank Mayo (1889–1963), actor Larry McCormick (1933–2004), television news anchor Pat McCormick (1927–2005), comedian Michelle McNamara (1970–2016), writer and crime blogger Caroline McWilliams (1945–2010), actress Jayne Meadows (1919–2015), actress Ralph Meeker (1920–1988), actor Martin Melcher (1915–1968), producer Sam Melville (1936–1989), actor Rafael Méndez (1906–1981), musician Chuck Menville (1940–1992), animator and writer Gertrude Messinger (1911–1995), actress Donald Mills (1915–1999), singer Harry Mills (1913–1982), singer Shirley Mills (1926–2010), actress Victor Milner (1893–1972), cinematographer Chris Mims (1970–2008), football player Cyril J. Mockridge (1896–1979), composer Louella Maxam Modie (1891–1970), silent film actress Paul Monette (1945–1995), author and poet Simon Monjack (1970–2010), producer, screenwriter Alvy Moore (1921–1997), actor Vicki Morgan (1952–1983), model, socialite, and murder victim Alphonse Mouzon (1948–2016), drummer Brittany Murphy (1977–2009), actress, singer, voice artist Timothy Patrick Murphy (1959–1988), actor Burt Mustin (1884–1977), actor John Myhers (1921–1992), actor N Harriet Nelson (1909–1994), actress and singer Ozzie Nelson (1906–1975), actor and musician Ricky Nelson (1940–1985), actor and singer Red Nichols (1905–1965), musician Jack Nimitz (1930–2009), musician Lewis Nixon III (1918–1995), army officer, portrayed in Band of Brothers Heather North (1945–2017), actress Carroll Nye (1901–1974), actor O Donald O'Connor (1925–2003), actor, singer and dancer David Oliver (1962–1992), actor Ron O'Neal (1937–2004), actor Henry Ong (1949–2018), playwright Orangey (unknown), animal actor (cat) William T. Orr (1917–2002), television producer and founder of Warner Bros. Television Orry-Kelly (1897–1964), costume designer Frank Orth (1880–1962), actor Bud Osborne (1884–1964), actor Chuck Osborne (1973–2012), football player P Joy Page (1924–2008), actress Nestor Paiva (1905–1966), actor Maria Palmer (1917–1981), actress Cecilia Parker (1914–1993), actress Eleanor Parker (1922–2013), actress Jean Parker (1915–2005), actress Hank Patterson (1888–1975), actor Don Paul (1925–2014), football player Bill Paxton (1955–2017), actor Kenneth Peach (1903–1988), cinematographer Bill Peet (1915–2002), animator Jack Pepper (1902–1979), actor Freddie Perren (1943–2004), musician Jack Perrin (1896–1967), actor Barbara Perry (1921–2019), actress Brock Peters (1927–2005), actor George O. Petrie (1912–1997), actor Esther Phillips (1935–1984), singer John Phillips (1935–2001), singer Rich Piana (1971–2017), bodybuilder Charles Pierce (1926–1999), actor and female impersonator Daphne Pollard (1891–1978), actress Snub Pollard (1889–1962), actor and comedian Tony Pope (1947–2004), voice-over artist Jeff Porcaro (1954–1992), musician, drummer for Toto Mike Porcaro (1955–2015), bassist for Toto Jean Porter (1922–2018), actress John Clinton Porter (1871–1959), former mayor of Los Angeles Don Post (1902–1979), makeup artist Jerry Pournelle (1933–2017), author and journalist Freddie Prinze (1954–1977), actor and comedian Alan Purwin (1961–2015), helicopter pilot R George Raft (1901–1980), actor Amanda Randolph (1896–1967), actress Lillian Randolph (1898–1980), actress Lou Rawls (1933–2006), singer Hugh Reilly (1915–1998), actor Bert Remsen (1925–1999), actor Ray Rennahan (1896–1980), cinematographer Dorothy Revier (1904–1993), actress Reynaldo Rey (1940–2015), actor, comedian, TV personality Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016), actress and singer Bill Richmond (1921–2016), television writer John Ritter (1948–2003), actor Preston Ritter (1949–2015), musician Ramesh (Azar Mohebbi) (1950-2020), Persian musician Naya Rivera (1987–2020), actress and singer Jason Robards Sr. (1892–1963), actor Gale Robbins (1921–1980), actress and singer Dar Robinson (1947–1986), film stuntman Jay Robinson (1930–2013), actor Kasey Rogers (1925–2006), actress John Roseboro (1933–2002), MLB player Joe E. Ross (1914–1982), actor and comedian Ruth Royce (1893–1971), actress Miklós Rózsa (1907–1995), composer Don Rudolph (1931–1968), MLB player Al Ruscio (1924–2013), actor S Sabu (1924–1963), actor Boris Sagal (1923–1981), television and film director Jack Sahakian (1931–1995), hairdresser and actor Ruth St. Denis (1879–1968), dancer and choreographer Raymond St. Jacques (1930–1990), actor Bill Salkeld (1917–1967), MLB player Isabel Sanford (1917–2004), actress George Savalas (1924–1985), actor Telly Savalas (1922–1994), actor Richard Schaal (1928–2014), actor Johnny Sekka (1934–2006), actor Leon Shamroy (1901–1974), cinematographer Reta Shaw (1912–1982), actress Larry Shay (1897–1988), songwriter Robert Shayne (1900–1992), actor Roberta Sherwood (1913–1999), singer (unmarked grave) Mickey Simpson (1913–1985), actor Doris Singleton (1919–2012), actress John Singleton (1968–2019), film director and screenwriter Phillips Smalley (1865–1939), actor and director Keely Smith (1928–2017), singer Roger Smith (1932–2017), actor Jack Soo (1917–1979), actor Olan Soule (1909–1994), actor Tim Spencer (1908–1974), actor and singer Jack Starrett (1936–1989), actor and director Bob Steele (1907–1988), actor Rod Steiger (1925–2002), actor George Stevens (1904–1975), director McLean Stevenson (1927–1996), actor Jay Stewart (1918–1989), television and radio announcer Fred Stone (1873–1959), actor Bill Stout (1927–1989), journalist Glenn Strange (1899–1973), actor Victor Sutherland (1889–1968), actor Harold Norling Swanson (1899–1991), Hollywood literary agent T William Talman (1915–1968), actor Vic Tayback (1930–1990), actor Rod Taylor (1930–2015), actor Zola Taylor (1938–2007), singer Jack Teagarden (1905–1964), musician Frankie Thomas (1921–2006), actor Martha Tilton (1915–2006), singer Wayne Tippit (1932–2009), actor George Tomasini (1909–1964), editor Pinky Tomlin (1907–1987), actor and musician Leo Tover (1902–1964), cinematographer Bobby Troup (1918–1999), actor and musician Charles Trowbridge (1882–1967), actor Forrest Tucker (1919–1986), actor V Virginia Vale (1920–2006), actress Lee Van Cleef (1925–1989), actor Buddy Van Horn (1928–2021), director and stuntman Dick Van Patten (1928–2015), actor Wally Vernon (1905–1970), actor Katherine Victor (1923–2004), actress Al Viola (1919–2007), musician W Jack Wagner (1925–1995), announcer at Disneyland, "The Voice of Disneyland" Jimmy Wakely (1914–1982), actor and singer Janet Waldo (1920–2016), voice actress Paul Walker (1973–2013), actor Eddy Waller (1889–1977), actor Larry Walters (1949–1993), truck driver known as "Lawnchair Larry" or "The Lawn Chair Pilot who flew a lawn chair with weather balloons" Kent Warner (1943–1984), costume designer Ruth Waterbury (1896–1982), film critic Michael Wayne (1934–2003), film producer and actor, son of John Wayne Paul Weatherwax (1900–1960), editor Jack Webb (1920–1982), actor, producer, and director Reinhold Weege (1949–2012), television writer Frank Wells (1932–1994), Disney president Billy West (1892–1975), actor and comedian Keith A. Wester (1940–2002), sound engineer Norman Whitfield (1940–2008), songwriter and composer Claire Whitney (1890–1969), actress Richard Whorf (1906–1966), actor, director, and producer Crane Wilbur (1886–1973), actor and director Fred Willard (1933–2020), actor and comedian Jess Willard (1881–1968), world heavyweight boxing champion Bill Williams (1915–1992), actor Dick Williams (1926–2018), singer Guinn "Big Boy" Williams (1899–1962), actor Rhys Williams (1897–1969), actor Roy Williams (1907–1976), animator, The Mickey Mouse Club Mouseketeer Vesta Williams (1957–2011), singer Dick Wilson (1916–2007), actor Marie Wilson (1916–1972), actress and comedian Scott Wilson (1942–2018), actor Paul Winfield (1941–2004), actor Charles Winninger (1884–1969), stage and film actor Bill Withers (1938–2020), singer John Witherspoon (1942–2019), actor and comedian Ad Wolgast (1888–1955), boxer David L. Wolper (1928–2010), producer Tyrus Wong (1910–2016), animator John Wooden (1910–2010), UCLA Bruins men's basketball coach Y Ralph Yearsley (1896–1928), actor Vasyl Yemetz (1891–1982), bandurist, composer, founder of the Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus Snooky Young (1919–2011), musician Z Paul Zastupnevich (1921–1997), costume designer Arnold Ziffel (1964–1972), known as "Arnold the Pig" on Green Acres (urn is buried with trainer, Frank Inn) George Zucco (1886–1960), actor References Forest Lawn Memorial Park Interments at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

57260928

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Ogrod%20case

Walter Ogrod case

Walter Ogrod is an American man who was convicted and sentenced to death for the July 12, 1988, sexual assault and murder of four-year-old Barbara Jean Horn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. According to police, Ogrod confessed to Horn's murder four years after it occurred, but in 2020 the "confession" was recognized to be false. On June 5 of that year, Ogrod's conviction was vacated by the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas and he was ordered to be released from prison. He had spent more than two decades on death row. Trials In April 1992, Walter Ogrod, a neighbor of four-year-old Barbara Jean Horn, confessed to luring Horn into his basement, attempting to sexually assault her, bludgeoning her to death with a metal object and then placing her body in a cardboard television box on nearby St. Vincent Street. In October 1993, Ogrod was prosecuted by Philadelphia District Attorney Lynne Abraham for the first time. The defense argued that Ogrod's confession had been coerced by the authorities. The jury was set to acquit Ogrod of the crime, but a single juror announced that he did not agree with the verdict as it was being read, resulting in a mistrial. In October 1996, Ogrod again went on trial. He was convicted of her murder on October 8, 1996, and sentenced to death the following day. The main evidence against Ogrod was jailhouse informant hearsay testimony that he had confessed to the crime. In December 2003, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed Ogrod's death sentence in an opinion by Justice Sandra Schultz Newman. In April 2004, that court denied Ogrod's application for reargument in an unsigned order, with Justice Thomas G. Saylor writing for the three dissenters. Further developments In April 2018, the new Philadelphia District Attorney, Larry Krasner, revealed that Ogrod's conviction would be reviewed. In addition, a district attorney spokesman revealed that prosecutors would no longer try to prevent DNA evidence in the case from being tested, including fingernail scrapings from the victim. DNA testing was concluded in January 2020, with the results definitively excluding Ogrod as the source. In light of the new DNA test results, Krasner filed a motion to have Ogrod's 1996 murder conviction overturned, which was set to go before a judge on March 27, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was delayed until June 2020. On June 5, 2020, Ogrod's conviction was vacated by the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, and he was ordered to be freed from prison. It was announced in June 2021, Ogrod retained the services of attorney Joseph Marrone, Esq. of the Marrone Law Firm, to file a wrongful conviction suit against the City of Philadelphia on his behalf. Media coverage The case was featured on a first-season episode of Unsolved Mysteries, aired on November 16, 1988. As implied, at the time the case was unsolved, and there was not yet a clear suspect. In April 2017, a book by author Thomas Lowenstein (son of Allard K. Lowenstein), The Trials of Walter Ogrod, was published. In April 2018, a segment of the documentary series Death Row Stories entitled "Snitch Work" aired, focusing on Ogrod's conviction and possible innocence. In September 2021, Dateline NBC aired "The Investigation" that showcased how the investigation into Barbara Jean Horn's murder revealed decades of misconduct across Philadelphia's criminal justice system. References Further reading 1988 murders in the United States Crimes in Pennsylvania 1988 in Pennsylvania Murdered American children People murdered in Pennsylvania Deaths by person in the United States Overturned convictions in the United States People wrongfully convicted of murder

57284033

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Maurice%20Johnson

Russell Maurice Johnson

Russell Maurice Johnson (born 1947), also known as The Bedroom Strangler, is a Canadian serial killer and rapist who was convicted of raping and murdering at least three women in London and Guelph in the 1970s, although the total number of victims later turned out to be higher. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and indefinitely confined at Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care in Penetanguishene. Murders In the span of four years, Johnson, an automotive store clerk and weightlifter who worked for Ford Motor Company of Canada in Talbotville, raped and strangled at least seven women in their apartments in London and Guelph. He would stalk his victims to their apartments, waiting until he thought they were asleep, gaining access to their apartments by scaling the outside walls, sometimes for many stories to enter. There, he attacked them, sometimes watching the women sleep before sexually assaulting and suffocating them. Aside from his murders, he non-fatally assaulted 11 other women in the same area. Victims Mary-Catherine Hicks (20) Alice Ralston (42) Eleanor Hartwick Doris Brown (49) Diane Beitz (23) - Beitz's body was found on New Year's Eve, 1974, by her boyfriend James Britton, with whom she had been engaged to the previous night. She had been strangled with a brassiere and her hands tied behind her back with a nylon stocking. She had been raped after death. The Guelph police offered a $5,000 reward for any clues leading to the discovery of her killer, while also searching for a dark-coloured, four-door Buick automobile seen parked at the rear of the apartment building in the early morning. At the time of her murder, Johnson was visiting his father in Guelph, and knew of Beitz because his ex-wife used to live in the same apartment building. Louella Jeanne George (23) - George was killed in April 1977, after Johnson climbed to her fourth-floor apartment balcony and barged in, raping and killing her on the spot. Donna Veldboom (22) - Veldbloom, who lived in the apartment above Johnson's, was strangled to death in July 1977. Arrest, trial and imprisonment In July 1977, Russell Johnson was arrested on charges of murdering three of the women: Beitz, George and Veldbloom. According to Police Inspector Robert Young, the man, who had voluntarily admitted himself to the London Psychiatric Hospital in 1969 and diagnosed as a sexual deviant, had told him that he wouldn't have killed the girls if he had gotten proper medical treatment. At trial, Johnson claimed to have had an "uncontrollable urge" to rape and kill. In the beginning, Johnson pleaded not guilty for the three killings before the Ontario Supreme Court. Much to the surprise of the parties present, Johnson additionally admitted to perpetrating four other homicides and 11 non-fatal assaults. As he demonstrated an incapability to grasp the harshness of the crimes, Johnson was found not guilty by reason of insanity and indefinitely confined to the Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care. Aftermath The investigation surrounding Johnson's crimes was the costliest in Ontario's history, amassing at least $30,000 in expenses. Every year, Johnson applies for more lenient conditions at his facility, which is constantly battled over with the family members of his victims. He has been chemically castrated, and takes Lupron to reduce his testosterone. In 2012, the Ontario Court of Appeals rejected his plea to be moved to the Brockville Mental Health Centre. Bibliography See also List of serial killers by country References 1947 births Living people 20th-century Canadian criminals Canadian male criminals Canadian prisoners and detainees Canadian serial killers Male serial killers Necrophiles Prisoners and detainees of Canada People from St. Thomas, Ontario

57487479

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20investigations%20into%20Donald%20Trump%20and%20Russia%20%28January%E2%80%93June%202018%29

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)

This is a timeline of major events in first half of 2018 related to the investigations into links between associates of Donald Trump and Russian officials that are suspected of being inappropriate, relating to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. It follows the timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections before and after July 2016 up until election day November 8, the transition, and the first and second halves of 2017, but precedes the second half of 2018, the first and second halves of 2019, 2020, and 2021. These events are related to, but distinct from, Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections. Relevant individuals and organizations 2017 January–June 2018 January January: Federal agents photograph Maria Butina dining with Oleg Zhiganov, the director of the Russian Cultural Center. Zhiganov is expelled from the U.S. in March for being a suspected Russian spy. In a July hearing, prosecutors offer Butina's association with Zhiganov as one reason she should be considered a flight risk and denied bail. Manafort tells Gates that Trump's personal counsel told him that they should "sit tight" and they are "going to take care of us." Gates presses him on whether pardons were mentioned, and he responds that the word wasn't used. In October, Manafort tells Mueller's team that he didn't tell Gates he talked to Trump's personal counsel or suggest they would be taken care of. January 2: In a New York Times op-ed, Fusion GPS founders Glenn Simpson and Peter Fritsch request that congressional Republicans "release full transcripts of our firm's testimony" and add that "the Steele dossier was not the trigger for the FBI's investigation into Russian meddling." Their sources said the dossier was taken seriously because it corroborated reports from other sources, "including one inside the Trump camp." January 3: Manafort files a lawsuit challenging Mueller's broad authority and alleging the DoJ violated the law in appointing Mueller. A department spokesperson replies that "the lawsuit is frivolous but the defendant is entitled to file whatever he wants." CNN reports that Trump's legal team held talks with Mueller's team a few days before Christmas. Rosenstein and Wray meet with Ryan about the House Russia investigation. Excerpts from Fire and Fury, a forthcoming book by Michael Wolff, are published, in which Bannon describes Trump Jr's meeting with Natalia Veselnitskaya as "treasonous" and "unpatriotic". Wolff's book also describes Bannon's confidence that Trump Sr. knew of the meeting at the time. Trump subsequently tweets that Bannon had "very little to do with our historic victory" and that he has "lost his mind". Trump lawyers send Bannon a letter demanding that he refrain from making disparaging comments against Trump and his family. January 4: The New York Times reports that two days after Comey's congressional testimony, an aide to Sessions approached a Capitol Hill staff member to ask for any derogatory information about Comey. Sessions purportedly wanted one negative article about Comey per day in the news media. Mueller has handwritten notes from Priebus that show that Trump talked to Priebus about how he had called Comey to urge him to say publicly that Trump was not under investigation. CNN reports that The Trump Organization has provided Mueller and Congressional investigators with documents on a wide range of events, including conversations and meetings about Trump's real estate business. A federal judge denies Fusion GPS's bid to prevent the House Intelligence Committee from obtaining the firm's bank records. January 5: Grassley and Graham make the first criminal referral of the congressional investigations, recommending that the DoJ investigate Steele for potentially making false statements to the FBI "regarding his distribution of information contained in the dossier". The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Patten. Afterward, the committee makes a criminal referral for Patten making false statements, which he eventually pleads guilty to. January 6: CNN reports that Spicer, Priebus and McGahn all tried to pressure Sessions not to recuse himself from the FBI's Russia investigation, which ultimately led to Rosenstein appointing Mueller as special counsel. Mueller's team interviews Emin Agalarov's associate Roman Beniaminov. January 7: Senate Judiciary Committee members Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) write to Grassley, demanding the publication of the Fusion GPS testimony of August 22, 2017. January 8: Mueller's team gives Trump's personal counsel a detailed list of topics for a possible interview with Trump. Facebook informs the Senate Intelligence Committee that an internal investigation found that, starting in 2016, the GRU's Fancy Bear created fake personas used to disseminate information from DCLeaks. January 9: Feinstein unilaterally releases the transcript of the Fusion GPS testimony given to the Senate Judiciary Committee on August 22, 2017. The Daily Beast reports that a senior National Security Council official proposed withdrawing some U.S. military forces from Eastern Europe as an overture to Putin during the Trump administration's early days. Trump's personal attorney Cohen sues BuzzFeed and Fusion GPS for defamation over allegations about him in a dossier the news organization published that was commissioned in 2016 by Trump's political opponents. FBI agents subpoena Bannon to appear before a grand jury. Mueller's team interviews Jonathan Hawker, a public relations consultant at FTI Consulting, for the first of two times through June 9. Hawker worked with Davis Manafort International LLC on a public relations campaign for Yanukovych. Mueller's team interviews Zalmay Khalilzad, a former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq who attended dinners arranged by CNI that included Sessions and Kislyak. January 10: The Washington Post reports that Mueller has added a veteran cyber prosecutor, Ryan K. Dickey, to his team, filling what has long been a gap in expertise and potentially signaling a recent focus on computer crimes. Dickey was previously assigned to the DoJ Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section. The United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee releases a report, "Putin's Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security." In a refiling of a 2008 suit filed in the Cayman Islands, Deripaska sues Manafort and Gates in New York state court for over $25 million in damages. Deripaska alleges that Mueller's indictments of Manafort and Gates provide new information in the case. Senator John McCain's former staffer David J. Kramer testifies behind closed doors for a second time before the House Intelligence Committee. His lawyer, Larry Robbins, spends 30 minutes accusing Nunes' staff of "conduct unbecoming of how attorneys treat one another," causing alarm among members of both parties. Kramer received the subpoena for the hearing on December 27, 2017, four days after his lawyer accused the committee of leaking information to Cohen's lawyer. January 11: Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the sixth of 11 times. January 12: Mueller's team interviews Kushner's assistant Avi Berkowitz for the first time. January 16: Bannon testifies to the House Intelligence Committee, and remains tight-lipped, citing executive privilege. He indicates he will not invoke privilege when he testifies before Mueller's grand jury. The next day, Axios reports that Bannon informed the Committee that he had had a discussion with Priebus, Spicer, and Corallo about the June 2016 Veselnitskaya meeting. January 17: Lewandowski and Dearborn testify before the House Intelligence Committee's investigators. BuzzFeed News reports that Mueller's team and Senate Intelligence Committee investigators are looking into hundreds of financial transactions flagged as suspicious between the Russian government and people in the United States. Mueller's team interviews Jeff Sessions. January 18: McClatchy reports that the FBI is investigating whether the Central Bank of Russia's deputy governor, Alexander Torshin, funneled money to the Trump campaign through the NRA. The House Intelligence Committee releases the transcript of the Glenn Simpson testimony given on November 14, 2017. Schiff says the testimony contains "serious allegations that the Trump Organization may have engaged in money laundering with Russian nationals". Trump Organization's chief counsel Alan Garten calls the allegations "unsubstantiated" and "reckless", and says that Simpson was mainly referring to properties to which Trump licensed his name. Democratic committee member Jim Himes says that Simpson "did not provide evidence and I think that's an important point. He made allegations." The Trump inaugural committee declines to comment when USA Today asks about its finances and whether it followed through on its September 2017 pledge to donate $3 million to the Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and Samaritan's Purse. Mueller's team interviews Priebus for the second of three times. January 19: German periodical Manager Magazin reports that Deutsche Bank has presented to Germany's financial authority, BaFin, evidence of "suspicious money transfers" by Kushner; this information is due to be handed to Mueller. Deutsche Bank denies the report on January 22 and announces that it is taking legal action. House Republicans call for the release of a classified memo authored by Nunes alleging FISA abuses during the 2016 election. Nunes has repeatedly refused to share his concerns with the FBI, even after repeated requests by the bureau. The memo was primarily written by committee staffer Kash Patel who, unlike Nunes, read the underlying intelligence the memo is based upon. Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the seventh of 11 times. Mueller's team interviews Nader for the first of three times. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Yared Tamene. January 20: Twitter announces that it will notify 677,775 US citizens that they followed or retweeted accounts linked to Russian propaganda during the election. Twitter also announces the discovery of a further 1,062 propagandist accounts linked to the Kremlin's Internet Research Agency, bringing the total to 3,814, as well as the discovery of a further 13,512 automated bot accounts based in Russia, bringing the total to 50,258. Twitter estimates that the bot accounts produced 2.12 million tweets, collectively receiving 454.7 million impressions in the first week after each posting. Twitter's analysis indicates that Russian bots retweeted Trump's account 470,000 times in the run-up to election day, and Clinton's account 48,000 times. January 22: Russian media outlet Meduza, published exclusively by Buzzfeed News in English, details the inside battle for control of Kaspersky Lab, and the kidnapping of Eugene Kaspersky's son which led to a battle that was won by the side allied with Russian security services (FSB). It is reported that Sessions, at Trump's urging, has been pressuring FBI Director Wray to fire Deputy Director McCabe, but that Wray threatened to resign if McCabe was removed. Papadopoulos's fiancée, Simona Mangiante, tells The Washington Post that he "knows far more" than has been reported by news outlets so far. CNN reports that Mueller's team and Papadopoulos's lawyers have delayed an upcoming check-in for his case, indicating that the investigation will stay active until at least springtime. Mueller's team interviews Nader for the second of three times. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews former acting DNC chair Donna Brazile. January 23: The New York Times reports that Mueller's team interviewed Sessions the previous week. He is the first serving Cabinet member known to have been interviewed in the course of the Russia investigation. The Washington Post reports that top congressional Democrats call on Facebook and Twitter to urgently investigate and combat Russian bots and trolls. The New York Times reports that Mueller's team interviewed Comey last year about the memos he took contemporaneously to Trump's potential obstruction of justice into the investigation of Flynn. The Washington Post reports that Mueller is seeking to question Trump in the coming weeks about his decisions to fire Flynn and Comey, suggesting potential obstruction of justice and abuse of power charges. The Washington Post reports that Trump, during an Oval Office meeting, asked McCabe whom he voted for in the presidential election. CNN reports that Gates has quietly added a prominent white-collar attorney, Tom Green, to his defense team, signaling that Gates's approach to his not-guilty plea could be changing. This is seen as a sign that Gates may be negotiating with Mueller's team. Mueller's team interviews Nader for the final of three times. January 24: Trump publicly confirms that he is willing to testify under oath to Mueller. Mueller's team interviews Center for the National Interest (CNI) board member Charles Boyd. Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the eighth of 11 times January 25: The Senate Judiciary Committee announces plans to release transcripts of its interviews with Trump Jr. and others who participated in the June 2016 Veselnitskaya meeting. The Senate Intelligence Committee releases a document detailing 129 fake political event announcements promoted on Facebook by Russian agents during the election. The announcements are believed to have drawn the interest of 340,000 Facebook users. Facebook admits to the Senate that it recommended Russian propaganda to some users. The New York Times and The Washington Post report that Trump ordered Mueller fired in June 2017, but backed off when McGahn threatened to quit. Trump reportedly also floated the idea of firing Rosenstein. Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant reports that hackers from the Dutch intelligence service AIVD infiltrated the Russian hacker group Cozy Bear in 2014 and witnessed the attacks on the DNC and the State Department, relaying evidence to US intelligence agencies all the while. The Daily Beast reports that Mueller's team had no interest in interviewing Bannon until they read Wolff's book Fire and Fury. Mueller's team interviews Andrei Vladimirovich Rozov, the Chairman of LC. Expert Investment Company and a signatory of the 2015 letter of intent for the Trump Tower Moscow project. Mueller's team interviews Dov Zakheim, a board member at CNI. January 26: Trump dismisses the previous day's Times story that he ordered McGahn to fire Mueller as "Fake news, folks. Fake news. A typical New York Times fake story." Trump's personal counsel calls McGahn's attorney asking that McGahn publicly deny the Times story that Trump asked McGahn to fire Mueller. McGahn's attorney responds that that part of the Times story is accurate, and that McGahn will not comply with the request. Afterward, Hicks informs Trump about the call. Trump then asks Sanders to call McGahn about the story. McGahn tells Sanders that no response is necessary because some of the story was accurate. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Robby Mook. January 29: Trump's lawyers acknowledge that the president "dictated" the misleading statement put out by his son about the 2016 Trump Tower meeting with Russians. Mark Warner tells Politico that the Senate Intelligence Committee late last year received “extraordinarily important new documents” in its investigation. McCabe steps down as Deputy Director of the FBI, telling friends he felt pressured to leave by Wray. Republicans on the House Intelligence Committee, disregarding DoJ warnings that their actions would be “extraordinarily reckless,” vote on party lines to release the Nunes memorandum. During the committee meeting, Nunes refuses to answer direct questions from Representative Mike Quigley about whether his staffers communicated with the White House while writing the memo. The Trump administration declines to impose additional sanctions on Russia as mandated under the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA), which was designed to punish Moscow's alleged meddling, insisting the measure was already hitting Russian companies. Trump's legal team sends Mueller a letter asserting that it is not illegal for the President to obstruct justice because the Constitution gives him the power to, “if he wished, terminate the inquiry, or even exercise his power to pardon.” Mueller's team interviews Gates. January 30: In a last-minute reversal from their January 29 position, the Trump administration releases an updated list of Russian politicians and business figures in an attempt to increase pressure on Putin. The list includes 114 individuals the Treasury Department deems to be senior Russian political figures. It also includes 96 people deemed to be "oligarchs." The Treasury says each has an estimated net worth of $1 billion or more. The Guardian reports on the existence of a dossier compiled by political activist and former journalist Cody Shearer and handed over to the FBI by Christopher Steele in October 2016 that independently makes many of the same allegations as the Steele dossier. The Guardian states that the FBI is still assessing Shearer's claims and following leads. The Wall Street Journal reports that Mueller is seeking an interview with Mark Corallo, the former spokesman for Trump's legal team. Mueller's team interviews Gates. Mueller's team interviews former International Republican Institute employee Mark Lenzi. Mueller's team interviews Sessions's legislative director, Sandra Luff. January 31: ABC News reports that the DoJ handed over numerous documents related to the proposed resignation of Sessions. The report also states that the White House handed over emails relating to Flynn's dismissal. Bloomberg reports that Wray informed the White House that the Nunes memo "paints a false narrative." CNN reports that Rosenstein visited the White House in December, seeking Trump's help in fighting off document demands from Nunes. Trump wanted to know where Mueller's Russia investigation was heading, and whether Rosenstein was "on my team". In a Washington Post op-ed, Schiff blasts Nunes's actions. US ambassador to Russia Jon Huntsman says Pompeo recently met with his Russian counterparts when they traveled to the US. Russian media reports that those who met with Pompeo may have included the country's sanctioned spy chief, Sergey Naryshkin. In FEC filings, combined with the RNC, Trump's campaign reports paying a total of $5.5 million in legal bills during 2017 amid probes into Russia's role in the 2016 election. Schiff releases a statement; "BREAKING: Discovered late tonight that Chairman Nunes made material changes to the memo he sent to White House – changes not approved by the Committee. White House therefore reviewing a document the Committee has not approved for release." Mueller's team interviews Dana Boente. Mueller's team interviews Gates. February February: FBI agents assisting Mueller travel to Israel to interview employees of Psy-Group, the company whose founder, Joel Zamel, pitched psychological operations to the Trump campaign in 2016. Mueller also subpoenas records for payments made to PSY Group's bank account in Cyprus. Mueller's team interviews pollster Tony Fabrizio. February 1: Three attorneys file motions in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (D.D.C.) to withdraw their representation of Gates. One of them, Walter Mack, says in court that last month Mueller's prosecutors had warned him of more impending charges against Gates. Attorneys from the firm of Gates's new counsel, Tom Green, are seen entering the building where Mueller works. Mueller's team interviews The National Interest editor Jacob Heilbrunn. Mueller's team interviews John Hunt, the former chief of staff to Attorney General Sessions. February 2: Trump declassifies the Nunes memo, which is publicly released by House Republicans. The Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust is established to help defray the legal costs of Trump campaign aides, transition aides, and White House aides questioned by Mueller's team and the House and Senate Intelligence Committees. The fund is not available to Trump, his family, or anyone tied to "any charge or indictment for dishonest, fraudulent or criminal activity" unless "the acts forming the basis of such charge or indictment were undertaken by the Recipient on behalf of, or directly in support of, the Campaign, the Transition or the Administration in good faith and without knowledge that such acts were prohibited by law." Californian Richard Pinedo pleads guilty to one count of identity fraud arising from the Russia investigation, after allegedly selling stolen bank account information to individuals suspected of interfering in the election through Auction Essistance, an online marketplace. The plea agreement is kept secret until announced publicly on February 16. In the statement of the offense, PayPal is identified as "Company 1". Mueller's team interviews Gates. February 3: Trump tweets that the released Nunes memo "totally vindicates" him in the ongoing investigation. U.S. District Judge James E. Boasberg sides with the DoJ, to avoid releasing "sensitive nonpublic information", after multiple news organizations sued for the public release of Comey's memos after their Freedom of Information Act requests were denied. February 4: Priebus tells Chuck Todd on Meet the Press that he never heard Trump say that he wanted Mueller fired. Afterward, Trump tells Priebus he did a great job, and that Trump "never said any of those things about" Mueller. February 5: The United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence votes unanimously to declassify the Democratic rebuttal to the Nunes memo. Prior to the vote, Nunes refuses to give details to the other committee members of his investigation into the Justice Department and the FBI. Nunes admits that the FBI had indeed disclosed political backing for a Trump-Russia dossier in its October 19, 2016, FISA warrant application, which the Nunes memo, released on February 2, had denied. The New York Times reports that Trump's lawyers have advised him to refuse a wide-ranging interview with Mueller. Mueller would be able to subpoena and compel Trump to testify before Mueller's Washington, D.C., grand jury. Bannon refuses to appear before the House Intelligence Committee, risking a charge of contempt of Congress. On Fox & Friends, Devin Nunes asserts that Papadopoulos never met Trump. In March 2016 The Trump campaign released photographic evidence of Papadopoulos and Trump in a meeting. Trump complains to White House staff secretary Rob Porter that the January 25 New York Times article is "bullshit" and that McGahn leaked the story to the media. He orders Porter to tell McGahn to write a letter "for our records" stating that he never ordered McGahn to fire Mueller. He tells Porter, "If he doesn't write a letter, then maybe I'll have to get rid of him." Later that day, Porter delivers the message to McGahn, who refuses to write the letter because, he says, the article was accurate. Porter tells Kelly about his conversation with McGahn, and Trump never mentions the letter to him again. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Trump campaign policy director John Mashburn. February 6: The House Intelligence Committee gives Bannon one more week to comply with a subpoena to appear before the committee after missing an earlier deadline. McGahn meets with Trump and Kelly in the Oval Office to discuss the Times article. Trump tells McGahn that the story needs to be corrected because it did not "look good." He says, "I never said to fire Mueller. I never said 'fire.' This story doesn't look good. You need to correct this. You're the White House counsel." When McGahn reiterates from the meeting notes what Trump previously told him, Trump replies that he didn't remember saying it in that way. Trump asks McGahn why he told Mueller's team about the conversation, and he replies that their conversations are not covered by attorney client privilege. Trump then castigates McGahn for taking notes, saying, "I've had a lot of great lawyers, like Roy Cohn. He did not take notes." Trump's personal counsel submits legal arguments to Mueller's team asserting that Trump's actions are not covered by obstruction of justice statutes. In 2019, the team's analysis in the Mueller Report rejects the arguments as inconsistent with DoJ policy. BuzzFeed News reports Tow Center for Digital Journalism director Jonathan Albright's analysis of IRA activity on Tumblr, which began in 2015. He finds the IRA's posts were primarily aimed at young African Americans and promoted anti-Clinton and pro-Sanders views. February 7: Secretary of State Rex Tillerson suggests in an interview with Fox News that Russia is already attempting to interfere in the 2018 midterm elections, and the United States has not prepared itself to counter the threat. Jeanette Manfra, the head of DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate, confirms that, as first reported in September 2016, Russian hackers targeted voter rolls in 21 states and penetrated "an exceptionally small number of them". The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Schiller. Mueller's team interviews Gates. February 8: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny posts a 25-minute video on YouTube alleging that Manafort sent information to the Kremlin through the oligarch Oleg Deripaska. The video includes footage taken from the Instagram account of sex worker Anastasia Vashukevich, better known as Nastya Rybka, showing Deripaska with Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Prikhodko on his yacht in August 2016. Mueller's team interviews Rick Davis. Mueller's team interviews Goldstone for the second of two times since August 29, 2017. Mueller's team interviews White House communications advisor Josh Raffel. February 9: The White House declines to publish the Democratic rebuttal to the Nunes memo. Although the document had been submitted to the DoJ and FBI for vetting before the House Intelligence Committee voted to release it, McGahn said in a letter to the committee that it "contains numerous properly classified and especially sensitive passages." Mueller's team interviews Richard Burt. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Clinton campaign communications director Jennifer Palmieri. February 12: Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), ranking member on the Senate Finance Committee, asks the Treasury Department for documentation related to Trump's 2008 sale of an uninhabitable Palm Beach mansion to Russian oligarch Dmitry Rybolovlev. Foreign Policy reports that FTI Consulting has had investigators "traveling the globe" for the past six months trying to verify parts of the Steele dossier. BuzzFeed hired FTI Consulting to help in their defense against the libel suit filed by Aleksej Gubarev in February 2017. Russia threatens to block YouTube and Instagram if they do not take down videos and photos related to Deripaska that were posted by Navalny and Vashukevich. (see Media freedom in Russia) Mueller's team interviews Bannon for the first time. Mueller's team interviews Gates. February 12–21: Manafort hires pollsters he worked with in the past to conduct polling in Ukraine on the proposed peace plan. Manafort sends the pollsters a three-page primer on the plan and works with Kilimnik to formulate the polling questions. The primer calls for Trump to support the "Autonomous Republic of Donbas" with Yanukovych as Prime Minister. Some of the polling questions ask for opinions on Yanukovich and his role in resolving the conflict in Donbas, as well as questions pertaining to the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. February 13: In testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee, the heads of the U.S. intelligence community, including Pompeo, Wray, Rogers and Coats, say that Russia is intent on disrupting foreign elections, including the 2018 midterms. BuzzFeed sues the DNC to get information it believes will help it defend itself in the libel suit Gubarev filed against it in federal court in February 2017. BuzzFeed believes the DNC has information linking Gubarev to the hacking of DNC email servers in 2016. February 14: Mueller's team interviews Bannon for the second time. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews McCabe. February 15: NBC News reports that Mueller's investigators have interviewed Bannon for a total of about 20 hours. The Associated Press adds that Bannon answered every question from Mueller's team. Bannon appears at the House Intelligence Committee under subpoena. According to committee members, he answers only 25 questions that were pre-approved by the White House, answering “no” to each, and invokes presidential executive privilege to decline answering further questions. Republican and Democratic members of the committee say they are considering seeking contempt of Congress charges. The Daily Beast reports that the Senate Intelligence Committee interviewed numerous former State Department staffers, including Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Tom Malinowski, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland, and Secretary of State John Kerry's chief of staff Jon Finer, about Russian efforts to meddle in the 2016 election. Mueller's team interviews Corallo. Mueller's team interviews an individual identified as P. Sanders. Sanders was a participant in the March 14, 2016, lunch hosted by CNI. Mueller's team interviews Paul J. Saunders, the executive director of CNI. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Trump Organization corporate IT director Jae Cho. Mueller's team interviews Gates. February 16: The Daily Beast reports that Mueller has interviewed Corallo for over two hours. Mueller indicts 13 Russian citizens, IRA/Glavset and two other Russian entities in a 37-page indictment returned by a federal grand jury in the District of Columbia. Pinedo's plea agreement is publicly announced as pleading guilty to identity fraud for selling bank account numbers to Russians involved in election interference. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Rhona Graff. February 17: During questioning at the Munich Security Conference, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov dismisses additional charges in the investigation as "just blather". February 18: The Los Angeles Times reports that Gates will plead guilty to fraud-related charges, and that he has agreed to testify against Manafort for a reduced sentence. In contrast to Lavrov, H. R. McMaster tells the Munich Security Conference that the evidence indicting the Russian officials shows Russian interference is "now incontrovertible". February 20: Alex van der Zwaan, a London-based attorney formerly with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, pleads guilty to one count of lying to federal investigators about his interactions with Gates and an unidentified "Person A", and about his role in the production of a report on the trial of former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko. He also pleads guilty to deleting emails sought by Mueller's office, according to investigators. Van der Zwaan is the son-in-law of Ukrainian-Russian billionaire German Khan, who appeared in the Steele dossier and is suing Buzzfeed News over its publication. In the statement of the offense, Konstantin Kilimnik is identified as "Person A", and the firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom as "Law Firm A". February 21: NBC News reports that federal investigators are looking into whether Manafort promised a Chicago banker, Stephen Calk, president of the Federal Savings Bank of Chicago, a job in the Trump White House in return for $16 million in home equity loans. The Daily Beast reports that the Republican majority has blocked requests from the Democratic minority to subpoena the Twitter direct messages of Trump Jr., Stone, and other people in Trump's orbit in order to verify their veracity before the committee. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Berkowitz. February 22: Sam Nunberg, one of Trump's earliest campaign advisers, meets with Mueller's investigators. Mueller reveals new charges in the Manafort and Gates cases, filed on February 22. Unlike previous indictments, the superseding indictment was issued by a federal grand jury in the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, and contains 32 counts: 16 related to false individual income tax returns, seven of failure to file reports of foreign bank and financial accounts, five of bank fraud conspiracy, and four of bank fraud. The alleged conduct began in 2005 and continued into 2018. Former D.C. federal prosecutor Thomas Green formally joins Gates' legal team. February 23: Gates pleads guilty to one count of conspiracy against the United States and one count of making false statements. He becomes the fifth defendant publicly charged by Mueller's team to plead guilty and the third Trump associate to make a cooperation deal with Mueller. In a statement issued by his lawyer, Manafort says he has no plans to follow suit and make a deal. In the statement of the offense, Mercury Public Affairs is identified as "Company A", Podesta Group as "Company B", and Dana Rohrabacher as "Member of Congress". The Los Angeles Times reports that Gates's conviction of making false statements to investigators stems from a 2013 Ukraine-related meeting with Representative Rohrabacher. Gates purportedly told investigators that the meeting was not related to his or Manafort's work in Ukraine despite documents to the contrary. Gates's plea reveals that he lied during an FBI interview on February 1. That same day, his attorneys withdrew from representing him. Mueller reveals a new superseding indictment against Manafort, containing five counts: conspiracy against the United States, conspiracy to launder money, unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) statements, and false statements. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Beniaminov. February 24: The House Intelligence Committee releases the 10-page Democratic rebuttal to the Nunes memo. February 24–27: Manafort reaches out to Alan Friedman multiple times in an effort to coach him on what to say about their work in Ukraine. Later, Friedman informs the FBI of Manafort's inappropriate contacts. Manafort is charged with witness tampering in June and pleads guilty in September. In Manafort's statement of the offense, Friedman is identified as "Person D1". Late February – Early March: Mueller's team questions Russian oligarch Viktor Vekselberg and searches his electronics upon his arrival at a New York-area airport. February 25: PSY Group CEO Royi Burstien announces that the company is shutting down. The timing of the announcement is later considered interesting because it occurs the same week Nader testifies before Mueller's grand jury. February 27: Buzzfeed News reports that Mifsud claimed to his former girlfriend that he was friends with Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov. Mifsud subsequently goes missing, having last been seen on October 31, 2017. Charges against Gates are dismissed without prejudice, following his guilty plea. Hope Hicks testifies before the House Intelligence Committee. She declines to answer most questions, saying she has been instructed by the White House not to answer any questions relating to her time at the White House, but admits that she has told lies for Trump. In Senate testimony, NSA director Mike Rogers says Trump has given him "no new authority" to counter Russian election meddling. CNN reports that Mueller's investigators asked witnesses questions about Trump's business dealings in Russia prior to his presidential campaign, including the 2013 Miss Universe pageant held in Moscow. The investigators also inquired about the timing of Trump's decision to run for president. Mueller's team interviews Gates. February 28: Manafort pleads not guilty in the D.D.C. Federal District Judge Amy Berman Jackson subsequently sets his trial to start on September 17, 2018. Manafort pleads guilty on September 14. NBC News reports that Mueller's team is asking "pointed questions" about whether Trump knew that the DNC emails had been stolen before it was publicly known, and whether he was involved in their "strategic release". Hicks submits her resignation as White House Communications Director. The New York Times reports that one company lent the Kushners' business $184 million, and another $325 million. Both had held White House meetings with Kushner. The SEC subsequently drops its investigation into Apollo Global Management, which gave Kushner the $184 million loan a month earlier. ExxonMobil announces that it will end its joint ventures with Rosneft for exploration and research, due to U.S. and European Union sanctions against Russia. The Washington Post reports that Mueller's team has questioned witnesses about Trump's apparent pressure on Sessions to resign during the summer of 2017. Kilimnik reaches out several times to Eckart Sager in an effort to coach him on what to say about their work with Manafort in Ukraine. Later, Sager informs the FBI of Kilimnik's inappropriate contacts, and Kilimnik and Manafort are subsequently charged with witness tampering in June. Manafort pleads guilty in September. In Manafort's statement of the offense, Sager is identified as "Person D2". Mueller's team interviews McGahn for the fourth of six times. Mueller's team interviews Gates. March March: Mueller's team informs Session's lawyer that Sessions will not face prosecution for lying to Congress about his interactions with Russians. March 1: Bipartisan leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Richard Burr and Mark Warner, state that Republicans on the House Intelligence Committee leaked private messages between Warner and a lawyer associated with Deripaska, as Warner attempted to contact Steele. Burr and Warner reprimand Ryan for Nunes's behavior. NBC News reports that Mueller is preparing indictments against Russians and accomplices who engaged in criminal hacking and dissemination of private information intended to hurt Democrats in the 2016 election. The Daily Beast reveals new details about the Internet Research Agency gathered from a leak of internal documents. The new information shows that the Russian troll farm used Reddit and Tumblr as part of its influence campaign. Mueller's team interviews Flynn's lawyer Rob Kelner about an intimidating voicemail Trump's personal lawyer John M. Dowd left on November 22, 2017. Mueller's team interviews Gates. March 2: In an interview with Megyn Kelly broadcast on NBC News on March 10, 2018, Putin suggests that the 13 individuals Mueller indicted may not be Russians, saying, "Maybe they are not even Russians, but Ukrainians, Tartars, or Jews, but with Russian citizenship, which should also be checked: maybe they have dual citizenship or a Green Card; maybe the US paid them for this. How can you know that? I do not know either." The Intercept reports that Jared Kushner and his father Charles Kushner made a proposal to Qatar's finance minister, Ali Sharif Al Emadi, in April 2017 to secure investment into 666 Fifth Avenue, a building the Kushner family owns. When the proposal was rejected, a group of Middle Eastern countries, with Jared Kushner's backing, initiated a diplomatic assault that culminated in a blockade of Qatar. Kushner specifically undermined Secretary of State Rex Tillerson's efforts to end the standoff. March 3: The New York Times reports that Mueller's team has questioned advisor to the United Arab Emirates George Nader and pressed other witnesses for specifics about possible attempts by the Emiratis to purchase influence by directing money to support Trump during the 2016 campaign. March 4: The New York Times reports that the State Department has not used any of the $120 million fund that it was allocated by Congress in late 2016 to counter foreign efforts to meddle in the upcoming elections. Axios reports that Mueller has issued a subpoena to an unnamed witness for all his/her communications, emails, texts, handwritten notes, etc., regarding Trump and nine others (Carter Page, Corey Lewandowski, Hope Hicks, Keith Schiller, Cohen, Paul Manafort, Rick Gates, Roger Stone, and Steve Bannon) from November 1, 2015, to the present. March 5: The New Yorker reports that Steele has briefed Mueller on one of his undisclosed memos that purportedly makes the claim that the offer for the position of Secretary of State to former Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney was rescinded after the Kremlin intervened to voice its displeasure with the pick. Sam Nunberg publicly discloses that he has received a subpoena from Mueller. In live interviews with MSNBC and CNN, Nunberg initially says he will defy the grand jury's order to produce documents and testimony. That evening, Nunberg says he has decided he will comply with the subpoena. He attributes his erratic behavior to the influence of drugs and alcohol and says he will seek treatment after fulfilling his obligations to Mueller. March 6: The Washington Post reports that Mueller is requesting documents and asking witnesses questions about Cohen's involvement in the aborted project for a Trump Tower in Moscow and the February 2017 Russia-friendly Ukraine peace proposal. The New York Times reports that George Nader, an adviser to the United Arab Emirates, is cooperating with Mueller, and gave testimony last week to the grand jury. March 7: The Wall Street Journal reports that the Russian influence campaign gained personally identifying information about individual American citizens through Facebook. The New York Times reports that Trump has questioned people interviewed by Mueller about their interviews. According to legal experts, Trump's queries likely do not constitute witness tampering. The Washington Post reports that Mueller has evidence that the January 2017 Seychelles meeting between Prince and Dmitriev was an effort to establish a back channel to the Kremlin. According to the report, "George Nader's account is considered key evidence—but not the only evidence—about what transpired in Seychelles". March 8: Mueller's team interviews Simes for the first of two times. Mueller's team interviews McGahn for the fifth of six times. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews McFarland. March 9: Mueller obtains a letter from Trump addressed to Putin, inviting him to the 2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow. The Washington Post reports that "at the bottom of the typed letter, Trump scrawled a postscript adding that he looked forward to seeing 'beautiful' women during his trip." Mueller obtains a new search warrant for five telephone numbers related to Manafort. The warrant is "relat[ed] to ongoing investigations that are not the subject of either of the current prosecutions involving Manafort”. Sam Nunberg appears before the grand jury in Washington, D.C. March 12: Republicans on the House Intelligence Committee announce the end of their investigation, over the objections of Democratic members. Their findings are that Russia interfered to create discord, but that "there was no evidence of collusion" between the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and that Russia did not have a preference for Trump as a candidate. The committee releases its classified report on March 22 and a redacted version on April 27. Tillerson publicly condemns Russia for the use of a nerve agent in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the United Kingdom. Buzzfeed News reports on a statement Felix Sater made under oath to House Intelligence Committee investigators in December 2017. In it, Sater said that he had been collaborating with U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies for more than 20 years, a collaboration that was continuing at the time of his statement. Butina responds to a Federal Election Commission query "about whether or not certain donations had been made to political campaigns." Mueller's team interviews Gates. March 13: Trump fires Tillerson and Steve Goldstein, the fourth highest-ranking official at the State Department, who had been sworn in on December 4. Trump announces his intention to nominate Mike Pompeo to replace Tillerson. Adam Schiff, the ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee, criticizes the Republicans' draft report, calling it "little more than another Nunes memo in long form." Democrats on the committee plan to draft their own report on the investigation. House Intelligence Committee democrats issue a 21-page status report outlining the work they consider to be remaining in the investigation. The Washington Post reports that Sam Nunberg and another associate of Roger Stone claim that in 2016 Stone spoke directly to Assange, who informed him that WikiLeaks was in possession of emails stolen from John Podesta before it was publicly known that hackers had obtained the emails. Mueller's team interviews Hicks for a third and final time since December 7, 2017. March 15: Trump imposes financial sanctions under CAATSA on the 13 Russian government hackers and front organizations Mueller has indicted. The New York Times reports that Mueller has subpoenaed The Trump Organization to turn over documents, including some related to Russia. It is the first known instance of the special counsel demanding records directly related to Trump's businesses. The U.S. Government accuses the Russian government of engineering a series of cyberattacks targeting United States and European nuclear power plants and water and electric systems. McClatchy reports that Congressional investigators have learned that Cleta Mitchell, a longtime NRA lawyer, expressed concern over the organization's ties to Russia and its possible involvement in funneling Russian money to support Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. Mitchell denies the reports. March 16: Sessions fires Andrew McCabe, the Deputy Director of the FBI. Politico reports that the Federal Election Commission is investigating whether Russian entities funneled money to the Trump campaign through the NRA during the 2016 election. The inquiry was prompted by a complaint lodged by the American Democracy Legal Fund, a political watchdog organization. Facebook suspends Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group for violating its platform policies in 2015. Alfa-Bank sends the Senate Intelligence Committee an unsolicited letter describing its investigation of the alleged 2016 communications between its servers and mail1.trump-email.com that says it received marketing emails sent on the Trump Organization's behalf in 2016 and suggests that is the cause of the DNS activity. March 17: The New York Times and The Observer report on Cambridge Analytica's use of personal information acquired by an outside researcher who claimed to be collecting it for academic purposes. As a result, Facebook bans Cambridge Analytica from advertising on its platform. The Guardian reports that Facebook has known about this situation for two years, but has done nothing to protect its users. John M. Dowd, one of Trump's attorneys, calls on Rosenstein to shut down Mueller's investigation. Erik Prince hosts a fundraiser for Representative Dana Rohrabacher. March 18: Mueller's team interviews Gates. March 19 The Guardian reports that Joseph Chancellor, the co-director of Global Science Research (the company that harvested the data from tens of millions of Facebook users before selling it to Cambridge Analytica) has been working for Facebook as a corporate quantitative social psychologist since around November 2015. Channel 4 broadcasts its investigative documentary on Cambridge Analytica. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews New York Republican Party chairman Ed Cox. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Admiral Rogers. March 20 The Washington Post reports that Trump failed to follow detailed warnings from his national security advisers when he congratulated Putin on his reelection, including a section in his briefing materials reading “DO NOT CONGRATULATE.” The Washington Post reports that the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is investigating whether Facebook violated its 2011 consent decree when it allowed Cambridge Analytica to access user data without informing users or seeking their permission. The Senate Intelligence Committee releases its preliminary recommendations on election security: "Russian Targeting of Election Infrastructure During the 2016 Election." A judge dismisses Carter Page's September 14, 2017, defamation suit against Yahoo! News and the Huffington Post for lacking factual accusations of defamation. Mueller's team interviews International Republican Institute official Stephen Nix. March 21: The New York Times reports that Mueller has given George Nader immunity from prosecution for his testimony relating to his foreign lobbying in relation to Elliott Broidy and the United Arab Emirates. March 22: John M. Dowd resigns as Trump's lead lawyer for Mueller's investigation. The Daily Beast reports that Guccifer 2.0, the “lone hacker” who took credit for providing WikiLeaks with stolen emails from the Democratic National Committee, was in fact an officer of Russia's military intelligence directorate (GRU) and that Mueller has taken over the investigation into his criminal activities and his direct contact with Stone. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte issues a subpoena demanding Rosenstein hand over various confidential documents, including anything related to the FISA surveillance of Carter Page. The House Intelligence Committee votes along party lines to release its classified Republican report on Russian interference in the 2016 election. Releasing the report effectively ends the committee's investigation. A redacted version of the report is released to the public on April 27. Mueller' team interviews Berkowitz for the second and final time. The Senate Intelligence Committee invites Mifsud for an interview. In November, after several exchanges with his alleged legal counsel, the committee stops pursuing the interview when his attorneys claim they lost contact with Misfud. March 23: The British High Court grants the Information Commissioner's Office's application for a warrant to search Cambridge Analytica's London offices. NBC News acquires a memo that attorney Lawrence Levy of Bracewell & Giuliani sent to Bannon, Rebekah Mercer and Cambridge Analytica founder Alexander Nix that said Nix would have to be "recused from substantive management of any such clients involved in U.S. elections" because Nix is not a U.S. national. Trump signs the $1.3 trillion omnibus spending bill in which Congress included strict new punishments against Russia. The Washington Post reports that emails from Papadopoulos, which are among thousands of documents turned over to Mueller, show that he had more extensive contact with key Trump campaign and presidential transition officials than has been publicly acknowledged, and asked the Trump campaign directly before taking meetings with Russian officials. CNN reports that Trump's National Security Council will recommend he expel an undetermined number of Russian diplomats in response to the poisoning of ex-spy Sergei Skripal, 66, and his 33-year-old daughter Yulia on March 4 in Salisbury, England. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Sydney Blumenthal. March 25: Corey Lewandowski says he turned down Cambridge Analytica three times while Trump's campaign manager. He says he knew Steve Bannon was associated with the company, but not in what way. He insists the campaign did not hire the firm until after he left. March 26: BuzzFeed News reports that European security officials, alarmed by of a set of meetings that Papadopoulos held with Greek Defense Minister Panos Kammenos in Europe in the months before and after the 2016 election, have informed investigators. Kammenos is known to be close to Putin. Trump joins other Western countries and expels 60 Russian diplomats in response to the poisoning of Skripal and his daughter on March 4. A few days later, a State Department spokesperson clarifies that Russia can replace the expelled diplomats. The Associated Press reports that George Nader has testified to Mueller that he wired $2.5 million to Elliott Broidy via a Canadian company to fund a lobbying campaign to Republican members of Congress to persuade the U.S. to take a hard line against Qatar, an adversary of the United Arab Emirates. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Veselnitskaya. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews former committee staffer and Fusion GPS associate Dan Jones. March 27: Christopher Wylie tells U.K. lawmakers that Palantir, a secretive company co-founded by high-profile Trump supporter Peter Thiel, worked with Cambridge Analytica on their ad-targeting in the 2016 election. Ted Malloch is served with a search warrant to clone all of the electronic devices in his possession when he walks off the plane after flying from London's Heathrow to Boston's Logan airport, and is subsequently interrogated by the FBI, who ask about his involvement in the Trump campaign and connections to Nigel Farage and Stone. The FBI agents "seemed to know everything about me", Malloch says later in a statement about his experience. Mueller compels Malloch to testify about the Russian cyber-intrusions. Malloch denies communicating with Corsi and Stone about WikiLeaks, but corrects his statement in his second interview on June 8. Mueller's team interviews Simes for the second of two times. Mueller's team refers the Bijan Rafiekian and Kamil Ekim Alptekin investigations to the DoJ National Security Division, which later passes the investigations to the Eastern District of Virginia. March 28: The New York Times reports that in 2017 Trump's attorney John Dowd discussed the idea of Trump pardoning Flynn and Manafort with their attorneys. Evidence related to the sentencing of Alex van der Zwaan is filed in court. "Person A" is revealed to be Konstantin Kilimnik, a former Ukraine-based aide to Gates and Manafort. ProPublica reports that Senate Judiciary Committee chief investigative counsel Jason Foster, empowered by chairman Charles Grassley, has been pseudonymously disparaging the FBI and Mueller's investigation for a year. Ecuador cuts Julian Assange's internet and telephone access at its London embassy, where Assange has been living for nearly six years. Sessions announces the inspector general will investigate FBI surveillance of Carter Page. NRA outside counsel Steven Hart tells ABC News the NRA received only one contribution from a Russian since 2012, the life membership payment from Alexander Torshin. March 29 The Guardian reports that the FBI made inquiries before the 2016 election campaign into Trump's property dealings in the post-Soviet states including Latvia with individuals close to Putin. Sessions rejects requests by Senator Charles Grassley, Representative Robert Goodlatte, and Representative Trey Gowdy to appoint a special counsel to investigate FBI surveillance of Carter Page, saying the inspector general is already investigating the matter. March 30: The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Simes. April April: Mueller begins asking witnesses to provide access to the encrypted messaging apps on their personal phones. Butina testifies before the Senate Intelligence Committee in a closed session for eight hours. She tells the committee that Russian billionaire Konstantin Nikolaev funded "Right to Bear Arms" from 2012 to 2014. In July, A spokesperson for Nikolaev confirms the funding support after initial denials. Early April: The Ukrainian chief prosecutor freezes the four Paul Manafort investigations his office is conducting and stops cooperating with the Mueller investigation. The timing is considered suspicious because it follows the Trump administration's sale of Javelin missiles to Ukraine. April 2 The Wall Street Journal reports that Mueller is investigating Roger Stone's claim that he met with Assange in August 2016. In an email sent to Sam Nunberg on August 4, 2016, Stone wrote "I dined with Julian Assange last night." Stone denied the meeting took place. Major Dmitry Dokuchaev of the FSB pleads guilty in Russia to transferring information to a foreign intelligence service. Dokuchaev is wanted by the FBI for his involvement in the August 2013 data breach of 500 million Yahoo! user accounts. It is believed he was involved in the Russian hacking of U.S. election servers in 2016. Mueller's team interviews Annie Donaldson for the second and final time. April 3: Dutch attorney Alex van der Zwaan is sentenced to 30 days in federal prison and ordered to pay a $20,000 fine for lying to the FBI about his contacts with a former GRU officer and for withholding documents from the Mueller investigation. Facebook closes the Federal Agency of News (FAN) account. The FAN is a sister organization to the IRA located in the same building in St. Petersburg. Mueller's team interviews Priebus for the third of three times. Outspoken Mueller critic U.S. Representative Matt Gaetz criticizes the Mueller investigation on Lou Dobbs Tonight. During the interview, Flynn sends Gaetz a Twitter direct message saying, "You stay on top of what you're doing. Your leadership is so vital for our country now. Keep the pressure on." In May 2019, the message is revealed in a court filing as evidence of Flynn's outreach to Mueller's critics while he was cooperating with the investigation. April 4: CNN reports that Mueller has been questioning Russian oligarchs who traveled into the US, stopping one and searching electronic devices when the private jet landed at a New York area airport. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, in a call to reporters, says the personal information of up to 87 million people, most of them Americans, may have been improperly shared with Cambridge Analytica during the 2016 election. Facebook announces sweeping changes to many of its APIs—software plugins that allow outside businesses and developers to collect data directly from Facebook. The Washington Post reports that the Trump administration is going to implement new economic sanctions designed to target oligarchs with ties to Putin. Roger Stone tells CNN that he did not travel to London and dine with Julian Assange in August 2016. His statement contradicts an email he sent to Sam Nunberg at the time. Kilimnik reaches out to Eckart Sager and Alan Friedman in an effort to coach them on what to say about their work with Manafort in Ukraine. Later, Sager and Friedman inform the FBI of Kilimnik's inappropriate contacts, and Kilimnik and Manafort are subsequently charged with witness tampering in June. Manafort pleads guilty in September. In Manafort's statement of the offense, Friedman is identified as "Person D1", and Sager as "Person D2". Mueller's team interviews Kushner's executive assistant Catherine Vargas. Mueller's team interviews Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a Russian business executive involved in the Trump Tower Moscow project, for the first of two times. Mueller's team interviews Erik Prince for the first of two times. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Sater. April 5: Politico reports Mueller moved to seize bank accounts at three different financial institutions last year the day before Manafort was indicted. April 6 The United States Treasury implements economic sanctions on seven Russian oligarchs and 12 companies they control, along with 17 top Russian officials, a state-owned weapons-trading company and a subsidiary bank. The high-profile names on the list include Oleg Deripaska, a billionaire with links to Manafort, and Kirill Shamalov, Putin's ex-son-in-law. The press release says, "Deripaska has been investigated for money laundering, and has been accused of threatening the lives of business rivals, illegally wiretapping a government official, and taking part in extortion and racketeering. There are also allegations that Deripaska bribed a government official, ordered the murder of a businessman, and had links to a Russian organized crime group." McClatchy reports Mueller's team spent the week interviewing a Trump Organization associate involved in overseas deals, including Trump-branded properties. Mueller's team interviews Lewandowski. April 9: ProPublica reports that Jeff Sessions sought out Elliott Broidy's advice on how the U.S. attorneys should be replaced. The New York Times reports that Mueller is investigating a payment of $150,000 to the Donald J. Trump Foundation by Ukrainian billionaire Victor Pinchuk for a September 2015 speech by Trump at the Yalta European Strategy conference that took place in Kyiv. Based on a referral from Mueller's office, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) executes a series of search warrants at the law offices, safety deposit box, and hotel room of Cohen, Trump's longtime personal attorney, in relation to the Stormy Daniels affair and other matters. April 10: NRA general counsel John Frazer informs Senator Ron Wyden in a letter that the NRA accepted $2,512.85 from people with Russian addresses between 2015 and 2018. He says $525 came from contributions by two individuals, and the rest came from membership dues from 23 individuals. He notes that some of the individuals may be U.S. citizens. He acknowledges that Alexander Torshin is a life member of the NRA. Information in the letter contradicts earlier statements by the NRA. The Hill reports that Boente received an interview request from Mueller a day after the FBI raided Cohen's office. NJ.com reports that Mueller is investigating a series of previously unreported January 2017 meetings in the Seychelles in addition to the reported meeting between Erik Prince and Dmitriev. The meetings include politically connected individuals from Russia, France, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa, and are part of a larger gathering hosted by UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Mueller's team interviews Gates. Reddit submits the results of its investigation into IRA activity on its platform to the Senate Intelligence Committee. They find that 944 suspected IRA accounts made over 14,000 posts, with 332 accounts actively engaging with American users. Posts that contained socially or politically divisive content focused on race issues, dispariging Clinton, and police brutality. April 11 The New York Times reports that the FBI was seeking all records related to the “Access Hollywood” tape in the Cohen raids. Mueller's team interviews Gates. Mueller's team interviews Jared Kushner for the second of two times. April 13: McClatchyDC reports that the special counsel has evidence that Cohen visited Prague in 2016, contrary to his denials of ever being there after the publication of the Steele dossier. Released in 2019, the Mueller Report did not investigate the matter, but quoted Cohen's statement to investigators that he had never traveled to Prague. Mueller's team interviews Rob Porter for the first of two times. April 15 U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley tells Margaret Brennan on Face The Nation that new U.S. sanctions on Russian companies will be announced the next day. The new sanctions are a consequence of the companies providing material support to Syria's chemical weapons program. Haley's statement follows similar talking points the RNC published the day before. Russian press secretary Dmitry Peskov tells reporters in Moscow the sanctions are “undisguised attempts of unfair competition.” Trump cancels the sanctions announcement and postpones the new sanctions indefinitely. April 16: Mueller's spokesman puts out a statement saying that many news reports about the investigation are inaccurate. Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan file a libel suit against Christopher Steele and his business, Orbis Business Intelligence, in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. They allege that Steele's dossier damaged their reputations. All three are owners of Alfa-Bank. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Butina. April 18: Cohen drops his libel suits against Buzzfeed and Fusion GPS. Mueller's team interviews Gates. He tells the team that after the DNC hack became public, Manafort repeated a theory promulgated by Kilimnik that Ukraine hacked the DNC servers, not Russia. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Steele associate and attorney Jonathan Winer for the second time. April 19: The full Comey memos are released. In May 2019 CNN reports Mueller tried to block the release of Comey's contemporaneous memos over concerns that Trump and other witnesses would change their stories after reading them. The Pittsburgh police department instructs detectives to wear full uniforms and carry riot gear until further notice in case riots occur if Mueller is fired. Mueller's team interviews Gates. April 20: The DNC sues the Trump campaign, the Russian government, and WikiLeaks in federal court. Individual defendants include Emin and Aras Agalarov, Mifsud, Assange, Trump Jr., Manafort, Stone, Kushner, Papadopoulos, and Gates. The suit alleges a conspiracy by the defendants to tilt the 2016 election in favor of Trump. Phillip Ruffin contributes $50,000 to The Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, the legal fund established in February to help Trump campaign, transition, and White House aides. Mueller's team interviews Cassandra Ford about her @Guccifer2 Twitter account. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews representatives from Tumblr. April 24: The FBI questions Russian heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter Fedor Emelianenko at his Chicago hotel room, according to his manager Jerry Millen. Emelianenko is connected to Trump, Putin, and Cohen. Democrats on the House Judiciary and House Oversight committees interview Christopher Wylie about Cambridge Analytica's harvesting of data from Facebook. Republicans on the committees decline to attend. April 25: FBI agents in tactical gear search Butina's apartment. One of the warrants executed is related to a fraud investigation of Paul Erickson. Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the ninth of 11 times. April 26: The Senate Judiciary Committee votes to advance bipartisan legislation that protects Mueller from being fired by Trump. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell opposes the legislation, making a full Senate vote unlikely. April 27 Veselnitskaya tells The New York Times that she is an informant for the Russian prosecutor general, Yuri Chaika. She says she has worked with Chaika's office since 2013. Emails obtained by the Times corroborate her admission. Until this interview, Veselnitskaya publicly denied working for the Russian government. In November 2017, she told the Senate Judiciary Committee, "I operate independently of any governmental bodies." The House Intelligence Committee releases a redacted version of its classified final report on Russian active measures. The vote to release follows party lines. The 253-page report, written by the committee's Republican majority, clears Trump and his associates of wrongdoing. The committee's Democrats issue a 99-page unclassified rebuttal criticizing the partisan nature of the majority report. Judge Jackson dismisses Manafort's January 3 lawsuit against Mueller, writing that the suit was "not the appropriate vehicle for taking issue with what a prosecutor has done in the past or where he might be headed in the future." April 28: The Guardian reports that the British Foreign Office held a series of meetings with Cambridge Analytica executives in London, Washington, and New York after the 2016 election to "better understand" how Trump won and acquire insights into the "political environment" following his win. April 30: The Washington Post reports the House Freedom Caucus drafted articles of impeachment against Rosenstein. Caucus members claim the articles are a "last resort" political weapon to force the Justice Department to accede to their demands. Trump's super-PAC America First Action hosts a small dinner for potential high-dollar donors at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C. Attendees include Trump, Trump Jr., Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, Jack Nicklaus III, and Barry Zekelman. Ukraine is among the topics discussed at the dinner. Parnas tells Trump that the biggest problem in Ukraine is U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch, and that she needs to be removed. Trump tells one of his aides, "Get rid of her! Get her out tomorrow. I don't care. Get her out tomorrow. Take her out. OK? Do it." In May, Parnas and Fruman donate $325,000 to America First Action, for which they are indicted in October 2019 under the allegation that it was a straw donation made on behalf of a Russian national. In April 2019, Yovanovitch is removed from her post. In January 2020, Parnas publicly releases Fruman's recording of the dinner. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Miss Universe Organization president Paula Shugart. May May: Butina graduates from American University with a master's degree in international relations. May 1: Senate Intelligence Committee investigators interview Caputo. Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the tenth of 11 times. May 2: Mueller's team interviews Caputo. Afterward, Caputo tells CNN that Mueller's team is "focused on Russia collusion." One topic of questioning is the relationships between Farage and Trump associates. Cambridge Analytica files for bankruptcy in the U.S. and the U.K. and ceases operations. The company says it lost almost all of its customers and suppliers after news reports describing how it improperly obtained user data from Facebook. Some employees move on to successor companies Data Propria and Emerdata. Ty Cobb, Trump's lead lawyer handling the Mueller investigation, announces he will retire at the end of the month. May 3 : Mueller's team interviews Erik Prince for the second of two times. May 4: Mueller's team interviews Flynn for the last of 11 times since November 16, 2017. May 6: The Associated Press reports Mueller's team interviewed Tom Barrack, one of Trump's closest friends, "months ago". He was questioned about Manafort, Gates, Trump campaign finances, the presidential transition, and Trump's inauguration. May 7: The NRA announces board member Oliver North will replace Peter Brownell as president of the organization after Brownell announces he will not seek a second term. The selection of North is unusual because the NRA board normally selects someone who has served two terms each as the first and the second vice president, and North has held neither position. In August, David Corn of Mother Jones points out that the move comes two weeks after the FBI raided Butina's apartment and that Brownell is an associate of Butina. May 8: The Senate Intelligence Committee releases a brief report on Russian hacking of election systems in 2016. The report concludes no votes were changed by Russia, but says the intent of the hacking was to undermine confidence in the voting process. NRA spokeswoman Dana Loesch tells David Corn of Mother Jones that there was no December 2015 NRA trip to Moscow. Mueller's team interviews Porter for the second of two times. May 9 Lawyers for Concord Management and Consulting appear in federal court in Washington, D.C., and plead not guilty on behalf of the company. The company was indicted by Mueller's team on February 16, 2018. It is the first Russian defendant named in the indictment to respond. The Daily Beast reports Mueller's team has interviewed Erik Prince. May 10: Mueller's team interviews Rtskhiladze for the second of two times. May 11: ABC News reports that Mueller's team is investigating contributions to Trump's inaugural fund made by people with close ties to Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Andrei Shperling. May 14: Andrii Artemenko confirms to Politico that he received a subpoena from Mueller to testify before a grand jury on May 18. Lawyers for Concord Management and Consulting file a motion asking the judge to review Mueller's grand jury instructions because they claim Mueller's team failed to show "that the Defendant acted willfully, in this case meaning that Defendant was aware of the FEC and FARA requirements." The essence of their argument is that the company didn't know their actions broke American laws. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews someone whose name is redacted from volumes 3 and 5 of its report on Russian interference. May 16: The Senate Intelligence Committee endorses the U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Russia tried to help Trump win the 2016 presidential election, disagreeing with the House Intelligence Committee. The Senate Judiciary Committee releases transcripts of its interviews of Trump Tower meeting participants. The committee indicates that claims by intelligence leaders, such as former National Security Agency Director and United States Cyber Command Commander Mike Rogers, former CIA Director John Brennan, and former Director of National Intelligence (DNI) James Clapper, that Russia meddled in the 2016 election are accurate and that the campaign anticipated a "smoking gun" from Veselnitskaya. Mueller's team subpoenas Jason Sullivan, Stone's social media consultant during the Trump campaign, to provide documents and appear before the grand jury on May 18. The New York Times acknowledges it buried the lead in its pre-election October 31, 2016, Russia–Trump story. The Senate Intelligence Committee holds a closed hearing on Russian interference with a panel of former intelligence directors, including Clapper and Brennan. May 17: Mueller files under seal an unredacted copy of the memo defining his investigative mandate in the Virginia federal court overseeing one of Manafort's criminal cases. Mueller's team interviews Kalashnikova. May 18: Mueller's team subpoenas John Kakanis, Stone's driver, accountant and operative. U.S. Senators Bob Menendez, Mark Warner, and Sherrod Brown call for a multi-agency inspector-general investigation into the Trump administration's failure to fully implement congressionally mandated CAATSA sanctions against Russia. May 20: Trump demands the Justice Department investigate whether the FBI "infiltrated or surveilled" his presidential campaign under Obama's orders. Rosenstein instructs the Justice Department inspector general to look for any inappropriate surveillance of the Trump campaign. A federal filing reveals that the Republican National Committee paid nearly half a million dollars to Trout Cacheris & Janis, a law firm that represents Hicks and others in the Russia investigations. May 21: Rosenstein, Wray and Coats meet with Trump at the White House, where Rosenstein agrees that John Kelly will set up a meeting at which congressional leaders can review "highly classified and other information they have requested" related to the Russia probe. Continental Resources, Inc., an oil company whose CEO Harold Hamm is a Trump advisor, contributes $25,000 to The Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, the legal fund established in February to help Trump campaign, transition, and White House aides. May 22: James Clapper's book Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence is published. In it Clapper says he believes Russia swayed the presidential election to Trump, writing, "Of course the Russian effort affected the outcome. Surprising even themselves, they swung the election to a Trump win. To conclude otherwise stretches logic, common sense, and credulity to the breaking point." Mueller's team interviews Sam Patten. He submits a proffer agreement to the team. May 23 FBI seizes control of a key server, “VPN Filter”, in a Russian botnet that has been linked to the Russian hacking group responsible for the breach of the DNC and the Clinton campaign during the 2016 election. The Senate Intelligence Committee releases documents showing the participants on both sides of the June 9, 2016, Trump Tower meeting appear to have coordinated their public responses about the meeting. The coordination continued at least six months into the Trump Administration. On or just before this date, Kushner receives his permanent security clearance. The clearance is granted after Trump overrides concerns raised by the CIA and the FBI about Kushner's foreign business contacts, including in Israel, the U.A.E., and Russia. May 25 Mueller's team is reported to be probing associates about Stone's finances, including his tax returns. Spanish anti-corruption prosecutor José Grinda travels to Washington to meet with the FBI. Grinda publicly acknowledges that a few months earlier his office gave the FBI wiretap transcripts of 33 conversations between Alexander Torshin and Alexander Romanov, a now convicted Russian money-launderer. May 26: Manafort communicates by text with the Trump administration. May 29: The New York Times reports Trump asked Sessions to reconsider his recusal from any Russia investigations. Trump tweets “The Fake Mainstream Media has, from the time I announced I was running for President, run the most highly sophisticated & dishonest Disinformation Campaign in the history of politics.” May 30: Friends of Paul Manafort create a legal defense fund to help pay his legal bills. Mueller's team interviews Patten. May 31: Trump publicly asserts he didn't fire James Comey over the Russia investigation, contradicting his own statements made in May 2017. Mueller's team interviews World Chess Federation official Beatriz Marinello. June June: A whistleblower gives the House Intelligence Committee a cache of documents detailing the interactions between Arron Banks and Alexander Yakovenko, the Russian ambassador to London. Democrats on the committee begin investigating Banks. Butina offers to assist prosecutors in an investigation of Paul Erickson. June 1: NBC News reports the Mueller probe has been asking questions about Richard "Rick" Gerson, a close friend of Jared Kushner. They report Gerson was involved in the Four Seasons Hotel meeting with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi and Tony Blair in December 2016 and the Seychelles meetings in January 2017. June 2: The New York Times publishes a confidential letter Trump's legal team sent Mueller in January that asserts that it is not illegal for the president to obstruct justice because the Constitution gives him the power to, “if he wished, terminate the inquiry, or even exercise his power to pardon.” The letter also admits Trump dictated the July 2017 statement about the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower meeting issued to the Times. Trump tweets about the letter an hour before the Times publishes it. June 4 Trump claims that he can pardon himself. The assertion comes a day after one of his lawyers, Rudolph Giuliani, makes similar statements to the press over the weekend. In a Fox News interview, Simona Mangiante Papadopoulos, the wife of George Papadopoulos, calls for Trump to pardon her husband. At the White House press briefing, Sarah Huckabee Sanders refuses to answer questions about a January letter Trump's lawyers sent to Mueller that was published two days earlier in The New York Times. The letter contradicts past statements Sanders made about Trump. van der Zwaan completes his term of imprisonment. June 5 Trump blames Sessions for the continuing Russia investigation and says he would have picked someone else to be Attorney General if he had known Sessions was going to recuse himself. Sarah Huckabee Sanders tries to defend her credibility at a White House press briefing. Her August 2017 assertions about Trump's involvement in drafting the response to The New York Times regarding the Trump Tower meeting were contradicted by the January letter from Trump's lawyers the Times published three days earlier. Mueller's team interviews Gerson the first of two times. June 6: Mueller's team interviews Christopher Ruddy. June 7: The Atlantic reports that the Senate Judiciary Committee is investigating the ties between Cohen and former congressman Curt Weldon. Weldon is a longtime friend of Artemenko, has ties to Vekselberg, and was involved with Artemenko's February 2017 peace plan. Former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes writes in his new memoir that the Obama administration first learned of Flynn's December 2016 communications with Kislyak from Trump transition team members and not from "unmasking", as Nunes had alleged. June 8 Mueller files new obstruction charges against Paul Manafort and his associate, Konstantin V. Kilimnik, for witness tampering. The indictment alleges Manafort and Kilimnik coached witnesses on their stories for Manafort's ongoing criminal cases. The two witnesses mentioned in the indictment are Alan Friedman (as "Person D1"), and Eckart Sager (as "Person D2"). In September, Manafort pleads guilty to the witness tampering charge. Mueller's grand jury in Washington, D.C., questions Andrii Artemenko for several hours about his interactions with Cohen. An unsolicited memo from former U.S. attorney general William Barr arrives at the Justice Department. The memo details Barr's views on the Mueller investigation and his legal theory that the president cannot be charged with obstruction of justice unless he is involved in the explicit destruction of evidence. Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Steven Engel tells Justice Department staff that he invited Barr for a brown bag lunch with the department on June 27. Engel and his office are responsible for providing the White House with legal opinions and answering their legal questions, but do not provide personal legal advice. In April 2019 the department insists that Barr was invited days before receiving the memo and not because of the memo's contents. Mueller's team interviews Malloc. June 9: Mueller's team interviews Hawker for a second time since January 9. June 11: Attorney George T. Conway III, who is married to Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway, publishes an article defending the constitutionality of Mueller's investigation. June 12: Arron Banks, the bankroller of the Brexit Leave.EU campaign, tells the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee that he provided the Russian ambassador to the U.K., Alexander Yakovenko, with contact information for the Trump transition team a few days after meeting with Trump at Trump Tower on November 12, 2016. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Bo Denysyk. Mueller's team interviews Patten. June 13: Court officials accidentally post unredacted court documents on the D.D.C. website identifying the two people referred to as "D1" and "D2" in the June 8 superseding indictment of Manafort. The two are Alan Friedman and Eckart Sager. Both are PR executives at FBC Media and former journalists. The documents are quickly replaced by redacted versions. June 14: The Washington Post reports that Trump and his allies recently launched a public relations campaign to discredit Cohen in case he starts cooperating with the Mueller investigation. The thrust of the campaign is to argue that Cohen will fabricate any compromising evidence he voluntarily hands over to Mueller's team in order to please Mueller. The Department of Justice Inspector General releases a report on FBI and DOJ actions in the 2016 election. The report discusses the contentions between the Trump-Russia investigation and the Clinton email investigation. June 15: U.S. District Judge Amy Berman Jackson revokes Paul Manafort's bail for abusing the trust the court placed in him when bail was originally granted. The judge orders Manafort to be jailed. U.S. District Judge Dabney Friedrich rejects Russian-owned Concord Management and Consulting's request that she examine the instructions provided to the grand jury. Concord accused Mueller's prosecutors of giving faulty instructions, tainting the grand jury's decision to approve charges. Mueller's team interviews Gerson the last of two times. Trump tells a press gaggle at the White House that it is "irrelevant" whether he dictated his son's July 2017 statement on the Trump Tower meeting, saying, "It's a statement to the New York Times.... That's not a statement to a high tribunal of judges." Giuliani gives a series of interviews in which he raises the possibility of Trump pardoning Manafort. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews Stephen Miller. June 17: The Washington Post reports that in May 2016 Stone and Caputo met in Miami with a Russian national who reportedly called himself "Henry Greenberg" and, according to Greenberg, a Ukrainian friend Greenberg identified as "Alexei". Caputo and Stone were offered political dirt on Hillary Clinton. The Post's 2018 story is the first time Stone admits to knowingly meeting with any Russian nationals in 2016. Greenberg also goes by the name "Henry Oknyansky". Giuliani tells Jake Tapper on CNN that his and Trump's comments on possible pardons should not be taken as warnings that the possible recipients should not cooperate in criminal prosecutions. June 18: Lawyers for Andrew Miller, a former associate of Roger Stone, challenge in court a subpoena he received for information about Stone, WikiLeaks, "Guccifer 2.0", "DCLeaks", and Julian Assange. Miller's lawyer Alicia Dearn asserts at the hearing that Miller had asked for immunity regarding political action committee transactions involving himself and Stone. Christopher Steele is deposed in London by lawyers for Aleksej Gubarev. Gubarev is seeking information on the Steele dossier to help his libel suit against BuzzFeed. June 20: Mueller's team interviews Dearborn for the second and final time. The Senate Intelligence Committee holds a closed hearing on the policy response to Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. June 21: U.S. District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson rejects a motion to suppress evidence found in a search of Manafort's storage locker on May 27, 2017. The defense argued the evidence was improperly collected because the FBI entered the locker without a search warrant, even though the FBI left and returned with a warrant after seeing the locker's contents. The judge ruled the evidence was properly collected because the Manafort associate who opened the locker was on the lease, had a key, and voluntarily let the FBI in. June 22: Judge Jackson rejects a request to toss out a money laundering charge against Manafort. His lawyers argued that receiving tens of millions of dollars for lobbying while an unregistered foreign agent was not illegal in itself. Instead, they argued, failing to register was the illegal act. The judge ruled, "It is a crime to 'act' [as a foreign agent] 'unless' one has registered – the statute does not simply state that the failure to register is unlawful[.]" June 24: Credico tells Jimmy Dore that he received a request from Mueller for a voluntary interview. Credico tells The Daily Beast that he will refuse to speak to Mueller's team unless he is subpoenaed. June 25: ABC News reports that Erik Prince gave Mueller's team "total access to his phones and computer." Mueller's team interviews Mashburn. June 27: The Office of Legal Counsel holds a brown-bag lunch at the Department of Justice with William Barr as featured speaker. When The Guardian reports on the lunch in April 2019, a spokesperson for the department insists that Barr's invitation was routine and that his June 8 memo was not discussed at the lunch. June 28: The House of Representatives passes H. Res 970 subpoenaing FISA surveillance on a party line vote with Congressman Justin Amash voting present. June 30: The federal judge overseeing the Concord Management and Consulting case rejects the defense attorneys' request to share evidence with co-defendant Yevgeniy Prigozhin, which they insisted was critical to their defense. The judge also bars the defense attorneys "from sharing sensitive case materials from any foreign national without court approval." Major donor to the Trump campaign Geoffrey Palmer contributes $100,000 to The Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, the legal fund established in February to help Trump campaign, transition, and White House aides. July–December 2018 See also Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) Cyberwarfare by Russia Efforts to impeach Donald Trump Foreign electoral intervention List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump Propaganda in post-Soviet Russia Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum#Timeline Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals References Further reading External links 2018 in the United States Contemporary history timelines Russian investigations 2018 2018 2018-related timelines Political timelines by year

57503606

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flight%20Attendant

The Flight Attendant

The Flight Attendant is an American comedy-drama mystery thriller streaming television series developed by Steve Yockey based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Chris Bohjalian. It stars Kaley Cuoco in the title role and premiered on HBO Max on November 26, 2020. In December 2020, the series was renewed for a second season, which is scheduled to premiere in spring 2022. Synopsis American flight attendant Cassie Bowden is a reckless alcoholic who drinks during flights and spends her time having sex with strangers, including her passengers. When she wakes up in a hotel room in Bangkok with a hangover from the night before, she discovers the dead body of a man who was on her last flight lying next to her, his throat slashed. Afraid to call the police, she cleans up the crime scene, then joins the other airline crew traveling to the airport. In New York City, she is met by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents who question her about the layover in Bangkok. Still unable to piece the night together, and suffering intermittent flashbacks/hallucinations about it, she begins to wonder who the killer could be. Cast and characters Main Kaley Cuoco as Cassie Bowden Michiel Huisman as Alex Sokolov (season 1) Zosia Mamet as Annie Mouradian Rosie Perez as Megan Briscoe T. R. Knight as Davey Bowden (season 1; recurring season 2) Michelle Gomez as Miranda Croft (season 1) Colin Woodell as Buckley Ware (season 1) Merle Dandridge as Kim Hammond (season 1) Griffin Matthews as Shane Evans Nolan Gerard Funk as Van White (season 1) Deniz Akdeniz as Max (season 2; recurring season 1) Mo McRae as Benjamin Berry (season 2) Callie Hernandez as Gabrielle Diaz (season 2) Joseph Julian Soria as Esteban Diaz (season 2) Recurring Terry Serpico as Bill Briscoe Jason Jones as Hank Bowden Audrey Grace Marshall as young Cassie Owen Asztalos as young Davey Alberto Frezza as Enrico Bebe Neuwirth as Diana Carlisle Yasha Jackson as Jada Harris Isha Blaaker as Nate Stephanie Koenig as Sabrina Oznowich Ritchie Coster as Victor Ann Magnuson as Janet Sokolov Briana Cuoco as Cecilia David Iacono as Eli Briscoe Cheryl Hines as Dot Karlson (season 2) Jessie Ennis as Jenny (season 2) Mae Martin as Grace St. James (season 2) Margaret Cho as Utada (season 2) Santiago Cabrera as Marco (season 2) Shohreh Aghdashloo as Brenda (season 2) Alanna Ubach as Carol Atkinson (season 2) Sharon Stone as Lisa Bowden (season 2) Episodes Production Development On October 27, 2017, it was announced that Kaley Cuoco's production company, Yes, Norman Productions, had optioned the rights to the novel, The Flight Attendant. The novel would be developed into what was reported to be a limited television series with Cuoco to executive produce. On July 1, 2019, it was announced that Greg Berlanti had joined the series as an executive producer through Berlanti Productions. On July 1, 2019, it was announced that the series would join WarnerMedia's new streaming service, HBO Max. On December 18, 2020, HBO Max renewed the series for a second season. The second season is scheduled to premiere in the spring of 2022. Casting Upon the series development announcement, Cuoco was also cast to star in the series. In September 2019, Sonoya Mizuno was cast to star alongside Cuoco. In October, Michiel Huisman, Colin Woodell, Rosie Perez, and Zosia Mamet joined the cast of the series. In November 2019, Merle Dandridge, Griffin Matthews, and T. R. Knight joined the cast of the series. In December 2019, Nolan Gerard Funk joined the cast. Bebe Neuwirth was added in a recurring role in February 2020. In August 2020, Michelle Gomez joined the cast of the series, replacing Mizuno. In October 2020, Yasha Jackson joined the cast in a recurring role. In September 2021, Mo McRae, Callie Hernandez, and JJ Soria were cast as new series regulars while Cheryl Hines, Jessie Ennis, Mae Martin, Margaret Cho, Santiago Cabrera, and Shohreh Aghdashloo were cast in recurring capacities. In November 2021, Alanna Ubach joined the cast in a recurring role for the second season. In January 2022, Sharon Stone was cast in a recurring role for the second season. Filming Filming began in November 2019 in Bangkok, Thailand, before continuing in White Plains, New York, in December. On March 12, 2020, Warner Bros. Television shut down production on the series due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Production on the season's remaining two episodes resumed on August 31, 2020, in New York. For the second season, the series will be relocating its production to California to take advantage of tax incentives provided by the California Film Commission. Soundtrack Sia's "Angel by the Wings" was featured on the season 1 finale ("Arrivals and Departures"). Release The series premiered on November 26, 2020, with the first three episodes available. On October 20, 2020, an official trailer for the series and the rollout plan of episodes after the premiere were released; two episodes released on December 3, followed by two more episodes on December 10, and then the season finale on December 17. The series will air on TBS in 2022. Reception Critical response For the series, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes stated that 98% of 64 critics gave a positive review, with an average rating of 7.57/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Kaley Cuoco shines as a hot mess in The Flight Attendant, an addictively intriguing slice of stylish pulp that will bring mystery aficionados to Cloud Nine." According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 22 critic reviews, the series received "generally favorable reviews". Reviewing the series for Rolling Stone, Alan Sepinwall gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Cuoco is sharp and likable throughout, two necessary ingredients for playing a character who makes a scene wherever she goes." Awards and nominations Notes References External links 2020 American television series debuts 2020s American comedy-drama television series 2020s American mystery television series Alcohol abuse in television American thriller television series Aviation television series English-language television shows HBO Max original programming Murder in television Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios Television series by Yes, Norman Productions Television shows based on American novels Television shows filmed in Thailand Television shows filmed in New York (state) Television shows filmed in California Television shows set in Bangkok Television shows set in New York City Works about flight attendants

57706681

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon%20foster%20parent%20scandal

Saskatoon foster parent scandal

The Saskatoon foster parent scandal occurred in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. There were two similar events around the same time where an allegation of child sex abuse escalated into claims of satanic ritual abuse. The more widely known of the two is the Martensville satanic sex scandal, and the second but earlier story is of the foster parent scandal in nearby Saskatoon. Media coverage A similar story arose in Martensville of sexual abuse also involving claims of a satanic nature, and occurred not long after the Foster Parent Scandal. As the media picked up the reporting on the claims of Satanic sex abuse, the reporting on the similar Foster Parent Scandal decreased and was overshadowed. In 2000, the CBC's The Fifth Estate reported on the events surrounding the case of reported foster parent abuse in a story titled "The Scandal of the Century". Local reporter Dan Zakreski, then with the Saskatoon StarPhoenix, also reported on the story. Further reporting on the case was published in The Globe and Mail. History At the centre of the case were three children, Michael Ross (also known as Tom Black) and his younger twin sisters Kathy and Michelle Ross (also known as Julie and Mary Black). The three children entered the care of social services in 1987 after their parents, Helen and Don Ross (also known as "Emma and Don Black"), were found to not be capable of adequately caring for their children. Michael's kindergarten teachers had reported that in 1986 (when Michael was seven years old) that he was behaving in sexually aggressive ways, including inappropriately touching other children, and undressing and inviting both other children and staff to have sex with him. When the children entered the foster home of Dale and Anita Klassen (also known as "Scott" and "Emma Hepner") on February 13, 1987, the Klassens were not informed of the children's troubled history, nor provide any special assistance regarding the reported concerns. Shortly after the children arrived, Emma noticed that the children were engaging in sexually overt behaviour that included kissing, hugging, and being naked together in their playroom. Moreover, in April of that year, a babysitter reported to Emma that they had witnessed Michael inserting a butter knife and liquid soap into Michelle's vagina. The children were interviewed after this was reported to the police and the Sexual Assault Centre, but the only conclusion was that the children knew far more about sexual matters than they should for their age, but they were unable to determine if the children had ever been sexually assaulted. The report also noted that Michael, then eight years old, would sneak downstairs in the middle of the night to dress in lady's high heel shoes and pantyhose. When Helen Ross agreed to her children becoming permanent wards in November 1989, the Klassens agreed to care for Kathleen and Michelle, but were concerned by Michael's sexual and aggressive behaviours. Michael was transferred to a special foster home in nearby Warman run by Marilyn and Lyle Thompson, and shortly after his arrival, he alleged that his sisters had been abused in the Klassen home. As a result, Social Services investigated and removed the girls from the Klassen home and placed them in the same foster home as Michael. Foster mother Marilyn Thompson observed similar behaviours in the children that the Klassens had, and a medical exam found some evidence that was consistent with sexual abuse. There were also reports that the family dog had been subjected to sexual acts. The children began seeing a child therapist in private practice, Carol Bunko-Ruys. It was during the sessions with Bunko-Ruys that the children began making allegations that their parents, Helen and Don Ross, their mother's new partner, Don White (who later completed a lie detector test that demonstrated evidence suggesting he was innocent), the Klassens and several of the Klassen's relatives, including in-laws the Kvellos (also known as "Marcuses"), Dale's parents, Peter and Marie (also known as "Sophie"), and Dale's brother Richard had been abusing them. The allegations included that the adults had cut the children with knives, had forced the children to participate in orgies, have sex with dogs and flying bat-like creatures, consume blood urine, and feces, eat the eyeballs and flesh of roasted babies, and other satanic rituals. Saskatoon Police Cpl. Brian Dueck was called in to begin interviewing the children as the allegations escalated. During the interviews, the children recounted the acts of sexual abuse that had committed by Michael, but Cpl. Dueck deferred to the opinion and insistence of Bunko-Ruys in keeping the children together in the belief that it would make the children easier to treat. With the children together again, Michael's abuse of his sisters would resume for the next three years, and the stories of abuse the children told escalated. Eventually, 16 adults were arrested and charged with over 70 counts of sexual assault, incest, and gross indecency, and went to trial in 1993. The charges against 12 of the 16 were stayed due to lack of evidence. Peter Klassen pled guilty in a plea deal to protect other members of his family, lost on a subsequent appeal, and served his sentence without parole. Don White was convicted, but his conviction was later overturned in 1996 by the Supreme Court of Canada. Retrials were ordered for Helen and Don Ross, but the Crown did not pursue these retrials. Years later, the children reported a different account than they had previously, and admitted to lying when they were interviewed as children. One of the sisters, age 16 at the time, reported that "My brother was abusing me and my sister and we'd get manipulated to say it was the adults and not him." Michael later signed an affidavit stating, "I made up these stories because I felt pressured and was making up stories as we went along. Once I had made up some stories, I felt pressured not to deny them, and to make up more stories." The Klassen and Kvello families were eventually paid $2.46 million by the Government of Saskatchewan in a 2004 damages agreement following a 2003 court case. Kathy and Michelle Ross received $560,000 from the Government of Saskatchewan in a lawsuit settlement related to the abuse they suffered while in foster care. Martensville satanic sex scandal In nearby Martensville in 1992, a similar case occurred that also involved children in care, allegations of sexual abuse, and allegations of satanic cults and rituals. The events of the case occurred after the Foster Parent Scandal events, but were overshadowed by the media coverage of the Martensville case. That case was centred around the Sterling family and the children in their day care. See also Overturned convictions in Canada References External links Satanic ritual abuse Overturned convictions in Canada 1993 in Saskatchewan History of Saskatoon Child sexual abuse in Canada

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Guelph%20people

List of University of Guelph people

The following is a list of notable alumni, faculty and affiliates of University of Guelph in Canada. Chancellors At its first convocation on May 21, 1965 George Drew was installed as chancellor of the University. George Drew (1965–1971) Emmett Matthew Hall (1971–1977) Pauline Mills McGibbon (1977–1983) William Atcheson Stewart (1983–1989) Edmund Bovey (1989–1990) Lincoln Alexander (1991–2007) Pamela Wallin (2007–2011) David Mirvish (2012–2017) Martha Billes (2017–present) Presidents John Douglas MacLachlan (1964–1967) William Winegard (1967–1975) Donald Forster (1975–1983) Burton Matthews (1983–1988) Brian Segal (1988–1993) Mordechai Rozanski (1993–2003) Alastair Summerlee (2003–2014) Franco Vaccarino (2014–2020) Notable alumni Allan Armitage – author and professor at the University of Georgia Rupan Bal – Canadian–Indian YouTuber Chris Banks – poet Toby Barrett – politician, Member of Provincial Parliament for Haldimand—Norfolk Alexandra Beaton – actress and dancer Karen Beauchemin – research scientist Deni Ellis Béchard – Canadian-American novelist Jennifer Beech Laura Bertram – actress Mark Bourrie – lawyer and journalist Tim Bray – software developer and entrepreneur Sara Angelucci – artist and professor at Ryerson University Harry Brightwell Ryder Britton Christa Brosseau James Robert Brown Krista Buecking Kathy Butler Cassie Campbell Dom Cardillo David Castle Anna Chatterton Laurel Schafer, Canada Research Chair in Catalyst Development Dicki Chhoyang George Chiang Meredith Chivers Olivia Chow Reid Coolsaet Claude Cormier Anne Croy, Reproductive immunologist Elisabeth de Mariaffi Diane Deans Susan Dobson Peter Donaldson Maura Doyle, multimedia artist Rick Ferraro Graham Forsythe James E. Fraser Harry L. Garrigus Nora Gould – poet Tim Grant Peter S. Gray Michael Grimes (Associate Diploma 1920), Irish scientist and first Professor of Microbiology at University College Cork Tara Hedican Graham Henderson Stephen Hicks Robert Horner Alexis Jordan David Joseph Mark Lautens Robert Leigh Matt Lennox Karen Ludwig Judy Maddren Brandon Maxwell Tom McBroom Scott McGillivray Audrey McLaughlin Heather McNairn Gord Miller K. D. Miller Kenneth Mitchell Kimberly Moffit Peter Moss Jacey Murphy Ian Murray Brendan Myers Opendra Narayan Piers Nash Joe Neilands Penny Park Kim Parlee Roula Partheniou – artist Cecil Frederick Patterson David Peck Mirela Rahneva Lisa Raitt Jordan Raycroft Sue Richards Jael Richardson Doug Rollins Liz Sandals Dolph Schluter James Schroder H. B. Sharman Kalidas Shetty Vandana Shiva Jane Siberry – singer / songwriter Michael Sona - political figure Ralph Spence John Steffler Derek Sullivan Mary Swan Marwan Tabbara Stephen J. Tanner Chase Tang - actor / mental health advocate Laura Thompson – musician / arts & entertainment reporter & producer Lisa Thompson Jane Urquhart Dennis vanEngelsdorp – assistant professor at University of Maryland Mike Wallace – politician Hope Weiler – associate professor at McGill University Terry Wilson – police officer John Wise – politician Jane Wright – entomologist Elizabeth Yake – film producer Jiyuan Yu – philosopher Liz Howard – poet and winner of the 2016 Griffin Poetry Prize for her book Infinite Citizen of the Shaking Tent Aisha Sasha John – poet Canisia Lubrin – poet Elisabeth de Mariaffi – novelist and short story writer Soraya Peerbaye – poet Ayelet Tsabari – novelist and winner of the Sami Rohr Prize Paul Vermeersch – poet Zoe Whittall – novelist and Canadian Screen Award-winning screenwriter Alissa York – novelist Edgar Archibald – agricultural scientist George Atkins – broadcaster Karen Bailey – scientist Roberta Bondar – Canada's first female astronaut Ernest Charles Drury – eighth Premier of Ontario John Kenneth Galbraith – economist Bill Hanley – Hockey Hall of Fame member George Stewart Henry – tenth Premier of Ontario Grant MacEwan – ninth Lieutenant Governor of Alberta H.R. MacMillan – forester, industrialist, wartime administrator, and philanthropist Harry Nixon – thirteenth Premier of Ontario Stanley Thompson – golf course architect Kelly Thornton – theatre director Lyle Vanclief – former Minister of Agriculture Emma-Jayne Wilson – jockey Charles Ambrose Zavitz – pioneered the development of soybeans for commercial use in Ontario Edmund Zavitz – pioneer in re-forestation in Ontario Donald Arthur Hatch — Canadian academic. References Lists of people by university or college in Canada https://www.guelphtoday.com/local-news/u-of-g-grad-lands-big-role-in-new-netflix-series-1660964 https://news.uoguelph.ca/2019/09/u-of-g-has-a-supervillain-grad/ https://www.guelphmercury.com/news-story/9603595-university-of-guelph-grad-lands-netflix-supervillian-role/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myall%20Creek%20Massacre%20and%20Memorial%20Site

Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site

Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is the heritage-listed site of and memorial for the victims of the Myall Creek massacre at Bingara Delungra Road, Myall Creek, Gwydir Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 7 June 2008 and the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 12 November 2010. History In the half century following the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, a pattern of relations developed between Aboriginal people and European settlers that lasted into the 1900s. While the British Colonial Office instructed Arthur Phillip, the first Governor, to treat the Aboriginal population with goodwill and kindness, competition for resources and land following the expansion of European settlement invariably resulted in frontier conflict. Frontier violence posed a problem for the British administration because Aboriginal people and settlers were legally British subjects with the same rights and protection. Lack of resources and pressure from settlers however, made it increasingly difficult for the Administration to ensure the application of the rule of law. The Myall Creek massacre in 1838, the subsequent court case and the hanging of seven settlers for the massacre of Aboriginal people, is pivotal in the development of the relationship between settlers and Aboriginal people. It is the first and last time that settlers were found guilty of, and hanged for, the killing of Aboriginal people on the frontier. It is the last time the Colonial Administration intervened to ensure the laws of the colony were applied equally to Aboriginal people and settlers involved in frontier killings. However, instead of setting a precedent that Aboriginal people could be protected under the law, Ryan (1980:20) states: the Myall Creek massacre and the ensuing cases had intensified the squatter's determination to have unfettered occupation of pastoral land. They were not prepared to wait while protectors rounded up the Aborigines, nor were they prepared to allow their stockkeepers to endure the full force of the law...for 1838 was the year that saw the final loss of control by government of pastoral expansion. Colonial Administration's Response to Frontier Conflict Aboriginal attacks on unarmed convicts were commonplace following the establishment of the settlement at Port Jackson in 1788. While some members of the Administration felt that the Aboriginal inhabitants of the area should be driven away and kept away by the judicious use of muskets, Governor Phillip attempted to establish friendly relations and trade. As a result of this policy, Phillip did not respond aggressively to the spearing of convicts by Aboriginal people. However, following the spearing and death of one of his servants in 1790, he authorised a punitive expedition against the "Botany Bay" tribe. He ordered the expedition to bring back two Aboriginal men to be hanged and the heads of a further ten Aboriginal men but it returned empty handed. Phillip never ordered another punitive expedition. Phillip appears to have generally adopted a non-hostile approach to dealing with Aboriginal attacks. Conversely he ordered the flogging of settlers who took Aboriginal spears and nets or damaged Aboriginal canoes. Although Aboriginal witnesses to the floggings were horrified, Phillip used the floggings to demonstrate that settlers guilty of offences against Aboriginal people would be punished. In some cases he also provided compensation to Aboriginal people for their loss. However, following his departure in December 1792 all accommodation ended and the British Administration adopted a simpler solution: the unequal application of the law for settlers and Aboriginal people. With the expansion of European settlement into the Hawkesbury and Hunter regions, frontier conflict intensified. This conflict was the result of competition for land which settlers required for crops and the grazing of sheep and cattle. Aboriginal people relied upon the same land for food and water. The initial response by the Administration was to dispatch troops to police the frontier, but the expanding area of land to be covered made this an increasingly difficult task. A lawless frontier environment soon existed where it was impossible to control the conflict between settlers and Aboriginal people. In response to this challenge the Administration ordered settlers to defend themselves and ordered Aboriginal people to stay away from European habitation. There is no evidence that Aboriginal people understood and agreed with these orders to stay away from European settlement as the conflict on the frontier continued. Despite this, successive Governors in New South Wales adopted similar approaches to addressing frontier conflict. In 1796 Governor Hunter ordered settlers to "mutually afford their assistance to each other by assembling when ever any numerous bodies of natives are known to be lurking about the farms". By 1801 Governor King's orders were even more specific stating that the blacks were to "be driven back from settlers" habitations by firing at them'. In 1816 Governor Macquarie issued a proclamation stating that "No Aboriginal person is to appear armed within a mile of any settlement and no more than six Aboriginal people are allowed to lurk or loiter near farms". During the 1830s individual colonies around Australia started to develop distinctive approaches to dealing with the issue of frontier violence. All of these approaches focused on removing Aboriginal people from the areas settled by Europeans. In New South Wales the practice of sending troops to suppress Aboriginal violence, often aided by settlers continued. This was evident in the Liverpool Plains district (the north-west frontier) following its initial settlement by Europeans in the late 1820s. North-West Frontier in the 1820s and 1830s Settlers from the Hunter Valley and Mudgee, in need of more pasture for their rapidly increasing flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, began arriving on the Liverpool Plains in . At this time there were an estimated 12,000 Aboriginal people living in the district, mostly belonging to the Gamilaroi (also spelt Kamilaroi) language group but including other Aboriginal groups. The Gamilaroi people appear, from the very beginning, to have resisted European settlement. Surveyor William Gardner recorded how shortly after stations were formed on the Namoi River, local Aboriginal groups issued a formal challenge to the settlers to do battle. The stockmen however, refused to leave their barricaded hut. The war party responded by attacking the hut and attempted to remove the roof. The warriors were forced to retreat after numerous members of the party were killed by the sixteen heavily armed stockmen. The stockmen then followed the retreating party on horseback and "taught them they knew how to fight". By 1837 settlers had pushed beyond the Peel and Namoi Rivers and taken up large tracts of land along the Gwydir or the "Big River" as it was then known. Local Gamilaroi groups resisted the alienation of their traditional lands almost immediately. The dispersed nature of the settlers stations enabled the Gamilaroi to easily isolate and attack stockmen and their livestock. In April 1836 two stockmen working for the Hall Brothers, were killed while forming a new station. In September and November of the following year two hutkeepers and two shepherds from the Bowman and Cobb stations were killed. Crown Land Commissioner Alexander Paterson reported back to Sydney in the second half of 1837 that stockmen on the Loder station, which was the westernmost station on the Namoi, were so afraid of raids by the Gamilaroi that they had abandoned their livestock to roam unattended in the bush. Liverpool Plains settlers demanded military protection against Aboriginal attacks. In response to their demands, Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass, Acting Governor of New South Wales sent a large Mounted Police party north to enquire into and repress the aggressions complained of. The Mounted Police party, led by Major Nunn and composed of around twenty troopers reached Liverpool Plains in January 1838. What occurred after they arrived remains unclear, but at Waterloo Creek, 50 kilometres southwest of what is now Moree, the Mounted Police encountered a large party of Aboriginal people camped alongside the Creek. In the ensuing melee a number of Aboriginal people were shot. The exact number of Aboriginal people killed in the melee is unknown but local squatters who visited site later, reported the number killed to be sixty or seventy. An eye witness to the encounter testified that forty to fifty may have been killed. Rev Threlkeld in his mission report for 1838 stated that the number may have been as high as two or three hundred. According to R. H. W. Reece in his book "Aborigines and Colonists," local tradition states that Nunn's party of Mounted Police was involved in at least one more large melee with local Aboriginal people before the party left the Plains. Major Nunn's Campaign (as it was known in the district) did not prevent further racial conflict. In March of that year two men working for Surveyor Finch were killed in the neighbouring district of New England, then in April a hutkeeper on the Gwydir was killed. In the following months stockmen from stations along the Gwydir River organised themselves into armed groups and scoured the country side in what is described by Reece as "a concerted campaign to get rid of all the Aborigines in the district." According to Reece this still known in local tradition as "The Bushwhack" or "The Drive". The Myall Creek Massacre took place in June of that year, on Myall Creek Station near the Gwydir River. The Myall Creek Massacre The escalating conflict between settlers and Aboriginal people on the frontier was one of the issues confronting Governor Gipps on his arrival in the New South Wales colony in 1838. Governor Gipps and the Colonial Secretary Lord Glenelg agreed that an important measure to prevent frontier conflict was to impress Aboriginal people with "the conviction that the laws of the colony will be equally administered for their protection from wrong and injury as for that of European settlers". The Myall Creek massacre provided Governor Gipps with an opportunity to demonstrate that the law could protect Aboriginal people through its equal application. When news of the incident was reported to him, Governor Gipps did not hesitate to order the perpetrators be brought to justice. Once Governor Gipps was informed he gave instructions that Police Magistrate Day should proceed immediately to the scene of the tragedy with a party of mounted police to seek out the murderers. Day conducted a thorough investigation and apprehended eleven of twelve suspected Myall Creek murderers. The eleven men were arrested and tried for the murder of Daddy and an unknown Aboriginal The twelve men responsible for the massacre included freed convicts and assigned convicts, led by John Fleming, the manager of the Mungie Bundie Station. The original party assembled at Bengari on a station owned by Archibald Bell before they set off and were joined by the remaining members somewhere along the Gwydir River. After spending the day unsuccessfully pursuing Aborigines the group came to the Myall Creek Station. They discovered approximately 30 Aborigines belonging to the Gamilaroi and Wirrayaraay peoples on the station, rounded them up and tied them together. When the station hand, George Anderson asked what they intended to do with the Aborigines he was told they were taking them over the back of the range to frighten them. A few minutes later the Gamilaroi and Wirrayaraay were led off and massacred. Two days later the men returned to burn the bodies. The impact of the massacre on the Gamilaroi and Wirrayaraay peoples was devastating. As one of the descendants whose great-great-great-grandfather survived the massacre states 'We didn't want to talk about it because of how dreadful it was I remember when we used to drive past that place. It just had a feeling about it that I can't explain'. The Myall Creek massacre was marked by the unusual circumstance that one of the station hands who did not participate in the massacre, George Anderson, informed the station manager, William Hobbs, who reported the incident to the local magistrate. The reports by Anderson and Hobbs were not without danger, as the inquiry of magistrate Edward Day noted "[I] took George Anderson with [me], believing that [his] life would be in danger if he remained at Myall Creek". In response to the charging of the eleven suspects settlers formed groups such as the "Black Association" to support the men charged with the murder. Papers such as the Sydney Herald protested against the trials. Charging the perpetrators of the massacre also stimulated the activism of religious and humanitarian groups who called for the execution of the perpetrators. These views were promoted through papers such as the Sydney Monitor and the Australian. Upon being found not guilty, seven of the men were re-arrested and tried for the murder of an Aboriginal male named Charley. The second trial resulted in a guilty verdict and all seven men were sentenced to death. Governor Gipps later wrote that none of the seven attempted to deny their crime, though all stated they thought it extremely hard that white men should be put to death for killing blacks. On 18 December 1838, after all legal objections were exhausted and the Executive Council rejected petitions for clemency, the sentences were carried out. John Plunkett, an Irish barrister, prosecuted in the two trials of the killers. Plunkett came to NSW in 1832 to take up the post of Solicitor-General. As a Catholic, he only became eligible for such an appointment in 1829 when the British Parliament removed most of the restrictions on members of that faith holding public office. In 1836 he became the colony's first Attorney-General but continued to carry out the duties of both positions. The colony was divided, often acrimoniously, between three groups - convicts, those who had been convicts but were now emancipated, and those who thought themselves superior because they had never been either. One of the most powerful sections of the community were the squatters, who had established large pastoral holdings in the north of the colony, one result of which was the complete disruption of local Aboriginal communities. When the trial of the stockmen commenced, they had expensive defence counsel paid for by the local landowners from the Myall Creek area. The workings of criminal law in 1838 meant there could only be one victim in relation to any particular trial for murder, no matter how many accused had been charged. This presented problems of identification for the prosecution, particularly because one witness saw the Aborigines being led away and a different witness saw their largely burnt bodies. Plunkett was the subject of considerable public criticism for initiating the prosecution and the first trial resulted in not guilty verdicts. But this was where the one-victim rule played into Plunkett's hands. He chose a different victim for a second trial of seven of the stockmen, who again made no statements on their own behalf. This time the verdict was guilty, and, after an appeal was dismissed, all seven were hanged, despite public petitions and violent editorials demanding that the sentences be commuted. It is something of an irony that Plunkett himself was opposed to capital punishment. Aftermath of the Trial The hanging of the seven stockmen in 1838 for their part in the Myall Creek massacre caused controversy throughout the colony. It led to heightened racial tensions and hardened attitudes towards Aboriginal people. This was evident on the day of the execution when the Australian published a letter which said, "I look on the blacks as a set of monkies, and the earlier they are exterminated from the face of the earth the better. I would never consent to hang a white man for a black one" (The Australian, 18 December 1838). While this was not the first time settlers were hanged for murdering Aborigines (see R v Ridgway, Chip, Colthurst and Stanley 1826, R v Kirby & Thompson 1820) it was the first time that settlers were found guilty of, and hanged for, the killing of Aboriginal people on the frontier. It is also the last time the Colonial Administration intervened to ensure the laws of the colony were applied equally to Aboriginal people and settlers involved in frontier killings. Governor Gipps' public resolve to treat Aboriginal people equally never diminished, however the public response to the Myall Creek trial influenced his future decisions. The failure to re-try the remaining four men accused in the Myall Creek massacre and the continuing delays to the enquiry of Major Nunn's campaign highlight this. Governor Gipps indicates that one of the reasons for the delay into the enquiry was the settlers "very excited state in respect to the blacks" after the execution of seven men for their part in the Myall Creek massacre. Governor Gipps also was concerned that any action taken against Major Nunn would result in the military quitting their positions, leaving the frontier severely weakened. Despite the guilty verdicts and the hanging of seven men that followed the Myall Creek trials, frontier violence between settlers and Aboriginal people did not diminish. Although the police and Aboriginal protectors investigated the frequent reports of violence towards Aboriginal people, settlers were rarely arrested and when they were, juries generally found them innocent of any crime. On the rare occasion when a settler was convicted for the murder of Aboriginal person, their sentence would generally be reduced. Legacy and Reconciliation The Myall Creek massacre was a landmark event because retelling the story continued to remind Australians about the mistreatment of Aboriginal people during the period of frontier conflict. During the 1800s several popular poems were written about the massacre including "Incantation Scene", "Weird Sisters" and "The Aboriginal Mother", the latter written by poet Eliza Dunlop was subsequently set to music. The events were also recounted in texts published in Australia and overseas. From 1920 to 1950 the Myall Creek massacre was less frequently discussed in texts although it did receive some attention. In the early 1970s, the historian Charles Rowley described the Myall Creek massacre as one of Australia's horror stories that has "given us such as racist image overseas" and must be told if Australians are "to understand the real nature of the Aboriginal problem [and] the brutalizing forces that brought it into being". It was around this time that stories of the Myall Creek massacre returned to prominence in texts on Australian history to illustrate the conflict between Indigenous people and settlers on the frontier. The Myall Creek massacre was also included in specialised text on Indigenous history and frontier conflict to describe race relations in Australia and the way the Colonial Administration dealt with Indigenous issues. In the 1990s the New South Wales Board of Education included the Myall Creek massacre in its "Discovering Democracy Unit" which formed part of the curriculum for civics and citizenship education. As well as playing an important role in educating people about Australian Indigenous history, the Myall Creek massacre also became part of Australia's reconciliation movement. In 1998 the Uniting Church in Australia held a conference on reconciliation at Myall Creek, which lead to the establishment of a Myall Creek Memorial Committee. This Committee is made up of descendants of the Aboriginal people who survived the Myall Creek massacre, concerned locals and participants of the conference. One of the aims of this Committee was to establish a memorial in recognition of the Myall Creek massacre. In June 2000, after several years of work, the Committee opened the Myall Creek Memorial "in an act of reconciliation and in acknowledgement of the truth of our shared history". This memorial has brought together the descendants of the victims, survivors and perpetrators and each year a commemoration ceremony is held at the site. A Sydney Friends of Myall Creek has also been established to promote the significance of this site for all Australians. In recognition of the role that the memorial has played as a place of reconciliation, the Myall Creek memorial is a winner of the Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation's Judith Wright Reconciliation Prize. A memorial service was held for the 170th anniversary of the massacre in 2008. This was attended by Federal Minister for Heritage, The Hon. Peter Garrett who announced the inclusion of the site on the National Heritage List (Australia's Living Heritage 1(3), Summer 2008-9, 8-9). Each year on the June long weekend over 400 people from around Australia gather at the memorial to commemorate the massacre of 1838. Description The Myall Creek massacre and memorial site is located on gently rolling slopes and small hills which have mostly been cleared and improved for grazing sheep and cattle. The area supports dry sclerophyll woodland species such as the White Box, Bimble Box, Red Gum, Scribbly Gum and various Ironbarks. The land is part of a Travelling Stock Route used by cattle to access the creek. Two basalt blocks mark the beginning of the memorial walkway which is a 600-metre winding path in red gravel that leads through woodland and grasses. At various stages along the walkway there are seven oval shaped granite boulders which contain plaques with etchings and words in English and Gamilaroi. These plaques tell the story of the Myall Creek massacre. At the end of the walkway the memorial is set on a rise overlooking the site of the massacre between five spreading gumtrees. The memorial rock is a 14 tonne granite boulder with a simple plaque surrounded by a circle of crushed white granite, edged in by stones from all around the state of New South Wales. The Bronze Plaque on the memorial states: In memory of the Wirrayaraay people who were murdered on the slopes of this ridge in an unprovoked but premeditated act in the late afternoon of 10 June 1838. Erected on 10 June 2000 by a group of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians in an act of reconciliation, and in acknowledgment of the truth of our shared history. We Remember them (Ngiyani winangay ganunga). The area is mainly woodland with the Myall Creek Memorial being constructed of fire resistant granite and metal alloys. The Myall Creek Memorial was opened in 2000. The memorial is managed by the Gwydir Shire Council and the Myall Creek Memorial Committee. The memorial was vandalised in January 2005, with the words "murder", "women" and "children" chiselled off, in an attempt to make it unreadable. The site was again reported as vandalised in September 2021: “On Friday 24 September 2021, officers attached to New England Police District received reports the Myall Creek Memorial on Whitlow Road, Myall Creek, had been damaged,” NSW police said in a statement. There was damage to buildings, sandstone steps and railings. A memorial plaque was also vandalised – but the committee is unsure if this was done by the same perpetrators. Co-chair of the national Friends of Myall Creek committee, Keith Munro, confirmed a racist slogan was also scratched into the ground. Heritage listing The brutal massacre at Myall Creek of around 30 men, women and children of the Wirrayaraay and Gamilaroi peoples in June 1838, the subsequent court cases and the hanging of the seven settlers for their role in the massacre, was pivotal in the development of the relationship between settlers and Aboriginal people in NSW. It was the last attempt by the Colonial Administration to use the law to control frontier conflict between settlers and Aboriginal people. Instead of setting a precedent that Aboriginal people could be protected under the law, it hardened settlers' resolve to use whatever means were available to clear Aboriginal people from the land on the frontier. The massacre at Myall Creek is a relatively rare instance in NSW, where the massacre of Aboriginal people (as a result of frontier violence) is well documented, and broadly speaking the massacre is representative of the violent conflict that took place in frontier areas between Aboriginal people and settlers. The massacre at Myall Creek is also a landmark event because accounts of the massacre, written from the 1850s to the present, have continued to remind Australians about the mistreatment of Aboriginal people during the period of frontier conflict. The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is of high significance to the Wirrayaraay of Gamilaroi people, as the site of the brutal murder of their ancestors and for its ability to demonstrate the Wirrayaraay and Gamilaroi peoples experience of colonisation. The importance of site to the Wirrayaraay people is evidenced by their participation in the campaign to establish a memorial on the site of the massacre, and their continuing involvement in the management of site. Descendants of Aboriginal people who survived the massacre form part of the Myall Creek Memorial Committee, which co-manages the site. The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is important to the local community as a symbol of reconciliation and a place of education. District schools and representatives of all the Shires in the region participate in the annual service held at the site. The Myall Creek Memorial is also a place of reconciliation for the descendants of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people involved in Myall Creek massacre. In recognition of the role that the memorial has played as a place of reconciliation, the Myall Creek Memorial was the winner of the Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation's Judith Wright Reconciliation Prize, in 2003. Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 12 November 2010 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Myall Creek Massacre, the subsequent court cases and the hanging of seven settlers, played a pivotal role in the development of the relationship between settlers and Aboriginal people. In the half century following British settlement, the Colonial Administration stated on numerous occasions that Aboriginal people and settlers were equal before the law. However, juries regularly found settlers accused on killing Aboriginal people on the frontier not guilty. The Myall Creek massacre is important in the course of New South Wales' history as it was the last time the Colonial Administration intervened to ensure the laws of the colony were applied equally to Aboriginal people and settlers involved in frontier killings. The massacre at Myall Creek is also a landmark event because accounts of the massacre, written from the 1850s to the present, have continued to remind Australians about the mistreatment of Aboriginal people during the period of frontier conflict. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is associated with the brutal massacre in June 1838 of a group of men, women and children of the Wirrayaraay and Gamilaroi peoples by settlers. A group of around 30 Aboriginal people were camped peacefully on Myall Creek Station when twelve stockmen rode on to the station, rounded them up and tied them together, before leading them off to be massacred. The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is of high significance to the Wirrayaraay of Gamilaroi people, as the site of the brutal murder of their ancestors and for its ability to demonstrate the Wirrayaraay and Gamilaroi peoples experience of colonisation. The importance of site to the Wirrayaraay people is evidenced by their participation in the campaign to establish a memorial on the site of the massacre, and their continuing involvement in the management of site. Descendants of Aboriginal people who survived the massacre form part of the Myall Creek Memorial Committee, which co-manages the site. The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site is important to the local community as a symbol of reconciliation and a place of education. District schools and representatives of all the Shires in the region participate in the annual service held at the site. The Myall Creek Memorial is also a place of reconciliation for the descendants of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people involved in Myall Creek massacre. In recognition of the role that the memorial has played as a place of reconciliation, the Myall Creek Memorial was the winner of the Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation's Judith Wright Reconciliation Prize, in 2003. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Myall Creek Massacre is a relatively rare instance in NSW where the massacre of Aboriginal people, as a result of frontier violence, is well documented. The substantial public record of the terrible events that took place at Myall Creek Station on the 10 June 1838 exists, largely because of the immediate reporting of the event, the investigation by officers of the law and the documentation of the event through the subsequent court cases. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The expansion of pastoral frontiers in the Colony of New South Wales, was invariably accompanied by some degree of conflict between settlers and displaced Aboriginal peoples. During the years 1837 and 1846 the Colony experienced the worst racial clashes in its history. The massacre at Myall Creek is a well documented example of the mistreatment of Aboriginal people during this period. See also List of massacres in Australia List of massacres of Indigenous Australians References Bibliography Historical Records of Australia. . Attribution and Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site, Bingara Delungra Rd, Myall Creek via Bingara, NSW, Australia published by the Government of Australia and the Department of Environment and Energy under CC-BY 3.0 license, accessed on 16 July 2018. External links New South Wales State Heritage Register Monuments and memorials in New South Wales Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register Gwydir Shire Inverell Shire

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20Lightfoot

Lori Lightfoot

Lori Elaine Lightfoot (born August 4, 1962) is an American attorney and politician serving since 2019 as the 56th mayor of Chicago. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Before becoming mayor, Lightfoot worked in private legal practice as a partner at Mayer Brown and held various government positions in Chicago. Most notably, she served as president of the Chicago Police Board and chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force. Lightfoot ran for Mayor of Chicago in 2019, advancing to a runoff election against Toni Preckwinkle in the February 2019 election. She defeated Preckwinkle in the runoff on April 2, 2019. Lightfoot is the first LGBT black woman to be elected mayor of a major city in the United States. Moreover, she is the second woman (after Jane Byrne), and the third African-American—after Harold Washington and Eugene Sawyer—to be mayor of Chicago. Early life and education Lightfoot was born in Massillon, Ohio, the youngest of four children. Her mother, Ann Lightfoot, was a nighttime healthcare aide and school board member, and her father, Elijah Lightfoot, a local factory worker and janitor. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood on the west side of the city. She is a graduate of Washington High School in Massillon, where she was a trumpet player in the school band, sang alto in choir, point guard on the basketball team, volleyball player, softball player, yearbook editor, and Pep Club member. She was elected high school class president three times. Her campaign for running for high school class president was "Get on the right foot with Lightfoot". Her high school alumni association named her a "Distinguished Citizen" in 2013. While in high school, Lightfoot helped organize a boycott of her school's lunch program over the quality of its pizza. Her boycott was a success as the school provided more flavorful pizza. Her punishment for the boycott was detention. Lightfoot received her Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of Michigan in 1984, graduating with honors. Despite not knowing the subject, she initially hoped to become a systems engineer following the advice of her oldest brother. She pursued seven different types of employment to pay for her education, including working as a resident assistant and as a cook for the school's football team. She also held factory jobs at home during summers to help pay for her education. While Lightfoot was an undergraduate, her older brother, Brian Lightfoot, was arrested in connection with a bank robbery and the shooting of a security guard. Lightfoot held positions working for Congress members Ralph Regula and Barbara Mikulski before deciding to attend law school. She has said she chose to attend law school not because of her brother's legal troubles, but because she wanted a job that offered financial independence. She matriculated at the University of Chicago Law School, where she was awarded a full scholarship. As president of the University of Chicago Law School's student body, she led a successful movement to ban a law firm from campus after the firm sent a recruiter who made racist and sexist remarks towards a student. Lightfoot quarterbacked an intramural flag football team while at Chicago Law School. Lightfoot also served as a clerk for Justice Charles Levin of the Michigan Supreme Court. She graduated from the University of Chicago with her Juris Doctor degree in 1989. Career Assistant U.S. Attorney (1996–2002) After graduating law school, Lightfoot became a practicing attorney at the Mayer Brown law firm, serving a wide cross-section of clients. Lightfoot first entered the public sector as Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. During her mayoral campaign, Lightfoot cited several reasons for entering public service, including a desire to represent the African-American community, a sense of injustice based on the murder of a family member by a Ku Klux Klan member in the 1920s, and struggles with the law encountered by her older brother, who was charged with possession of crack-cocaine with intent to distribute. While working as a federal prosecutor, Lightfoot helped to prosecute those accused of federal crimes, including drug crimes. She assisted with Operation Silver Shovel, an FBI investigation into Chicago corruption. She helped to convict alderman Virgil Jones. In 1999, Lightfoot was issued a warning for misconduct by judge Richard Posner in a case in which she was found by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit to have misled a United States Circuit Judge regarding a suspect's whereabouts, making it impossible for the judge to stay the suspect's extradition to Norway. Lightfoot and the Justice Department at the time disputed this characterization of her actions. Chicago Police Department Office of Professional Standards (2002–04) In 2002, Lightfoot was appointed chief administrator of the Chicago Police Department Office of Professional Standards, a now-defunct governmental police oversight group, by Police Superintendent Terry Hillard. She held the position for two years. In the position, she was in charge of investigating possible cases of police misconduct, including police shootings of civilians. However, a Chicago Tribune report found that the Office of Professional Standards' investigations often lacked thoroughness. Lightfoot says her recommendations for disciplinary action were often rejected by the police department. In one notable case, Lightfoot went against Police Department orthodoxy by recommending the firing of officer Alvin Weems, who shot and killed an unarmed man, Michael Pleasance. Weems was initially believed to have accidentally shot Pleasance, but after video evidence contradicting the initial claims was revealed, even Weems himself expressed feeling that the shooting was unjustified. Weems was not fired by the Chicago Police Department, but the city was eventually forced to pay a settlement to the Pleasance family. Weems later committed suicide. In another controversial case where officer Phyllis Clinkscales shot and killed unarmed 17-year-old Robert Washington, the Chicago Tribune reported that Lightfoot determined that the shooting was justified. In doing so, the Tribune said she reversed the order of her predecessor, who had called for Clinkscales' firing. Clinkscales' account of the events of the shooting had been found to contain untrue statements in an investigation. Lightfoot disputes this account of Clinkscales' case, saying that the police superintendent at the time was responsible for declining Lightfoot's predecessor's finding that the shooting was unjustified. Lightfoot said her action on the case was to push for a 30-day suspension for Clinkscales, which she implied was the most that was possible given the circumstances. Other roles in Chicago city government (2004–05) Lightfoot then moved on to work in the Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications. She was later hired by Mayor Richard M. Daley as deputy chief of the Chicago Department of Procurement Services. There, she and her boss, Mary Dempsey, investigated Chicago corruption, drawing Mayor Daley's ire in the process. Lightfoot and Dempsey's investigations included probes of then-Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich's associate Tony Rezko and prominent Daley donor Elzie Higginbottom. Lightfoot worked at the Department of Procurement Services for a few months, subsequently returning to Mayer Brown. Lightfoot has suggested that she left the Department of Procurement Services because of dismay at corruption in City Hall. Private practice As an attorney at Mayer Brown, Lightfoot represented Republicans in two cases protesting Democratic gerrymandering. At Mayer Brown, she also defended Chicago police officer Paul Powers against charges of physical assault. In 2019, after facing criticism over defending Powers, Lightfoot cited video evidence in favor of her former client's innocence. Lightfoot was briefly hired by the city of Chicago to defend the city against charges brought by the family of a mentally ill woman, Christina Eilman, who was brought into custody by Chicago police after suffering a mental breakdown at Midway Airport. Eilman suffered sexual assault and a seven-story fall after being released by police into Englewood. Eilman's family reached a $22.5 million settlement with the city. Lightfoot has also served on the boards of the Illinois chapters of NARAL and the ACLU. She has served as external counsel for Bank of America. In 2013, Lightfoot was a finalist for the position of U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, but the job went to Zachary T. Fardon. Chicago Police Board and Task Force (2015–18) Lightfoot returned to the public sector in 2015, when Mayor Rahm Emanuel appointed her to replace 19-year incumbent Demetrius Carney as president of the Chicago Police Board. The board's main responsibility is to make recommendations for or against disciplinary action on certain disputed cases of police misconduct. Under Lightfoot's leadership, the board became more punitive, firing officers in 72% of its cases. In the wake of the controversy over the murder of Laquan McDonald, Emanuel also appointed Lightfoot as chair of a special Police Accountability Task Force. In 2016, the Task Force, led by Lightfoot, filed a report critical of the Chicago Police Department's practices. She specifically criticized the police union's "code of silence." The anti-police brutality activist organization Black Youth Project 100's Chicago chapter released a statement denouncing Lightfoot and the board and task force for a "lack of accountability." In 2017, Emanuel re-appointed Lightfoot to a second term as president of the Police Board. The decision came after Lightfoot and Emanuel had publicly come into conflict, particularly over Emanuel's attempts to reach a police reform deal with Trump Administration Justice Department officials that would avoid a consent decree and oversight from a federal judge. Lightfoot called Emanuel's approach "fundamentally flawed." At the time, there was already speculation that Lightfoot was planning a run for mayor of Chicago in 2019, though she denied the rumors. Lightfoot resigned from the Police Board in May 2018, just before announcing her mayoral campaign. 2019 mayoral campaign On May 10, 2018, Lightfoot announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 elections, her first-ever run for public office. She is the first LGBTQ mayor and first black female mayor of Chicago. Lightfoot was the first openly lesbian candidate in the history of Chicago mayoral elections. By summer 2018, Lightfoot had the highest-funded campaign of any individual challenging the two-term incumbent Emanuel. However, in the fall, Emanuel dropped out of the race, and high-profile candidates like Gery Chico, Bill Daley, Susana Mendoza and Toni Preckwinkle subsequently entered. Animosity between the Preckwinkle and Lightfoot campaigns was reported as early as October 2018, when Preckwinkle denied rumors that she had pressured Lightfoot to drop out of the race. In December, after Lightfoot submitted the petitions necessary to secure a place on the ballot, Preckwinkle's campaign filed a challenge claiming that many of Lightfoot's petitions were fraudulent. The Chicago Board of Elections Commissioners found Lightfoot had enough valid petitions to remain on the ballot, and Preckwinkle's campaign withdrew its challenge. In January, the race was upended by a major corruption scandal involving Chicago alderman Ed Burke. Lightfoot ran a television advertisement criticizing Chico, Daley, Mendoza and Preckwinkle as the "Burke Four" for their connections to the disgraced alderman. Lightfoot picked up several endorsements, including nods from LGBTQ groups and local politicians. In February, Lightfoot won the endorsement of the Chicago Sun-Times editorial board. As close to the election as late January, Lightfoot's support ranged between 2% and 5% in polls. She surged in polls later in the race, consistently polling at or near double-digits in surveys released in the weeks leading up to the election. On February 18, Lightfoot made headlines after one of her press conferences was crashed by Preckwinkle ally Robert Martwick, with whom Lightfoot then got into a heated exchange. Shortly before the election, Preckwinkle's campaign manager, Scott Cisek, came under fire after comparing Lightfoot to a Nazi in a Facebook post. Preckwinkle fired Cisek and publicly apologized for his post. In Chicago, ethnic/racial coalitions had often played a key role in elections. As such, many of the candidates were seen as targeting different groups with their campaigns. Hispanic candidates Gery Chico and Susana Mendoza were seen as vying for the Hispanic vote. Toni Preckwinkle and Willie Wilson were seen as targeting the black vote. Bill Daley was seen as targeting the white vote. Lightfoot was seen as breaking the rules of traditional Chicago politics by not basing her candidacy on seeking the support of particular ethnic/racial groups. Lightfoot finished first in the February election, in what was considered to be an upset. She placed above a crowded field of fourteen candidates. Because no candidate reached the necessary 50% of the vote needed to win the election outright, she and Preckwinkle advanced to a runoff election. In the runoff, both the Sun-Times and the Chicago Tribune endorsed Lightfoot. Several former candidates, including Mendoza, Chico, Paul Vallas, and fourth-place finisher Willie Wilson also endorsed Lightfoot in the runoff. Lightfoot held a substantial lead over Preckwinkle in polls conducted during the runoff campaign. During the runoff, Lightfoot faced criticism from criminal justice activists over her record in police accountability and as a prosecutor. Chicago-based musician and activist Chancelor Bennett, also known as Chance the Rapper, voiced similar concerns in his runoff endorsement of Preckwinkle. Bennett, a former Amara Enyia supporter and son of Preckwinkle's campaign co-chair, said Lightfoot's record as a prosecutor and Chicago Police Department employee has worked against the interests of the black community in Chicago. U.S. Representative Bobby Rush, who endorsed Preckwinkle in the runoff after supporting Daley in the general election, made similar criticisms of Lightfoot centered around criminal justice issues. Lightfoot defended herself against Bennett's criticisms at a mayoral debate, citing her personal experiences with racial discrimination as evidence she would take the concerns of the black community into account. Lightfoot also faced activist criticism over comments at a University of Chicago forum, where she suggested turning some shuttered schools in the city into police academies. Lightfoot later disavowed this suggestion via Twitter. In the runoff, Lightfoot received endorsements from seven of the twelve candidates that had been eliminated in the first round (these endorsements coming from Gery Chico, Jerry Joyce, John Kozlar, Susana Mendoza, Neal Sales-Griffin, Paul Vallas, and Willie Wilson). Preckwinkle, by contrast, received no endorsements at all from any candidates that had been eliminated in the first round. Lightfoot won the runoff election on April 2, 2019, becoming mayor-elect of Chicago. She won more than 73% of the overall vote in the runoff, winning in all 50 wards of the city. Lightfoot won all but 20 of the city's 2,069 voting precincts. Voter turnout was 32.89%, almost a record low. Mayor of Chicago Lightfoot took office on May 20, 2019. Incumbent mayor Rahm Emanuel reportedly modeled the transition between his and Lightfoot's administrations on the U.S. presidential transition between the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations. Emanuel was part of the Bush-Obama transition as Obama's chief of staff designate. Lightfoot endorsed the comparison between her transition and the Bush-Obama transition. On April 4, Lightfoot named key members of her transition team: her campaign manager Manny Perez to serve as intergovernmental advisor, Maurice Classen to serve as her chief of staff, Sarah Pang and Ra Joy to serve as senior advisors, and Lisa Schneider-Fabes to serve as transition manager. As mayor-elect, Lightfoot expressed a desire for the Laquan McDonald trial to be reexamined, urging the U.S. Attorney's Office to reopen their grand jury investigation to examine if any civil rights were violated. On April 6, 2019, Lightfoot told the Chicago Sun-Times that her staff would, during her first post-election weekend, spend time examining the city's 600-page agreement with Sterling Bay regarding the Lincoln Yards development. During her campaign, Lightfoot had been critical of the process that was being taken to reach the agreement. The following Monday, at her request, Mayor Rahm Emanuel postponed city council votes on the approval of $1.6 billion in tax increment financing subsidies for both the Lincoln Yards and The 78 mega-developments. After the developers of the two projects agreed to increase commitments to hiring minority-owned and women-owned contractors, Lightfoot announced that she now supported the deals, which were approved one day subsequent to her declaration of support. One week before her inauguration, Lightfoot named lawyer and activist Candace Moore as Chicago's first-ever chief equity officer, a job in which Moore will focus on countering racial inequality in the city. Three days before taking office, Lightfoot named Alderman Scott Waguespack to serve as finance committee chairman, Alderman Pat Dowell to serve as budget chairman, Alderman Tom Tunney to serve as zoning chairman and Alderman Gilbert Villegas to serve as floor leader and economic development chair. Inauguration On May 20, 2019, Lightfoot officially took office as Mayor of Chicago, after being sworn in at 11:15 am by Magistrate Judge Susan E. Cox of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, at the Wintrust Arena, accompanied by her wife and daughter. Upon taking office, Lightfoot became the first openly LGBT Chicago mayor, the first black female Chicago mayor, as well as the second female Chicago mayor (after Jane Byrne) and third Chicago black mayor (after Harold Washington and Eugene Sawyer). Affordable housing On October 14, 2019, Lightfoot announced the creation of an affordable housing task force set to consist of 20 members and study solutions to housing affordability over a 4- to 6-month period. The following month, it was announced that the task force would also come up with a proposal to rewrite the city's affordable housing ordinance. These efforts directly implicated systemic racism as the primary issue in housing affordability, recommending an entirely new framework for housing ordinances prioritizing racial equity. However, initial affordable housing goals were set back by budget shortfalls due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these recommendations were eventually integrated into the distribution of federal relief funds for housing assistance grants, as well as allocations for low-income tax credits. On March 6, 2020, Lightfoot named Tracey Scott as CEO of the Chicago Housing Authority. On March 30, the CHA Board of Commissioners approved Tracey Scott's appointment. Casino After legislation expanding gambling in Illinois was passed by the state legislature at the start of June 2019, Lightfoot announced that the city would commence study of where a Chicago casino would be located. Lightfoot's predecessors had long sought to obtain a casino for the city. While the state did not approve a city-owned casino (reportedly preferred by Lightfoot, as it had been by her predecessors); state legislation allowed for a privately owned casino from which the city would receive one third of tax revenue generated. Lightfoot has continued to push, however, for the state to authorize a casino jointly owned by the city and state and with a lesser effective tax rate than the passed legislation specified. City Council Lightfoot's first executive order as mayor limited "aldermanic prerogative", a practice under which Chicago aldermen were granted an effective veto over matters in their wards. On May 28, 2019, Lightfoot unveiled proposals to revise the operating rules of the Chicago City Council. Among other things she proposed live streaming video of committee meetings, changes to strengthen the rule on conflicts of interest and the transfer of control over TIF subsidies to the council's Committee on Economic and Capital Development. Lightfoot has butted heads with embattled Alderman Ed Burke. On May 29, 2019, during the first city council meeting, over which Lightfoot presided, she held her ground in debating issues with Alderman Burke. On May 31, after indictments were brought against Burke, Lightfoot called for his resignation. On June 5, 2019, Lightfoot outlined further ethics reform proposals for the city council. Crime As of June 17, Chicago leads the nation in mass shootings, average approximately one per week. In response to the third mass shooting in four days, Lightfoot said “We are part of a club of cities to which no one wants to belong: cities with mass shootings.” Education On June 3, 2019, Lightfoot announced her selections for the Chicago Board of Education (the school board of Chicago Public Schools), appointing former City Clerk of Chicago Miguel del Valle as its president. She also announced that incumbent CEO of Chicago Public Schools Janice K. Jackson would retain her position, having previously only committed to retaining her for an interim period. In October 2019, Lightfoot dealt with a public schools strike led by the Chicago Teachers Union and Service Employees International Union. While Lightfoot has advocated for an elected Chicago school board, as mayor-elect she opposed state legislation that would create a 21-member board, calling it "unwieldy". Nevertheless, in July 2021, governor J. B. Pritzker signed such legislation into law, over Lightfoot's objections. On June 14, 2021, Lightfoot named José Torres to serve as interim CEO of the Chicago Public Schools after Janice K. Jackson steps down. On September 15, 2021, Mayor Lightfoot announced that Pedro Martinez would be succeeding Torres as the new permanent CEO. On September 22, the Chicago Board of Education unanimously voted to approve his appointment as CEO, scheduling him to take office on September 29. Fiscal issues On May 28, 2019, Lightfoot outlined plans to remedy the city's fines and fees programs, increase its minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2021. Among proposals Lightfoot floated in the fall of 2019 included a graduated transfer tax for commercial real estate sales. This plan would allow the city to capture more money from large real estate transfers, while also providing a tax break for the 85% of real estate transfers valued under $500,000. On November 26, 2019, the Chicago City Council approved Lightfoot's budget for the 2020 fiscal year. Public safety and police Shortly after taking office, Lightfoot faced what was regarded as her first test at public safety, as Memorial Day weekend in Chicago had, in previous years, often been a period in which Chicago had seen a spike in violence. In an attempt to eschew this pattern, Lightfoot initiated Our City. Our Safety., under which extra police patrols were stationed in busy locations, as well as in troubled spots, and free youth programs were organized by the Chicago Park District at about a hundred locations. A notable extent of violence was still witnessed over the weekend, to which Lightfoot responded, "We can’t claim victory and we certainly can’t celebrate. We have much more work to do." On May 28, 2019, Lightfoot outlined a plan to focus on reducing the city's gun violence. On May 28, 2019, Lightfoot urged city council to pass an ordinance within her first hundred days that would establish a level of civilian oversight on the Chicago Police Department. Lightfoot launched a community policing initiative in June 2019. Later that month she announced that the city's police department would not assist U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids, denying ICE access to the city's police database in an effort to protect the city's immigrant population from the threat of deportation. On November 8, 2019, after Eddie T. Johnson announced that he would resign from his position as superintendent of the Chicago Police Department, Lightfoot named Charlie Beck to serve as interim superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. On December 2, rather than letting Johnson voluntarily retire, Lightfoot fired him due to what she declared were "intolerable" actions by him and him misleading the public. Lightfoot nominated David Brown to be superintendent of police on April 2, 2020. After Beck stepped down on April 15, Brown became acting superintendent, while pending confirmation to serve on a permanent basis. On November 13, 2019, Lightfoot proposed an ordinance that would create a new Office of Public Safety Administration, which would combine administrative functions of Chicago Police Department, the Chicago Fire Department and the Office of Public Safety Administration. The ordinance would also move the task of hearing appeals from rejected Chicago police applicants whose names have been removed from the department's eligibility list from the Human Resources Board to the purview of the Chicago Police Board. In June 2020, Lightfoot voiced her opposition to an ordinance proposed by alderman Roderick Sawyer, which would end the Chicago Public Schools' contract to station Chicago Police Department officers at schools. In May 2021, Lightfoot nominated Annette Nance-Holt to be the city fire commissioner. She was confirmed to the position by the Chicago City Council on June 23. Nance-Holt is the first woman to serve in a permanent capacity as the commissioner of the Chicago Fire Department. 2020 coronavirus pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Lightfoot has been taking a number of actions aimed at quelling the severity of the outbreak in Chicago. On March 11, 2020, Lightfoot joined Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker to postpone of the city's formal Saint Patrick's Day festivities (including parades and the dyeing of the Chicago River). On March 15, Lightfoot decided that, due to concerns surrounding Saint Patrick's Day festivities, all businesses selling liquor must have less than half of their regular maximum capacity, and must additionally not exceed a capacity of 100 people. On March 12, 2020, Lightfoot again joined Pritzker to issue, among other things, a ban on events attended by more than 1,000 people from being held over the next 30 days. In response to the pandemic, she created the Racial Equity Rapid Response Team as well as the COVID-19 Recovery Task Force. On March 15, Lightfoot criticized the long lines at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport as a result of federal government travel restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic as "utterly unacceptable". Under the federal government's travel restrictions, authorized passengers could only take flights from 26 permitted European nations to a total of thirteen permitted United States airports, of which O'Hare was one. On March 20, 2020, Lightfoot extended Chicago Public School closures beyond what had already been mandated by the State of Illinois. Chicago Department of Health Commissioner, Dr. Allison Arwady, had signed a public health order under which those with the COVID-19 illness or exhibiting symptoms, with few exceptions, could not leave their place of residence, go to work or any group settings. The order allowed sick residents to seek essential services, such as necessary clinical care/evaluation, and life sustaining needs, such as medicine and food. Lightfoot declared that anyone who violated this order may be issued a citation. On March 27, Lightfoot placed a ban on contact sport and closed the city's parks, beaches, and trails due to instances over the previous days of people violating the state's stay-at-home order and gathering in public places. On March 31, 2020, Lightfoot announced that she had secured 300 hotel rooms in the city's downtown to house first responders, which they could use so that they would not need to go to their homes and risk spreading COVID-19 to their families. Lightfoot's administration worked with the United States Army Corps of Engineers to establish a makeshift hospital at McCormick Place. In early April, Lightfoot partnered with Chicago's professional sports teams to launch the "We Are Not Playing" campaign. Also in early April, Lightfoot drew criticism for getting her hair cut in violation of the state's stay-at-home order. She argued that she was justified in doing so, saying, "I’m the public face of this city. I’m on national media and I’m out in the public eye." On April 7, Lightfoot signed an executive order which further ensured that undocumented immigrants would not be excluded from receiving city benefits, opportunities, and services. Similar protections already largely existed under the Welcoming City Ordinance, which had been passed during her predecessor's term. On April 8, Lightfoot introduced a curfew on liquor sales to take effect the next day. This was to cut down on congregating outside of liquor stores. Also on April 8, Lightfoot was criticised for suspending Freedom of Information Act request deadlines, saying "I want to ask the average Chicagoan: Would you like them to do their job or would you like them to be pulled off to do FOIA requests?", and invoking the Old Testament by saying "I’m mindful of the fact that we’re in the Pesach season, the angel of death that we all talk about is the Passover story". Due to this, Lightfoot was subsequently awarded the tongue-in-cheek "Pharaoh Prize for Deadline Extensions" by digital-rights group the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Lightfoot has participated in enforcing the state's stay-at-home order, personally partaking in patrolling the city and confronting violators. Lightfoot-centric internet memes arose during the coronavirus outbreak, first gaining popularity in late-March amid Lightfoot's no-nonsense approach to enforcing the state's stay-at-home order. On November 12, 2020, to be effective on November 16, Lightfoot issued new restrictions, including a stay-at-home advisory. Lightfoot was scrutinized for this decision as she had been seen in prior days at a large gathering celebrating Joe Biden's election victory. 2020 Black Lives Matter police violence protests During the 2020 Black Lives Matter (BLM) anti-police violence protests sparked by the murder of George Floyd, Lightfoot, who campaigned as a police reformer, stated that police unions have continued to be one of the main obstacles to reform of the department: Lightfoot further stated that police violence and brutality "demean the badge" and asked the public to report police misconduct. On May 31, during a conference call with all 50 Chicago aldermen, Lightfoot got into a heated argument with fellow Democrat Raymond Lopez of the 15th Ward. The two swore at one another after Lopez criticized the mayor's response to looting and rioting during the George Floyd protests. In August 2020, she came under criticism for not allowing protests on the block where she lives. Lightfoot said this was justified because she had received threats. Other staffing decisions and appointments On May 20, 2019, Lightfoot announced the retention of several administrators who had worked under the previous Emanuel administration, alongside a number of new hires. On September 30, 2019, Lightfoot hired former alderman John Arena as a special advisor in the city's planning department. In December 2019, Lightfoot nominated Gia Biagi to serve as the commissioner of the Chicago Department of Transportation. Biagi was confirmed by the Chicago City Council to the position on January 15, 2020. Other issues On May 28, 2019, Lightfoot laid out plans to pass "fair work week" legislation tightening rules surrounding workplace scheduling. On November 26, 2019, the city council approved ordinances Lightfoot had put forth placing restrictions on vehicle impoundment and lowering fines for illegal possession of cannabis. In early February 2020, Lightfoot joined with Illinois U.S. Senator Dick Durbin to urge the Federal Emergency Management Agency to declare the damage being inflicted on the city's lakefront by historically high Lake Michigan water levels to receive federal disaster designation. In late February 2020, Lightfoot hosted a summit at University of Illinois at Chicago addressing the issue of poverty. Other controversies On May 19, 2021, Lightfoot stated she would only choose reporters of color for interviews on the occasion of her two-year anniversary in office. This sparked considerable backlash, with many calling for her resignation, including Tulsi Gabbard. Judicial Watch sued Lightfoot on behalf of The Daily Caller, alleging Lightfoot violated journalist Thomas Catenacci’s First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Approval rating Below is a table of polls on Lightfoot's approval rating amongst Chicagoans, descending from most to least recent: Notes on polls 4% "excellent", 12% "good" 32% "fair", 52% "poor" National politics On March 6, 2020, shortly before the 2020 Illinois Democratic presidential primary, Lightfoot endorsed Joe Biden's candidacy for president. Lightfoot appeared in a video shown on the opening night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention which also features Biden, Houston Police Chief Art Acevedo, activist Jamira Burley, activist Gwen Carr, and NAACP President Derrick Johnson. Lightfoot was a 2020 Democratic United States Electoral College elector from Illinois, casting her votes for Biden as president and Kamala Harris as vice-president. Personal life Lightfoot resides in the Logan Square neighborhood, on Chicago's Northwest Side. On May 31, 2014, she married Amy Eshleman, a former Chicago Public Library employee, who is now a full-time mother to the couple's adopted daughter, Vivian. Lightfoot has held Chicago Bears season tickets for 20 years, and is also a Chicago White Sox season ticket-holder. She is also a season ticket holder for the WNBA's Chicago Sky. Lightfoot made an appearance on a TV mini-series called The Second City Presents: The Last Show Left on Earth. Lightfoot is a Founding Trustee at Christ the King Jesuit High School in Chicago. She is also a member of St. James AME Zion Church. Awards and honors In June 2019, Lightfoot was selected as one of several grand marshals of the Chicago Pride Parade. In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, Queerty named her among the fifty heroes “leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people”. In October 2020, Lightfoot was chosen by the National Minority Quality Forum (NMQF) to receive the NMQF Honorable John Lewis Lifetime Achievement Award. Electoral history See also List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States Notes References External links Office of the Mayor at City of Chicago Lori Lightfoot News 1962 births 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers 21st-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians African-American lawyers African-American mayors in Illinois African-American women in politics African-American women lawyers Assistant United States Attorneys Illinois Democrats Lawyers from Chicago Lesbian politicians LGBT African Americans LGBT appointed officials in the United States LGBT Christians LGBT lawyers LGBT mayors of places in the United States LGBT people from Illinois LGBT people from Ohio Living people Mayors of Chicago People from Massillon, Ohio University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni University of Chicago Law School alumni Women mayors of places in Illinois 20th-century American women lawyers 21st-century American women lawyers 2020 United States presidential electors

57978008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Basin

Francis Basin

Francis Basin LdH CdeG MBE (1903 -1975), code named Olive, was an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive in France during the Second World War. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. Early life François Marcel Basin was born on 6 August 1903 in Grasse, the son of Antoine Basin, a railway employee, and Élise née Vernin. Wartime activities In August 1940, he enlisted in the British army on the advice of Colonel Massip to whom he was secretary and who was close to General de Gaulle. Incorporated as a private soldier with thirty other Frenchmen, he undertook all the classes without thinking of becoming a secret agent. He attended the Liaison Officer course at Wanborough Manor (Guildford) and took the exam on 27 December 1940. He was then visited by the commander Nicolas Bodington, director of Section F prior to Maurice Buckmaster. Bodington offered him special training to go to France on a dangerous mission. "Think about it," he advised. "You will give me your answer tomorrow." Basin replied: "I prefer to say ‘yes’ straight away. If I think, I will deflate." He was one of the first recruits of the SOE. On 14 July 1941, he was promoted to Lieutenant. Mission in France He was head of the URCHIN network on the Côte d'Azur, working under the nom de guerre of "Olive". On 28 August 1941, he sailed from England to Gibraltar in HMS Fidelity in Operation AUTOGYRO and on the night of 19/20 September 1941 landed by submarine at Le Barcarès near Perpignan with Robert Leroy "Louis", Raymond Roche "François", and Georges Duboudin "Alain". The day after his arrival, Basin was arrested by the police at his hotel in Cannes and held in Fort Saint-Nicolas of Marseille. The investigating judge recognised his good faith and released him on 5 October 1941. Then for more than ten months until his arrest in August 1942 he developed the URCHIN network. He made contact with Élie Lévy, whose house in Antibes became a reception centre for many agents in transit. Lévy put him in touch with André Girard, head of the CARTE network. He established his headquarters in Cannes, in the Villa Isabelle. Baron Henri Ravel of Malval "Antoine", whom he knew at the beginning of the war and whom he met by chance in Cannes, put his house at his disposal. There, Basin received SOE agents landed on the Côte d'Azur. It formed 31 cells covering several departments: Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes, of which seven cells were assigned to propaganda. He was in regular contact with American SOE agent Virginia Hall "Marie", based in Lyon. Together, they prepared reports for London. On 15 January 1942 Peter Churchill arrived by submarine to evaluate his network, provide him with Fr.400,000 and revised guidelines. He established contact with the leaders of resistance movements and supported them financially: Henri Frenay (FREEDOM, which became COMBAT), General de La Laurencie (LIBERATION NATIONAL), Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie "Bernard" (LIBERATION). He was in contact with London, first by reports sent by the Swiss diplomatic bag, then also by radio from 20 April 1942 after the arrival of Isidore Newman "Julien", the radio operator assigned to him. Impressed by the possibilities of contact with London that Basin could assure, André Girard agreed to send one of his officers to England, and chose Henri Frager, his second in command. Taking advantage of the departure of Max Hymans "Frédéric" for London, Basin sent a report on his relations with the MAP network. Unfortunately, Max Hymans was interned for three months in Spain, and the report arrived in London only on 12 August 1942. Arrest On 18 August 1942 Basin was arrested in Cannes by the Security Service, having been given away by a Swiss diplomatic courier, Jean Cogniat, who was arrested at the Swiss border in possession of secret reports of Basin. On the night of 27/ 28 August 1942 Peter Churchill returned to the south of France to take over the URCHIN network in the Midi under the name of SPINDLE. Churchill planned to rescue Basin but this attempt was called off, apparently at Basin's request. On 4 September 1942 there was a failed attempt by the MAP network to rescue Basin in a train taking him to Montluc prison in Lyon. Release On 29 November 1942 Basin was released from Montluc prison with false provisional liberty papers. The Germans, who had invaded the free zone, were searching for him. He was weak and in need of medical care, but had to disappear quickly. With the help of Lazare Rachline (VIC escape network), Virginia Hall took him to Mont-Dore and placed him in a safe house in Auvergne. He then went to Nîmes where a plane came to fetch him, but he broke his leg in an accident on the ground. On 20 August 1943 he was flown back to London in a Hudson in Operation DYER, organized by Henri Déricourt. Accompanying him were Peter Deman "Paul" from section DF; Marie-Thérèse Le Chêne, Tony Brooks "Alphonse", Robert Boiteux "Nicolas", Octave Simon, Joseph Marchand, Victor Gerson, Robert Benoist, Raymonde Mennessier, Jean-Louis de Ganay. Basin remained in London until the end of the war, firstly as an instructor at the Beaulieu Special Training School, then at the headquarters of Section F in London. Finally, he was reinstated in the French services (BCRA), staff FFI on 19 September 1944. Post-war He testified about his wartime experiences on 18 March 1947 with Miss Patrimonio, and on 3 November 1971 with André Gillois. He died in Paris on 20 October 1975. Awards United Kingdom: Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), France: Croix de Guerre 1939-1945, Médaille de la Résistance, Légion d'honneur (1946), Officer of the Légion d'honneur(1951). References External sources Chronology of SOE operations with the resistance in France during World War II , Lt. Col. EG Boxshall, 1960, typed document (copy from the Pearl Witherington-Pearlioley Library), available at Valençay. See sheet 17, DONKEYMAN CIRCUIT . Le réseau carte : Histoire d'un réseau de la Résistance antiallemand, antigaulliste, anticommuniste et anticollaborationniste, Perrin, 2008, 398 p. () The spy: Virginia Hall, an American in the war. Vincent Nouzille, Fayard, Paris. The uncertain adventure Claude Bourdet. Special Operations Executive personnel Members of the Order of the British Empire People from Grasse Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) 1903 births 1975 deaths Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Resistance Medal

58077523

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Bijan%20Ghaisar

Shooting of Bijan Ghaisar

On November 17, 2017, Bijan C. Ghaisar, a 25-year-old American, was fatally shot by US Park Police officers Lucas Vinyard and Alejandro Amaya after a vehicular chase that followed a traffic collision along the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Northern Virginia. Ghaisar was unarmed and died ten days later in a hospital. A video of the shooting was released by Fairfax County Police, who had assisted with the chase. The incident was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In December 2019 Fairfax County prosecutors announced that they would seek an indictment for the killing that occurred in their jurisdiction but the assumption of a new prosecutor to that office resulted in further review. In October 2020, Vinyard and Amaya were charged with one count of manslaughter and one count of reckless discharge of a firearm. In court filings, they stated they acted in self defense. Persons involved Bijan C. Ghaisar was born at Inova Fairfax Hospital in 1992 to Iranian immigrants. After graduating from Langley High School and Virginia Commonwealth University, he worked for his father's accounting firm in Tysons Corner, Virginia. He was single with no children and had no criminal record. He had attended a Buddhist temple and made a Facebook post opposing guns. Alejandro Amaya is a US Park Police officer. Lucas Vinyard is a US Park Police officer. Shooting Ghaisar was driving a Jeep Grand Cherokee southbound along the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Alexandria City to his parents' house for dinner. When he suddenly stopped in traffic he was rear-ended by an Uber driver in a Toyota Corolla with a female passenger in the back seat. The driver and the passenger both reported the incident to 911. According to a report of the accident, Ghaisar pulled away without giving his information to the Uber driver, an action that would have been a misdemeanor. A lookout for his vehicle was announced and a Park Police car followed in pursuit with Fairfax County Police assisting. The Park Police pulled Ghaisar over with Ghaisar stopping his vehicle. He was approached on foot by a Park Police officer with his gun drawn. As Ghaisar drove off the officer banged on the car with the butt of his gun, dropping his weapon. The pursuit continued at 57 miles per hour. Ghaisar was stopped a third time in the Fort Hunt area. Park Police parked a vehicle in front of Ghaisar's Jeep to prevent him from fleeing again. As his vehicle slowly rolled away a few feet, Park Police fired ten shots in three different bursts. It was initially reported that there were nine shots fired, but after almost two years the FBI clarified that there were 10 shots. All four fatal shots were fired by the officer who was driving during the pursuit. Following the shooting, Bijan Ghaisar was hospitalized for ten days in intensive care and he died ten hours after he was taken off a respirator on November 27, 2017. Aftermath In January 2018, Fairfax Police released a five-minute video of the chase filmed from one of their vehicles. Fairfax police were involved in the chase but not in the investigation. The shooting was being investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which has not released any information about the case. The probe was being overseen by the Department of Justice. The FBI has refused to release any information about the case. Seven months after the shooting, FBI crime scene investigators returned to the intersection with agents using metal detectors to search for additional evidence. The Ghaisar family organized protests to draw more attention to the slaying and to the fact that few details had been released. Signs erected on the spot of the shooting have been taken down multiple times. After a sign that read "One year, zero answers" was removed twice, a larger and sturdier sign was constructed near the stop-sign where Ghaisar had been shot. This sign had permission from the landowner to be erected there and was built with the help of a Virginia state delegate. It was, however, also removed by persons unknown. Park Police The Park Police have limited jurisdiction in 5 states, including the Maryland and Virginia counties that surround Washington DC plus the city of Alexandria, Virginia, but have no authority to follow a vehicle outside their jurisdiction unless a felony has been committed. According to Park Police policy, lethal force can be used only when there is "imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm" and that “Officers shall not fire at a moving vehicle nor fire from a moving vehicle except when the officer has a reasonable belief that the subject poses an imminent danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another person.” Park Police have provided almost no information about the incident. According to a lawsuit filed by the family, it was twelve hours following the incident before the family learned that Park Police were involved. Two days after the shooting, Park Police Chief Robert MacLean met with the family. MacLean offered condolences but provided no information about what had happened. The Ghaisar family was not allowed to touch their son for three days following the incident, when he was guarded by the department’s officers. According to the family, when a doctor arrived to examine Ghaisar for organ donation, the Park Police denied access, declaring the brain-dead man "under arrest" and his body "evidence". For 16 months, Park Police refused to identify the officers involved in the shooting. In response to a wrongful death lawsuit by the family, Park Police identified the shooters as officers Alejandro Amaya and Lucas Vinyard. Both officers were placed on paid administrative duty after the fatal shooting, and after their indictment in state court in October 2020, the officers were placed on paid leave. The Park Police had not launched an internal investigation into the matter, saying that it would not do so until the conclusion of the criminal case. Recordings of the 911 calls fielded by Arlington’s public safety communications center were transferred to the Park Police, who are keeping the calls and their recordings secret. Sometime after the shooting, the Park Police changed their pursuit policies. The policies had remained largely unchanged since the late 1990s and the changes were made public in February 2020. Civil lawsuit In August 2018, Ghaisar's parents filed a civil lawsuit in federal court, naming the United States as a defendant and seeking $25 million in damages. The parents alleged that the Park Police's pursuit and killing of Ghaisar was improper, and that the Park Police treated the family insensitively in the hours and days immediately after the shooting, including by failing to promptly inform the family, barring the parents from accessing and touching their mortally wounded son, and declaring the brain-dead Ghaisar "under arrest" and his body "evidence." As part of the proceedings the two sides in the lawsuit filed a list of uncontested facts stating that Amaya and Vinyard have each been the subject of three separate complaints and investigations (dating from 2008 for Vinyard and 2013 for Amaya). The nature of the complaints or how the complaints were resolved was not disclosed. The stipulation of facts also states that on the night of the shooting marijuana and a pipe were found in Ghaisar’s vehicle. In June 2019, the officers made a court appearance in the civil lawsuit and stated they acted in self defense. The officers invoked Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination. The officers sought to deny that they were federal agents operating under federal law, as police officers often have greater legal protection. In September 2020, the officers' lawyers in the Ghaisar family's civil suit released some documents from the two-year FBI investigation. These documents included Amaya and Vinyard's statements from that investigation and the information that Ghaisar's autopsy showed marijuana in his system. In 2021, the civil suit was close to trial, but the proceedings were stayed by U.S. District Judge Claude Hilton pending the resolution of a parallel case involving the Park Police officers' claims of immunity from state prosecution. Criminal investigations and prosecution The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) investigated the incident for two years, but decided in November 2019 that it would not bring federal charges against the two U.S. Park Police officers, Alejandro Amaya and Lucas Vinyard.Tom Jackman, Justice Dept. will not allow FBI to testify in Fairfax investigation of Bijan Ghaisar killing, ''(February 14, 2020). State prosecutors in Fairfax County, Virginia, separately investigated, and in December 2019, Fairfax county prosecutors announced that they would seek an indictment for the two officers responsible for shooting Ghaisar and had tried to empanel a grand jury. Fairfax Commonwealth’s Attorney Raymond F. Morrogh obtained documents from the FBI investigation in December 2019, although the FBI withheld about 260 documents from the prosecutor's office.Tom Jackman, FBI withholds hundreds of documents from Fairfax in probe of Bijan Ghaisar killing, Washington Post (June 5, 2020). Testimony was delayed as the FBI considered whether to allow its officers to testify. In February 2020, the DOJ announced that it would block the FBI agents who investigated the Ghaisar killing from testifying before a Fairfax County grand jury. Eric Dreiband, the head of the DOJ Civil Rights Division, said in a letter to Fairfax prosecutors that allowing the FBI agents to testify would create a conflict of interest if DOJ ultimately decided to defend the officers in the civil lawsuit, and also invoked the legal precedent that "a federal officer may not be prosecuted by a State for actions undertaken in the course of performing the officer’s official duties" if the officer's actions are “objectively reasonable." Newly elected Fairfax prosecutor Steve Descano responded that his office's investigation would continue and that they "continue to request and expect the Department's future cooperation when necessary." In October 2020, the two officers were indicted in Fairfax County Circuit Court by a special grand jury conveyed by Descano. The indictment charged the officers with manslaughter and reckless use of a firearm. The officers were booked in Fairfax County jail and later released on $10,000 bond. As part of Virginia's legal proceedings, radio conversations between police dispatch and the two officers were released in August 2021 which showed that Amaya and Vinyard were told by dispatch that Ghaisar's vehicle was not at-fault in the rear-end accident. Recordings of the communications were included in the 320-page expert witness report on the incident authored by City University of New York criminal justice professor Christopher Chapman for the prosecution. The officers argued that the Supremacy Clause blocked their prosecution in state court, while Descano and Virginia Attorney General Mark R. Herring argued that the Supremacy Clause did not bar the indictment. Under the Supremacy Clause, federal agents are immune from prosecution in state court if their actions are "necessary and proper" and undertaken as part of official duties. In November 2020, the officers removed the case to federal court, specifically the U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia. Tom Jackman, Park Police officers who killed Bijan Ghaisar seek to move their cases to federal court, Washington Post (November 17, 2020). A hearing was held in August 2021 to consider whether the two officers are entitled to immunity. Vinyard and Amaya did not testify at the hearing. In October 2021, U.S. District Judge Claude Hilton dismissed all criminal criminal charges against Vinyard and Amaya, ruling that the officers were entitled to immunity because under the circumstances, "The officers' decision to discharge their firearms was necessary and proper under the circumstances and there is no evidence that the officers acted with malice, criminal intent, or any improper motivation." The Virginia Attorney General's Office and the Fairfax County Commonwealth's Attorney are appealing the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Legislative and public response In January 2018, the Washington, D.C. representative to the U.S. Congress, Democrat Eleanor Holmes Norton, introduced a bill to require uniformed federal police officers to wear body cameras and have dashboard cameras in marked vehicles. The legislation was directly in response to Ghaisar's death. Park Police Chief Robert MacLean backed out of a scheduled meeting with Holmes Norton to discuss the matter, prompting Holmes Norton to make a statement to "express our astonishment" at his absence". Following the release of the video, U.S. Senators (both D-VA) Tim Kaine and Mark Warner, and U.S. Representative Don Beyer called on the FBI for more transparency. Beyer unsuccessfully requested a meeting with FBI Director Christopher A. Wray. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke refused requests to release the names of the Park Police involved in the shooting. In multiple letters to the FBI, Senator Charles Grassley (R-IA) requested information about the killing. Three months after his first letter, the FBI provided a short response that offered no new information and said the matter remained under investigation. Following the FBI's November 2019 announcement that Vinyard and Amaya would not be charged for their actions, Beyer stated that the announcement was "not justice". Grassley and Warner also issued statements expressing disapproval. Holmes Norton, Beyer, and U.S. Representative Jennifer Wexton (D-VA), called for the release of 911 tapes related to the shooting. Norton said she believes that U.S. Park Police violated their department policies during the incident. The National Iranian American Council released a statement asserting that the facts of the case "strongly suggests that the police's shooting was not justified or proportionate." See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, November 2017 References External links Official Fairfax County Police Department Video of the US Park Police Shooting of Bijan Ghaisar 2017 deaths 2017 in Virginia Deaths by firearm in Virginia Deaths by person in the United States November 2017 events in the United States Law enforcement in Virginia People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Crimes in Virginia History of Alexandria, Virginia Police brutality in the United States Protests in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Fairfax County, Virginia George Washington Memorial Parkway

58231377

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodline%20%282018%20film%29

Bloodline (2018 film)

Bloodline is a 2018 American psychological horror film directed by Henry Jacobson. The film was written by Avra Fox-Lerne, Will Honley and Jacobson. It stars Seann William Scott, Mariela Garriga, Dale Dickey, and Kevin Carroll. The film is a co-production between Divide/Conquer and Blumhouse Productions. The film premiered at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2018. The film was released on September 20, 2019 by Momentum Pictures, and received mixed reviews from critics. Plot A nurse finishing her shift goes to the staff changing room to take a shower and change. While in the shower an unseen person slashes her throat. The murderer washes their hands, leaves the hospital and appears to have buried the body. At home, Evan returns to bed just as his baby son wakes up. He tells his wife to go back to sleep and that he will get up. Evan (Seann William Scott) is a social worker who works with abused and troubled teens. Some of his clients are abused by family members in various ways. Evan’s wife Lauren gives birth to a baby. Evan’s mother Marie visits the hospital as Evan's wife Lauren is having trouble breastfeeding her baby. The nurse is rude to Marie when Marie asks her to be more gentle with the baby. The arrival of Evan’s first child puts a strain on him and Lauren, which includes sleepless nights and continued trouble with feeding the baby. Lauren refuses to feed the baby any formula because she believes formula is bad for babies, even though the baby is obviously not eating and not gaining weight. After a nightmare involving his father, Evan wakes up to find Marie has let herself in the house and is tending to the baby. Evan has a session with one of his students, who was beaten by his father. Later that night, Evan examines a police report on the boy's father and in the middle of the night, gets out of bed and leaves his house. Stopping in front of a bar, the boy's father is thrown out of a bar, and Evan convinces the man to give him a ride home. At an abandoned mansion that the man is squatting in, Evan knocks the man unconscious with a club and ties him to a chair. When the man awakes, he finds Evan dressed in a slicker and an audio recorder is set up. Evan asks the man to explain his feelings as he is beating his son. The man breaks down and explains he can't help himself when he is in a rage. Evan then kills the man. Some time later, Evan is speaking with another female student who makes it apparent that her uncle has raped her. That night, Evan abducts the girl’s uncle and takes him to the abandoned mansion. In similar fashion, Evan requests that the man explain his feelings as he abuses his niece. In the middle of preparing to murder his victim, Evan receives a call from his wife, who says that the baby has a fever of 105 degrees and she is at the hospital with Marie. Evan quickly kills the uncle, cleans up the scene, and goes to the hospital with his victim still in the trunk. While at the hospital Evan tells Lauren he was just out for a drive to clear his head (something he does often). The doctor tells the family that the baby will be fine after being given Tylenol. The same nurse again makes a rude remark about Lauren being hysterical before leaving. Evan leaves later that night to bury the body in his trunk. Having not completed his ritual, Evan feels unfulfilled from his last murder, and it begins to take a toll on his mental state. One night, Evan gets a call from one of his students, Chris. Chris's abusive, drug-addicted father has returned home and hit Chris after an argument. Evan counsels Chris and the following night, Evan visits the hospital. The rude nurse tells a junkie looking for pain meds to leave and then ends her shift. The nurse is then murdered. At the same time, Evan is revealed to be in another area of the hospital, and offers the junkie some free drugs. It is revealed that the junkie is actually Chris's father, and the nurse was murdered by Marie, who removes the nurse’s body from the hospital on a gurney while disguised as a nurse. Back at the abandoned mansion, Chris's father is being subjected to the same interrogation and torture as the others. He claims that he wants to be better and just had a relapse. Not believing him after the man reveals that Chris's mother just received a sizable inheritance, Evan kills him and buries his body on the mansion property, like the others. The following morning, it is revealed in a news broadcast that the bodies Evan buried were found. It is also revealed that as a child Evan's father returned after being driven away and attacked him and his mother. In order to protect his mother, Evan killed his father in the exact same way he does all his victims. Marie covered up the murder, buried his father in the garden, and promised to always protect him. As he interviews his students he finds that only the girl was happy that their abuser was dead. During a session with Chris, he mentions that Chris's father probably only came back for the money and he's better off without him. Chris is disturbed by this as he never told Evan about the inheritance and leaves the session early. At Evan's home a Detective arrives. He interviews the family and reveals his suspicion that Evan is involved due to all the victims having a connection to Evan. The Detective leaves but returns later when Lauren is alone. The detective points out holes in their stories and Lauren begins to become suspicious of Evan. Sometime later, a news broadcast details the discovery of the nurse’s body as Evan and Marie exchange glances. That night Chris shows up at Evan's house to confront him about the killing of his father. Evan defuses the situation and sends the boy home without the gun. Marie has a conversation with Lauren, in which it is revealed Lauren has no family of her own besides Evan and the baby. Lauren, now almost convinced of Evan's involvement, searches his garage and finds some of the audio recordings Evan made while killing his victims. The next day Lauren asks Evan to watch the baby while she goes out. Lauren phones someone and tells them she would like to meet them. Marie points out to Evan that Lauren is behaving suspiciously, and Evan follows her. Lauren arrives at a remote location, and it is revealed that she is meeting with Chris. As she tells Chris she found proof that Evan killed his father, Lauren reveals that she is not upset about Evan committing the murder, but she is upset that he did it "for Chris". Lauren then forces the gun into Chris's hand and forces him to shoot himself in the head. All is witnessed by Evan who smiles as he realizes Lauren is willing to do anything to protect him, just like his mother. Lauren picks up Chris's phone and begins typing a message. The detective shows up at the house to close the case as a social media post made from Chris's phone took credit for all the murders, saying he went after the abusers and then killed himself after killing his dad. Evan tells the detective he often let Chris be alone in his office and that is likely how he knew about the other abused kids. The detective leaves as the family stand looking at their sleeping child. Cast Seann William Scott as Evan Cole Hudson West as Young Evan Mariela Garriga as Lauren Cole, Evan's wife Dale Dickey as Marie Cole, Evan's mother Cassandra Ballard as Young Marie Kevin Carroll as Overstreet Matthew Bellows as Charles Henry Cole III Production Principal photography on the film began in January 2018. Release Bloodline had its world premiere at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2018. The film was theatrically released on September 20, 2019 by Momentum Pictures. Lakeshore Records released the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack of Bloodline, composed by Trevor Gureckis, on September 20, 2019. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50% based on reviews from 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine wrote: "Well acted (though Garriga doesn’t quite make a coherent character out of Lauren, or create believable marital chemistry with Scott), this is a smooth movie that maybe should have been a little less tidy for maximum impact." References External links 2010s serial killer films 2018 films 2018 horror films American films 2010s slasher films American psychological horror films American serial killer films American slasher films Blumhouse Productions films English-language films Films about psychopaths Films produced by Jason Blum

58301579

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20September%202018

Deaths in September 2018

The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2018. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. September 2018 1 Kenneth Bowen, 86, Welsh operatic tenor singer. Chen Xian, 98, Chinese politician, Director of the National Bureau of Statistics (1974–1981). Carl Duering, 95, German-born British actor (Operation Daybreak, A Clockwork Orange, Possession). Irving Petlin, 83, American artist, liver cancer. Freddie Plaskett, 91, British major general and business executive. Tarun Sagar, 51, Indian Jain monk, sallekhana. Margit Sandemo, 94, Norwegian-Swedish author (The Legend of the Ice People). Jean Seitlinger, 93, French politician, lawyer and writer, Deputy (1956–1962, 1973–1997) and MEP (1979–1984). Mykola Shytyuk, 64, Ukrainian historian, stabbed. Randy Weston, 92, American jazz pianist and composer. Ehsan Yarshater, 98, Iranian scholar, director of the Center for Iranian Studies at Columbia University. 2 Elsa Bloise, 92, Argentine stage actress. Clarence Brandley, 66, American janitor wrongly convicted of murder, pneumonia. Ian Lariba, 23, Filipino Olympic table tennis player (2016), acute myeloid leukemia. Cornel Piper, 81, Canadian football player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers), cancer and dementia. Kawther Ramzi, 87, Egyptian actress, circulatory collapse. Conway Savage, 58, Australian rock keyboardist (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds), brain tumour. Frank Lee Sprague, 60, American guitarist and composer. Giovanni Battista Urbani, 94, Italian politician, Mayor of Savona (1957–1958), Senator (1972–1987). Claire Wineland, 21, American cystic fibrosis assistance advocate, stroke. Fred Zamberletti, 86, American athletic trainer (Minnesota Vikings), spinal osteomyelitis. 3 Rama Chowdhury, 81, Bangladeshi author, complications from diabetes. Lydia Clarke, 95, American actress (The Atomic City) and photographer, complications from pneumonia. Klaus Gerwien, 77, German footballer (Eintracht Braunschweig). Ian Hampshire, 70, Australian football player (Geelong, Footscray) and manager (Footscray). Jalaluddin Haqqani, 78–79, Afghan militant, founder of the Haqqani network. Warren Jones, 74, American judge, Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court (2007–2017), stroke. Ju Kyu-chang, 89, North Korean politician, director of nuclear and missile development, pancytopenia. Paul Koech, 49, Kenyan long distance runner, half marathon world champion (1998). Jacqueline Pearce, 74, British actress (Blake's 7, Dark Season, Doctor Who), lung cancer. Gordon Phillips, 72, English football player (Hayes, Brentford) and manager (Staines Town), cancer. Katyna Ranieri, 93, Italian singer and actress (Captain Phantom). Thomas Rickman, 78, American screenwriter (Coal Miner's Daughter, Hooper, Truman), cancer. 4 Joseph Marie Régis Belzile, 87, Canadian-born Chadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Moundou (1974–1985). Marijan Beneš, 67, Bosnian Olympic boxer (1976), European amateur (1973) and pro super welterweight champion (1979–1981), complications from Alzheimer's disease. István Bethlen, 72, Hungarian aristocrat and economist, MP (1990–1994). Sydney Anicetus Charles, 92, Trinidadian-born Grenadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint George's in Grenada (1974–2002). Sheldon S. Cohen, 91, American attorney, Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1965–1969), heart failure. Ralph Wolfe Cowan, 86, American portrait artist. Bill Daily, 91, American actor (I Dream of Jeannie, The Bob Newhart Show) and game show panelist (Match Game). Don Gardner, 87, American rhythm and blues singer ("I Need Your Lovin'"). Jason Hairston, 47, American football player (San Francisco 49ers, Denver Broncos) and hunting gear salesman, suicide. Vladeta Jerotić, 94, Serbian neuropsychiatrist and author. Ian Johnston, 71, Australian Olympic coxswain (1960), cancer. Christopher Lawford, 63, American actor (Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, Thirteen Days, All My Children), memoirist and political activist, heart attack. Lee Wang-pyo, 64, South Korean professional wrestler and martial artist, gallbladder cancer. Ab McDonald, 82, Canadian ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, St. Louis Blues), cancer. Bertrand Osborne, 83, Montserrat politician, Chief Minister (1996–1997). A. George Pradel, 80, American politician, Mayor of Naperville, Illinois (1995–2015), cancer. John W. Rogerson, 83, British Anglican priest and biblical scholar. Elisa Serna, 75, Spanish protest singer-songwriter, heart attack. 5 Roger Aguilar Salazar, 79, Mexican politician, Deputy-elect (since 2018), cerebral hemorrhage. Imrich Andrejčák, 77, Slovak general, last Defence Minister of Czechoslovakia (1992), first Defence Minister of Slovakia (1993–1994). Rachael Bland, 40, Welsh journalist and presenter (BBC Radio 5 Live, BBC North West Tonight), breast cancer. Jim Borst, 86, Dutch Roman Catholic missionary (Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill), heart failure. Minor J. Coon, 97, American biochemist. Robert Coulter, 88, Northern Irish politician, MLA for Antrim North (1998–2011). François Flohic, 98, French admiral (Free French Naval Forces). Salawat Gallyamov, 58, Russian linguist. Dennis Green, 87, Australian sprint canoeist, Olympic bronze medalist (1956), cancer. Erik Hauri, 52, American geochemist, cancer. Arthur Lawrence Hellyer Jr., 95, American radio and television broadcaster. Mike Hogewood, 63, American sportscaster (Raycom Sports, FSN South) and professional wrestling commentator (Ring of Honor), heart attack. Shubhangi Joshi, 72, Indian actress (Kahe Diya Pardes), stroke. Dick Lane, 91, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). Diane Leather, 85, British Olympic middle-distance runner (1960). Makdah Murah, 62, Syrian actress. Madeleine Yayodele Nelson, 69, American musician. Freddie Oversteegen, 92, Dutch resistance member. Lise Payette, 87, Canadian journalist, writer and politician, MNA (1976–1981). Alan Peart, 96, New Zealand World War II fighter ace (Royal New Zealand Air Force). Gilles Pelletier, 93, Canadian actor (Jesus of Montreal, The Barbarian Invasions, R.C.M.P.). Vince Phason, 65, American football player (Edmonton Eskimos, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Montreal Concordes), complications from traffic collision. Beatriz Segall, 92, Brazilian actress (Vale Tudo), pneumonia. Bhagwatikumar Sharma, 84, Indian Gujarati writer and journalist. John Stacpoole, 98, New Zealand architect and architectural historian. Rudolph Edward Torrini, 95, American sculptor, complications from Alzheimer's disease. Priscila Uppal, 43, Canadian poet, synovial sarcoma. 6 Peter Benson, 75, English actor (Heartbeat, Blackadder, Albion Market). Michel Bonnevie, 96, French basketball player (national team), Olympic silver medalist (1948). Richard DeVos, 92, American businessman (Amway) and sports team owner (Orlando Magic), complications from infection. Philippe Eidel, 61, French music producer, writer and film composer. Ken Eyre, 76, British rugby league player (Hunslet, Leeds, Keighley). Liz Fraser, 88, British actress (I'm All Right Jack, Carry On Regardless, Dad's Army), complications from surgery. Will Jordan, 91, American comedian and actor (I Wanna Hold Your Hand), complications of a stroke. Johnny Kingdom, 79, English wildlife filmmaker (Johnny's New Kingdom), digger rollover. Gilbert Lazard, 98, French linguist and Iranologist. Oleg Lobov, 80, Russian politician. Sylvia Meehan, 89, Irish women's rights activist. Wilson Moreira, 81, Brazilian sambista, singer and songwriter. Thad Mumford, 67, American television producer and writer (The Electric Company, M*A*S*H, The Cosby Show), Emmy winner (1973). Alan Oakman, 88, English cricketer (Sussex, national team). Burt Reynolds, 82, American actor (Smokey and the Bandit, Boogie Nights, Deliverance), Emmy winner (1991), heart attack. Claudio Scimone, 83, Italian conductor (I Solisti Veneti). 7 Gaston-Armand Amaudruz, 97, Swiss neo-fascist political philosopher and Holocaust denier. Jacques Amyot, 93, Canadian long-distance swimmer, cancer. Steve Andreas, 82, American psychotherapist and author, complications from Parkinson's disease. Jonas Algirdas Antanaitis, 97, Lithuanian politician, MP (1977–1995). Julio Blanck, 64, Argentine journalist, cancer. Samuel Bodman, 79, American politician, Secretary of Energy (2005–2009), complications from primary progressive aphasia. Joris Borghouts, 79, Dutch Egyptologist. Chang Baohua, 87, Chinese xiangsheng actor. Joel M. Charon, 78, American sociologist. Janis Claxton, 53, Australian choreographer, lung cancer. Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles Crabbe, 94, Ghanaian judge, Justice of the Supreme Court. Drago Grdenić, 99, Croatian chemist and crystallographer. Marcelite J. Harris, 75, American air force general, first black woman general in the U.S. Air Force. Kurt Helmudt, 74, Danish rower, Olympic champion (1964). Anna Karabessini, 95, Greek folk singer and songwriter. Alexander Margulis, 97, Yugoslavian-born American professor. Mac Miller, 26, American rapper, musician ("Donald Trump", "Frick Park Market", "Self Care") and record producer, accidental drug overdose. Ingemar Mundebo, 87, Swedish politician, MP (1965–1980), Governor of Uppsala County (1980–1986), Economy minister (1978–1979). Hans Oleak, 88, German astrophysicist. Szarlota Pawel, 71, Polish comic book artist. Beverly Polcyn, 90, American actress (Not Another Teen Movie, Hook, Date Movie). Donald Robinson, 95, Australian Anglican prelate, Archbishop of Sydney (1982–1992). Micheline Rozan, 89, French producer, co-founder of the International Centre for Theatre Research. Mohsen Vaziri-Moghaddam, 94, Iranian abstract painter. Paweł Waloszek, 80, Polish motorcycle speedway rider. Sheila White, 69, British actress (Oliver!, I, Claudius) and singer, heart failure. Yang Side, 96, Chinese PLA general. 8 Tito Capobianco, 87, Argentine-born American stage director (Pittsburgh Opera), lung cancer. Gennadi Gagulia, 70, Abkhazian politician, Prime Minister (1995–1997, 2002–2003, since 2018), traffic collision. Giancarlo Galdiolo, 69, Italian footballer (Fiorentina, Sampdoria), frontotemporal dementia. Reidar Goa, 76, Norwegian footballer (Viking, national team). Christopher Harper-Bill, 71, British medieval historian. Lorraine H. Morton, 99, American politician, Mayor of Evanston, Illinois (1993–2009). Abu Hassan Omar, 77, Malaysian politician, MP (1978–1997), Menteri Besar of Selangor (1997–2000), heart attack. Ramin Hossein-Panahi, 23, Iranian convicted Kurdish insurgent, execution by hanging. Erich Riedl, 85, German politician, member of Bundestag (1969–1998). Chelsi Smith, 45, American beauty pageant winner (Miss USA 1995, Miss Universe 1995), liver cancer. John Tovey, 85, British restaurateur. Michael Varley, 78, British Olympic boxer (1964). Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill, 87, British military officer and life peer. Yang Zhenya, 90, Chinese diplomat, ambassador to Japan (1988–1993). 9 Simon Adut Yuang, South Sudanese Episcopal prelate, Bishop of Yirol (since 2015), plane crash. Frank Andersson, 62, Swedish wrestler (NJPW, WCW) and reality show contestant (Let's Dance 2011), Olympic bronze medalist (1984), bacterial lung infection. Frank Davis, 82, American politician, member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1978–2004). Silvio Grassetti, 82, Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Adrian C. Louis, 72, American Lovelock Paiute author and screenwriter (Skins). Mr. Catra, 49, Brazilian singer, stomach cancer. Krystian Popiela, 20, Polish footballer (Cagliari), traffic collision. Beat Richner, 71, Swiss pediatrician and cellist. Bill Smith, 80, English cricketer (Wiltshire, Surrey). Paul Stuffel, 91, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies). Wallace Tripp, 78, American illustrator (Amelia Bedelia) and author, Parkinson's disease. Javier Usabiaga Arroyo, 79, Mexican politician, Minister of Agriculture (2000–2005) and Deputy (2009–2012). 10 Kurt Benirschke, 94, German-born American geneticist and pathologist. Chris Buttars, 76, American politician, member of the Utah State Senate (2001–2011). Adam Clymer, 81, American journalist (The New York Times), pancreatic cancer. Warrington Colescott, 97, American artist. Peter Donat, 90, Canadian-born American actor (The Godfather: Part II, The X-Files, The China Syndrome), complications from diabetes. István Géczi, 74, Hungarian footballer (Ferencváros, national team), Olympic silver medalist (1972). Johannes Geldenhuys, 83, South African military commander, Chief of the Defence Force (1985–1990). Hu Fo, 86, Taiwanese political scientist and activist, member of Academia Sinica, fall. Albin F. Irzyk, 101, American military officer. Robert Harold Porter, 85, Canadian politician, MP (1984–1993). Bianca Reinert, 52, Brazilian ornithologist, cancer. Paul Virilio, 86, French philosopher and urbanist, heart attack. Roy Wagner, 79, American anthropologist. Co Westerik, 94, Dutch painter and photographer. 11 Richard Newbold Adams, 94, American anthropologist. Peter J. Barnes Jr., 89, American politician, member of the New Jersey General Assembly (1996–2007). Edwin Davies, 72, English football club owner (Bolton Wanderers) and management accountant. Fenella Fielding, 90, English actress (Follow a Star, Carry On Regardless, Carry On Screaming!), stroke. Thomas Aquinas Higgins, 86, American judge. Jim Houston, 80, American football player (Cleveland Browns), complications from dementia and ALS. Kalle Könkkölä, 68, Finnish politician and human rights activist, MP (1983–1987), pneumonia. Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Mauritanian diplomat and politician, Foreign Minister (1962–1963, 1978–1979). Siegfried Linkwitz, 82, American audio engineer (Linkwitz-Riley filter), prostate cancer. M. Sam Mannan, 64, Bangladeshi chemical engineer. Kulsoom Nawaz, 68, Pakistani politician, member of the National Assembly (2017–2018), complications from lymphoma. Don Newman, 60, American basketball coach (San Antonio Spurs, Washington Wizards) and football player (Saskatchewan Roughriders), cancer. Don Panoz, 83, American executive (Panoz, NanoLumens, Mylan), pancreatic cancer. Roger W. H. Sargent, 91, British chemical engineer. Tchan Fou-li, 102, Hong Kong photographer. Charlene Todman, 87, Australian athlete. 12 Shlomo Aronson, 81, Israeli landscape architect. Pasquale Buba, 72, American film editor (Heat, Day of the Dead, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood), cancer. Ronald Carter, 71, British linguist. Don Corbett, 75, American college basketball coach (Lincoln, North Carolina A&T), cancer. Barry Cunningham, 78, Australian politician, MP for McMillan (1980–1990, 1993–1996). Hossein Erfani, 76, Iranian voice actor, lung cancer. Robert Gillam, 72, American investor, stroke. Robert A. Johnson, 97, American Jungian analyst and author. Henry Kalis, 81, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1975–2003). Erich Kleinschuster, 88, Austrian trombonist and bandleader. Hans Kloss, 80, German artist and graphic designer. Gerald LaValle, 86, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania Senate (1990–2008). Geoff Manning, 92, Australian historian. Wayne M. Meyers, 94, American microbiologist, chemist and humanitarian. Walter Mischel, 88, Austrian-born American psychologist, pancreatic cancer. Billy O'Dell, 85, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, San Francisco Giants, Atlanta Braves), complications from Parkinson's disease. Mark W. Olson, 75, American banker. Ralph Prouton, 92, English cricketer and footballer. Jorunn Ringstad, 75, Norwegian politician, MP (1993–2005). Carl Sargent, 65, British parapsychologist and roleplaying game designer (Fighting Fantasy). Frank Serafine, 65, American sound designer and editor (Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Tron, The Hunt for Red October), traffic collision. Shen Chun-shan, 86, Taiwanese physicist and academic, President of National Tsing Hua University (1994–1997), ruptured intestine. Bettina Shaw-Lawrence, 97, British painter. Benedict Ganesh Singh, 90, Guyanese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Georgetown (1972–2003). Rachid Taha, 59, Algerian singer (Carte de Séjour), heart attack. Albert Ullin, 88, German-born Australian children's bookseller. Jack N. Young, 91, American actor and stuntman (Death Valley Days, Wagon Train, How the West Was Won). 13 Roman Baskin, 63, Estonian actor and director, cancer. Diana Baumrind, 91, American psychologist, traffic collision. Valentin Chaikin, 93, Russian speed skater. Emmanuel Dabbaghian, 84, Syrian Armenian Catholic hierarch, Archbishop of Baghdad (2007–2017). Roxana Darín, 87, Argentinian actress. Sir William Kerr Fraser, 89, British civil servant, Chancellor of the University of Glasgow (1996–2006), Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Office (1978–1988). Lin Hujia, 101, Chinese politician, Mayor of Beijing (1978–1981) and Tianjin (1978), Minister of Agriculture (1981–1983). Marin Mazzie, 57, American actress and singer (Ragtime, Kiss Me, Kate, Passion), ovarian cancer. Ivo Petrić, 87, Slovenian oboist (Slavko Osterc Ensemble) and composer. K. N. T. Sastry, 73, Indian film director and critic. Kyle Stone, 54, American pornographic film actor and comedian, cardiovascular disease. John B. Thomas, 93, American electrical engineer. Martha Vaughan, 92, American biochemist and physiologist. Albrecht Wellmer, 85, German philosopher. John Wilcock, 91, British journalist (The Village Voice), stroke. 14 Alan Abel, 94, American prankster and writer, cancer and heart failure. Max Bennett, 90, American jazz bassist (L.A. Express) and session musician (The Wrecking Crew). Beverly Bentley, 88, American actress (Scent of Mystery, C.H.U.D., The Golden Boys). Bernardo Bello, 84, Chilean footballer (Colo-Colo). Eusebio Cardoso, 68, Paraguayan Olympic marathon runner (1976). Phil Clark, 86, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals). Ruth Dowman, 88, New Zealand sprinter and long jumper, British Empire Games bronze medalist (1950). Majid Gholamnejad, 35, Iranian footballer (Saipa, PAS Hamedan, national team), heart attack. Anneke Grönloh, 76, Dutch singer. Branko Grünbaum, 88, Yugoslavian-born American mathematician. Dinesh Chandra Joarder, 90, Indian politician, MP (1971–1980), MLA (1987–1996). Saeed Kangarani, 63, Iranian actor (My Uncle Napoleon, Dar Emtedade Shab, Marriage, Iranian Style), heart attack. Zienia Merton, 72, Burmese-born British actress (The Chairman, Doctor Who, Space: 1999), cancer. Carlos Rubira Infante, 96, Ecuadorian pasillo and pasacalle singer-songwriter. Chai-Anan Samudavanija, 74, Thai political scientist. Rudolf Schieffer, 71, German historian. 15 Scotty Bloch, 93, American actress (Kate & Allie, The Lunch Date). Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, 92, British aristocrat and courtier. Helen Clare, 101, British singer Peggy Clarke, 80, British chess player. John M. Dwyer, 83, American set decorator (Star Trek, Coal Miner's Daughter, Jaws), complications from Parkinson's disease. Masashi Fujiwara, 72, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (since 2001), liver cancer. Jo Gilbert, 63, British film producer (Closing the Ring), brain tumour. James Haar, 89, American musicologist. Dorothy M. Kellogg, 98, American politician, Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1981–1984) and Senate (1987–1992). Warwick Estevam Kerr, 96, Brazilian agricultural engineer, geneticist and entomologist. Kirin Kiki, 75, Japanese actress (Shoplifters, The Triple Cross, Half a Confession), breast cancer. Silvio Liotta, 82, Italian politician, Deputy (1994–2006). David Lowenthal, 95, American geographer and historian. Mike Margulis, 68, American Olympic soccer player (1972). Lionello Puppi, 86, Italian art historian and politician, Senator (1985–1987). Charles Rappleye, 62, American writer, cancer. Clay Riddell, 81, Canadian geologist and oil executive (Paramount Resources), co-owner of the Calgary Flames. David Rubadiri, 88, Malawian poet and diplomat. José Manuel de la Sota, 68, Argentinian politician, Senator (1995–1999), Governor of Córdoba (1999–2007, 2011–2015), traffic collision. Dudley Sutton, 85, British actor (Lovejoy, The Devils, The Pink Panther Strikes Again), cancer. Victor Veselago, 89, Russian physicist. Jean Briggs Watters, 92, British cryptanalyst and Women's Royal Naval Service personnel. Virginia Whitehill, 90, American women's rights activist. Fritz Wintersteller, 90, Austrian mountaineer. 16 Iris Acker, 88, American actress (Flight of the Navigator, Whoops Apocalypse, Cocoon: The Return), pancreatic cancer. Perry Miller Adato, 97, American documentary film director and producer. Maartin Allcock, 61, English multi-instrumentalist (Fairport Convention, Jethro Tull, Robert Plant) and record producer, liver cancer. Kevin Beattie, 64, English footballer (Ipswich Town, Middlesbrough, national team), heart attack. Tommy Best, 97, Welsh footballer (Hereford United, Cardiff City, Chester). Assid Corban, 93, New Zealand politician, Mayor of Waitakere City (1989–1992), cancer. Albuíno Cunha de Azeredo, 73, Brazilian engineer and politician, Governor of Espírito Santo (1991–1995). John F. Kelly, 69, American politician, member of the Michigan Senate (1979–1994), heart attack. Jim Kettle, 93, Australian footballer (Fitzroy). Jone Kubuabola, 72, Fijian politician, Minister for Finance (2000–2006). Big Jay McNeely, 91, American R&B saxophonist, prostate cancer. Min Naiben, 83, Chinese physicist, member of the Academy of Sciences. John Molony, 91, Australian historian. Frank Parker, 79, American actor (Days of Our Lives), complications from dementia and Parkinson's disease. James B. Thayer, 96, American army brigadier general. Butch Wade, 73, American basketball player (Indiana State Sycamores). Wang Guofa, 72, Chinese politician, Vice Governor of Jilin Province, Chairman of the Jilin CPPCC. Michael Young, 59, Australian footballer (Carlton, Melbourne), cancer. 17 Celia Barquín Arozamena, 22, Spanish golfer, stabbed. Enzo Calzaghe, 69, Italian-born Welsh boxing trainer. *Captain Raju, 68, Indian military officer and actor (Nalla Naal, Rowdy Alludu, Cotton Mary), complications from a stroke. *Maninder Singh Dhir, 66, Indian politician, complications from a stroke. Stephen Jeffreys, 68, British playwright and screenwriter (The Libertine, Diana), brain tumour. Dean Lindo, 86, Belizean politician, member of the House of Representatives (1974–1979, 1984–1989). Anna Rajam Malhotra, 91, Indian civil servant (Indian Administrative Service). Annette Michelson, 95, American film and art critic, dementia. Daniel N. Robinson, 81, American philosopher, heart failure. 18 Steve Adlard, 67, English football player and coach (Marquette Warriors), cancer. James Allan, 86, British diplomat, High Commissioner to Mauritius (1981–1985) and Ambassador to Mozambique (1986–1989). Ernie Bateman, 89, English footballer (Watford). Gian Luigi Boiardi, 67, Italian politician, Deputy (2001–2005), heart attack. Carlo Dell'Aringa, 77, Italian politician, Deputy (2013–2018), heart attack. David DiChiera, 83, American composer and founding general director of Michigan Opera Theatre, pancreatic cancer. Lady Judith Kazantzis, 78, British poet. Piotr Lachert, 80, Polish composer and pianist. Carmencita Lara, 91, Peruvian singer. Marceline Loridan-Ivens, 90, French writer, film director and Holocaust survivor. Titti Maartmann, 97, Norwegian luger. Lawrence Martin-Bittman, 87, Czech-born American artist, author and intelligence officer. Jean Piat, 93, French actor (Clara de Montargis, Rider on the Rain, The Accursed Kings) and writer. Richard M. Pollack, 83, American mathematician. Livingstone Puckerin, 49, Barbadian cricketer. Robert Venturi, 93, American architect, Pritzker Prize winner (1991), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Norifumi Yamamoto, 41, Japanese mixed martial artist (Shooto, Hero's, UFC), stomach cancer. 19 Dave Barrett, 63, American news radio correspondent (CBS, ABC, Fox), three-time Edward R. Murrow Award winner, heart attack. Sir Louis Blom-Cooper, 92, British lawyer. Geta Brătescu, 92, Romanian visual artist. Buren Bayaer, 58, Chinese singer and journalist, heart attack. Jon Burge, 70, American police officer (Chicago Police Department), suspected mass torturer and convicted perjurer. Bunny Carr, 91, Irish television presenter (Quicksilver). Geoff Clayton, 80, English cricketer (Lancashire, Somerset). John Hopkins, 81, British academic lawyer. Vishnu Khare, 78, Indian poet and writer, stroke. Kondapalli Koteswaramma, 100, Indian communist revolutionary and writer, stroke. Győző Kulcsár, 77, Hungarian fencer, Olympic champion (1964, 1968, 1972). Marilyn Lloyd, 89, American politician, U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 3rd congressional district (1975–1995), complications from pneumonia. David Wong Louie, 63, American writer, throat cancer. Arthur Mitchell, 84, American dancer and choreographer, founder of the Dance Theatre of Harlem, heart failure. Wojciech Myrda, 39, Polish basketball player (Avtodor Saratov). Keith Nord, 61, American football player (Minnesota Vikings), cancer. Denis Norden, 96, English comedy writer (Take It from Here), television presenter (It'll Be Alright on the Night) and radio personality (My Music). Gamil Ratib, 91, Egyptian-French actor (Lawrence of Arabia). Pavel Řezníček, 76, Czech poet, writer and translator. Jesús Rodríguez Magro, 58, Spanish racing cyclist, heart attack. Joseph E. Schwartzberg, 90, American geographer. 20 Edmundo Abaya, 89, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Nueva Segovia (1999–2005). İbrahim Ayhan, 50, Turkish politician, MP (since 2011), heart attack. Fadhil Jalil al-Barwari, 52, Iraqi military officer, commander of the Iraqi Special Operations Forces, heart attack. Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, 55, British geneticist, traffic collision. John Cunliffe, 85, English children's book author (Postman Pat, Rosie and Jim), heart failure. Ulrich Everling, 93, German jurist, Judge at the European Court of Justice (1980–1988). Inge Feltrinelli, 87, German-born Italian publisher and photographer. George N. Hatsopoulos, 91, Greek-born American mechanical engineer. Huang Qingyun, 98, Hong Kong-Chinese children's author. Jacob Israelachvili, 74, Israeli-born American professor, cancer. Joseph Hoo Kim, 76, Jamaican record producer, liver cancer. K-Run's Park Me In First, 13, American beagle show dog, winner of the 2008 Westminster Best in Show, cancer. Lou Karras, 91, American football player (Washington Redskins). Mohammed Karim Lamrani, 99, Moroccan politician and holding investor, Prime Minister (1971–1972, 1983–1986, 1992–1994). Laurie Mitchell, 90, American actress (Queen of Outer Space). Ranganayaki Rajagopalan, 86, Indian veena player, complications from Parkinson's disease. Nils Rydström, 97, Swedish Olympic fencer (1948, 1952). Mohamed Sahnoun, 87, Algerian diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1984–1989). Ludovikus Simanullang, 63, Indonesian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Sibolga (since 2007), sepsis. Reinhard Tritscher, 72, Austrian Olympic alpine skier (1972), climbing accident. Conrado Walter, 95, German-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jacarezinho (1991–2000). Wang Mengshu, 79, Chinese railway engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. William Ward, 74, American astronomer, brain tumor. Henry Wessel Jr., 76, American photographer, lung cancer. Riccardo Zinna, 60, Italian actor (Nirvana, This Is Not Paradise, Benvenuti al Sud) and composer, pancreatic cancer. 21 David Bamigboye, 77, Nigerian military officer and politician, Governor of Kwara (1967–1975). Eigil Friis-Christensen, 73, Danish geophysicist. Katherine Hoover, 80, American composer and flutist. Adolf Knoll, 80, Austrian footballer (Wiener Sport-Club, FK Austria Wien, national team). José Roberto López Londoño, 82, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Armenia (1987–2003) and Jericó (2003–2013). David Laro, 76, American judge. Vitaliy Masol, 89, Ukrainian politician, Prime Minister (1994–1995). Herbert Meier, 90, Swiss writer and translator. Howard Michaels, 62, American businessman, cancer. Zinaida Mirkina, 92, Russian poet and translator. Kevin Phillips, 89, Australian footballer (Collingwood). Bernard Szczepański, 72, Polish Olympic wrestler (1972). Lee Stange, 81, American baseball player (Minnesota Twins, Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox). Trần Đại Quang, 61, Vietnamese politician, President (since 2016), Minister of Public Security (2011–2016), virus. Xu Delong, 66, Chinese materials scientist, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. 22 Barry Cohen, 79, American attorney, leukemia. Avi Duan, 62, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (2012–2013). Adel Hekal, 84, Egyptian footballer (Al-Ahly, national team). Chas Hodges, 74, British musician (Chas & Dave), organ failure. Johannes Kapp, 89, German Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Fulda (1976–2004). Mike Labinjo, 38, Canadian football player (Calgary Stampeders, Miami Dolphins, Philadelphia Eagles). Bob Lienhard, 70, American basketball player (Cantù), cancer. Imtikumzuk Longkumer, 51, Indian politician, heart attack. Al Matthews, 75, American actor (Aliens, The Fifth Element, The American Way). Edna Molewa, 61, South African politician, Minister of Environmental Affairs (since 2010) and Social Development (2009–2010), Premier of North West (2004–2009). Dolly Niemiec, 87, American baseball player (AAGPBL). Hayden Poulter, 57, New Zealand serial killer, suicide. Ottokar Runze, 93, German filmmaker (Five Suspects, In the Name of the People, A Lost Life). Mario Valiante, 93, Italian politician, MP (1958–1983). Sir Eric Yarrow, 98, British businessman. 23 Olav Angell, 86, Norwegian poet and jazz musician. Baek Sang-seung, 82, South Korean politician, Mayor of Gyeongju (since 2002), lymphoma. Eric Berntson, 77, Canadian politician, MLA (1975–1990). Ciriaco Calalang, 67, Filipino politician, member of the House of Representatives (since 2018), stroke. Jane Fortune, 76, American author, journalist and historian, cancer. Sir Charles Kao, 84, Hong Kong electrical engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (2009), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Helmut Köglberger, 72, Austrian footballer (LASK, Austria/WAC, national team). Gary Kurtz, 78, American film producer (American Graffiti, Star Wars, The Dark Crystal), cancer. Kalpana Lajmi, 64, Indian filmmaker (Rudaali), kidney and liver failure. Liu Jie, 103, Chinese politician, Governor of Henan (1979–1981). Mark Livolsi, 56, American film editor (The Devil Wears Prada, Saving Mr. Banks, We Bought a Zoo). John Anthony Nevin, 85, American psychologist, pancreatic cancer. Shantaram Potdukhe, 86, Indian politician, MP (1980–1996). Kidari Sarveswara Rao, Indian politician, shot. Gennady Ulanov, 88, Russian politician. Harry Walden, 77, English footballer (Luton Town, Northampton Town). Derek Wheatley, 92, English barrister and novelist. David Wolkowsky, 99, American property developer. 24 Roy Booth, 91, English cricketer (Yorkshire, Worcestershire). Norm Breyfogle, 58, American comic book artist (Batman, Prime), complications from a stroke. Jim Brogan, 74, Scottish footballer (Celtic, national team), dementia. Ronald Bye, 80, Norwegian politician, Minister of Transport and Communications (1978–1981). José María Hurtado Ruiz-Tagle, 73, Chilean politician, Deputy (1990–1998). Peter Maurice King, 78, Australian politician, MP (1981). Arnold Krammer, 77, American historian. Marion Marshall, 89, American actress (I Was a Male War Bride, The Stooge, Sailor Beware). Ivar Martinsen, 97, Norwegian Olympic speed skater (1948, 1952). Tommy McDonald, 84, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles). Terry Moore, 82, Canadian broadcaster and author, cancer. Michael O'Gorman, 53, American coxswain. (death announced on this date) Merv Smith, 85, New Zealand radio personality (1ZB) and actor (The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies). Lars Wohlin, 85, Swedish politician, Governor of the National Bank (1979–1982), MEP (2004–2009). 25 Helena Almeida, 84, Portuguese photographer and painter. Galal Amin, 83, Egyptian economist. Evelyn Anthony, 92, British author. Charles Berger, 79, American communication theorist, cancer. Andrew Colin, 82, British computer scientist. Marie Colton, 95, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (1978–1994). Baba Hari Dass, 95, Indian yoga master, silent monk, and commentator. Friedhelm Döhl, 82, German composer. Karyn Dwyer, 43, Canadian actress (Superstar, Better Than Chocolate, The Right Way), suicide. Ismail Fahd Ismail, 78, Kuwaiti novelist and literary critic. Ivan Kapitanets, 90, Russian military officer, Admiral of the Fleet. Danny Lewicki, 87, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs). Jack McKinney, 83, American basketball coach (Indiana Pacers, Los Angeles Lakers, Saint Joseph's Hawks). Sam Morshead, 63, Irish jockey and horse racing administrator (Perth Racecourse), cancer. Wenceslao Padilla, 68, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Prefect of Ulaanbaatar (since 1992). Yadollah Samadi, 66, Iranian film director, heart failure. Ronnie Shelton, 57, American convicted serial rapist. Jasdev Singh, 87, Indian sports commentator. Jerry Thorpe, 92, American director and producer (Kung Fu). Vladimir Voronkov, 74, Russian cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1972). 26 Joe Carolan, 81, Irish footballer (Manchester United, Brighton & Hove Albion, national team). Ivan Deyanov, 80, Bulgarian footballer (Dimitrovgrad, Lokomotiv Sofia, national team). Eric Griffiths, 65, British academic and literary critic. Ignaz Kirchner, 72, Austrian actor (Burgtheater). Tito Madi, 89, Brazilian singer and composer. George F. Perpich, 85, American dentist and politician, Member of the Minnesota State Senate (1971–1980), complications from Parkinson's disease. Charles Poliquin, 57, Canadian strength coach, heart attack. Roger Robinson, 78, American actor (Joe Turner's Come and Gone, Kojak, Rubicon), Tony winner (2009). Manuel Rodríguez, 79, Chilean footballer (Unión Española, national team), complications from Parkinson's disease. Antonio Santucci, 89, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Trivento (1985–2005). Andrew O. Skaar, 96, American politician, Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1963–1974). José Antonio Tébez, 69, Argentinian footballer (San Martín de Mendoza, Independiente Santa Fe, Independiente Medellín). Aamer Wasim, 58, Pakistani cricket player and coach. 27 Cy A Adler, 91, American author, organiser and conservationist. Marty Balin, 76, American Hall of Fame rock singer and musician (Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship). Carles Canut, 74, Spanish actor (The Knight of the Dragon) and theater manager. Tara Fares, 22, Iraqi model and blogger, shot. Ray Fogarty, 61, American politician, member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives (1983–1992). Frank Ford, 83, Australian theatre promoter (Adelaide Fringe Festival). Frank Herbert, 87, American politician, member of the New Jersey Senate (1977–1981). Blagoje Istatov, 71, Macedonian football player (Partizan Belgrade, Utrecht) and manager (Skopje). Brian A. Joyce, 56, American politician, member of the Massachusetts Senate (1998–2017). James Lawton, 75, British sports journalist and biographer. Anita Madden, 85, American racehorse owner, political activist and socialite. Kavita Mahajan, 51, Indian writer, pneumonia. James G. March, 90, American sociologist. Ernest Maxin, 95, British television producer and choreographer (Morecambe and Wise). Namkhai Norbu, 79, Tibetan-born Italian Buddhist monk and Dzogchen teacher. Michael Payton, 48, American Hall of Fame football player (Marshall Thundering Herd), cancer. Manoharsinhji Pradyumansinhji, 82, Indian cricketer (Saurashtra) and politician, MLA (1967–1971, 1980–1985, 1990–1995). Virginia Ramos, 65, Mexican-born American chef. Joaquim Roriz, 82, Brazilian politician, Governor of the Federal District (1988–1990, 1991–1994, 1999–2006). Yvonne Suhor, 56, American actress (The Young Riders), pancreatic cancer. Philip Trenary, 64, American airline executive (Pinnacle Airlines), shot. Art Williams, 78, American basketball player (Boston Celtics), stroke. 28 Peter Adams, 82, Canadian politician, MPP (1987–1990), MP (1993–2006), cancer and kidney failure. Tamaz Chiladze, 87, Georgian writer and poet (The Pond, The Brueghel Moon). Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, 76, Swazi politician, Prime Minister (1996–2003, 2008–2018). Edredon Bleu, 26, British racehorse, winner of the King George VI Chase (2003), euthanised. Predrag Ejdus, 71, Serbian actor. Peter Gelling, 58, Australian musician and author. Ito Giani, 77, Italian Olympic sprinter (1964). Rachel Hirschfeld, 72, American animal welfare lawyer. Wes Hopkins, 57, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles). Bob Jane, 88, Australian race car driver and entrepreneur (Bob Jane T-Marts), prostate cancer. Joe Masteroff, 98, American playwright (Cabaret, She Loves Me), Tony winner (1967). David Schippers, 88, American lawyer, Chief Investigative Counsel for the U.S. House Judiciary Committee (1998), pancreatic cancer. Sidney Shachnow, 83, Lithuanian-born American Army general and Holocaust survivor. Rajendra Shah, 68, Indian cricketer. Shi Shengjie, 65, Chinese xiangsheng comedian. Juris Silovs, 68, Latvian athlete, Olympic silver (1972) and bronze medalist (1976). Celso José Pinto da Silva, 84, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Vitória da Conquista (1981–2001), Archbishop of Teresina (2001–2008). Greg Terrion, 58, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings). Margo Woode, 90, American actress (Somewhere in the Night). Zang Tianshuo, 54, Chinese rock musician, liver cancer. 29 Luigi Agnolin, 75, Italian Hall of Fame football referee. Macià Alavedra, 84, Spanish politician, Deputy (1977–1979, 1982–1986). Alves Barbosa, 86, Portuguese racing cyclist. Tulsidas Borkar, 83, Indian harmonium player, chest infection. Thomas E. Brennan, 89, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1969–1970). Pascale Casanova, 59, French literary critic. Alain Ducellier, 84, French historian. Lewis Elton, 95, German-born British physicist and researcher. Eugene John Gerber, 87, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Dodge City (1976–1982) and Wichita (1982–2001), heart attack. Hu Chuanzhi, 88, Chinese engineer and politician, CEO of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation. Rolf Knierim, 90, German biblical scholar, traffic collision. Frank Maine, 81, Canadian politician, MP (1974–1979). Angela Maria, 89, Brazilian singer. Billy Neville, 83, Irish footballer (West Ham). Henry Ong, 68, Malaysian-born American playwright, cancer. Stefania Podgórska, 97, Polish Holocaust heroine and award winner (Righteous Among the Nations). Peter Robeson, 88, British equestrian, Olympic bronze medalist (1956, 1964). Otis Rush, 84, American Hall of Fame blues guitarist and singer ("All Your Love", "I Can't Quit You Baby", "Double Trouble"), complications from a stroke. Richard A. Searfoss, 62, American astronaut. Stepan Topal, 80, Moldovan politician, Governor of Gagauzia (1990–1995), MP (1990–1994). Mille-Marie Treschow, 64, Norwegian estate owner. Dirceu Vegini, 66, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Foz do Iguaçu (2010–2018). Claudie Weill, 72–73, French historian. Earle F. Zeigler, 99, American-Canadian academic. 30 Maurice Barrette, 62, Canadian ice hockey player. Michael J. Bennane, 73, American politician, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1977–1996). Geoffrey Hayes, 76, English television presenter (Rainbow) and actor (Z-Cars), pneumonia. David Henderson, 91, British economist. Wilhelm Keim, 83, German chemist. Walter Laqueur, 97, German-born American historian and journalist. Kim Larsen, 72, Danish rock singer, songwriter and guitarist (Gasolin'), prostate cancer. Carlos Ángel López, 66, Argentine footballer (Sarmiento, Millonarios, national team). John J. McDermott, 86, American philosopher. Robert M. O'Neil, 83, American educator, President of the University of Wisconsin System (1980–1985) and the University of Virginia (1985–1990). Sonia Orbuch, 93, Polish Jewish resistance fighter and Holocaust educator. René Pétillon, 72, French satirical and political cartoonist. William Proffit, 82, American orthodontist. Sophon Ratanakorn, 87, Thai jurist, President of the Supreme Court of Thailand (1990–1991). Czesław Strumiłło, 88, Polish chemical engineer. References 2018-09 09

58410625

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp%20Network%20%28film%29

Wasp Network (film)

Wasp Network is a 2019 internationally co-produced drama film, written and directed by Olivier Assayas, based upon the book The Last Soldiers of the Cold War by Fernando Morais. It stars Penélope Cruz, Édgar Ramírez, Gael García Bernal, Ana de Armas and Wagner Moura. It tells the true story of Cuban spies in American territory during the 1990s. The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2019. It was released in France on January 31, 2020, by Memento Films, and was released on June 19, 2020, by Netflix. Plot In Havana in the early 1990s, pilot René González leaves his wife Olga and daughter Irma in Cuba to start a new life in the United States. He secretly flies to Miami on a stolen plane (Antonov An-2). González soon joins a group of Cuban exiles and Castro opponents, Brothers to the Rescue, who operate from Florida and act against the Cuban government through military operations and also aim to disintegrate the Cuban tourism industry. They even fly over Cuban airspace to deliver flyers. A Cuban secret organization named la Red Avispa, or the "Wasp Network," is directed by Gerardo Hernández, also known as Manuel Viramontez. The Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) and Brothers to the Rescue not only launch propaganda brochures about Havana, and lead balseros from Cuba to the Florida shores, but also smuggle drugs and weapons. They also conduct terrorist activities in Cuba organised by Luis Posada Carriles. In 1996, two Cessna Skymaster from Brothers to the Rescue are shot down by Cuban MiGs over the Caribbean Sea, killing four aviators. Juan Pablo Roque is another Cuban pilot who defects by swimming to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and asking for political asylum. He arrives in Miami, and works as an FBI informant in addition to piloting for the Brothers. He buys expensive clothes, a Rolex, and settles down and marries Ana Margarita Martínez. After few years flies back to Havana making it very clear that he was a mole who had infiltrated anti-Castro associations. After months and many bureaucratic procedures, Olga and her daughter are allowed to leave Cuba and rejoin René in Miami. But before their travel, Viramontez informs Olga that her husband is not a gusano (Spanish for worm) or a traitor to the Castro regime but indeed is a hero and a Cuban intelligence agent who infiltrated the CANF, which she must keep secret for the security of all of them and the Wasp Network. In El Salvador in 1997, Raúl Cruz León is recruited by anti-Castroists to place C-4 bombs in Havana hotels. An Italian tourist dies and the same day he is caught by the Cuban police. After being caught the organization abandons him to his fate. Finally, René González, Manuel Viramontez and the entire Wasp Network are captured by the FBI, all face charges of conspiracy to commit espionage, conspiracy to commit murder, acting as an agent of a foreign government, and other illegal activities in the United States and face long prison terms if found guilty in the Federal Court of judge Joan A. Lenard. In an interview Fidel Castro defends the actions of the agents and their program. Despite the fact that the FBI offers to reduce his sentence in exchange for information, René refuses to cooperate. Aftermath Olga Salanueva-González was deported to Cuba after 3 months in prison. She was later reunited with her daughters Irma and Ivette and campaigned for the liberation of her husband. René González served 12 years in prison. He was released on October 7, 2011. Gerardo Hernández aka Manuel Viramontez received 2 life sentences. He was released as a part of a spy swap after only serving 15 years. Ana Margarita Martínez sued the Cuban government. She was awarded $27 million dollars in punitive damages. To this day, she has collected only $200,000. Juan Pablo Roque was never a pilot again. Facing money problems, he sold his Rolex on eBay. Raúl Cruz León is still serving a 30-year sentence. Luis Posada Carriles died in 2018, aged 90. He was never prosecuted for the 1997 Cuba hotel bombings. Cast Penélope Cruz as Olga Salanueva-González Édgar Ramírez as René González Wagner Moura as Juan Pablo Roque Gael García Bernal as Gerardo Hernández / Manuel Viramontez Ana de Armas as Ana Margarita Martínez Leonardo Sbaraglia as José Basulto Nolan Guerra Fernández as Raúl Cruz León Osdeymi Pastrana Miranda as Irma González Tony Plana as Luis Posada Carriles Julian Flynn as PUND's pilot Anel Perdomo as Adriana, Hernández's/Viramontez's wife Julio Gabay as Juan Pablo Roque's cousin Amanda Morado as Teté Carolina Peraza Matamoros as Irma (6 years old) Omar Ali as Jorge Mas Canosa Adria Carey Pérez as Judge Joan A. Lenard Production In April 2017, it was announced that Olivier Assayas would write and direct Wasp Network. Based on Fernando Morais' book called The Last Soldiers of the Cold War, it would tell the story of Cuban spies in American territory during the 1990s. In May 2018, it was announced that Pedro Pascal and Édgar Ramírez would star in the film. In September, Penélope Cruz, Wagner Moura and Gael García Bernal were added to the cast. Adria Arjona was added to the cast in December. In February 2019, Ana de Armas was cast. Filming began in Cuba on February 18, 2019, and wrapped on May 4, 2019. Release The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2019. It has also been screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, the Deauville American Film Festival, the San Sebastián International Film Festival, the New York Film Festival, the BFI London Film Festival. and the Mumbai Film Festival. Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film in January 2020 and distributed it worldwide on June 19, 2020. Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The website's critical consensus states: "Wasp Networks talented cast makes this spy drama hard to ignore, even if the mystery at the heart of its storyline is too tangled for its own good." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Nicholas Barber of BBC gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "an entertaining and often glamorous cloak-and-dagger thriller in which the sun is always shining and the actors are all gorgeous." Jay Weissberg of Variety wrote, "it leaves viewers gratified by the filmmaking bravura and the sheer pleasure of watching this superb cast in top form, but also feeling shortchanged." Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing, "What it lacks is an emotional charge and a fine-grained texture." David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "a big, handsomely shot movie with a strong cast and stunning location work" and "a knotty tangle of endless back and forth between too many characters, situations and settings to make for satisfying storytelling." See also Cuban Five - about the real-life agents on which the film is based 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft 1997 Cuba hotel bombings Alan Gross References External links 2019 films Brazilian films French films Spanish films Spanish-language Netflix original films 2010s Spanish-language films Films directed by Olivier Assayas Films set in 1990 Films set in 1991 Films set in 1992 Films set in 1995 Films set in the 1990s Films set in Cuba Films set in El Salvador Films set in Florida Films set in Havana Films set in Miami Films shot in Cuba Films about the illegal drug trade Films about immigration to the United States Films about refugees Films about terrorism in North America Films based on non-fiction books English-language Netflix original films Russian-language Netflix original films Nostromo Pictures films

58438814

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Bastardos

Los Bastardos

Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Los Bastardos ({{Literal translation|The Bastards}}) is a 2018 Philippine drama television series under Precious Hearts Romances loosely based on the Filipino pocket book novel Cardinal Bastards by Vanessa, starring Ronaldo Valdez, Jake Cuenca, Marco Gumabao, Albie Casiño, Joshua Colet, Joseph Marco, Diego Loyzaga and Gloria Diaz. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block and worldwide via The Filipino Channel from October 15, 2018 to September 27, 2019, replacing Araw Gabi. Plot summary Book One Los Bastardos is based on the Cardinal Bastards series of Precious Hearts Romances Presents. The story follows the lives of five brothers struggling with one another for their rightful place in their father's heart. The root of their conflict stems from betrayals and secrets surrounding the individuals surrounding Don Roman Cardinal. Don Roman is the illegitimate son of Don Ismael Cardinal, a wealthy coconut plantation owner of the fictitious region of Victorino in the rural outskirts of Manila, Philippines. He reunites with his father as an adult, eventually inherits his father's hacienda and starts a life with his small family when tragedy strikes and he loses his wife Soledad and son, Roman Despite the tragedy, Don Roman pursues their dreams to expand and diversify the Hacienda and build a liquor distillery using ingredients from his coconut crop produce. Throughout his unhappy and lonely life, Don Roman builds a successful empire and sires five sons from four different women. All his sons inherit his handsome physique, tenacity, superior physical strength and astuteness that serves them well in their respective fields, but two sons do not benefit from his inherent kindness because of the family environment they grow up in. Roman Jr, later known as Isagani, is Don Roman's legitimate firstborn son with his wife Soledad, his true love. Don Roman and the town folks fear his young family perished in the mudslide. In fact, Soledad slips him into a passing produce truck. She pins her wedding ring on his shirt praying it would lead him to his father someday, but fails to get on the truck as it picks up speed to escape the oncoming mudslide. The child is raised by the farmers who discover the infant in their truck. Isagani Esperanza inherits his father's good qualities of kindness, compassion and bravery, as well as his father's physical strength, entrepreneurship and unique taste buds, essential for developing fine brandy. He formulates an arrack he calls Coco Brandy, when he was a student in Manila. Isagani buys a small coconut farm to set up his own distillery. He has the opportunity to realize his dreams when he is sought after by two major distilleries to partner with: the Cardinals and Silverios. Isagani chooses to partner up with the Cardinals because he admires Roman's kindness and fairness. A bond forms between Roman and Isagani though neither are aware of their kinship. Joaquin is Alba Santillan's son. Alba is a spoiled heiress obsessed with Roman but fails to win his affection. She gets rid of Soledad and her infant by pushing them off the cliff. While grieving for Soledad, she seduces him one night and then tells him she is pregnant with his second son, Joaquin. In truth, she is already pregnant by her parent's gardener, Enrico. Roman loves the infant like his firstborn, and brings Alba and their son to live in his estate where he is raised as Roman's natural son. He never marries Alba but allows her to live as the mistress of the mansion for the sake of their son. Among the five brothers, Joaquin is the only son who grows up under his care. Joaquin has a strong and loving relationship with his father and inherits his father's fairness and kindness. Joaquin does not have the malevolent and selfish traits of his mother. He grows up to lead the management team of Cardinal Distillery, loved by all. Alba tries her best to poison Joaquin's mind against Isagani, but Joaquin's innate goodness prevails and he decides not to listen to his mother. He leaves for America to sort out his feelings. But tragedy strikes when Joaquin dies in a plane crash on ill fated flight of LAKAN AIRLINES LAK271 or Flight 271 on his return. Alba's liaisons with the gardener is revealed at his memorial services. Despite the revelation Roman mourns Joaquin's passing and sends Alba away. Matteo is Maddie Asuncion Silverio's son. Maddie is the emotionally abused socialite wife of Menandro Silverio and sole heiress of the Asuncion fortune. Drawn to the lonely Don Roman, their affair produces a son, Matteo, but she ends their relationship and raises the child as a Silverio, business rivals of the Cardinals; Aware of his wife's and Roman's betrayal, Menandro uses Matteo as his secret pawn for revenge against them. He raises the child to fear him, devoid of character and moral values, encourage his greed and teaches him to despise the Cardinals. Matteo yearns for his father's approval but never gets it as his father is abusive to his children and wife. Matteo grows up in a household filled with cruelty, hatred and fear. Connor is Pilar's son, Roman's childhood friend who becomes a prostitute. Roman tries to save her from this life, and in their loneliness, they have a relationship. When Alba learns that Pilar is pregnant with Connor, Alba confronts her, and successfully taunts Pilar into leaving Roman for a wealthy client in Japan. Disillusioned with her life, she takes her pain out on Connor and abuses him. She tries to sell him to a stranger for sex but is rescued by Fausto, a con artist, who raises Connor along the same path. The trauma of his mother's rejection changes Connor, his longing for a family is replaced with hatred towards his father who he believes abandoned him. And finally there is Lucas, Sita's son. Sita is an orphan raised in the Santillan household. She grows up as Alba's personal maid and witnesses Alba's duplicitous actions to ensnare Roman. In love with Roman herself, they have a brief affair and produce Lucas. When Alba discovers their relationship, she threatens to take Joaquin away. As a concession, Roman agrees not to acknowledge Lucas as his natural son but is firm that Lucas and his mother live in the estate where Lucas is raised as companion to his son Joaquin. As a result, Lucas grows up in the Cardinal household, treated like family but never knowing the man he serves is his own father. Roman loves Lucas and treats him with respect. He also teaches Joaquin to treat Lucas like a younger brother. Lucas inherits his father's leadership skills, and his mother's patience and gentle nature. He later learns about his paternity, and though conflicted at first, steps into his role as a Cardinal with strength and grace and serves his father well. Ultimately, the five brothers’ lives collide as they learn who their true father is. Connor is the first son to discover his father's identity. Renowned in the criminal underworld as the best con artist, he makes it his personal mission to bring his father down, believing his mother's lies that Don Roman abandoned them. He ingratiates himself with Isagani and Lucas to get close to Don Roman. Isagani and Lucas expose his dubious activities prompting Connor to admit his true identity, but surprisingly, he gains the protection of Roman Cardinal, who is more than happy to reconcile with his son. Connor bides his time to win his father's trust. His ulterior motive is to gain access to all of the Cardinals’ bank accounts, which he intends to transfer to his secret account. But his agenda changes after several attempts fail. He softens towards his father as he learns to trust and believe his father's unconditional love and acceptance of Connor, who always wanted a family to belong to. Matteo, motivated at first to please his father Menandro, learns the truth that Roman is his real father. His keen astuteness allows him to swiftly figure out Menandro's real agenda. Furious over Menandro's treachery, he promptly strips him of his power and takes over the Silverio machinery, when he becomes the sole beneficiary of his mother's wealth. His hatred for Menandro equals his hatred for Don Roman, who he blames is the root of his miserable life. He plans to destroy him and take over the Cardinal empire. Soon after Roman learns about his three sons, he discovers his lost first born son Roman Jr is Isagani Esperanza. The news is welcomed by Lucas but not by Matteo and Connor who realize Isagani is the legitimate son and another barrier to their evil plans. Although they come from different worlds, the discovery that they are siblings affects each of the sons who carry the baggage of their fatherless youths. Unlike Isagani and Lucas who embrace their kinship, Connor and Matteo blame their miserable lives on their father. But as Roman attempts to reunite his sons, the greedy and vengeful individuals in his life make sure he fails: Menandro Silverio is determined to use Matteo to destroy him; and Roman's two former lovers - Alba and Pilar are equally set on seizing the Cardinal wealth. Book Two While Don Roman tries to get his four sons to reconcile, a wealthy young man in Los Angeles is preparing for a trip to the Philippines. Lorenzo Cuevas wants to destroy Roman Cardinal too. He is Don Roman's second son with Soledad. Flashback to a few years ago, his adoptive father reveals to him on his deathbed the truth that his real father is Don Roman Cardinal, the powerful ’’Hacendero’’ (landlord) of the Cardinal Plantation and Cardinal Distillery. Don Pedro Cuevas tells Lorenzo of coming across Soledad a few days after typhoons and mudslides devastate the southern region of the Philippines, wandering the countryside, distraught, disheveled, with no memory of who she is or where she comes from. A few weeks pregnant, she suffers bruises and serious injuries sustained from a violent assault. He cares for her and search for her family but initially, no information surfaces. Suffering from memory loss as a result of her traumatic escape, unaware of the full facts about Alba's attempts on her life, Don Pedro Cuevas assumes she is running away from an abusive relationship. Upon investigating further, he traces her former husband to the powerful hacendero (or Hacienda owner, plantation owner) Don Roman Cardinal, who by now is living with a new family (Alba and a their infant son). Believing she is in danger and seeking to protect her, he takes the pregnant Soledad away from the Philippines and they move to California to start a new life. He renames her Consuelo and gives her and Lorenzo his surname. Consuelo recovers from her physical injuries, but her memory of her life with Don Roman and her first born son remains buried. Lorenzo believes Don Pedro Cuevas' story about Don Roman's abusive treatment towards his mother and seeks to avenge her. He conducts an investigation of the Cardinals and learns about his four other brothers. He arrives in the Philippines and arranges to meet his father and his brothers under the pretext of a business partnership with his own multinational hotel and resort corporation. He ingratiates himself with them through his previous business deals with Joaquin while the latter was in America. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Soledad decides to return to the Philippines to join her son. As she arrives in Victorino, the scenic drive down the countryside gives her a sense that it was a part of her past. Unknown to all including herself, Consuelo Cuevas is the true matriarch of the Cardinals. Soledad Cardinal returns to Victorino. Inside the Silverios' crumbling empire, Matteo decides to use his sister Dulce to get Lorenzo to partner with them. Lorenzo, on the other hand, uses Dulce to undermine Isagani, to make it easier for him to destroy his siblings and ultimately Roman. As Consuelo gets acquainted with Victorino and San Jovita, she is inexplicably surprised by its familiarity and happy with the peacefulness and beauty of its surroundings. She tells Lorenzo that she sees herself retiring there. She meets new friends and discovers a Nipa hut which she finds vaguely familiar. The caretaker tells her it is uninhabited but maintained by Don Roman Cardinal, a name that doesn't mean anything to her yet. In the meantime, Connor begins to self destruct. Drowning in his anger towards his father and jealous of his brothers' better stations in life, he drives himself into a downward spiral. In a drunken stupor, he attempts to rape Isay who is on her way home, but his partner Lupita intercepts him, renders him unconscious, and forcibly removes him from the site. Isagani finds her on the roadside and as he tries to get help, Matteo drives by and side swipes him off the ravine. This is how Consuelo Cuevas, on her way home from a day of sightseeing, finds him. Alarmed at his condition, she instructs her driver to pick him up and brings him to the Cuevas resort to be treated. News of the unconscious man rescued by Consuelo reach the Esperanzas who rush to the Ashton Resort, overjoyed to see Isagani. Consuelo remembers Irma from the Carinderia (Filipino term for a roadside cafeteria) where she enjoyed a delicious Ginata-án a visit stirring a pleasant yet still unknown memories. Alba is busy planning to get rid of Soledad again. She kills Enrico whose extortion attempts were distracting her, and joins forces with Menandro and Pilar, who share the same goal to destroy the Cardinals and steal their wealth. Meanwhile, Consuelo's and the Cardinals’ worlds become smaller as their orbits grow closer. She is equally puzzled over her overwhelming emotions when Isagani shows her a photograph of Don Roman. Certain that Consuelo would come face to face with Don Roman soon, Lorenzo steps up his plans for revenge. He rejects the business merger with the Cardinals and join forces with the Silverios. Meanwhile, Consuelo seeks the help of specialists in Manila, certain her dreams are related to her past. Alba's mental illness declines further, plagued by nightmares of Enrico and other heinous crimes she committed. Isagani witnesses her hallucinating a conversation with Joaquin, as she confesses of Enrico's murder. Meanwhile, Roman is trying to piece things together, determined to get answers as to why Lorenzo is bent on keeping Consuelo away from the Cardinalsas. When he catches up to the woman interested in Soledad's Bahay Kubo, he is shocked when he recognizes Soledad! He tries to catch up with her at the Resort, where he is first denied entry. His imposing personality intimidates the security and staff as he goes in unchallenged. Searching every room in the resort, he finds her photograph with Lorenzo, and recognizes Soledad, his long lost wife. As Lorenzo and Isagani follow after him, Lorenzo reveals the truth that he is Soledad's second son, and that his adoptive father told him that his real father is Don Roman Cardinal, the abusive husband of Soledad Cardinal, who thought he killed her and then quickly took another woman and son to live with him While Don Roman tells him the real truth, he receives a call from Alba who has Soledad as hostage. Alba wants Roman to find her so she can kill him. Soledad tries to escape from Alba when she recognizes Alba as the woman who tried to kill her and her infant son decades back. She knocks down Alba with a large dead branch and renders her unconscious. Meanwhile, Roman and his two sons reach Alba's home and find Soledad. She immediately recognizes Don Roman and they are reunited. Alba awakens from her unconsciousness but loses her balance, falls off the cliff and is impaled on a dead tree trunk. Reunited at last, Soledad and Lorenzo move into the mansion, and the brothers make an effort to adapt to the new family dynamics. Soledad accepts Roman's illegitimate sons and plans to get them together as a family. But their first family dinner is a disaster when Lorenzo and Matteo comes to blows after Lorenzo terminates their business partnership. Meanwhile, Gigi who is still reeling from Matteo's rejection, joins forces with Menandro to bring down the Cardinals and ultimately take revenge on Matteo. Gigi runs the illegal gambling den and leads the hardcore criminals and the underworld. Soon after the family dinner, Lorenzo hosts an Ashton Resorts' grand opening with members of the business and social community attending, everyone except Matteo. Unfazed, Matteo hires an assassin to bomb the resort to create chaos and mayhem. His instructions were to plant the bomb outside the building, ensuring no one gets hurt. Menandro takes this opportunity to derail Matteo. He overrides Matteo's instructions and pays the bomber-assassin to shed blood, maim the victims and then point the blame on Matteo. That evening, Matteo arrives at the resort, gleefully anticipating to witness the commotion caused by the bomb. He catches the bomber on his way out and realizes the bomber planted the weapon inside. Matteo rushes in and tries to warn people away but it is too late for many guests, especially Sita. While everyone enjoys the festivities, Sita notices a man leaving hastily and as she tries to get closer to him, notices a glowing contraption he left in a flower bush. At the same time she sees Matteo from the upstairs window waving her away and realizes the presence of a bomb near her. Though she tries to run away to warn everyone, it detonates, hitting her with shrapnel and knocks her down. Sita dies soon after she is rushed to the hospital, but not before she is able to speak to Roman and Soledad, entrusting Lucas to them. She also gets to say goodbye to Lucas, who is devastated. Her death changes Lucas. Although the police are gathering evidences surrounding the bombing, Lorenzo and Connor suspect Matteo is involved so they investigate on their own. Lucas also suspects Matteo since he saw him at the resort. To avenge his mother's death, Lucas joins the criminal underworld of Gigi where he learns how to fight. Lucas successfully captures Matteo, tortures him in an abandoned mine and plants a bomb and detonating device to kill him. As his siblings find him, Matteo accidentally trips the detonator and a large explosion seals the cave entrance. He escapes and leaves his siblings trapped inside. They are rescued by Connor. Fully recovered, it's business as usual for Lorenzo who takes over the Silverio Distillery angering Menandro and kicks him out. Lucas, meanwhile, tormented over his mother's death, succumbs to Gigi and her dark criminal world. Lucas turns his back against his family. Elsewhere, Matteo is in danger as the Silverio mansion is set on fire by Menandro and Pilar. Don Roman orders Lorenzo and Connor to rescue Matteo. Don Roman and Soledad, decide to take Matteo into their home. He pretends to get into their good graces but continues his sinister plans to destroy the Cardinals. Meanwhile, Isagani asks Connor to help him infiltrate Gigi's gambling den where Lucas is. Isagani enters the gambling den and confronts Lucas, but gets a brutal beating by Lucas before escaping the premises. Don Roman decides to call the authorities with Matteo's assistance and Gigi is captured. While attempting to rescue Lucas, Don Roman is shot, damaging his liver. It turns out Lucas is the only match for Roman's liver transplant. Gigi is shot and killed by a mysterious assassin in the presence of Lupita and Fausto. Lucas, Fausto and Lupita flee the scene. Menandro and Pilar discuss the shooting but are unaware who did it. The mysterious shooter turns out to be Catalina Silverio's henchmen. Catalina is Menandro's lost sister, also seeking revenge against Don Roman. Matteo attempts to kill Soledad but is foiled by his siblings. Matteo escapes to hide in an old Silverio vacation home to regroup and recuperate from his injuries. In the midst of all the conflict, Isagani proposes to Isay who accepts. Lucas vows to change and rejoin the family and also donates part of his liver to save Roman. Book Three A new enemy emerges: Doña Catalina Silverio Pacheco. Her father was one of the bandits who ambushed Roman and Soledad early on, was sent to prison for it and later killed in a prison brawl. Her father's death leaves her and older brother Menando Silverio orphans. Menandro sells her to Eduardo Pacheco, a wealthy criminal boss, who marries and abuses Catalina. She loses her child, but poisons him and inherits all his wealth upon his demise. She blames Soledad and Roman Cardinal for her misery. When Menandro fails to destroy the Cardinals, Catalina takes over, arriving with her army of female assassins. Although Lorenzo and Lucas want Matteo to pay for his crimes, Don Roman wants to give him a chance to return into their fold. Hence, the brothers continue to search for Matteo with mixed feelings. Meanwhile, we learn that Dulce is the infant taken from Catalina by her husband and given to Menandro to kill. Unable to kill his infant niece, Menandro legally adopts her as a Silverio. Catalina locates and ingratiates herself to Dulce, gains her trust, and uses her as a pawn in her revenge plan. She easily manipulates Dulce to turn against the Cardinals. Jealous of Isay and Isagani's happiness and upcoming engagement, Catalina pushes Dulce to separate the young lovers. Dulce urges Matteo to gate crash Isagani and Isay's 'Pamanhikan', an engagement dinner when the bridegroom's parents ask for her hand. At the Engagement dinner, Matteo arrives and announces that Connor was Isay's rape assailant. Furious that Isay was placed in peril, Nante believes that Isagani covered it up to protect his brother. Nante calls off the engagement, instructing Isay to cut ties with the Cardinals, and files attempted rape charges against Connor and obstruction of justice against Isagani. The relationship between Isay's father and the Cardinals and Esperanzas quickly deteriorates. The wedding plans are canceled. Don Roman banishes Matteo. As a result, the brothers gather all their evidence and file multiple charges against Matteo who is arrested and incarcerated. While the Fiscal office finds Nante's charges against the Cardinal brothers without merit, Nante plans to take Isay to Catbalogan. Meanwhile, Catalina befriends Soledad and Roman and manipulates Dulce, now estranged from the Cardinals. Her toxic influence quickly transforms Dulce from a good doctor into an enemy of the Cardinals. Unaware of Dulce's duplicity, Isay turns to her trusted friend, who urges her to choose her father. To Dulce's frustration, Isagani refuses to give up on their love, convincing Isay to elope, have a church wedding and then face Nante's ire together. Isay confides in Dulce, who wastes no time warning Nante, foiling their marriage plans once again. Back in jail, Matteo enacts a fake attempt on his life following a plan hatched by Catalina and Dulce, to get him confined into a mental institution where Catalina is a major benefactress and can control the environment. Elsewhere at the resort, Diane gets wasted after being stood up on her blind date. Three men try to take advantage of her inebriation, but Lorenzo rescues her from their aggressive advances and has security kick them off the premises. As he tries to knock some sense into Diane, they become intimate and end up sleeping together. This affects their working relationship soon after as both are confused and awkward with each other. Lorenzo tries to admit his real feelings but is confused about it. Meantime, Nante has a change of heart when an attempt is made on Isay's life by Catalina's assassin. He witnesses the Cardinals risk their own lives to rescue his daughter. Nante gives his blessings for their wedding. Meanwhile, Don Roman is shocked to see Matteo's deteriorating mental state and tries to have him transferred. Unknown to everyone, Matteo is being slowly drugged with powerful psychotic drugs by medical staff under Catalina's orders. By this time, Catalina's unusual interest in Soledad and Roman arouse their sons' suspicions. The Cardinals uncover the connection between Menandro and Catalina, and confirm she is the shadowy Señora referred to by criminals. Lucas also overhears Menandro boasting that the bomb exploding inside the resort that killed his mother, was his idea - "Matteo simply wanted to scare, but I wanted to maim and kill." Isagani also discovers that Catalina has been visiting Matteo in the mental facility on several occasions. When Don Roman tries to have him transferred, Dulce refuses and instead demands the Cardinals to stay away from Matteo, threatening a restraining order. Dulce's transformation from a kind, and compassionate doctor into a jealous and unreasonably scorned woman, is complete. She tries to poison Isay and almost kills Isagani. Distraught, she calls Catalina who reveals that she is her mother. From this point, Dulce blindly obeys her mother. Earlier at Catalina's island, Señora advises Lupita and Fausto that they cannot leave until they complete their next assignment. Lupita wants out but Catalina holds Fausto hostage. Catalina recognizes Lupita's superior skills and intends to gain her loyalties so she can serve as her eyes and ears in Menandro's gambling world. Lupita plays along. Meanwhile, the Cardinal brothers obtain evidence of Catalina's shadowy world and her using Matteo's mental illness to harm the Cardinals. Connor also discovers Lupita in Menandro's illegal gambling den. She helps him escape and tries to convince her to escape with him but she won't abandon Fausto. The Cardinals hatch a plan to capture Catalina and Menandro, and rescue Lupita and Fausto. Knowing her cover is blown after an acrimonious heart to heart between Soledad and Catalina turns ugly, lines are drawn. Catalina arranges for Matteo to leave the facility and calls Dulce, Matteo and Menandro to her secret base in Santa Jovita where she reads them the riot act on the final destruction the Cardinals. She is unaware that Soledad has her sons following Menandro, Dulce and Matteo, and the four brothers witness the meeting. Dulce tries one last time to win Isagani back and fails. As planned, the Cardinals follow her as she unsuspectingly leads them to the Silverios' new gambling den. Carolina comforts the distraught and near-hysterical Dulce. Isay is saddened over Dulce's deception. The Cardinals have the gambling den raided and closed, effectively shutting off Catalina's main source of cash liquidity. The Silverios go into hiding. While a nationwide search is conducted by the police, the Cardinal wedding ceremony goes without incident, although the brothers intercept a sniper assassin hired by Menandro to massacre the bride and groom and as many guests as possible. The couple learn about the attempt after they return from their honeymoon. Connor was alerted by Lupita who is determined to protect Connor and the Cardinals. The Cardinals continue to pursue the Silverios, gathering as much evidence to bring them to court. They learn that Matteo is released from the mental institution but they do not know where he is hiding. Fact is, he is brought to Catalina's secure island fortress, where she incarcerates Menandro for his failure to stop the Cardinal wedding. Matteo is Catalina's chief weapon to use against Roman, who is not giving up on his wayward son. Dulce, on the other hand, has a revenge plan of her own. Furious over her mother's failure to stop the wedding, she secretly leaves the island on several trips to follow Isagani to his new home with Isay. Isagani built Isay a beautiful matrimonial bungalow and the newlyweds are enjoying their first weeks as man and wife. Unknown to them, Dulce watches and plans her next move, even entering their home while Isay tends to her household chores. In the meantime, Lorenzo realizes he is in love with Dianne but her familiarity with Connor makes him jealous. Things come to a head when he comes across Connor and Dianne in an embrace. Though it was a brotherly hug, Lorenzo's jealousy erupts into a fight with Connor. Furious, Dianne confronts him where he finally admits he is in love with her. Diane refuses to believe Lorenzo's sincere feelings for her. Finale Another tragedy hits the Cardinals when Catalina ambush and assassinate Bert and Irma Esperanza. The ambush occurs on route to Irma's surprise birthday party. Lorenzo, following as escort behind the van, is overpowered by Catalina's men. During the altercation, Catalina arrives and shoots the couple in cold blood. Isagani's parents die in each other's arms, and that is how Isagani finds them. The deaths of his adoptive parents affect Isagani who embarks on a murderous rampage for justice. The Cardinals once again cast their safety net and fight to get Isagani back into their fold. The Cardinals learn that Menandro and Pilar are working with Catalina. To trap Catalina, Isagani pretends to forsake Isay and his family in a ploy to penetrate Catalina's hideout. The plan works and Pilar recruits him for Catalina. Catalina tests Isagani's loyalty, ordering him to kill Isay, and then instructs Dulce to accompany him to make sure she is dead. Isagani poisons his wife and she succumbs to the toxin, but Connor brings the antidote in time to revive her. The plan works as Catalina brings Isagani into her force as her assassin. Their plan unravels when Matteo discovers Isagani with Isay and his brothers. He finds Menandro hiding in Isagani's hideout, traps and kills Menandro in the burning house, and returns to tell Catalina. Meanwhile, out to settle her score against Catalina, Nina discovers that Lupita is working against Catalina, captures her and brings her back to the Island to claim back her position as Catalina's right hand. Both Lupita and Fausto are tortured. They are saved by the arrival of the Cardinal brothers and the authorities. Catalina escapes with Nina and Mateo but blows up the island. Connor saves Lupita by switching the bomb jacket. The boat explodes and Connor is missing, feared dead. While the Cardinals and the authorities search the surrounding areas for Connor, Lupita and Fausto are rushed to the hospital. Dulce is among Catalina's army captured during the raid. With plans to escape, she shoots herself so they bring her to the hospital instead of prison. Meanwhile, her army diminishing into a handful, Catalina hides in her childhood home. Matteo is her only weapon remaining as she fuels his anger with a psychotic drug. As the Cardinals escalate their raids on Catalina's criminal network, Catalina's key henchmen are captured, including the mayor who provides her safe passage, her lawyer and Nina. They cooperate with authorities to catch Catalina. Meanwhile, Dulce escapes from the hospital but is captured by Pilar. Matteo obtains crucial information on the Cardinals' vulnerability: the Cardinal women. Catalina orders her remaining army to kidnap the Cardinal women, offering the last of her gold bars as reward. The Cardinals learn the source of Catalina's hatred towards them: she blames Roman & Soledad for the death of her father, a bandit they had fought off and sent to jail long ago. The Cardinal successfully rescue their girlfriends, but are blindsided by the home invasion of the Cardinal Estate by Matteo, Dulce and Catalina. Roman & Soledad are taken hostage. As the Cardinal brothers rush to their parents, their girlfriends rescue Connor. The brothers are captured and reunited with Roman and Soledad who are strapped with a bomb. An argument ensues between Catalina and the Cardinals, Matteo is surprised that this brothers and his father continues to fight for his right as a family member. Roman suffers a heart episode which requires his medication, asking Matteo to retrieve it, which he does. This enrages Dulce, and as the siblings get into a violent argument, the Cardinal brothers, free their patents and hide inside the large mansion. Catalina breaks up the fight between Dulce and Matteo. She recaptures the Cardinal brothers, and orders Matteo to kill them. He refuses, further infuriating Catalina who decides to take matters into her hands and detonates the bombs her henchmen planted throughout the mansion. Fortunately, Connor and the Cardinal women successfully detonate the bombs a few minutes earlier. Horrified that her mother is bent on killing them all, Dulce tries to escape, but is overpowered by Lupita and the Cardinal women. Matteo, battling the demons exacerbated by the drugs Catalina feeds him with, begins to doubt his hatred towards the Cardinals. As he hesitates finishing off his brothers, Roman comes forward to embrace his wayward son. Mad out of her mind, Catalina fires at Roman but Matteo takes the bullet and pushes Catalina off the stair rails. Despondent, Matteo goes to the mansion's balcony and attempts suicide as he recalls how he has lost everything, including his mother. Roman and his brothers plead with him to not kill himself. Each ask him to forgive them for their misjudgments and lack of compassion, and the sins they committed against him. Remembering Sita's words to him about forgiveness, as she tended to him on the road, Matteo forgives his brothers. He is sent to a mental institution for rehabilitation. Dulce is sentenced to life imprisonment, and Catalina survives the fall and committed to the psych ward in a mental institution. She lives the rest of her life in a straight jacket, losing her mind completely over imagined rats surrounding her bed. With the Silverios finally defeated, the Cardinals finally live in peace, marrying their loved ones and have children. At Lucas' and Coralyn's wedding, Isagani learns that Isay is pregnant again, while Lorenzo and Dianne have three children. The last scene shows the entire family eating lunch al fresco celebrating another milestone: Matteo is finally released from the mental hospital fully rehabilitated. He begins rebuilding his relationship with his brothers, their wives, his father and Soledad. Cast and characters Main Ronaldo Valdez as Don Roman Cardinal, Sr. Gloria Diaz as Doña Consuelo Cuevas / Doña Soledad de Jesus-Cardinal Jake Cuenca as Roman D. Cardinal, Jr. / Isagani "Gani" Esperanza Marco Gumabao as Matteo A. Silverio / Matteo A. Cardinal Albie Casiño as Lucas A. Cardinal Joshua Colet as Connor P. Cardinal / Connor Davide Joseph Marco as Lorenzo Cuevas / Lorenzo D. Cardinal (Guest; Season 1, Main: Season 2-3) Diego Loyzaga as Joaquin S. Cardinal / Joaquin S. Matias (Season 1) The Cardinals Ritz Azul as Diane Liwanag-Cardinal Maxine Medina as Francesca Elizabeth "Isay" Navarro-Cardinal Mary Joy Apostol as Coralyn Montesevilla-Cardinal Mica Javier as Lupita Bermudez-Cardinal The Silverios Lito Pimentel as Don Menandro "Manding" Silverio Joyce Ann Burton as Madeleine Asuncion-Silverio Kylie Verzosa as Dulce Rodriguez / Dulce Silverio Others Pinky Amador as Pilar Perez Jeffrey Santos as Fausto Davide Perla Bautista as Marta Evangelista Jean Saburit as Señora Catalina Silverio-Pacheco / Catalina Rodriguez Jun Nayra as Reynante "Nante" Navarro Jeric Raval as Enrico Matias Ana Abad Santos as Teresita "Sita" Aguilar Jane Oineza as Gigi Octavio Isabel Rivas as Alba Santillan Efren Reyes as Robert "Bert" Esperanza Rosanna Roces as Irma Esperanza Guests Alvin Anson as Mr. Chan Teroy Guzman as Mr. Cuevas Alex Calleja as Danilo Luis Hontiveros as Jamil Muñoz Manuel Chua as Ernesto Toby Alejar as Eduardo Pacheco Isay Alvarez as Belen Navarro Sarah Jane Abad as Nina MM Gigante as France Cameo appearances Sammie Rimando Alex Diaz Special Participation Geoff Eigenmann as young Don Roman Cristine Reyes as young Soledad Roxanne Barcelo as young Alba Danita Paner as young Pilar Mara Lopez as young Sita Cindy Miranda as young Madeleine Katya Santos as young Irma Alex Medina as young Bert Angelo Ilagan as young Menandro Alex Castro as young Fausto Jerome Ponce as young Enrico Claire Ruiz as young Catalina Yesha Camile as young Isay Dante Rivero as Don Ismael Cardinal Broadcast Los Bastardos premiered on October 15, 2018. In 2020 it is being replayed on Jeepney TV. Casting Diego Loyzaga, who played Joaquin Cardinal/Santillan, left the series due to an alleged suicide attempt. He is replaced by Joseph Marco who will play Lorenzo Cuevas, the Cardinals' long-lost brother. Reception See also List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN List of ABS-CBN drama series List of programs broadcast by Jeepney TV References External links ABS-CBN drama series Philippine telenovelas Philippine romance television series Philippine crime television series Philippine action television series Philippine thriller television series Television shows based on books ABS-CBN television drama filmed in high definition 2018 Philippine television series debuts 2019 Philippine television series endings Filipino-language television shows Television shows set in the Philippines Television series set in 1984 Television series set in 1986 Television series set in 1988 Television series set in 1989 Television series set in the 1980s Television series set in the 1990s Television series set in 1990 Television series set in 1991 Television series set in 1993 Television series set in 1996

58458756

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Botham%20Jean

Murder of Botham Jean

On September 6, 2018, off-duty Dallas Police Department patrol officer Amber Guyger entered the Dallas, Texas, apartment of 26-year-old accountant Botham Jean and murdered him. Guyger said that she had entered the apartment believing it was her own and that she shot Jean believing he was a burglar. Local authorities did not arrest Guyger for three days and initially charged her with manslaughter rather than murder, leading to protests and accusations of racial bias, since Jean was black and unarmed and was killed in his home by a white off-duty officer who had apparently disregarded police protocols. However, two months later, her charge was upgraded to murder. On October 1, 2019, Guyger was found guilty of murder. The next day, she received a sentence of ten years in prison. Shooting Guyger's apartment was on the third floor, directly below Jean's apartment on the fourth floor, in an apartment building with mostly identical floor plans on each level. Guyger testified that she thought Jean's apartment was hers, that she found the door slightly ajar, that she thought Jeanwho was sitting in his darkened living room eating ice creamwas an intruder, and that she feared Jean would kill her. Jean was unarmed. After Guyger shot Jean, she called 9-1-1. Jean was taken to a nearby hospital, where he died from his wound. The Texas Rangers investigated the shooting, which led to Guyger's arrest three days later. Guyger was initially charged with manslaughter, but was later charged with murder. The initial charge of manslaughter and the racial aspect of the shooting resulted in protests in the following days. The Dallas Police Department placed Guyger on paid administrative leave after the shooting. The department fired her on September 24, 2018. Victim Botham Shem Jean, a 26-year-old black man, was a Harding University alumnus and an accountant for PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Jean was born in Saint Lucia. Following the shooting, an attorney representing Jean's family accused the Dallas Police Department of attempting to smear Jean's reputation by publicizing a police affidavit showing that police seized of marijuana from Jean's apartment. The lawyers also disputed the account of the incident that Guyger told officials, which was recorded in the arrest warrant affidavit, and asserted that two independent witnesses had come forward to give recollections that conflicted with Guyger's account. An attorney for Jean asserted that witnesses claimed they heard knocking on the door to Jean's apartment and that a witness claimed they heard a woman's voice saying "Let me in, let me in." Perpetrator Amber Renée Guyger (born August 9, 1988) was 30 years old at the time of the shooting. She had been on the Dallas police force for almost five years. Trial On November 30, 2018, Guyger was indicted on murder charges by a Dallas County grand jury. On September 22, 2019, the day before the trial began, Dallas County District Attorney John Creuzot took part in an interview regarding the trial in spite of a gag order issued by Judge Tammy Kemp in January of that year. After questioning jurors, who reported that they had not seen the interview or other media coverage of the trial, Kemp denied the defense's motion for a mistrial, and sequestered the jury. Manslaughter charges would have merely required proof of recklessness, while murder charges require proof that the defendant intended to kill. The prosecutors alleged criminal intent for two reasons: firstly, they said her arrival at the wrong apartment (on the wrong floor) was not caused by tiredness, but rather caused by the conversation she had immediately prior with her lover trying to arrange a meeting that night, and secondly that she did not follow standard police protocol of not entering a building with a potential burglar inside and instead calling for backup from the police station, which was only two blocks away. On October 1, 2019, Guyger was found guilty of murder. The jury deliberated for six hours to reach the verdict of murder. The jurors also considered the lesser charge of manslaughter. She was the first Dallas police officer to be convicted of murder since the 1973 murder of Santos Rodriguez. On October 2, 2019, Guyger was sentenced to 10 years in prison after the jury deliberated for an hour. During the sentencing hearing, Jean's mother Allison provided emotional testimony and some of Guyger's text messages and social media posts that were "racist and offensive" were shared. Jean's younger brother Brandt forgave and hugged Guyger during her sentencing. Jean's father Bertrum also stated that he forgave Guyger but had wanted a stiffer sentence. Trial judge Tammy Kemp, who is also African-American, drew controversy when she embraced Guyger and handed her a Bible, with the Freedom from Religion Foundation criticizing her for alleged proselytizing. On October 16, 2019, Guyger's attorneys filed a notice of appeal requesting a new trial. On August 7, 2020, Guyger's attorneys filed an appeal, alleging that insufficient evidence existed to convict her of murder. The appeal sought either an acquittal, or a reduction in charge to criminally negligent homicide with a new hearing for sentencing on the reduced charge. On August 5, 2021, the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas upheld Guyger's murder conviction, unanimously holding that the jury verdict was reasonable and Guyger's own testimony supported the murder charge. On November 17 of that year, the Fifth Court of Appeals again upheld her murder conviction using similar reasoning, stating that her defense that she had unknowingly entered the wrong apartment did not justify the lesser charge of criminally negligent homicide. She can now appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the court of last resort for criminal cases in the state. Guyger is currently imprisoned in the Mountain View Correctional Center. She will be eligible for release as early as September 2024, although her full sentence runs until September 2029. Controversies involving witnesses On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that a female witness—identified only as "Bunny"—had taken a video of Guyger's actions immediately after the shooting. The witness claimed to have been harassed and threatened by unidentified Internet trolls after providing the video to the Dallas County District Attorney's Office and later posting it on social media. On October 4, 2019, key prosecution witness and Jean's across-the-hall neighbor, Joshua Brown, was shot and killed in the parking lot of another apartment complex he had moved to, about from where Jean and Guyger had lived. Witnesses could not describe the shooter or shooters, only the vehicle they drove. On October 8, Dallas police announced that they had identified three suspects in Brown's killing and had arrested one of them, and that the suspects were engaged in a drug deal with Brown when he was shot. A search of Brown's apartment yielded of marijuana, of THC cartridges and $4,000 in cash; however, advocates questioned police claims that the three men had traveled from Alexandria, Louisiana, to purchase drugs from Brown, and an attorney representing Brown's family called for an independent investigation by another agency. Dallas Assistant Police Chief Avery Brown denied that Joshua Brown's death was related to Guyger's trial. A second suspect was arrested the next day, and on December 8, all three men were indicted on charges of capital murder, although one of them remained at large. Memorials On January 13, 2021, the Dallas City Council unanimously voted to rename approximately of South Lamar Street from Interstate 30 to South Central Expressway (S.M. Wright Freeway) as Botham Jean Boulevard. The street passes Jean's former apartment and Dallas police headquarters. See also List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, September 2018 Shooting of Atatiana Jefferson References 2018 controversies in the United States 2018 crimes in Texas 2018 deaths 2018 murders in the United States 2010s in Dallas 2018 in Texas Jean, Botham Dallas Police Department Murder in Dallas African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States September 2018 events in the United States Trials in the United States Murders by law enforcement officers in the United States

58648765

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Cottage%20Archaeological%20Site

Government Cottage Archaeological Site

Government Cottage Archaeological Site is the heritage-listed site of a cottage which served alternately as the base for the Colony of New South Wales' commandant of the Hawkesbury district, house of the district's magistrate and an "informal official residence" for the Governor of New South Wales when in the district. It is located at 41 George Street, Windsor, City of Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia. The original house was built from 1796 to 1815 and demolished 1920-21. It was also known as Commandant's House and Government House. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 February 2011. History Before any European settlement the Hawkesbury region was inhabited by the Dharug people. The riparian area along the Hawkesbury River had been a food source for the local Aboriginal people for over 50,000 years and, with relatively frequent floods that spread enriched alluvium throughout the surrounding land, the region was known to be an abundant and reliable resource for food. Following European settlement, the new colonists quickly recognised the agricultural potential of the banks of the Hawkesbury River. This led to intensive farming of the area to supply food to the developing colony that was experiencing severe shortages in the early years. However, following flooding in 1799, 1800, 1806 and 1809, life for the colonists farming the flats of the Hawkesbury River was a hard one, fraught with potential devastation with any inundation of the river. Following the opening of the Hawkesbury district for settlement, the road from Parramatta to Windsor was constructed in 1794. The farming area along the Hawkesbury River, including Green Hills (known as Windsor, from 1810) became the third urban satellite of the colony after Sydney and Parramatta. Windsor grew up as a military and service centre for the Hawkesbury flood-plain and was the location of the colony's richest agricultural land. The Commandant's Cottage, later the Government Cottage was one of a series of buildings constructed under the administration of Governor John Hunter between 1795 and 1800 for military and government purposes, including storehouses, and granaries and soldiers barracks. The location selected was sufficiently high to preclude danger of the building being affected by flood. It replaced a soldier's barracks constructed 1795 which Governor Hunter described in 1796 as a "miserable building". Its location would also enable a clear view of the area over which the Commandant had oversight. The Commandant's Cottage (later known as the Government Cottage) was under construction in 1796. David Collins described how in April of that year "a very excellent barrack was erecting for the use of the commandant, on a spot which had been selected sufficiently high to preclude any danger of the building being affected by a flood". Collins' use of "barrack" to describe the Commandant's House has encouraged confusion with the separate barracks for the soldiers, already in existence by 1796, described as a "miserable building" which was replaced after October 1796 with more substantial accommodation for the troops. The Commandant's House was completed after October 1796 and was described in 1800 in Governor Hunter's list of buildings constructed since 1796 as "a framed and weatherboard house on the Green Hills...for the residence of the commanding officer of that district". The roof was shingled and the building furnished with a cellar, skilling kitchen and other accommodation with a paling fence. The new Commandant's House sat high on a grassy hill facing the principal street to the east. The south side of the house had an extensive view over the river and the valley and beyond to the Blue Mountains. To the west Richmond was visible until . The new building was on a plot of crown land which was by 1795 surrounded by settlers' grants. From June 1795 military commandants were in charge of the Hawkesbury settlement. Commandant Edward Abbott moved in to the cottage when it was completed late in 1796 and subsequent Commandants, Neil McKellar, Anthony Fenn Kemp and Thomas Hobby also lived there. Two significant lawsuits were associated with the Commandant's House. One case brought by the ex-convict John Harris against Fenn Kemp, when the Revd Samuel Marsden brought the two parties together at the House in an unsuccessful attempt at conciliation in 1798: this was the first lawsuit brought by an ex-convict against the military and was a critical stage in the victory of civil law. The other case, in 1799, concerned the murder of two Aboriginal youths, where the accused, Constable Edward Powell, claimed as part of his alibi that he was too tired to be involved, having that day come from Sydney and then spent some time at the Commandant's House. The land on which the new building now stood marked the end of a row of a series of promises of grants made by 1794. The land was enclosed in 1795 when a promise of grant was made to James Whitehouse. In 1800 Governor King appointed Charles Grimes, deputy surveyor, to be the first resident Hawkesbury magistrate. Grimes also had responsibility for other civic duties previously conducted by the military administrators, including that of superintendent of public works at Hawkesbury and it is believed that he lived at least some of the time in the government cottage. It was around this time that residents were required to assemble to attend musters (a type of census) on the front grounds of the cottage Governor Bligh noted that in 1806 the roof and foundations of the house had decayed and had become untenantable. A year later he had repaired the building and added two new rooms. It has been presumed that the cottage was used for either governor's visits or the government administrators from 1807 until 1810. The Commandant's House was used by Governor Hunter on his many visits to the Hawkesbury. This continued under Governor King, whose familiarity with the area was evident in his far-reaching and long-lasting definition of the river settlements, now hemmed in by the new common lands proclaimed by King in 1804. King's proclamation of three districts at Hawkesbury moreover paved the way for Macquarie's later siting of the towns. Already in 1800 King had ended the period of military residence in the cottage. Instead the House was occupied by the first resident Hawkesbury magistrate. Charles Grimes was appointed in July 1800 with responsibility for civic duties previously conducted by the military, including the superintendence of public works. It was around this time that residents were required to assemble for musters, a type of census, in the grounds of the cottage. Lachlan Macquarie and his family arrived in Sydney in January 1810 to accept his commission as Governor of New South Wales. Macquarie's first year as governor was considered a success and set the tone and character for the twelve years of Macquarie's administration. He re-organised government departments and created a strong focus on the construction of quality public works using convict labour that transformed Sydney, Parramatta and the new townships and are still numerous in the twenty-first century. During Macquarie's first tour of the outlying districts in November and December 1810 Macquarie arrived at Green Hills and viewed the cottage for the first time. He recorded the following in relation to the cottage and surrounds in his journals. "At half past 5,O'Clock we arrived at the ferry on the left bank of the river and at 6 O'Clock landed in the Government Garden on the Green Hills and took possession of the Government House or, more properly speaking, Government Cottage; most beautifully situated on the summit of a very fine bank or terrace rising about fifty feet above the level of the river; of which, and the adjacent Country, there is a very fine view from this sweet delightful spot.....Mrs. M. and myself were quite delighted with the beauty of this part of the Country; its great fertility, and its Picturesque appearance; and especially with the well-chosen and remarkable fine scite [sic] and situation of the Government Cottage and Garden on the Green Hills. We dined soon after our arrival and after dinner our friend and family physician Doctor Redfern took his departure for Sydney. Macquarie used the cottage to celebrate with 21 guests the naming of the towns of Windsor, Richmond, Castlereagh, Pitt Town and Wilberforce on Thursday 6 December after he had confirmed their exact sites. This christening was marked by a drinking of a bumper to the success of each town after dinner. He also used it as the base for his expeditions to mark out the five towns. The town sites were marked out a little over a month after the naming of the towns. Castlereagh and Richmond were marked out on Thursday 10 January 1811 and Macquarie held a dinner at the Windsor house to celebrate. Wilberforce and Pitt-town were marked out the next day (Friday) and Windsor on Saturday 12 January. He would continue to use the cottage as his residence and place of business during visits to the Hawkesbury throughout his governorship and he frequently issued government orders from the cottage. Macquarie also employed a live-in housekeeper, Ann Blady, a successful ex-convict with her own 50-acre grant, who had retired from practising midwifery in the area in 1810. Ann and her constable husband, William Blady, exemplify the connection that the citizens of Hawkesbury from many walks of life had with the Government Cottage. For Macquarie, as for Grose, Hunter, King and Bligh before him, the cottage was an informal official residence in addition to Government House in Sydney (First Government House) and Old Government House in Parramatta. The cottage was again repaired and improved under Macquarie. The painting by George William Evans of around 1809 shows only a western verandah, on the river-side, whereas Philip Slaeger's drawing and etching of 1812 or 1813 shows a substantial new southern verandah and the end of a new eastern verandah. Neatly furnished with chairs and tables from the workshops of the lumber yard, the expanded cottage became a significant part of the Government Domain at Windsor. The stables were located on the southern boundary of the property, near to what became Thompson Square under Macquarie, opposite the Government Stores. The gates to the garden and domain were located opposite the two-storey Macquarie Arms Hotel. Governor Macquarie stated in his 1810–1822 report of building works during his administration of the colony that the cottage at Windsor had been repaired and much improved during his governorship. In addition a domain and garden consisting of six acres partly enclosed by a strong fence had been created, and a small coach house and stable erected for the use of the Governor and his staff. A report into improvements to, and the state of public buildings by Standish Harris during the year 1823 ordered by Governor Brisbane described the Government Cottage as being "on a small scale, situated on a rising ground, commanding a beautiful view from the rear of the Hawkesbury River. It is a desirable scite (sic) for a good public building were it not so near the town - yet from its contiguity to the banks of this fine river with the diversity of richness of its soil, it might be made an enviable residence either as a villa or a mansion." He noted a well, 3/4 constructed in stone sunk, rubbish removed, repair of brickwork and the addition of a room, the ceiling reformed in the dressing room, additional panes of glass the use of distemper paint in at least one room and the hall (the room was blue), the addition of 3 new doors, white washing of ceilings etc, oil painting of sashes and skirting boards, addition or new room of skirting boards, painting of architraves, mouldings, brick sewer added and works to the kitchen, including small oven. There is also mention of a small, badly contrived privy including sewer to river. The report also noted repairs to a garden house which appear to include a room and stables. Following Macquarie's departure the cottage was occupied by police magistrate Samuel North. It was granted to John McCall Junior by Crown Grant on 21 July 1854. It passed through several owners, including James Bourke until it was acquired by Michael Raper in April 1867. Raper retained the property until his death in 1911. The property was willed to his daughter Jane Wilkinson. In 1916 the Australian Historical Society urged the Windsor Council to take steps to preserve the building that was fast falling into decay. They noted that the weatherboards, doors, windows and fittings were of cedar and that two different types of bricks had been used the building. The bricks and mortar and the plastering were considered well preserved given the local climate. By this time the large tree that once stood next to the building had been removed due to a large tree limb falling onto the house during a windstorm. A plan from about this time notes a variety of materials used in the cottage, including lath and plaster walls, and brick nogging, plastered and weatherboard external walls. The cellar is not noted. Jane Wilkinson and her husband sold the property to the James Drury Burch in 1919. It has remained with members of the Burch family until the 2000s when it was inherited by Mrs Burch's sisters. The purchase of the property by James Burch appears to have been the impetus for the demolition of what remained of the old cottage to be replaced by the existing cottage in the 1920s. The new cottage was named Green Hills and retains this name. Small changes have taken place since this time including the addition and removal of a variety of gardens and the addition of fencing. At some point a garage was added to the property. In the 1970s several alterations took place. Additionally, a weatherboard coach house with skillion roof located on a boundary was removed. Little change has taken place in recent years. In 2010 the only visible physical reminder of the government cottage is the remainder of the panoramic view across the river recognised for its beauty by Macquarie and Harris and many of those who had the opportunity to gaze upon it. Art and the Government Cottage The government cottage has featured in the work of numerous artworks documenting the early development of Windsor. In particular it has been the apparent location for works depicting the opposite side of the riverbank. George Evans and (The Settlement of Green Hills) and -11. The Hawkesbury is well documented by Evans, also a notable artist, due primarily to him maintaining a property in the Hawkesbury district. An 1815 image looking across the river towards Cornwallis by Captain James Wallis was sketched with the help of a camera lucida from the grounds of the cottage. Philip Slaeger produced ' A View of a part of the Town of Windsor from across South Creek, in 1812 or 1813, with a fine detailed view of the cottage from the south-west. The famous flood panorama of 1816 by an unidentified artist was painted from the vicinity of the cottage. Joseph Lycett's 1824 "View of Windsor Upon the Hawkesbury from across South Creek", for the first time documented the various government buildings in the vicinity of the government cottage, although their distance in the image make individual buildings difficult to identify except on very close inspection. Government Houses in south-east Australia The term government house is generally associated in Australia with houses which were used officially as a governors or government representatives residences and places of work. These included larger sites such as Government House, Sydney and old Government House Parramatta, and smaller houses such as that located at East Maitland. In addition, the term also refers to the homes of the commanding officer of military detachments located at penal establishments or distant settlements of the commandant of penal establishments or distant establishments. There are seven penal establishments known to have had Government Houses - Newcastle, Sarah Island at Macquarie Harbour, Port Macquarie (Port Macquarie Government House Site), Moreton Bay (Queensland), Maria Island (Tasmania), Norfolk Island and Port Arthur, Tasmania. Most of the government Houses were established in the 1820s, the exception being Newcastle whose Government House was likely to be earlier, reflecting the site's earlier establishment. A government House was constructed at the settlement of Bathurst west of the Blue Mountains . Description The residential site is located on a ridge overlooking the Hawkesbury River and is located in an important position in relation to Thompson Square and the North Street precincts. It is part of the George Street North precinct, contributing to the character of the street. Set back from the curve of George Street, aspects of the once commanding view over the area are now limited by more recent building and the growth of trees, but are still evident. The most significant view is across the river towards Freemans Reach, including the bridge over the Hawkesbury River at Windsor, the oldest extant crossing of the Hawkesbury River and one of only two bridge crossings of the Hawkesbury River in the Hawkesbury area. Other views include down Arndell Street in an easterly direction overlooking part of the 1794 farm grants, the very beginning of the district, still legible in the landscape. The site is divided into two portions. The upper portion of the site is level and grassy with gardens and remnant gardens and a residence. Some areas of grass show signs of previous disturbance, although it is unclear whether these relate to the earlier building on the site or more recent garden works. A modern, tubular palisade fence creates a division between the level and sloped areas of the site. A single garage is located on the north east corner of the flat section of the site and accessed via an informal driveway. The front of the property is not fenced although a small retaining wall provides some assistance in maintaining the level character of the front portion of the site. The curve of George Street at this point still reflects the original bend in the road past the Government cottage before 1810. The single storey bungalow style house is located at the front of the site. It has rendered masonry walls and a corrugated iron roof. Decorative glass windows are evident. An open verandah is located on the southeast and south west sides of the house. An additional verandah on the north east side of the house has been infilled to create additional internal space. The rear of the site slopes steeply towards the river and contains a significant number of trees that have begun to encroach on the view. This bank alignment is recognisably the same as that shown in all the early nineteenth-century images before, during and immediately after Macquarie's governorship. A stone plinth with plaque is located at the front boundary of the property describing the sites history as the location of the former government cottage As at 14 January 2010, there has been no archaeological testing of the site and there has been no significant excavation for works such as pools or basement car parks. The existing building is smaller than the former cottage and its 1920s type and date of construction suggest that archaeological evidence of the previous building is likely to remain. The outbuilding was located on or near the existing driveway, a development which is unlikely to have disturbed any underground deposits. The original basement/cellar is thought likely to have been filled in, possibly with materials from the old cottage and, therefore, potentially in situ. Archaeological deposits have been preserved under more modern buildings in the area generally and therefore it is considered highly possible that archaeological evidence survives despite no formal archaeological assessment. Modifications and dates 1806-07 - roof and floor repaired and two rooms added by Bligh -1815 - repairs and improvements made to the cottage -21 - building demolished early 1920s - existing building constructed on site Heritage listing The site and its views have outstanding state significance as evidence of the earliest development of the Hawkesbury district, its initial role as the Commandant's cottage quickly establishing its symbolism as an important representation of the presence of government and military control in the district. The high potential of existing archaeological features and deposits in a site where key elements in shaping the development of the district have converged - the arrival of the man who shaped the development of the district (Macquarie), the presence of the cottage on a site which captured Macquarie's aesthetic interest and the role of the cottage in trips to name and mark out the five Macquarie Towns - creating a landmark site in the historical development of the site representative of the birth of the Hawkesbury district as it is understood today. It is likely to be the site of one of the earliest Government Cottages constructed outside the Sydney colony. Government Cottage Archaeological Site was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 February 2011 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The site has state significance as the base for Governor Macquarie's travels and activities in and around the Hawkesbury District, in particular while he marked out the sites of the five Macquarie towns, Windsor, Richmond, Wilberforce, Castlereagh and Pitt Town. It has state significance as the location of one of the earliest government buildings established at Windsor as well as one of a series of buildings constructed to house members of the military establishment in the locality. The location has particular significance as a physical representation of the civil control established at the Hawkesbury settlement between 1795–1796 and and thus, the centre of government for the settlement. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The site has particular associations as the location of an early building in the colony outside Sydney constructed as part of the military establishment at Green Hills (later Windsor) under the administration of Governor Hunter 1796. It is closely associated with all the later eighteenth-century military administrators of the Hawkesbury, Commandants Abbott, McKellar, Fenn Kemp and Hobby, and with the governors Hunter, King, Bligh and, especially, Macquarie. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The site has state significance for its views from the ridge above the Hawkesbury River to the river and the floodplains beyond in the direction of Cornwallis and Freeman's Reach, notable as early as 1810. The views provide a context for understanding of the site of the cottage as the commandant's house, located in a commanding position for surveillance of the infant third settlement, and the responses it provoked in visitors regarding its beauty. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The surviving archaeological deposits and features have state significance as evidence of one of the earliest eighteenth-century buildings in the colony outside of Sydney, and one of the first permanent public buildings constructed at the third Sydney settlement, Windsor. The remains have the potential to demonstrate the manner in which the building was added to and adapted to suit its changing roles The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The archaeological site is likely to include elements of one of the earliest government cottages constructed outside of Sydney in the colony and one of a few whose main purpose for construction was not to house a Commandant in charge of overseeing convicts specifically. See also References Bibliography Attribution New South Wales State Heritage Register Windsor, New South Wales Houses in New South Wales Archaeological sites in New South Wales Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

58672639

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20United%20States%20history%20%282010%E2%80%93present%29

Timeline of United States history (2010–present)

This section of the Timeline of United States history includes major events from 2010 to the present. 2010s Presidency of Barack Obama 2010 – Instagram founded 2010 – The Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico explodes, spilling millions of gallons of oil into the sea. The spill becomes the worst oil spill in American history. 2010 – In the 2010 Midterm elections, the Republicans retake the House of Representatives as the Democrats lose 63 seats. 2011 – U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords is severely wounded in an assassination attempt when a gunman went on a shooting spree, killing federal judge John Roll and five other people, and wounding at least 13 others, at an event Giffords was hosting in suburban Tucson, Arizona 2011 – The ATF gunwalking scandal emerged, wherein thousands of guns were allowed to "walk" through interdiction to Mexico, supposedly to aid in the capture of criminals. 2011 – A series of tornadoes cause heavy damage in the South, Alabama being the hardest hit. 324 people are killed in the deadliest American natural disaster since Hurricane Katrina. 2011 – Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda and mastermind of the September 11 attacks, is killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs. 2011 – Flooding devastates the Mississippi River valley causing $2 to $4 billion in damage. 2011 – A tornado devastates Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 and injuring over 1,000, making it the deadliest single U.S. tornado since the advent of modern weather forecasting 2011 – Casey Marie Anthony is acquitted of all charges related to her death of her daughter, Caylee; she was convicted of four counts of providing false information to a law enforcement officer. She was released a week later because of credit for time served. 2011 – STS-135: The Space Shuttle Atlantis touches down at the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, ending the 30-year shuttle program, which began with the launch of Space Shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981. 2012 – A gunman kills 12 and injures 70 at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado. 2012 – U.S. presidential election, 2012: Barack Obama reelected president, Joe Biden reelected vice president. 2012 – A gunman kills 26, including 20 children, at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. 2012 – Hurricane Sandy strikes the Eastern Seaboard. 2013 – President Obama and Vice President Biden begin their second terms. 2013 – Christopher Dorner murders three people in Southern California, starting the largest manhunt in Los Angeles history. His spree ends in Big Bear Lake, California where he barricades himself in a cabin, kills a second officer, before committing suicide. 2013 – Edward Snowden leaks highly classified documents from the National Security Agency. 2013 – Terrorists attack the Boston Marathon by detonating two bombs at the finishing line of the race, killing three and injuring 283 runners and spectators. Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev then led Boston police on a high-speed chase, killing one officer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tamerlan was killed in a shootout with police and Dzhokhar was detained the day after. 2013 – A tornado devastates suburbs near Oklahoma City, killing 24. 2013 – The most destructive wildfire in Colorado history burns nearly 16,000 acres and kills two people. 2013 – The Supreme Court strikes down the Defense of Marriage Act, which banned the federal recognition of same-sex marriages and refused to recognize the legal standing of proponents of Proposition 8, which resulted in the re-legalization of same-sex marriage in California. 2013 – Black Lives Matter emerges as a political movement, protesting against what it sees as widespread racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system. 2014 – A grand jury decides not to charge Officer Darren Wilson in the shooting death of Michael Brown inciting protests and riots against racism and police brutality in the St. Louis area Causing riot. 2014 – The Republicans win the Senate in the Midterm elections. 2015 – Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is convicted and sentenced to death for committing the Boston Marathon bombing. 2015 – Dylann Roof kills 9 people during a Bible study at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. 2015 – Same-sex marriage is legalized in all 50 US states. 2015 – Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik carried out an attack at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California, killing 14 and seriously injuring 22 others. 2016 – Omar Mateen kills 49 people and injures 58 members of the LGBT community at the Pulse nightclub 2016 – U.S. presidential election, 2016: Donald Trump elected president, Mike Pence elected vice president 2016 – 36 people are killed in the Oakland Warehouse Fire 2017 – Fort Lauderdale airport shooting. Presidency of Donald Trump 2017 – Donald Trump becomes the 45th president, Mike Pence becomes Vice President. Trump is the first person without prior military or government service to hold the office. 2017 – Trump fires FBI director James Comey, precipitating the Mueller investigation. 2017 – Relations between the U.S. and the U.N. and North Korea strain after the country tested missiles in various places. April 2017 – The United States drops missiles and bombs on Syria. 2017 – A white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia leads to three deaths and to the discussion about racism in modern American society. The term alt-right receives renewed popular consciousness. 2017 – Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in the United States, flooding broad swaths of Texas and Louisiana and causing tens of billions of dollars of damage, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history. 2017 – Hurricane Irma makes landfall in Florida and causes tens of billions of dollars of damage. Irma also wrecks the Caribbean Islands. 2017 – Hurricane Maria made landfall on Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane, killing hundreds and knocking out the island's power. October 1, 2017 – A gunman opens fire at a Las Vegas Strip concert, killing 60 people and injuring 867. This was the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history. November 5, 2017 – A gunman kills 26 people and wounds 22 others at a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, before killing himself. This was the deadliest mass shooting in Texas history and the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history. 2017 – Film producer Harvey Weinstein is accused of sexual harassment in a New York Times expose, marking the beginning of the Me Too movement. February 14, 2018 – A gunman kills 17 people and injures 17 at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. 2018 – Donald Trump meets with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un in Singapore. 2018 – The entire West Virginia Supreme court of Appeals is impeached. 2018 – In the 2018 United States elections, the Democrats retake the House while the Republicans keep the Senate. 2018 – Creator of SpongeBob SquarePants Stephen Hillenburg and Creative leader of Marvel Comics Stan Lee both die in November. November 30, 2018 – Former U.S. President George H. W. Bush dies from complications resulting from Parkinson's disease. He lies in the state at the U.S. Capitol building before being interred. 2019 – All the works published in 1923 except for sound recordings (2022 scheduled events) enter the public domain in the United States. January 1, 2019 – Washington state bans all persons under 21 years of age from purchasing a semi-automatic rifle January 25, 2019 – The longest government shutdown in American history (December 22, 2018 -January 25, 2019), or 35 days, officially ends. January 30, 2019 – Large portions of the United States are hit with a polar vortex. The city of Chicago once again hit a record low: 27 degrees below zero. It occurred for fifty-two straight hours. February 1, 2019 – President Donald Trump confirms that the U.S. will leave the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty. 2019 – Mexican drug boss/lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán is found guilty on all ten counts at a drug-trafficking trial in New York. February 22, 2019 – Singer R. Kelly charged with ten counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse for incidents dating back as far as the year 1998. February 27, 2019 – 2019 North Korea – United States Hanoi Summit held in Vietnam. It is the second summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. March 26, 2019 – Vice President Mike Pence orders NASA to fly Americans to the Moon within the next five years, using either government or private carriers. 2019 – Supreme Court case Bucklew V. Precythe the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 that inmates on death row are not guaranteed "painless executions" under the Constitution April 4, 2019 – The 1973 War Powers Act Resolution is invoked for the first time when the House of Representatives votes 247–175 to end U.S. military assistance in Saudi Arabia in its intervention in the Yemeni Civil War. April 2019 – The first image of a black hole is taken. April 2019 – James Earl Carter Jr. becomes the longest ever living U.S. president at 94 years old, following the death of George H. W. Bush in December 2018. April 22, 2019 – Avengers Endgame is released, going on to become the highest-grossing movie of all time. April 27, 2019 – A gunman kills one and injures three in a California Synagogue. The suspect is white supremacist John Timothy Earnest, who was 19 years old at the time. May 31, 2019 – A city employee for Virginia Beach entered a municipal building with a gun and kills 12 people. June 8, 2019 – President Trump reached an agreement with Mexico to avoid tariffs. June 9, 2019 – A construction crane fell on an apartment complex in Dallas, killing 1 person and injuring 6. June 14, 2019 – One person died and two more were injured after a gunman entered a Costco in Southern California. July 26, 2019 – The Supreme Court ruled to give President Trump $2.5 billion to fund his wall. The court ruled in a 5–4 vote. August 3, 2019 – 23 people are killed and another 23 are injured in a mass shooting at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. August 4, 2019 – A gunman opened fire on a bar in Dayton, Ohio. He killed nine people and injured another 27. August 10, 2019 – Financier and convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein is found dead in his prison cell under mysterious circumstances. It was declared a suicide by hanging, although the ruling is widely disputed. August 12, 2019 – An anonymous whistleblower filed a complaint against Donald Trump and Rudy Giuliani, claiming that the two sought foreign intervention in the 2020 presidential election. This complaint would lead to an investigation into the Trump-Ukraine scandal. September 24, 2019 – Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announces the House of Representatives would begin an impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. December 18, 2019 – The U.S. House of Representatives impeaches President Trump for high crimes and misdemeanors. 2020s January 21, 2020 – The first patient in the United States is diagnosed with coronavirus. January 26, 2020 – Kobe Bryant, along with his daughter and 7 others, perished in a helicopter crash. February 5, 2020 – The majority of the United States Senate voted to acquit Donald Trump of charges related to the Trump-Ukraine scandal. February 26, 2020 – 6 people are killed in a mass shooting in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before the perpetrator killed himself. March 11, 2020 – The World Health Organization officially declares COVID-19 a global pandemic. May 25, 2020 – George Floyd, an African-American man living in Minneapolis, was murdered during an arrest. Subsequently, nationwide protests and riots ensued.* August 28,2020 - Actor Chadwick Boseman pass away from Colon Cancer. 2020 Derek Chauvin(the murderer of George Floyd) trial reached a verdict that he is in prison for life After Gorge Floyds death October 2, 2020 – President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump are diagnosed with COVID-19. The former is taken to Walter Reed hospital. November 7, 2020 – U.S. presidential election, 2020: Four days after election day, former Vice President Joe Biden is elected the 46th president, defeating Donald Trump. Biden's running mate, Kamala Harris, is elected the 49th vice president, becoming the first woman to hold that office. December 14, 2020 – The first shots of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine are given out. January 6, 2021 – Trump-supporting rioters storm the United States Capitol, forcing Congress to evacuate and interrupting the Electoral College vote count that certified Joe Biden's victory. January 13, 2021 – Trump becomes the only president to be impeached for a second time. Ten Republicans joined Democrats in voting to impeach Trump. Presidency of Joe Biden January 20, 2021 – Joe Biden becomes the 46th president and Kamala Harris vice president. Harris is the first woman to hold a national elective office. February 13, 2021 – Donald Trump is acquitted by the Senate in his second impeachment trial. Seven Republicans joined Democrats in voting to convict Trump. March 16, 2021 – A spa shooting in Atlanta leaves 8 dead; 6 of the victims were of Asian descent. March 22, 2021 – Ten people are killed in a mass shooting at a King Soopers location in Boulder, Colorado. This is the second mass shooting with at least 8 dead in a week. April, 2021 - Arizona's Maricopa County, began audit of the 2016 Presidential election ballots. June 24, 2021 — A condominium in Miami collapses. See also History of the United States (1991–2008) History of the United States (2008–present) References 2010 United States

58698070

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Kirschner

Glenn Kirschner

Glenn L. Kirschner (born January 2, 1961) is an American attorney and former U.S. Army prosecutor who is an NBC News/MSNBC legal analyst. Education Glenn Louis Kirschner was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1961, and raised in New Jersey. He graduated from New Jersey's Point Pleasant Borough High School in 1979, where he wrestled and played football, and earned a U.S. Army Student Achievement Award. He attended Washington and Lee University, where he studied journalism. While at Washington and Lee, he was awarded an Army ROTC scholarship and joined the Virginia Beta chapter of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He played for the Washington and Lee Generals football team as a center on the offensive line for four seasons and was elected by his teammates as one of three team captains for his senior year. Kirschner earned Old Dominion Athletic Conference all-conference honors his sophomore, junior and senior years and was named a first-team Kodak All-American college football player his senior year. He was inducted into Washington and Lee University's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2009. Upon graduating from college in 1984, Kirschner obtained an educational deferment of his military service to attend law school. While attending New England Law Boston he earned two American Jurisprudence awards (in trial practice and wills, estates and trusts) and was designated a Board of Trustees Scholar after his second year. He received his J.D. degree cum laude in 1987 and entered active duty with the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps in January 1988. Career Upon entering active duty as an Army JAG, Kirschner served his first tour at Fort Richardson (Alaska), serving as an Army prosecutor. In that capacity he investigated and prosecuted court-martial cases and served as legal advisor to the post's many commanding officers. After three years in that assignment, Kirschner was transferred to the U.S. Army's Legal Services Agency in Falls Church, Virginia, where he served as a government appellate attorney handling criminal appeals of court-martial convictions. In that assignment, Kirschner handled espionage and death penalty cases among others. After more than six years active duty service, Kirschner was honorably discharged from the Army. In June 1994 he joined the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia office as a federal prosecutor/Assistant U.S. Attorney. After a few early rotational assignments, Kirschner joined the US Attorney Office (USAO) Homicide Section led at the time by Robert Mueller. Kirschner spent 24 years at the DC USAO, prosecuting lengthy RICO trials in DC Federal Court and murder/conspiracy/obstruction of justice cases in DC Superior Court. Kirschner prosecuted more than 50 murder trials, served as Deputy Chief of the Homicide Section for four years, and was Chief of the Homicide Section from 2004 to 2010. He retired from the US Attorney's office on June 1, 2018. Kirschner received the Harold J. Sullivan Award for Fairness, Ethics and Trial Excellence in 2017 and the John F. Evans Award for Trial Excellence in 2001, both from the Assistant U.S. Attorney's Association; the John F. Evans Award for Trial Excellence, the Chief of Police Medal of Honor in 2009 and 2010 from the Washington DC Metropolitan Police Department, and was inducted as a fellow into the American College of Trial Lawyers in 2018. Notable cases include: U.S. v. London Ford - A landmark gang case involving the District of Columbia's first urban warfare theory of homicide liability. U.S. v. Andre Burno - Motivated by a desire to steal a police officer's Glock firearm, the defendant ambushed an on-duty police officer, shooting him in the neck. The case/defendant is the subject of an Emmy-Award-winning HBO documentary titled, “Thug Life in DC.” U.S v. Jose Rodriguez-Cruz - In 2009, EPA employee Pam Butler disappeared. In 2016, the cold case was revived, and enough evidence was developed to charge Ms. Butler's boyfriend with her murder. Although Ms. Butler's body was never found, the defendant pleaded guilty in 2017. The case is the subject of a Dateline NBC documentary set to air in November 2018. U.S. v. Albrecht Muth - A controversial case involving a highly skilled conman in elite DC political circles who murdered his elderly, socialite wife. Kirschner tried the defendant in absentia from his hospital bed after he had starved himself into physical incapacitation. The case is the subject of a major motion picture directed by and starring Christoph Waltz titled, "Georgetown" and released in April 2019. Film portrayal In the 2019 film Georgetown, directed by Christoph Waltz, Kirschner is portrayed by Paulino Nunes in his role as the prosecutor in the Albrecht Muth case. Described by the website ComingSoon.net, Georgetown "is inspired by the true story of Albrecht Muth, who was convicted in 2011 for murdering his much older socialite wife in Washington, D.C. Based on one of the city's most sensational scandals of recent times, the film will tell the story of an unconventional love affair, an outsider striving for acceptance and the desperate struggle for significance on every level.” Media commentary For developments with the Special Counsel investigation (2017–present), Kirschner has provided legal commentary on national news media programs such as MSNBC’ s Morning Joe, MSNBC Live and Hardball with Chris Matthews, CNN's The Lead with Jake Tapper and The Stephanie Miller Show. In mid-September 2020, Kirschner argued that grand juries should be convened and President Donald Trump charged with manslaughter or murder for deaths due to his mishandling of the COVID pandemic, References External links Glenn Kirschner YouTube channel Justice Matters podcast on Stitcher American jurists American prosecutors MSNBC people Washington and Lee University alumni New England Law Boston alumni People from Point Pleasant, New Jersey Point Pleasant Borough High School alumni Living people 1961 births

58787542

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch%20Polytechnic%20College%20massacre

Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

The Kerch Polytechnic College massacre was a school shooting and bomb attack that occurred in Kerch, Crimea, on 17 October 2018. 18-year-old student Vladislav Roslyakov shot and killed 21 people and wounded 70 others before committing suicide. It was the deadliest school attack in the former Soviet Union since the 2004 Beslan school siege. Attack Vladislav Roslyakov purchased a shotgun on 8 September and bought 150 rounds legally at a gun shop on 13 October. He entered the grounds of Kerch Polytechnic College on 17 October at about 11:45 a.m. and shortly after began shooting. A survivor of the incident said that the shooting lasted for more than 15 minutes. Several witnesses described a lone gunman walking up and down the halls at Kerch Polytechnic College and firing randomly at classmates and teachers. He also fired at computer monitors, locked doors and fire extinguishers. A large nail-bomb was detonated during the attack, and local police said that they deactivated more explosives on the campus. However, there was initially variation in survivors' accounts of the incident, with some claiming that a large bomb exploded and others describing only gunfire and the use of grenades. The town website claimed that the explosion occurred on the first floor although the shooting occurred on the second. CNN reported that state television channel Russia-24 said that 200 military personnel had been sent to the location. Eyewitness accounts differ about the time it took for law enforcement to respond, as times differ between 10 and 15 minutes, even though a police station is across the street, within 300 meters (approx. 990 feet) of the college. The massacre ended when the gunman committed suicide in the college's library.Graphic video footage of the attack was captured by school surveillance cameras and later posted on both the news programme Vesti.Krym's YouTube channel and on its website. This footage was later removed from both sites shortly afterwards. Victims Russia's National Anti-Terrorism Committee said that most of the victims were teenagers. Fifteen students and five teachers died and according to the Investigative Committee, all died of gunshot wounds. The Kerch Deputy Mayor, Dilyaver Melgaziyev, initially clarified rumors on 18 October that six of the deceased were under the age of 18. This figure was later revised to eleven. Crimean authorities have published a list of the initial 20 victims who were killed. The Russian Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova told reporters that a total of 70 people were wounded, 10 of whom were described as being in a "critical" condition, including five in comas. Crimean State Council speaker Vladimir Konstantinov announced that the victims' families would receive financial compensation, with preliminary discussions suggesting that the payments would be 1 million rubles (USD ) from the Russian federal budget and 1 million rubles from the local budget. Perpetrator The attack was perpetrated by a fourth-year student of the college, 18-year-old Vladislav Igorevich Roslyakov (). When Roslyakov was around ten years old, his parents broke up when his father sustained a severe head injury, after which he became disabled and aggressive towards Roslyakov, his mother and other relatives. Roslyakov studied at a local school with no interest and poor grades. He had few friends and his hobbies included weapons and video games. In 2015 he joined the college to study to become an electrician. In college he developed an interest in explosives and weapons and started to take a knife bayonet to class. One day he discharged pepper spray in a class and failed to explain his actions. His mother belonged to the local Jehovah's Witnesses, who limited his social activity, searched his pockets and refused to allow him to go to the cinema or use a computer, only allowing the latter when he turned 16. In the days before the attack he stated that he did not believe in the afterlife. On the eve of the attack, according to neighbours, Roslyakov burned a Bible in which he had highlighted verses. A friend has claimed that Roslyakov "hated the polytechnic very much" and had vowed revenge on his teachers. There were also reports that he may have been bullied. According to an ex-girlfriend, Roslyakov had informed her he had lost faith in people when his classmates started to ridicule him for being different. In the days before the attack he discussed ignorance by others, the lack of purpose in his life, mass shootings and suicide on social media. Roslyakov was in a number of online communities dedicated to serial killers. Surveillance footage of the incident shows Roslyakov wearing black trousers and a white T-shirt emblazoned with the Russian word "НЕНАВИСТЬ" (hatred) as he carries an eight-shot 12 gauge Hatsan Escort Aimguard pump-action shotgun with a pistol grip. His clothing resembled that of Eric Harris, one of the perpetrators of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, leading to speculation that the massacre was a copycat crime. According to some Russian tabloids, he had been a member of various Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold fanclubs on social networks, and had informed friends of his belief that "it would be good to have a massacre", specifically referencing Columbine High School massacre as an example. Furthermore, he had mentioned his belief in the two perpetrators being "awesome." Like perpetrator Eric Harris, Roslyakov committed suicide in the library of the college, by shooting himself with his shotgun. Investigation Russia's Investigative Committee initially classified the attack as terrorism but later changed it to mass murder. After the first reports of an alleged terrorist attack in Kerch, many Russian politicians and mass media suggested that the events were the activities of "Ukrainian saboteurs" and that the Ukrainian government was responsible, but changed their views after more information emerged, while others questioned whether Roslyakov was sufficiently checked before being allowed to purchase a gun and ammunition, which Roslyakov legally did. In the days immediately following the massacre, investigators researched Roslyakov's background in attempts to establish his precise motive. These investigators also revealed that, ultimately, they were treating the incident as a calculated school shooting. Officials are investigating concerns in the case, such as where Roslyakov got the 30,000–40,000 rubles (about $450–600 USD) for the weapon, and where he learned to use those weapons. It was discovered Roslyakov obtained a weapon permit in 2018 and owned the gun legally, after completing a legally required training on weapon security and presenting all required documents, including medical report. He periodically attended a shooting club. Shortly before the shooting he legally purchased 150 rounds of ammunition. The Investigative Committee ordered a psychiatric evaluation of Roslyakov postmortem. Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov stated on 18 October that it was possible the perpetrator had an accomplice, and police were searching for the individual "who was coaching" Roslyakov for the crime. However, on 9 November 2018, the Investigative Committee came to the conclusion that Roslyakov had acted alone. Reactions Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov announced that there would be three days of mourning. Crimean State Council speaker Vladimir Konstantinov said that it was impossible to conceive that 18-year-old suspect Vladislav Roslyakov had prepared the attack by himself saying "On the ground, he acted alone, that is already known and established, but in my opinion and in the opinion of my colleagues this reprobate could not have carried out the preparations." Sergei Mikhailovich Smirnov, deputy head of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), said the security services needed to have greater control over the Internet. Russian President Vladimir Putin said at the Valdai Discussion Club in Sochi that the attack appeared to be the result of globalisation, social media and the internet, and that "everything started with the tragic events in schools in the US...we're not creating healthy (Internet) content for young people...which leads to tragedies of this kind." Some saw the remarks to be a part of Russians blaming the West for the attack and a linkage with his past as head of the Kremlin and FSB before becoming president which The Irish Times said are "suspicious of the internet and social media, seeing them as western-dominated technologies that can be used to stir up dissent and street protests." Russian political analyst Sergey Mikheyev on Russian state TV blamed the attack on "Western subculture," claiming that it "builds its matrix on the cult of violence...the one who has a weapon in his hands is right. This is a purely American approach to the matter." Some media saw the remarks to be a part of Russians blaming the West for the attack. Leaders of several countries expressed their condolences to the victims of the attack, including Armenia, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Thailand, the UK, and Venezuela. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko expressed condolences to the victims, whom he described as Ukrainian citizens, stating that the Prosecutor General's Office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea had initiated criminal proceedings under the article "act of terrorism". The Secretary General of the Council of Europe Thorbjørn Jagland and Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres also expressed condolences. Some newspapers described the attack as "Russia's Columbine", a reference to the 1999 US high school massacre. Steven Rosenberg said the attack should not be surprising as he noted there had already been five attacks in schools in Russia in 2018 where a number of children were injured. A Telegraph article also claimed there had been half a dozen school attacks in Russia in 2018, although claiming the previous incidents involved knives and traumatic pistols rather than high-powered firearms. Aftermath Students returned to studies 23 October, with checkpoints at the entrances at which the students' identities are confirmed. A spokesperson for the Rostov Region Directorate of the Russian Emergency Ministry, told reporters: "An examination has been carried out. According to the preliminary information, there is no danger of [the building's] collapse." Copycat incidents On 28 May 2019, a student in Volsk, Saratov Region, Russia committed an attack with an axe and Molotov Cocktails (which he did not use), which left a girl seriously wounded. The attacker, 15-year-old Daniil Pulkin, was obsessed with Roslyakov. In August 2020, the minor was sentenced to seven years in prison in a juvenile hall. Memorials Throughout Russia and other countries, hundreds of people gathered for memorials for the victims. In Moscow the memorial of Kerch in the Alexander Garden was decorated with flowers. A makeshift memorial was created outside of the school, for residents and survivors to bring flowers and toys. An open memorial and funeral for the victims was held in the central square of Kerch, with a speech by Sergey Aksyonov, who told the crowd; "We don't want to talk, we want to weep. The history of Crimea will be divided in two — before and after 17 October. We need to be strong we need to be brave." Around 20,000 people were estimated to have attended the public funeral in Kerch. See also Kazan school shooting Perm State University shooting Columbine High School massacre Virginia Tech shooting List of massacres in Russia List of massacres in Ukraine List of school shootings List of mass shootings in Russia Notes References 2018 mass shootings in Europe Massacres in 2018 21st-century mass murder in Russia 2018 crimes in Russia 2018 crimes in Ukraine 2018 murders in Europe Filmed killings History of Crimea Building bombings in Russia Kerch Mass murder in 2018 Mass shootings in Russia Mass shootings in Ukraine Massacres in Russia Massacres in Ukraine Murder–suicides in Europe October 2018 crimes in Europe October 2018 events in Russia School bombings School killings in Russia School massacres University and college shootings 2018 mass shootings Building bombings in Europe School shootings in Europe School shootings in Russia School shootings committed by adults

58862078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhound%20mysteries

Bloodhound mysteries

The Bloodhound was an imprint of Duell, Sloan & Pearce for the publishing of its suspense, crime, and detective fiction novels. In the same manner as other publishers of mystery novels such as Doubleday's The Crime Club, J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Main Line Mysteries, Simon and Schuster's Inner Sanctum, and William Morrow & Co.'s Morrow Mysteries, Duell, Sloan & Pearce adopted the Bloodhound as a branding device to mark their house style and make future releases readily identifiable to readers. The imprint had its distinctive colophon of a Bloodhound medallion, stamped on each book's spine and title page. The Bloodhound imprint began in March of 1940 with the publication of The So Blue Marble, by Dorothy B. Hughes, and ceased publication in August of 1952 with the release of The Davidian Report, also by Hughes. In the intervening 13 years, The Bloodhound Imprint published approximately 112 titles by 34 writers. Scope and character Duell published an average of nine books per year under their Bloodhound Mysteries imprint. These included a variety of detective fiction sub-genres including suspense & psychological thrillers, locked room mysteries, police procedurals and hardboiled detective stories. The Bloodhound imprint published new works by respected crime novelists in their prime, such as Elizabeth Sanxay Holding, Anthony Boucher, and Lawrence Blochman. Yet the editors and reviewers at Duell, lead by Marie Rodell also specialised in detecting the talent in younger, unproven writers. The most notable example of this is Dorothy B. Hughes, who had only published two volumes of poetry before her first novel The So Blue Marble, launched both her career as a novelist and the Bloodhound imprint itself. Further examples include Lenore Glen Offord, Lewis Padgett, Veronica Parker Johns, and Sam Fuller, whose first crime novel, The Dark Page, was published by Duell in 1944 while he was still a corporal serving in the U.S. Army. The number of female mystery writers who prospered at Duell is also noteworthy. While female authors accounted for only slightly more than one third of the total writers published at Duell under the Bloodhound imprint, their collective critical and commercial success and the additional novels that brought forth ultimately accounted for 48 percent of the books published under the Bloodhound label (excluding anthologies). While The Bloodhound Mysteries imprint had remained at the vanguard of publishing original work by American mystery authors all throughout the 1940s, beginning in 1949 this decreased dramatically as Duell began instead acting as the U.S. publisher for recent works by well known British crime writers, including John Creasey (writing as Anthony Morton), James Hadley Chase, and Nicholas Bentley. The final year of the Bloodhound imprint saw only three titles published. In 1951 a partnership was struck between Duell and Little, Brown and Company of Boston, to handle the manufacturing, and promotion of all Duell, Sloan and Pearce titles. Thus the final releases have 'Duell Sloan & Pearce / Little, Brown' added to the Bloodhound Colophon. Regional murder Series Beginning in 1944, Bloodhound Mysteries published New York Murders, the first in its regional murder anthology series. Each volume highlighted a series of true crime stories related to a specific American City, told by a selection of well known mystery writers familiar with the region. The regional murder series concluded with Vol 9 in 1948. Vol. 1 New York Murders (1944) Ted Collins, Editor Vol. 2 Chicago Murders (1945) Sewell Peaslee Wright, Editor Vol. 3 Denver Murders (1946) Lee Casey, Editor. Vol. 4 San Francisco Murders (1947) Joseph Henry Jackson, Editor. Vol. 5 Los Angeles Murders (1947) Craig Rice, Editor Vol. 6 Cleveland Murders (1947) Oliver Weld Bayer (Eleanor Bayer & Leo Bayer), Editor Vol. 7 Charleston Murders (1947) Beatrice St. J. Ravenel, Editor Vol. 8 Detroit Murders (1948) Alvin C. Hamer, Editor Vol. 9 Boston Murders (1948) John N. Markis, Editor. The project was spearheaded by Marie Rodell who received a special Edgar Award in 1949 acknowledging her work on the series as supervising editor. Notable authors Stephan Bandolier (Nathaniel Weyl) Nicholas Bentley Lawrence Blochman Francis Bonnamy (Audrey Boyers Walz) Allan R. Bosworth Allison Burks James Hadley Chase Lucy Cores Ferguson Findley (Charles Weiser Frey) Sam Fuller John Gearon (John Flagg) Eaton K. Goldthwaite Robin Grey (Elizabeth Gresham) James Gunn H. H. Holmes (Anthony Boucher) Dorothy B. Hughes Kathleen Moore Knight (as Alan Amos) Thorne Lee (Thornton Shiveley) Manning Long Floyd Mahannah Anthony Morton (John Creasey) Jeannette Covert Nolan William O'Farrell Lenore Glen Offord Lewis Padgett (Henry Kuttner and C.L. Moore) Herman Petersen Elisabeth Sanxay Holding Muriel Stafford Robert Terrall Lawrence Treat See also Bloodhound Mystery Detective fiction References Book publishing company imprints Literary genres

58896646

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum%20%282018%20film%29

Possum (2018 film)

Possum is a 2018 British psychological horror film written and directed by Matthew Holness in his feature film debut, starring Sean Harris and Alun Armstrong. It centres on a disgraced children's puppeteer who returns to his childhood home and is forced to confront the abuse and trauma he suffered there. Possum is an adaption of Holness' short story of the same name, published in the horror anthology The New Uncanny: Tales of Unease, and partially inspired by the theories on the uncanny by Sigmund Freud. Holness soon forgot about the idea of adapting the story until he had begun working on developing a possible horror film. As a fan of the horror genre, Holness stated he much preferred horror films that resonate with the audience and force them to reflect on the experience afterward. Possums visual style was inspired by public information films Holness saw in his youth. Other inspirations include Dead of Night (1945), George Romero's Martin (1978), and German Expressionist films. Filming began in Norfolk, with additional filming took place in Great Yarmouth, and Suffolk. The film's score was composed by sound effects and experimental electronic music studio The Radiophonic Workshop, which marked their first soundtrack purposely constructed for a feature film. Possum premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 25, 2018, and later screened in the United States at the Brooklyn Horror Film Festival on October 12, 2018. It was later given a limited theatrical release in the United States, opening in five theatres on November 2, 2018; finishing its limited theatrical run with a gross of $33,271. Critical response for the film was mostly positive, with the film garnering multiple awards and nominations, it was praised for Harris' performance, as well as the film's atmosphere, soundtrack and unsettling imagery. Plot Philip Connell, a disgraced children's puppeteer, is forced to return to his childhood home in Norfolk, which is shared by his decrepit uncle, Maurice. His childhood home is in disrepair due to a past fire. Philip is haunted by a horrific spider-like marionette in his possession, called "Possum", which he keeps in a leather duffel bag. Throughout his time in Norfolk, he repeatedly attempts to dispose of the puppet, but it seemingly returns to him each time, hanging on his wall, or appearing next to him in bed. He recovers a picture book about Possum that he wrote and illustrated as a young boy. The book depicts Possum's origins and describes how it creeps upon unsuspecting, orphaned children, intent on devouring them in their beds. Phillip frequently approaches a closed room in the house. Each time, Maurice asks if he plans to go in, to which he always replies no. Maurice frequently mocks Phillip during their interactions, such as mentioning the disgraceful circumstances that cost him his job and sadistically requesting that Phillip recount traumatic experiences of childhood bullying. He laments Phillip's attempts to dispose of Possum, reminding him that puppetry is something that runs in their family. News reports begin to surface of a missing local boy, Michael, whom Phillip initially encountered on the train ride to Norfolk. Authorities indicate that a man fitting Phillip's description is a person of interest in the disappearance. He revisits his childhood school, though he is discouraged from lingering by the school's staff, and is treated with suspicion by the local residents. He is also plagued by strange visions and dreams of Possum creeping up on him in bed. Phillip continues trying unsuccessfully to dispose of Possum—abandoning it in the woods, throwing it off a bridge, breaking it and sinking it off a dock, and even burning it—to no avail. The search for Michael in the papers also causes him to remark that there was a similar case back then of a boy being assaulted by a masked man. When Phillip breaks down in tears, Maurice comforts him. As the search for Michael continues to mount, Maurice informs Phillip that he will be spending some time away and warns Phillip to not bring attention to himself, or trouble back to the house. In a period of distress, Phillip enters the school and requests that he be allowed to speak to his old form teacher, Mr. Grant. He tells the secretary that Mr. Grant "knew all about what had happened" and promised to go to the police with him. The confused secretary has him wait outside, but Phillip overhears her speaking with the principal about calling the police and he flees. As he runs, he finds himself chased by Possum, until he is seemingly overwhelmed by it, and passes out. Awakening, he returns home to find Maurice gone, but now has horrifying visions of becoming Possum himself. Philip enters the closed room, which is revealed to be badly charred from a house fire. As he examines curious items within, he is suddenly attacked by a masked man in the shadows. The man removes his mask and reveals he is Maurice. He lewdly taunts Phillip about the deaths of his parents in the fire, leaving him orphaned and in his care, whereupon he beat and sexually abused him throughout his childhood. He muses about how Phillip always knew Maurice was the masked man who assaulted him back then, but that he still never told anyone. As Maurice overpowers a sobbing and mentally-regressed Phillip and by beating and molesting him, Phillip hears a whimper from a locked chest in the corner. He overpowers Maurice and breaks his neck. Phillip unlocks the chest, and a terrified Michael scrambles away from inside it. Sitting outside his house, Phillip stares blankly ahead, with Possum's head in his lap. Cast Sean Harris as Philip, a disgraced and mentally unstable children's puppeteer haunted by the traumatic abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of his uncle Alun Armstrong as Maurice, Phillip's abusive uncle who raised Phillip after the death of his parents Charlie Eales as Michael, a young boy Phillip befriends who soon goes missing Simon Bubb as Mr. Evans Andy Blithe as Michael's father Ryan Enever as Michael's uncle Pamela Cook as the mother in park Production Concept and development Possum marks the feature film debut of English comedian, author, and director Matthew Holness. Holness had previously worked on the cult television series Garth Marenghi's Darkplace, which he both wrote, directed, and starred in as the title character, as well as the publication of several short stories. Although normally associated with comedies, Holness himself admitted he had always been a fan of the horror genre and works with serious themes, but stressed that it had been difficult to break from his reputation for comedies due to the large following. The film itself is an adaption of Holness' own short story of the same name, which was published in the horror anthology The New Uncanny: Tales of Unease. The story centered on a character unable to verbally and emotionally express himself due to childhood trauma, choosing instead to do so by creating a horrific puppet. The basis for the story was partially drawn from theories on the uncanny by Sigmund Freud. According to Holness, the publishers had all the writers read Freud's theory of the uncanny. The publishers then told the writers to choose a fear that intrigued them, and write a story in modern language. Holness ended up choosing two, a fear of doppelgängers and a fear of ventriloquists' dummies, combining the two fears so as to avoid being clichéd. After the story's publication, Holness soon forgot about the idea until he had begun working on developing a possible horror film. Developing the film's story, Holness drew upon his love of 1920s and 30s silent films, which he found to be "so brilliantly creepy", with primary use of psychologically-affecting body horror visual narratives. He wanted to replicate this same filmmaking technique, lamenting that many modern films overlooked them and ended up being less creepy. Opting to make "a modern silent film", Holness was then reminded of the original short story, which he felt would fit perfectly with his idea to express as little dialogue as possible. The film's visual style was inspired by public information films that Holness had seen during his youth. These films, which were intended to shock youth out of making bad decisions, often depicted children being kidnapped, maimed, and/or killed. The films deeply disturbed Holness, who later recalled, "They were put on between children's programming during the day; you'd see these horrific, terrifying films – you got the impression that the adult world was a very tribal place. Of course, now we know several of those films are fronted by real-life monsters". Further inspiration for the film came from silent films such as Murnau's Nosferatu. Holness also listed films such as George Romero's Martin (1978), and Dead of Night (1945) as inspirations for the film. When the film was originally announced, Holness stated in an interview with Screen Daily, "The film draws on the dark nightmares of silent German expressionist horror, British classics such as The Innocents (1961) and Don’t Look Now (1973), as well as the claustrophobic suburban gothic of Pete Walker's Frightmare (1974). Pre-production On June 2016 Holness announced the films development. On 3 November 2016 it was officially announced that Holness was writing and directing the film. In an interview with PopMatters, Holness stated that writing the film's script involved extending the narrative from his original short story: "Short stories are different because they can be very short, they can be just about one scene, one place, one sole thing happening. Certainly with Possum I knew I needed to extend the narrative a bit, to widen it in order for it to be a film in which nothing much on the face of it happens. It needed a bigger sense of climax and confrontation than the original story had, even though the essentials of the short story are in the film." As a fan of the horror genre, Holness stated that he much preferred horror films that 'linger with you", forcing the audience to reflect upon the experience afterwards. It was originally decided that intertitles would be used to voice the main character's thoughts throughout the film, with Holness drawing inspiration from the narration of silent films. The idea was later abandoned during the editing process, as Holness felt it slowed down the pacing of the film, instead opting for voice-over narration as he felt the audience could better understand the meaning behind such narration. Developing the characters in the film, Holness stated that he wanted to "get into the heads of the characters", describing the film as "a very bleak and understated character piece". Holness stressed the importance of making the film 'through Philip's perspective of the world'. Ensuring that the character remained morally ambiguous. The role of Phillip was originally written with the intention of having John Amplas, who had starred in George Romero's Martin, in the lead role. The role instead went to Sean Harris, who had responded strongly to the idea of starring in the film after reading the script. Initially, Holness had been concerned whether the actor would be able to go to such an emotionally dark place: "the great thing about Sean is that he immerses himself in his characters and is able to go to those places and come back with something that's very affecting and truthful." Holness worked very closely with Harris on developing the character of Phillip, as Holness later recalled "We did a lot of prep work together, discussing Phillip and where he'd come from and what he'd been through, and Sean wasn't really interested in the horror side of it so much as he was getting to the truth of this character and expressing what he'd gone through for the audience." Alun Armstrong was also cast as Phillip's uncle Maurice, after originally turning it down due to scheduling conflicts for another project he was shooting in the United States. Creature design The film's Possum puppet was designed by Sydney-based Odd Studios. The studio had previously contributed to productions of Star Wars: Episode IIAttack of the Clones, Alien: Covenant, Mad Max: Fury Road, and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. The idea behind the creation of the puppet came from his own fear of spiders, while clarifying that in the original short story, the "Possum" was made by Phillip, who constructed it out of pieces of roadkill, and dead animals, with Holness comparing the design to that of the Frankenstein's Monster. While developing the character for the film, Holness felt that the puppet's original design was "too much", prompting the decision to conceal the creature's design for as long as possible. Part of the decision to cut back on the character's screen time came from Holness' feelings that the audience would become desensitized to the puppet's horrific appearance and thus not be as effective. As Holness later noted in an interview, "You can see something horrific, but once you've seen it, the effect wears off, which is why we kept so much of it as secret as possible." Holness worked closely with designer and close friend Dominic Hailstone on coming up with the puppet's final design. Macabre artworks and taxidermy were heavily referenced during the design process. As creature design supervisor Adam Johansen later stated in an interview, "We tried to achieve a very home made feel for Possum but one that is twisted and disturbing." Using the film's script, Hailstone constructed storyboards showing possible designs for the character, which he then presented to the writer-director. The character's initial design proved to be not as effective as originally thought, with Holness feeling that the puppet's face was "too expressive". With only a week before filming was scheduled to commence, Holness and Hailstone came up with the idea of having the character's face be inexpressive in which the audience could project their own fears onto it. Hailstone then sculpted the Possum's face, which was made to resemble Harris' character, in three to four hours, with Holness approving the final design. The film's reasonably low budget and tight production schedule limited the amount of time that the studio could spend on designing and constructing the character. The head, neck, and body of the Possum was constructed as a simple hand and rod puppet, with the body constructed out of foam latex and the head made out of fiberglass. The puppet's eight spidery legs were designed by Damian Martin, who constructed a jointed armature using multiple pick points of semi-rigid urethane, so that the puppeteering rods could be attached in multiple angles, and sides to allow more range and freedom while operating it. The puppet's complexity, including its eight fragile limbs, required multiple puppeteers to operate it during filming and presented numerous challenges. Filming Principal photography began on November 28, 2016, with shooting locations occurring mostly in Norfolk. Additional filming took place in Great Yarmouth, and Suffolk, with Holness referring to the locations as "stunning and completely unique". The film was shot on a Kodak 35mm film, with Kit Fraser as the film's cinematographer, and production design by Charlotte Pearson. The setting of the original short story was based on a stretch of the coast in Kent near Whitstable. However, the setting was later changed to Norfolk, due to its similarities and atmosphere, the latter of which Holness stated contributed to the overall mood and feel of the film. He would later discover that the Stiffkey marshes, one of the locations where the crew had filmed, was where the fabled Black Shuck was purported to haunt. Holness later describe the shooting experience as dark and very intense, stating, "there were many scenes in this film that were incredibly difficult and intense to shoot, particularly the final scene. They were dark and depressing to shoot, but that's where the truth of those scenes comes out." Harris, a method actor of Stanislavski's system, would remain in character throughout the entirety of shooting to the point where the director felt that he was working with Phillip rather than Harris. Having only worked in television, Holness stated that the biggest difference in directing a feature film, for him was the opportunity to work with "proper actors", who had a different discipline as opposed to television. The director also learned early in principal photography that he didn't need to shoot that many takes for scenes with Harris, as the actor "usually nailed it straight away". Both Harris and Armstrong only interacted with each other while filming their scenes together, as they wanted to create a genuine feeling of separation and tension. Music The film score for Possum was composed by sound effects and experimental electronic music studio The Radiophonic Workshop, marking the studio's first soundtrack purposely constructed for a feature film. The studio itself was created by BBC in the late 1950s, composing many of the sound effects and music for the channel, including the now iconic theme for the television series Doctor Who, before closing in 1998. Initially, the film's editor Tommy Boulding had used an old music soundtrack from BBC Radiophonic Workshop as a temporary placement for the film's soundtrack, in order to properly assess the flow of the film. Holness responded positively to the inclusion of the soundtrack, feeling that it effectively captured the main character's mental state. Holness and Boulding later met with members of the newly revived Radiophonic Workshop, in order to get permission to use the soundtrack for the film. The studio responded enthusiastically to the project after being shown the initial edit for the film, offering to compose the film's soundtrack, much to the director's surprise. Holness later offered praise to the studio's scoring of the film, "What's so brilliant about them is that it's not just music, it's sound design, it's the whole package. Now suddenly, the whole film became Phillip's." Radiophonic's score of the film also featured unreleased material by the studio's original member Delia Derbyshire. This marked the studio's first soundtrack purposely constructed for a feature film. Promotion and release The Possum soundtrack was released on CD and digital download on November 30, 2018. The soundtrack's album cover was designed by Julian House of Ghost Box Records, featuring Harris' character wandering in a barren landscape under an eerie green-tinted filter. The cover design, a recurring theme of the company's creative output, was inspired by school textbooks as well as vintage cover designs of Penguin and Pelican Publishing. The image choice and color tone were intentionally made to instill a combined sense of cosmic horror and psychadelia. Promotional singles for the film were released on October 26, 2018. It was announced that the soundtrack would also be released on vinyl sometime in 2019, however this released never occurred. A special edition vinyl of the film soundtrack was eventually released on June 12, 2021, as a part of that year's Record Store Day. Track listing Release Theatrical release Possum made its premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 25, 2018. It was later screened at the Galway Film Fleadh on July 11, and on 27 August at the London FrightFest Film Festival. The film was later released theatrically in the United Kingdom on October 26, 2018. That same day, the film was screened at the Dead of Night Film Festival in Liverpool. On November 15, it was screened at the Mayhem Film Festival in the Broadway Cinema. The screening was followed by a question and answer session with Holness, which was hosted by Steven Sheil. The film premiered in the United States at the Brooklyn Horror Film Festival on October 12, 2018. It received a limited theatrical release, opening in five theaters in the United States on November 2, 2018. Home media Possum was released via video on demand in the United States on November 2, 2018, coinciding with the film's limited theatrical release that same day. The film was released in the United States on DVD by Dark Sky Films on February 12, 2019. It was later released in the United Kingdom on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD by Bulldog Films on March 4, 2019. Reception Box office Possum was given a limited theatrical release in the United Kingdom on October 26, 2018, opening in seven theaters. It grossed a total of $11,596 during its opening weekend. During its second weekend, the film grossed a total of $4,075. The film would eventually attain a total gross of $33,225 by the end of its theatrical run. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Possum holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, and an average rating of . Its consensus reads, "Unsettling and absorbing in equal measure, Possum presents a dark character study rich with rewards for fans of chilling genre fare." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews". Kim Newman of Empire Magazine praised Harris' performance, writing, "A disturbing, curiously beautiful British horror exercise. Recommended, but with a warning: next time you wake up in the middle of the night, you'll find Possum at the end of the bed." Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian called it "deadly serious, but carries with it an echo or ghost of how this same material could have been played as ironic black comedy." Neil Young of The Hollywood Reporter called it "a serious and dark journey into the labyrinths of cruelty and abuse", commending the film's acting and production design. Den of Geeks Daniel Kurland hailed the film as "the very best kind of psychological thriller that just continues to drill deeper into the same rich territory", praising Harris' performance, visuals, and its examination of trauma and abuse. Joseph Marczynski of Vice called it "deeply disturbing" and wrote, "Rich in symbolism but sparse in dialogue, Possum is a haunting and otherworldly exploration of Phillip's psyche as he struggles to shed the trauma of childhood abuse." Mark Butler from iNews praised the film's surreal atmosphere, unsettling imagery, soundtrack, and Harris' performance; calling it "a distinctly non-humorous, deeply unsettling psychological horror that leaves a thoroughly haunting impression." Dennis Harvey of Variety praised Harris' and Armstrong's performances, atmosphere, soundtrack, and "striking aesthetic". In his review, Harvey wrote, "Fans of conventional horror will no doubt sigh with boredom over the lack of action, but more adventurous viewers may lend this modest but distinctive enterprise its own eventual cult following." Ben Robins of Olly Richards from Time Out London praised Harris' performance, and wrote "Icky and unsettling, this British horror film crawls under your skin." Highlighting the film's acting, unsettling imagery, and sound design, Bloody Disgusting Meredith Borders felt that the film's unconventional approach to its story made the film all the more unsettling. The film was not without its detractors. Pat Brown from Slant Magazine gave the film a negative review, criticizing the film's sparsely written script and finale, while commending the film's atmosphere and haunting imagery. Concluding his review, Brown wrote, "Possum builds toward a revelation, but for such a visually oriented, sparsely written film, that revelation is surprisingly reliant on dialogue. As a result, there's little payoff for all the repetitive series of evocative visions and mute stares." Rich Cline from Shadows on the Wall praised the performances but criticized the characters and situations as having "very little definition", concluding that the film was "definitely creepy, and often very yucky, but it's far too pretentious to be scary." Dave Aldridge of the Radio Times said the film was "too downright weird", but commended Harris' and Armstrong's performances. Accolades See also Magic, a 1978 film by Richard Attenborough featuring a similar theme of a delusional man whose puppet comes to life References External links 2018 films 2018 drama films 2018 horror films 2010s psychological drama films 2010s psychological horror films British films British horror films British horror drama films British horror thriller films British psychological drama films British psychological horror films British thriller films English-language films Fictional puppets Films about child abuse Films about missing people Films about pedophilia Films shot in Norfolk Films shot in Suffolk Films featuring puppetry Films based on short fiction Mental illness in films

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Queensland%20Police

History of the Queensland Police

The history of the Queensland Police Service in Queensland, Australia, commenced in 1864, five years after the Separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859. This timeline highlights significant developments in Queensland policing. 1860s The uniform worn by Queensland police officers after separation in 1859 was a dark blue jacket and top with a forage cap, supplied by the New South Wales police. 1864 The Queensland Police Force was established by the Queensland Government on 1 January 1864 with strength of 287 officers serving a population of 61,467. David Thompson Seymour appointed as Acting Commissioner and later as Commissioner. Transport in the settled areas was mainly by foot and in the unsettled areas by horse. The hulk Margaret Eliza was purchased for £3000. It was refitted and renamed the Proserpine. She was used as a floating water police office, prison, and later as a reformatory school. Correspondence with the Police Commissioner or between stations was by handwritten letter, moved by horse or Cobb and Co stagecoach, or by telegram. Finding that no written instructions had ever been issued for the guidance of the police, Commissioner Seymour issues "Rules for the General Government and Discipline of members of the Police Force of Queensland" based upon the Victorian police model. On 1 December, the Detective Office was created with Sub-Inspector George Elliott in charge. At December 1864, in the first year of operation of the Queensland Police Force, there were 27 ordinary police stations with 151 foot and mounted officers, and 16 native police camps of 136 European officers and indigenous troopers. Twenty of the 'ordinary police force' stations averaged four officers each, the bigger stations like Brisbane, Ipswich, Rockhampton and Maryborough had larger staff numbers. Native police camps averaged between 7 and 17 men, large camps like Rockhampton could have up to 27 men of both officers and troopers. 1865 Police Commissioner David Seymour described the lack of accommodation for police: "Many men are compelled to live in lodgings, and in the country districts constables live in public-houses some distance from the lock-up at times making them unavailable for sudden emergencies". Police Commissioner Seymour focussed on the crime of bushranging and took active measures to hasten the capture of these criminals through the purchase of fresh police horses and the construction of securely fenced paddocks at every police station. Water police were stationed on board the hulk Proserpine at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Revolvers were supplied to every police station and 50 breech-loading carbines were delivered to the Department. 1866 The Bread or Blood riot started, threatening the sacking of Government House in Brisbane. Hundreds of government officials were sworn in as special constables to assist police. The first uniform consisted of a Garibaldi jacket of dark blue, serge wool cloth, red facings, and shoulder knot; trousers of the same material, with red cord, and a high cap with French peak. 1867 On 6 November 1867 Constable Patrick William Cahill and Constable John Francis Power were poisoned and shot in the head at the MacKenzie River Crossing while escorting a consignment of bank notes and bullion from Rockhampton to Clermont. The first major test for the Detective Office was to solve their murders. Police Commissioner Seymour stated that "men at all stations are, when practicable, to be drilled once a week". 1869 The publication of "Rules for the General Government and Discipline of members of the Police Force of Queensland" was approved, printed and distributed. Each constable required one pair of handcuffs as part of his equipment allotment. 1870s Navy blue helmets were introduced and proved to be a very hot choice of headwear; they were phased out in favour of white helmets in 1896. 1870 A police barracks was established in George Street, Brisbane, on the site of the old convict hospital. Changes to rank insignia were implemented which among other things meant that an acting sergeant would be called a senior constable. 1872 A general order was issued that the Chinese had as much right on the gold fields as Europeans, so long as they had a miners' permit. If a collision resulted in a riot which the police could not quell, they were to note the ring-leaders and apprehend them. 1873 Sub-Inspector Robert Johnstone, officer in charge of native police, accompanied explorer George Dalrymple on the north-east coast expedition to explore the coastal lands as far as Cooktown. 1875 The bulk of the Queensland Police force moved from the Brisbane CBD to Victoria Barracks and occupies the army buildings on site. Three movable houses and twelve large frame-tents were built in Brisbane and shipped to the Palmer River gold-field. They were quickly erected by two constables and could house six officers. 1876 The Police Manual instructed constables on beat duty to "possess such knowledge of the inhabitants of each house as to enable them to recognise their persons; and thus prevent mistakes, and be enabled to render assistance, when called upon, to the inhabitants". "Instructions for the Guidance of the Police" were published and a system of competitive examination for promotion was introduced, intended to increase police efficiency. 1877 Laura Police Station opened in 1877 with Sub-Inspector 1/c Hervey Fitzgerald in charge. As at 2019, it was still a single officer station today and was staffed by a senior constable. 1879 Roma Street Police Barracks were built and provided accommodation for about forty-five men, room for an Officer-in-Charge and two cells. A contingent of trackers was sent to Victoria to assist in the hunt for the Kelly Gang. 1880s 1880 At Birdsville, locally-available cane grass was used on police station walls for its insulation properties and longevity. Native Police camp accommodation was constructed using a variety of materials, such as saplings, logs, bark, canvas and shingles. 1881 On 24 January Sub-Inspector George Dyas was found buried after being killed by being speared in the back by Aboriginals while he camped near the 40 Mile Waterhole near Normanton. On 24 September Sub-Inspector Henry Kaye died from being speared through the chest by Aboriginals at Woolgar gold fields ( north of Richmond). 1882 Sub-Inspector 1/c Alexander Douglas was sent to Herberton and with four troopers, two old gold diggers and five Chinese men; he blazed a trail from Herberton to Mourilyan. The party travelled without rations and in continuous rain for twenty days, living mainly on roots. Martini-Henry rifles were purchased to replace the Snider previously used. 1883 The Petrie Terrace Gaol area was taken over by the Queensland Police and became known as the Petrie Terrace Police Depot where prospective police officers were trained. On 24 January Cadet Sub-Inspector Mark Beresford died after being speared in the thigh and hit on the head by Aboriginals in the Selwyn Ranges to the south of Cloncurry. On 26 January Constable William Dwyer was struck on the head by a tomahawk and killed by Wild Toby an Aboriginal bushranger, near Juandah Station via Taroom. 1884 Cap badges consisting of a separate district letter and number were issued and remained in use until 1906. As policing reached across the State more and more stations were opened usually in small towns of less than 300 people or in places that were growing due to the building of train lines or the discovery of gold. By December 1884, twenty years after the inauguration of the Police Force, there were 155 stations with 657 police officers and 182 indigenous troopers and trackers. There was also a growth in the number of single officer stations. In 1884, 36 stations were operated by single police officers, of these 6 were assisted in their duties by an indigenous tracker. Running a police station with one officer was a daunting task. Often there was no station building and one had to be rented or moves made to purchase something suitable. Married officers were generally not sent to single officer stations as there was generally no accommodation for them in town. However, wives who did join their husbands, found themselves looking after the station and taking inquiries, while her husband was away. Her tasks could also involve feeding and cleaning up after prisoners in the lock-up. 1886 The first six camels arrived in Birdsville from India in poor condition and by July only four had survived. Despite these early setbacks camels proved useful, travelling hundreds of kilometres on duties such as collecting statistical returns. 1887 The first honour given to any Queensland police officer was a Royal Humane Society Bronze Medal awarded to Constable James O"Brien for saving the life of a nine-year-old boy at Ipswich. During the Burketown cyclone on 5 March, Sergeant John Ferguson's wife kept a lamp burning in the window of the courthouse and her beacon drew many people to the refuge during the storm. 1889 A Royal Commission of Enquiry into the Police Force proposed sweeping changes including that the control of the section of Water Police known as River Police was given back to the Police Commissioner. The cost of buying ordinary clothing for plain clothes work was an extra burden that detectives had to meet out of their ordinary pay. There were eleven detectives on the pay-roll across the State. Seven in Brisbane, two in Townsville, and one each in Normanton and Rockhampton. On 27 October Senior Constable Alfred Wavell was shot and killed at Corinda (southwest of Burketown) by a man who had escaped from the Normanton lock-up. 1890s 1891 Senior Sergeant Martin Breene and Constable Joseph Waters displayed energy and perseverance during the shearer's strikes by following and preventing "fire gangs" from doing damage at Lammermoor pastoral station. Eromanga Police Station was first opened on 26 September 1891 in a two roomed cottage rented at a cost of five shillings per week, with Senior Constable Manuell in charge. At this time the township consisted of one large store owned by Mr W Paterson, two first class pubs built of brick, and a couple of "humpys". The resident population was about 20 and there was always a number of men from the opal mines and stations "knocking down their cheques" (spending their money) at Eromanga's pubs. Senior Constable Manuell remained in charge of Eromanga until he was instructed to close this station on 31 December 1891, and to proceed to Thargomindah. The station reopened in 1893. In 1894, the first police residence was built so the police officer have his wife live with him. As at 2019, it was still a single officer station and was staffed by a senior constable. 1893 During the shearer's strike, police were given sole power to "preserve order and secure liberty to all alike". Acting Sergeant John Raphael Thompson was paid £10 extra to attend to photographic work which included mug shots and crime scene photography. On 4 February Constable James Sangster, 25, drowned attempting a rescue of two members of the Jackson family during the 1893 flood of the Bremer River at North Ipswich. He is commemorated by the James Sangster Memorial at North Ipswich, which was initiated by the Jackson family and funded by public subscription. The monument has a broken obelisk which symbolises a life cut short. MacKinlay (now McKinlay) Police Station was opened in 1893. 1894 On 10 May Constable Benjamin Ebbitt died at South Brisbane having never recovered from an assault during an arrest on 9 November 1890 at Croydon. On 6 September Constable Edward Lanigan was killed by being shot in the chest while trying to prevent another policeman from being shot during an arrest at Montalbion (a mining town near Irvinebank). 1895 On 30 June, Commissioner Seymour retired after 31 years in the job and was replaced by William Edward Parry-Okeden on 1 July. Full control of the water police finally came under the jurisdiction of Police Commissioner. On 2 July Senior Constable William Conroy died after being stabbed several times trying to prevent a man from stabbing the man's wife on Thursday Island. The Roma Street police station telephone exchange was connected to fourteen sites including the Woolloongabba and South Brisbane police stations, the Commissioner's house at Red Hill, the Detective Office, the Police Depot and the Central Fire Brigade Station. 1896 The bicycle, as a means of transport was introduced and a slow distribution occurred across the State. At about £13 a bicycle was more expensive than a horse. Detectives received no special training. Generally, "the smartest and most intelligent" people from among the plain clothes officers in the general police were selected and expected to learn from experience. The Pearl ferry capsized near the Victoria Bridge on the flooded Brisbane River on Valentine's Day. After the rescue of sixty survivors, police made every effort to recover and identify the bodies of the twenty-nine victims. A loose tunic was adopted in place of the existing jumper for police uniform. Mounted officers performing mounted duty, wore Bedford cord breeches and black napoleon boots. 1897 The collection housed in the police museum running since 1893, was used to educate recruits about criminal methods. 1899 On the trail of an escapee, Constable James Kenny and four indigenous troopers survived Cyclone Mahina at Bathurst Bay, by staying together after their camp was blown away. The recruit probation period was increased so that no man was sworn until three months' drill and instruction was completed at the Police Depot. Englesburg police station was opened on 25 April 1899. The town's name was changed to Kalbar in September 1916 due to anti-German sentiment in World War I. 1900s 1900 At the turn of the century the Queensland Police Department had 845 police officers and 135 native trackers at 256 stations. 1901 First-Class Constable George Pugh displayed discretion and bravery in the single-handed arrest of three men for the unlawful killing of cattle at the Jundah Opal Fields, and for taking them on foot, the to Jundah police station. The Criminal Investigation Branch moved into the old St John's Cathedral synod building on the corner of Elizabeth and George Streets. 1902 The Imperial Service Order and Medal was established by King Edward for the administration and clerical staff of the Civil Service throughout the British Empire for long and meritorious service. On 30 March, Constable George Doyle was shot and killed while attempting to capture the Kenniff brothers in Upper Warrego, who had a long history of stealing cattle and horses. 1903 In May the Bronze Medal of the Royal Humane Society was awarded to First-class Michael Becher, Inspector Percy Galbraith, Constables Charles Pinwill and William Ryan who risked their own lives to save the lives of others between 12 November 1889 and 15 January 1903. On 29 March Acting Sergeant David Johnston was killed by being hit on the head with an axe by a prisoner in the watchhouse at Mackay. 1904 The Fingerprint Bureau was established. During the first year of operation 578 fingerprints were taken and 226 came from other states. On 16 September 1904, Constable First Class Charles O'Kearney was knocked down and killed by a horse being deliberately ridden towards him in retaliation for an arrest in Laidley. 1905 William Geoffrey Cahill became the third Police Commissioner on 1 April 1905. On 23 December Constable Albert Price was stabbed and killed while making an arrest at Mackay. 1906 On 27 September 1906: Sergeant Thomas Heaney died at South Brisbane from head fractures sustained when he was hit multiple times over the head with a metal bar during an arrest on 7 June 1905 at Woolloongabba, Brisbane. On 4 October Police Commissioner Cahill announced the establishment of a Medal for Merit departmental award for police officers who displayed pre-eminent bravery on duty. The first two medals were awarded to Acting Sergeant John Hennessy and Constable Richard Runge on 12 October. Queensland police enforced the Infant Life Protection Act 1905 by checking the registration of births and the deaths of illegitimate children. 1907 The Patrol was the first motorised vessel used by the Brisbane Water Police. She was capable of . Constable Charles Watson and a tracker followed suspected murderer J. W. Patterson for . They captured the fugitive but had very little food or water for the last of the chase. A new Figure-of-8 style handcuff was introduced. In 1907, Police Commissioner William Cahill and the Deputy Queensland Government Architect, designed the Queensland Police Station badge based on the police cap badge of the time. Prior to this time, there was no standard way to indicate a police station. 1909 A very fine reserve called Rewan was proclaimed as a stud farm for breeding police horses. The Woodford mares and foals as well as two purchased stallions, "Libertine" and "Mack" populated the reserve. Very few police stations have a typewriter and some officers use their own to complete reports and correspondence. The King's Police Medal was instituted by King Edward VII on 7 July to be awarded to those officers of properly recognised police forces and fire brigades under the jurisdiction of the sovereign, who showed distinguished service and conspicuous devotion to duty, or who carried out heroic acts of courage. First awarded to Constable John Bourke on 29 August 1911. The good will of the community was necessary if an officer was to be able to carry out his duties effectively while in town and to then to be confident that nothing untoward would happen while he was away checking the rest of his beat by horse. Communities were often loath to let an officer go when he was transferred away and often took up petitions and wrote letters to the Police Commissioner begging for the officer to remain in town. Long standing officers were often presented with gifts and highly decorated letters of thanks from their community. When Sergeant Lawrence Clare was transferred in March 1909, the citizens of the Esk District expressed their thanks:To Sergeant L. J. Clare Together with a Purse of Forty Sovereigns From his many friends in the Esk Police District Dear Sir We, the residents of Esk and District, desire to approach you with the purest sentiments of congratulation at the close of your most efficient service of Ten Years as Constable and Sergeant in charge of our large District. Those who have been associated with you will long cherish your courtesy and untiring zeal in carrying out at all times your official duties with credit to yourself and the Department in which you are engaged. In presenting you with the accompanying gift we are deeply sensible that it is in no sense an adequate measure of your excellent qualities and labours; nor do we wish you to regard it in the light of a recompense but ask you to accept it as a mark of our regard. In conclusion, we sincerely wish that both yourself and your family will in future have every happiness and prosperity. Signed for on behalf of the Subscribers. Alex Smith, Chairman Esk Shire Council 1910s 1910 Inspector White reported that nearly every station within a five-mile radius of the centre of Brisbane was connected by telephone. Chief Inspector Urquhart favourably mentioned Constable Peter Hagarty of Finch Hatton: "he is an exceptional good man in a rough place among a very rough class of people. He made seventy-one arrests single handed this year and is most highly spoken of by the respectable portion of the community". 1911 In 1911, 300 cast iron station badges, each weighing and costing , were manufactured for the Police Department by Harvey & Son, Globe Iron Works, Brisbane and distributed as identification badges to every police station in Queensland. First reference to the idea of women police was made by the National Council of Women of Queensland. 1912 The 1912 Brisbane general strike started as a tramway strike but gains momentum with 20,000 or more people withholding their labour and brings industry to a standstill. Mass rallies see police numbers bolstered by the swearing in of 3,000 special constables. 1914 Police stations serve a variety of local community needs and police officers were expected to act in extraneous roles as representatives for the government. World War I begins. 1915 Police Commissioner Cahill rejects the idea of employing women following an inquiry by the Acting Home Secretary. 1916 The strength of the Force on 30 June, was 1037 general police, 30 Criminal Investigation Branch officers, 11 water police officers, 99 indigenous police, 27 recruits and 89 on leave with the Commonwealth Military Forces on active service in World War I. At 13 July, four-year old Nicholas Frousheger wandered away from his home about south of Charleville. The media reports that "the police, and a large party of civilians are trying hard to overtake him, but it is difficult owing to the stony ridges and the light imprint left by the little one". 1917 Frederic Charles Urquhart becomes the fourth Police Commissioner on 1 January 1917. 1918 World War I ends. 1919 On 24 March, 8,000 soldiers and conservatives march on the Russian émigré headquarters at South Brisbane which leads to violent clashes between protestors and police. This uprising was known as the Red Flag Riots or Red Monday. 1920s 1920 Bicycles, not cars, were the usual means of transportation used by police for the prevention and detection of crime. Police Commissioner Ryan establishes bicycle patrols so that plain clothes officers could keep the suburbs of Brisbane under surveillance at night time. 1921 An explosion at Mount Mulligan Colliery entombs over seventy miners. Residents, men from a neighbouring mine assist Constable James O'Dwyer in efforts to recover deceased miners. Patrick Short became the fifth Police Commissioner on 16 January 1921. 1922 Millaa Millaa police station opened in 1922. The first officer to be stationed at Millaa Millaa was Constable Daniel Dwyer. As at 2019, it was still a single officer station and was staffed by a senior constable. 1924 The first thorough revision of "Rules for the general government and discipline of the members of the Police Force of Queensland" was completed. 1925 779 horses were in service, three camels were obtained for Noccundra police station and three new Harley-Davidson motorcycles with side cars were purchased. William Harold Ryan becomes the sixth Police Commissioner on 15 January 1925. 1926 The first two motorised vehicles were Black Marias or prison vans, one of which utilised the body from a horse-drawn prison van on the back of a Bean truck chassis. 1927 The Criminal Investigation Branch building in Queen's Park was blown up by a criminal intent on destroying the evidence against him. Retired Sergeant 2/c William Lynam had the gruesome job of burying seventeen Ingham flood victims, men, women, and children of three Italian families "on the nearest patch of dry land I could find". Dustcoats and overalls were worn by members of the Criminal Investigation Branch when riding on motorcycles to prevent dust and oil from staining clothing. 1928 There was only one detective available to handle criminal investigations between Townsville and Cloncurry. 1929 Inspector Loch describec Cecil Plains as "a large pastoral and farming district with large areas of thickly timbered and pear infested ground that gives stock thieves excellent opportunity to carry out their work". 1930s 1930 On 6 August 1930 Constable Ernest James Dawson was on traffic duty on the Yungaburra Road near Lake Barrine when he lost control of his motorcycle. Despite emergency surgery which appeared initially successful, complications arose and he died in Brisbane General Hospital on 18 January 1931. There was a huge funeral procession in his honour on 19 January 1931. 1931 The first two women police, Miss Zara Dare and Miss Eileen O'Donnell were appointed on 16 March, after Queensland Cabinet supported a submission by Irene Longman, Queensland's first female Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. They were attached to Roma Street police station in the centre of Brisbane but were not sworn-in and had no powers of arrest. They did not have a uniform but were given a badge. Their duties were to protect the interests of women and children. 1932 On 5 January, four-year-old Betty Doherty was taken by crocodile as she plays near the Seymour River, about east of Halifax. Acting Sergeant Frank Conaty and Constables George Schnitzerling, Jens Fredericksen and Arnold Still made an extensive search but fail to find any trace of the child. 1934 Cecil James Carroll becomes the seventh Police Commissioner on 8 May 1934. A special squad of traffic police was organised for the control of the Brisbane traffic district. The Battley Single Finger Print System was adopted, to reduce the period of search for a print found at the crime scene among the 470,000 impressions held. Carroll introduces the police cadet system to admit applicants of 18 years with a junior pass or a senior level school certificate. Carroll initiated the establishment of the Queensland Police Welfare Club which was located within Roma Street police station and served alcohol as well as offering recreational amenities such as a library, billiard tables and darts boards. Six weeks after its establishment the Club held its first ball at the Brisbane City Hall on 1 August 1934. Over 2,000 people attended and was believed to be the largest function of its kind ever held in Brisbane. The balls were an annual event and were held at Brisbane City Hall until the 1960s when they relocated to Cloudland Ballroom; the balls ceased in the 1970s. 1935 The Modus Operandi Section was established by Police Commissioner Carroll as a central repository for criminal records regarding their habits or manner of working. A Criminal Photographic Supplement was reproduced in the Queensland Police Gazette to allow quick access to the information collected by the Modus Operandi Section. The Queensland Police Department was given control of the Firearms Act and creates the Firearms Section under Clerk Thomas Baty, to undertake the major task of licensing firearms. Commissioner Carroll gains approval for an experimental wireless station with the call sign 'VKR'. Three patrol cars were equipped with the new one-way, wireless communication system. Weekly lectures were delivered by experienced officers at the Roma Street police barracks and copies of lectures were distributed to every police officer. 1936 Newly-sworn Constable Thomas Baty assumes charge of the Firearm Section. The new brick two-storey, Fortitude Valley police station was built and officially opened on 6 July. It was described as the "finest, most up-to-date and most comfortable police station in Queensland". It is now heritage-listed. 1937 The Queensland Police becomes mechanised and a departmental garage was built to service the departments growing number of motorcycles and motor vehicles. Trained mechanics worked in the garage. The Firearms Section was enlarged to include forensic ballistics and a laboratory was installed, with microscopical and photomicrographical apparatus to examine bullets. A librarian was appointed to look after the Central Police Library's collection of 5,000 law, crime and fiction books. 1938 The Criminal Investigation Branch consisted of 48 detectives, 65 plain clothes police spread over all districts, along with 14 cadets. The Firearm Section was expanded to encompass the scientific investigation of firearms under the area of Forensic Ballistics. On 28 November Constable George Robert Young of the water police was one of four men on a RAAF amphibious aircraft which crashed killing all on board. They were searching for the body of missing woman Marjorie Norval in the estuaries of Moreton Bay when the aircraft hit high tension wires. 1939 During World War II (1939 to 1945) the Police Commissioner worked in cooperation with the Australian Defence Department to provide protection of civilian lives, public buildings and communications lines. 1939 The King's Commendation for Brave Conduct was instituted by King George VI to acknowledge brave acts by civilians and members of the military in non-warlike circumstances during a time of war or in peacetime where the action would not otherwise be recognised by an existing award. Legislation provides police with selection of and control over civilian air-raid wardens. Police officers were involved in enrolling and training wardens to receive and pass on news of raids from Defence Information Centres. A seven-month-long "School of Instruction in Criminal Investigation Work" course was established. New barracks at Petrie Terrace were built to replace the old structure used since 1883 at a cost of £40,000. It provided a training centre for recruits and a home for 104 single men performing duty in central Brisbane. 1940s 1940 The system of interchange of detectives and the sharing of knowledge with New South Wales and Victoria police continues, with one Queensland detective working in Sydney and the other in Melbourne. The King's Police Medal becomes the King's Police and Fire Services Medal and was awarded for acts of exceptional courage and skill or who exhibit conspicuous devotion to duty. First awarded to Constable Athol Haines on 28 July 1943. The George Medal was established by order of King George VI on 4 September, was given for acts of great bravery. First awarded to Constable 1/c Osmond Cislowski on 11 May 1956. The number of women in the Women Police Section increases to nine in response to the extra demands on policing during World War II. 1941 A permanent two-way radio station, allowing two-way radio wireless communication with patrol cars, was established to replace the temporary one-way system in use since 1935. The Women Police Section was formed with Elizabeth Boyle as supervisor and attached to the Criminal Investigation Branch Headquarters in George Street, Brisbane. The Central Fingerprint Bureau in Sydney was created for use by all policing jurisdictions. The Forensic Ballistics Section was renamed as the Scientific Section and now encompasses forensic chemistry, scientific photography and the examination of documents and handwriting. The Scientific Section was examining documents and handwriting with ultra-violet rays and microscopy. The Force was staffed by 1610 police officers and 34 native trackers at 341 stations. 1942 Inspector Noel Carseldine remarked: "The fact of the war having continued throughout the year has meant the performance of arduous duties by the police in this district. Several hundred aliens have been interned in the sugar areas of Ayr, Brandon, Giru, Halifax, Home Hill and Ingham". 1945 246 bicycles were in use across the State. The Fingerprint Bureau, the Modus Operandi Record System, the Photographic and Scientific Sections were classified under the title: Technical Aids in the Investigation of Crime. 1946 Detective Constable Les Bardwell took over the Scientific Section and remains as the Officer in Charge until his retirement in 1976. The "White Ghost", a white Chevrolet Special Deluxe utility, equipped with a loud hailer, was introduced to Brisbane and Toowoomba streets as part of a road safety campaign. New uniform consisted of an open-neck tunic, airman's blue shirt, with detachable collar, black tie, and a new type white helmet. 1947 The Photographic Unit gains staff who have experience with drawing plans of crime scenes and road collisions. Probationaries undergo six months of training at the Police Depot. 1948 The Queensland Police-Citizens Youth Welfare Association was registered under the jurisdiction of the Police Department on 20 May. 1949 There were 100 cars in use across the state representing brands such as Ford, Buick, Chevrolet, International, G.M.C, Mercury, Hudson, De Soto, Dodge and Plymouth. Fingerprint Expert Cecil Smith and two Queensland detectives make history when they take hand and palm prints from almost the entire population of Ocean Island (now Banaba Island) to catch a double murderer. John Smith becomes the eight Police Commissioner on 24 July 1949. 1950s 1950 Radio transmissions were made from Mount Coot-tha and the switch from amplitude modulated (AM) mobile equipment to frequency modulated (FM) equipment was made. Road safety lectures were introduced into schools and kindergartens. Puppets were used to illustrate scenarios for younger children and older children were taught to cross the street and to ride a bicycle safely. After an inquisitive cow fell into a ditch at the rear of the Queensland Woollen Mill in Ipswich, police were called to perform a rescue operation. Using a small crane, the heavy beast was successfully winched from the ditch and suffered only shock. There were fourteen police districts and 338 stations throughout Queensland at 30 June. Somerset police station was re-established and a new station was opened at Kenilworth. The Police Force was staffed by 2030 male police officers, 10 women police and 30 trackers. The State population had reached one million. 1951 The Central Communications Room opens at the CIB building in Brisbane and becomes the nerve centre of police communications through the state. 1954 Police radio stations were operating in Brisbane, Rockhampton and Townsville. The British Empire Medal for Meritorious Service originally established in 1922, was first awarded to Constable Noel Haupt on 17 October. The King's Police and Fire Services Medal was split into two awards, the Queen's Fire Service Medal and the Queen's Police Medal for Gallantry which was first awarded posthumously to Constable 1/c Roy Doyle on 1 April 1956. The King's Commendation for Brave Conduct became the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct. It was first awarded to Constable Clifford Lebsanft on 11 May 1956. 1955 Women were permitted to join the Queensland Police Union. The Brisbane Traffic Branch was established as an entity separate from the Brisbane Police District. Patrick Glynn becomes the ninth Police Commissioner on 6 January 1955. 1956 The Union's application for equal pay fails in the Industrial Court. The State was affected by cyclonic disturbances and flood conditions resulting in widespread interruption to communications and damage to property. On 1 April Constable First Class Roy Doyle died in hospital at Mackay from head injuries sustained when he hit a submerged block of concrete while attempting a rescue in the flooded Pioneer River at Mackay on 29 March. On 1 May the awarding of the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, originally proclaimed by King George VI in 1951, was extended to include the states of Australia by Queen Elizabeth II. The medal was awarded after twenty-two years of approved police service and 378 police officers qualify. 1957 208 centres were sharing 384 vehicles and 126 horses – 73 cars, 113 utilities, 37 land rovers, 6 vans, 155 motorbikes and 179 bicycles. Thomas William Harold becomes the tenth Police Commissioner on 1 April 1957. Two Traffic Branch officers attend the "Traffic Engineering Course" offered by the New South Wales University of Technology. Police Commissioner Harold puts into operation four radio-equipped prowl cars to cruise the city and suburbs through the night. 1958 The British Empire Medal for Gallantry was established on 14 January. First awarded to Constable James Boyle on 7 August 1959. Francis Erich (Frank) Bischof becomes the eleventh Police Commissioner on 30 January 1958. With a view to raising the morale and status of newly sworn-in personnel, Bischof decides to inaugurate passing out parades for probationaries. The first parade was held on 29 May with twenty-four men being sworn. The Queensland Police Pipe Band makes its first public appearance on 29 August at a passing-out parade at the Petrie Terrace Police Depot. 1959 The Stock Investigation Squad was formed, with a detective sergeant and three plain clothes members. Following complaints that police stations were not readily identifiable, the Queensland Department of Works was asked to supply conspicuous illuminated signs showing POLICE in black letters on a white background. On 5 May 1959, a sample illuminated sign was erected at Holland Park Police Station and with that success, an order was placed with Albert Smith and Son to manufacture these signs. Over the next decade the illuminated signs were progressively installed at stations and the old style cast iron badges were returned to the Police Depot. Sometime in the late 1960s the illuminated word POLICE, was produced in white letters on a black background, and in the mid 1980s a blue light was added to the top for more effect. Sub-Inspector Cecil Smith was appointed as the first Queensland Police Public Relations Officer on 6 July. He was expected to make regular telecasts on topical police matters by way of the new technology of television. 1960s 1960 Detective Senior Sergeant Les Bardwell, Constable Barry Short and Cadet Neil Raward were the only three scientific officers servicing the State. A new range of drab olive uniform and a new cap badge were introduced. 1961 A new insignia was introduced which was an adaptation of the police badge. It bears the Latin motto Constantia ac Comitate (English translation: Firmness with Courtesy). 1962 The old Queensland Egg Board building, on the corner of Makerston Street and North Quay was purchased and converted into the State police headquarters. .38 Smith and Wesson revolvers were purchased to enable the standardisation of firearms. On 19 February Constable Gregory Olive was shot in the chest at close range and killed when he knocked on a front door to make inquiries at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane. On 16 August Constable Douglas Wrembeck stopped to question a motorist in South Brisbane and was killed when he was struck by a car driven by a hit-and-run driver. 1963 The Juvenile Aid Bureau (JAB) was established to guide potential youthful law breakers on the right path and prevent them from incurring a court conviction. JABs were renamed in the 2000s as child protection and investigation units (CPIUs). On 14 February Senior Constable Cecil Bagley was electrocuted when he tried to rescue a neighbour being electrocuted in his car at Mount Gravatt, south Brisbane. Although at home, his death was deemed to have occurred while on duty because, as a police officer, he was always expected to respond in an emergency situation. 1964 On 30 June the police strength equals 2760 police officers (1 police officer to 571 people). On 26 October Senior Constable Desmond Trannore was shot and killed attending a domestic disturbance near Gordonvale, North Queensland. 1965 On 31 March, eight serving plain-clothes women police were sworn in and given equal powers and rank as male officers. In June the first uniformed women were sworn in following regular probationary training. Twenty-one new Ford Cortina sedan motor cars were purchased for traffic work. 179 cars, eight vans, eighteen motor cycles, one bus and one utility truck were fitted with two-way wireless. Twenty-three cars and three utility trucks were fitted with two-way wireless. The first set of specially chosen police was trained for a "Rescue 8" Squad to handle major incidents and disaster emergencies. The first-ever issue of attire for policewomen was a female version of the drab olive uniform. 1966 Sergeant 2/c Colin Ward and Constable Colin Tapsall installed the first police-owned UHF radio linking system from Saddle Mountain near Kuranda, to the Cairns Airport. 1968 All new CIB detective appointees were required to attend a course of training that includes lectures by senior experienced detectives, films and practical application. The Company Squad was reorganised as the Fraud Squad. On 27 March Constable Douglas Gordon was shot and killed attending a domestic disturbance at Inala, in south Brisbane. On 26 June the Crime Prevention Bureau commences operation, for the purpose of providing two police officers in a full-time capacity to impart security and personal safety advice to community members. The Emergency Squad was established principally to deal with the apprehension of armed offenders. A World War II sea mine washes up onto the beach at Surfers Paradise, shocking those enjoying the sun, sand and surf. The device was successfully deactivated and removed by the Royal Australian Navy with the help of Gold Coast police. 1969 Printing of Volume 1 of the new "Queensland Policeman's Manual" was completed and preparation of Volume 2 was well advanced. Probationaries receive training in the use of Breath Testing Devices (Alcotest) and Breath Analysing Instruments (Breathalyser). Norwin William Bauer becomes the twelfth Police Commissioner on 14 February. On 9 April Senior Constable Colin Brown was shot and killed while investigating the behaviour of a farm employee on a property near Dayboro, north of Brisbane. 1970s 1970 The number of policewomen equals twenty-seven. Postings extend outside central Brisbane and to provincial centres. The Queensland Police Union achieves equal pay for women with the support of Police Commissioner Ray Whitrod. The position of Assistant Commissioner (Crime) was established. The Queensland Police College at Chelmer commences operation on 27 January as an "in-service training centre". All newly-sworn constables were sent, over a period of twelve months, to different metropolitan police stations for on-the-job training. Raymond Wells Whitrod becomes the thirteenth Police Commissioner on 1 September 1970. 1971 Police and protestors clash over the South African Springbok football team's tour of Queensland. The minimum height for women joining was set at and the bar on married women joining up was removed. Consideration was given to the use of computers for police purposes. The Public Order Squad was formed with approximately 100 members, who provide staff for duty in connection with street demonstrations and similar disturbances. A new cadet training scheme was introduced. The three-year structure, combines senior examination subjects and special police courses. The Police Driver Training Wing was established and courses commenced on 1 March. Stage 1 of the Queensland Police Academy at Oxley opens in January and the first 150 cadets were admitted. Uniform colour changes from drab olive back to blue. Policewomen wear a black skirt, white shirt with black tie and bowler style cap. 1972 The Queensland Police Academy officially opens at Oxley on 24 March. In August 1972, the Queensland Police Force formed a corps of permanent police prosecutors. This came about because of the need to improve the conviction rate in a magistrate's court. 1973 A crime intelligence course for detectives commences at the Queensland Police College. 1974 A Scenes of Crime Training Unit was opened at the Queensland Police Academy and a Scenes of Crime Unit becomes operational. First female detective was appointed. On 15 April 1974, the first official Prosecutor's course commenced at the Police College at Chelmer. On 25 November 1974 Constable Patricia Anne Garnaut was the first woman to join the Queensland Water Police. Earlier in January that year during the 1974 Brisbane floods she had been stationed at Torwood Police Station and had worked with the water police rescuing people from their flooded homes. Two days after Cyclone Tracy devastates Darwin in the Northern Territory on 24–26 December, twelve Queensland police officers arrive to lend a hand. 1975 The Police Air Wing was established with the purchase of two Cessna 180E aircraft. Four police officers and qualified pilots were attached to the Wing. The Rape Squad, comprising seven female constables, commences working from within the Information Bureau. The quota system for the recruitment of women was removed and integration was adopted in deployment. Police Commissioner Whitrod's open door policy results in an influx of women. Final year cadets and probationaries receive twenty-three training periods in crowd control, prisoner control and crisis-situation handling. The Star of Courage, the second highest Australian bravery decoration, was established in the Australian honours system in February. It is awarded for acts of conspicuous courage in circumstances of great peril. Only four have been awarded to Queensland police officers, the first to Constable Rodney Edward on 16 March 1988. A new system of identification numbers and rank boards with metal chevrons were introduced for all ranks. On 2 November Senior Constable Lyle Hoey died after being deliberately run down by a car near Mount Molloy in North Queensland. 1976 The number of Queensland policewomen equals 308. All police centres across the State have access to a motor vehicle. The Electronic Data Processing Unit was reorganised into the Planning and Research Branch and begins developing computer programs to make information available on criminal statistics, stolen vehicles, staff deployment, and vehicles of interest. Forbes House in Makerston Street was purchased and converted into Police Headquarters and officially opens 7 March. Terence Murray 'Terry' Lewis becomes the fourteenth Police Commissioner on 29 November 1976. 1977 Three new police vessels were commissioned: D.G. Gordon, G.J. Olive and Lyle M. Hoey; named after three police officers who were killed in the line of duty. The first step was taken in the automation of the colour printing process for the Photographic Section. Experienced journalist Ian Hatcher was appointed as the first Police Press Officer on 29 August. His responsibilities were to liaise with media and to publicise the work and improve the public image of the Force throughout the State. In January, police pilot Sergeant 2/c Ron Rooke successfully carries out flood relief operations in the Camooweal, Burketown, Hamilton, Boulia and Doomadgee areas by dropping several hundred kilograms of food to stranded motorists. 1978 The recruitment of female cadets was stopped but the quota for the recruitment of female adult probationers was revived. A computer systems training officer was appointed to train police officers in the correct use and operation of computer equipment for practical police work. 1979 To give the public and the police an appreciation of the history of the Police Force, the Police Museum was fully open to the public on 17 May. On 12 March the Bomb Squad was reorganised as a two-person Arson-Bomb Squad and its activities were expanded. An armed man hijacked a commercial aircraft between Coolangatta and Brisbane and holds air crew and passengers hostage at Eagle Farm Airport. Emergency Squad personnel were deployed while a police negotiator secures the release of the hostages. Epaulette boards give way to shoulder patches and stripes of rank on the sleeves of new uniform. The Latin motto adopted on the shoulder patches was Constantia ac Comitate. 1980s 1980 A new computerised message-switching system was introduced, with terminals installed in the metropolitan area and some district headquarters. Traffic branch motorcyclists were issued with blue leather caps which were worn instead of helmets while off their bikes and directing traffic. 1981 The Rescue Squad was created within the Task Force in Brisbane. Members were trained in all types of rescue situations so that they could assist in bringing aid to people beset by accidents or disasters. 1982 A new American-style highway patrol was formed to operate on country highways in an effort to cut down the road toll. The patrol fleet was equipped with 53 V8 Ford Falcons with long range radios, as well as 84 Yamaha four cylinder 1100cc road motorcycles. 1983 The first Blood Splash Pattern Evaluation Course was held. The Explosive Ordinance Reconnaissance Team was established which took the responsibility for bomb response from the Arson and Bomb Squad. The Latin motto on shoulder patches was replaced by its English translation of Firmness with Courtesy. 1984 The Police Department's own computer system comes online and ends the shared arrangements with other government departments. The Safety House Program commences and provides a safe place for children in the event they feel threatened. Rain and mud hamper police attempts to remove protestors trying to prevent the construction of the Cape Tribulation to Bloomfield Road. On 29 February Constable Michael Low was shot and killed attending a domestic dispute at North Rockhampton, Central Queensland. Constable Derek Pickless would be awarded the George Medal. On 22 June Queensland motorcycle police establish the Guinness Book of Records world record for the number of riders on a motorcycle, when 35 police officers balance on a motorbike at Surfers Paradise Raceway. 1985 The Queensland police computer links to the Main Roads Department and the New South Wales police computer to increase access to information such as national stolen vehicles files. Adopt-a-Cop Programme was introduced at Northgate State School, with Constable Michael Volk from Nundah Police Station eager to attend the school during lunch times to provide advice on road safety, bike safety and stranger danger. Long batons were purchased for use by members of Brisbane Mobile Patrols and the Brisbane Traffic Branch. 1986 Queensland Police were officially linked to a central Finger-print Bureau in Sydney, which gives computer access to millions of prints throughout Australia and overseas. The Department operates 1,092 vehicles. There were 309 computer terminals in 121 locations. Training in computers was offered to cadets and probationaries at the Police Academy. 1987 Under Police Commissioner Lewis the advancement of women was curtailed in most areas. The number of female sworn officers drops from over 8 per cent to 5 per cent. The Transport, Radio and Electronics Sections, Brisbane Mobile Patrols, and Traffic Accident Investigation Squad (TAIS) relocate to Alderley from the Petrie Terrace Police Depot. On 15 July, the Driver Training Wing is moved from Queensland Police Academy at Oxley, to the Mount Cotton driver training complex (until late 2010). On 27 July the Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct ('Fitzgerald Inquiry') opens. It was a much needed, but painful organisational reform for the Queensland Police. Over the two years of the inquiry there were 238 hearings and 339 witnesses were called to give evidence. On 29 July Senior Constable Peter Grahame John Kidd was shot and killed in a raid at Virginia, in north Brisbane. The raid was to recapture an extremely dangerous escapee from Long Bay Jail who had subsequently committed several armed robberies. Kidd was the first member of the Tactical Response Team to enter the house. Having been shot through a closed door, Kidd continued to push through the door and returned fire. He then collapsed and died in hospital. Hundreds of police marched in Kidd's funeral procession held on 31 July. He was posthumously awarded the Queensland Police Valour Medal and the Star of Courage. On 21 September Ronald James Redmond becomes the Acting Police Commissioner. 1988 The Neighbourhood Watch Unit commences operation on 22 February after a successful pilot program conducted on the Gold Coast. The program aims to reduce preventable offences, improve personal and household security, reduce fear of crime, and provide support for victims of crime. 1989 Crime Stoppers was established. Its role is to gather information from the community that will lead to offenders being caught and prosecuted. The first official video recording of a crime scene was conducted by the Photographic Section. On 29 June Constable Brett Handran was shot and killed attending a domestic dispute in Wynnum, in east Brisbane. Noel Newnham becomes sixteenth Police Commissioner on 1 November 1989. 1990s 1990 Fitzgerald Inquiry recommendations augment the change from the Queensland Police Force to Queensland Police Service. A new badge was designed and the motto "With Honour We Serve" was approved. The first five female inspectors were appointed. In May the Task Force was created in response to Fitzgerald Report recommendations. Its role was to support all regional commands through intelligence and coordination of crime operations. COMFIT, the electronic composition of faces from witness descriptions was developed by the Photographic Section. The first custom-built state police headquarters was constructed on the block bounded by Makerston, Roma and Garrick Streets. The Fingerprint Bureau, Photographic and Scientific Sections move to the 4th floor of the new headquarters building under the umbrella of the Forensic Services Branch. In September the new Police Communications Centre (PCC) benefits from a two-million-dollar ESCORT computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system that feeds instant information to mobile vehicles and foot patrols. The system was introduced which promises to improve the information available to, and increase the efficiency of, despatching police vehicles to incidents. The Queensland Police Service Valour Award was introduced to recognise police officers who perform acts of exceptional bravery in hazardous circumstances. First awarded in 1990 to Constables Kyle Bates, Edward Bennet, Neil Paulsen and Senior Constable Brendan Carew for a sea rescue. The Commissioner's Lantern Award was initiated to recognise and promote community-based policing. The inaugural 1991 winner was the Youth Assistance Panel project based in Townsville, joint initiative targeting petty juvenile offenders to provide a last chance before invoking the court system. 1991 The Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act reinforces merit-based criteria in employment and the number of female recruits stabilises around thirty-three per cent. The Bureau of Criminal Intelligence develops and puts into operation the Queensland Intelligence Database with the ability to link nine different data categories. The Police Overseas Service Medal was established on 25 April to acknowledge the overseas peace-keeping role of police officers. The medal was awarded with a clasp which details the area of service. 1992 The first female chief superintendent and superintendent were appointed. Equal opportunity legislation in Public Employment Act gives legislative support to initiatives to improve the position of women. These include flexible work options, anti-harassment strategies and mentor support. The Scientific Section relocates to the Roma Street Police Headquarters with more than 30 staff, many of whom specialise in a very select field of forensic identification. Electronic Recording Section becomes part of Forensic Services Branch. The first Police Beat Shopfront was trialled at Rockhampton's Kmart Plaza and becomes a permanent establishment in August. This initiative was designed to provide an effective policing presence in shopping centres and to improve communication with the community. The Special Emergency Response Team (SERT) was established to respond to emergency situations and to provide operational police with specialist support. It was previously known as the Emergency Squad, and the Tactical Response Group. An Executive Development Program commences to provide skills in strategic planning, policy development, resource management, and command and control to officers moving to commissioned rank. James Patrick O'Sullivan becomes the seventeenth Police Commissioner on 1 November 1992. 1993 The offender identification computer system called Com-Fit was developed. The Task Force becomes the State Crime Operations Command with a primary function to generate intelligence about organised and major crime; and to support regional police during major criminal investigations. 1994 The Public Safety Response Team was established as a full-time unit with a staff of forty-five. On 24 October twelve passengers die on a Wide Bay Tours bus, when the bus crashes on the Gateway Motorway, Boondall, Brisbane. Police, ambulance, fire and emergency service workers, work together to assist the injured after the incident. The Police Recruit Operational and Vocational Education (PROVE) program was introduced to allow recruit curricula to be run on a wholly in-Service basis. Between 1994 and 1996 the Academy was renamed as the Queensland Police and Emergency Services Academy in acknowledgement of the continuing training initiative between the Queensland Police and Queensland Emergency Services. In May, a new $3.3 million police complex, consisting of police station and watchhouse, was officially opened on Mornington Island. It was one of only four cyclone resistant buildings on the island and could be used as a cyclone shelter if required. 1995 In response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, the concept of police liaison officers (PLOs) was initiated on Thursday Island and later trialled in Townsville. 1996 On 21 May Constable Shayne Gill was struck and killed by a motor vehicle while on radar duty on the Bruce Highway near Glasshouse Mountains. A police vessel was subsequently named after Gill. A second Academy campus, the North Queensland Campus of the Queensland Police Academy was established at Rowes Bay, Townsville to encourage recruitment in central and northern Queensland. The $3.5M facility opened for recruit training on 14 October, and 'Because of the number of staff, the 40 recruits will get plenty of attention, especially in the areas of law, police skills, communication, behavioural studies, sociology, autonomous learning and decision making'. The second campus in part was intended to assist recruiting numbers in north Queensland. 1997 The Violent Crime Analysis Unit was established to analyse victimology, modus operandi, offender information, forensic data and behavioural patterns. The Volunteers in Policing (VIP) trial program was initiated in September. VIP duties at police stations include victim support, witness support, customer service, school support and community liaison. 1998 Bicycles patrols were re-introduced to Brisbane after a successful trial. The Interactive Crime Scene Recording System was developed by the Photographic Section. The laser speed gun was introduced; it uses LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). A range of new equipment was introduced which includes extendable batons, hinged handcuffs and Glock firearms. 1999 Women make up 17.36 per cent of officer personnel. The number of female police officers increases steadily by approximately one per cent per year. The Queensland Police Service Medal was introduced on 1 January, to recognise the diligent and ethical service by members of the Queensland Police Service. The Queensland Government transfers the community police function from community councils at Woorabinda, Yarrabah and on Badu Island, to the Queensland Police as a 12-month pilot. These officers were known as Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Police (QATSIP). 2000s 2000 Kathleen Rynders was the first policewoman to achieve the rank of assistant commissioner and in 2008 becomes the first woman to rise to the rank of deputy commissioner. All manual fingerprints filing systems were replaced by the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System allowing all states to share fingerprint information. The DNA Implementation Unit was established to facilitate the introduction of new legislation allowing the QPS to use DNA as a forensic investigative tool. The Crime Prevention Personal Safety Team develops a larger than life wooden figure named "Duncan" to assist in teaching children to pay attention to their gut feelings when they feel in danger. On 21 July 2000 Senior Constable Norman Watt, 33, was shot and killed during an armed stand-off near Rockhampton in Central Queensland. Robert 'Bob' Atkinson becomes the eighteenth Police Commissioner on 1 November 2000. 2002 In March 2002 coordination and security for Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was managed by the Queensland Police Service. More than 4,000 police and staff members take part in the security operation, the largest security operation ever staged by the Queensland Police. A dedicated cold case team was established within the Homicide Investigation Group. 2003 Constable Mokhtiar Singh creates history as the first identifying-Sikh to be inducted as a Queensland police officer. His uniform includes an adaptation of the traditional Indian turban in recognition of his cultural heritage and religious beliefs. Thirteen Queensland Disaster Victim Identification Squad officers were deployed to Bali, as part of an Australian contingent, to assist the Indonesian Government following the terrorist attack. The Queensland Police Service Academy delivers a Justice Entry Program targeted at Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. On 22 August 2003 Senior Sergeant Perry Irwin, 42, was shot while investigating reports of gunfire in bushland at Caboolture, north of Brisbane. 2004 Queensland police begins the sharing and searching of DNA samples from people and crime scenes at a national level on the newly operating National Criminal Investigative DNA Database (NCIDD). 2005 In February the Service opens a Police Dog Development Complex, hoping that their own dog breeding facility will overcome a general lack of trainable dogs. Bright red, two-door Holden Monaro highway patrol cars were introduced. As at 30 June there were 9310 police officers and 3153 staff members. The "Forensic Register" was fully deployed for remote data entry to provide a "paperless" case file solution at a scene of crime. All forensic film based cameras were replaced with digital SLR cameras to record crime scenes. Three new Queensland police awards were established: the Commissioner's Commendation for Bravery, Commissioner's Certificate for Notable Action and Commissioner's Award for Meritorious or Special Service. The Commissioner's Commendation for Bravery was first awarded to Senior Sergeant Mathew Rosevear, Sergeants Robert Duncan and Richard Downie; Constables Glen Lamont, Kim Adamson and John Lima. The eligibility criteria for the Police Overseas Service Medal originally established in 1999, were amended to enable recognition of humanitarian service provided in response to national disasters overseas. First awarded to senior sergeants Kenneth Rach and Scott McLaren for their disaster victim identification work after the Thailand tsunami in 2014. Queensland police, Cardwell Lions Club and Cardwell Coast Guard go into partnership to provide free EPIRBs to departing bush walkers on the Thorsborne Trail on Hinchinbrook Island and Herbert River Gorge walk. The project aims to help rescuers find lost or injured hikers more quickly. On 18 July 2007, Constable Brett Irwin, 33, was shot and killed while executing an arrest warrant for breach of bail at Keperra, in northwest Brisbane. 2006 QPRIME (Queensland Police Records Information Management Exchange) a major new policing information system was launched. The system is used to record and manage all reportable police incidents. It allows easier access to information, less time is spent searching for information in different systems and reduces manual and paper-based processes. The Live-scan fingerprint scanning system was successfully rolled out across the State. These units were connected to the Crimtrac National Automated Fingerprint Identification System in Canberra. 2007 The Photographic Section goes digital and acquires a digital mini-lab which means that photos taken at any Queensland crime scene were processed and printed almost immediately. 2008 Operation Achilles concludes after more than two years of investigation resulting in the simultaneous execution of warrants across the world and the arrests of child sex offenders in Australia, the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. The publication of district-based Neighbourhood Watch Crime Bulletins was launched in Cairns in October. Crime bulletins provided information to the community to assist in clearing offences, and to provide details about crime prevention initiatives. 2009 The eligibility criterion of the Queensland Police Service Medal was changed and was made available to living former members who served prior to the introduction of the medal in 1999. Newly designed patches and epaulettes were introduced. Epaulettes for the ranks of senior sergeant and below, now incorporate the words "Queensland Police". 2010s 2010 Policelink was established to provide an alternative point of contact for reporting non-urgent offences or incidents and for general police inquiries. A new national non-urgent police number was introduced. The National Police Service Medal was established on 9 November and recognises the special status that police officers have because of their role protecting the community and represents a police officer's past and future commitment to give ethical and diligent service. A minimum of 15 years service is required to qualify for the medal. Communications Room Operator Andrew Heinrich took a call at the Ipswich Police Communications Centre around 9pm on 25 September and remains calm and in control as he gives the mother CPR instructions to resuscitate her unconscious baby girl. The Fortitude Valley police station redevelopment project comprises two stages, the construction of a two-level "operational" building and the refurbished of the existing 1936 building. Driver training moves from the Mount Cotton driver training complex (which commenced use in 1983) to a new purpose-built track at the Wacol campus of the Queensland Police Service Academy. The new area included of road circuits; a technically challenging urban simulation environment including traffic lights, roundabouts and building facades; a dedicated off-road skills circuit for both four-wheel-drive and trail-bike training; and two sealed surface, large vehicle manoeuvring areas, including controlled irrigation. 2011 Eight years after thirteen year old Daniel Morcombe was abducted from a Sunshine Coast road, an extensive police investigation locates and charges his killer with murder. The use of automatic number plate recognition technology was launched statewide. The initial launch consisted of one unit being located at the State Traffic Support Branch for use in statewide traffic operations involving both specialist and local police. The floods of 2011 initiate the first use of Facebook and Twitter by the QPS Media and Public Affairs Branch to forge a direct link with the community by using social media to issue accurate information and dispel rumours. Unprecedented floods affects much of Queensland and police were involved in all manner of support, including victim identification, missing persons coordination, anti-looting patrol and countless rescues in all manner of vehicles and vessels. On 29 May 2011 Detective Senior Constable Damien Leeding (CIB) was shot when he confronted an armed offender at the Pacific Pines Tavern on the Gold Coast. Leeding died in hospital on 1 June three days after being shot. 2012 The introduction and implementation of the ANPR project delivers significant improvement and efficiencies in frontline traffic operations. The new "Police Recruit Pathway" selects applicants based on physical health and fitness, personal integrity, cognitive ability and literacy, psychological suitability, life and work experience and practical policing skills. Ian Duncan Hunter Stewart becomes the nineteenth Police Commissioner on 1 November 2012. 2013 A new recruit program commences in January that increasingly expects recruits to perform realistic policing roles. On 3 March an armed gunman brings business in the Queen Street Mall in Brisbane to a halt. The situation was brought under control by the swift action of operational police and the Special Emergency Response Team. The Fatal 5 campaign on Holden HSV motor cars, was launched which adds "inattention" to "speed", "seat belts", "drink driving" and "driving tired" as the main causes of traffic incidents. The campaign was designed to catch the attention of road users and prompt them to be more careful on the roads. Under the Queensland Police Renewal Program the newly named State Crime Command includes the Child Safety and Sexual Crime Group, Drug and Serious Crime Group, Fraud and Cyber Crime Group and the Homicide Group. The strength of the Queensland Police Service at 30 June was 11,055 police officers, 371 police recruits and 3705 staff members. On 1 July, a new structure was approved and which means the reduction of regions from eight to five and districts from thirty to fifteen. Women make up more than twenty-five per cent of police officer personnel and serve in many varied roles across the State. The most northerly police station was on Thursday Island, the most southerly police station was at Hungerford, the most westerly station was at Camooweal and the most easterly police station was at Coolangatta. On 1 July the Forensic Services Group forms as a result of the QPS review. It consisted of more than 550 staff and encompasses all district scenes of crime units, the Fingerprint Bureau, the Forensic Intelligence Unit, and the DNA management, Photographic and Electronic Recording and Scientific sections. The FSG processes in excess 150,000 requests for service and positively identifies or links several thousand suspects to their crime each year. The mobile data pilot for smartphones and tablets, dubbed QLiTEs, was rolled in October as part of the move to provide the technology required by police to keep the community safe. At the Queensland Police Excellence Awards, Southern Region wins the Gold Lantern Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented and Partnership for their "Stay on Track Outback" initiative which aims to enhance road safety on the rural and remote highways of outback Queensland. New uniform material was approved which is lighter in weight and more breathable. The cloth is treated with a flash dry and incorporates a percentage of stretch for comfort and ease. Following the Police and Community Safety Review (PaCSR) report delivered September 2013, commissioned by the Newman Ministry of the Queensland Government, the Public Safety Business Agency (PSBA) was created on 1 November 2013 to bring together the corporate and business support resources of Queensland Police Service and the Department of Corrective Services, to service the whole portfolio. This involved human relations, information technology, finance and other administrative areas being subsumed by the new agency. There were more than 450 police establishments spread across the State. 2014 The department celebrated their 150th anniversary. A unit citation was awarded to all employees. 2016 Following a review, the Public Safety Business Agency (PSBA) was restructured in July 2016, which also resulted in some restructure of the Queensland Police Service. 2017 On 29 May 2017, Senior Constable Brett Forte was shot and killed at Adare, north of Gatton, after attempting to apprehend a suspected offender. The gunman was shot and killed the next day by police while trying to escape after a siege in a farmhouse at Ringwood, north-west of Gatton. On 8 June 2018, the police helicopter POLAIR 2 was named Brett A. Forte in his honour. POLAIR 2 had provided air support during the siege. 2019 Katarina Carroll becomes the twentieth Police Commissioner in July 2019. 2020s 2020 In February 2020 a new organisational restructure (since the November 2013 and July 2016 restructures) was announced as the 'Service Alignment Program', including designating a deputy commissioner for north Queensland, and the dividing of the Northern Region into two. The program was 'to better align resources based on capability and service delivery', and to continue 'to move towards a policing model that is focussed on prevention, disruption, investigation and response'. From March 2020, employees of the organisation were heavily involved in supporting Queensland Health in a response to containing the spread of COVID-19 pandemic within Queensland, on the state borders, airports, and checking persons self-quarantining. The $52.8 million Bob Atkinson Operational Capabilities Centre (BAOCC) at the developing Wacol campus of the Queensland Police Service Academy opened on 28 September 2020. The facility included two indoor firearms ranges as well as a Hogan's Alley of a train station platform, houses, pub, post office, fast food outlet, shopping mall, a multi-storey office and retail building, service station, police station, bus stop, mobile caravan village, and open parkland. 2021 Following the death of a couple at Alexandra Hills Brisbane on 26 January 2021 involving a 17-year-old male alleged to be on drugs and on bail, youth using a stolen vehicle trying to ram police vehicle in Townsville on 30 January 2021, and the death of a motorcycle rider by persons pursuing a stolen vehicle on 5 February 2021, the Commissioner in days after announced the creation of a new 'Youth Crime Taskforce' headed by an assistant commissioner. References Attribution This article contains material from: Policing Queensland Timeline 1864 - 2014, State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service) 2018, released under CC-BY-4.0 licence, accessed on 4 November 2018. FROM the VAULT – Single officer stations, State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service) 2019, released under CC-BY-4.0 licence, accessed on 5 June 2019. FROM the VAULT – Police Station Identification – A Sign of the Times, State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service) 2019, released under CC-BY-4.0 licence, accessed on 25 July 2019. Sunday Lecture Series – Sunday 25 August – Police Prosecutions, State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service) 2019, released under CC-BY-4.0 licence, accessed on 21 August 2019. History of Queensland History of law enforcement Queensland Police Service

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%20occupation%20of%20the%20West%20Bank

Israeli occupation of the West Bank

The Israeli occupation of the West Bank began on 7 June 1967 during the Six-Day War when Israel occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and continues to the present day. The status of the West Bank as an occupied territory has been affirmed by the International Court of Justice and, with the exception of East Jerusalem, by the Israeli Supreme Court. The official Israeli government view is that the law of occupation does not apply and it claims the territories are "disputed". Considered to be a classic example of an "intractable" conflict, the length of Israel's occupation was already regarded as exceptional after two decades and is now the longest in modern history. Israel has cited several reasons for retaining the West Bank within its ambit: a claim based on the notion of historic rights to this as a homeland as affirmed in the Balfour Declaration; security grounds, internal and external; and the deep symbolic value for Jews of the area occupied. Perhaps the most closely researched modern conflict, controversies abound even as to what terminology is the most appropriate, with pro-Israeli sources favouring one set of terms and the Palestinian Authority advocating a different nomenclature. Disputes arise over the bias of keywords, and whether the Israeli or Palestinian viewpoint dominates media representations. Israel has controversially, and in contravention of international law, established numerous settlements throughout the West Bank. The United Nations Security Council has consistently reaffirmed that settlements in that territory are a "flagrant violation of international law", most recently with United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334. The creation and ongoing expansion of the settlements have led to Israel's policies being criticized as an example of colonialism. Israel has been accused of major violations of international human rights law, including collective punishment, in its administration of the occupation. Israeli settlers and civilians living or traveling through the West Bank are subject to Israeli law, and are represented in the Knesset; in contrast, Palestinian civilians, mostly confined to scattered enclaves, are subject to martial law and are not permitted to vote in Israeli national elections. This two tiered system has inspired comparisons to apartheid, with many likening the dense disconnected pockets Palestinians are relegated to with the segregated Bantustans that previously existed in South Africa when the country was still under all white rule. The occupation has numerous critics in Israel itself, with some Israel Defense Forces draftees refusing to serve due to their objections to the occupation. The language of conflict and coverage in academia and the media Terminology bias, it has been argued, is written into reportage about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, with concerns over language manipulation often expressed, with Peter Beinart even suggesting there was a pattern of Orwellian "linguistic fraud and a culture of euphemism" at work, what others have called "sanitized terminology." Each party has its preferred set of descriptive words. The word "occupation", once current, has slipped from view in US mainstream reportage, and is almost taboo. A survey of British newspapers readers in 2001 found that only 9% knew that Israel occupied the Palestinian territories. International usage speaks of the West Bank, whereas Israeli usage prefers Judea and Samaria; the IDF "says" or "confirms" while Palestinians "claim"; for Israelis, violence is an interruption of the status quo, for Palestinians it is an everyday feature of the occupation; what Palestinians and the international community generally consider to be targeted assassinations are "pinpoint preventive operations" for Israel; what some call "colonies" are called "settlements" or "neighbourhoods" by others; what some call "displacement" is for Palestinians "dispossession". Violence by Palestinians is regularly labeled terrorism whereas Israeli military actions are reported as "retaliation" for Palestinian attacks, while the context before the latter is often omitted, lending credence to the idea Israel never initiates violence. The way the conflict is reported are extensively monitoring and analysed: in addition to Israel's public diplomacy, intent on countering negative press images, there are also many private pro-Israeli organizations, among them CAMERA, FLAME, HonestReporting, Palestinian Media Watch, Canary Mission and the Anti-Defamation League which claim much reportage is distorted. The term Pallywood was coined to suggest that Palestinian coverage of their plight is manipulative fake news. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt have argued that United States media coverage, compared to other countries, tilts strongly in Israel's favour. This view that American media are biased against Palestinians has been challenged by authors who cite research that concluded most mainstream media have a "liberal" bias, a criticism extended to European outlets like Le Monde and the BBC. The quality of both media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict and research and debates on university campuses have been the object of extensive monitoring and research. In the latter regard, organizations like Campus Watch closely report and denounce what they consider "anti-Israeli" attitudes. Academics like Sara Roy have argued on the other hand that "the climate of intimidation and censorship surrounding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, both inside (at all levels of the education hierarchy) and outside the U.S. academy, is real and longstanding". Attempts have been made to silence several high-profile critics of Israeli policies in the territories, among them Tony Judt, Norman Finkelstein, Joseph Massad, Nadia Abu El-Haj and William I. Robinson. Such difficulties have given rise to anxieties that the topic itself is at risk, and that the political pressures circumscribing research and discussion undermine academic freedom itself. Internal Israeli studies have argued that local press coverage has traditionally been conservative, reflecting the often tendentious and biased views of the political and military establishment, and similar tendencies have been noted in Palestinian reportage. Tamar Liebes, former director of the Smart Institute of Communication at the Hebrew University, argued that Israeli "Journalists and publishers see themselves as actors within the Zionist movement, not as critical outsiders". The explosive expansion of the Internet has opened up a larger sphere of controversy, with digital forensics on social networks occasionally revealing problems with a few widely circulating images of dead Palestinians, but, also led to the emergence of militant social media practitioners who maintain fraudulence was natural for Palestinians and that images of their dead and wounded were generally faked. The West Bank in 1967 Israel's economy was 10 times larger than the West Bank's on the eve of the occupation but had experienced two years of recession. The West Bank's population stood between 585,500 and 803,600 and, during the Jordanian rule accounted for 40% of Jordan's GNP, with an annual growth rate of 6-8%. Ownership of land was generally collective, and the 19th century Ottoman land code prevailed, which classified land as either – waqf, mülk, miri, matruke, and mawat – the last three being formally state land, though Jordan never considered these last three as state property, and only a very small proportion of the West Bank was registered as such under Jordanian rule. Education was (and remains) a high priority, The enrolment rate averaged an annual increase of 7% over the prior decade, and by 1966, Palestinian youth had the highest enrolment rate of all Arab countries. Palestinians in the West Bank had a favourable educational basis compared to Israeli Arabs and Jordanian youth, due to the preexisting provisions of the Jordanian school system which provided 12 years of free and compulsory education. with some 44.6% of West Bank teenagers in the 15–17 age group participating in some form of secondary schooling. Conquest Johan Galtung states that the Arabs consider Palestine to be the only Arab land that has been denied Arab rule and independent statehood. In 1956, the Israeli leader David Ben-Gurion stated that: "Jordan has no right to exist. The territory to the West of the Jordan should be made an autonomous region of Israel". There had been a very strong opposition to any "Balkanization" or division of Palestine, especially among American Zionists, in the mid-late thirties, since it would have made a prospective homeland, thus truncated, suicidally small. It was in this context that Ben-Gurion argued forcefully for accepting partition agreements as temporary measures, steps on the way to an incremental incorporation of all of Palestine into a Jewish state. According to Israeli historian Adam Raz, as early as 1961, the IDF had drawn up meticulous plans for the conquest and retention of not only the West Bank, but also the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. In August 1963, within the framework of "expected directions of expansion," southern Lebanon up to the Litani River was also included. Though international pressure might foreseeably force Israel to evacuate these conquered lands, contingency plans envisaged also political circumstances whose development would enable Israel to maintain control of these occupied territory indefinitely. The model for controlling Palestinians in the West Bank, were this to eventuate, was to be modeled on the Israeli governance of their Palestinian communities under a strict regime of permits. Before the Six-Day War, there had been an unwritten agreement between Israel and the Jordanian government to uphold the neutrality of the border between the two countries along the Green Line. According to King Hussein, after Israel retaliated against Syrian-backed guerrilla infiltrations and sabotage by conducting on 13 November 1966 an assault on Samu in the West Bank, an area administered by Jordan, that tacit accord was broken. After Israel attacked Egypt at 8 a.m. on 5 June 1967, Jordan responded by shelling Israeli targets in West Jerusalem, and settlements along the border and then, after ignoring an Israeli warning, by attacking Israeli airfields in Ramat David and Kfar Syrkin, but also Netanya. In response, the Israeli army in a swift campaign took possession of East Jerusalem and, after news that King Hussein had ordered his forces to withdraw across the Jordan, took the entire West Bank by noon on 8 June. Israel expelled many people from areas it had conquered, beginning with an estimated 12,000 people who on the very first day were rounded up in the villages of Imwas, Yalo and Bayt Nuba in the Latrun Salient and ordered by the Israeli military into exile eastwards. All three villages were then blown up, and within two years the area was planned as a recreational area now called Canada Park. Tens of thousands of Palestinians fled to Jordan from the refugee camps of Aqabat Jaber and Ein as-Sultan after Israel bombed the camps. The overall numbers of Palestinians displaced by that war is generally estimated to have been around 280,000-325,000, of which it has been calculated that some 120–170,000 were two-time refugees, having been displaced earlier during the 1948 war. The number who left the West Bank as a consequence of the war ranges from 100,000 to 400,000, of which from 50,000 to 200,000 lived in the Jordan Valley. Military-Civil Administration During the 1967 June War Israel appointed a Military Governor to rule the West Bank, with a remit to retain Jordanian law except where these conflicted with Israel's rights as belligerent occupying power. The Israeli administration of Palestinian territories became in time "the longest – and, accordingly, the most entrenched and institutionalized – belligerent occupation in modern history", issuing from 1967 to 2014 over 1,680 military orders regarding the West Bank. The third military order, issued two days after the onset of the occupation, specified that military courts were to apply the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention regarding the protection of civilians in a war zone: within 4 months this stipulation was erased from the order. Jordan maintains that some of the laws ostensibly retained from its code, stemming from the Mandatory Defence (Emergency) Regulations of 1945, had in fact been abolished, and were invalid as they conflicted with the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. The Israeli Military Governorate was dissolved in 1981, and in its place the Israeli military established the Israeli Civil Administration. The military order establishing the Israeli Civil Administration, military order 947, specified that "the Civil Administration shall administer civilian affairs ... with regard to the welfare and benefit of the population." Meron Benvenisti argues that this transition marked the transformation of the occupation from a temporary into a permanent system. The military closely supervised elections in local clubs, cooperatives or charitable organizations. West Bank lawyers were banned on security grounds from organizing professionally a bar association. Palestinians were denied direct political representation after 1976, and instead, village leagues (rawabit al-qura) were introduced, and furnished by Israeli with arms and militias. These leagues had a short life: their appointees were considered to be quislings by General Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and collaborationists by the local population, and to have been recruited from people who were lazy or had criminal backgrounds. With the Oslo Accords, Israel negotiated with the Palestinian Liberation Organization a provisory agreement which left the latter some autonomy in Area A, mixed regulation of Area B, and total Israeli administration of the largest zone, Area C. Israel retains a right to operate militarily in all three zones, but security issues have a bilateral dimension that had led a number of critics to argue that effectively the Palestinian National Authority has become Israel's subcontractor in the occupation. According to an analysis by the Israeli think tank Molad in 2017, Israel deploys from 50% to 75% of its active IDF forces in the West Bank, while only one third deals with Arab states, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas and other perceived external threats 80% of the former defend settlements, while 20% handle any behavior that Israel considers a security threat, including terrorism. Israeli security concerns A concern for security in Israel has been said to "vastly exceed the norm for other Western countries". Israel's military-industrial sector, which by the early 1980s employed a quarter of all industrial workers with 28% of GNP devoted to defense expenditures, became the fastest growing sector of the economy after 1967. It came to extend its activities beyond issues of defense, spilling over into the administration and settlement of the occupied territories. The occupation has, according to some Israeli researchers, produced an ethos of conflict of which perceived security concerns, at times perplexing to outsiders, are a central feature. Although security is a fundamental Israeli preoccupation, the state has never formalized an official national security policy or doctrine. Before June 1967, the Israeli cabinet did not regard the West Bank as having a "vital security value". Before the war ended, the IDF's research department under Shlomo Gazit drew up a proposal to pullback almost completely from the West Bank and Gaza in exchange for a peace treaty, since, they concluded, there was no need for retaining any territory on security grounds. The document was ignored. It was in the wake of the conquest, that secure defensible borders became a keynote of Israel's foreign policy. Four schools of thought came to dominate the question of the acquired territories. Two were closely linked to strategic questions of security. The territorialist approach, associated with Yigal Allon's Allon Plan (1967–1970), would have annexed all of the West Bank south of Jerusalem and the lowland border along the Jordan River, and excluded areas closer to the pre-1967 border, which had a high density of Palestinians. The functionalist view, associated with Moshe Dayan and later Simon Peres, foresaw setting up 5 army bases along the Jordan ridges, which also left the Palestinians in between with a degree of autonomy, though constrained to accept the presence of Israelis among them. From 1968 to 1977 Labour governments facilitated a number of settlements designed to form a bulwark against the threat of future mass tank assaults from Jordan and Iraq. The third approach, associated with Menachem Begin and the Likud party, is annexationist, and with the ascendency of Likud, the biblical resonance of West Bank territory outweighed questions of security significance in driving an expansion of settlements, though both Likud and Gush Emunim came to oppose Palestinian independence on security grounds and treated West Bank Palestinians as either potential enemies or security threats, by arguing that national autonomy would develop into a basis for PLO aggression. The fourth position, associated with Abba Eban, Pinhas Sapir and Yehoshafat Harkabi is reconciliationist, being opposed to the idea of "Fortress Israel". Its proponents do not generally consider retention of the West Bank indispensable for guaranteeing Israel's security interests, with Harkabi, a former head of military intelligence, advocating withdrawal to the 1967 borders in exchange for a negotiated settlement with the PLO. The West Bank was considered a bargaining chip in securing a broad peace treaty with Arab nations. In time, especially after the Sinai withdrawal, and suggestions the Golan Heights were also negotiable, the idea of retaining territory for strategic interests dwindled in importance, as a military anachronism in an age of missile warfare. The military arguments for retaining ground were supplanted by political considerations, that Arab acquiescence in agreed on borders is of greater importance, and that settlements, formerly placed along possible invasion routes, were no longer functional for security, if they were an obstacle to peace. The Oslo Accords, moreover, had set in place a Palestinian security apparatus that, as Yitzhak Rabin acknowledged, worked with Israel to safeguard Israel's security interests. According to analysts who support Israeli settlements, the presence of hostile, armed forces on the high ground of the West bank would pose a security risk to the narrow Israeli land between the West Bank and the Mediterranean coast, which contains some of the country's biggest strategic assets, including Ben Gurion airport, the largest electric power station, and highly-populated cities. Over half of the Israeli public believes settlements reinforce Israel's security. In recent years, numerous top defense experts disagree, dismissing the idea as a myth or outdated illusion. 106 retired Israeli Generals, such as Eyal Ben-Reuven, Moshe Kaplinsky and Gadi Shamni, and Shin Bet heads such as Yuval Diskin have publicly opposed Benjamin Netanyahu's claim that an independent state of Palestine would be a security threat, arguing variously that holding millions of Palestinians under occupation on ostensible security-related grounds, rather than pursuing an overall peace plan with Arab countries, endangers Israel's future. Territory Israel extended its jurisdiction over East Jerusalem on 28 June 1967, suggesting internally it was annexed while maintaining abroad that it was simply an administrative move to provide services to residents. The move was deemed "null and void" by the United Nations Security Council. The elected Arab council was disbanded, and a number of services provided by Palestinian companies were transferred to their Israeli competitors. The population ratio for this united Jerusalem was set ideally as 76% Jewish and 24% Arab, and Jewish Israeli settlers were given a 5-year tax exemption, not applied to Palestinian Jerusalemites, who were placed in a high income tax bracket, and paid for 26% of municipal services while receiving 5% of the benefits. The Palestinian areas were encircled by Jewish new town developments which effectively closed them off from expansion, and services to the latter were kept low so that after decades, basic infrastructure was left in neglect, with shortages of schools, inadequate sewage and garbage disposal. By 2017, 370,000 lived in the overcrowded Arab areas, living under strict restrictions on their daily movement and commerce. One 2012 report stated that the effect of Israeli policies was that, amidst flourishing modern Jewish settlements, the Arab sector had been allowed to decay into a slum where criminals, many of them collaborators, thrived. In 2018 legislative measures were announced to strip a further 12,000 Palestinians of their right to live in East Jerusalem. Israel's policies regarding the use of land in the rest of the West Bank display three interlocking aspects, all designed around a project of Judaization of what was Palestinian territory. These policies consist in (a) planning for land use (b) expropriations of land and (c) the construction of settlements. Area C The "Letters of Mutual Recognition" accompanying the "Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements" (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Major critics of these arrangements, headed by Raja Shehadeh, argue that the PLO had scarce interest or competence in the legal implications of what it was signing. These Oslo Accords ceded nominal control of a small amount of the West Bank to a Palestinian authority, with a provisory division of the land, excluding East Jerusalem, into 3 areas: Area A (18% of territory, 55% of population), Area B (20% of territory, 41% of the population), and Area C (62% of territory, 5.8% of population). Israel never finalized the undertaking with regard to Area C to transfer zoning and planning from the Israeli to the Palestinian authorities within five years and all administrative functions continued to remain in its hands. Tactically, the Accord lessened Israel's problem with large-scale demonstrations since the areas of ostensible PA control were fragmented into 165 islands containing 90% of the Palestinian population, all surrounded by the spatially contiguous 60% of the West Bank where the PA was forbidden to venture. Israel then reasserted in 2000 a right to enter, according to "operational needs", Area A where most West Bank Palestinians live and which is formally under PA administration, meaning they still effectively control all the West Bank including areas under nominal PA authority. According to the United Nations special rapporteur on Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories, Michael Lynk, the policies applied by Israel indicate an intention to annex totally Area C, which has 86% of the nature reserves, 91% of the forests, 48% of the wells and 37% of the springs in the West Bank. Early economic impact of occupation The early occupation set severe limits on public investment and comprehensive development programmes in the territories. British and Arab commercial banks operating in the West Bank were closed down soon after Israel assumed power there. Bank Leumi then opened nine branches, without successfully replacing the earlier system. Farmers could get loans, but Palestinian businessmen avoided taking out loans from them since they charged 9% compared to 5% interest in Jordan. Land confiscations led to rural labour seeking employment, even if mainly menial, in Israel, causing a labour scarcity in the West Bank, and their remittances were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969-73 boom years. The Israeli licensing system stipulated no industrial plant could be built without obtaining a prior Israeli permit, which was often tied to security concerns. Entrepreneurs were denied a permit for a cement factory in Hebron, melon production was forbidden, imports of grapes and dates banned, to protect Israeli farmers, and limits were set to how many cucumbers and tomatoes could be produced. Israeli milk producers exerted pressure on the Ministry for Industry and Trade to stop the establishment of a competitive dairy in Ramallah. Ian Lustick states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture. Two decades later, 90% of West Bank imports came from Israel, with consumers paying more than they would for comparable products had they been able to exercise commercial autonomy. Land seizure mechanisms In 1968 a military order stopped attempts by Palestinians to register their land, while permitting Israel to register areas as state land with its own Custodian of Enemy Property. Whereas Ottoman and British Mandatory Authorities had used property-tax books to collect taxes from villages, Israel ignored these as evidence of ownership, demanding instead that proof be given the land was under cultivation, while army seizures often prevented villagers from continuing to work their fields. From 1967 to 1983, Israel expropriated over 52% of the West Bank, most of its prime agricultural land and, by the eve of 1993 Oslo Accords, these confiscations had encompassed over three-quarters of the territory. The mechanisms by which Israel seizes or expropriates West Bank land were set forth in a detailed work by B'Tselem in 2002. Many practices outlined there were confirmed in the official Israeli Sasson Report of 2005, which focused on government subsidies and support for the creation of illegal Israeli outposts in knowing contravention of Israel's own laws. Under international law, a military may take temporary possession of occupied land, but not expropriate it. From 1957 to 1976 the IDF repeatedly requisitioned private Palestinian properties on the grounds of military necessity, only to turn them over for Jewish settlements, such as Matitiyahu, Neve Tzuf, Rimonim, Bet El, Kokhav Hashahar, Alon Shvut, El'azar, Efrat, Har Gilo, Migdal Oz, Gittit, Yitav and Qiryat Arba. This practice, after Palestinians appealed was blocked by the High Court in the case of Elon Moreh (1979). Thereafter, the Ottoman Land Law of 1858 which enabled the sovereign to seize certain types of land, though much private land had not been registered to avoid taxes or military service with the Ottomans. Thirdly, land temporally abandoned during the 1967 was deemed absentee property came under trusteeship, but since Israel rarely allows refugees to return. If a claim is made, but the Custodian has sold it to a settler group in the meantime, the sale cannot be nullified even if invalid. Fourthly, land expropriated for public need under Jordanian law required notification, time for appeal, and royal approval. Israel modified this by delegating the power to regional military commanders, and by abolishing the requirement to publish the intention to expropriate in an official gazette. Appeals were dealt with no longer local courts but by the military court system. Lastly, land sales were subject to severe restrictions, except for purchases by the Jewish National Fund. Palestinians regard sale of their to Jews as treasonable, so the law was altered to enable Jewish buyers to withhold registration of property acquired from Palestinians for 15 years. Many fraudulent practices in this regard flourished until they were formally stopped by law in 1985. One estimate put the amount of unalienable Islamic property dedicated to pious ends confiscated by Israel at over 600,000 dunams. Settlement Ariel Sharon viewed the primary function of settling the West Bank as one of precluding the possibility of the formation of a Palestinian state, and his aim in promoting the 1982 invasion of Lebanon was to secure perpetual control of the former. As of 2017, excluding East Jerusalem, 382,916 Israelis have settled in the West Bank, and 40% (approximately 170,000 in 106 other settlements) live outside the major settlement blocs, where 214,000 reside. A continuity has often been observed between the Realpolitik processes governing the creation of Israel and the practices adopted with regard to the West Bank. Several analysts have likened the process to enclosure – the "establishment of exclusionary Jewish spaces on the Palestinian landscape" being heir to the English appropriation of common land and its conversion to private use – or to the conversion of Amerindian land into "white property". Early Zionist policy for land appropriation was outlined by Menachem Ussishkin in 1904 and, aside from voluntary sales, foresaw the need also to seize land by war and compel sale through expropriation via the ruling authority. It called this practice "colonization", a word which, since 1967, has been replaced by the euphemism "settlement." The technique developed over the decades of early settlement was one of incremental spread, setting up tower-and-stockade outposts, a pattern repeated in the West Bank after 1967. A quote attributed to Joseph Trumpeldor summed up Zionist logic: "Wherever the Jewish plow plows its last furrow, that is where the border will run". The principle of this slow steady establishing of "facts on the ground" before the adversary realizes what is going on, is colloquially known as "dunam after dunam, goat after goat". The model applied to the West Bank was that used for the Judaization of the Galilee, consisting of setting up a checkered pattern of settlements not only around Palestinian villages but in between them. In addition to settlements considered legal, with government sponsorship, there are some 90 Israeli outposts (2013) built by private settler initiatives which, though illegal even in Israeli terms, are defended by the IDF. From the mid-1990s to 2015 many of these, such as Amona, Avri Ran's Giv'ot Olam and Ma'ale Rehav'am – the latter on 50 dunams of private Palestinian land – were directly funded, according to Haaretz, by loans from the World Zionist Organization through Israeli taxpayer money, since its approximate $140 million income derives from Israel and is mostly invested in settlements in the West Bank. The first site chosen for settlement was Gush Etzion, on some worked by Palestinian refugees. Hanan Porat was inspirational, intending by developing the settlement in order to put in place a practical application of the radical messianic Zionism of Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, whose father Abraham Isaac Kook's Mercaz HaRav yeshiva in particular has exercised considerable influence on Israel's policies regarding the West Bank. According to Eyal Benvenisti, a 1972 judgement by Supreme Court justice Moshe Landau, siding with a military commander's decision to assign electrical supply in the Hebron area to the Israel Electric Corporation rather than to a Palestinian company, was to prove pivotal to encouraging the settlement project, since it placed the latter under the jurisdiction of the military authorities. During the first decade of Israel occupation, when the Israeli Labour Party held power, settlement was concentrated on constructing a ring of "residential fortresses" around the Palestinian population of Jerusalem, and in the Jordan Valley. According to Ibrahim Matar, the purpose of this colonizing strategy around Jerusalem was to hem in and block the expansion of the Palestinian population, and to incentivize Palestinian emigration by inducing a sense among the Palestinians a sense of living in a ghetto. Between 1967 and 1977, settlement was small-scale totaling the transfer of 3,200 Israelis into the West Bank. By the end of Labour's term of power in 1977, 4,500 Israelis had established themselves in 30 West Bank settlements and some 50,000 in settlements in East Jerusalem. It was with the rise to power of Menachem Begin's Likud Party, driven by a "Greater Israel theology" that year, which led to an incremental expansion of this projects, and marked in the view of Oren Yiftachel the peak of Israel's ethnocratic project, with the West Bank to become "the bedrock of Jewish national identity". A change in territorial focus took place, with settlements now promoted in the biblical heartland of the West Bank next to Palestinian population centres. The main plank of Likud's platform, still unaltered, called for the immediate annexation of the West Bank. If security calculations influenced the relatively small-scale settlements advanced by the Israeli Labour Party, the reconfirmation of Likud in 1981 led to a rapid escalation of settlement as a religious-national programme. The local Palestinian press was forbidden by the military censors at the same time from reporting any news about settlements, expropriations or legal moves made to block them. By 1983, settlers in the West Bank numbered 28,400. Incentives consisting of government mortgage and housing subsidies, tax incentives, business grants, free schooling, infrastructure projects, and defense were provided. After the Oslo Accords down to 2002, the settler population doubled. In 1972 the number of Israeli settlers in Area C were 1,200, in 1993 110,000, and in 2010 310,000 (excluding East Jerusalem). Before 1967 there were between 200,000 and 320,000 Palestinians in the Jordan Valley, which, together with the northern Dead Sea, covers 30% of the West Bank and constituted the "most significant land reserve" for Palestinians, 85% of whom are barred from entering it. By 2011, 37 settlements had been established among the 64,451 Palestinians there (who constitute 29 communities) 70% of whom live in Area A in Jericho. According to ARIJ, by 2015 only 3 of 291 Palestinian communities in Area C received Israeli building approval (on just 5.7 hectares), and any construction outside that was subject to demolition. In that one year, they calculate, Israel confiscated a further 41,509 hectares, demolished 482 homes – displacing 2,450 people – uprooted 13,000 trees, and subjected Palestinians and their property to assault on some 898 distinct occasions. Israeli settlements constituted 6% of the land, while military zones had been declared over 29%. From 1967 to 2003, successive Israeli governments assisted the transfer of some 230,000 Jewish civilians into 145 West Bank and Gaza settlements and approximately 110 outposts. By 2016, approximately 42% of the settlement workforce (55,440) found employment in those settlements. The ultra-Orthodox have dominated the process from the beginning: from 2003 to 2007 alone the population of Beitar Illit, whose construction was facilitated by the expropriation of 1,500 dunams of Naḥḥālīn farmland, rose 40%, while Modi'in Illit, built on the Palestinian village lands of Ni'lin, Kharbata, Saffa, Bil'in and Dir Qadis, increased by 55%. The majority of Israeli West Bank agriculture arises from contracts with the World Zionist Organization that bypass direct contracts with the Israeli Land Regulating Commissioner, and many were given to use private Palestinian land. With the Regularization Law of 2017, Israel retroactively legalized the settler takeover of thousands of hectares of privately owned Palestinian land and some 4,500 homes which settlers had built without obtaining official permits. By that year, the fifth decade of occupation, Israel had managed to establish (2017) 237 settlements, housing roughly 580,000 settlers. One technique used to established settlements was to set up a paramilitary encampment for army personnel to be used for agricultural and military training for soldiers. These were then slowly transformed into civilian settlements, often without official approval. This could be justified as legal because they were initially IDF bases without civilians. Another technique was to render land momentarily unusable. Gitit for example was established by closing off 5,000 dunams of the village lands of Aqraba and then spraying it with defoliants. On occasion, creating settlements is hailed as a measure to punish Palestinians collectively, as a reaction to a Palestinian killing of a settler, or in response to the granting of non-member observer status to the Palestinian State by the United Nations, an announcement which generated plans for a further 3,000 settler homes in the West Bank. Economic motivations also drive settlement: if one sells one's 50-60 sq. m. apartment in Jerusalem, one can purchase with less than the sale proceeds an apartment three times larger in settlements like Ma’aleh Adumim. One early metaphor likened the expansion of settlements to the baobab tree in The Little Prince, whose seeds take root and eventually cover the entire planet. By the early eighties, several authoritative observers, among them Eyal Benvenisti, already concluded that the settlement expansion was close to a point of no return from total annexation. The impression left of the landscape has been described as follows: Israeli settlements form an upper-middle-class oasis of green grass, shopping malls, and swimming pools amidst open desert and enclaves of Palestinian refugee camps, villages, and towns with limited access to water. American citizens lead the diaspora in moving into West Bank settlements, with 12% stating their first choice of residency is "Judea and Samaria". They now form the predominant block and number an estimated 60,000. Legal status Before proceeding with settlement, the government sought legal advice from their resident expert on international law, Theodor Meron. His top secret memorandum stated unequivocally that the prohibition on any such population transfer was categorical, and that "civilian settlement in the administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention." indicating that the Prime Minister Levi Eshkol was therefore aware the promotion of settlements in the West Bank would be illegal. The International community has also since rejected Israel's unwillingness to accept the applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the territories it occupies, with most arguing all states are duty bound to observe them. Israel alone challenges this premise, arguing that the West Bank and Gaza are "disputed territories", and that the Conventions do not apply because these lands did not form part of another state's sovereign territory, and that the transfer of Jews into areas like the West Bank is not a government act but a voluntary movement by Israeli Jewish people, not acting under compulsion, a position contested by Yoram Dinstein. The International Court of Justice also determined that Israeli settlements in the West Bank were established in breach of international law in their 2004 advisory opinion on the West Bank barrier. In 1980, Israel declined to sign the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which obliges national laws to give way to international law when the two conflict, and regulates settlements in terms of its own laws, in lieu of any compulsion to observe its treaty commitments and by arguing that all the relevant UN bodies adjudicating the matter are "anti-Zionist and anti-Semitic". Settler violence Though settler vigilantism dates back to the late 1970s, when they were authorized to bear arms in self-defense – one ordinance exempted them from military service in Israel while drafting them into West Bank units and another gave them powers to demand Palestinians provide identification and even to arrest them – settler terrorism formally dates back at least to the Jewish Underground movement of the early 1980s, which began by targeting and severely maiming, through the deployment of car bombs, West Bank mayors such as Bassam Shakaa of Nablus, and Karim Khalaf of Ramallah. In the first 2 years of the First Intifada, settlers killed at least 34 Palestinians, 4 below the age of 16, with 11 killed by settler initiative at home or while guarding flocks; a further 6 probably died through settler actions, and 8 were killed in response to stone throwing at cars. Only two died as a result of clashes. In the 1980s attempts by one Jewish terrorist group led by Meir Kahane to set up settlements were blocked by other settlers, the heads of Gush Emunim, though Kahane's views would later motivate the Cave of the Patriarchs Massacre. From 2009 such settler violence escalated rapidly, an uptick that coincided with a dramatic fall in Palestinian terror attacks. In 2009, 200 settler attacks took place, a figure which doubled to over 400 by 2011. Of the latter, nearly 300 consisted in attacks on Palestinian property, causing 100 Palestinian casualties, and the destruction of roughly 10,000 trees. Many of these are carried out as Price tag acts, which target innocent Palestinians and are designed to intimidate the local population. Yesh Din discovered that of 781 such incidents covered from 2005 to 2011, 90% of the Israeli investigations were closed without laying indictments, and many of the culprits were Hilltop Youth. In an analysis of 119 cases of settlers killing Palestinians, it emerged that only 13 were sent to gaol: 6 were convicted of murder, only one of whom was sentenced to life imprisonment, while of 7 convicted of manslaughter, 1 received a prison sentence of 7 and a half years for killing a child, and the rest got off with light sentences. Writing in 2012, Daniel Byman and Natan Sachs judged that the pattern of settler violence was "undoubtedly working" and achieving its ends, by influencing the way Palestinians view Israelis, strengthening the hand of terrorists among them, and by seeding fears in the Israeli government that any pullout in exchange for peace will lead to conflict with settlers and a political disaster for the political parties involved. State of asymmetric war West Bank Palestinians have engaged in two uprisings that have led to an asymmetric set of wars of attrition, between the occupying power and the occupied people. This characterization has been further refined by classifying the conflict as structurally asymmetric, where the root cause of tension lies in the standoff between a colonizer and the colonized, and in which the large power imbalance in favour of the dominator leads to a resort to guerilla tactics or terrorism by the dominated.Much of what Palestinians defend as acts of "resistance" are, in Israeli usage, regarded as "terrorism". Making speeches calling on fellow Palestinians to resist the occupation is construed in Israeli law as tantamount to advocacy of terrorism. In the case of the parliamentarian Azmi Bishara, he was stripped of his immunity rights in the Knesset in order to pave the way for a criminal indictment on this charge. International law does not address the issue regarding the rights of an occupied people to resist an occupation which flagrantly violates fundamental human rights. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 established that force may not be used to deny self-determination, and that recourse to force to resist colonial or alien domination is legitimate. The two fundamental preconditions for containing conflict – clearly defined borders and rough power parity between the parties at war – are absent, with a pronounced economic and military disparity favouring Israel. The disparity extends, according to Nathan Thrall, to the numerous negotiations over a peace settlement. According to Aharon Klieman, even Israeli negotiating tactics with Palestinians follow the principles of warfare used by the IDF. Armaments (Israel) In terms of armaments, Israel is reputed to have "the strongest and best-equipped army of the Middle East." The arsenal at Israel's disposal to counteract major Palestinian uprisings ranges from F-16 fighters, Merkava tanks, Apache helicopters, Hellfire missiles, massive armoured D9 Caterpillar bulldozers. to the standard M-16 rifle and the use of snipers. The Israeli techniques for daily dispersing protesting crowds differ according to the ethnicity of the protestors. With Jewish settlers by and large the methods are those policing approaches used in Western countries, and they are reported as not intervening when settlers go on the rampage against Palestinians. With Palestinians, contrariwise, military tactics are adopted, and observers such as B'Tselem claim lack of proportionality and recourse to firearms is characteristic. With the latter at demonstrations Israeli forces have drawn on rash gas, tear gas canisters (which have often produced fatalities); shooting into crowds with rubber-coated steel bullets, which can be lethal; high-velocity bullets; recourse to the use of live ammunition rounds; the deployment from 2008 of trucks dousing whole areas with putrid Skunk spray; stun grenades; water cannons; pepper spray; capsaisin projectiles; deployment of snatch squads and mista'arvim and sponge rounds. The use of rubber-coated metal bullets is allowed in the West Bank but forbidden from deployment against people within Israel. Also deployed on occasion since 2005 when they were used at Bil’in, are loud sound-wave generating devices, gravel-throwing machines; shock-inducing polystyrene and bismuth metal paintball pellets, and tasars. In the first Intifada, snipers targeted youths primarily to maim them, with dum dum shots to the right arm biceps crippling their use by stone-throwers for life. Armaments (Palestinians) The primary value developed by Palestinians to resist the occupation from 1967 has been ṣumūd, hanging on stubbornly, a steadfast perseverance in remaining on one's land, even if it turns into a prison, in the face of Jewish hitnahalut (settlement). The word itself was consistently repressed from Palestinian papers by Israeli censors in the early decades. Mubarak Awad, founder of the Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence, endeavoured to inculcate Gandhian principles of non-violence in the West Bank, and was subsequently expelled and sent into exile by Israel on the grounds he preached non-violence as a cover an armed struggle for liberation. The village of Bil'in, one of the first villages, along with Budrus and Abu Dis, to practice Gandhian methods of non-violent resistance, has in one decade (2005–2015) been subjected to incessant night raids, seen hundreds of its residents arrested, its leader Abdullah Abu Rahmeh put on trial 5 times and sentenced to imprisonment, and thousands of demonstrators injured. The mainstay of Palestinian armed resistance techniques to the occupation during the First Intifada, which was generally non-lethal, consisted of throwing stones during clashes with at Israeli troops, or at military and settler vehicles bearing their distinctive yellow number plates, together with tire-burning, hurling Molotov cocktails and setting up roadblocks. The then Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin's policy was that, "rioters must emerge with casualties or scars." The juxtaposition of this primitive method with Israeli power was striking, with children and youths throwing stones and deploying slingshots against a fully equipped and highly trained military power exerting overwhelming superiority. Years later, a spiral in escalation led to the increased use of knifing and Palestinian suicide attacks corresponding to the expansion of deployment of warplanes, helicopters, and recourse to assassinations by Israel. In the Al-Aqsa Intifada, suicide bombers, among which youths figured prominently, were deployed and became a central feature from 2001 to 2005, of the second uprising. Aside from the PLO's Fatah, many armed militant factions, Marxist, Islamic or otherwise, became involved, such as the Tanzim, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Hamas, Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and Popular Resistance Committees. This flared up into a large-scale military confrontation when, according to Ma'ariv, 700,000 rounds of ammunition were fired at West Bank crowds protesting the shooting of Palestinians in and around the Haram al-Sharif, killing 118 Palestinians, of whom 33 were teenagers. From 2001 to 2007 Israel killed more Palestinians annually than it had over the first two decades of occupation, averaging 674 as opposed to the earlier 32 per year. Kill ratios between the first and second intifada differ markedly. 1 Israeli was killed for every 25 Palestinians in the first, whereas the figure for the first year of the second the ratio varied from 1 Israeli to 2.5/3 Palestinians. The earlier ratio of 25:1 was only reestablished by 2007. The overall historic pattern of Palestinian violence in comparative terms, according to Nathan Thrall, appears to be far less participatory and deadly than other examples of local resistance to a foreign occupation. The four major outbreaks all began in civic demonstrations and strikes which, when violently repressed, led to a resort to violence. Technologies of control Ben Ehrenreich, citing Gudrun Krämer's description of the British military suppression of the 1936 Palestinian Revolt, states that, aside from caning, all of the extreme measures adopted by the Mandatory authorities recur as standard practices in the way Israel manages the occupied territories. Scholars differ regarding how to classify the techniques of segregation and exclusion used to further Israeli control over the West Bank. For Jan Selby, there are five central planks to consolidate territorial colonization: (a) settlement construction; (b) land confiscation and engineering a bypass road network (c) drawing the local economy into dependence on Israel's larger one; (d) the creation of a dual legal system with different laws for Palestinians and Jewish settlers, with subsidies favouring the latter and (e) seeking local clients and patrons who would act according to Israel's bidding, and, in lieu of success in this regard, increased repression. Gershon Shafir has discerned a matrix of five technologies of Israeli domination over Palestinians (a) the permit system; (b) administrative detention; (c)deportation: (d) house demolitions, and (e) torture. Richard Falk adds political assassinations, extrajudicial punishments and the use of collective punishment to the list. According to Neve Gordon, Israel uses lawfare "to encode the field of human rights and in this way (has) help(ed) frame human rights work in Israel as a security threat." Population transfer and deportations Israel was one of the High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention dealing specifically with protection of civilians in a war zone, and, as a signatory, underwrote Article 49 which reads: Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies. This final clause is absolute, allowing of no exceptions, and was ratified by Israel when it signed the Geneva Conventions on 6 July 1951. The sentence was written to prevent the repetition of the practice of colonization established by certain powers, by which Germany was to be understood, of transferring their population to conquered territories for political and racial reasons in WW2. Furthermore, Article 76 of that convention excludes deportation as a punitive measure in stating that protected persons accused of offences shall be detained in the occupied country and, if convicted, they shall serve their sentences therein. The principle is unambiguous – "an occupier cannot expel a single person, however much that person constitutes a security risk". According to one estimate, between 1967 and 1978 some 1,151 individuals were deported by Israel, including two whole tribes, dispatched into exile en masse from the area of the Jordan Valley in December 1967 and May 1969. To provide legal warrant for these measures, which contravene the Fourth Geneva Convention, Israel applied law 112 going back to the British Mandatory government's Defence (Emergency) Regulations which predated the Geneva Convention by 4 years. These in turn went back to military legislation devised to counteract the Palestinian war of opposition to British occupation and Jewish immigration in 1936-1939. Fathers were most frequently affected in the early days: sundering families, the practice was arrest household heads at night in their homes and take them to a desert south of the Dead Sea where they were forced, at gunpoint or gunshot, to cross over into Jordan. To this day, any Palestinian Jerusalemite can have his or her residency revoked by Israeli law if Jerusalem has not constituted, in the view of the Israeli authorities, their "centre of life" for seven consecutive years, a revocation constituting a forced population transfer that has been applied to at least 14,595 Palestinians since 1967 (2016). The PLO, inspired by the precedent of the SS Exodus, once endeavoured to sail a "Ship of Return" into Haifa harbour with 135 Palestinians Israel had deported from the territories. Mossad assassinated with a car-bomb the three senior Fatah officials organizing the event in Limassol, and then sunk the ship in the port. The forced transfer of Palestinians still takes place in the West Bank: in 2018 the Israeli Supreme Court gave the green light to expel the people of Khan al-Ahmar from their township to a rubbish dump outside Abu Dis. Israel arrested at a checkpoint in February 2017 Maen Abu Hafez, a 23-year-old Palestinian, since he had no ID, and detained him under a deportation order in a prison for aliens in Ramla, Israel. He had been raised since the age of 3 in the Jenin Refugee Camp. Israel seeks to deport him to Brazil, though he speaks no Portuguese, his mother is Uruguayan and his Palestinian father deserted the family to return to Brazil in 1997 and has not been heard from since. Collective punishment Israel's use of collective punishment measures, such as movement restrictions, shelling of residential areas, mass arrests, and the destruction of public health infrastructure. violates Articles 33 and 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Article 33 reads in part: No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited Collective punishment of Palestinians goes back to British mandatory techniques in suppressing the 1936-1939 revolt. and has been reintroduced and in effect since the early days of the occupation, and was denounced by Israel Shahak as early as 1974. Notoriety for the practice arose in 1988 when, in response to the killing of a suspected collaborator in the village, Israeli forces shut down Qabatiya, arrested 400 of the 7,000 inhabitants, bulldozed the homes of people suspected of involvement, cut all of its telephone lines, banned the importation of any form of food into the village or the export of stone from its quarries to Jordan, shutting off all contact with the outside world for almost 5 weeks (24 February-3 April). In 2016 Amnesty International stated that the various measures taken in the commercial and cultural heart of Hebron over 20 years of collective punishment have made life so difficult for Palestinians that thousands of businesses and residents have been forcibly displaced, enabling Jewish settlers to take over more properties. House demolitions House demolition is considered a form of collective punishment. According to the law of occupation, the destruction of property, save for reasons of absolute military necessity, is prohibited. The practice of demolishing Palestinian houses began within two days of the conquest of the area in the Old City of Jerusalem known as the Moroccan Quarter, adjacent to the Western Wall. From the outset of the occupation of the Palestinian territories down to 2015, according to an estimate by the ICAHD, it has been estimated that Israel has razed 48,488 Palestinian structures, with a concomitant displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. Israel regards its practice as directed against houses built without Israeli permits or a form of deterrence of terrorism, since a militant is thereby forced to consider the effect of his actions on his family. Between September 2000 and the end of 2004, of the 4,100 homes the IDF razed in the territories, 628, housing 3,983 people were undertaken as punishment because a member of a family had been involved in the Al Aqsa insurgency. From 2006 until 31 August 2018, Israel demolished at least 1,360 Palestinian residential units in the West Bank (not including East Jerusalem), causing 6,115 people – including at least 3,094 minors – to lose their homes. 698 of these, homes to 2,948 Palestinians of whom 1,334 minors, were razed in the Jordan Valley (January 2006 – September 2017). Even huts by shepherds, on which taxes have been duly paid, can be demolished. Permit regime From 1967, almost every aspect of ordinary everyday Palestinian life was subject to pervasive military regulations, calculated to number of 1,300 by 1996, from planting trees and importing books, to house extensions. Military order 101 denied West Bankers the right to purchase any form of printed matter – books, posters, photographs and even paintings – from abroad (including from Israel) unless prior authorization had been obtained from the military. In the first two decades Palestinians were required to apply for permits and licenses for an enormous number of things such as a driver's license, a telephone, trademark and birth registration, and a good conduct certificate to secure jobs in numerous professions. Obtaining such permits has been described as a via dolorosa. The precise criteria to be satisfied for obtaining permits have never been clarified. It has been likened to the pass system of Apartheid. Zygmunt Bauman's warnings of the debilitating effect bureaucracy may have on the human condition has been cited to throw light on the Orwellian or Kafkaesque trap of red tape that, it is argued, places a stranglehold on Palestinian autonomy. There are 42 types of permits, depending on the purpose of one's movements, required by Israeli authorities as of 2018. Impact on education The high priority traditionally accorded education in Palestinian society continued over the early occupation, with, by 1979, Palestinians making up an estimated 10% of all Arab university graduates. Internal evidence from leaked reports in the 1960s suggest that improved high education for Israeli Arabs was thought at the time to pose a potential a security threat. Israel signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966, ratified in 1991. After 1967, Israel asserted that the right to education did not apply to the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza, territories it held under occupation, since they lay outside Israel's sovereign borders. During the first Intifada at one point Israel imposed a 19-month closure on all schools in the West Bank, including kindergartens, suggesting to at least one observer that Israel was intentionally aiming to disrupt the cognitive development of Palestinian youths. In the first two years of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, 100 schools were fired on by the IDF, some were bombed and others occupied as military outposts. In 2017, according to one estimate, Israel had issued either demolition or "stop work" orders affecting 55 West Bank schools. Night raids According to Major General Tal Rousso, the IDF undertakes operations "all the time, every night, in all divisions." Israeli night raids are usually undertaken between 2 am and 4 am. The units, whose members are often masked and accompanied by dogs, arrive in full battle gear and secure entry by banging on doors or blowing them off their hinges. Surging blips in frequency may relate to rotation of new units into an area. Most occur in villages in close proximity to settlements. Such missions have several different purposes: to arrest suspects, conduct searches, map the internal structure of a dwelling, and photograph youths to improve recognition in future clashes. Laptops and cellphones are often seized, and, if returned, not infrequently damaged. Vandalism is commonplace, with looted objects given to needy soldiers or those on low pay, as in Operation Defensive Shield. Reports of stashes of money that go missing after a search are frequent. Many personal effects – photos of children or families, watches, medals, football trophies, books, Qur'ans, jewelry – are taken and stored away, and, according to one informant, intelligence officer trainees were allowed to take items of such Palestinian "memorabilia", called "booty," from storerooms. After international protests, in February 2014 a pilot scheme was begun to issue summonses instead of arresting children at night, and last until December 2015 The purpose of mapping raids is, reportedly, to work out how an area looks from Palestinian angles for future planning to enable an option for "straw widows" operations (mounting ambushes from inside those homes). The practice by Israeli military units of raiding, making arrest in, and ransacking Palestinians homes deep in the night is a long-standing practice, persisting to the present day. In just three days over 21–23 January 2018, 41, 24 and 32 separate raids were made In 2006 Israel made 6,666 raids inside the occupied territories. In the first six months of 2007, 3,144 Israeli search/arrest raids were made in the West Bank the parents of 90% of minors arrested, blindfolded and handcuffed in night raids, were given no explanation for the abduction, nor information about where the child would be detained. In another study, 72.7% of children studied had witnessed night raids, the traumatic experience coming second after watching scenes of mutilated or wounded bodies on TV. An extrapolation from this figure would, according to the NGO WCLAC, suggest that since martial law was imposed in June 1967, over 65,000 night raids have been conducted by the Israeli military on Palestinian homes in the West Bank (not including East Jerusalem). Arrests and administrative detention An estimated 650,000 Palestinians were detained by Israel from 1967 to 2005, one in three of all Palestinians in the first two decades alone. The military court system, regarded as the institutional centerpiece of the occupation, treats Palestinians as "foreign civilians" and is presided over by Jewish Israeli judges drew on prior British Mandatory law, where its application to Jewish activists was vigorously protested by the yishuv representatives. Four provisions entail (a) long detention of suspects incommunicado (b) without access to a lawyer (c) coercive interrogation to obtain evidence and (d) the use of "secret evidence". Over this period, tens of thousands have been subject to administrative detention, whose rationale is to incarcerate suspects who, in conventional criminal law, might not be convictable. Taisir al-Arouri, a Bir Zeit University professor of Mathematics, was arrested at night on 21 April 1974 and released on 18 January 1978, after suffering 45 months of imprisonment without trial or charges being laid, only after Amnesty International issued a public protest. It was considered by one scholar in 1978 as "an aberration of criminal justice" of a provisory nature. In 2017 Amnesty International, noted that "hundreds of Palestinians, including children, civil society leaders and NGO workers were regularly under administrative detention", and regards some, such as Khalida Jarrar and Ahmad Qatamesh, as prisoners of conscience. Torture States are obliged under the Fourth Geneva Convention to prevent torture, including mental suffering. According to Lisa Hajjar (2005) and Dr. Rachel Stroumsa, the director of the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, torture has been an abiding characteristic of Israeli methods of interrogation of Palestinians. Torture can be of two types, physical and psychological. Reports of torture emerged in the 1970s, and began to be documented in detail by the NGO Al-Haq in the mid 1980s. The 1987 the Landau Commission examined some abuses and concluded "moderate physical pressure" was acceptable. The practice was then banned by Israel's High Court, barring case-by-case authorizations by the Attorney-General. The Hebrew army slang term tertur is associated with policies introduced by Rafael Eitan, who ordered army troops and border police to engage in repeated arrests and the humiliation of large numbers of the Palestinian population in the territories. This refers to practices such as the wholesale roundups that took place whenever West Bank Arabs staged nationalist demonstrations. Israeli border police have been witnessed forcing Arabs to sing the Israeli national anthem, slap each other's faces and crawl and bark like dogs. The police have also arrested thousands of Arabs each year on "security" charges, which have ranged from blatant terrorism to simply reading blacklisted books. Children Documented incidents of Israeli forces targeting and killing Palestinian children date back to the earliest days of the conflict. Following the 1948 war, prior to Israel's formal occupation of the West Bank, border skirmishes between Israelis and Arabs were a regular occurrence with multiple cases involving Israeli soldiers shooting unarmed Palestinians, including children, dead. During the 1952 Beit Jala raid, 4 children ranging in age from 6 to 14 were killed by machine gun fire. During the First Intifada, Palestinian children regularly suffered serious, often fatal injuries. The First Intifada saw exceptionally high involvement by Palestinian teenagers, prompting Israel to declare stone throwing a felony under occupation law, a categorization that applied to children as well as adults and allowed for protracted incarceration of minors. Ill-treatment of Palestinian children in the Israeli military detention system appears to be widespread, systematic and institutionalized. According to a 2013 study by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, covering 10 years of allegations of the mistreatment of children in Israel's military practices in the West Bank, though international law requires that all children in contact with judicial systems be treated with dignity and respect at all times, the evidence from multiple outside observers over a decade suggests Palestinian children under Israel military detention suffer cruel and degrading treatment. In law, the prohibition against such practices is "absolute and unconditional," and even security considerations or threats of war cannot override the rule. Children constitute half of the Palestinian population, and though often construed as "mute victims or misguided puppets", they actively engage in the resistance, with some arguing that in doing so they forfeit their rights. According to James Graff, Palestinian children comprise a notable segment of Palestinians targeted, and can be included in categories from which they are normally exempted, and be singled out as a group to be subject to traumatizing violence, and targeted in random shootings, gassings and violence by soldiers and by settlers sponsored by the state. According to the Swedish branch of Save the Children, between 23,600 and 29,900 children required medical treatment after suffering injuries from IDF beatings during the first two years of the First Intifada, a third of them aged 10 or under. Under Yitzhak Rabin's 19 January 1988 order to employ "might, power and beatings" and an interview in which he spoke of the need to "break their bones", beatings, which until then had usually been a hidden interrogation method, went public, until an outcry arose when journalists filmed the tactic, a scandal countered by issuing a ban on media entering the territories in the spring of 1988. Minors (16 years old and under) adding up to 5% of the child population constituted 35-40% of the 130,000 Palestinians who suffered serious injuries from Israeli troops in this uprising. Of 15-year-olds and under requiring medical treatment, 35% were injured by Israeli gunfire, 50% by beatings, and 14.5% suffered from tear gassing. From 2009 to 2018 Israel Security squads shot dead 93 Palestinian minors in West Bank clashes. In the period of the Al-Aqsa uprising, the ratios of those killed indicate that roughly 20- 25% were children on both sides, with the difference that Israeli fatalities were from incidents of body-bombing in which they were not the primary targets, whereas a substantial proportion of Palestinian children were killed by Israeli sniper gun-fire directed individually, according to Frank Afflitto. From September 2000-to December 2003, 109 children were killed by "one-shot wonders" in the head, 4 in the neck, and 56 by exclusive heart-chest shots. A further 90 were killed with two or three gunshot wounds. Overall, in the 3.25 years after the second uprising 427 children were shot dead by IDF forces and settlers. Fragmentation Background In 1920 Israel Zangwill argued that creating a state free of Jews would require a South African type of "racial redistribution". In 1931 Arnold Toynbee prophesied that, given the nature of the Zionist project to secure land only for Jewish use to the exclusion of Palestinian labour, that the British mandatory government would be forced eventually to compensate the process by legislation that would create an Arab land reservation for the exclusive use of Palestinians. He drew a parallel with the situation in South Africa under the Natives Land Act, 1913 which established the principle of segregation. These segregated territorial reserves were the forerunners of the bantustans, a word that gained currency only much later in the 1940s. After the foundation of Israel in 1948, its first president Chaim Weizmann and South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts supported each other's viewa on the racial basis of their respective states and their rights over indigenous lands. Planning for fragmentation The official "Master Plan for the Development of Samaria and Judea to the year 2010" (1983) foresaw the creation of a belt of concentrated Jewish settlements linked to each other and Israel beyond the Green line while disrupting the same links joining Palestinian towns and villages along the north–south highway, impeding any parallel ribbon development for Arabs and leaving the West Bankers scattered, unable to build up larger metropolitan infrastructure, and out of sight of the Israeli settlements. The result has been called a process of "enclavization," ghettoization, typified most visibly by the enclosure of Qalqilya in a concrete wall, or what Ariel Sharon called the Bantustan model, an allusion to the apartheid system, and one which many argue, makes Israel's occupational policies not dissimilar, despite different origins, from the South African model. In particular it bears comparison to the policies applied in South Africa to the Transkei, a policy that may have a broader geopolitical reach, if the Yinon Plan is to be taken as an indication of Israeli policy. The World Bank argued in 2009 that creating economic islands in the West Bank and Gaza is a developmental dead-end that would only imperil the construction of an economically unified and viable Palestinian state. One observed function of the Separation Barrier is to seize large swathes of land thought important for future settlement projects, notoriously in the case of the area of Susya absorbing land worked by Bedouin herders with proven Ottoman title to the terrain. The construction, significantly inspired by the ideas of Arnon Soffer to "preserve Israel as an Island of Westernization in a Crazy Region", had as its public rationale the idea of defending Israel against terroristic attacks, but was designed at the same time to incorporate a large swathe of West Bank Territory, much of it private Palestinian land: 73% of the area marked for inclusion into Israel was arable, fertile, and rich in water, formerly constituting the "breadbasket of Palestine". Had the barrier been constructed along the Green Line with the same purpose it would have run 313 kilometres, instead of 790 kilometres, and have cost far less than the $3.587 billion the extended wall is estimated to cost (2009). The disparity arises from the government's decision to rope in dozens of settlements west of the barrier. That it remains unfinished is said to be due to pressure from settler lobbies opposed to a completion that would restrict the further expansion of settlements or cut them off from Israel, as with Gush Etzion. There are only 12 gates through the 168 kilometres of the wall surrounding East Jerusalem, of which in theory four allow access to West Bankers who manage to obtain a permit. A whole generation of West Bankers have never seen the city, or the Haram al Sharif, a denial of international law stipulating the right of access to sites of worship. Legal system The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is characterized by a legal asymmetry, which embodies a fragmented jurisdiction throughout the West Bank, where ethnicity determines what legal system one will be tried under. According to Michael Sfard and others, the intricate military system of laws imposed on Palestinians has enabled rather than limited violence. Down to 1967, people in the West Bank lived under one unified system of laws applied by a single judicial system. State law (qanun) is a relatively alien concept in Palestinian culture, where a combination of the Shari'a and customary law (urf) constitutes the normal frame of reference for relations within the basic social unity of the family clan (hamula. Settlers are subject to Israeli civil law, Palestinians to the occupying arm's military law. Overall the Israeli system has been described as one where "Law, far from limiting the power of the state, is merely another way of exercising it." A Jewish settler can be detained up to 15 days, a Palestinian can be detained without charges being laid for 160 days. According to the legal framework of international law, a local population under occupation should continue to be bound by its own penal laws and tried in its own courts. However, under security provisions, local laws can be suspended by the occupying power and replaced with military orders enforced by military courts. In 1988, Israel amended its Security Code in such a way that international law could no longer be invoked before the military judges in their tribunals. The High Court upheld only one challenge to the more than 1,000 arbitrary military orders that had been imposed from 1967 down to 1990 and that are legally binding in the occupied territories. Israeli businesses in the West Bank employing Palestinian labour drew up employment laws according to Jordanian law. This was ruled in 2007 by the Israeli Supreme Court to be discriminatory, and that Israeli law must apply in this area, but as of 2016, according to Human Rights Watch, the ruling has yet to be implemented, and the government states that it cannot enforce compliance. Freedom of movement The Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes freedom of movement as a fundamental human right. It has been said that for "Jewish settlers, roads connect; for Palestinians, they separate." Between 1994 and 1997, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) built 180 miles of bypass roads in the territories, on appropriated land because they ran close to Palestinian villages. The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings. Permanent and flying checkpoints (some 327 a month in 2017), barriers and restrictive networks restructure the West Bank into "land cells", freezing the flow of normal everyday Palestinian lives. TAU emeritus professor Elisha Efrat argues they form an apartheid network of "octopus arms which hold a grip on Palestinian population centres." A large number of embankments, concrete slabs, manned checkpoints, mounds, trenches, iron gates, fences, and walls impede movement on primary and secondary roads. The result was to cantonize and fragment Palestinian townships, and cause endless obstacles to Palestinians going to work, schools, markets and relatives. Women have died or had miscarriages while waiting for permission at a checkpoint to go to hospital. The World Bank that the impact of restrictions on movement for workers cost roughly US$229 million per annum (2007) while additional costs from the circuitous routes people must drive totaled US$185 million in 2013. In one village, Kafr Qaddum, soldiers from the Nahal Brigade planted explosive devices on a tract of land where demonstrators gather, as a "deterrence" measure: they were removed when a 7-year-old child was injured playing with one. Village closures The closure (Hebrew seger, Arabic ighlaq) policy operates on the basis of a pass system developed in 1991, and is divided into two types: a general closure restriction the movement of goods and people, except when a permit is given, from and to Israel and the West Bank and Gaza, developed in response to a series of stabbings in the former 1993, and the implementation of total closure over both areas. Aside from general closures, total closures were imposed for over 300 days from September 1993 after the Declaration of Principles of the Oslo I Accord and late June 1996. The strictest total closure was put in place in the spring of 1996 in the wake of a series of the suicide bombings executed by the Gaza-Strip based organization of Hamas in retaliation for the assassination of Yahya Ayyash, when the Israeli government imposed a total 2-week long ban on any movement by over 2 million Palestinians between 465 West Bank towns and villages, a measure repeated after the deadly clashes arising from the archaeological excavations under the Western Wall of the Haram al Sharif/Temple Mount. The IDF erected iron gates at the entrances to the overwhelming majority of Palestinian villages, allowing the army to shut them down at will, in minutes. Notable examples of villages that have undergone long term isolation, with residents suffering extreme restrictions on movement, are Nuaman, which was absorbed into the Jerusalem municipality while having its inhabitants classified as West Bankers, and Kafr Qaddum which has had a permanent roadblock at its entrance for 14 years, from 2003, the same time the settlement of Kedumim was established, and since 2011 its villagers have been protesting the roadblock, which requires them to travel a distance six times greater than the usual route to access Nablus. Towards the end of the Gulf War in Kuwait, Israel again imposed a curfew on the West Bank (and Gaza) lasting seven weeks, causing devastating economic setbacks, with thousands of Palestinians fired from their jobs in Israel. Nablus was subject to total curfews for 200 days in two years (2002–2004). During house raids, windows and doors were smashed, food stocks mashed up into an indistinct mush; grain stores, TVs, solar panels, water tanks and radios destroyed or impounded. It is routine for the Israeli authorities to impose a comprehensive closure over the West Bank during Jewish holidays like Yom Kippur, Pesach, Sukkot and Rosh Hashanah, with an exception made for Jewish industrial areas in the territory. The reason given is to prevent terror attacks, and also to enable security personnel at checkpoints time off to enjoy these holidays. Such closures can at times last 11 days. Marriage difficulties Coming to terms with the problem of the Palestinian right of return while negotiating for UN recognition in 1948, Israel came up with a family reunification programme, and was granted membership on the understanding that it would comply with international law in this regard. The very word "return" (awda) was censored from being used in Palestinian newspapers as implying an existential threat to Israel. In practice, Israel evaluates proposed family reunifications in terms of a perceived demographic or security threat. They were frozen in 2002. Families composed of a Jerusalemite spouse and a Palestinian from the West Bank (or Gaza) face enormous legal difficulties in attempts to live together, with most applications, subject to an intricate, on average decade-long, four-stage processing, rejected. Women with "foreign husbands" (those lacking a Palestinian identity card), are reportedly almost never allowed to rejoin their spouse. The 2003 Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Provision), or CEIL, subsequently renewed in 2016 imposed a ban on family unification between Israeli citizens or "permanent residents" and their spouses who are originally of the West Bank or Gaza. Such a provision does not apply, however, to Israeli settlers in the West Bank or (until 2005) Gaza. In such instances, the prohibition is explained in terms of "security concerns". A Jerusalemite Palestinian who joins their spouse in the West Bank and thereby fails to maintain seven years of consecutive residence in East Jerusalem can have their residency right revoked. According to B'Tselem, any of the over 2,000 Palestinians registered as absentee owners of property in the West Bank have been denied permission to re-enter for purposes like family reunifications because their return would compel the Israeli authorities to return their property, on which settlements have been established, to their original Palestinian owners. Targeted assassinations Targeted assassinations are acts of lethal selective violence undertaken against specific people identified as threats. Rumours emerged in the press around September 1989 that Israel had drawn up a wanted list, several of whom were subsequently killed, and it was speculated that the time Israel might be operating "death squads". Israel first publicly acknowledged its use of the tactic against Hussein Abayat at Beit Sahour near Bethlehem in November 2000. In its decision regarding the practice, the Israeli Supreme Court in 2006 refrained from either endorsing or banning the tactic, but set forth four conditions – precaution, military necessity, follow-up investigation and proportionality- and stipulated that the legality must be adjudicated on a case-by-case analysis of the circumstances. Nils Melzer found the judgement to be a step forward but flawed in several key regards, particularly for failing to provide guidelines to determine when the practice would be permissible. According to one former official, cited by Daniel Byman, on average Israel spends on average 10 hours planning a targeted killing operation and ten seconds on whether to proceed with the assassination or not. Of the 8,746 violent Palestinian deaths registered from 1987 to 2008, 836 were executed following the identification of individuals based on information gathered from collaborators. According to B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights organization, for the period between 2000 and the end of 2005, 114 civilians died as the result of collateral damage as Israeli security forces successfully targeted 203 Palestinian militants. The figures from 9 November 2000 to 1 June 2007 indicate that Israeli assassinations killed 362 people, 237 being directly targeted and 149 bystanders collaterally. One intelligence officer recounting the atmosphere in the operations room where assassinations were programmed and then witnessed on video, stated that worries about "collateral damage" never dampened the cheers greeting a successful targeting mission. Surveillance Israel, in its capillary monitoring of Palestinians has been called a Surveillance state par excellence. Among many Israeli critics of the occupation, the activist Jeff Halper and the philosopher Avishai Margalit express concerns at the paralysing effect on Palestinians of intricate surveillance systems, of a "matrix of control" underlying the occupation. Soon after hostilities ceased, Israel began to count all items in households from televisions to refrigerators, stoves down to heads of livestock, orchards and tractors. Letters were checked and their addresses registered, and inventories were drawn up of workshops producing furniture, soap, textiles, sweets and even eating habits. While many innovations were introduced to improve workers' productivity, they can also be seen as control mechanisms. Forward military planners in Israel foresee the day when Israel will withdraw from parts of the West Bank: this will not end the Occupation, for thereafter they envisage an "invisible occupation"/"airborne occupation" or "occupation in disappearance" régime, with a continued capacity to control the physically evacuated territory with surveillance and strikes. One former Israeli intelligence officer involved in Unit 8200 likened the surveillance system to that in the German film The Lives of Others, with the difference, in his view, that the Israeli monitoring was more efficient. While the Israeli public thinks, he stated, that this surveillance is focused on combating terrorism, in practice a significant amount of intelligence gathering targets innocent people with no record for militancy. No Palestinian was, he claimed, exempt from non-stop monitoring. Any information enabling "extortion" or blackmail, such as evidence of marital infidelity, health problems requiring treatment in Israel or sexual orientation is regarded as relevant. Israeli surveillance and strike presence over Palestinian areas is constant and intense, with former Shin Bet head Avi Dichter noting, "When a Palestinian child draws a picture of the sky, he doesn't draw it without a helicopter." Censorship In the West Bank both the British Mandatory "Defense Emergency Regulations of 1945, No. 88" – stipulating that "every article, picture, advertisement, decree and death notice must be submitted to military censors", – and "Israeli Military Order No. IOI (1967)", amended by "Order No. 718 (1977)" and "No. 938 (1981)" concerning "the prohibition of incitement and adverse propaganda" formed the basis for censoring West Bank publications, poetry and literary productions. The civil and military censorship bureaus could overturn each other's decisions, making publishing permits increasingly difficult. No clear guidelines however exist, so even works translated from the Hebrew press, or theatrical productions permitted in Israel, such as Hamlet could be censored, Criticism of settlements was disallowed, as were sentiments of national pride. Obituaries mourning the dead, or expressing pride in the fallen ould be challenged. Even mentioning the word "Palestine" was forbidden. Under Israeli Military Order 101, Palestinians under military law were prohibited from demonstrating and publishing anything relating to a "political matter." Newspapers could lose their licenses, without any reason given, on the basis of 1945 Emergency Regulation (Article 92/2). Travel permits to enable notable Palestinians like Elias Freij, Major of Bethlehem, be interviewed abroad could be denied. Graffiti (shi'arati) protesting the occupation were prohibited unless approved by the military, and owners of walls were made responsible and fined for the graffiti, so the practice had to be banned by Palestinians since it became a large source of revenue for Israel. Recently, surveillance of the internet, using software to ostensibly identify in social media posts potential threats led to the arrest of 800 Palestinians both by Israeli units and PA security forces, with 400 detained as "lone wolf terrorists" for what they wrote, though none had carried out attacks and, according to security expert, Ronen Bergman, no algorithm could identify lone-wolf attackers. Coercive collaboration One of the first things Israel captured on conquering the West Bank were the archives of the Jordanian Security Police, whose information allowed them to turn informers in the territory for that service into informers for Israel. Collaborators (asafir), broken in interrogation, and then planted in cells to persuade other prisoners to confess, began to be recruited in 1979. The number of collaborators with Israel before the Oslo Accords was estimated at around 30,000. According to Haaretz, Shin Bet has used a number of "dirty" techniques to enlist Palestinians on its payroll as informers. These methods include exploiting people who have been identified as suffering from personal and economic hardships, people requesting family reunification, or a permit for medical treatment in Israel. Taxation In interrnational law no occupying power has the right to impose taxes in addition to those existing before the occupation Under Military Order 31 of 27 June 1967. Israel took over the Jordanian taxation system, with a notable change: Israelis moving into settlements were exempt, being taxed under Israeli law, while by 1988, the high income tax rate of 55% for people with incomes in the 8,000 dinar bracket was squeezed so that it applied to those earning 5,231 JD. In Israel the 48% tax bracket applied to those who earned almost twice that amount. In 1988 the affluent entrepreneurial Christian town of Beit Sahour, which had several hundred mainly family-run businesses organized a tax boycott on the grounds they saw no benefits flow back from their taxes, and based their boycott on the principle of the American colonial revolt against their British masters, namely No taxation without representation, refusing to pay VAT and/or income taxes. 350 households of 1,000 were targeted and their bank accounts were frozen, while that 500 more had their bank account confiscated or debited Israel reacted with collective punishment, placing the town under a 42-day curfew. Residences were raided every day and business machinery, any equipment for commercial purposes, refrigerators, jewelry, money, household furniture and at times memorabilia, were confiscated. To shield soldiers from stone-throwing, cars were stopped and placed round the houses, while people were mustered to form human shields. The value of the goods confiscated bore no relation to the taxes being imposed, and were auctioned off in Israel at an estimated 20% of their replacement value. The effect was to virtually wipe out Beit Sahour's productive base. Agriculture The pastoral economy was a fundamental wing of the Palestinian economy. Of the of grazing land in the West Bank Israel permitted in the first years of the 21st century only for such use. In certain areas, such as the South Hebron Hills, Palestinian bedouin shepherds have their grazing lands disseminated with poison pellets that kill off their flocks, and require minute gleaning and disposal to restore the land to health. In Area C, nearly 500,000 dunams of arable land exist, Palestinian access to which is severely restricted while 137,000 are cultivated or occupied by Israeli settlements. Were the 326,400 dunams theoretically open to Palestinian use made available, the World Bank calculates, it would add $US 1,068 billion to Palestinian productive capacities. Another 1,000,000 dunams could be exploited for grazing or forestry, were Israel to lift its restrictions. The World Bank estimates that were Palestinian agriculture given access to better water resources, they would benefit by a boost in agricultural output of around $1 billion per annum. After 1967, restrictions were placed on the types of fruit tree and vegetables that could be planted, and even the importation of tractors required an Israeli permit. A trial study just after the occupation carried out on Deir Dibwan's land, rich in underground water, showed great promise as one of the best sites in the West Bank for growing oranges and bananas. An Israeli drilling permit could not be obtained, leading most of those involved in the project to emigrate to the U.S. Israel's control of land, water, trade and markets, and its specification and rigorous restrictions on what could be grown, is held responsible for the decline of agriculture as a share of West Bank GDP, and the drop of agricultural labourers in the work market from 46% to 27%, so that from 1993 to 1995 output declined by 40.12%. In the years directly preceding the Al Aqsa uprising (1998–1999) the IDF and settlers uprooted 21,705 trees throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip. From 2000 to 2009, ARIJ estimated that 1,628,126 fruit trees in the West Bank and Gaza were destroyed or uprooted by Israel. Destruction of agricultural goods was considerable during the second intifada. In the five months following its outbreak, 57,928 olive trees, 49,370 citrus trees, 22,270 stone-fruit trees, 11,514 date palms, 12,000 banana trees and 30,282 grapevines were uprooted. Olive oil production dropped 80% that year as a result. In the 15-month period from the outbreak, down to December 2001, the total damage was calculated ast 155,343 olive trees, 150,356 citrus trees, 54, 223 almond trees, 12,505 date palm trees, 39,227 grape vines, 18,400 banana trees, and 49,851 other varieties of tree. From September 2000 to December 2002, Israeli forces destroyed 14,196 forest trees. In the first two years, taking in the damage wrought by Israel in both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, according to Cheryl Rubenberg, 667,000 trees were extirpated and 3,669,000 square metres of agricultural land destroyed. The restrictive allocation of water to Palestinian agriculture has remained constant, at 84 million cubic metres per annum, since 1967, according to Palestinian authorities. The Oslo Accords foresaw a supplementary 70–80 million cubic metres to be supplied, but in two decades only about half of this additional supply had been provided. The olive tree, aside from its economic function, is a symbol of Palestinian nationhood, of their quest for independence, much as the pine introduced by Zionist arboriculture. 15% of the territories – 45% of its arable land – is covered by olive groves, and is both a key resource, and its bimonthly autumnal harvesting a period of deep socioeconomic importance for families in most villages in the West Bank, for whom it provides roughly 40% (2009) of West Bank agricultural output. It has mopped up unemployment caused by job loss in Israel after the outbreak of the Second Intifada and is called colloquially shajara el-fakir (pauper's tree), and regarded as holy (shajara mubaraka). Their uprooting by state agencies or settlers is an everyday occurrence in the West Bank. Israeli officials see olive grove cultivation as "one of the best ownership techniques around". One Israeli official likened Palestinian olive trees to Palestinian children. They look naïve but several years down the track they turn into ticking bombs. The centrality of such olive groves for Palestinians is, according to Michael Sfard, viewed in the Zionist narrative as emblematic of "Arab laziness", since it grows alone and can be shaken down once a year to yield its wealth. In one analysis in 2006 it emerged that only 4% of complaints against settler trespass and destruction of Palestinian olive trees ever led to prosecution. Following an Ottoman practice of uprooting olive trees to punish tax evasion, Israel began destroying groves, but with the expressed purpose of increasing security for settlements, and visibility for its internal West Bank road system servicing the colonial infrastructure. Construction of the Separation Barrier, erected predominantly on West Bank land, led to the uprooting of tens of thousands of olive trees. In just one village, Qafeen, the wall's route led to the uprooting of 12,000 trees of this variety, while alienating the inhabitants from their groves with a further 100,000 trees left on the Israeli side in a seam-zone, which they may access only once a year. Aside from state practices, settlers have waged what one scholar terms "tree warfare" consisting in the stealing, uprooting, chopping or burning of native Palestinian olive groves, often as part of price tag operations. Of the 708,000 dunums of irrigable land in the West Bank only 247,000 dunums under aggregate irrigation, and it has been calculated (2009) the gross margin Palestinians forego touches close to $480 million per annum, roughly about 10% of GDP. The collateral effect of loss for potential employment runs close to (upper estimate) 10,000 jobs. The World Bank has observed that only 35 per cent of irrigable Palestinian land is actually irrigated, which costs the economy 110,000 jobs and 10 per cent of GDP. Water In the wake of 1967, Israel abrogated Palestinian water rights in the West Bank, and with Military Order 92 of August of that year invested all power over water management to the military authority, Military order 158 of November of that year required Palestinians to obtain a permit from the military authorities before developing any new water installation. As of 1996, no Palestinian had received a permit to drill a well since that date, by which time Israel drew a third of its fresh water and 50% of its drinking water, from the West Bank. According to Human Rights Watch Israel's confiscation of water violates the Hague Regulations of 1907, which prohibit an occupying power from expropriating the resources of occupied territory for its own benefit. Palestinians have complained that their economy and agriculture are badly affected by the depletion of village waters in favour of supplying settlements. Israel placed restrictive policies on West Bank users. Differentials in costs of supply to Palestinians and settlements, which consumed 8 to 10 times what Palestinians were allowed, was blatant: settlements paid 0.5 New Israeli shekels (NIS), while Palestinian villages paid 1.8 NIS, per m3, with the former supplied daily, while delivery to the latter was limited to one or two days a week. "Blatant discrimination" exists in water pricing, allocation and delivery systems. Water consumption by Israeli settlers in the Territories is roughly eight to ten times that of Palestinians. Water is sold to Israeli settlements for 0.5 New Israeli shekels (NIS) per m3, while it was sold to Palestinian villages for 1.8 NIS per m3. According to John Cooley, West Bank Palestinian farmers' wells were a key element behind Israel's post-1967 strategy to keep the area and in order to protect "Jewish water supplies" from what was considered "encroachment" By 2013, though some villages had only 15 litres per person, it was estimated West Bank Palestinians were supplied an average per capita 70 litres per day, as opposed to the 280–300 litres per person for Jewish settlers. Sometimes the contrast is starker: Al-Hadidiya's 20 litres per person versus the 431 litres per day consumed on the neighbouring Jewish moshav settlement of Ro'i, which draws 431 litres per person per day from a well it drilled on Al-Hadidiya land. Israeli settlements have also pursued a practice of taking over for their own uses numerous springs belonging to Palestinian villages, appropriating them to create adjoining parks suitable to tourism. Palestinians are denied access. Waste zone Israel ratified the international Basel Convention treaty on Israel on 14 December 1994, according to which, any transfer of waste must be performed with an awareness of the dangers posed to the disempowered occupied people. It forbids the creation among them of "environmental sacrifice zones." Israel, it is argued, uses the West Bank as a "sacrifice" zone for placing 15 waste treatment plants, which are there under less stringent rules that those required in Israel because a different legal system has been organized regarding hazardous materials that can be noxious to local people and the environment. The military authorities do not render public the details of these operations. These materials consist of such things as sewage sludge, infectious medical waste, used oils, solvents, metals, electronic waste and batteries. Within Israel strict environment laws apply. Of 121 settlements studied in 2007, 81 had wastewater facilities, many subject to breakdown, with sewage flowing into streams affecting Palestinian villages nearby. Few pollution indictments result in action. Israel built 4 plants for Palestinian waste in the 1970s: only one was functioning (2007), and Israeli budgetary problems were cited for the lack of adequate infrastructure that left most Palestinian sewage untreated. The landfill near Al-Jiftlik in the Jericho Governorate, built on absentee Palestinian property without planning or an environment impact analysis, is for the exclusive use of waste, 1,000 tons per day, produced by Israeli settlements and cities within Israel. Palestinians are restricted to 3 landfills, and permits for more have been denied unless the sites can be used to dump settlement garbage. Even if a permit is given without this agreement, settler waste under military escort is still dumped there. Loss of cultural property The Israeli Antiquities Law of 1978 foresaw expropriations of any site necessary for preservation, excavation or research. The military administration can confiscate Palestinian land on or near such sites, deny their owners' building permits while at times, such areas are open to Israeli settlement. Under the Hague Convention of 1954 an occupying power may not remove material from the occupied country. In 2019 the Israeli High Court ruled that Israeli archaeological work in the West Bank may be kept off the public record. In 2019 alone, Israel order 119 demolition orders and warnings to desist from "destroying antiquities" in the West Bank, a rise of 162% over preceding years. Regavim's Shomrim Al Hanetzach ("guarding eternity") lobbies for such orders against what they call a "quiet Isis", though many affected families and villagers are unaware of any archaeological material on their land, and these zones net in areas far larger than the actual known archaeological remains at their centre. Albert Glock, among others, argued that the thrust of archaeology has been to interpret the Palestinian past in Christian and Jewish Zionist terms, in the latter instance, providing a charter for the occupation, to the detriment of the Palestinian cultural heritage. Many sites with dual cultural value have been wrested from Palestinian control, such as the Herodium, Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, Rachel's Tomb the Tomb of Jesse and Ruth in Tel Rumeida, Hebron and at Qumran near the Palestinian villager of Shuqba is a garbage dump for settlement waste. Many Palestinian heritage sites within the West Bank have been added to the Jewish heritage list. Aside from the destruction of villages, in Jerusalem and elsewhere, significant losses were incurred by the expropriation of libraries with extensive historical resources regarding Palestine's Arabic past. Tourism The West Bank is a key attraction for pilgrims and tourists and has a rich heritage of deep significance for members of the Abrahamic religions. After 1967 the loss of East Jerusalem cut off potential gains to the West Bank economy from tourism. From 92 to 94 cents in every dollar of the tourist trade goes to Israel, which exercises a virtual monopoly. Israel controls all access points to the major tourist attractions in East Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jericho, and Palestinian hotels in most West Bank areas remain half-empty. Israeli obstacles make Palestinian recreational access to, or development of tourist infrastructure around, the Dead Sea difficult. The World Bank estimates that $126 million annually and 2,900 jobs would accrue to the local economy if Palestinians were allowed to operate on similar terms available to Israel entrepreneurs. Palestinians have been blocked at checkpoints from beaches there putatively because their presence would harm Israeli tourist businesses. Resource extraction According to the Hague Conventions (Article 55 an occupying power may reap some value from the resources of the country occupied but not deplete its assets: the usufruct must benefit the people under occupation. The Oslo Accords agreed to the transfer of mining rights to the Palestinian Authority. Israel has given concessions for 11 settlement quarries to operate. The World Bank estimates that 275 quarries could be opened in Area C, and that Israeli restrictions cost the Palestinian economy US$241 million per year. Palestinians are also denied permits to process Dead Sea minerals, such as bromine, about 75% of world production of which comes from this area, while Israeli firms such as Ahava do so and export to the EU. The latter restrictions are estimated to cost the Palestinian economy $642 million. Economic and social benefits and costs of the occupation Many Israeli businesses operate in the West Bank, often run by settlers who enjoy the benefits of government subsidies, low rents, favourable tax rates and access to cheap Palestinian labour. Human Rights Watch claims that the "physical imprint", with 20 Israeli industrial zones covering by 2016 some 1,365 hectares, of such commercial operations, agricultural and otherwise, is more extensive than that of the settlements themselves. The restrictions on Palestinian enterprise in Area C cause unemployment which is then mopped up by industrial parks that can draw on a pool of people without job prospects if not in settlements. Some Palestinian workers at the Barkan Industrial Park have complained anonymously that they were paid less than the minimum Israeli wage per hour ($5.75), with payments ranging from $1.50 to 2-4 dollars, with shifts of up to 12 hours, no vacations, sick days, pay slips or social benefits. Many such businesses export abroad, making the world complicit in the settlement project. Israeli policy aimed to impede any form of Palestinian competition with Israeli economic interests. The approach was set forth by Israel's then Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1986, who stated: "there will be no development initiated by the Israeli Government, and no permits will be given for expanding agriculture or industry, which may compete with the State of Israel". The World Bank estimated that the annual economic costs to the Palestinian economy of the Israeli occupation of Area C alone in 2015 was 23% of GNP in direct costs, and 12% in indirect costs, totally 35% which, together with fiscal loss of revenue at 800 million dollars, totals an estimated 5.2 billion dollars. Fiscally, one estimate places the "leakage" of Palestinian revenue back to the Israeli treasury at 17% of total Palestinian public revenue, 3.6% of GNP. A 2015 estimate put annual Israeli government expenditure on settlements at $US1.1 billion, though this is an inference given that the government does not report its settlement outlays. By 1982 subsidized Israeli agricultural productions and unhampered flow of Israeli manufactures hindered the growth of manufacturing industries in the Palestinian territories. High tariffs imposed by Israel on imports from countries outside the area of Israel meant Palestinian consumers had a choice of paying high prices for imported goods from foreign countries, or purchasing them from high-cost Israeli suppliers. Palestinian goods exporting to Israel were hit by tariffs, which down to 1991 earned Israel annually $1,000,000, but Israeli exports to the Palestinian territories were exempted from import duties. Since internal economic growth is hampered by Israeli restrictions, and, to compensate, 40% of the Palestinian economy relies on international aid, it is argued that such aid constitutes a subsidy to the occupation itself, making it "one of the cheapest occupations", for Israel. The Paris Protocol undersigned in 1994 allowed Israel to collect VAT on all Palestinian imports and good from that country or in transit through its ports, with the system of clearance revenue giving it effective control over roughly 75% of PA income. Israel can withhold that revenue as a punitive measure, as it did in response to the decision by the PA to adhere to the International Criminal Court in 2015. A 2009 World Bank study concluded that "Very few economies have faced such a comprehensive array of obstacles to investment -- not just of physical impediments to movement, but also comprehensive institutional and administrative barriers to economies of scale and natural resources, along with an unclear political horizon and the inability to predictably plan movement of people and goods". Communications Under the Oslo Accords, Israel agreed that the Palestinian territories had a right to construct and operate an independent communications network. In 2016 a World Bank analysis concluded the provisions of this agreement had not been applied, causing notable detrimental effects to Palestinian development. It took 8 years for Israel to agree to a request for frequencies for 3G services, though they were limited, causing a bottleneck which left Israeli competitors with a distinct market advantage. The local Wataniya mobile operator's competitiveness suffered from Israeli restrictions and delays, and illegal Israeli operators in the West Bank, with 4G services available by that date, still maintained an unfair advantage over Palestinian companies. Israel imposes three other constraints that hamper Palestinian competitiveness: restrictions are imposed on imports of equipment for telecom and ICT companies, and movement to improve the development and maintenance of infrastructure in Area C, and finally, Palestinian telecommunications accessing international links must go through companies with Israeli registration. From 2008 to 2016, they concluded, progress in negotiating resolutions to these problems had been "very slim". Overall economic costs A joint study by the Palestinian Ministry of National Economy and researchers at the Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem argued that by 2010 the costs of occupation amounted in 2010 alone rose to 84.9% of the total Palestinian GDP ($US 6.897 billion). Their estimate for 2014 states that the total economic cost of Israel's occupation amounted to 74.27% of Palestinian nominal GDP, or some $(US) 9.46 billion. The cost to Israel's economy by 2007 was estimated at $50 billion. Indirect costs to Israel The indirect cost to the Israeli economy for defense outlays and maintaining operations in the territories has also been substantial. One analysis has concluded that the costs of maintaining Israel's occupation is a contributing factor to the rise of poverty in Israel, where poverty levels have jumped from one in ten families in the 1970s, compared to one in five at present. The high costs of subsidizing the settlement project shifted investment from Israel's development towns on its periphery and led to cutbacks in sectors like health care, education and welfare. The settlement surge under Begin's Likud government was detrimental to housing development for Israelis in Israel: 44% of the entire budget of the Ministry of Housing and Construction in 1982 went to West Bank settlements. The substitution of imported foreign labour for Palestinians has also arguably lowered the bargaining power of Israeli blue-collar workers. In the aftermath of the Second Intifada, the budgetary allocations for Israel's social security net were reduced drastically: between 2001 and 2005 as defense outlays ratcheted up, child allowances were cut by 45%, unemployment compensation by 47%, and income maintenance by 25%. The annual growth, NIS 4.6 billion, in the defence budget for the decade 2007 onwards recommended by the Brodet Commission was close to Israel's total annual expenditure on higher education. Defense specialists also claim that guarding settlers lowers the combat readiness of soldiers, since they have far less time to train. It is also argued that the logic of settlements undermines Israel's rule of law. Indirect economic gain to Israel The high-tech security and urban warfare systems, and the surveillance devices developed while securing the occupation particularly during the Al-Aqsa Intifada, have turned Israel into one of the major exporters of such systems in the world. Israel has become a pioneering leader in the manufacture of drones, border surveillance sensors, with the commercial advantage of having these devices "battle-tested" in the "laboratories" of the occupied territory. Cultural impact Many studies, following the work of Daniel Bar-Tal and Gavriel Salomon, have analyzed the emergence and consolidation of an "ethos of conflict", one of what they see as three key components of Israeli Jewish society – the others being collective memory of the conflict and collective emotional orientations – which have developed to cope with the stress of an intractable conflict. This complex can be broken down into eight societal values informing a unilateral outlook: (a) The justice of Israel's cause; (b) Security (including national survival) (c) Positive collective ethnocentric in-group images; (d) One's Own Victimization; (e) Delegitimizing the adversary by denying their humanity, allowing one to harm them; (f) Patriotism; (g) Beliefs reinforcing social solidarity, by ignoring internal disagreements; (h) Belief that peace is the goal. Recent research suggests that four of these – the persistence of a sense of historic trauma and an ethos of conflict (delegitimization of the opponent, security, own victimization and justness of one's own goals) – consistently influence decision-making on the conflict in the Israeli Supreme Court itself. The same model has been applied to Palestinian society, emphasizing that of all themes patriotism in the form of mūqāwama (resistance and readiness for self-sacrifice) form the keynote of Palestinian identity. Wider implications In 1981, Ya'akov Meridor stated Israel aspired to play the role of "top proxy" for the United States in Central America. By 1984, according to Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Israel had become one of the world's major arms exporters, the largest arms supplier to Central America and Sub-Saharan Africa, and globally active in the business of counterinsurgency, expertise in which was gained in enforcing land expropriations and settlements in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Galilee. Knowledge of this background, he argued, was useful for assessing Israel's "export" of its methods, to countries like Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Sri Lanka, in some of which existed similar configurations of policy involving land, domination and exploitation, population policy, and terror. One settlement project in Costa Rica for example is thought to be based on Israeli expertise honed in West Bank projects. The Israeli techniques of urban warfare against Palestinians in their towns and villages territories has influenced many other military powers. Many argue that Israeli methods developed in their conflict with Palestinians have been a significant influence on U.S. military doctrines developed under the administration of George W. Bush. The American claim that new methods developed for the war on terror were necessary since the situation was unprecedented and therefore was a legal no man's land had a precedent in Israeli claims the war on terror in the West Bank was a legal terra nulla, and thus allowed approaches like extrajudicial and preemptive assassination, a terminology already used by Israel with regard to its approach to resistance in the West Bank and Gaza. Jeff Halper has spoken of the risk of "Palestinizing" the American people as Israel has deepened its training programs for American police forces. Hoover Institution Fellow and Senior Fellow at the Joint Special Operations University Thomas H. Henriksen writes that:- The Israel Defense Forces' (IDF) military actions have been – and are – a crucible for methods, procedures, tactics, and techniques for the United States, which faces a similarly fanatical foe across the world in the Global War on Terror... Israeli experiences offer an historical record and a laboratory for tactics and techniques in waging counter-insurgencies or counterterrorist operations in America's Post-9/11 circumstances. Notes Citations Sources 1967 establishments in Israel 1967 in military history June 1967 events in Asia Israeli–Palestinian conflict West Bank Six-Day War West Bank

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20of%20the%20Lumumba%20Government

Formation of the Lumumba Government

The Lumumba Government was the first set of ministers, ministers of state, and secretaries of state that governed the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) under the leadership of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba from 24 June until 12 September 1960. It was hastily formed over the period of several weeks in June, and was supported by a slight majority coalition in Parliament. Weak and divided, its tenure was dominated by a widespread mutiny in the army and two secessions. The Belgian Congo was a tightly-administered colony and for most of is existence there were few political freedoms. Following World War II, a period of economic growth led to the creation of an African middle class, the évolués. The évolués demanded better conditions for the native Congolese and more latitude to engage in politics. In the late 1950s municipal elections were held and restrictions on political parties were lifted. An independence movement quickly emerged, led by figures such as Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Fears that the situation might turn violent led the Belgian government to agree to relinquish the Congo and grant it independence on 30 June 1960. A provisional constitution, providing for a bicameral parliamentary regime with a responsible government and prime minister and an irresponsible head of state, was instituted, and general elections were hastily organised. Lumumba's nationalist party, the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), won a plurality of the seats in Parliament, much to the disappointment of the Belgians. In the following weeks Lumumba and his more moderate opponents both attempted to form their own coalitions to secure the parliamentary majority necessary for a vote of confidence in a government. After much hesitation, King Baudouin of Belgium appointed Lumumba formateur, tasking him with creating a government. On 23 June Lumumba announced his completed government, consisting of 23 ministers, 4 ministers of state, and 10 secretaries of state, and presented it to the lower house of Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. Though it represented nearly all major parties, many deputies were displeased with its composition and the vote of confidence succeeded by only a small margin. The Senate gave a more decisive vote of approval the following day, and the Lumumba Government was officially invested. With Lumumba's backing, Parliament elected Kasa-Vubu President. Background Belgian rule of the Congo Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium, frustrated by Belgium's lack of international power and prestige, attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the largely unexplored Congo Basin. The Belgian government's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create the colony on his own account. With support from a number of Western countries, who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the Belgian Congo. The colony was divided into six provinces: Léopoldville, Équateur, Orientale, Kivu, Kasai, and Katanga. The city of Léopoldville was designated as the capital in 1923. Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that capital sometimes flowed back into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised. On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied and the state helped companies with strikebreaking and countering other efforts by the indigenous population to improve their situation. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (politique indigène)—in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. As early as the 1920s, the Congo possessed one of the densest colonial regimes in Africa. The administration was heavily involved in the life of the Congolese; Belgian functionaries closely monitored and enforced agricultural production, provided medical services to many residents, and frequently toured even the most rural territories to oversee their subjects. There was also a high degree of racial segregation. Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum, but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks. Rise in Congolese political activity During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the évolués. Forming an African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. While there were no universal criteria for determining évolué status, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good knowledge of French, adhere to Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education." Early on in their history, most évolués sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo, asking that the colonial administration recognise their role as intermediaries between the Belgians and the native "savages." Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited, the évolué class institutionally manifested itself in elite clubs through which they could enjoy trivial privileges that made them feel distinct from the Congolese "masses". Additional groups, such as labour unions, alumni associations, and ethnic syndicates, provided other Congolese the means of organisation. Among the most important of these was the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), representing the Kongo people of the Lower Congo. However, they were restricted in their actions by the administration. While white settlers were consulted in the appointment of certain officials, the Congolese had no means of expressing their beliefs through the governing structures. Though native chiefs held legal authority in some jurisdictions, in practice they were used by the administration to further its own policies. Up into the 1950s most évolués were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians. Questions of self-government were not considered until 1954, when ABAKO requested that the administration consider a list of suggested candidates for a Léopoldville municipal post. That year the association was taken over by Joseph Kasa-Vubu, and under his leadership it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups. Nationalism fermented in 1958 as more évolués began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) under the leadership of Godefroid Munongo and Moïse Tshombe. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by Jason Sendwe's Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT). In October 1958 a group of Léopoldville évolués including Patrice Lumumba, Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo established the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of Stanleyville, where Lumumba was well known, and from the population of the Kasai Province, where efforts were directed by a Muluba businessman, Albert Kalonji. Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the All-African Peoples' Conference in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958 (Kasa-Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go). Lumumba was deeply impressed by the Pan-Africanist ideals of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme. He reported on his trip during a widely attended rally in Léopoldville and demanded the country's "genuine" independence. Fearing that they were being overshadowed by Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government (under Belgian domination) was given short notice, and communicated that only a "private meeting" would be authorised. On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse. The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging European property, initiating three days of violent and destructive riots. The Force Publique, the colonial army, was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. In wake of the riots Kasa-Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not évolués. The repression deeply angered the Bakongo and allowed ABAKO to expand its influence into rural areas. Popular opinion in Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise. An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination, overcrowding, unemployment, and wishes for more political self-determination. On 13 January the administration announced several reforms, and the Belgian King, Baudouin, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future. Meanwhile, discontent grew among the MNC leadership, who were upset with Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. An attempt by members of the central committee to oust him in July failed. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and antagonising other tribes. This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly strident in his demands for independence. Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested. Nevertheless, the influence of himself and the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes. With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès (PNP) under the leadership of Paul Bolya and Albert Delvaux. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern Léopoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA) was founded. Antoine Gizenga served as its president, and Cléophas Kamitatu was in charge of the Léopoldville Province chapter. The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference After the riots of 4 January 1959 Belgian leaders became increasingly fearful of a violent political conflict emerging in the Congo. The security situation in the country deteriorated over the course of the year, especially in the Lower Congo and in Kasai, where violent clashes between Baluba and Lulua were taking place. Fearing the degeneration of the unrest into a colonial war and facing intense pressure for reform, in late 1959 the Belgian government announced that it would host a round table conference in Brussels in 1960 with the Congolese leadership to discuss the political future of the country. On the eve of the conference the Congolese delegations banded into a "Common Front" and demanded that all decisions be made binding on the Belgian government and that the Congo be granted immediate independence. The display of unity surprised the Belgians and strengthened the Congolese bargaining position. The conference formally opened on 20 January. In the first speech, the Belgian Prime Minister assured that the Congo would be granted independence but did not specify a date. Serious negotiations did not commence until the following day. Kasa-Vubu demanded that a Congolese government be formed immediately, but his request was denied. Disagreements between him and the Belgians over the competence of the conference led to the former walking out during the negotiations. His uncompromising style caused a split with ABAKO vice president Daniel Kanza, who remained as a delegate and suggested that the date of independence be discussed. Lumumba, meanwhile, at the behest of the Congolese delegations, was released from prison and flew to Brussels to participate in the conference. On 27 January he made his first appearance and voiced his support for independence. After some discussion the Common Front accepted the date of 30 June 1960 for sovereignty to be granted to the Congo. Questions over whether Belgium would retain any responsibilities after independence for a transitional period were resolved by a committee, which recommended that all powers should be conferred upon the Congolese state and any technical assistance should be agreed upon through a treaty. The decisions of the delegates were ratified in a series of resolutions on 19 February and the conference closed the following day. One of the resolutions called for another conference to be held to negotiate the economic transition of the Congo. The financial situation of the Congo was deteriorating, and while the Belgians sought to commit the Congolese to solid agreements, the latter wanted a more open-ended discussion about the Congo's economic future. The conference opened on 20 April. Most of the Congolese attendees of the earlier round table were occupied by domestic political affairs and did not attend. The conference dissolved without the Congolese making many serious guarantees, though they obtained for the Congolese state a large number of shares in the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), a highly profitable mining company. The Loi Fondementale It was decided at the Round Table Conference that the resolutions the participants adopted would serve as the basis for the Loi Fondementale (Fundamental Law), a temporary draft constitution left for the Congo until a permanent one could be promulgated by a Congolese parliament. Summarising the similarities between the Loi Fondementale and the Constitution of Belgium, Raymond Scheyven, Minister-in-charge of Economic Affairs for the Congo, observed, "We have presented the Congolese with a political system similar to ours....It features communes, provincial assemblies, a bicameral system, and a political system where the head of state is irresponsible." The division of executive power between a presumably symbolic head of state and head of government was the most noticeable and potentially harmful feature borrowed from the Belgian constitution. As in a parliamentary system, such power was to be exercised by a Prime Minister and a cabinet responsible to Parliament. If the cabinet lost the confidence of Parliament, a motion of censure would be passed (either with a simple majority in both houses of a two-thirds majority in a single house) and it would be dismissed. By comparison, the head of state (a President) was irresponsible and only had the power to ratify treaties, promulgate laws, and nominate high-ranking officials (including the Prime Minister and the cabinet). In Belgium, parliamentary tradition had rendered these duties inconsequential in the face of the premier's influence. But in the Congo, no such convention had been established. The Loi Fondementale defined the government as solely "the Prime Minister and the Ministers"; the office of the President was regarded as a separate institution. A parliament was to be composed of a lower chamber and an upper chamber. The lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) consisted of 137 members directly "elected by universal suffrage according to the procedure fixed by the electoral law" with one deputy for every 100,000 people. The upper chamber (Senate) would consist of 14 members from each province, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. Senators and deputies that assumed a ministerial post in the central government were allowed to retain their seats in Parliament. The provincial assemblies were unicameral and varied in size, depending on the population of the provinces they served. A state commissioner would be appointed by the head of state with the consent of the Senate to represent the central government in each province. As per Article 184 of the Loi Fondementale, their main duties were to "administer state services" and "assure coordination of provincial and central institutions." Articles 219 and 220 delineated the authority of the central and provincial governments. Provincial authorities had the power to organise the "political structures of the province within the general principle contained in the Loi Fondementale", manage provincial police and judicial officials, establish educational systems lower than higher education, tend to agricultural and mining concessions, construct and maintain local railways, roads, and public works, and manage their own finances. Social legislation and minimum wages were to be concurrent powers. All other duties and responsibilities rested with the central government, including foreign affairs, national defence, domestic security, customs and currency, communications, major public works, higher education, national judiciary, and economic planning. In areas where the provincial and central governments took contradictory stances, the central government's positions took precedence. The division of authority, a compromise between the federalist and unitarianist politicians, was dubbed by Belgian lawyers as "quasi-federalism". The Loi Fondementale was a very complicated and cumbersome document for the Congolese. Without definitive interpretation, it would become the source of serious confusion for officeholders. An absence of parliamentary tradition in the Congo was likely to further destabilise the situation. Ultimately, the Loi Fondementale was not well suited for the Congolese polity. The General Executive College One of the resolutions adopted at the Political Round Table called for the establishment of a Collége Exécutive Général (General Executive College), a body composed of six Congolese (one from each province) designed to share power with the Governor-general until independence. They were as follows: Rémy Mwamba for Katanga, Joseph Kasa-Vubu for Léopoldville, Patrice Lumumba for Orientale, Paul Bolya for Équateur, Pierre Nyanguyle for Kasaï, and Anicet Kashamura for Kivu. A similar system was set up at the provincial level while another six Congolese were attached to the Belgian staff of the ministry in Brussels to study the drafting of new laws and decrees. The members of the college neither held direct responsibility over any departments and nor possessed their own cabinets. General Elections of 1960 Even though the date for independence had been established at the Round Table Conference, there was still substantial uncertainty throughout the Congo as to which faction would come to dominate politics in the new government. This caused deep anxiety among most of the electorate. As the Congolese had little experience in democratic processes, few eligible voters in rural areas realised the meaning and importance of an election, and even fewer understood electoral mechanics and procedure. Electoral procedure was prescribed by the electoral law of 23 March 1960. Voting was compulsory for all "males of Congolese status". Yet in order to register, one had to be at least 21 years of age and had to have resided in their respective constituency for at least six months. In order to be a candidate for provincial or federal office, one had to be at least 25 years of age, been born to a Congolese mother, and had to have resided in the Congo for at least five years. For aspiring senators, the age requirement was 30. The official electoral campaign began on 11 May, marred by confusion and violence. Rival parties employed tactics that ranged from threats to sabotage of an opponent's headquarters to murder. Such intimidation was especially prevalent in areas that were under heavy influence from the militant sects of CEREA, the PSA, ABAKO, the MNC-L, and the MNC-K. This was due not only to such parties' own radical, differing beliefs but also to a general suspicion that the Belgians would organise the contest to favor the moderates. With the notable exceptions of CONAKAT, the PNP, and the Parti de l'Unité Nationale (PUNA), most parties' rhetoric was anti-colonial in focus. Frequent attacks on the colonial administration by candidates led to confusion among segments of the electorate, which were given the impression that all forms of government—except welfare services—were to be eliminated after independence. Openly socialist messages declined during the campaign, with the exception of Gizenga's speeches. Freedom of religion was also a major issue, especially in areas where Islam or separatist forms of Christianity were prominent. This led to attacks on the Catholic Church's monopoly on the education system. The MNC-L and the PNP were the only parties to launch significant national campaigns. The parties in favor of a unitary system of government tended to place their best candidates in the central government races, while their federalist counterparts focused on provincial campaigns. Election results Chamber of Deputies The results for the Chamber of Deputies were as follows: Senate The results for the Senate were as follows: Reactions After the results were announced, Lumumba stated, "I am ready to co-operate with our opponents to from a national union government." Belgium was surprised by the MNC-L's electoral success. Belgians who had anticipated a PNP-led government were revolted at the prospect of Lumumba leading an independent Congo. Many members of the various foreign missions in the Congo, however, believed that he was the only man capable of bringing order and stability to the country. Luluabourg, the provincial capital of Kasai, was designated the provisional seat of Parliament—and by probable extension, the new government—but ethnic violence between the Baluba and Lulua in Kasai led the authorities to remain in Léopoldville. Formation Appointment of a formateur Articles 47 and 48 of the Loi Fondementale dictated how the first Congolese government was to be formed. In accordance with them, The King of the Belgians would consult with the major political forces that emerged after elections and appoint a formateur (former) who would then create a government "likely to obtain the confidence of [P]arliament". On the advice of the formateur, the King would appoint the Prime Minister and the suggested ministers. Within three days of the nomination the government would have to receive a vote of confidence from both houses of Parliament (in this case, 69 votes in from the Chamber and 43 votes from the Senate would be required). Two obvious courses of action were presented for the Belgians. They could appoint the leader of the party that had won a plurality of seats, Lumumba, and hope that he would be able to form a majority coalition. The other option was to wait for a coalition to form out of the other parties and nominate whoever emerged as leader of it. They chose the latter course, hoping a moderate alliance would materialise to oppose the MNC-L. The anti-MNC-L coalition that formed principally consisted of the PNP, PUNA, and the MNC-K led by Jean Bolikango (of PUNA), Kalonji, and Iléo (both of MNC-K). Kasa-Vubu aligned himself with the opposition but refused to become its leader. The loyalties of other parties were unsure, and the whole situation was complicated by the divided opinions within the parties themselves. Meanwhile, Lumumba, mindful of his plurality in the Chamber and busy trying to confirm the support of other parties, demanded to be made formateur. Negotiations on the composition of the first government began on 31 May though a formateur had still not been selected. Belgium had committed itself to 30 June for independence and risked embarrassing itself in the international community if it proceeded without the Congo having its own government. On 2 June, Lumumba held a press conference in which he angrily said, "It would be a crime against the country not to denounce publicly the maneuvers being carried on at this moment by the Belgian government....M. Iléo and M. Bolikango are being promoted and we who have the confidence of the people are being pushed aside." Six weeks before the date of independence, Walter Ganshof van der Meersch had been appointed the Belgian Minister of African Affairs. He lived in Léopoldville, in effect becoming Belgium's de facto resident minister in the Congo, administering it jointly with Governor-general Hendrik Cornelis. He was charged with advising Baudouin on the selection of a formateur. On 8 June Ganshof flew to Brussels to meet with Baudouin. He made three suggestions for formateur: Lumumba, as the winner of the elections; Kasa-Vubu, the only figure associated with the coalescing opposition with a reliable national reputation; or some to-be-determined third individual who could unite the competing blocs. Ganshof returned to the Congo on 12 June. The following day he appointed Lumumba to be informateur (informer), tasked with investigating the possibility of forming a national unity government that included politicians with a wide range of views, with 16 June as his deadline. The same day as Lumumba's appointment, the parliamentary opposition coalition, the Cartel d'Union Nationale was announced. Though Kasa-Vubu was aligned with their beliefs, he remained distanced from them. The MNC-L was also having trouble securing the allegiances of the PSA, CEREA, and BALUBAKAT. Initially, Lumumba was unable to establish contact with members of the cartel. Eventually several leaders were appointed to meet with him, but their position remained entrenched. On 16 June Lumumba reported his difficulties to Ganshof, who then extended the deadline and promised to act as an intermediary between the MNC leader and the opposition. However, once he had made contact with the cartel leadership, he was impressed by their obstinacy and assurances of a strong anti-Lumumba polity. By evening Lumumba's mission was showing even less chances of succeeding. Ganshof considered extending the role of informateur to Adoula and Kasa-Vubu, but faced increasing pressure from Belgian and moderate Congolese advisers to end Lumumba's assignment. The following day Ganshof declared that Lumumba had failed to fulfill his role and terminated his mission. Acting on Ganshof's advice, Badouin then named Kasa-Vubu formateur. Lumumba responded by threatening to form his own government and present it to Parliament without official approval. He then called a meeting at the OK Bar in Léopoldville where he announced the creation of a "popular" government with the support of Pierre Mulele of the PSA. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu, like Lumumba, was completely unable to communicate with his political opponents. He assumed that he would secure the Presidency, so he began looking for someone to serve as his prime minister. Most of the candidates he considered were friends that had foreign support similar to his own, including Kalonji, Iléo, Cyrille Adoula, and Justin Bomboko. Kasa-Vubu, however, was slow to come to a final decision. On 18 June Kasa-Vubu announced that he had completed his government with all parties except the MNC-L. That afternoon Sendwe, Gizenga, and Kashamura announced in the presence of Lumumba that their respective parties were not committed to the government. The next day Ganshof summoned Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba to a meeting so they could forge a compromise. This failed when Lumumba flatly refused the position of prime minister in a Kasa-Vubu Government. The following day the two rivals met in the presence of Adoula and diplomats from Israel and Ghana but no agreement was reached. Most party leaders refused to support a government that did not include Lumumba. The decision to make Kasa-Vubu the formateur rallied the PSA, CEREA, and BALUBAKAT to Lumumba, making it unlikely that he could form a government that would survive a vote of confidence. This was confirmed when the Chamber met on 21 June to select its officers; Joseph Kasongo of the MNC-L was made president with 74 votes (a majority), while the two vice presidencies were secured by the PSA and CEREA candidates, both of whom had the support of Lumumba. With time running out before independence, Badouin took new advice from Ganshof and made Lumumba formateur. The following day the Senate convened to elect its officers. Though Iléo won the presidency, the two vice presidencies were awarded to BALUBAKAT and the MNC-L. Selection of members Once it was apparent that Lumumba's bloc controlled Parliament, several members of the opposition became eager to negotiate for a coalition government so they could share power. Among these were Bolikango, Delvaux, and Bolya. Their quest for compromise undermined the strength of the anti-MNC-L alliance. An enraged Kalonji criticised Ganshof for allowing Lumumba to be appointed formateur and demanded to be made Prime Minister. By 22 June (shortly before the vote on the Senate's officers) Lumumba's government, headed by himself in the post of Prime Minister, included members of the MNC-L, the PSA, CEREA, BALUBAKAT, and the Fédération des Association de Ressortissments du Kasaï au Katanga (FEDEKA, a party in a cartel with BALUBAKAT). However, negotiations continued between Lumumba and Bolikango, Delvaux, and Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba reportedly offered ABAKO the ministerial positions for Foreign Affairs and Middle Classes, but Kasa-Vubu instead demanded the Ministry of Finance, a minister of state, the Secretary of State for the Interior, and a written pledge of support from the MNC-L and its allies for his presidential candidacy. Kalonji was presented with the agriculture portfolio by Lumumba which, in spite of his suitability for the task as an experienced agricultural engineer, he rejected. Adoula was also offered a ministerial position, but refused to accept it. Lumumba had for a while considered offering Daniel Kanza a post in the government, but decided against it after considering the opposition such an appointment would receive from Kasa-Vubu, who he believed would assume the Presidency. Lumumba also weighed his options for the Minister of Foreign Affairs between Thomas Kanza (Daniel Kanza's son), André Mandi, and Justin Bomboko. He mistrusted Bomboko, whom the Belgians supported and with whom he had political differences. Kanza, who was well acquainted with Bomboko, suggested that he himself be made Delegate to the United Nations (UN) with ministerial status, so he could operate with autonomy, while Bomboko should receive charge of Foreign Affairs, because he was an elected deputy and had more political support. Lumumba eventually agreed to this proposal, while Mandi was made Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. By the morning of 23 June, the government was, in the words of Lumumba, "practically formed". At noon, he made a counter-offer to Kasa-Vubu, who instead responded with a letter demanding the creation of a seventh province for the Bakongo. Lumumba refused to comply and instead pledged to support Bolikango in his bid for the Presidency. At 14:45 he presented his proposed government before the press. Both ABAKO and the MNC-K were absent from its composition, while the only PSA members were from Gizenga's wing of the party. The Bakongo of Léopoldville were deeply upset by their exclusion from Lumumba's cabinet. They subsequently demanded the removal of the PSA-dominated provincial government and called for a general strike to begin the following morning. At 16:00 Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu resumed negotiations. Kasa-Vubu eventually agreed to Lumumba's earlier offer, though Lumumba informed him that he could not give him a guarantee of support in his presidential candidacy. As result of the negotiations with Kasa-Vubu, the cabinet was reshuffled to include an ABAKO Minister of Finance. In turn, the suggested Minister of Finance assumed the responsibility of Economic Coordination. The minister unseated by the change inherited the Ministry of Land Affairs, which was split off from the Ministry of Mines. A member of PUNA took over the Ministry of Social Affairs, which was broken off of the Ministry of Labour. ABAKO earned one minister of state and secretary of state. The Secretary of State for the Interior was transferred to the Secretariat for Finance, while PUNA was entrusted with one minister of state. According to Kanza, Lumbala and Mobutu held much influence in the final determination of Lumumba's government. Badouin also formally decreed Lumumba to be Prime Minister. Composition The government consisted of the following individuals: Ministers Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Patrice Lumumba (MNC-L) Deputy Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga (PSA) Foreign Minister Justin Bomboko (UNIMO) Minister of External Commerce Marcel Bisukiro (CEREA) Minister Resident in Belgium Albert Delvaux (PNP-LUKA) Minister of Justice Rémy Mwamba (BALUBAKAT) Minister-Delegate to the United Nations Thomas Kanza Minister of the Interior Christophe Gbenye (MNC-L) Minister of Finance Pascal Nkayi (ABAKO) Minister of Economic Coordination and Planning Aloïs Kabangi (MNC-L) Minister of Public Works Alphonse Ilunga (UNC) Minister of Agriculture Joseph Lutula (MNC-L) Minister of Communications Alphonse Songolo (MNC-L) Minister of Economic Affairs Joseph Yav (CONAKAT) Minister of Labour Joseph Masena (PSA) Minister of Public Health Grégoire Kamanga (COAKA) Minister of Mines and Power Edmond Rudahindwa (REKO) Minister of Social Affairs Antoine Ngwenza (PUNA) Minister of Information and Cultural Affairs Anicet Kashamura (CEREA) Minister of Youth and Sports Maurice Mpolo (MNC-L) Minister of the Middle Classes Joseph Mbuyi (MNC-L) Minister of National Education and Fine Arts Pierre Mulele (PSA) Minister of Land Affairs Alexandre Mahamba (MNC-L) Ministers of state Georges Grenfell (MNC-L) Charles Kisolokele (ABAKO) Paul Bolya (PNP/UNIMO) André Ngenge (PUNA) Secretaries of state Secretary of State to the Presidency Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (MNC-L) Secretary of State to the Presidency Jacques Lumbala (PNP) Secretary of State for External Commerce Antoine Kiwewa (MNC-L) Secretary of State for Finance André Tshibangu Secretary of State for Justice Maximilien Liongo Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs André Mandi Secretary of State for the Interior Raphael Batshikama (ABAKO) Secretary of State for Defence Albert Nyembo (CONAKAT) Secretary of State for Information Antoine-Roger Bolamba (MNC-L) Secretary of State for Economic Coordination and Planning Alphonse Nguvulu (PP) Analyses The 37-strong Lumumba Government was very diverse, with its members coming from different classes, different tribes, and holding varied political beliefs. Though many had questionable loyalty to Lumumba, most did not openly contradict him out of political considerations or fear of reprisal. He dominated the Council of Ministers, and most of the ministers did respect his abilities. Of the members of the ministerial cabinet, only Kanza and Bomboko had university educations while Yav was completing his studies in Brussels. Nineteen of the ministers had worked as clerks, two as medical assistants, one as a teacher, and one other professionally in the private sector (Kanza had worked with the European Economic Community). Lumumba, Bolya, Nkayi, Rudahindwa, Nguvulu, Mandi, and Liongo were all members of the Association du Personnel Indigene de la Colonie (APIC) labour union. Fourteen of the ministers were openly left-leaning, including Gizenga, Mulele, and Gbenye. Gizenga, Mulele, Kashamura, and Bisukiro had connections with foreign leftists—mostly African nationalists—and harboured a more programmatic approach to their politics, probably due to the disaffection of farmers in their constituencies. Yav, Bomboko, and Bolamba were all known Belgian protégés, while Rudahindwa worked at the behest of the white settlers of Kivu. Nyembo used his position as Secretary of State for Defence to spy on the department's activities for Tshombe, who had secured office as the President of Katanga Province. Mandi's place as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs allowed him to monitor Bomboko's activities for Lumumba. As Minister of Youth and Sports, Mpolo was in a position to act as the government's primary propagandist. Charles Kisolokele was chosen to be ABAKO's minister of state because he was a practicing member of Kimbanguism (a denomination of Christianity). Lumumba probably hoped that through the appointment he could earn the allegiance of the rest of the Kimbaguist members of ABAKO, thereby dividing the party. MNC-L members controlled eight ministries, including four major portfolios: national defence, interior, economic coordination, and agriculture. Tshombe objected to the fact that the former two were held by MNC-L members, while the majority of PUNA and MNC-K members were extremely displeased that their party leaders had not been included in the government. Lumumba failed to prevent dissidence by giving ABAKO and CONAKAT, parties both in control of regions with autonomous tendencies, a more secondary role in his government. European circles were displeased that the portfolio for economic affairs, controlled by a CONAKAT member, was undercut by the positioning of nationalists in control of the Ministry and Secretariat for Economic Coordination, and that mines and land affairs were placed under separate portfolios. Tshombe was also perturbed by the situation, and declared that it rendered his agreement to support the government "null and void". Kanza was of the opinion that Gizenga, Kabangi, Kamanga, Ngwenza, Kiwewa, Tshibangu were all well suited for their posts, while Nkayi and Ilunga were not. Investiture At 22:40 on 23 June, the Chamber of Deputies convened in the Palais de la Nation to vote on Lumumba's government. After Kasongo opened the session, Lumumba delivered his main speech, promising to maintain national unity, abide by the will of the people, and pursue a neutralist foreign policy. It was warmly received by most deputies and observers. The Chamber proceeded to engage in a heated debate. Though the government contained members from parties that held 120 of the 137 seats, reaching a majority was not a straightforward task. While several leaders of the opposition had been involved in the formative negotiations, their parties as a whole had not been consulted. Furthermore, some individuals were upset they had not been included in the government and sought to personally prevent its investiture. In the subsequent arguments, multiple deputies expressed dissatisfaction at the lack of representation of their respective provinces and/or parties, with several threatening secession. Among them was Kalonji, who said he would encourage people of Kasaï to refrain from participating in the central government and form their own autonomous state. One Katangese deputy objected to the possession of the premiership and the defence portfolio by the same person. When a vote was finally taken, only 80 of the 137 members of the Chamber were present. Of these, 74 voted in favor of the government, five against, and one abstained. The 57 absences were almost all voluntary. Though the government had earned just as many votes as when Kasongo won the presidency of the Chamber, the support was not congruent; members of Kamitatu's wing of the PSA had voted against the government while a few members of the PNP, PUNA, and ABAKO, and a single CONAKAT deputy voted in favor of it. Overall, the vote was a disappointment for the MNC-L coalition. The session was adjourned at 02:05 on 24 June. The Senate convened that day to vote on the government. There was another heated debate, in which Iléo and Adoula expressed their strong dissatisfaction with its composition. CONAKAT members abstained from voting. When arguments concluded, a decisive vote of approval was taken on the government: 60 voted in favor, 12 against, while eight abstained. All dissident arguments for alternative cabinets, particularly Kalonji's demand for a new administration, were rendered impotent and the Lumumba Government was officially invested. With the institution of a broad coalition, the parliamentary opposition was officially reduced to only the MNC-K and some individuals. The Soviet Union was pleased by the composition of the government and made several overtures to Lumumba to try and secure his favor, while United States officials were unsure how to respond. Aftermath Election of the Head of State According to the Loi Fondementale, Parliament had to meet to elect the head of state within 48 hours of the appointments of the presiding officers of each chamber. Bolikango and Kasa-Vubu were the only two declared candidates. Lumumba had promised to support the former in the election in exchange for PUNA's support for his government's investiture. Afterwards he secretly instructed the nationalist parliamentarians to vote for Kasa-Vubu, figuring that this would please the most pressure groups and appease the ABAKO constituency, which many feared would effect a secession of the Lower Congo. Mpolo thought electing Kasa-Vubu would be a mistake and sought to postpone the vote to give Lumumba time to reconsider his decision. During the session he took the floor and suggested that, in light of heightened tensions between Bolikango's and Kasa-Vubu's supporters, the assembly be adjourned to facilitate further discussions between the political parties on their candidates of choice. Confused by the proposal, Kasongo (who was presiding) asked if it had been made on behalf of the government. Displeased, Lumumba indicated that it was not. Instead of using his power to adjourn, Kasongo deferred to the assembly, which decided to proceed with the election. Thomas Kanza coaxed Lumumba to step outside of the chamber where he, his father, and Mpolo attempted in vain to change his mind. Lumumba refused to alter his decision on the grounds that ABAKO members would revolt and that, in his personal opinion, Kasa-Vubu would make a better head of state. Kasa-Vubu won the vote, 150 to 43 with 11 abstentions. The election of Kasa-Vubu brought about wide-ranging acceptance of the Congo's new administration. The Belgian press reacted positively to the development, while the Léopoldville's daily newspaper Courrier d'Afrique, edited by a Mukongo, showed much warmer approval of the government. However, it also solidified the oppositional alignment of PUNA, CONAKAT, and the MNC-K. Bolikango's supporters were infuriated by the result, as were many Bangala soldiers. Nevertheless, the discontent seemed to pose little threat to the Lumumba Government's operations or credibility, except in Kasai (in regard to the MNC-K). International opinion expressed satisfaction at the striking of a proper balance in leadership. Belgian politicians hoped that Kasa-Vubu would check Lumumba's impulses and personal disdain for Belgian policies. He was officially sworn in as President on 27 June. Notes Citations References Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960 establishments in Africa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

2019 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 2019 in the United Kingdom. Lack of agreement on how to proceed with withdrawing from the EU led to substantial political turmoil during this year culminating in the 2019 General election in which the pro-Brexit Conservative party gained a significant majority of seats. Incumbents Monarch – Elizabeth II Prime Minister: Theresa May (Conservative) (until 24 July) Boris Johnson (Conservative) (starting 24 July) Parliament: 57th (dissolved 6 November) 58th (started 17 December) Events January 1 January – Regulator Ofgem introduces a new energy price cap for households in England, Scotland and Wales. 2 January – Rail fares in England and Wales rise by an average of 3.1%. Meanwhile, ScotRail announces average rail fare increases of 2.8%. 3 January – The bakery chain Greggs launches a meat free version of its sausage rolls. 4 January – The engineering arm of collapsed Monarch Airlines falls into administration, with the loss of 450 jobs. 7 January – A 10-year plan for NHS England is unveiled. As a result of Barnett consequentials, a proportionate share of extra funding will be transferred to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive. 8 January – MPs back an amendment to the Finance Bill, by 303 to 296 votes, to limit the Treasury's powers in a no-deal Brexit scenario. 9 January – MPs back Dominic Grieve's amendment to the EU withdrawal agreement, by 308 to 297 votes, compelling the government to return to Parliament within three days if the deal is voted down the following week. 14 January – Conservative Party whip Gareth Johnson resigns, saying he cannot support the government in the forthcoming vote on Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement. 15 January – The House of Commons rejects Theresa May's deal on the UK's withdrawal from the European Union by 432 votes to 202. The 230 vote margin is the largest defeat for a government motion in 100 years. 16 January – Theresa May's government survives a no confidence vote by 325 to 306. 17 January The 97-year-old Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip is involved in a car crash while driving near the Queen's Sandringham estate. He is unhurt, "but very, very shocked and shaken." Japan's Hitachi announces the suspension of work on the £20bn Wylfa Newydd nuclear plant in Wales amid concerns over rising costs, putting thousands of jobs at risk. 21 January Theresa May outlines her "plan B" Brexit plan to the House of Commons, scrapping the £65 fee EU citizens were going to have to pay to secure a right to live in the UK after Brexit. Three separate security alerts are raised after reports of car hijackings in Derry, two days after a bomb exploded in a car outside its courthouse. 2019 Piper PA-46 Malibu crash: An aircraft carrying new Cardiff City F.C. footballer Emiliano Sala and pilot David Ibbotson en route from Nantes, France, to Cardiff, Wales, goes missing over the English Channel. Sala's body is recovered on 7 February. 22 January The UK café chain Patisserie Valerie collapses into administration after rescue talks with banks fail. The EU confirms it will enforce a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic in the event of a no-deal Brexit, despite the risk it would pose to peace. 24 January – Former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond is arrested by police and charged with multiple counts of sexual assault and two of attempted rape. 25 January – The European Medicines Agency (EMA) closes its office at Canary Wharf, London, in preparation for its move to Amsterdam. 28 January – A letter from the British Retail Consortium, signed by major food retailers including Asda, McDonald's and Sainsbury's, warns of empty shelves and higher prices in the event of a no-deal Brexit. 29 January Labour MP for Peterborough Fiona Onasanya is sentenced to three months imprisonment having earlier been found guilty of perverting the course of justice for lying about who was driving her car when caught speeding. Her imprisonment makes her the first sitting MP to be jailed in 28 years. MPs vote on a series of seven Brexit amendments. This includes a proposal to renegotiate the Irish backstop, which is passed with a majority of 16. 30 January A High Court judge approves a £166bn (€190bn) transfer of assets by Barclays bank to its Irish division as a result of Brexit disruption. The EU's chief negotiator, Michel Barnier, rejects calls to reopen the Brexit deal and says the Irish backstop will not be renegotiated, despite the UK's request. 31 January – A report by the Society of Motor Manufacturers (SMMT) states that investment in the British car industry fell by 46.5% in 2018 as a result of Brexit uncertainty. February 1 February Hundreds of schools across Wales and southern parts of England are closed due to snow and icy conditions. Leave.EU and Eldon Insurance owned by its founder Arron Banks are fined £120,000 over data law breaches. A 37-year-old mother who mutilated her three-year-old daughter becomes the first person in the UK to be found guilty of female genital mutilation (FGM). 3 February Apetito and Bidfood, two major suppliers to care homes and hospitals, report that they are stockpiling food in case of disruption caused by Brexit. Car manufacturer Nissan confirms that it will not be moving production of its X-Trail SUV from Japan to Sunderland, citing the falling sales of diesel cars in Europe as the reason, adding that: "While we have taken this decision for business reasons, the continued uncertainty around the UK’s future relationship with the EU is not helping companies like ours to plan for the future". 4 February – The wreckage of the PA-46 Malibu that was carrying footballer Emiliano Sala and pilot David Ibbotson is found underwater and a body is seen within it. 5 February – HMV is acquired out of administration by Canadian retailer Sunrise Records, safeguarding the future of nearly 1,500 staff. 7 February The Office for National Statistics reports that knife crime in England and Wales is at its highest level since records began in 1946, with the number of fatal stabbings the previous year being the most ever reported. The Bank of England keeps interest rates on hold at 0.75%, but warns of a slowdown in economic growth during 2019, which it says could be the worst year since 2009. The British Horseracing Authority (BHA) cancels all horse racing in Great Britain until at least 13 February after an outbreak of equine influenza. A body is recovered from the wreckage of the PA-46 Malibu which vanished over the English Channel on 21 January. Dorset Police later identify it as that of Emiliano Sala. 14 February – Theresa May suffers a fresh defeat in the Commons on her Brexit strategy, losing the vote by 303 to 258. 15 February – Thousands of school pupils around the UK go on strike as part of a global campaign for action on climate change. 16 February – Flybmi ceases operations and files for administration, blaming Brexit as the main cause of its collapse. 18 February Seven MPs – Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey – announce that they have resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group. Plans by Japanese carmaker Honda to close its Swindon factory by 2022 are leaked to the press, a day before the official announcement. 19 February – MP Joan Ryan resigns from the Labour Party to join The Independent Group. 20 February Three Conservative Party MPs – Heidi Allen, Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry – resign from their party to join The Independent Group. Home Secretary Sajid Javid confirms the intention to strip Shamima Begum, a teenager who left the UK to join Islamic State in Syria in 2015, of her UK citizenship. 22 February – Dudley North MP Ian Austin resigns from the Labour Party saying the party has failure to tackle antisemitism, but says he has no plans to join the Independent Group. 23 February – Roy Hodgson becomes the oldest man to manage in the Premier League, at the age of 71 years and 198 days. 25 February – A temperature of 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) is reported in Trawsgoed, Ceredigion, the UK's highest on record for the month of February. 26 February The Shadow Brexit Secretary, Keir Starmer states that Labour will back a second EU referendum with remain on the ballot if Theresa May's deal gets through parliament. Theresa May states that MPs will be given the choice between no-deal Brexit or a Brexit delay, if they reject her plan the following month. The UK winter temperature record is broken for a second consecutive day, as the Met Office records 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in Kew Gardens, London. Various huge wildfires are reported, the largest being at Saddleworth Moor in West Yorkshire. The government publishes its assessment of the impact of a no-deal Brexit. March 1 March – The UK Government announces it has paid out £33,000,000 to settle a dispute with Eurotunnel over the awarding of ferry contracts, which was led by Transport Secretary Chris Grayling, to cope with a no-deal Brexit. 7 March Retailer LK Bennett goes into administration. The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries reports evidence of slowing life expectancy in the UK, which first emerged in 2010–2011 and is now "a trend as opposed to a blip". 12 March The House of Commons rejects Theresa May's deal on the UK's withdrawal from the European Union for a second time, by 391 votes to 242. Three climbers are killed and another injured in an avalanche on Ben Nevis. 13 March MPs vote by 321 votes to 278 to accept an amended government motion to reject the UK leaving the European Union without a deal. Chancellor Philip Hammond says that gas heating for new houses will be banned by 2025, although gas hobs will still be allowed. 14 March – MPs vote by 412 to 202 in favour of requesting that the UK's withdrawal from the European Union be delayed beyond 29 March. 15 March – Thousands of school pupils around the UK go on strike as part of a global campaign for action on climate change. 18 March – The Speaker, John Bercow, quoting a parliamentary rule dating back to 1604, declares that a third "meaningful vote" on the Brexit deal cannot proceed unless it contains substantial changes. Ministers warn of a "constitutional crisis", with just eleven days until the UK is due to leave the EU. 20 March – Prime Minister Theresa May writes a letter to EU Council President Donald Tusk, requesting a three-month extension to Article 50. 21 March The TUC and CBI wrote a letter to the Prime Minister saying the UK faces a "national emergency" due to Brexit and urging May to embrace an alternative plan. The EU agrees to delay Brexit until 22 May 2019, if MPs approve a withdrawal deal; or to 12 April if they do not. 23 March – Hundreds of thousands of protesters flock to London for the second People's Vote march, asking the UK Government for a second referendum on leaving the EU and to permanently revoke Article 50. 24 March – An online e-petition calling on the government to revoke Article 50 reaches 5,000,000 signatures. 25 March – MPs defeat the government by 329 to 302 as they vote in favour of an amendment by Oliver Letwin, giving Parliament the option to hold a series of "indicative votes" on Brexit. 26 March – The European Parliament votes by 348 to 278 in favour of the controversial Article 13 of the European Union Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which expands legal liability for websites. 27 March The Department for Transport says that the United Kingdom will adopt speed limiting technology that will become mandatory for all new vehicles sold in Europe from 2022, after new rules were provisionally agreed by the European Union. MPs back the statutory instrument changing the Brexit date in the EU Withdrawal Act by 441 votes to 105, a majority of 336. None of MPs' eight proposed options (indicative votes) for Brexit gains a majority following a House of Commons vote. 29 March The recently formed Independent Group applies to become a political party with the name "Change UK – The Independent Group" and names Heidi Allen as interim leader. MPs reject Theresa May's EU withdrawal agreement for a third time, by 344 votes to 286. A motion of no confidence against pro-EU Conservative MP Dominic Grieve is carried by his local party, 182 votes to 131. 31 March – The e-petition calling on the UK Government to revoke Article 50 reaches 6,000,000 signatures, doing so a day before it is due to be debated by parliament. April 1 April The UK's National Living Wage rises from £7.83 to £8.21, an increase of 4.9%. London Liverpool Street, London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley become the last of Network Rail's stations to abolish charges to their public toilets. For the second time, none of four proposed options (indicative votes) for Brexit gain a majority following a House of Commons vote. A customs union with the EU, a "Common Market 2.0", a second referendum and a vote on whether to revoke Article 50 all fail to win clear backing from MPs. Immediately following the indicative votes on Brexit, MP Nick Boles quits the Conservative party, with a speech criticising his former colleagues for refusing to compromise on the options. 2 April – In a statement following a Cabinet meeting, Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to extend Article 50 again and work with Opposition Leader Jeremy Corbyn on a plan, but keep the withdrawal agreement as part of her deal. 3 April Prosecutors seek a retrial in the case of the match commander at the Hillsborough disaster David Duckenfield, after a jury fails to reach a verdict. A bill by Labour MP Yvette Cooper to force the Prime Minister to ask the EU for an extension to Article 50, in order to avoid a no-deal Brexit, passes the House of Commons by 313 votes to 312. 5 April – Theresa May writes to the EU requesting a Brexit extension until 30 June 2019. EU ministers respond by saying the letter is too vague to justify an extension being offered. 6 April – Tiger Roll wins the 2019 Grand National, the second consecutive year the horse has won the race. 8 April Jaguar Land Rover shuts down production for a week because of uncertainties around Brexit. London's Ultra-Low Emission Zone comes into effect. 9 April – Department store Debenhams goes into administration, after a last-ditch rescue offer from Mike Ashley's Sports Direct was rejected. 10 April – The UK and the EU agree an Article 50 extension to 31 October 2019. No reopening of the withdrawal agreement negotiations is allowed and the UK "must hold the elections to the European Parliament" on 23 May, or it will be forced to leave on 1 June 2019. 11 April – WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange is arrested after seven years of living in the Ecuadorian embassy in London. 12 April – Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage launches the Brexit Party. 15–22 April – Demonstrations by the climate change activist group Extinction Rebellion cause disruption in central London, blocking roads and resulting in over 1,000 arrests, with 53 people charged for various offences. A "pause" in the protest is announced on 21 April, although the group continues to base itself in Marble Arch. 17 April – The UK Government announces it will introduce an age verification system designed to stop internet users under the age of eighteen from viewing pornographic websites, which will come into force on 15 July. 18 April – 29-year-old journalist and author Lyra McKee is shot dead amid rioting in Derry, Northern Ireland, with police treating it as a "terrorist incident" and suspecting the New IRA. 22 April Leaders from 70 local Conservative Associations sign a petition calling for a vote of no confidence in Theresa May. The non-binding vote, to be determined by 800 of the party's senior officials, would be the first time such an instance has occurred. The hottest Easter Monday on record in all four nations of the UK is confirmed by the Met Office, with 25 °C (77 °F) reported at Heathrow, Northolt and Wisley. 24 April – The Conservative Party's 1922 Committee votes against changing the party's rules regarding leadership challenges, but asks for clarity on when Prime Minister Theresa May will step down from office. 25 April – The government announces it will launch a formal inquiry into the leaking of discussions about Chinese telecommunications firm Huawei at the National Security Council after The Daily Telegraph published details of a meeting concerning plans to use the firm to help build the 5G network. The Foreign Office warns against all but essential travel to Sri Lanka following the Easter Sunday bombings in which eight Britons were among the dead. 26 April – Prime Minister Theresa May and Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar issue a joint statement setting out a new process of talks designed to restore devolution to Northern Ireland, to begin on 7 May. Department store Debenhams announces plans to close 22 branches in 2019. May 1 May Peterborough Member of Parliament Fiona Onasanya becomes the first MP to be removed by a recall petition after 19,261 of her constituents voted for her to be removed from office. Onasanya's recall petition had been automatically triggered as a result of her conviction for perverting the course of justice, an offence for which she was imprisoned in January. WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange is sentenced to 50 weeks in jail for breaching bail conditions. Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson is sacked, after a leak from a National Security Council meeting, in which plans by Chinese firm Huawei to contribute to the UK's 5G network were discussed. He is replaced by Penny Mordaunt. 2 May – 2019 United Kingdom local elections: The Lib Dems, Greens and independents make gains in the local elections at the expense of the Conservatives, while Labour and UKIP also suffer losses. 4 May – The Metropolitan Police says that the National Security Council leak about Huawei "did not amount to a criminal offence". 6 May The Duchess of Sussex gives birth to a son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. The World Snooker Championship concludes with Judd Trump defeating John Higgins 18–9 in the final to win his first world title. 8 May – A British teenager, Isabelle Holdaway, 17, is reported to be the first patient to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection. 9 May – Broadcaster Danny Baker is fired from BBC Radio 5 Live after tweeting a "royal baby" image of a chimpanzee. 13 May – The Jeremy Kyle Show is suspended indefinitely following the death of a participant, shortly after appearing on an unbroadcast programme. The show is axed by ITV two days later. 16 May Boris Johnson confirms that he will run for the Conservative Party leadership after Theresa May stands down. 17 May Brexit talks between Labour and the Conservatives end without agreement, following six weeks of cross-party debate, with Jeremy Corbyn saying negotiations have "gone as far as they can." The Ministry of Justice announces plans to introduce "Helen's Law", which would require a person convicted of murder without the presence of a body to reveal the location of their victim's remains before being considered for parole. 18 May – Eurovision Song Contest 2019: The United Kingdom finishes in last place, with a score of 11. 21 May – Jamie Oliver's restaurant group collapses into administration, putting 1,300 jobs at risk. 22 May British Steel Limited enters insolvency, putting 5,000 UK jobs directly at risk and a further 20,000 in the supply chain, following a breakdown in rescue talks between the government and the company's owner, Greybull. Andrea Leadsom resigns as Leader of the House of Commons, saying she no longer believes the government's approach will deliver Brexit. She is replaced the following day by Mel Stride. 23 May – Elections to the European Parliament are held. 24 May – Prime Minister Theresa May announces her resignation as Conservative Party leader, effective 7 June. 26 May – The first black female Oxbridge master, Sonia Alleyne, is appointed to lead Jesus College, Cambridge, from October. 28 May Alastair Campbell, the former communications chief to Tony Blair, is expelled from the Labour Party, after publicly stating that he voted for the Liberal Democrats during the European Parliamentary elections. The Speaker, John Bercow announces that he plans to possibly stay on as Speaker of the House until 2022, saying it is not "sensible to vacate the chair" while there are major issues before parliament. 29 May – In the first all-English UEFA Cup/Europa League final since 1972 and the tournament's first final between teams from the same city, Chelsea defeat Arsenal 4–1 at the Olympic Stadium in Baku, Azerbaijan. This is Chelsea's second Europa League title. 30 May – The UK's first 5G mobile network becomes operational, initially covering parts of six cities: Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, London and Manchester. June 1 June – In the first all-English UEFA Champions League final since 2008, Liverpool defeat Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 at the Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid, Spain. This is Liverpool's sixth European Cup title. 3 June – U.S. President Donald Trump begins a three-day state visit to the UK. 4 June – Six Change UK MPs – Luciana Berger, Gavin Shuker, Angela Smith, Chuka Umunna, Sarah Wollaston and interim party leader Heidi Allen – announce their resignation from the party. The remaining five MPs, remain in the party, with Brexit and Justice spokeswoman Anna Soubry becoming leader. 6 June American carmaker Ford announces the closure of its Ford Bridgend Engine Plant in September 2020, with the loss of 1,700 jobs. Peterborough by election: Labour retains the seat, with the Brexit Party finishing in second place and the Conservatives in third. The by-election was held because of the previous Labour MP having been removed as the result of a recall petition. 7 June – Prime Minister Theresa May resigns as Leader of the Conservative Party, paving the way for a leadership contest. 10 June – The BBC announces that, from June 2020, it will stop providing free television licences for over-75s who do not receive pension credit. 12 June Theresa May announces a new legally binding target to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, making the United Kingdom the first major industrialised nation to propose this goal. In a vote of 309–298, MPs reject a plan by Labour to take control of Parliament's timetable, which would have enabled the tabling of legislation to prevent a no-deal Brexit on 31 October. 13 June – Former Labour MP, then-Change UK MP, then Independent MP, Chuka Umunna, defects to the Liberal Democrats. 18 June – Heathrow Airport publishes a masterplan for construction of a third runway by 2026 and completion of the airport's expansion by 2050. 19 June Tendai Muswere becomes the first person in the UK to be convicted of illegally manufacturing a firearm using a 3D printer. The Isle of Wight is awarded "Biosphere Reserve" status by UNESCO, becoming the seventh UK location to receive this designation. 20 June – In a case brought by Campaign Against Arms Trade, the Court of Appeal rules that UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia are unlawful. 21 June Conservative Party MP Chris Davies loses his seat after a recall petition in response to his conviction for submitting false expenses claims. This forces a by-election in Brecon and Radnorshire. Conservative Party MP Mark Field is suspended as a Minister, after video footage shows him grabbing and pushing a female activist who interrupted Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond's Mansion House Speech. 29 June – The Met Office records some of the hottest UK temperatures for June in 40 years, with Heathrow and Northolt in west London reaching 34C (93.2F). July 2 July – FIFA Women's World Cup: The most-watched British television broadcast of the year, 11.7 million viewers watch the England football team's 1–2 defeat to USA in the semi final in Parc Olympique Lyonnais (Stade de Lyon) in Lyon, France. 5 July Eight gang members who ran the biggest modern-day slavery network ever exposed in the UK, involving more than 400 victims in the West Midlands, are jailed with sentences ranging from three to 11 years. Ex-English Defence League leader Tommy Robinson is found guilty of contempt of court over a Facebook broadcast. Secretary of State for Justice David Gauke confirms that "Helen's Law" will be adopted in England and Wales. 7 July – The Trump administration is labelled "inept", "insecure" and "incompetent" in leaked emails from the British Ambassador to the United States, Sir Kim Darroch. 9 July – MPs vote by 294 to 293 in favour of a bid to require ministers to give fortnightly updates on the situation in Northern Ireland. The plan, drawn up by Dominic Grieve, is designed to make it harder for the next Prime Minister to suspend Parliament and cause a no-deal Brexit. 10 July Sir Kim Darroch resigns as UK ambassador to the US, amid the ongoing row over leaked emails critical of the Trump administration. Formula One and Silverstone agree a new five-year deal to keep the British Grand Prix on the calendar following two years of renegotiations between Liberty Media and the BRDC. 11 July – Tommy Robinson, having been found guilty of contempt of court on 5 July, is sentenced at the Old Bailey to nine months in prison. 12 July The first fatal collision involving an e-scooter in Britain occurs, killing TV presenter and YouTube star Emily Hartridge in Battersea, London. Former Blue Peter presenter John Leslie is charged with sexually assaulting a 30-year-old woman in Westminster in December 2008. 14 July – "Super Sunday" in sport: England win the Cricket World Cup final (played at Lord's) for the first time, beating New Zealand on boundary count after a tied match; British driver Lewis Hamilton wins a record sixth Formula 1 British Grand Prix at Silverstone; and in the 2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles tennis, Novak Djokovic (Serbia) beats Roger Federer (Switzerland) in the longest ever final at four hours 57 minutes. Djokovic became the first player since Bob Falkenberg at the 1948 Wimbledon Championships to save multiple match points and win a Wimbledon final. 18 July – MPs vote again in favour of amendments to stop the next Prime Minister proroguing Parliament in the autumn to facilitate a no-deal Brexit. 19 July – The Iranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps captures British tanker Stena Impero and temporarily seizes British-operated and Liberian-flagged tanker Mesdar in the Persian Gulf. The Foreign Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, warns there will be "serious consequences" if Iran does not release the tanker. 22 July Conservative MP for Dover, Charlie Elphicke, is charged with three counts of sexual assault against two women. Carl Beech is found guilty of making false allegations of murder and child sexual abuse against UK public figures. He is sentenced to 18 years in prison on 26 July. Jo Swinson is elected by party members as the new leader of the Liberal Democrats, succeeding Sir Vince Cable. She becomes both the first woman to lead the party and its youngest ever leader at age 39. 23 July – Boris Johnson is chosen as the new Conservative Party leader in a ballot of party members, beating Jeremy Hunt by 92,153 votes to 46,656. 24 July Theresa May formally tenders her resignation as Prime Minister to the Queen and is succeeded by Boris Johnson. 28 July One of the eight cooling towers at Ferrybridge C Power Station is demolished with explosives in a test explosion. Boris Johnson subsequently begins to form his cabinet, with Sajid Javid appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Priti Patel as Home Secretary, and Dominic Raab as Foreign Secretary and First Secretary of State. 25 July – The UK experiences its hottest day on record, with a temperature of at Cambridge, beating the previous high of in Faversham, Kent, on 10 August 2003. August 1 August Parts of the Derbyshire towns of Whaley Bridge, Furness Vale and New Mills are evacuated, with 1,500 residents being moved as a precaution, after concrete slabs on the dam spillway of the Toddbrook Reservoir partially collapse. The government announces an extra £2.1bn of funding to prepare for a no-deal Brexit, doubling the amount of money it has set aside for 2019, taking the total since June 2016 to £6.3bn. Liberal Democrat MP Jane Dodds wins the 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election, beating the incumbent Conservative Chris Davies and leaving the Tories with a Commons working majority of just one. 5 August – The historic shipyard Harland and Wolff, which built the RMS Titanic and other well-known ships, ceases trading. 9 August Data from the Office for National Statistics shows that the UK economy shrank by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2019, its first contraction since 2012. A major power blackout hits parts of England and Wales, affecting nearly a million people and causing widespread travel disruption. 10 August – Richard Braine is elected as leader of the UK Independence Party, succeeding Gerard Batten. 15 August – Former Conservative and Change UK MP Sarah Wollaston joins the Liberal Democrats, saying it is the best way for her to fight to keep Britain in the European Union. 16 August – The Turkish Armed Forces Assistance Fund (known as Oyak) announces that it plans to take over British Steel by the end of the year. 18 August Reports emerge that the British–Canadian Muslim convert Jack Letts, alleged to be a member of ISIL and nicknamed "Jihadi Jack" by the media, has had his British citizenship revoked by the Home Office. More than 100 MPs write to Prime Minister Boris Johnson calling for a recall of Parliament to debate concerns that the UK faces "a national emergency" over Brexit. The three remaining cooling towers at Didcot power station, a focal point of the Oxfordshire skyline for 50 years, are demolished. An electricity pole is damaged in the collapse, leaving at least 40,000 homes without power. 22 August – Boris Johnson meets French president Emmanuel Macron in Paris, insisting that the Brexit impasse can be broken "with energy and creativity". Macron reiterates that the Republic of Ireland–Northern Ireland backstop plan is "indispensable" to preserving political stability and the single market. 23 August – Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn express concern over major fires in the Amazon rainforest, ahead of the latest G7 summit. A spokesperson for the Department for International Trade states: "The UK remains committed to protecting the world’s rainforests and will continue to do so in Brazil through our international climate finance programmes." 24 August – After video footage emerges of himself at Jeffrey Epstein's mansion in 2010, Prince Andrew defends his former friendship with the convicted sex offender, saying "at no stage" did he "see or suspect" any criminal behaviour. 25 August – The UK experiences its hottest late August bank holiday weekend on record, with temperatures reaching 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in west London. The record for August bank holiday Monday is also broken the following day. 26 August – The UK's biggest ever fracking-related tremor is recorded, with a magnitude of 2.9 reported at a Cuadrilla site near Blackpool. 27 August Opposition MPs gather in Church House, Westminster, where they agree to form "an alternative parliament" if Boris Johnson attempts to force a no-deal Brexit by prorogation. They sign a declaration, calling this threat "an undemocratic outrage at such a crucial moment for our country, and a historic constitutional crisis". Downing Street accuses the MPs of trying to sabotage negotiations with the EU. Bury F.C. are expelled from the English Football League after a takeover bid collapses. 28 August – Boris Johnson asks the Queen to suspend Parliament from early September until 14 October. Following precedent, she approves the request. While many Brexit supporters welcome the move, the action receives widespread condemnation from those in favour of the UK remaining in the EU, triggering protests both in London and around the country. 29 August – Ruth Davidson resigns as leader of the Scottish Conservatives. 31 August – Demonstrations are held across the UK in protest at Boris Johnson's decision to suspend parliament. September 2 September – In a speech outside 10 Downing Street, Boris Johnson states his opposition to calling a general election and urges MPs not to vote for "another pointless delay" to Brexit. 3 September Pound sterling falls below $1.20, its lowest level since October 2016, before recovering the day's losses. The government loses its majority in the House of Commons after Conservative MP Phillip Lee crosses the floor to join the Liberal Democrats. MPs opposed to a No-deal Brexit take control of House of Commons business by 328 votes to 301. Johnson responds by telling MPs he will now push for an October general election. Boris Johnson withdraws the whip from 21 Conservative MPs who voted against the government, including several former Cabinet Ministers. Notable among them are Father of The House, Ken Clarke, who had served as an MP since the 1970 general election, and Sir Nicholas Soames, grandson of former UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 4 September A bill intended to block the possibility of the UK leaving the EU without a deal passes its first Commons vote by 329 to 300. A Scottish judge rejects a call by 75 parliamentarians to have the government's postponement of parliament declared illegal. The judge rules that it is for politicians and voters to judge, and not the courts. MPs reject Boris Johnson's motion to call a snap general election for October, failing to achieve the two-thirds Commons majority needed under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, in a vote of 298 to 56. Labour MPs abstain from the vote. 5 September Former Labour and Change UK MP Luciana Berger joins the Liberal Democrats. Jo Johnson, brother of Boris Johnson, resigns as an MP and minister, stating he is "torn between family and national interest". 6 September The bill designed to prevent a no deal Brexit is passed by the House of Lords. Opposition parties agree not to back any further government calls for a general election in mid-October. The High Court rejects a case brought by anti-Brexit campaigner Gina Miller over the suspension of parliament, ruling that it is lawful. 7 September Work and Pensions Secretary Amber Rudd resigns from the Cabinet and surrenders the Conservative Party whip, saying she cannot "stand by" while "loyal moderate Conservatives are expelled". Former Labour and Change UK MP Angela Smith joins the Liberal Democrats. 9 September John Bercow announces that he will stand down as Speaker of the House of Commons on 31 October, or at the next general election, depending on which comes first. The Benn bill, intended to stop Britain leaving the EU without a deal, is granted royal assent. By a vote of 311 to 302, MPs back a motion calling for the publication of all government communications relating to no-deal Brexit planning and the suspension of Parliament. A second government motion calling for an early general election fails to achieve the required super-majority, with 293 MPs voting in favour of it. 10 September – Parliament is prorogued amid unprecedented protests in the House of Commons from opposition MPs, with some holding up signs saying "silenced". 11 September Three judges at Scotland's highest civil court rule that the government's prorogation of the UK Parliament is unlawful "and is thus null and of no effect." The UK's Supreme Court in London is to hear the government's appeal against the ruling next week. Around 40 MPs return to work in Parliament, in protest at its suspension and to show their support for the Scottish ruling that the government's decision to prorogue is illegal. In response to a motion passed by MPs on 9 September to force its release, the government publish a five-page document covering the no-deal contingency plan, Operation Yellowhammer. Ministers block the publication of personal communications about Parliament's prorogation, which were also covered by the motion. Downing Street rules out the possibility of an electoral pact between the Conservatives and the Brexit Party. 12 September – The High Court in Belfast rejects a legal challenge against a no-deal Brexit that was brought on the argument it breaches the Good Friday Agreement. 13 September – Former English Defence League leader Tommy Robinson is released from prison after nine weeks. 14 September Ex-Conservative MP Sam Gyimah, one of the 21 rebels who had the whip removed on 3 September, joins the Liberal Democrats. Facebook removes a Conservative Party advertisement saying it "misused" their advertising platform in the way it presented figures from a BBC News story about the amount of money being invested in schools. 15 September – At their annual party conference in Bournemouth, members of the Liberal Democrats vote to scrap Brexit without a second referendum if they win the next general election. 17 September – The hearing of the prorogation of Parliament appeal begins at the Supreme Court in London, to decide whether the act of suspending Parliament is justiciable and lawful. 19 September – The Supreme Court hearing of the prorogation appeal concludes after three days and a decision is expected to be given early in the next week. 20 September Some of the largest climate change protests ever seen are held in towns and cities across the UK as part of a worldwide day of strikes and protests, led by young people and adults, to demand action on carbon emissions. An American woman says she had sex with Prince Andrew as a 17-year-old and was "trafficked" to the prince. The Duke of York denies having "any form of sexual contact or relationship" with her. 22 September – An article in the Sunday Times accuses Prime Minister Boris Johnson of misconduct in office while Mayor of London, alleging that US businesswoman Jennifer Arcuri received favourable treatment with the awarding of grants to her company because of her friendship with Johnson. 23 September – Travel company Thomas Cook collapses after 178 years in business, triggering the largest ever peacetime repatriation as 150,000 holidaymakers are left stranded. 24 September – The 11 justices of the Supreme Court rule unanimously that the prorogation brought forward by Boris Johnson is both justiciable and unlawful, and therefore null and of no effect. 25 September – MPs return to Parliament after the ending of prorogation. Amid furious scenes in the Commons, opposition politicians accuse the Prime Minister Boris Johnson of using inflammatory language. Johnson, who described the law seeking to block a no-deal Brexit as "the surrender bill", defends his actions, later saying that "tempers need to come down" in Parliament. 26 September A government motion for a mini-recess the following week for the Conservative Party Conference is lost by 306 votes to 289. A 36-year-old man is arrested outside the office of Labour MP Jess Phillips after she tabled an urgent question in the Commons on inflammatory language. The man is said to have tried to smash windows and kick a door open while shouting "fascist". Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of Princess Beatrice and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi. 27 September – Prime Minister Boris Johnson is referred to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) accused of misconduct in office while Mayor of London, an office with responsibility for overseeing policing in London. 28 September – Downing Street dismisses Johnson's IOPC referral as 'politically motivated'. 29 September The Sunday Times carries fresh allegations about the relationship between Boris Johnson and Jennifer Arcuri, alleging the two were engaged in an affair; Johnson denies any conflict of interest. Downing Street denies an allegation from a female journalist that Johnson squeezed her thigh, and that of another woman, at a lunch in 1999. 30 September – Following a meeting of opposition party leaders chaired by Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour leader says he will back a motion of no confidence in Boris Johnson "at a point we can win it and take no-deal off the table". October 1 October The Office for National Statistics reports that 726 homeless people died in England and Wales in 2018, a 22% rise from 2017 and the highest increase since records began. Torrential rain brings flooding to many parts of Great Britain with dozens of warnings issued by the Environment Agency. Some areas in the Midlands, Wales and southern England are hit by a week's rain in just one hour. 2 October Johnson publishes his Brexit plan, which includes proposals to replace the Irish backstop. It would create an "all-island regulatory zone", meaning that Northern Ireland essentially stays in the European Single Market for agricultural and industrial goods. The government announces fresh plans to prorogue parliament, from 8–14 October to allow them to bring the current parliamentary session to an end and introduce a new Queen's Speech. 4 October The government assures the highest civil court in Scotland that Boris Johnson will send a letter to the EU seeking an extension to Article 50 as required by the Benn Act. Prince Harry begins legal action against the owners of The Sun and the Daily Mirror, in relation to alleged phone-hacking. 5 October 2019 Totnes bus crash: More than fifty people are injured after a double-decker bus crashes and overturns on the A385 between Totnes and Paignton in Devon. Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab says he has called the US ambassador to the United Kingdom to express his "disappointment" that a US diplomat's wife who is the subject of a police investigation following a fatal road crash has left the UK. Lucia Lucas becomes the first transgender singer to perform with the English National Opera in London. 6 October Essex Police confirm that a 32-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of murder after three men were found dead at an address in Colchester the previous evening. Flights repatriating the final 4,800 Thomas Cook holidaymakers stranded abroad following the company's collapse take off, bringing to an end Operation Mattetrhorn, the largest peacetime repatriation operation that has seen more than 150,000 people brought back to the UK. 8 October A Downing Street source says that a Brexit deal is now "essentially impossible" after a phone call between the Prime Minister and German chancellor Angela Merkel. The Brexit spokesman for Angela Merkel's CDU parliamentary group says the unattributable remark "does not ring true". Parliament is prorogued until 14 October. 9 October The Government announces plans for a special Saturday sitting of Parliament for 19 October to discuss Brexit options. Welsh Assembly AMs vote 43–13 to rename the legislature with a bilingual name, calling it both Senedd Cymru and the Welsh Parliament. 10 October – Boris Johnson and his Irish counterpart, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar hold talks at Thornton Manor in north west England aimed at reaching an agreement over Northern Ireland's status after Brexit. 11 October The Arndale Centre in Manchester is evacuated after a number of stabbings, in which four people are injured. A man in his 40s is arrested on suspicion of planning an act of terrorism. The pound has its biggest rally against the dollar since the Brexit vote, amid hopes that a deal could be reached before the deadline on 31 October. 13 October Canonisation of John Henry Newman: Cardinal John Henry Newman (d. 1890) is canonised by Pope Francis in St. Peter's Square, Vatican City, in the presence of Prince Charles and representatives of the Anglican church, making Newman the first English person who has lived since the 17th century to be recognised officially as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Convicted serial sex offender Richard Huckle is stabbed to death in his cell at HMP Full Sutton. Following the test explosion in July, four of the remaining seven cooling towers are demolished at Ferrybridge C Power Station in West Yorkshire. 14 October The Queen's Speech during Parliament's State Opening sets out 26 bills, including the plans for Brexit. Extinction Rebellion protests are banned across London by the Metropolitan Police. 17 October – The UK and EU agree a new Brexit withdrawal agreement, but the DUP confirm they will not support its passage through Parliament. 18 October – Sainsbury's becomes the first major supermarket to stop selling fireworks at its 2,300 stores across the UK. 19 October A special Saturday sitting of Parliament is held to debate the revised European Union withdrawal agreement. MPs pass an amendment 322 to 306 that withholds Parliament's approval until legislation implementing the deal has been passed, and forces the Government to request a delay to Brexit until 31 January 2020. 10 Downing Street confirms that Boris Johnson will send a letter to the EU requesting an extension to Article 50, but will not sign it. EU Council President Donald Tusk subsequently confirms receipt of the letter; in addition, Johnson sends a second letter describing any further delay to Brexit as a mistake. Another People's Vote march is held through London, matching the size of the previous one on 23 March 2019, in which hundreds of thousands attended. 21 October Waitrose and John Lewis announce they are to stop selling Christmas crackers containing plastic toys from 2020, as part of plans to cut down on single-use plastic. Speaker of the House John Bercow refuses to allow a 'meaningful vote' on the latest Brexit deal, stating that "the motion will not be debated today as it would be repetitive and disorderly to do so." 22 October Abortion is decriminalised in Northern Ireland. MPs allow the government's new withdrawal agreement bill to pass to the next stage of the parliamentary process, by 329 votes to 299; a majority of 30. However, the proposed timetable of three days is rejected by 322 votes to 308; a majority of 14. 23 October – The bodies of 38 adults and a teenager are found in a lorry container in Essex. A 25-year-old man from Northern Ireland is arrested on suspicion of murder. 28 October Operation Brock, a plan to manage traffic congestion on the M20 in Kent, comes into force in preparation for a no-deal Brexit. EU leaders agree in principle to move the deadline for a Brexit with an agreement from 31 October 2019 to 31 January 2020. MPs reject a motion for a 12 December general election, with only 299 votes in favour, which is 135 votes short of the two-thirds majority needed. 70 MPs vote against the motion. Johnson says he will table a new bill after losing this motion. 29 October Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn announces that he and his party will now support a general election. MPs vote by 438 to 20 in favour of a general election, scheduled for Thursday 12 December 2019, by passing the Early Parliamentary General Election Bill. 30 October An inquiry into the Clutha helicopter crash of November 2013 finds that the pilot "took a chance" and ignored low fuel warnings. Survivors and bereaved relatives of the Grenfell Tower fire call for London Fire Brigade chief Dany Cotton to resign, after a highly critical report from the inquiry into the blaze. The last Prime Minister's Question Time before the general election is held. November 1 November – Following a report from the Oil and Gas Authority, the government calls a halt to all fracking in the UK "with immediate effect" and warns shale gas companies that it will not support future projects. 3 November – Conservative MP Ross Thomson announces he will not stand at the next election following an accusation that he sexually assaulted Labour MP Paul Sweeney. 4 November The UK terrorism threat level is reduced from "severe" to "substantial" for the first time since 2014. Sir Lindsay Hoyle, Member of Parliament for Chorley, is elected Speaker of the House, replacing John Bercow who stepped down after 10 years in the role. 18 female members of Parliament of the United Kingdom say they will not seek reelection due to threats and abuse. 5 November – Mothercare collapses into administration, putting 2,500 UK jobs at risk. 6 November At 00:01, the 57th parliament is dissolved in preparation for the general election on 12 December 2019. Extinction Rebellion wins a High Court challenge against the Metropolitan Police over a London-wide ban on protests that came into force on 14 October. Alun Cairns resigns as Secretary of State for Wales over allegations that he was aware of the role of a former aide in the "sabotage" of a rape trial. Labour's Tom Watson announces he will step down as an MP at the 2019 election, and vacate his post as deputy leader of Labour for personal reasons. 7 November – The Times reports that Downing Street is suspected by unnamed sources of suppressing a parliamentary report into Russian interference because it contains "embarrassing" disclosures about the Kremlin links of wealthy Russian donors to the Conservative Party. 8 November – More than 100 flood warnings are issued across the Midlands and northern England, with some areas receiving a month's worth of rainfall in 24 hours. The torrential downpours, described as "almost biblical", led to the death of a former Derbyshire High Sheriff, Annie Hall. 16 November – Prince Andrew, Duke of York, in a TV interview with Emily Maitlis, denies having sex with Virginia Roberts (now Virginia Giuffre) when she was a teenager, and expresses regret at having met convicted child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein in 2010. He is widely criticised for the interview. 19 November – Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn appear on ITV in a head-to-head election debate. The Conservatives attract controversy as CCHQ's press office alters the brand and imagery of their Twitter profile (@CCHQPress) during the live broadcast so it appears as "factcheckUK", and posts pro-Conservative responses attacking Corbyn. Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly defends it as "calling out when the Labour Party put what they know to be complete fabrications in the public domain". The Electional Commission calls on all campaigners to act "responsibly", fact-checking body Full Fact criticises this behaviour as "inappropriate and misleading" and a spokesperson from Twitter says that they would take "decisive corrective action" if there were "further attempts to mislead people". 20 November – Prince Andrew says he is stepping down from public duties for the foreseeable future after being engulfed in the Jeffrey Epstein scandal, which has become a "major disruption" to the Royal Family. 23 November – Five teenagers, including a 13-year-old girl, are arrested following a brawl at Vue Cinema in the Star City complex in Birmingham, before the screening of the film Blue Story. It is reported that the arrested were armed with machetes and the police had to draw tasers. Vue subsequently ban screenings of the film – amid much controversy – at all their 91 chains across UK and Ireland. Showcase Cinemas (UK) initially ban the film as well but later reverse this decision. 28 November – Former South Yorkshire police chief, David Duckenfield, is found not guilty of manslaughter in the Hillsborough disaster trial. 29 November The Daily Mail and General Trust buys the "i" newspaper and website from JPIMedia for £49.6 million. 2019 London Bridge incident: A mass stabbing at a London Bridge venue results in two victims killed and at least five people injured. The suspect, wearing a hoax explosive device, is shot by police and dies at the scene. The attack is considered terror-related. December 7 December – Virgin Trains cease operations on the West Coast Main Line after running trains on the line since 9 March 1997. They are replaced the following day by Avanti West Coast. 12 December In the general election, the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, achieves a majority of 80 seats in the House of Commons, while the Labour Party, led by Jeremy Corbyn, suffers major losses resulting in their lowest proportion of seats since 1935. The Scottish National Party wins a landslide in Scotland, winning 48 of the 59 seats. Former U.S. Vice President, 2020 Democratic presidential candidate (and future president) Joe Biden calls Boris Johnson a physical and emotional clone of current President Donald Trump, following the latter’s general election victory. 13 December Jeremy Corbyn says he will not lead Labour into a future general election. Jo Swinson resigns as Leader of the Liberal Democrats after losing her constituency seat to the Scottish National Party. 17 December – Boris Johnson announces that he plans to rule out (legally) any extension to the transition period after the UK leaves the EU. 19 December The High Court rules that the Home Office's £1,012 child citizenship fee is unlawful. Independent Group for Change is dissolved. 20 December MPs vote in favour of the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 358 to 234, paving the way for the UK's exit from the EU on 31 January 2020. Andrew Bailey is appointed as Governor of the Bank of England, effective from February 2020. 22 December – Tesco halts production of Christmas cards made in China after a girl in south London finds a card with a hand-written note asking for help. The writer claims to be a foreign prisoner being forced to work. 26 December – The RSPCA begins an investigation after a prominent lawyer, Jolyon Maugham, says that he killed an urban fox with a baseball bat. 28 December – The Cabinet Office apologises after the addresses of more than 1,000 2020 New Year Honours recipients, including senior police and political figures, are accidentally published online. 31 December – The first opposite-sex couples are granted civil partnerships in England and Wales by amended legislation under the Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration etc.) Act of 26 March. Publications Simon Beckett's novel The Scent of Death. Lindsey Davis's novel A Capitol Death. Bernardine Evaristo's Booker Prize-winning novel Girl, Woman, Other. Luke Jennings's novel Killing Eve: No Tomorrow. John le Carré's espionage novel Agent Running in the Field. Ian McDonald's novel Luna: Moon Rising. Births 6 May – Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. Deaths January 1 January Katie Flynn, 82, British novelist. Dean Ford, 72, Scottish singer and songwriter Marmalade Freddie Glidden, 91, Scottish footballer (Hearts, Dumbarton). 2 January Bill Elsey, 97, British racehorse trainer (Epsom Oaks, St Leger Stakes). Julia Grant, 64, British trans woman pioneer (A Change of Sex). Geoffrey Langlands, 101, army officer and educator. 3 January Joe Casely-Hayford, 62, British fashion designer. Jack Fennell, 85, English rugby league footballer (Featherstone Rovers). Reg Holland, 78, English footballer (Wrexham, Chester City, Altrincham). 4 January John Burningham, 82, English author and illustrator, pneumonia. David Garman, 92, inventor and businessman. Frank Mugglestone, 94, English rugby league footballer (Bradford Northern, Castleford). 5 January Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, 81, politician, MP for Bishop Auckland (1979–2005) and member of the House of Lords (since 2005), cancer. Don Grierson, 77, music industry executive. Eric Haydock, 75, British bassist (The Hollies). Aisha Lemu, 79, British-born Nigerian Islamic scholar. 6 January Derek Piggott, 96, British glider pilot and flight instructor. Ken Preston, 93, English cricketer (Essex). William Morgan Sheppard, 86, actor. Paul Streeten, 101, Austrian-born British economics professor 7 January Laurie Gilfedder, 83, English rugby league footballer (Great Britain, Lancashire, Warrington, Wigan, Leigh). John Joubert, 91, South African-born British composer. Dave Laing, 71, English writer, editor and broadcaster, cancer. Ronald C. Read, 94, British-born Canadian mathematician. 8 January – John Nye, 95, glaciologist, heart failure. 9 January – Ian Adamson, 74, Northern Irish politician, Lord Mayor of Belfast (1996–1997), MLA (1998–2003). 10 January Martin Gore, 67, oncologist, complications following yellow fever vaccination. Barbara Low, 98, British-American biochemist. Dianne Oxberry, 51, English broadcaster and weather presenter for the BBC regional news programme BBC North West Tonight. Lionel Price, 91, Olympic basketball player (1948). Ron Smith, 94, British comic artist (Judge Dredd). Sir Conrad Swan, 94, Canadian-born British officer of arms. 11 January Sir Michael Atiyah, 89, British mathematician, President of the Royal Society (1990–1995). David Hinkley, 74–75, British-born American statistician. Steffan Lewis, 34, Welsh politician, AM (since 2016). Andrew MacLachlan, 77, Scottish actor (Monty Python's Life of Brian, A Fish Called Wanda, By the Sword Divided). Sue Povey, 76, geneticist. 12 January Linda Kelly, 82, English historian. John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim, 91, peer and Member of the House of Lords (since 1971). 13 January – Serena Rothschild, 83, Thoroughbred horse owner. 14 January Martha Ross, 79, English actress (EastEnders, Grange Hill) and radio presenter. Duncan Welbourne, 78, English footballer (Watford). 17 January Windsor Davies, 88, Welsh actor. Garfield Owen, 86, Welsh rugby player (Halifax, Keighley, Newport). (death announced on this date) 18 January Sylvia Kay, 82, English actress (Rapture, Wake in Fright, Just Good Friends) Brian Stowell, 82, Manx reporter (Max Radio), linguist, physicist and author, Reih Bleeaney Vanannan winner (2008). 19 January Ted McKenna, 68, Scottish drummer (The Sensational Alex Harvey Band). Muriel Pavlow, 97, English actress, (Malta Story, Doctor in the House, Reach for the Sky) 22 January – Andrew Fairlie, 55, Scottish chef. 23 January – Diana Athill, 101, British literary editor and novelist. 24 January – Hugh McIlvanney, 84, Scottish sports writer (The Sunday Times). 25 January – Nigel Saddington, 53, English footballer (Doncaster Rovers, Carlisle United, Gateshead). 27 January Sir Reginald Eyre, 94, British politician, MP for Birmingham Hall Green (1965–1987). Mike Harrison, 78, English footballer (Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers, Luton Town). 28 January – Noel Rawsthorne, 89, British organist and composer. 29 January – Martha Ross, 80, British actress (EastEnders, Grange Hill) and radio presenter. 30 January Stewart Adams, 95, British chemist, developed ibuprofen. Dame Felicity Hill, 103, British Royal Air Force officer. Duncan Weldon, 77, English theatre producer. 31 January – Dennis Hunt, 81, English football player (Gillingham, Brentford) and manager (Ashford Town). February 1 February Conway Berners-Lee, 97, English mathematician and computer scientist. Tim Elkington, 98, British Royal Air Force fighter pilot, member of The Few. Jeremy Hardy, 57, English comedian (The News Quiz, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation), cancer. Clive Swift, 82, English actor (The National Health, Keeping Up Appearances, The Old Guys) and songwriter. Les Thornton, 84, British professional wrestler (Stampede, NWA, WWF). 2 February – William Davis, 85, German-born British journalist (BBC). 3 February Richard Lacey, 78, microbiologist. Danny Williams, 94, English football player (Rotherham United) and manager (Swindon Town, Sheffield Wednesday). 4 February Colin Barker, 79, British sociologist and historian. Matt Brazier, 42, English footballer (QPR, Cardiff City, Leyton Orient). Ward Thomas, 95, British television executive and World War II fighter pilot. 5 February Joe Fascione, 74, Scottish footballer (Chelsea, Dundee United). Peter Hughes, 96, English actor (The Great Muppet Caper, Hope and Glory, Evita), pneumonia. Andy Nisbet, 65, Scottish climber, fall. Edward H. Simpson, 96, code breaker, statistician and civil servant. 6 February Edwin Barnes, 84, British Roman Catholic priest. Gerald English, 93, British tenor. Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, 86, British politician. Michael Green, 88, British theologian. Vikki Orvice, 56, British sports journalist. Rosamunde Pilcher, 94, British author (The Shell Seekers). Mags Portman, 44, doctor, advocate for PrEP in fight against HIV, mesothelioma. 7 February – Albert Finney, 82, English actor (Tom Jones, Erin Brockovich, Murder on the Orient Express, Big Fish, Skyfall). 8 February John Haynes, 80, British publisher (Haynes Publishing Group). Jim Miller, 76, Scottish linguist. Cliff Myers, 72, English footballer (Charlton Athletic, Yeovil Town, Torquay United). 9 February Cadet, 28, British rap artist. Katharina Lindner, 39, German-born Scottish footballer (Glasgow City). Fred Pickering, 78, English footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Everton, national team). Ian Ross, 72, English footballer (Liverpool, Aston Villa, Peterborough United). 10 February Terry Dempsey, 77, English-born South African songwriter, struck by gyrocopter. Eric Dunning, 82, sociologist. Sam McCready, 82, Northern Irish actor, playwright and theatre director. Roderick MacFarquhar, 88, British politician, journalist and historian. 12 February Gordon Banks, 81, English footballer (Leicester City, Stoke City, national team), world champion (1966). Austin Rhodes, 81, English rugby league football player (St Helens, Leigh) and coach (Swinton). David Walton, 73, British ecologist. 13 February Dick Churchill, 99, British RAF squadron leader, last survivor of the Great Escape. Eric Harrison, 81, English football player (Halifax Town) and coach (Manchester United). 14 February Andrea Levy, 62, English novelist (Small Island, The Long Song). Simon P. Norton, 66, English mathematician. Alfred Radley, 94, fashion designer. 15 February Charles Farr, 59, British civil servant, Chair of Joint Intelligence Committee (since 2015). John Stalker, 79, police officer, Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police (1984–1987). 17 February Paul Flynn, 84, British politician, MP for Newport West (since 1987). Johnny Valentine, 88, Scottish footballer (Queen's Park, Rangers, St Johnstone). 20 February Alan R. King, 64, British linguist. Bruno Schroder, 86, British banker (Schroders). 21 February – Edward Enfield, 89, British television and radio presenter, and newspaper journalist. 23 February Roger Ainsworth, 67, British engineer. Gillian Freeman, 89, British author (The Undergrowth of Literature) and screenwriter (The Leather Boys, That Cold Day in the Park). 24 February – Patricia Garwood, 78, British actress (The Lavender Hill Mob, Petticoat Pirates, No Place Like Home). 25 February Mark Hollis, 64, English singer-songwriter (Talk Talk). Kenneth Pitt, 96, British publicist and talent manager (David Bowie). 26 February Andy Anderson, 68, English drummer (The Cure, The Glove, Steve Hillage). Bobby Doyle, 65, Scottish footballer (Peterborough United, Portsmouth). Peter Fox, 85, English rugby league player (Batley Bulldogs) and coach (Featherstone Rovers, Bradford Northern). Tony Honoré, 96, British lawyer and jurist. 27 February – Doug Sandom, 89, English drummer (The Who). 28 February – Peter Dolby, 78, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town). March 1 March Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya, 78, British-Indian engineer, educator and government advisor, member of the House of Lords (since 2004). Paul Williams, 78, English singer (Zoot Money's Big Roll Band, Juicy Lucy, Allan Holdsworth). 2 March David Held, 68, British political scientist. Mike Oliver, 74, British disability rights activist. 3 March John Bloom, 87, English entrepreneur (Rolls Razor). Ben Hamilton-Baillie, 63, architect, cancer. Peter Hurford, 88, British organist and composer. 4 March Eric Caldow, 84, Scottish footballer (Rangers, national team). Garfield Davies, Baron Davies of Coity, 83, British trade unionist (USDAW) and life peer. Keith Flint, 49, English singer, musician and dancer (The Prodigy). Michael Thomas, 66, actor (Life Without George, The Boat That Rocked, Head over Heels, myeloma. 5 March – David Kear, 95, British-born New Zealand geologist and science administrator, director-general of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (1980–1983). 6 March Grayston Burgess, 86, English countertenor and conductor Sir Simon Cassels, 91, British admiral, Second Sea Lord (1982–1986). Magenta Devine, 61, British television presenter (Rough Guide, Network 7). Mike Grose, British bassist (Queen). John Habgood, 91, British Anglican bishop, academic, and life peer, Bishop of Durham (1973–1983), Archbishop of York (1983–1995). 7 March Robert Braithwaite, 75, British marine engineer and entrepreneur, founder of Sunseeker. Johnny Brittain, 86–87, British motorcycle racer. 8 March David Martin, 89, sociologist and Anglican priest. Jason Reese, 51, engineer. Mike Watterson, 76, English snooker player, promoter and commentator. 9 March – Tom Ballard, 30, British rock climber. (body discovered on this date) 10 March Gordon McIntosh, 93, Scottish-born Australian politician, Senator (1974–1987). Angus Sinclair, 73, Scottish serial killer. 11 March – Danny Kustow, 69, English rock guitarist (Tom Robinson Band). 12 March Alan Moss, 88, English cricketer (Middlesex, MCC, national team). John Richardson, 95, British art historian, biographer of Picasso. 13 March Keith Butler, 80, British racing cyclist. Edmund Capon, 78, British-Australian art historian. 14 March John Hellawell, 75, English footballer (Bradford City). Paul Hutchins, 73, British tennis player. Sir Stanley Peart, 96, doctor and medical researcher. Charlie Whiting, 66, British motorsports director, FIA Formula 1 race director (since 1997). 15 March Derek Burke, 89, academic. Alec Coppen, 96, psychiatrist. Derek Lewin, 88, English footballer (Bishop Auckland, Great Britain Olympic football team). Ron Peplow, 83, English footballer (Brentford). Mike Thalassitis, 26, British footballer (Stevenage) and reality television star (Love Island, Celebs Go Dating), suicide. 17 March – Mick Murphy, 77, English rugby player (St. Helens, Leigh). 18 March – Roy McDowell, 71, Scottish footballer (Berwick Rangers). (death announced on this date) 19 March Derek Anthony, 71, military officer, Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland (2000–2003). Graham Arnold, 86, English artist. Tony Greenfield, 87, statistician. Clinton Greyn, 85, Welsh-born actor (Compact, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, Doctor Who) Rose Hilton, 87, British painter. Fraser Robertson, 47, Scottish sports journalist (Sky Sports, STV). Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, 94, British philosopher. 21 March – Gordon Hill, 90, English football referee. 22 March – Scott Walker, 76, American-born British singer-songwriter (The Walker Brothers), composer and record producer. 23 March – Victor Hochhauser, 95, Slovak-born British music promoter. 24 March James Barclay, 86, Scottish playwright and novelist, lung cancer. Julia Lockwood, 77, British actress (My Teenage Daughter, Please Turn Over, No Kidding) Brian MacArthur, 79, newspaper editor and writer, leukaemia. 25 March Edna Barker, 82, English cricketer. Barrie Hole, 76, Welsh footballer (Cardiff City, Aston Villa, national team). 26 March Ted Burgin, 91, British football player (Sheffield United, Leeds United, Rochdale) and manager. Ranking Roger, 56, British singer (The Beat, General Public), cancer. 28 March – Kevin Randall, 73, English footballer and manager (Chesterfield, York City). 29 March – Shane Rimmer, 89, Canadian-born British actor (Thunderbirds, Dr. Strangelove, The Spy Who Loved Me), cancer. 30 March Tania Mallet, 77, English model and actress (Goldfinger). Jim Russell, 98, English racing driver. April 1 April – Michael William Feast, 92, British-born South African astronomer. 2 April Martin Fido, 79, crime writer, fall. Bill Heine, 74, American-born British radio broadcaster (BBC Radio Oxford), leukaemia. Harry Judge, 90, English educational theorist. 3 April – Billy Mainwaring, 78, Welsh rugby union player (Aberavon, Bridgend, national team). 5 April – John Quarmby, 89, (Fawlty Towers, K-9 and Company, A Christmas Carol 6 April – David J. Thouless, 84, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (2016). 7 April Mya-Lecia Naylor, 16, English actress (Millie Inbetween), hanged by misadventure. Willie McPheat, 76, Scottish footballer (Sunderland, Hartlepool United, Airdrieonians). Sandy Ratcliff, 70, English actress (EastEnders). 8 April Clive Cohen, 73, English Anglican priest. Rex Garrod, 75, inventor, roboteer (Brum, Robot Wars) and television presenter (The Secret Life of Machines), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Sir Alexander Reid, 3rd Baronet, 86, English aristocrat and public servant. 11 April Ian Cognito, 60, English stand-up comedian, heart attack. Una-Mary Parker, 89, English journalist and novelist. 12 April Ivor Broadis, 96, English footballer (Carlisle United, Newcastle United). John McEnery, 75, English actor (Romeo and Juliet, Nicholas and Alexandra, The Land That Time Forgot) and writer. Norrie Muir, 70, Scottish climber. Paul Rawlinson, 56, lawyer, head of Baker McKenzie (since 2016). Tommy Smith, 74, English professional footballer, dementia. 13 April Tony Buzan, 76, English author and educational consultant. Winifred Jordan, 99, English sprinter. Paul Raymond, 73, English musician (Plastic Penny, UFO, Savoy Brown), heart attack. 14 April – Colin Collindridge, 98, English footballer (Sheffield United, Nottingham Forest). 15 April Martin King, 86, British actor (Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons Joe 90) Sir Roger Moate, 80, politician, MP (1970–1997), cancer. Malky McCormick, 76, Scottish cartoonist, vascular dementia. Les Reed, 83, English songwriter ("It's Not Unusual", "Delilah", "The Last Waltz") and musician. 17 April – Sir Clive Rose, 97, diplomat. 18 April John Bowen, 94, writer. Con de Lange, 38, South African-born Scottish cricketer (Northamptonshire), brain tumour. Andrew Mallard, 56, British-born Australian wrongfully convicted prisoner, traffic collision. Lyra McKee, 29, Northern Irish journalist. 19 April Philip Liner, 93, British-born New Zealand radio broadcaster (National Radio). Michael Yorke, 80, Anglican priest, Dean of Lichfield (1999–2005). 20 April Joe Armstrong, 68, computer scientist, designer of Erlang. Charlie Kelsall, 98, Welsh footballer (Wrexham). 21 April Polly Higgins, 50, Scottish environmentalist, cancer. Doreen Spooner, 91, photographer. 22 April Heather Harper, 88, Northern Irish soprano, Grammy winner (1980, 1985). Billy McNeill, 79, Scottish footballer (Celtic) and manager (Aberdeen), dementia. 23 April George Haigh, 103, English footballer. Edward Kelsey, 88, English actor (The Archers, Danger Mouse (1981 TV series)). Terry Rawlings, 85–86, film editor (Alien, Blade Runner, Chariots of Fire). Peter Skipper, 61, English footballer (Hull City), complications from a stroke. David Winters, 80, English-American actor and choreographer (West Side Story). 25 April – Sir Nigel Seely, 95, English aristocrat. 26 April – Sir David McNee, 94, Scottish police officer, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (1977–1982). 27 April – Joseph Ward, 76, English tenor. 29 April Stevie Chalmers, 83, Scottish footballer (Celtic). Betty Lockwood, Baroness Lockwood, 95, political activist and life peer, Member of the House of Lords (1978–2007). John Llewellyn Moxey, 94, Argentinian-born British director (The City of the Dead, Foxhole in Cairo, Circus of Fear). 30 April Boon Gould, 64, English musician (Level 42). Peter Mayhew, 74, English-American actor (Star Wars), heart attack. May 2 May Lord Toby Jug, 53, politician. David Gordon Wilson, 91, British-born American professor of engineering. 3 May Sir Peter Herbert, 90, admiral. Irene Sutcliffe, 94, English actress (Coronation Street) 4 May – Tommy Sopwith, 86, racing driver and businessman. 6 May Jack Cohen, 85, scientist and author. Ted Witherden, 97, English cricketer. 7 May – Seamus Close, 71, Northern Irish politician, liver cancer. 9 May Walter Harris, 93, author and broadcaster. Freddie Starr, 76, English comedian, heart disease. Micky Steele-Bodger, 93, English rugby union player (Harlequin, Barbarian). Dan van der Vat, Dutch-born British journalist and naval historian. Brian Walden, 86, journalist and broadcaster (Weekend World) and politician, MP (1964–1977), emphysema. 10 May Jon Gittens, 55, English footballer (Swindon Town, Portsmouth, Exeter City). Richard L. Hills, 82, English historian and clergyman. Janet Kitz, 89, Scottish-born Canadian historian and author (Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and the Road to Recovery). John MacInnes, 89, Scottish Gaelic scholar. Gordon Neate, 78, English footballer (Reading). 11 May Melissa Ede, 58, English transgender campaigner and social media personality, heart attack. Nan Winton, 93, broadcaster, first woman to read BBC News on television, fall. 12 May Dale Greig, 81, Scottish long-distance runner. Doug McAvoy, 80, trade union leader, General Secretary of the National Union of Teachers (1989–2004). Alan Skirton, 80, English footballer (Bath City, Arsenal), Alzheimer's disease. 13 May – George Smith, 75, Scottish football referee. 14 May – Tommy Donbavand, 53, English children's author (Scream Street) and actor, throat and lung cancer. 15 May Kenneth Newing, 95, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Plymouth (1982–1988). John Ronane, 85, actor (Strangers). 16 May – Geoff Toseland, 88, English footballer (Sunderland). 18 May – Sir Timothy Kitson, 88, politician, MP for Richmond, North Yorkshire (1959–1983). 20 May Andrew Hall, 65, English actor (Butterflies, Casualty, Coronation Street). John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh, 81, politician, MP (1974–1992). 21 May – Royce Mills, 77, English actor (History of the World, Part I, Up the Chastity Belt, Doctor Who). 22 May Maurice Bamford, 83, English rugby league player and coach (Wigan Warriors, Leeds Rhinos, Great Britain). Judith Kerr, 95, German-born writer and illustrator (The Tiger Who Came to Tea, Mog). 23 May – Joseph Devine, 81, Scottish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Motherwell (1983–2013). 24 May – Edmund Morris, 78, Kenyan-born British-American writer (The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan), Pulitzer Prize winner (1980), stroke. 25 May Margaret-Ann Armour, 79, Scottish-born Canadian chemist. Claus von Bülow, 92, Danish-British socialite. 26 May Harry Hood, 74, Scottish footballer (Celtic) and manager (Queen of the South), cancer. Stephen Thorne, 84, English actor (Z-Cars, Crossroads, Doctor Who). 27 May Sir David Sieff, 80 businessman (Marks & Spencer). Alan Smith, 97, English footballer (Arsenal, Brentford). 28 May Ralph Murphy, 75, British-born Canadian country musician, cancer. Walter Wolfgang, 95, German-born socialist and peace activist. 29 May Adam Patel, Baron Patel of Blackburn, 78, clothier and Member of the House of Lords (since 2000). Michael Spicer, Baron Spicer, 76, politician, MP (1974–2010), chairman of the 1922 Committee (2001–2010) and Member of the House of Lords (since 2010), Parkinson's disease and leukaemia. 30 May Anthony Price, 90, author. Andrew Sinclair, 84, polymathic novelist, speechwriter and film director John Tidmarsh, 90, English broadcaster and journalist (Outlook). June 1 June John Myers, 60, radio executive (GMG Radio, Radio Academy) and presenter, cancer. Alasdair Walker, 62, physician and military officer, brain cancer. 2 June Barry Hughes, 81, Welsh footballer and manager (Go Ahead Eagles, Sparta Rotterdam, HFC Haarlem). Ken Matthews, 84, English race walker, Olympic champion (1964). Stuart Mustow, 90, civil engineer Alan Rollinson, 76, English racing driver, cancer. 3 June Ian Craft, 81, physician. Roy Cruttenden, 94, Olympic long jumper. Paul Darrow, 78, English actor (Blake's 7, Doctor Who). Max Kay, 82, Scottish-born Australian entertainer and manager (Andy Stewart), pneumonia as a complication of cancer. 4 June George Darwin, 87, English footballer (Huddersfield Town, Mansfield Town, Derby County, Rotherham United, Barrow). Robin Herd, 80, English engineer, designer and businessman, co-founder of March Engineering. Lawrie Leslie, 84, Scottish footballer (Hibernian, West Ham United, Stoke City, Millwall, Southend United). 5 June Claire Donovan, 71, historian. Geoff Lees, 85, English footballer (Bradford City, Barnsley). Sir David Plastow, 87, businessman. 6 June – Johnny Robinson, 83, English footballer (Bury, Oldham Athletic). 7 June – Noel Lloyd, 72, Welsh academic, vice-chancellor of Aberystwyth University (2004–2011). 8 June Norman Dewis, 98, racing driver and engineer. Justin Edinburgh, 49, English footballer (Southend United, Tottenham Hotspur, Portsmouth) and manager (Newport County, Gillingham, Northampton Town, Leyton Orient), cardiac arrest. 9 June – Bill Bryant, 78, English rugby league player (Castleford). 10 June Tom Derek Bowden, 97, military officer. Peter Whitehead, 82, English writer and filmmaker (Wholly Communion, Charlie Is My Darling, Tonite Lets All Make Love in London). Cecil Woolf, 92, English author and publisher. 17 June – Ian MacFarlane, 86, Scottish footballer (Aberdeen, Chelsea, Leicester City) and manager (Carlisle United, Sunderland, Leicester City). 19 June Bobby Brown, 87, Scottish footballer (Workington) Lionheart, 36, professional wrestler (ICW). Dennis White, 70, English footballer (Hartlepool United). 21 June – William Simons, 78, Welsh-born actor, (Heartbeat, Crown Court, Where No Vultures Fly). 24 June – Graham Barnett, 83, English footballer (Port Vale, Tranmere Rovers, Halifax Town) 25 June – Bryan Marshall, 81, actor, (The Spy Who Loved Me, Quatermass and the Pit, The Long Good Friday) 26 June Simon Bendall, 82, English numismatist. Douglas Fielding, 73, actor, (Z-Cars, EastEnders) 30 June – Glyn Houston, 93, Welsh actor, (Doctor Who, Keep It in the Family) July 1 July – Bob Collymore, 61, Guyanese-born telecom executive, CEO of Safaricom (since 2010), acute myeloid leukaemia. 2 July – Diana Henderson, 72, solicitor, army officer and historian. 3 July Christopher Booker, 81, English journalist (The Sunday Telegraph, Private Eye) and author. Julia Farron, 96, English ballerina. Alan Rogan, 68, English guitar technician (The Who), cancer. Edward Shotter, 86, Anglican priest and author, Dean of Rochester (1989–2003). 4 July – Leon Kossoff, 92, English painter, stroke. 5 July Sir Wynn Hugh-Jones, 95, diplomat and politician. John McCririck, 79, English television horse racing pundit, (ITV Racing, Channel 4 Racing). 7 July Jonathan Hodge, 78, composer (Henry's Cat, Fiddley Foodle Bird, Babe), multiple organ failure. Jeff Ingber, 83, English table tennis player. Elizabeth Killick, 94, naval electronics engineer, heart attack. 9 July Neil Greatrex, 68, English trade unionist and convicted fraudster, President of the Union of Democratic Mineworkers (1993–2009), complications from brain haemorrhage. Freddie Jones, 91, English actor, (Emmerdale, The Elephant Man, The Ghosts of Motley Hall). 10 July Motto McLean, 93, Scottish-born Canadian ice hockey player (Omaha Knights). Albert Shepherd, 82, English actor, (The Anniversary, Crossroads, Rosie). 11 July Jack Bond, 87, English cricketer (Lancashire). Robert Entwistle, 77, English cricketer (Minor Counties, Cumberland, Lancashire). John Gardner, 54, Scottish legal philosopher, oesophageal cancer. 12 July Emily Hartridge, 35, English YouTube and television presenter Matthew Trundle, 53, British-born New Zealand classics and ancient history academic (University of Auckland), leukemia. 13 July Cyril Edwards, 71, medievalist and translator. Terry Hodgkinson, 70, land developer, Chairman of Yorkshire Forward (2003–2010). Rod Richards, 72, Welsh politician, MP for Clwyd North West (1992–1997), Leader of the Welsh Conservative Party (1999), cancer. 14 July – Claire Dwyer, 55, geographer, cancer. 15 July Craig Fallon, 36, English judoka, world champion (2005). Sir Fergus Millar, 84, ancient historian, Camden Professor of Ancient History (1984–2002). Sir Rex Richards, 96, chemist and academic. Joe Rayment, 84, English footballer (Middlesbrough, Hartlepool United, Darlington). 16 July Johnny Clegg, 66, British-born South African singer and musician (Juluka, Savuka), pancreatic cancer. Michael English, 88, politician, MP for Nottingham West (1964–1983). Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, 86, author. 19 July Jeremy Kemp, 84, English actor (The Winds of War, Z-Cars, The Blue Max). William Morton, 58, Scottish cricketer (Warwickshire Bears, national team). 20 July – Paul Barker, 83, journalist. 21 July – Trish Godman, 79, Scottish MSP (1999–2011). 23 July Ruth Gotlieb, 96, British-born New Zealand politician, Wellington City Councillor (1983–2001). Bobby Park, 73, Scottish footballer (Aston Villa, Wrexham, Peterborough United, Northampton Town, Hartlepool United), cancer. Sir Patrick Sheehy, businessman (BAT Industries). 24 July Sammy Chapman, 81, Northern Irish footballer (Mansfield Town, Portsmouth) and manager (Wolverhampton Wanderers). Bernard Evans, 82, English footballer (Wrexham, Queens Park Rangers, Oxford United, Tranmere Rovers). Margaret Fulton, 94, Scottish-born Australian chef and cookbook writer (The Margaret Fulton Cookbook). Sir Freddie Sowrey, 96, air marshal. 25 July Jimmy Patton, 87, British comedian (ChuckleVision) and half of the Patton Brothers, cancer. 26 July Hugh Brogan, 83, historian and biographer. Bryan Magee, 89, philosopher and politician, MP (1974–1983). Marty Wilson, 62, English poker player, cancer. 28 July Peter McConnell, 82, English footballer (Leeds United, Carlisle United, Bradford City). Kevin Stonehouse, 59, English footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Huddersfield Town, Blackpool, Darlington, Rochdale). 30 July Ron Hughes, 89, Welsh footballer, (Chester) and manager (Mold Alexandra). John Humble, English hoaxer who claimed to be the Yorkshire Ripper. Malcolm Nash, 74, Welsh cricketer. Ian Van Bellen, 73, English rugby union and rugby league player. 31 July – Steve Talboys, 52, English footballer (Wimbledon, Watford). August 1 August Gordon Brand Jnr, 60, Scottish golfer. William Brown, 74, academic, Master of Darwin College (2000–2012). Ian Gibbons, 67, English keyboardist (The Kinks), bladder cancer. Maurice Pope, 93, classical linguist. 3 August Basil Heatley, 85, athlete, marathon world-record holder (1964) and Olympic silver medallist (1964). Joe Longthorne, 64, English singer and entertainer, throat cancer. 4 August – Alfred Smith, 111, Scottish supercentenarian, oldest man in Scotland. 5 August – John Lowey, 61, English footballer (Sheffield Wednesday, Blackburn Rovers, Chester City). 6 August – Steve Parr, 92, English footballer (Liverpool). 9 August Huw O. Pritchard, 91, Welsh-born Canadian chemist. Sir Michael Uren, 95, businessman and philanthropist. 10 August Freda Dowie, 91, English actress (Distant Voices, Still Lives, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Omen). Jo Lancaster, 100, RAF pilot. 11 August Freddy Bannister, 84, English rock concert promoter, cancer. Doug Clarke, 85, English footballer (Hull City, Torquay United, Bury). John Dillon, 76, Scottish footballer (Albion Rovers, Sunderland). Kerry Downes, 88, English architectural historian. 12 August Terence Knapp, 87, English actor (Urge to Kill, The Valiant, Othello), director, educator and author. Robyn Léwis, 89, Welsh author, politician and archdruid, Vice President of Plaid Cymru (1970–1976). 13 August – Carole Satyamurti, 80, poet, sociologist and translator. 16 August Anna Quayle, 86, English actress (Grange Hill) Bobby Smith, 78, English footballer (Barnsley, Chelmsford City). Richard Williams, 86, Canadian-British animator and director (The Thief and the Cobbler, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, A Christmas Carol), three-time Oscar winner, cancer. 18 August – Gary Cooper, 80, English rugby league footballer, and coach. 20 August – Richard Booth, 80, Welsh bookseller. 21 August Richard Gregson, 89, agent, film producer and screenwriter, Parkinson's disease. John W. Neill, 85, Olympic field hockey player (1960, 1964, 1968). 23 August – Sheila Steafel, 84, South African-born actress (Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., Quatermass and the Pit, The Ghosts of Motley Hall), leukemia. 24 August Michael Eagar, 85, English cricketer (Gloucestershire). Ia McIlwaine, 84, librarian. 25 August Timothy Bell, Baron Bell, 77, advertising and public relations executive (Bell Pottinger). Alf Burnell, 95, English rugby league footballer, heart attack. Jonathan Goldstein, 50, English composer, plane crash. Sam McGredy, 87, Northern Irish-born New Zealand rose hybridiser (Rosa 'Violet Carson', Rosa 'New Zealand'). 26 August Ray Henwood, 82, Welsh-born New Zealand actor (Gliding On). Geoffrey Wraith, 72, English rugby league footballer, and coach. 28 August – Steve Hiett, 79, English photographer. 29 August Terrance Dicks, 84, English screenwriter (Doctor Who, Crossroads, Space: 1999). Guy Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe, 64, aristocrat. 30 August James Cellan Jones, 88, Welsh director (The Roads to Freedom, The Forsyte Saga, Fortunes of War), chairman of BAFTA (1983–1985), stroke. Stephen Cretney, 83, legal scholar. September 1 September – Ciaran McKeown, 76, Northern Irish peace activist. 2 September – Michael Beddow, 72, academic. 4 September Sir Hugh Beach, 96, British Army general. Jamie Janson, 43, aid worker and militant, suicide. Kenny Mitchell, 62, English footballer (Newcastle United). 7 September – Peter Nichols, 92, English playwright (A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, Passion Play, Poppy). 8 September Marjorie Blamey, 101, English painter and illustrator. Sir Chris Dobson, 69, chemist, Master of St John's College, Cambridge (since 2007), cancer. 9 September – Brian Barnes, 74, Scottish golfer, cancer. 10 September – Valerie Van Ost, 75, English actress (Carry On, The Beauty Jungle, Mister Ten Per Cent). 12 September Sir Norman Browse, 87, surgeon, President of the States of Alderney (2002–2011). Sir Hugh Cunningham, 97, military officer, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (1976–1978). Keith Robbins, 79, historian and vice-chancellor of University of Wales, Lampeter (1992–2003). 13 September Magdalen Berns, 36, Scottish YouTuber, glioblastoma. Cynthia Cockburn, 85, feminist and peace activist. Dennis Edwards, 82, English footballer (Slough Town, Wycombe Wanderers, Charlton Athletic, Portsmouth). Frank Key, 60, writer. 14 September Jean Heywood, 98, British actress (When the Boat Comes In, Our Day Out, Billy Elliot) Julian Piper, 72, English blues guitarist. 15 September – Sir Michael Edwardes, 88, British-South African businessman, Chairman of British Leyland (1977–1982) and International Computers Limited (1984). 16 September Leah Bracknell, 55, English actress (Emmerdale, Doctors, The Royal Today) Sir Toby Clarke, 80, businessman. Sir Donald Gosling, 90, vice admiral and businessman, Chairman of National Car Parks (1959–1998). Bobby Prentice, 65, Scottish footballer (Heart of Midlothian, Toronto Blizzard). 17 September – Roy Williamson, 86, Anglican cleric, Bishop of Southwark (1991–1998). 18 September Lady Anne Berry, 99, English-New Zealand horticulturist, founder of Rosemoor Garden. Tony Mills, 57, English rock singer (Shy, TNT), pancreatic cancer. 19 September Larry Wallis, 70, English musician (Pink Fairies, Motörhead). Henry Woods, 95, army officer. 20 September Myles Burnyeat, 80, English philosopher and scholar. Diarmuid Lawrence, 71, English television director (The Hanging Gale, Little Dorrit, Peter and Wendy) 23 September Al Alvarez, 90, English poet (The New Poetry) and writer (The Biggest Game in Town), pneumonia. Elaine Feinstein, 88, English poet and writer. 25 September Donald Nicholls, Baron Nicholls of Birkenhead, 86, jurist, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (1994–2007). Sir John Wilsey, 80, military officer, Commander-in-Chief, Land Forces (1993–1996). 26 September – Peter Downsborough, 76, English footballer (Halifax Town, Swindon Town, Bradford City). 27 September – Russell Robins, 87, Welsh rugby union and rugby league player (Pontypridd, national team). 28 September – John Haylett, 74, journalist, editor of the Morning Star (1995–2009). 30 September – Sir David Akers-Jones, 92, politician, Chief Secretary for Administration (1985–1987) and acting Governor of Hong Kong (1986–1987), colon cancer. October 1 October Fred Molyneux, 75, English footballer (Southport, Plymouth Argyle, Tranmere Rovers). Peter Sissons, 77, English journalist and broadcaster (BBC News, ITN, Question Time). 4 October – Stephen Moore, 81, English actor (A Bridge Too Far, The Last Place on Earth, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy). 5 October Tony Hoar, 87, racing cyclist, cancer. Sally Soames, 82, English photographer. 6 October Ginger Baker, 80, English drummer (Cream, Blind Faith, Ginger Baker's Air Force). Ciaran Carson, 70, Northern Irish poet. 7 October Barry Jackson, 82, English rugby union player (Broughton Park, Lancashire, national team). Tony Mulhearn, 80, political campaigner, lung disease. 8 October Molly Duncan, 74, Scottish saxophonist (Average White Band), cancer. Helen Shingler, 100, actress (Quiet Weekend, The Lady with a Lamp, Room in the House). Split Waterman, 96, English speedway rider. 9 October – Éamonn Burns, 56, Northern Irish Gaelic footballer (Down). 10 October Sir Desmond Cassidi, 94, admiral, Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (1983–1984). Juliette Kaplan, 80, English actress (Last of the Summer Wine, Coronation Street), cancer. Stuart Taylor, 72, English footballer (Bristol Rovers) 12 October James Hughes-Hallett, 70, businessman and investor. Alison Prince, 88, children's writer. Norman Schofield, 75, Scottish-American political scientist. 13 October – Richard Huckle, 33, convicted sex offender, stabbed. 14 October – Rosemary Harris, 96, English author (The Moon in the Cloud). 15 October – Andrew Cowan, 82, Scottish rally driver and team owner (Ralliart). 17 October – Michael Bowen, 89, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Southwark (1977–2003). 18 October Sir John Boyd, 83, diplomat, Ambassador to Japan (1992–1996). Horace Romano Harré, 91, New Zealand-born philosopher and psychologist. 19 October – Deborah Orr, 57, Scottish journalist (The Guardian, The Independent), breast cancer. 20 October Sir Peter Graham, 85, lawyer and parliamentary draftsman, First Parliamentary Counsel (1991–1994). Norman Myers, 85, environmentalist, dementia. 22 October – Raymond Leppard, 92, conductor, director of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (1987–2001). 23 October Duncan Forbes, 78, Scottish footballer (Colchester United, Norwich City), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Brian Noble, 83, English Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Shrewsbury (1995–2010). Francis Tresham, 83, game designer. 26 October – Jack Dunnett, 97, politician and football administrator, MP for Nottingham Central (1964–1974) and Nottingham East (1974–1983). 27 October Vladimir Bukovsky, 76, Russian-born human rights activist and political dissident, heart attack. Sir Malcolm Ross, 76, royal courtier, Master of the Household of the Prince of Wales (2006–2008). 28 October – Bert Mozley, 96, English footballer (Derby County, national team). 30 October Russell Brookes, 74, rally driver, British Rally champion (1977, 1985). Frank Giles, 100, English journalist and historian, editor of The Sunday Times (1981–1983). November 1 November Daniel Mullins, 90, Irish-born Welsh Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Menevia (1987–2001). Archie Scott, 101, Scottish cricketer (national team). Paul Turner, 73, Welsh film director (Hedd Wyn). Hugh Waddell, 60, Scottish football league player. 4 November – Robert Smithies, 71, English-born Australian rugby league player (Hull Kingston Rovers, Balmain). 6 November Tazeen Ahmad, 48, journalist and broadcaster, cancer. Richard Lindley, 83, journalist and broadcaster. 7 November Robert Freeman, 82, photographer (With the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night) and graphic designer. Nik Powell, 69, film producer and record executive, co-founder of Virgin Records, Director of the National Film and Television School (2003–2017). 8 November – Annie Hall, 69, businesswoman and High Sheriff of Derbyshire (2017–2018) (drowned in the 2019 Yorkshire floods). 9 November Brian Mawhinney, 79, Northern Irish politician, MP (1979–2005), Secretary of State for Health (1992–1994). Cyril Robinson, 90, English footballer (Blackpool, Bradford Park Avenue, Southport). 10 November Les Campbell, 84, English footballer (Preston North End, Blackpool, Tranmere Rovers). Dennis Sorrell, 79, English footballer (Leyton Orient, Chelsea). 11 November Edward Cullinan, 88, architect (Charles Cryer Theatre, Fountains Abbey, Weald and Downland Gridshell). Frank Dobson, 79, British politician, MP (1979–2015), Secretary of State for Health (1997–1999). James Le Mesurier, 48, Army officer and aid worker (White Helmets). 12 November Edwin Bramall, Lord Bramall, 95, field marshal, Chief of the General Staff (1979–1982), Chief of the Defence Staff (1982–1985). Ian Cullen, 80, actor (Z-Cars). 14 November – Jean Fergusson, 74, British actress (Last of the Summer Wine, Coronation Street). 16 November John Campbell Brown, 72, Scottish astronomer, Astronomer Royal for Scotland (since 1995). Terry O'Neill, 81, British photographer, prostate cancer. Johnny Wheeler, 91, English footballer (England, Tranmere Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Liverpool). 19 November Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, 96, businessman and life peer. Lloyd Watson, 70, rock guitarist. 21 November – Colin Skipp, 80, actor (The Archers). 22 November Sir Stephen Cleobury, 70, organist, Director of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge (since 1982). Jasper Griffin, 82, classical scholar. Chris Moncrieff, 88, journalist, political editor of the Press Association (1980–1994). 23 November Leo Chamberlain, 79, priest and headmaster of Ampleforth College (1993–2003). Olly Croft, 90, darts player and founder of the British Darts Organisation. Sean Haslegrave, 68, English footballer (Stoke City, Nottingham Forest, Preston North End, Crewe Alexandra, York City, Torquay United). 24 November Clive James, 80, Australian-born broadcaster and writer. Colin Mawby, 83, English organist, choral conductor and composer. 25 November Martin Harvey, 78, Northern Irish footballer (Northern Ireland, Sunderland). Iain Sutherland, 71, Scottish musician (The Sutherland Brothers) and songwriter ("(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway", "Arms of Mary"). 26 November Cyrus Chothia, 77, biochemist. Gary Rhodes, 59, restaurateur and television chef. 27 November Terry de Havilland, 81, shoe designer. Sir Jonathan Miller, 85, humorist (Beyond the Fringe), actor and theatre director. 29 November Tony Karalius, 76, English rugby league player (St Helens, Wigan, Great Britain). Usman Khan, Islamic terrorist and perpetrator of the 2019 London Bridge stabbing 30 November Sir Michael Howard, 97, historian, co-founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Brian Tierney, 97, historian and medievalist. December 2 December – Sir John Kerr, 82, Royal Navy admiral, Chief of Defence Intelligence (1988–1991), Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (1992–1993). 3 December – Donald Tosh, 84, screenwriter (Doctor Who). 4 December Sheila Mercier, 100, actress (Emmerdale). Bob Willis, 70, English cricketer (Surrey, Warwickshire, national team). 6 December Maurice Mounsdon, 101, Battle of Britain RAF pilot. Michael Peacock, 90, television executive. 7 December Kate Figes, 62, author. Ron Saunders, 87, English footballer (Portsmouth) and football manager (Aston Villa, Birmingham City). Simon Streatfeild, 90, violist and orchestral conductor. 8 December – Roy Cheetham, 79, English footballer (Manchester City). 9 December – Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland, 98, Scottish noblewoman, chief of Clan Sutherland. 10 December Natalie Harrowell, 29, English rugby league player (Featherstone Rovers, national team). Barrie Keeffe, 74, screenwriter (The Long Good Friday). Jim Smith, 79, English footballer (Boston United) and football manager (Portsmouth, Derby County, Queens Park Rangers). 11 December David Bellamy, 86, naturalist, television presenter (Bellamy's Backyard Safari) and author. Paul Crossley, 74, art historian. Ann Elizabeth Wee, 93, social worker in Singapore. Ian Young, 76, Scottish footballer (Celtic, St Mirren). 15 December Nicky Henson, 74, actor (Fawlty Towers, EastEnders, Downton Abbey). David Lambie, 94, politician and MP (1970–1992). Sir Thomas Pearson, 105, Army general. 17 December Tom Adams, 93, American-born Scottish illustrator. Ron Hogg, 68, police officer, Durham Police and Crime Commissioner (since 2012), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cuchlaine King, 97, geomorphologist. Tom White, 80, Scottish footballer (Hearts, Bury, Crystal Palace). Peter Wollen, 81, film theorist and filmmaker. 18 December Mary Cosh, 100, freelance journalist and local historian. Kenny Lynch, 81, singer ("You Can Never Stop Me Loving You"), actor (Carry On Loving, The Playbirds) and entertainer. 20 December Frank Foster, 79, English rugby league player. Billy Hughes, 70, Scottish footballer (Sunderland, Leicester City, national team). Bashir Maan, 93, Pakistani-British politician. 21 December Ronald Bowlby, 93, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Southwark (1980–1991). Leslie Brent, 94, German-born immunologist and zoologist. Martin Peters, 76, English footballer (West Ham United, Norwich City, national team) and football manager, World Cup winner (1966). 22 December Tony Britton, 95, actor (Operation Amsterdam, Sunday Bloody Sunday, The Day of the Jackal). Sidney Holt, 93, marine biologist. Billy Slade, 78, Welsh cricketer (Glamorgan). Gary Talbot, 82, British footballer (Chester, Crewe Alexandra, Drumcondra). 23 December – Alan Harrington, 86, Welsh footballer (Cardiff City, national team). 24 December – Andrew Miller, 70, politician, MP (1992–2015). 25 December Martyn King, 82, English footballer (Colchester United, Wrexham). Duncan MacKay, 82, Scottish footballer (Celtic, Perth, national team). Johnny Matthews, 73, English footballer (Waterford, Limerick) and football manager (Newcastlewest). 28 December – Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell, 83, Scouting leader. 29 December Alasdair Gray, 85, Scottish writer (Lanark) and artist. Neil Innes, 75, writer, comedian (Monty Python) and musician (The Rutles, Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Grimms). Vaughan Oliver, 62, graphic designer (4AD). John Shuker, 77, British footballer (Oxford United). 30 December Micky Block, 79, English footballer (Chelsea). Marion Chesney, 83, Scottish novelist (Death of a Gossip, Death of an Outsider, Agatha Raisin and the Deadly Dance). Elizabeth Sellars, 98, Scottish actress (The Barefoot Contessa, 55 Days at Peking, The Webster Boy). Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel, 86, cricketer (Essex, Oxford University) and business executive, member of the House of Lords (1985–2019). Johnny Ward, 78, English rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. 31 December Andrew Hughes Hallett, 72, British economist. Basil Watts, 93, English rugby league player (York Wasps, England national team, Great Britain national team), world champion (1954). See also 2019 2019 in British music 2019 in British radio 2019 in British television List of British films of 2019 References External links 2010s in the United Kingdom Years of the 21st century in the United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Confederate%20monuments%20and%20memorials%20in%20Alabama

List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama

Note: This is a sublist of List of Confederate monuments and memorials from the Alabama section. This is a list of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama that were established as public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public works. This list does not include items which are largely historic in nature such as historic markers or battlefield parks if they were not established to honor the Confederacy. Nor does it include figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy, but not with the Confederacy. Monuments and memorials , there are at least 122 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Alabama. The 2017 Alabama Memorial Preservation Act was passed to require local governments to obtain state permission before removing Confederate monuments and memorials. State capitol Confederate Memorial Monument, also known as the "Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors" (1898). On June 24, 2015, in the wake of the Charleston church shooting on June 17, 2015, on the order of Governor Robert J. Bentley, the four Confederate flags, and their poles, were removed. Jefferson Davis Presidential Star, marble portico (1897). "Placed by the Sophie Bibb Chapter Daughters of the Confederacy on the Spot where Jefferson Davis Stood when Inaugurated President of the C.S.A. Feb. 18, 1861" Jefferson Davis (1940), by UDC John Allan Wyeth – M.D., L.L.D., marker. Fought in Confederate Army. State symbols Alabama Coat of Arms (1923) and the State Seal include the Confederate Battle Flag. Alabama State Flag (1895) The Alabama Department of Archives and History found in 1915 that the flag was meant to "preserve in permanent form some of the more distinctive features of the Confederate battle flag, particularly the St. Andrew's cross." According to historian John M. Coski, the adoption of Alabama's flag coincided with the rise of Jim Crow laws and segregation, as other former Confederate slave states, such as Mississippi and Florida, also adopted new state flags based on Confederate designs around the same time when those states instituted Jim Crow segregation laws themselves: The Governor's version of the State Flag includes St Andrew's Cross plus the State Coat of Arms with the Confederate Battle Flag inclusion and the military crest on the bottom. State holidays Robert E. Lee Day, celebrated together with Martin Luther King Jr. Day on the third Monday in January Confederate Memorial Day, celebrated the fourth Monday in April Jefferson Davis Day, Celebrated the first Monday in June Buildings Montgomery: First White House of the Confederacy Monuments Courthouse monuments Ashville: Confederate Soldiers of Ashville Monument, St. Clair County Courthouse (1923) by United Daughters of the Confederacy, (UDC) Ashville Chapter. Athens: Limestone County Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Limestone County Courthouse (1922) by United Confederate Veterans (UCV) and UDC. Butler: Confederate Monument, Choctaw County Courthouse (1936) by UDC, Choctaw Ruffin Dragoon Chapter. Carrollton: Confederate War Memorial, Pickens County Courthouse (1927). Centre: Confederate Memorial, Cherokee County Courthouse (1988) by SCV, Emma Sansom Camp No. 27. Centreville: Confederate Monument, Bibb County Courthouse (1910) by UDC, Leonard Calloway Pratt Chapter No. 1056. Clayton: Confederate Monument (1909); UDC monument at Barbour County Courthouse Square. Decatur: Confederate Monument, near Morgan County Courthouse (1922) by UDC, Joe Wheeler Chapter No. 291. Fayette: Confederate Monument, Fayette County Courthouse (1929) by UDC, Fayette Chapter. Florence: Confederate Monument, Lauderdale County Courthouse (1903) Ladies Memorial Association. Greensboro: Confederate Monument, Hale County Courthouse (1904) Ladies Memorial Association of Greensboro. Jasper: Confederate Monument, Walker County Courthouse (1907) Jasper County Chapter 925 by UDC. Livingston: Confederate Monument, Sumter County Courthouse (1908) by UDC, Sumter Chapter. Marion: UDC Monument at Marion Courthouse Square to Nicola Marschall, designer of the original Confederate flag and Confederate uniform. In Marion there is also a pre-Civil War monument to the faithful slave. Moulton: Confederate Monument, Lawrence County Courthouse (2006) by SCV, Lt. J. K. McBride Camp No. 241 and the Alabama Division. Tuscumbia: Confederate Veterans Monument, Colbert County Courthouse (1911) by UDC, Tuscumbia Chapter. Other public monuments Anniston: Major John Pelham Monument, Quintard Avenue (1905) through the efforts of Clarence J. Owens, president of Anniston College for Young Ladies. Removed in 2020. Athens: Limestone County Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Athens City Cemetery (1909) by UDC, Joseph E. Johnston Chapter Blakeley: UDC monument (2010) at Historic Blakeley State Park dedicated to Confederate soldiers and sailors who served at Fort Blakeley Demopolis: Confederate Monument (1910). The statue was toppled on July 16, 2016 when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument; the statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, the Demopolis city council voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers. Breastworks Confederate Memorial (1941) Confederate Square, as it was named in 1923 at the request of the UDC, remains the official name of the Demopolis Town Square. Eufaula: Confederate Monument (1905) by UDC, Barbour County Chapter Fort Mitchell: Inscription on the horse mounting stone of CSA General James Cantey, at Fort Mitchell National Cemetery Fort Payne: Confederate Monument (1913) by UDC and SCV of DeKalb County, Alabama Gadsden: Emma Sansom and Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument (1907) by UDC, Gadsden Chapter. Turkey Town Monument (1992) by SCV, Turkey Town Valley Camp #1512 Greenville: Butler County Confederate Memorial, "Our Confederate Dead", at Confederate Park (1903) by UDC of Butler County, Alabama, Father Ryan Chapter Hamilton: Confederate Veterans Bicentennial Memorial (1977) Hayneville: Soldiers of Lowndes County Who Died in Service, Hayneville Town Square Headland: Henry County Confederate Memorial (1936) by UDC, Headland Chapter No. 1673 Huntsville: Confederate Soldier Memorial, erected near the Madison County Courthouse (1905) by UDC. Moved to Maple Hill Cemetery in 2020. Jacksonville: Confederate Monument, Jacksonville Town Square (1909). Bears a quote from Jefferson Davis: "Let none of the survivors of these men offer in their behalf the penitential plea, 'They believed they were right.' Be it ours to transmit to posterity our unequivocal confidence in the righteousness of the cause for which these men died." Lowndesboro: Our Confederate Soldiers Monument (1929) by the Lowndesboro Chapter of UDC of Lowndes County, Alabama. Midway: Granite boulder marker at Hwy 82 & 51 erected to commemorate the Jefferson Davis Highway and Soldiers of the Confederacy Confederate Memorial Marker at corner of Hwy 82 and Main Street in honour of Midway Guards prior drill grounds erected by UDC (1960) Millbrook: Robinson Springs Camp Confederate Monument (1913) by UCV Camp No. 396, Elmore County, Alabama Mobile: Statue of Admiral Raphael Semmes, on Government Street near the Bankhead Tunnel (1900) by SCV, Raphael Semmes Camp 11 Removed June 5, 2020. Confederate Fortification Monument (1940), Mobile National Cemetery Montgomery: State Capitol. See above. UDC monument (1942) on Dexter Avenue: "Along this street moved the inaugural parade of Jefferson Davis when he took the oath of office as President of the Confederate States of America February 18, 1861. Dixie was played as a band arrangement for the first time on this occasion." Robert E. Lee statue, Robert E. Lee High School (1908) Munford: A. J. Buttram Monument (1914) by UDC, John Tyler Morgan Chapter Opelika: Confederate Monument (1911) by UDC, Robert E. Lee Chapter Newton: Monument dedicated to the Confederate victory in the Battle of Newton Ohatchee: Calhoun County Confederate Memorial (2003) at Janney Furnace Park, "the world's largest black granite Confederate Memorial" Ozark: Dale County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1910) Stonewall Jackson Chapter by UDC No. 667 of Dale County, Alabama Prattville: Confederate Monument, City Hall Square (1908) by UDC UDC monument (1916) to Prattville Dragoons, on grounds of Prattville Primary School Rogersville: CSA Gen. Joseph Wheeler Monument, Joe Wheeler State Park (2006) by SCV, Freeman's Battery Forrest's Artillery Camp No. 1939 Selma: The Edmund Pettus Bridge (1940), on US Route 80, is named for Edmund Pettus, Confederate General and Alabama Grand Dragon of the KKK. This is the beginning of the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail (1996), commemorating the Selma to Montgomery civil rights marches of 1965. Defense of Selma Memorial (1907) by UDC Memorial boulder marking The Selma Ordnance and Naval Foundry "destroyed by the Federals 1865," placed "in honor of the memory of hundreds of faithful men who made these great works a base for war material for the entire Confederate Army and Navy." (1917) Alabama Division United Daughters of Confederacy. "Arsenal Place" memorial (1931), marking the site of the Confederate ordnance works "destroyed by the Union Army April 6, 1865" A memorial arch on the grounds of the Federal Building / U.S. Courthouse honors Confederate Generals and Senators John Tyler Morgan and Edmund Pettus Old Live Oak Cemetery, a Selma city-owned property, incorporates various features including: Jefferson Davis Memorial Chair – an inscribed stone chair Confederate Memorial Circle (1878) Confederate Memorial Association The Nathan Bedford Forrest Bust Monument (2000). Built partly with city funds, sponsored by Friends of Forrest and UDC. It was first located at the Vaughan-Smitherman Museum, but during protest over Forrest's KKK links trash was dumped on it and it was damaged during an apparent attempt to remove the bust from its foundation. It was then moved to the Cemetery's Confederate Circle. The bust was then stolen in 2012 and has not been recovered, despite a $20,000 reward; the present bust is a replacement. The base is inscribed, under a Confederate flag: "Defender of Selma, Wizard of the Saddle, untutored genius, the first with the most. This monument stands as testament of our perpetual devotion and respect to Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, C.S.A., 1821-1877, one of the South's finest heroes. In honor of Gen. Forrest's unwavering defense of Selma, the great state of Alabama, and the Confederacy, this memorial is dedicated. Deo vindice." A Confederate Soldier Monument (pre-1881) with cannons protecting it Graves and memorials to four CSA generals: John Tyler Morgan, Edmund Winston Pettus, Nathaniel H. R. Dawson, William J. Hardee and Confederate Navy Commander Catesby ap Roger Jones A building historically used for concerts and Confederate Memorial Day celebrations Elodie Todd Dawson Monument (sister-in-law to President Lincoln, strong advocate for the Confederacy) Tallassee Confederate Armory. When Richmond was threatened by Union troops, the Confederacy moved its armory to Tallassee. It is the only Confederate armory to survive the war. Only the brick shell of the large building survives. There is a historical marker. Confederate Officers' Quarters, 301, 303 (demolished), 305, and 307 King Street. Made necessary by the relocation of the armory. After the Civil War, Confederate Brigadier-General Birkett Davenport Fry lived at 301 King Street until 1880. The building is currently used as a law firm office, but there is a historical marker. Troy: "Comrades" Confederate Monument (1908) Pike Monumental Association, UCV, and UDC of Pike County, Alabama Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Civil War Memorial, South entrance of the University of Alabama's Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library (1914) by UDC, Alabama Division Tuscaloosa County: UDC monument (1977) at Tannehill Ironworks, where Confederate munitions and iron were manufactured Private monuments Auburn: Auburn Guard Monument, Pine Hill Cemetery (1893) Ladies Memorial Association, forerunner of UDC Birmingham: Confederate Monument, Elmwood Cemetery (1906), UCV, Camp Hardee Boligee: Confederate Monument, Bethsalem Cemetery (1896) Ladies Memorial Association Calera: Shelby Springs Memorial Camden: Confederate Monument (1880) Ladies Memorial and Wilcox Monumental Associations, Wilcox County, Alabama Crenshaw County, near Brantley: In August, 2017, the new Unknown Alabama Confederate Soldiers Monument was installed in Confederate Veterans Memorial Park on Route 331, 3 miles north of Brantley. The park, established in 2015, is privately owned. Eutaw: Confederate monument in Mesopotamia Cemetery. Gainesville: Confederate Dead Monument, Gainesville Cemetery (1876) Ladies Memorial Association of Gainesville Forrest Confederate Monument (1923) by UDC Jacksonville: The Gallant Pelham Statue, Jacksonville City Cemetery (1905) by UDC, John H. Forney Chapter Mobile: Confederate Rest and Monument, Magnolia Cemetery (1874) Plattville: marker in front of Mulbry Grove Cottage, the "meeting place where the Prattville Dragoons, a Civil War unit, was organized in 1861. Talladega: Confederate Memorial. Oak Hill Cemetery Tuscaloosa: Confederate Monument, Greenwood Cemetery (1880) by the Ladies Memorial Association Tuskegee: Tuskegee Confederate Monument, erected October 6, 1906 by UDC of Macon County, Alabama. The UDC owns both the monument and the town park it is located in. There have been several unsuccessful attempts to tear it down or have it removed legally. As of 2018, the UDC has stopped removing spray-painted defacement, "because it would only be repeated". Union Springs: Confederate Monument, Old City Cemetery (The Confederate Cemetery) (1893) Ladies Memorial Association Wetumpka: Wetumpka Light Guards Memorial Inhabited places Bullock County (1866) named for secessionist politician and CSA Col. Edward Bullock Chilton County (1868) named for William Parish Chilton, judge and member of the Confederate Provisional Congress City of Clanton (1866) seat of Chilton County named for CSA Brig. Gen. James H. Clanton Cleburne County (1866) named for CSA Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne Hale County (1867) named for CSA Lt. Col. Stephen F. Hale; also a member of the Provisional Confederate States Congress Lee County (1866) named for Robert E. Lee. Beauregard, Alabama (unincorporated) in Lee County named for CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard Wheeler, Alabama (unincorporated), location of the National Register of Historic Places-listed Joseph Wheeler Plantation, both named for the Confederate General Joseph Wheeler. Parks, water features and dams Brantley: Confederate Veterans Memorial Park, privately owned Demopolis: Confederate Park is the town square named so in 1923 at the request of UDC. Florence: McFarland Park and Recreation Area, named for Confederate Maj. Robert McFarland Greenville: Confederate Park (1910) Marbury: Confederate Memorial Park. The site operated as the Old Soldiers Home for Confederate Veterans from 1902 to 1939. In 1964, the Alabama State Legislature established the memorial park, which now hosts a museum and archives Miami: Robert E. Lee Park Mountain Creek: Confederate Memorial Park and Alabama Confederate Soldiers Home Rogersville: Joe Wheeler State Park (1949) beside Wheeler Lake and Wheeler Dam all named for Confederate General and U.S. Congressman Joseph Wheeler Roads Anniston: Quintard Avenue Dauphin Island: Beauregard Street Fair Hope: Jeff Davis Street Gardendale: Robert E. Lee Drive Hodges: Robert E. Lee Drive Leeds: Robert E. Lee Street Livingston: Forrest Drive Hood Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood Jefferson Davis Drive Lee Street Longstreet Drive, named for CSA Gen. James Longstreet. Morgan Drive, named for CSA Gen. John Hunt Morgan Stonewall Street McCalla: Confederate Parkway Millbrook: Robert E. Lee Drive Mobile: Beauregard Street Forrest Street Johnston Street, named for CSA Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston Polk Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk Robert E. Lee Street Van Dorn Street, named for CSA Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn Montgomery: Beauregard Street Early Street Jefferson Davis Avenue Ozark: Jeb Stuart Court Stonewall Circle Selma: Forrest Avenue Trussville: Robert Lee Street Schools Huntsville: Lee High School (1957), home to the Lee Generals Montgomery: Jefferson Davis High School (1968) Robert E. Lee High School (1955). The school mascot is "The General". On June 1, 2020, the statue of Lee in front of the school was removed. Four people were charged with felony criminal mischief. Sidney Lanier High School (1910) Opelika: Beauregard Elementary School (2001) new campus on Lee County Rd 300 constructed, previously shared location with high school Beauregard High School (1923) Satsuma: Robert E. Lee Elementary School Selma: John Tyler Morgan Academy, a segregation academy founded in 1965 Vestavia Hills City Schools, home of the Rebels. Until 2017, the school mascot was the Rebel Man, a Confederate Flag-waving Civil War rebel and plantation owner City symbols Mobile: city flag includes the city seal which incorporates a small Confederate Battle Flag along with other flags. Montgomery: The red and gray city flag includes a strip of stars from the Confederate Battle Flag. The city seal of Montgomery (seen here) includes the words "Cradle of the Confederacy" and "Birthplace of the Civil Rights Movement" Notes References Confederate Monuments and memorials in Alabama Alabama Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama

59351235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20New%20Mexico

2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico

The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico was held on November 3, 2020, to elect the three U.S. Representatives from the state of New Mexico, one from each of the state's three congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. As a result of Herrell and Fernandez's wins, the election resulted in all three members of New Mexico's house delegation being women of color, the second US state (after Hawaii) to do so. New Mexico is also the first state to have a majority of its house representatives be Native Americans. However, a few months later, Deb Haaland was appointed Secretary of the Interior, resulting in a special election scheduled for June 1, 2021. As a result of Haaland’s resignation and the special election, New Mexico ceased to have an all-women of color and majority Native American House delegation. Overview Results of the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico by district: District 1 The 1st district is centered around Albuquerque, taking in most of Bernalillo County, Torrance County, and parts of Sandoval County, Santa Fe County and Valencia County. The incumbent was Democrat Deb Haaland, who was elected with 59.1% of the vote in 2018. Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Deb Haaland, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates Nominee Michelle Garcia Holmes, retired police detective and nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico in 2018 Eliminated in primary Brett Kokinadis, founder of New Mexico Democrats for Democracy Jared Vanderdussen, attorney Results General election Predictions Endorsements Polling Results District 2 The 2nd district covers southern New Mexico, including Las Cruces, Roswell, and the southern part of Albuquerque. The incumbent was Democrat Xochitl Torres Small, who flipped the district and was elected with 50.9% of the vote in 2018. Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Xochitl Torres Small, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates Nominee Yvette Herrell, former state representative and nominee for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district in 2018 Eliminated in primary Claire Chase, oil company executive Chris Mathys, businessman, candidate for New Mexico Public Regulation Commission in 2018, and former Fresno city councilman Declined Leland Gould, lobbyist Monty Newman, businessman, former chair of the New Mexico Republican Party, former mayor of Hobbs, and candidate for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district in 2018 Steve Pearce, chair of the New Mexico Republican Party, former U.S. Representative, and nominee for Governor of New Mexico in 2018 Polling Results General election Predictions Endorsements Polling Results District 3 The 3rd district encompasses all of northern New Mexico, including the city of Santa Fe, and includes most of the Navajo Nation and Puebloans within New Mexico. The incumbent was Democrat Ben Ray Luján, who was re-elected with 63.4% of the vote in 2018, and announced on April 1, 2019 that he would seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate in 2020. Luján won the primary, and ultimately the general election. Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Teresa Leger Fernandez, attorney and daughter of former state senator Ray Leger Eliminated in primary John Blair, former New Mexico Deputy Secretary of State and former political aide to U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich Laura M. Montoya, Sandoval County treasurer Valerie Plame, former CIA operations officer Joseph L. Sanchez, state representative Marco Serna, Santa Fe County District Attorney Kyle Tisdel, environmental attorney Withdrawn Robert Apodaca, businessman and former United States Department of Agriculture regional official Mark McDonald, chair of the Colfax County Democratic Party (endorsed Serna) Declined Hector Balderas, Attorney General of New Mexico Brian Egolf, speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives Valerie Espinoza, New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner for the 3rd district and former Santa Fe County clerk Paula Garcia, executive director of the New Mexico Acequia Association Stephanie Garcia Richard, New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands Ben Ray Luján, incumbent U.S. Representative (running for U.S. Senate) Joseph Maestas, mayor of Española and former Santa Fe city councilman Andrea Romero, state representative John Sapien, state senator Victor Snover, mayor of Aztec Carl Trujillo, former state representative Linda Trujillo, state representative JoAnne Vigil Coppler, Santa Fe city councilwoman Renee Villarreal, Santa Fe city councilwoman Alan Webber, mayor of Santa Fe Peter Wirth, majority leader of the New Mexico Senate Endorsements Polling Pre-primary convention results Candidates for the Democratic nomination needed to either receive the votes of 20% of the delegates at the pre-primary convention on March 7, or collect and submit signatures to the secretary of state to have made it to the June 2 primary. Results Republican primary Candidates Nominee Alexis Johnson, environmental engineer and rancher Eliminated in primary Karen Bedonie, member of the Navajo Nation and small business owner Harry Montoya, former Santa Fe County commissioner Disqualified Audra Lee Brown, businesswoman Anastacia Golden Morper, real estate agent Withdrawn Brett Kokinadis, founder of New Mexico Democrats for Democracy Declined Jefferson Byrd, New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner for the 2nd district and nominee for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district in 2014 Gregg Hull, mayor of Rio Rancho Patrick H. Lyons, former New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner for the 2nd district, former New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands, and former state senator Thomas Mullins, businessman and nominee for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district in 2010 Results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Michael Lucero, rancher and nominee for New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands in 2018 Green primary Candidates Declined Carol Miller, activist and nominee for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district in 1997, 1998, and 2008 General election Predictions Polling Results See also 2020 New Mexico elections Notes Partisan clients References External links (State affiliate of the U.S. League of Women Voters) Official campaign websites for 1st district candidates Michelle Garcia Holmes (R) for Congress Deb Haaland (D) for Congress Official campaign websites for 2nd district candidates Yvette Herrell (R) for Congress Xochitl Torres Small (D) for Congress Official campaign websites for 3rd district candidates Alexis Johnson (R) for Congress Teresa Leger Fernandez (D) for Congress Michael Lucero (L) for Congress 2020 New Mexico United States House of Representatives

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20LGBT%20history%2C%2021st%20century

Timeline of LGBT history, 21st century

The following is a timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) history in the 21st century. 2000s 2001 Same-sex marriages laws: Came into effect: The Netherlands (with joint adoption) Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Came into effect: Germany (without adoption until Oct 2004, then with step-adoption only) Passed: Finland (without joint adoption until May 2009, then with step-adoption) Limited Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Portugal (without joint adoption) (replaced with marriage in 2010) Came into effect: Swiss canton of Geneva (without joint adoption) Anti-discrimination legislation: US states of Rhode Island (private sector, gender identity) and Maryland (private sector, sexual orientation) Equalization of age of consent: Albania, Estonia, Liechtenstein and United Kingdom. Repeal of Sodomy laws: US state of Arizona Decriminalisation of homosexuality: the rest of the United Kingdom's territories Homosexuality no longer an illness: China Marches and Prides: Protesters disrupt the first Pride march in the Serbian capital city of Belgrade The first memorial in the United States honoring LGBT veterans was dedicated in Desert Memorial Park, Cathedral City, California. Helene Faasen and Anne-Marie Thus, from the Netherlands, became the first two women to legally marry. Pink Triangle Park was dedicated; it is the first permanent, free-standing memorial in America dedicated to the thousands of persecuted homosexuals in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust of World War II. 2002 Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Canadian province of Quebec (with joint adoption) Came into effect: Finland (without joint adoption until May 2009, then with step-adoption) Passed: Argentinian city of Buenos Aires (without joint adoption) Limited Partnerships laws: Passed: Swiss canton of Zurich (without joint adoption) Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: South Africa (joint and step adoption) and Sweden (joint and step adoption) Anti-discrimination legislation: US states of Alaska (public sector, sexual orientation) and New York (private sector, sexual orientation) Canada's Northwest Territories updates human rights legislation to formally include sexual orientation, and is the first jurisdiction in Canada to ban discrimination based on gender identity; they all would by 2017. Equalization of age of consent: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Hungary, Moldova, Romania and the Australian state of Western Australia Repeal of Sodomy laws: Romania, Costa Rica and the US States of Arkansas and Massachusetts Other: openly gay Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated by Volkert van der Graaf Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays established its Transgender Network, also known as TNET, as its first official "Special Affiliate," recognized with the same privileges and responsibilities as its regular chapters. At the Reform seminary Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York, the Reform rabbi Margaret Wenig organized the first school-wide seminar at any rabbinical school which addressed the psychological, legal, and religious issues affecting people who are intersex or transsexual. 2003 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: Belgium (without joint adoption until Apr 2006) and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Came into effect: Argentinian city of Buenos Aires (without joint adoption) Passed:: Australian state of Tasmania (step adoption only) Limited Partnerships laws: Came into effect: Austria (without joint adoption)(replaced with registered partnerships 2010) and Croatia (without registration or adoption) Anti-discrimination legislation:Bulgaria ( all sectors, sexual orientation), United Kingdom (excluding religious organisations, sexual orientation), US states of Arizona (public sector, sexual orientation), Kentucky (public sector, sexual orientation and gender identity), Michigan (executive branch of the state government, sexual orientation), New Mexico (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity) and Pennsylvania (public sector, gender identity) End to ban on gay people in the military: Russia Equalization of age of consent: Australian state and territory (resp.) of New South Wales and Northern Territory Repeal of Sodomy laws: Armenia Repeal of the concept of Buggery in law: United Kingdom Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Iraq, Armenia and United States [nationwide] Recriminalisation of homosexuality: Belize Section 28 was repealed in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. Gene Robinson became the first openly gay Bishop in the Episcopal church in the USA. Reuben Zellman became the first openly transgender person accepted to the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, where he was ordained in 2010. In 2003, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved a rabbinic ruling that concluded that sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is permissible as a treatment of gender dysphoria, and that a transgender person's sex status under Jewish law is changed by SRS. Legal recognition of indeterminate gender: Alex MacFarlane became the first person reported to obtain a birth certificate and passport, in Australia, showing indeterminate gender. In 2003 the Reform rabbi Margaret Wenig organized the first school-wide seminar at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College which addressed the psychological, legal, and religious issues affecting people who are intersex or transsexual. Jennifer Finney Boylan's autobiography, She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders, was the first book by an openly transgender American to become a bestseller. Buffy the Vampire Slayer showed girlfriends Willow Rosenberg and Tara Maclay in bed together, which though not a sex scene was considered the first scene of its kind for a broadcast network series. The first lesbian sex scene in broadcast TV history occurred, on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Patrick Harvie became the first openly bisexual Member of the Scottish Parliament. 2004 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: Canadian provinces of Manitoba (with adoption), Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec (with adoption), and Saskatchewan, and the Canadian territory of Yukon, US State of Massachusetts Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, Luxembourg (without joint adoption) and US state of Maine Came into effect:: Australian state of Tasmania (step adoption only) Passed: New Zealand (without joint adoption) Limited Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: New Jersey Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: Germany (Step Adoption) Banning of Same-sex marriage: Australia, US states of Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oregon and Utah Banning of Same-sex marriage and civil unions: US states of Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Virginia and Wisconsin Anti-discrimination legislation: Portugal, US States of Indiana (public sector, gender identity), Louisiana (public sector, sexual orientation) and Maine Equalization of age of consent: Lithuania Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Cape Verde, Marshall Islands and San Marino The L Word featured television's first ensemble cast of lesbian characters. The first all-transgender performance of the Vagina Monologues was held. The monologues were read by eighteen notable transgender women, and a new monologue revolving around the experiences and struggles of transgender women was included. Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became the first same-sex couple to be legally married in the United States, when San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom allowed city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, all same-sex marriages done in 2004 in California were annulled. After the California Supreme Court decision in 2008 that granted same-sex couples in California the right to marry, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon remarried, and were again the first same-sex couple in the state to marry. Later in 2008 Prop 8 banned same-sex marriage in California, but the marriages that occurred between the California Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage and the approval of Prop 8 are still considered valid, including the marriage of Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. However, Del Martin died in 2008. James McGreevey, then governor of New Jersey, came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay state governor in United States history. He resigned soon after. Bisi Alimi became the first Nigerian to declare his homosexuality on television. Luna, by Julie Anne Peters, was published, and was the first young-adult novel with a transgender character to be released by a mainstream publisher. The first Trans pride march was held in San Francisco in 2004. Karamo Brown started his career in television on the MTV reality series The Real World: Philadelphia in 2004, becoming the first out gay black man on reality TV. 2005 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: Canada [nationwide], Spain (with joint adoption) Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passes and Came into effect: Andorra, United Kingdom (without joint adoption (England and Wales) until December 2005, without joint adoption (Scotland) until Sep 2009, without joint adoption (Northern Ireland)) and US state of Connecticut Came into effect: New Zealand (without joint adoption) and US state of California Passed: Switzerland (without adoption) and Slovenia Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: UK Subdivisions of England and Wales Banning of Same-sex marriage: Latvia, Uganda and Honduras Banning of Same-sex marriage and civil unions: US states of Kansas and Texas Anti-discrimination legislation: US States of Illinois (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity) and Maine (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity) Repeal of Sodomy laws: Puerto Rico Two gay male teenagers, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, are executed in Iran, André Boisclair is chosen leader of the Parti Québécois, becoming the first openly gay man elected as the leader of a major political party in North America. Pine City, Minnesota holds East-Central Minnesota Pride, the first rural LGBT pride in North America. The Roman Catholic Church issues an instruction prohibiting any individuals who "present deep-seated homosexual tendencies or support the so-called 'gay culture'" from joining the priesthood. The Simpsons became the first cartoon series to dedicate an entire episode to the topic of same-sex marriage. The first European Transgender Council Meeting was held in Vienna. Publication of the first human rights report on the situation of intersex people, by the Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco. Eli Cohen became the first openly gay man to be ordained a rabbi by the Jewish Renewal Movement. Andrew Goldstein was the first American male team-sport professional athlete to be openly gay during his playing career. He came out publicly in 2003 and was drafted by his hometown team, the Boston Cannons of Major League Lacrosse, in 2005. Goldstein played goaltender for the Long Island Lizards from 2005 to 2007, appearing in two games in 2006. 2006 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: South Africa (with joint adoption) Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Czech Republic (without joint adoption) Came into effect: Slovenia Passed: Mexican City of Mexico City and US state of New Jersey Limited Partnership laws: Passed: Australian State of South Australia Abroad Union recognition: Israel Banning of Same-sex marriage: US State of Tennessee Banning of Same-sex marriage and civil unions: US States of Alabama, Colorado, Idaho, South Carolina, South Dakota and Virginia, Wisconsin Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: Belgium Anti-discrimination legislation: Faroe Islands, Germany (sexual orientation and gender identity), New Zealand (gender identity) and US States and Districts of Illinois (sexual orientation), New Jersey (private sector, gender identity), Washington (sexual orientation and gender identity) and Washington, D.C. (private sector, gender identity) Voiding of Anti-discrimination legislation: Kentucky Equalization of age of consent: Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Serbia Marches and Prides: the first homosexual pride march in Moscow ends with violence, the first regional Eastern European Pride is held in Zagreb, Croatia Springfield, Missouri repeals gay soliciting laws. United States Senate fails to pass the Federal Marriage Amendment. The International Conference on LGBT Human Rights is held in Montreal. The original Yogyakarta Principles is adopted in Yogyakarta of Indonesia. Section 28 "successfully repealed" in Isle of Man Chaya Gusfield and Rabbi Lori Klein, both ordained in America, became the first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement. Conservative Judaism decided to allow openly lesbian rabbis and cantors. Elliot Kukla, who came out as transgender six months before his ordination in 2006, was the first openly transgender person to be ordained by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. State Rep. Patricia Todd, D-Birmingham, became Alabama's first openly gay public official when she was elected in 2006. Kim Coco Iwamoto became the first transgender official to win statewide office in Hawaii. Bernard Lynch became the first Catholic priest in the world to undertake a civil partnership in 2006 in the Republic of Ireland (he had previously had his relationship blessed in a ceremony in 1998 by an American Cistercian monk). He was subsequently expelled from his religious order in 2011, and went on to legally wed his husband in 2016. 2007 Same-sex marriage laws: Recognition: Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Recognition of Dutch same-sex marriages only) Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Mexican state of Coahuila Came into effect: Mexican City of Mexico City, Switzerland (without adoption) and US state of New Jersey Passed: Hungary (with adoption), US state of New Hampshire and Uruguay (without adoption until Sep 2008) Limited Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: US state of Washington and Colombia Came into effect: Australian state of South Australia and US state of Oregon Anti-discrimination legislation: United Kingdom (sexual orientation) and US states of Colorado (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity), Iowa (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity), Kansas (public sector, sexual orientation and gender identity), Michigan (public sector, gender identity), Ohio (public sector, sexual orientation and gender identity), Oregon (private sector, sexual orientation and gender identity) and Vermont (private sector, gender identity) Equalization of age of consent: Portugal, South Africa, UK territory of Jersey, Vanuatu Decriminalization of homosexuality: Nepal and New Zealand territories of Niue and Tokelau Marches and Prides: the first-ever gay pride parade in a Muslim country is held in Istanbul, Turkey; Logo cable channel hosts the first presidential forum in the United States focusing specifically on LGBT issues. Six Democratic Party candidates participate in the event. GOP candidates were asked to attend but turned it down. Candis Cayne played Carmelita Rainer, a transgender woman having an affair with married New York Attorney General Patrick Darling (played by William Baldwin), on the ABC prime time drama Dirty Sexy Money. The role made Cayne the first openly transgender actress to play a recurring transgender character in prime time. On 29 November, the first foreign gay wedding was held in Hanoi, Vietnam between a Japanese and an Irish national. The wedding raised much attention in the gay and lesbian community in Vietnam. Jalda Rebling, a German woman born in the Netherlands, became the first openly lesbian cantor ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement. Rabbi Toba Spitzer became the first openly lesbian or gay person to head a rabbinical assembly when she was elected president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Assembly at the group's annual convention, held in Scottsdale, Arizona. Joy Ladin became the first openly transgender professor at an Orthodox institution (Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University). Amaranta Gómez Regalado (for México Posible) became the first transsexual person to appear in the Mexican Congress. Ellen DeGeneres became the first open lesbian to host the Academy Awards. Ventura Place in Studio City was renamed Dr. Betty Berzon Place in her honor, making it the first street ever officially dedicated to a known lesbian in California. Theresa Sparks was elected president of the San Francisco Police Commission by a single vote, making her the first openly transgender person ever to be elected president of any San Francisco commission, as well as San Francisco's highest ranking openly transgender official. 2008 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: US states of California (May–Nov 2008), Connecticut and Mashantucket Pequot Passed: Norway (with joint adoption) Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: The Australian Capital Territory, Ecuador (without joint adoption), US state of Washington (expansion of previous legislation) Came into effect: US state of New Hampshire and Uruguay (without joint adoption until Sep 2008) Limited Partnership laws: Came into effect: Australian state of Victoria and US state of Oregon Banning of Same-sex marriage: US states of Arizona and California Banning of Same-sex marriage and civil unions: US state of Florida Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: Uruguay Banning of Same-sex adoption: Arkansas (struck down by the Arkansas Supreme Court in 2011) Anti-discrimination legislation: California Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Nicaragua and Panama Marches and Prides: the first-ever gay pride parade in Bulgaria Matthew Mitcham became the first openly gay athlete to win an Olympic gold medal. Kosovo declares itself to be an independent country with a new constitution that includes mention of "sexual orientation", the first of its kind in Eastern Europe The first two same-sex civil marriages (two men and two women) take place in Greece on the island of Tilos; the supreme court prosecutor and the minister of Justice claim the marriages are null and void. Portland voters elect openly gay Sam Adams (Oregon politician) mayor Annise Parker was elected as the first openly gay or lesbian mayor of Houston, Texas. Kate Brown was elected as the Oregon Secretary of State in the 2008 elections, becoming America's first openly bisexual statewide officeholder. Silverton, Oregon elected Stu Rasmussen as the first openly transgender mayor in America. Angie Zapata, a transgender woman, was murdered in Greeley, Colorado. Allen Andrade was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a bias-motivated crime, because he killed her after he learned that she was transgender. This case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim. Angie Zapata's story and murder were featured on Univision's "Aqui y Ahora" television show on 1 November 2009. The first-ever U.S. Congressional hearing on discrimination against transgender people in the workplace was held, by the House Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions. Rachel Maddow became the first openly gay or lesbian anchor of a major prime-time news program in the United States when she began hosting The Rachel Maddow Show on U.S. cable network MSNBC. 2009 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect: Sweden (with joint adoption), US states of Iowa, and Vermont Came into effect: Norway (with joint adoption) and the Coquille Indian Tribe In 2009 Kitzen and Jeni Branting married in the Coquille Indian tribe's Coos Bay plankhouse, a 3-year-old meeting hall built in traditional Coquille style with cedar plank walls. They were the first same-sex couple to have their marriage recognized by the tribe, of which Kitzen was a member. Passed: Mexican City of Mexico City (with joint adoption), US states and districts of New Hampshire (step adoption only), Maine (never came into effect), Washington, D.C. Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: Hungary (without joint adoption), Colombia (expansion of previous rights without joint adoption), US states of Nevada and Washington (expansion of previous rights) Passed: Austria (without joint adoption) Limited Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect: US states of Colorado and Wisconsin Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: Finland (step adoption), UK Subdivision of Scotland Banning of Same-sex marriage: Maine Anti-discrimination legislation: Serbia and US state of Delaware (private sector, sexual orientation), USA Matthew Shepard Act (hate crimes). Canadian province Alberta adds "sexual orientation" to human rights legislation—the last jurisdiction in Canada to do so. End to ban on gay people in the military: Argentina, Philippines and Uruguay The International Transgender Day of Visibility was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist Rachel Crandall in 2009 as a reaction to the lack of LGBT holidays celebrating transgender people, citing the frustration that the only well-known transgender-centered holiday was the Transgender Day of Remembrance which mourned the loss of transgender people to hate crimes, but did not acknowledge and celebrate living members of the transgender community. Politics: Iceland elects the first openly gay head of government in the world, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Annise Parker is elected mayor of Houston, Texas, which becomes the largest city in the United States with an openly gay mayor. Diego Sanchez became the first openly transgender person to work on Capitol Hill; he was hired as a legislative assistant for Barney Frank. Sanchez was also the first transgender person on the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) Platform Committee in 2008. Barbra "Babs" Siperstein was nominated and confirmed as an at-large member of the Democratic National Committee, becoming its first openly transgender member. Uzi Even and his life partner was the first same-sex male couple in Israel whose right of adoption has been legally acknowledged. Welsh rugby star Gareth Thomas becomes the first known top-level professional male athlete in a team sport to come out while still active. Carol Ann Duffy was chosen as the first openly lesbian or gay Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. In October 2009, LGBT activist Amy Andre was appointed as executive director of the San Francisco Pride Celebration Committee, making her San Francisco Pride's first openly bisexual woman of color executive director. Orthodox Israeli rabbi Ron Yosef became in 2009 the first Israeli orthodox Rabbi to come out, which he did when appearing in Uvda ("Fact"), Israel's leading investigative television program, in an episode regarding conversion therapies in Israel. Yosef remains in his position as a pulpit Rabbi. Siddur Sha'ar Zahav, the first complete prayer book to address the lives and needs of LGBTQ as well as straight Jews, was published. 2010 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: Portugal (without joint adoption), Iceland (with joint adoption) and Argentina (with adoption) Came into effect: Mexican City of Mexico City (with joint adoption), US state of New Hampshire (step adoption only) and Washington, D.C. Recognition: The Mexican Supreme Court rules that marriages contracted in Mexico City are valid throughout the country, although no other jurisdiction is required to perform them. Australian State of Tasmania recognises same-marriages performed in other jurisdictions. Other: U.S. state of California, United States District Judge Vaughn Walker strikes down California's Proposition 8 as violative of the United States Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses. Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Came into effect: Austria (without adoption and IVF access rights) Passed: Ireland (without adoption rights) Limited Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Australian state of New South Wales (without joint adoption until Sep 2010) Same-sex couple adoption legislation: Australian state of New South Wales and Denmark End to ban of same-sex couple adoption: US states of Arkansas and Florida End to ban of gay people in the military: Serbia End to ban of trans people in the military: Australia Decriminalization of homosexuality: Fiji Marches and Prides: the first-ever legal gay pride parade in Russia, held in St. Petersburg Guinness World Records recognized transgender man Thomas Beatie as the world's "First Married Man to Give Birth." Amanda Simpson became the first openly transgender presidential appointee in America when she was appointed as senior technical adviser in the Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security. Kye Allums became the first openly transgender athlete to play in NCAA basketball. He was a transgender man who played on George Washington University's women's team. Phyllis Frye became the first openly transgender judge appointed in the United States. Mary Albing became the first openly lesbian minister ordained by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, serving the Lutheran Church of Christ the Redeemer on the south side of Minneapolis. Chai Feldblum, who was openly lesbian, became the first openly LGBT person to serve on the EEOC. Donna Ryu became the first Asian-American woman, first Korean-American, and first lesbian to be appointed as a judge of the United States District Court, Northern District of California. 2011 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: New York and the Suquamish Tribe Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Came into effect: Ireland (without adoption rights) Passed and came into effect: Isle of Man (with joint adoption), US State of Illinois (with joint adoption rights), Rhode Island and Liechtenstein Passed: US State of Delaware (came into effect 2013) and Hawaii (came into effect Jan 2012) End to ban on openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual people in the military: USA (see Don't Ask, don't tell) Tony Briffa, believed to be the world's first intersex mayor, elected in the City of Hobsons Bay in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, at the end of November. Elio Di Rupo, first openly gay male head of government, becomes Prime Minister of Belgium, 6 December. Chaz Bono appeared on the 13th season of the US version of Dancing with the Stars in 2011. This was the first time an openly transgender man starred on a major network television show for something unrelated to being transgender. Harmony Santana became the first openly transgender actress to receive a major acting award nomination; she was nominated by the Independent Spirit Awards as Best Supporting Actress for the movie Gun Hill Road. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) voted to allow the ordination of openly gay and lesbian ministers. Rachel Isaacs became the first openly lesbian rabbi ordained by the Conservative movement's Jewish Theological Seminary. Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta of California and Petty Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell of Los Angeles became the first same-sex couple chosen to share the first kiss upon a U.S. Navy ship's return. Brenda Sue Fulton was named to the West Point Board of Visitors, making her the first openly gay member of the board that advises the Academy. Miss New York, Claire Buffie, became the first Miss America contestant to campaign for the Miss America title on a gay rights platform. Jaiyah "Johnny" Saelua became the first openly transgender international footballer to play in the World Cup when she took the field for American Samoa in Oceania's first round of World Cup qualifiers for Brazil 2014. A resolution submitted by South Africa requesting a study on discrimination and sexual orientation (A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1) passed, 23 to 19 with 3 abstentions, in the UN Human Rights Council on 17 June 2011. This is the first time that any United Nations body approved a resolution affirming the rights of LGBT people. Fred Karger began his unsuccessful run for the 2012 Republican nomination for President, which made him America's first openly gay Republican presidential candidate. San Francisco's Human Rights Commission released a report on bisexual visibility, titled "Bisexual Invisibility: Impacts and Regulations"; this was the first time any governmental body released such a report. Sandra Lawson became the first openly gay African-American and the first African-American admitted to the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. 2012 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: Denmark, Mexican state of Quintana Roo, U.S. states of Maine and Washington, the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, Passed: U.S. state of Maryland Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Came into effect: U.S. State of Hawaii Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Lesotho and São Tomé and Príncipe Anti-discrimination legislation: For sexual orientation and gender identity: Chile The U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity issued a regulation to prohibit LGBT discrimination in federally assisted housing programs. The new regulations ensure that the Department's core housing programs are open to all eligible persons, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. For gender identity: Canadian provinces of Manitoba; and gender expression: Ontario Family and Relationships: The first gay Israeli couple was granted a divorce by an Israeli family court. The divorce of Tel Aviv University Professor Avi Even, the first openly gay Knesset member, and Amit Kama was granted on Sunday by the Ramat Gan Family Court, according to Haaretz, which ordered the Interior Minister to register their status as divorced. Taiwan's first same-sex Buddhist wedding was held for Fish Huang and her partner You Ya-ting, with Buddhist master Shih Chao-hui presiding over the ritual. The first same-sex marriage at the U.S. Military Academy was held for a young lieutenant and her partner (Ellen Schick and Shannon Simpson) at the Old Cadet Chapel in West Point's cemetery. Navy Chief Elny McKinney and Anacelly McKinney became the first known same-sex couple to marry on a U.S. military base. They were wed at Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego. The first same-sex couple became engaged in the White House (Ben Schock and Matthew Phelps). Air Force Col. Ginger Wallace became the first known out member of the U.S. military to have their same-sex partner participate in the pinning ceremony tradition that had been reserved for spouses and family members. Her partner of 10 years, Kathy Knopf, pinned colonel wings on Wallace days after the two attended President Obama's State of The Union address as a guest of the First Lady. Arts and Culture: Kate McKinnon became Saturday Night Live's first openly lesbian cast member; Danitra Vance never disclosed her sexual orientation publicly, but was revealed to be a lesbian when she died. On 28 June 2012 Diana King declared "Yes I am a Lesbian" to her fans from her official Facebook page, thus becoming the first Jamaican artist to ever publicly come out. Katie Ricks became the first open lesbian ordained by the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Emily Aviva Kapor, an American rabbi who had been ordained privately by a "Conservadox" rabbi in 2005, began living as a woman in 2012, thus becoming the first openly transgender female rabbi. Rainbow Jews, an oral history project showcasing the lives of Jewish bisexual, lesbian, gay, and transgender people in the United Kingdom from the 1950s until the present, was launched. It is the United Kingdom's first archive of Jewish bisexual, lesbian, gay, and transgender history. ParaNorman, released in 2012, had the first openly gay character in a mainstream animated film. Politics: US Politics: Barack Obama became the first U.S. president to publicly announce support for same-sex marriage on 9 May. Marlene Pray joined the Doylestown, Pennsylvania City Council in 2012, though she resigned in 2013; she was the first openly bisexual office holder in Pennsylvania. Tammy Baldwin was elected as the first openly lesbian or gay U.S. Senator. Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) became the first openly bisexual person elected to the US Congress. Stacie Laughton became the first openly transgender person elected to any American state legislature when she won a seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives. However, she resigned from the New Hampshire state legislature before she took office, after it was revealed that she had served four months in Belknap County House of Corrections following a 2008 credit card fraud conviction. Mark Pocan was elected in Wisconsin's 2nd Congressional District, becoming the first openly gay candidate who will follow an openly gay member of the U.S. Congress (in this case Tammy Baldwin). Sean Patrick Maloney became the first openly gay candidate elected to represent New York in Congress. Mark Takano became the first openly gay person of color to win election to the U.S. House. He was elected to represent California's 41st Congressional District. Josh Boschee was elected as North Dakota's first openly gay legislator. Stephen Skinner was elected as West Virginia's first openly gay state legislator. Jacob Candelaria was elected as New Mexico's first openly gay male state legislator. Brian Sims became Pennsylvania's first openly gay state legislator who was out when he was elected. After Brian Sims was elected but before he took office, Rep. Mike Fleck came out as gay, making him Pennsylvania's first openly gay state legislator. David Richardson was elected as Florida's first openly gay state legislator. Colorado Democrats elected Mark Ferrandino as the first openly gay House speaker in state history. Tina Kotek was elected the first openly gay House speaker in the State of Oregon. Richard Grenell was a foreign policy spokesperson for Republican Mitt Romney during Romney's 2012 campaign for president of the United States; this made him the first openly gay individual to work as a spokesperson for a Republican presidential candidate. Other San Francisco voted to become the first U.S. city to provide and cover the cost of sex reassignment surgeries for uninsured transgender residents. Berkeley, California became the first city in the U.S. to officially proclaim a day recognizing bisexuals—23 September as Bisexual Pride and Bi Visibility Day. California became the first U.S. state to sign a ban on therapy that claims to convert gay people into heterosexual. At a ceremony in Arlington, Army Reserve officer Tammy Smith became the first openly gay, active duty general in American history. Smith was promoted to brigadier general at a private ceremony at the Women's Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. Orlando Cruz became the world's first professional boxer to come out as gay. The Bisexuality Report, the first report of its kind in the United Kingdom, was issued. This report, led by Meg Barker (Senior Lecturer in Psychology, OU), Rebecca Jones (Lecturer, Health & Social Care, OU), Christina Richards, and Helen Bowes-Catton and Tracey Plowman (of BiUK) summarizes national and international evidence and brings out recommendations for bisexual inclusion in the future. 2013 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: New Zealand, Uruguay, France, Brazil, the U.S. states of Delaware, Rhode Island, Minnesota, New Jersey, Hawaii and New Mexico, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa and the Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel, Restored: California Passed: England and Wales and US state of Illinois Passed but then overturned: Australian Capital Territory Came into effect: U.S. State of Maryland Recognition: The Supreme Court of the United States ruled Section 3 of Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional, thus giving same-sex marriage federal recognition. US state of Oregon Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Mexican state of Campeche Came into effect: U.S. State of Colorado Limited Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Costa Rica Same-sex couple adoption legalisation: New Zealand and France Recriminalisation of homosexuality: India Anti-discrimination legislation: For sexual orientation and gender identity: Cyprus and Puerto Rico For gender identity: US state of Delaware; and gender expression: Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island Anti-discrimination executive action: US state of Virginia First Pride Marches: In Ukraine; Montenegro; and Curacao. Politics: Kathleen Wynne became the first openly LGBT premier of a Canadian province, namely Ontario, after defeating Sandra Pupatello in the third round of voting of the Ontario Liberal party's leadership race on 26 January 2013. Sworn in on 11 February 2013, she is the party's first openly LGBT leader and Ontario's first female premier. Xavier Bettel, first openly gay Prime Minister of Luxembourg, assumes office 4 December. Etienne Schneider, first openly gay Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg, assumes office 4 December. Luxembourg becomes the first country in the world to have an openly gay Prime Minister Xavier Bettel and an openly gay Deputy Prime Minister Etienne Schneider. Nikki Sinclaire came out as transgender, thus becoming the United Kingdom's first openly transgender Parliamentarian. Daniel Kawczynski became the first MP in Britain to come out as bisexual. Benjamin Medrano was elected as the first openly gay mayor in Mexico's history, being elected mayor of the township of Fresnillo. The first United Nations ministerial meeting on the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals was held. Representatives from the US, France, Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, the Netherlands, Norway, Japan, New Zealand and the EU, along with executive directors of Human Rights Watch and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission reaffirmed their commitments to working together to end discrimination and violence towards the LGBT community. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay delivered remarks [press release] commending the LGBT community and praising the fact that, "many countries have embarked on historic reforms—strengthening anti-discrimination laws, combating hate crime against LGBT people and sensitizing public opinion." US Politics: Barack Obama mentioned the word "gay" and the issue of gay rights for the first time in a speech at the U.S. presidential swearing in; specifically, he did so in his inaugural address. On Celebrate Bisexuality Day, the White House held a closed-door meeting with almost 30 bisexual advocates so they could meet with government officials and discuss issues of specific importance to the bisexual community; this was the first bi-specific event ever hosted by any White House. Rep. Mark Pocan's spouse Philip Frank became the first same-sex spouse of a federal lawmaker to officially receive a House Spouse ID. In 2009, Marlon Reis, the spouse of Rep. Jared Polis (D-Colo.), was issued a congressional spouse ID, but later card services told him that he had been given the designation accidentally. The U.S. Senate confirmed Nitza Quiñones Alejandro to a federal judgeship, making her the first openly gay Latina to hold such a post. U.S. Air Force Under Secretary Eric Fanning took over as acting secretary of the U.S. Air Force, becoming the highest ranking openly LGBT official at the Department of Defense; he is openly gay. Todd Hughes became the first openly gay U.S. circuit judge. Sports: Robbie Rogers announced he was gay on 15 February 2013, becoming the only male fully capped international association footballer to do so. He joined the Los Angeles Galaxy, making him the first openly gay male athlete to compete in Major League Soccer. Jason Collins on 29 April 2013, became the first active male professional athlete in a major North American team sport to publicly come out as gay. Fallon Fox came out as transgender, thus becoming the first openly transgender athlete in mixed martial arts history. Jallen Messersmith of Benedictine College in Atchison, Kan., came out and is believed to be the first openly gay player in U.S. men's college basketball. Cason Crane became the first openly gay man to summit the Seven Summits and the first to bring the rainbow flag to the summit of Mount Everest. The first UFC match between two openly gay fighters, Liz Carmouche and Jessica Andrade, was held. Darren Young (real name: Fred Rosser) became the first active professional wrestler to come out as gay. Trans: Philadelphia passes one of the most comprehensive transgender rights bills on the city level, which addresses transgender bathroom use and city employee healthcare, making it the first city on the east coast to provide transition related healthcare to its city employees. Autumn Sandeen, a U.S. veteran and transgender woman, received a letter from a Navy official stating, "Per your request the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS) has been updated to show your gender as female effective 12 April 2013." Allyson Robinson of Outserve declared, "To our knowledge, this is the first time that the Department of Defense has recognized and affirmed a change of gender for anyone affiliated, in a uniformed capacity – in this case a military retiree." Ben Barres became the first openly transgender scientist in the US National Academy of Sciences in 2013. For the first time, the California Department of Education's list of recommended books for grades Pre-K-through-12 included a book with a transgender theme, I Am J by Cris Beam. California enacted America's first law protecting transgender students; the law, called the School Success and Opportunity Act, declares that every public school student in California from kindergarten to 12th grade must be "permitted to participate in sex-segregated school programs and activities, including athletic teams and competitions, and use facilities consistent with his or her gender identity, irrespective of the gender listed on the pupil's records." Jennifer Pritzker came out as transgender in 2013 and thus became the world's first openly transgender billionaire. A six-year-old girl named Luana, who was born a boy, became the first transgender child in Argentina to have her new name officially changed on her identity documents. She is believed to be the youngest to benefit from the country's new Gender Identity Law, which was approved in May 2012. Jennifer Finney Boylan was chosen as the first openly transgender co-chair of GLAAD's National Board of Directors. On 31 October 2013 Paris Lees became the first openly transgender panellist to appear on the BBC's Question Time programme, drawing praise from commentators who included former Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott and the Labour Party deputy leader Harriet Harman. Stephen Alexander, of Rhode Island, became the first high school coach to come out publicly as transgender. On 1 November Audrey Gauthier was elected president of CUPE 4041, representing Air Transat flight attendants based in Montreal. She thus became the first openly transgender person elected president of a union local in Canada. Publication of the first parliamentary report on the human rights and health of intersex people, published by the Australian Senate on 25 October. Kristin Beck, formerly Chris Beck, came out as the first openly transgender retired Navy SEAL. Family and Relationships: For the first time the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs decided to allow the same-sex spouse of a military veteran to be buried in a U.S. national cemetery. VA Secretary Eric Shinseki gave permission for retired Air Force officer Linda Campbell, 66, to bury the ashes of her same-sex spouse Nancy Lynchild at Willamette National Cemetery in Oregon. Rehana Kausar and Sobia Kamar, both from Pakistan, became the first Muslim lesbian couple to enter into civil partnership in the United Kingdom. Julian Marsh and Traian Povov become the first married gay couple to have a green card application approved. Master Sgt. Angela Shunk and her wife, Tech. Sgt. Stacey Shunk, became the first same-sex couple to receive an assignment together under the U.S. Air Force's Join Spouse program. Arts and Culture: The first same-sex kiss ever on a Eurovision stage occurred at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest when Krista Siegfrids, who sang "Marry Me", ended her semi-final performance by kissing one of her female dancers. Guy Erwin became the first openly gay bishop to be elected by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America; he was elected to the Southwest California Synod of the ELCA. The Bi Writers Association, which promotes bisexual writers, books, and writing, announced the winners of its first Bisexual Book Awards. An awards ceremony was held at the Nuyorican Poets Café in New York City. The Directors Guild of America elected Paris Barclay as its first black and first openly gay president. Same Love, a hit single from Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, became the first Top 40 song in the U.S. to promote and celebrate same-sex marriage. Movie director Kim Jho Gwang-soo and his partner Kim Seung-hwan became the first South Korean gay couple to publicly wed, although it was not a legally recognized marriage. Harvey Milk was chosen as the first openly LGBT political official to be featured on an American postage stamp. Andy Herren became the first openly gay winner of the American version of the "Big Brother" reality show. The first televised Romanian same-sex wedding was held. It was between two men, and was done on the reality show Four Weddings and a Challenge. Q Radio, which went on the airwaves in September, claims to be India's first radio station which caters to the country's lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people. Mark C. Goldman became the first openly gay president of the American Conference of Cantors, a Reform Jewish organization. Rabbi Deborah Waxman was elected as the President of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. As the President, she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; RRC is both a congregational union and a seminary. Saul Levin was named on 15 May 2013 as the new chief executive officer and medical director of the American Psychiatric Association, making him the first known openly gay person to head the APA. Major General Patricia "Trish" Rose became the first openly lesbian two-star general in the U.S. Air Force, and the highest ranking openly gay officer in the entire U.S. military at the time. New Jersey became the second state, after California, to sign a ban on therapy that claims to convert gay people into heterosexual. Russia's government adopted a federal bill banning the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations" to minors. The law imposes heavy fines for using the media or internet to promote "non-traditional relations". San Francisco's first Project Homeless Connect for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people was held. BiLaw, the first American national organization of bisexual lawyers, law professors, law students, and their allies, was founded. 2014 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: Scotland, US states of Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Oklahoma, Virginia, Wisconsin, Indiana, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, West Virginia, North Carolina, Alaska, Arizona, Wyoming, Kansas, South Carolina, Montana, the Mexican state of Coahuila, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, the Lac du Flambeau of Lake Superior Chippewa, the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, the San Carlos Apache Tribe, the Wind River Indian Reservation, the Blackfoot Tribe and the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Passed: Luxembourg Came into effect: England and Wales and US state of Illinois Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Gibraltar (with joint adoption), Malta (with joint adoption) and Croatia Passed: Estonia Same-sex couple adoption legislation: Andorra, the Mexican state of Coahuila Decriminalization of homosexuality: Northern Cyprus and Palau Criminalization of homosexuality: Brunei Banning of same-sex marriage: Nigeria Anti-discrimination law for gender identity: Canadian province Saskatchewan Family and Relationships: Anna Guillot and Chrissy Kelly, who were married in New York in 2012, became the first same-sex couple in Mississippi to create a public record of their marriage. However, this did not give their marriage legal standing in Mississippi. The marriage of Giuseppe Chigiotti and Stefano Bucci became the first overseas same-sex marriage to be legally recognized in Italy; the two were married in New York in 2012. For the first time, an Italian court granted permission for the adoption of a child living with a gay couple. The child was the biological daughter of one of the women in the couple, and her partner was allowed to legally become her co-parent through adoption. Berlin, Germany unveiled the world's first cemetery for lesbians. Umma Azul was the first child of a lesbian couple to be baptized by the Catholic Church in Argentina. Emilia Maria Jesty, daughter of a lesbian couple, was the first child born in Tennessee to have a woman listed on the birth certificate as her "father." The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs agreed to give survivor benefits to the first-known same-sex war widow, Tracy Dice Johnson, whose wife Donna Johnson died in a suicide bombing attack in 2012. Both lesbian parents were listed on their children's birth certificates in Australia, which is the first time an Australian birth certificate indicates that both members of a same-sex couple were the legal parents of a child at birth. The U.S. Naval Academy Chapel's first-ever same-sex wedding was held for David Bucher, a 49-year-old Academy graduate who works at the Pentagon, and partner Bruce Moats. Trans: The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed the first Title VII action taken by the federal government on behalf of transgender workers. The lawsuits were filed for Amiee Stephens and Brandi Branson, both transgender women. Meghan Stabler became the first openly transgender woman to be named Working Mother magazine's Working Mother of the Year. Laverne Cox was on the cover of the 9 June 2014 issue of Time, and was interviewed for the article "The Transgender Tipping Point". She also became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for an Emmy in an acting category: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sophia Burset in Orange Is the New Black. Transgender Studies Quarterly, the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues, began publication, with Susan Stryker and Paisley Currah as coeditors. Mills College became the first single-sex college in the U.S. to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming transgender students, Mount Holyoke became the first Seven Sisters college to accept transgender students. Blake Brockington became the first openly transgender high school homecoming king in North Carolina. Nina Chaubal and Greta Gustava Martela cofounded Trans Lifeline, the first U.S. suicide hotline dedicated to transgender people. Tona Brown became the first African-American openly transgender woman to perform at Carnegie Hall. The Transgender Trends panel was the first panel on that subject ever held at San Diego Comic-Con. The San Francisco Police academy graduated its first openly transgender police officer, Mikayla Connell. The 100 block of Turk Street in San Francisco was renamed Vicki Mar Lane after trans activist Vicki Marlane. Lea T became the face of American hair-care brand Redken, thus making her the first openly transgender model to front a global cosmetics brand. A national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention campaign featured an openly transgender person, Jennifer Barge, as its spokesperson for the first time. Chris Mosier became the first openly transgender man inducted into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame. Kinnon MacKinnon became the first openly transgender man to earn a gold in powerlifting at the Gay Games in the 2014 Games. BBC2 commissioned Britain's first transgender sitcom, called Boy Meets Girl, which follows the developing relationship between Leo, a 26-year-old man and Judy, a 40-year-old transgender woman. ICEIS Rain became the first openly two-spirit person to perform at the Aboriginal Peoples Choice Music Awards. Padmini Prakash became India's first openly transgender television news anchor. Denmark became the first European country to remove the Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis as a necessary requirement in the gender recognition process. Malta became the first European state to add recognition of gender identity to its constitution as a protected category. The first openly transgender woman got married in Malta. At least 1,000 openly transgender Bangladeshis held Bangladesh's first pride march, to mark one year since the government recognized them as a third gender. Sports: The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi sparked worldwide protests over host country Russia's crackdown on LGBT rights. Gus Kenworthy won the silver medal in men's freestyle skiing. Conner Mertens, Willamette University's kicker, became the first active college football player to come out as LGBT; he came out as bisexual. UMass basketball player Derrick Gordon came out, thus becoming the first openly gay player in Division I college men's basketball. Michael Sam was drafted by the St. Louis Rams and thus became the first openly gay player to be drafted into the National Football League. The Arizona Interscholastic Association Executive Board approved the first transgender student-athlete to play in a winter sport in Arizona. Edward Sarafin, a backup offensive lineman at Arizona State, became the first active Division I football player to come out as gay. Professional strongman Rob Kearney came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay man actively competing in professional, international strongman competitions. The FTM Fitness Conference hosted the first bodybuilding competition for transgender men, the FTM Fitness World Bodybuilding Competition. Derrick Gordon became the first openly gay athlete to play a game in Division I men's basketball. Dale Scott came out as gay in 2014, thus becoming the first openly gay umpire in Major League Baseball. In 2014, Robbie Rogers became the first openly gay male athlete to win a big-time team pro sports title in the United States when the LA Galaxy won the Major League Soccer Cup. Arts and Culture: Good Luck Charlie on The Disney Channel became the first TV show on a child-targeting network to feature a same-sex couple (the characters' names were Susan and Cheryl). Finland releases stamps celebrating noted homoerotic artist Tom of Finland. The first Jewish boat participated in the Amsterdam Pride Canal Parade. Marianne van Praag, a Reform rabbi from The Hague, was the only rabbi aboard. The first Moroccan boat also participated in the Amsterdam Pride Canal Parade. Cosmopolitan magazine, a women's magazine, offered sex advice to lesbians for the first time in its history. Pascal Tessier, a 17-year-old from Chevy Chase, Md., became the first known openly gay Boy Scout to be an Eagle Scout. The United Church of Christ was the first religious denomination to be a major sponsor of the Gay Games, as a fourth-tier silver sponsor of Gay Games 9. Maria Walsh came out as gay after being crowned the Rose of Tralee, thus becoming the first openly gay Rose of Tralee. Canadian-based writer and illustrator Eiynah wrote Pakistan's first anti-homophobia children's book, "My Chacha Is Gay"; she first wrote it online and had it released in print in 2014. The memorial honoring LGBT people persecuted by the Nazis in Tel Aviv, the first specific recognition in Israel for non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust, was unveiled in 2014. Mikie Goldstein became the first openly gay man to be ordained as a Conservative Jewish Rabbi. Mikie Goldstein became the Israeli Conservative movement's first openly gay congregational rabbi with his installation as spiritual leader of its synagogue in Rehovot (Congregation Adat Shalom-Emanuel). Family Circle featured a same-sex couple for the first time in its November 2014 issue. Nehirim's first retreat for LGBT rabbis, rabbinic pastors, cantors, and students was held. In 2014 Los Tigres del Norte released the album Realidades, which contains the song "Era Diferente" (meaning "She Was Different") about a lesbian teenager who falls in love with her best friend; according to lead singer and songwriter Jorge Hernandez, this is the first time a norteño group has ever written a gay love song. Politics: The UN Human Rights Council adopted a second resolution related to sexual orientation and gender identity on 26 September 2014. It passed by a vote of 25-14 and is the first time in the Council's history that it adopted a resolution on LGBT rights with the majority of its members. Lynne Brown was appointed as the first openly gay cabinet minister in South Africa, which also makes her the first openly gay person to be appointed to a cabinet post in any African government. Zakhele Mbhele became the first openly gay person to serve in South Africa's parliament, which also makes him the first openly gay black member of parliament in any African nation. Petra De Sutter became the first openly transgender person to serve in Belgium's Parliament, specifically its Senate. Luisa Revilla Urcia became the first openly transgender person elected to a public office in Peru when she won a seat on the local council in La Esperanza in the province of Trujillo in northwestern Peru. Later, Carlos Bruce came out and thus became the first openly gay member of Congress in Peru. Edgars Rinkēvičs became the first lawmaker in Latvia to announce he is gay, which also makes him the most prominent openly gay politician in a former Soviet Bloc state. Poland elected its first openly gay city mayor (Robert Biedroń, elected mayor of Słupsk.) Matthew Muir was sworn in as the first openly gay judge to sit on New Zealand's High Court bench. The Labor government in Victoria, Australia appointed Martin Foley as Minister of equality, marking the first time an Australian government has ever had a dedicated Minister overseeing gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex issues. Andrew Barr became the first openly gay state government leader in Australia after he was sworn in as chief minister of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). US Politics: Maite Oronoz Rodriguez became the first openly gay person to be nominated for a seat on Puerto Rico's Supreme Court, and was confirmed for the seat later that year. Darrin P. Gayles became the first openly gay African-American man to be confirmed as a U.S federal judge. Judith Ellen Levy was confirmed by the Senate as the first openly lesbian federal judge in Michigan. Toni Atkins was elected as the first openly lesbian speaker of the California Assembly. She served as acting governor for one day in this capacity. Monica Wehby aired the first campaign ad for American national office featuring a same-sex couple (Ben West and Paul Rummell). Jim Ferlo came out as gay, thus becoming the Pennsylvania Senate's first openly gay legislator. Maura Healey became the first openly gay state attorney general elected in America, elected in Massachusetts. Aditi Hardikar became the first woman of color to serve the White House as their permanent liaison to the LGBT community. She replaced Monique Dorsainvil who had served as the temporary liaison after Gautam Raghavan resigned. Gypsy Vered Meltzer was elected to the City Council in Appleton; as such he became the first openly transgender elected official in Wisconsin. Costa Rica flew the gay pride flag at their presidential palace; the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission said the organization believed it was the first time the gay pride flag had been flown from the offices of a head of state in the Americas. Cyprus' first-ever gay pride parade draws several thousands of participants. Hong Kong held its first international symposium on LGBTI rights. Mauricio Ruiz became the first serving member of the Chilean armed forces to announce he was gay. California became the first state in the U.S. to officially ban the use of trans panic and gay panic defenses in murder trials. Florida-based bank C1 Financial became the first publicly listed bank in the United States to have an openly gay CEO (Trevor Burgess) when its stock became available to trade in August 2014. Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple Inc., came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay CEO on the Fortune 500 list. A contingent of the group OutVets became the first LGBT organization in history to march in Boston's Veterans Day parade. The Bisexual Resource Center, based in Boston, Massachusetts, declared March 2014 as the first Bisexual Health Awareness Month, with the theme "Bi the Way, Our Health Matters Too!"; it included the first social media campaign to address disparities in physical and mental health facing the bisexual community. Queen Elizabeth II praised the London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard for their 40-year history making it the first time the Crown has ever publicly supported the LGBT community. They received a comment from the Queen saying: "Best wishes and congratulations to all concerned on this most special anniversary." 2015 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: United States [nationwide], the US state of Florida, the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Tribes of Alaska, the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Guerrero and Nayarit Came into effect: Luxembourg (with joint adoption) Passed: Finland Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Chile, Ecuador (expansion) Passed:Cyprus, Greece Same-sex couple adoption legislation: Austria, Ireland Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Mozambique Anti-discrimination law for gender identity and gender expression: Canadian province of Alberta. Politics: Madhu Kinnar became India's first openly transgender person to be elected mayor; she was elected mayor of Chhattisgarh's Raigarh Municipal Corporation. Health Minister Leo Varadkar of Ireland came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay government member in the history of Ireland. Canadian politician Wade MacLauchlan won the leadership of the governing Prince Edward Island Liberal Party on 21 February, and was formally sworn in as Canada's second out LGBT, and first out gay male, provincial premier on 23 February. His party subsequently won the provincial election on 4 May, thus also making him the province's first out LGBT member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. Michael Connolly, Ricardo Miranda and Estefania Cortes-Vargas won election to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as the province's first three openly LGBT MLAs. Cortes-Vargas later came out as genderqueer, and is thus the first out trans person to serve in any Canadian legislature. Nepal adopted its first democratic constitution, which is the first in Asia to specifically protect the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities. Tamara Adrián was elected to the Venezuelan National Assembly, thus becoming the first openly transgender Venezuelan to be elected to their national legislature, as well as the first openly transgender person in the entire Western Hemisphere to do so. US Politics: Aisha Moodie-Mills became the new president and CEO of the Victory Fund, which made her the first woman, first black woman, first lesbian, and first black lesbian to become the head of a national leading LGBT organization. Pennsylvania State Representative Mark B. Cohen introduced the first transgender rights bills in Pennsylvania's history. Kate Brown became the first openly bisexual governor in the United States, as governor of Oregon. Jackie Biskupski was elected as the first openly gay mayor of Salt Lake City. Nancy VanReece won the Metro Council District 8 seat in Nashville, thus becoming the first out lesbian elected to a legislative body in Tennessee. Robby Mook became the first openly gay manager of a major presidential campaign (Hillary Clinton's campaign.) Randy Berry is appointed the first Special Envoy for the Human Rights of LGBT Persons. President Barack Obama became the first president to use the words "lesbian," "bisexual", and "transgender" in a State of the Union speech. President Obama appointed Raffi Freedman-Gurspan to serve as an Outreach and Recruitment Director in the Presidential Personnel Office, making her the first openly transgender appointee to work inside the White House. Arts and Culture: Cambodia got its first LGBT magazine, Q Cambodia. Jamaica held its first LGBT Pride celebrations. Zoey Tur joined INSIDE EDITION as a Special Correspondent during February, thus becoming the first openly transgender television reporter on national TV in America. Thomas Roberts became the first openly gay evening news anchor on network television when he anchored NBC's "Nightly News" for a day. Lance Bass and Michael Turchin became the first same-sex couple to exchange vows on cable television. Screenwriter Jason Rothenberg of The 100 confirmed that that TV show's lead character, Clarke Griffin (played by Eliza Taylor) was bisexual; this makes her the first openly bisexual lead character on the CW network. St. Patrick's Day Parades: The first gay groups (Boston Pride and OutVets) marched in Boston's St. Patrick's Day parade; OUT@NBCUniversal, an organization of gay employees of NBCUniversal, became the first gay group to march in the New York City St. Patrick's Day parade; and The D.C. Center for the LGBT Community became the first gay group to march in the Washington, D.C. St. Patrick's Day parade. The National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts ratified a resolution that removed the national restriction on openly gay adult leaders and employees. Pascal Tessier became the first openly gay adult Boy Scout in the nation to be hired as a summer camp leader when he was hired by the Boy Scouts' New York chapter, Greater New York Councils. In February 2015, Patricia Velásquez released her memoir Straight Walk, discussing her struggles growing up in poverty in Venezuela and how her relationship with Sandra Bernhard made her realize she was a lesbian. This makes her the world's first openly lesbian Latina supermodel. In April 2015, the Rev. Ángel David Marrero is ordained as a pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and thus becomes the first openly gay (Caribbean) Latino ordained in this denomination. Andreja Pejic became the first openly transgender model profiled by Vogue, in its May 2015 issue. Laverne Cox (among others) posed nude for the Allure annual "Nudes" issue, becoming the first openly transgender actress to do so. She also became the first openly transgender person to have a wax figure of herself at Madame Tussauds. She also won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word. This made her the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy. Caitlyn Jenner became the first openly transgender woman on the cover of Vanity Fair. Fun Home, the first Broadway musical with a lesbian protagonist, premiered on Broadway. The first American federally approved monument honoring LGBT veterans was dedicated; it is located at the Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery in Elwood, Illinois. On 29 May 2015, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission announced it would officially consider designating the Stonewall Inn as a landmark, the first city location to be considered based on its LGBT cultural significance alone. On 23 June 2015, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission unanimously approved the designation of the Stonewall Inn as a city landmark, making it the first landmark honored for its role in the fight for gay rights. The Royal Vauxhall Tavern became the first-ever building in the UK to be given a special "listing" status based on its LGBT history; it was accorded Grade II listed status by the UK's Department of Culture, Media and Sport. The UK-based bisexual women's website Biscuit created the Purple List; the first known list of its kind, the Purple List seeks to recognize bisexuals who have contributed to fighting biphobia and increasing bisexual visibility. Jacob Anderson-Minshall became the first openly transgender author to win a Goldie award from the Golden Crown Literary Society; he shared the award for best creative non-fiction book with Diane Anderson-Minshall for Queerly Beloved: A Love Story Across Genders. Audrey Middleton became the U.S. television show Big Brother's first openly transgender houseguest. Scott Turner Schofield became the first openly transgender actor to play a major role on daytime television, as the character Nick on the show The Bold and the Beautiful. On the same show, the character Maya Avant (played by Karla Mosley) became the first transgender bride to be married on daytime television when she married Rick Forrester (played by Jacob Young). Hari Nef became the first openly transgender model signed to IMG. Andrew Guy became Australia's first openly transgender TV host, as a guest presenter on The Project. The first Scottish LGBTI Awards were held. Neil Patrick Harris became the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards. The first Oscar campaigns for openly transgender actresses supported by a movie producer were launched for actresses Kitana Kiki Rodriguez and Mya Taylor of the movie Tangerine. EastEnders chose Riley Carter Millington as the first openly transgender actor in UK TV soap history; he played 'Kyle', a man who has transitioned from female to male, which Riley did in real life. Shortly after, Hollyoaks cast transgender actress Annie Wallace. Inga Beale, CEO of Lloyd's of London, became the first woman and the first openly bisexual person to be named number one in the OUTstanding & FT Leading LGBT executive power list. Loiza Lamers won "Holland's Next Top Model", making her the first openly transgender winner of the "Top Model" franchise. Mya Taylor won the Gotham Award for Breakthrough Actor, making her the first openly transgender actress to win a Gotham award. In March 2015 Rabbi Denise Eger became the first openly gay president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which is the largest and oldest rabbinical organization in North America. Abby Stein came out as transgender and thus became the first openly transgender woman (and the first woman) to have been ordained by an ultra-Orthodox institution, having received her rabbinical degree in 2011 from Yeshiva Viznitz in South Fallsburg, N.Y. However, this was before she was openly transgender, and she is no longer working as a rabbi as of 2016. She is also the first openly transgender woman raised in a Hasidic community, and is a direct descendant of Hasidic Judaism's founder the Baal Shem Tov. Family/Relationships: Thomas Sawicki and his boyfriend Shawn Brier became the first male same-sex couple chosen to share the first kiss upon a U.S. Navy ship's return. Mikhail Ivan Gallatinov and Mark Goodwin became the first couple to have a same-sex wedding in a UK prison after marrying at Full Sutton Prison in East Yorkshire. Argentina became Latin America's first nation to recognize same-sex partners and a biological parent on a child's birth certificate; specifically, it allowed a lesbian couple and their son's biological father, who donated sperm for their pregnancy, to be included on the child's birth certificate. The child's name is Antonio and his two mothers are Susana Guichal and Valeria Gaete, and his father is Hernan Melazzi. When President Obama declared May to be National Foster Care Month in 2015, he became the first president to explicitly say gender identity should not prevent anyone from adopting or becoming a foster parent. Shawn MacIver and James Moccia became the first openly gay couple to graduate from a police academy together when they graduated from the Boston Police Academy Tokyo's Shibuya ward passed a local ordinance granting same-sex couples the right to partnership certificates; this makes it the first place in Japan – or anywhere in East Asia – to recognize same-sex partnerships. Ireland became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage by popular vote. Trans: On 12 February 2015, USA Today reported that the commandant of Fort Leavenworth wrote in a 5 February memo, "After carefully considering the recommendation that (hormone treatment) is medically appropriate and necessary, and weighing all associated safety and security risks presented, I approve adding (hormone treatment) to Inmate [Chelsea] Manning's treatment plan." According to USA Today, Chelsea Manning remains a soldier, and the decision to administer hormone therapy is a first for the U.S. Army. In a first for the state, California's Department of Corrections was ordered by a federal judge to grant a transgender prisoner (Michelle-Lael Norsworthy) access to gender-affirming surgery. The inaugural White House Trans Women of Color Women's History Month Briefing was held. The U.S. Justice Department announced that it had filed its first civil lawsuit on behalf of a transgender person (Rachel Tudor); the lawsuit was United States of America v. Southeastern Oklahoma State University and the Regional University System of Oklahoma, filed in federal court in that state. Maka Brown, an 18-year-old senior at the Salt Lake School for Performing Arts, was crowned Utah's first openly transgender prom queen. Schools In Transition: A Guide for Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools was introduced; it is a first-of-its-kind publication for school administrations, teachers, and parents about how to provide safe and supportive environments for all transgender students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. Philadelphia flew the transgender pride flag above City Hall for the first time. Manabi Bandopadhyay, India's first openly transgender college principal, began work; she worked as the principal of the Krishnagar Women's College in Nadia district. A transgender man's phalloplasty became the first ever seen on camera, in the Channel 4 documentary Girls to Men. The first U.S. congressional forum on anti-transgender violence was held. The (American) Department of Veterans Affairs opened its first clinic for transgender service members. Aydian Dowling became the first openly transgender man on the cover of Men's Health magazine, as part of a special collector's edition. Intersex: In April 2015, Malta became the first country in the world to outlaw sterilization and invasive surgery on intersex people. Sports: On 22 May 2015, Michael Sam signed a two-year contract with Montreal Alouettes of the CFL, which made him the first openly gay player in the league's history. Michael Sam made his CFL debut on 7 August 2015, against the Ottawa Redblacks, and thus became the first publicly gay player to play in a CFL regular season game. He did not record a tackle in the game. Chris Mosier became the first known out trans athlete to join a U.S. national team that matched his gender identity, rather than the gender assigned him at birth, when he won a spot on Team USA in the men's sprint duathalon. Sean Conroy became the first openly gay baseball player to appear in a professional game; Conroy pitched nine scoreless innings to lead the Sonoma Stompers to a 7-0 win over the Vallejo Admirals in the Pacific Association of Baseball Clubs, an independent league featuring teams from Northern California. Benjamin Thomas Watt from New Zealand became the first openly gay professional boxing judge. David Denson came out as gay, making him the first active minor league player affiliated with a Major League Baseball organization to do so. Keegan Hirst became the first British rugby league professional to come out as gay. Sam Stanley, nephew of Joe Stanley, became the first English rugby union player to come out as gay. Chris Burns, an assistant coach at Bryant University, came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay coach in Division I men's basketball. Breanna Sinclairé became the first openly transgender person to sing the national anthem at a professional sporting event, which she did at a Major League Baseball game. Phuti Lekoloane came out and thus became South Africa's first openly gay male footballer. Military: Adrianna Vorderbruggen died in combat; she is believed to be the first American active duty, openly gay, female service member to die in combat, and is the first openly gay American Air Force officer to die in combat. 2016 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: Colombia, Isle of Man, The Mexican states of Jalisco, Campeche, Colima, Michoacán and Morelos, Greenland, Gibraltar, British Antarctic Territory Passed: Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Ascension Island Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and came into effect: Italy, Aruba Came into effect: Estonia Same-sex couple adoption legislation: Portugal Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Seychelles, Nauru, Belize Anti-Discrimination laws for gender identity and gender expression: Canadian provinces of Quebec and British Columbia Sports: On 11 February 2016 Adidas announces LGBT clause in athletes' contracts. Amelia Gapin became the first openly transgender woman to be featured on the cover of Women's Running. Chris Mosier was chosen as the first openly transgender athlete to be featured in the "Body Issue" of ESPN The Magazine, and appeared in Nike's first ad with an openly transgender athlete. Caitlyn Jenner became the first openly transgender person on the cover of Sports Illustrated. Amanda Nunes became the UFC's first openly gay champion. Harrison Browne of the National Women's Hockey League came out as a transgender man, which made him the first openly transgender athlete in professional American team sports. Lea T became the first openly transgender person ever to participate in the opening ceremonies of an Olympics when she led the Brazilian team into the stadium on her bike during the 2016 Rio Olympics. The British women's field hockey team won gold at the Olympics; as Kate and Helen Richardson-Walsh were both on that team, this made them the first same-sex married couple to win Olympic medals. Politics UK Politics: Hannah Blythyn, Jeremy Miles, and Adam Price became the first openly gay members of the Welsh Assembly. British Government minister Justine Greening revealed that she was in a same-sex relationship, thus becoming the first out LGB female cabinet minister. Anwen Muston was elected to Wolverhampton City Council, making her the first openly transgender woman to be elected as a Labour representative. Prince William became the first member of Britain's royal family to appear on the cover of a gay magazine when he appeared on the cover of the July issue of Attitude; in the cover story, he also became the first British royal to openly condemn the bullying of the gay community. Lord Ivar Mountbatten came out as gay and revealed that he was in a relationship with James Coyle, an airline cabin services director whom he met whilst at a ski resort in Verbier. While not being a member of the British royal family, he is the first member of the extended family to come out as gay. Carl Austin-Behan was sworn in as Manchester's first openly gay Lord Mayor. Nicola Sturgeon becomes the first UK prime minister or First Minister to deliver an address at a Gay Pride event when she appeared at Glasgow Pride 2017. She addressed the crowd vowing to continue fighting for equality and respect throughout the UK, Closing with the statement "Love is Love". US Politics: President Barack Obama appointed Raffi Freedman-Gurspan as the White House's primary LGBT liaison, making her the first openly transgender person in the role. Maite Oronoz Rodríguez became Puerto Rico's first openly gay chief justice and, as such, the first openly gay chief justice in U.S. history. Eric Fanning became the first openly gay Secretary of the United States Army. Santa Clara County became the first county government in the U.S. to raise the transgender pride flag. Trans United Fund was founded; it is the first group of its kind, a 501(c)(4) organization of transgender leaders focused on transgender issues. Misty Plowright became the first openly transgender candidate to win a major party primary for the US House of Representatives. Misty Snow became the first openly transgender candidate to win a major party primary for the US Senate. At the GOP Convention, Peter Thiel became the first person to publicly announce in a speech that he is gay, Rachel Hoff became the first openly gay person to sit on the Republican Party's Platform Committee, and Donald Trump became the first Republican nominee to mention the LGBT community in a GOP nomination address, saying in his acceptance speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention on 21 July 2016: "As your president, I will do everything in my power to protect our LGBTQ citizens from the violence and oppression of a hateful foreign ideology." Sarah McBride was a speaker at the Democratic National Convention, becoming the first openly transgender person to address a major party convention in American history. Hillary Clinton wrote an op-ed for Philadelphia Gay News, which was the first time a major-party presidential candidate wrote an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper, and was the first presumptive presidential nominee from any major party to march in the NYC Pride March. Along with Martha Raddatz, Anderson Cooper moderated the second presidential election debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. This made him the first openly gay person to moderate a presidential debate. Kate Brown was elected as governor of Oregon, and thus became the first openly bisexual person elected as a United States governor (and indeed the first openly LGBT person elected as such). Indonesia's president Jokowi stated that he is defending the protection of LGBT rights in Indonesia Katherine Zappone became Ireland's first openly lesbian minister. For the first time two openly gay men ran for parliament in Russia. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull became the first sitting Australian Prime Minister to attend the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, also attended by Opposition Leader Bill Shorten. Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson became the first president of a country to participate in a pride parade when he gave a speech at Reykjavík Pride 2016 in Iceland. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to march in a pride parade. Geraldine Roman became the first openly transgender woman elected to Congress in the Philippines. The UN Security Council condemned the Orlando nightclub shooting; this statement marked the first time the U.N. Security Council used language recognizing violence targeting the LGBT community. Arts and Culture: in August, using a high-altitude balloon, activists launched the first pride flag into the Stratosphere as it floated 21.1 miles (34.1 km). On 24 June 2016, President Barack Obama officially designated the Stonewall National Monument, making it the United States' first National Monument designated for an LGBT historic site. The National Monument status encompasses the Stonewall Inn, Christopher Street Park, and the block of Christopher Street bordering the park. The house at 219 11th St. SE which was home to the Furies Collective was named as the first lesbian-related historic landmark in Washington, D.C. when it was unanimously voted into the D.C. Inventory of Historic Sites. Edificio Comunidad de Orgullo Gay became the first Latino LGBT site on the National Register of Historic Places. Mya Taylor became the first openly transgender actor to win an Independent Spirit Award; she won for Best Supporting Female. Erin O'Flaherty became the first openly gay Miss Missouri, which also made her the first openly lesbian Miss America candidate. Through her Foundation, Jennifer Pritzker gave a $2 million donation to create the world's first endowed academic chair of transgender studies, at the University of Victoria in British Columbia; Aaron Devor was chosen as the inaugural chair. The United Nations voted to create their first LGBT human rights watchdog. Nur Warsame came out and thus became Australia's first openly gay Imam. The United Methodist church elected its first openly gay bishop, Karen Oliveto. Nicholas Chamberlain was the first bishop in the Church of England to come out as gay, which occurred following threats of an outing from an unnamed Sunday newspaper. He said he lived with his partner in a celibate same-sex relationship, as required by the Bishops' guidelines, under which gay clergy must practice abstinence and may not marry. A Nickelodeon cartoon, called The Loud House, introduced the first animated married same-sex couple to its channel. Elle printed special collectors' covers for their September 2016 issue, and one of them featured Hari Nef, which was the first time an openly transgender woman had been on the cover of a major commercial British magazine. Tracey Norman and Geena Rocero became the first two openly transgender models to appear on the cover of an edition of Harper's Bazaar. Chile's Hugo Alcalde became that country's first gay police officer to have a civil union. The 1st annual World LGBT Conference for Criminal Justice Professionals was held in August of this year with the theme of "To Connect And Inspire". The USNS Harvey Milk was officially named at a ceremony in San Francisco on 16 August 2016. It was the first U.S. Navy ship named for an openly gay leader (Harvey Milk, who served as a diving officer in the Navy from 1951 to 1955.) Trans: In January 2016, the Ministry of Health of Chile ordered the suspension of unnecessary normalization treatments for intersex children, including irreversible surgery, until they reach an age when they can make decisions on their own. Nisha Ayub received the International Women of Courage Award in 2016, becoming the first openly transgender woman to receive that award. Aiden Katri, 19, became the first Israeli transgender woman to be jailed for refusing to serve in the military. On 10 June 2016, an Oregon circuit court ruled that a resident, Jamie Shupe, could obtain a non-binary gender designation. The Transgender Law Center believes this to be "the first ruling of its kind in the U.S." An important legal victory for transgender people occurred in April 2016, when the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of transgender male student Gavin Grimm, which marked the first ruling by a U.S. appeals court to find that transgender students are protected under federal laws that ban sex-based discrimination. The ruling came on a challenge to the Gloucester County School Board's policy of making transgender students use alternative restroom facilities. It was announced on 30 June 2016 that, beginning on that date, otherwise qualified United States service members could not any longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender. Israel held its first transgender beauty pageant, which was called "Miss Trans Israel", and was held at a club in Tel Aviv. Family/Relationships: The ceremonial first kiss shared between a sailor and their partner after returning from active duty in the Canadian Navy was done by two men for the first time. An anonymous couple held the first same-sex wedding in Cyprus, while Marios Frixou and Fanos Eleftheriades held the first public same-sex wedding in Cyprus. Tom Swann and Guillermo Hernandez became the first same-sex couple to marry in a United States federal immigration detention center. The first Jewish same-sex wedding ceremony in Latin America was celebrated in Buenos Aires; the wedding was for Victoria Escobar and Romina Charur and was officiated by Rabbi Karina Finkielstein. In the first such ruling in Italy, a lesbian couple won the right to legally adopt each other's biological children. Luke Carine and Zak Tomlinson became the first same-sex couple to get married on the Isle of Man. Mexico had rallies for and against marriage equality. 250,000 pro-gay marriage protesters gathered at Ketagalan Boulevard, Taipei, Taiwan the main artery around the presidential office Less than a week earlier, 80,000 people protested against same-sex marriage in Taipei, with an additional 90,000 across the country. Rare LGBT protest held in Lebanon on 16 May 2016. 2017 Same-sex marriage laws: Came into effect: Ascension Island, Faroe Islands, Finland Passed and came into effect: Australia, Bermuda (temporarily repealed from 2 June 2018 – 23 November 2018), Germany, Guernsey, Falkland Islands, Malta, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, the Mexican states Chiapas, Baja California and Puebla Supreme Court Ruling: Austria (to take effect by 1 January 2019), Taiwan (to take effect by 24 May 2019) Passed: Alderney Criminalization of homosexuality: Chad Anti-discrimination and hate crime law: Canada passed bill C-16, which bans discrimination against trans people and recognizes bias against trans people as an aggravating factor in crime (hate crime); the province of New Brunswick, and the territories of Nunavut and Yukon also passed laws banning discrimination against trans people and allowing people to change their legal gender without surgery, meaning trans people are now protected from discrimination in all provinces and territories. India: Supreme Court of India rules that the right to privacy is intrinsically protected under Article 21 and Part 3 of the Constitution of India, and lambasts the reasoning behind the earlier 2013 Supreme Court ruling Koushal v. Naz Foundation for its dismissal of LGBT rights as "so-called" and of LGBT persons as "a miniscule fraction of the country's population" in its reinstatement of Section 377 of the IPC. The new ruling protects sexual orientation as a constitutional "sanctity" of privacy alongside "preservation of personal intimacies", "family life, marriage, procreation, the home" and "a right to be left alone". The ruling leaves room for a stronger legal challenge against Section 377. Arts and Culture: In the 2017 live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, Le Fou is gay, making him the first gay character in a Disney film. Marshall Bang became the first singer in Korea to debut as an openly gay musician. Queer British Art show leads Tate 2017 programme. The January 2017 issue of National Geographic has a 9-year-old transgender girl on the cover (Avery Jackson); she is thought to be the first openly transgender person on National Geographics cover. Ellen Hart, who is openly lesbian, became the first openly LGBT writer to be named a Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America. Joe Maldonado became the first openly transgender member of the Boy Scouts of America. In 2016, he was rejected from the Cub Scouts for being transgender, but this policy was changed in 2017 after his story became nationally known. Gabrielle Tremblay became the first openly transgender actress ever nominated for a Canadian Screen Award, as Best Supporting Actress for her role in Those Who Make Revolution Halfway Only Dig Their Own Graves (Ceux qui font les révolutions à moitié n'ont fait que se creuser un tombeau). Brazilian model Valentina Sampaio became the first openly transgender model on the cover of French Vogue. Martina Robledo became the first openly transgender woman to act as a trophy presenter at the Grammys. Moonlight became the first LGBT-related film to win the Best Picture award at the Oscars. M Barclay became the first openly non-binary trans person to be commissioned as a Deacon in the United Methodist Church. Alex Hai came out as a transgender man, thus becoming the first openly transgender gondolier in Venice. Ryan Atkin became the first openly gay official in English soccer. San Francisco 49ers assistant coach Katie Sowers came out as gay, thus becoming the NFL's first openly LGBT coach, and the first openly LGBT coach in all of U.S. men's professional sports. Scott Frantz became the first openly gay college football player to play in a game for an NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision school. In August 2017, the first West Africa LGBT-Inclusive religious gathering occurred. Over 30 participants indigenous to ten West African countries, including Benin, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Togo participated in an interfaith diversity event hosted by Interfaith Diversity Network of West Africa with the theme of "Building Bridges, Sharing Stories, Creating Hope" MOGA, a Muslim Women's fashion designer becomes the first fashion designer in the world to release a rainbow hijab. Politics: Jess Herbst, mayor of New Hope, came out as transgender and thus became the first known openly transgender elected official in Texas history. Japan became the first country in the world to elect an openly transgender man to a public office when Tomoya Hosoda was elected as a councilor for the city of Iruma. Candice Jackson is appointed the first openly gay Deputy Assistant Secretary for Strategic Operations and Outreach in the Office for Civil Rights of the United States Department of Education. Two openly gay candidates were elected to the Anchorage Assembly (Christopher Constant and Felix Rivera), becoming the first openly LGBT elected officials in Alaska. Andy Street became the United Kingdom's first openly gay directly elected metro mayor. Leo Varadkar became the new Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of Ireland and leader of the Fine Gael party, after winning 51 of the 73 votes in the parliamentary party. He was the first openly gay Taoiseach, as well as the youngest and the first of half-Indian descent. Paul Feinman became the first openly gay judge on the New York Court of Appeals. Ana Brnabić was elected as the first openly gay (and first female) prime minister of Serbia, and was the first head of government of any Balkan country to attend a gay pride march; she attended one in Belgrade. Alice Weidel was elected as the first openly gay (and first female) co-chair of Alternative for Germany and was elected to Federal Diet of Germany. Danica Roem was elected as Virginia's first transgender lawmaker. Andrea Jenkins became the first openly transgender black woman elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to the Minneapolis City Council. Tyler Titus, a transgender man, became the first openly transgender person elected to public office in Pennsylvania when he was elected to the Erie School Board. He and Phillipe Cunningham, elected to the Minneapolis City Council on the same night, became the first two openly trans men to be elected to public office in the United States. Allison Ikley-Freeman was elected as Oklahoma's first lesbian lawmaker. America's first all-LGBT city council was elected in Palm Springs, consisting of three gay men, a transgender woman and a bisexual woman. Taiwan's Constitutional Court declared the statutory ban on same-sex marriage in Taiwan's Civil Code was "in violation of both the people's freedom of marriage as protected by Article 22 and the people's right to equality as guaranteed by Article 7 of the Constitution." The accompanying official press release from the court stated that if the Legislature fails to amend the law within the two-year time frame, then "two persons of the same-sex...may apply for marriage registration [and] shall be accorded the status of a legally recognized couple, and then enjoy the rights and bear the obligations arising on couples". Trans: Denmark became the second country in the world to officially remove transgender identities from its list of mental health disorders. The Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for non-binary, genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit and polygender people, replacing the words "men and women" with the word "people." Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love." Philippa York, formerly Robert Millar, came out as transgender, thus becoming the first former professional cyclist to have publicly transitioned. Ines Rau became the first openly transgender Playboy Playmate. The United States Defense Health Agency for the first time approved payment for sex reassignment surgery for an active-duty U.S. military service member. The patient, an infantry soldier who identifies as a woman, had already begun a course of treatment for gender reassignment. The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on 14 November at a private hospital, since U.S. military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise. Charitable Services United Kingdom: Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, United Kingdom got its first youth provision specifically aimed at LGBTQ+ young people. LGBT Melton was established on 21 January and opened its doors for the first time a few weeks later on 6 March. LGBT Melton was founded by Anthony Marvin who has been recognised for his efforts and his support for the LGBTQ+ by receiving the Leicester Pride Unsung Hero Award. LGBT Melton has expanded its services to the wider county of Leicestershire and Rutland. 2018 Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and came into effect: Jersey Came into effect: Alderney, Bermuda (after Supreme Court decision) Supreme Court Ruling: Costa Rica (to take effect by 26 May 2020) Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Trinidad and Tobago, India The prime minister of the UK, Theresa May, issues an apology expressing "deep regret" for Britain's role in imposing colonial laws that criminalize LGBT people across the Commonwealth and the legacy of violence and discrimination that persists today. At the time of the apology, 36 of 53 Commonwealth countries still had colonial-era criminalization laws. Arts and Culture Wyatt Pertuset became the first openly gay college football player to score a touchdown. This year was the first time in the history of the Winter Olympics that male athletes competed who were openly gay. Silvia Vasquez-Lavado became the first openly gay woman to complete the Seven Summits, the tallest mountain on each continent from both the Messner and Bass lists. On 9 June, around 30 to 40 researchers, 12 of whom identified as LGBT, held the first Pride celebration at a bar in McMurdo Station in the Ross Dependency, making it the first pride celebration in Antarctica. Stav Strashko became the first openly transgender actress ever to receive an Ophir Award nomination for Best Actress. Sandra Lawson was ordained and thus became the first openly gay, female, black rabbi in the world. Adam Rippon became the United States' first openly gay athlete ever to qualify for any Winter Olympics. That year he won an Olympic bronze medal as part of the figure skating team event, thus becoming the first openly gay U.S. athlete to win a medal at the Winter Olympics. Canadian Women's Hockey League player Jessica Platt came out as a transgender woman, making her the first transgender woman to come out in North American professional hockey. Daniel Hall and Vinny Franchino became the first active-duty, same-sex couple to marry at West Point. Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for producing Strong Island, which he also directed. As such, Ford was the first openly transgender man to be nominated for any Academy Award, and the first openly transgender director to be nominated for any Academy Award. Laverne Cox became the first openly transgender person to appear on the cover of any Cosmopolitan magazine (specifically, Cosmopolitan South Africa's February 2018 issue).. Paris Lees became the first openly transgender woman featured in British Vogue. Holland, the first openly gay K-pop singer, debuted his first single, "Neverland." Dee Rees and Virgil Williams were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Mudbound, which made Rees the first queer black woman to be nominated for any Academy Award in a writing category; she was a lesbian. Rachel Morrison became the first woman ever nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and thus, as she was a lesbian, the first lesbian as well. Canadian Eric Radford became the first openly gay man to win a gold medal at any Winter Olympics. Jhon Botia Miranda was consecrated as a pastor by Bishop Juan Cardona and thus became the first openly gay pastor consecrated in the Colombian Methodist Church, as well as the first in all of Latin America in the Methodist Church. Love, Simon was released as the first film ever released by a major studio to focus on a gay teenage romance. Todd Harrity came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay professional male squash player in the world. Raquel Pennington faced Amanda Nunes on 12 May 2018 at UFC 224 in a UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship bout. Pennington lost the fight via TKO in the fifth round. This was the first event in UFC history to be headlined by two openly gay fighters. The Vatican used the acronym LGBT in an official document for the first time. Sue Bird and Megan Rapinoe became the first same-sex couple on the cover of ESPN's Body Issue. Sharon Afek became the Israel Defense Forces' first openly gay major general. Land O'Lakes named Beth Ford its first female CEO, making her the first openly gay woman CEO to run a Fortune 500 company. Bradley Kim of the Air Force Academy came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay football player to play for any military academy in the United States. Mike Jacobs became the first sitting judge in the United States to come out as bisexual. A bill was signed into law designating the LGBTQ Veterans Memorial at the Desert Memorial Park as California's official LGBTQ veterans memorial. Due to this, California became the first state in the nation to officially recognize LGBTQ military veterans. Tadd Fujikawa came out as gay during a post on Instagram, becoming the first male professional golfer to publicly come out as gay. Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes were awarded an Emmy for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking for producing Strong Island, which made Ford the first openly transgender man and the first black openly transgender person to win an Emmy award, as well as the first openly transgender filmmaker to win a Creative Arts Emmy. Lord Ivar Mountbatten married his same-sex partner, James Coyle, on 22 September 2018, becoming the first member of the British monarch's extended family to have a same-sex wedding. America's first citywide Bi Pride event was held, in West Hollywood. Patricio Manuel became the first openly transgender male to box professionally in the United States, and, as he won the fight, the first openly transgender male to win a pro boxing fight in the U.S. Cast members of The Prom performed at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, ending their performance with the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade's first same-sex kiss. Politics Jacinda Ardern became the first prime minister of New Zealand to march in a gay pride parade. Toni Atkins succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person (she was a lesbian) to lead the California State Senate. Christine Hallquist became the first openly transgender candidate for governor nominated by a major political party in the United States when she was nominated for governor of Vermont by the Democrats. Mike Jacobs became the first sitting judge in the United States to come out as bisexual. Kyrsten Sinema became the first openly bisexual person to win a major party nomination to run for a U.S. Senate seat. Kyrsten Sinema became the first openly bisexual person elected to the U.S. Senate. Graça Fonseca became the first openly gay government minister in Portugal. Xavier Bettel became the first openly gay Prime Minister in the world to be re-elected for a second term. Etienne Schneider became the first openly gay deputy Prime Minister in the world to be re-elected for a second term. Jared Polis won election as governor of Colorado, becoming the first openly gay person elected governor of any US state. (He is not, however, the first gay person to serve as a state governor; on 12 August 2004, Jim McGreevey, 52nd of New Jersey, came out as gay after being elected, but resigned during his term. Likewise, in 2016, Kate Brown, who is bisexual, was elected Governor of Oregon and became the first openly LGBT person to be elected Governor in the US.) Sharice Davids was elected as the first openly gay Native American in the US Congress, the first openly LGBTQ member of the Kansas congressional delegation, and the first openly gay person representing Kansas on the federal level. Angie Craig became the first openly lesbian mother to be elected to the US Congress, and the first openly gay person elected to Congress from Minnesota. Ahmad Zahra was elected to Fullerton city council, thus becoming the first openly gay Muslim to be elected to office in the USA Chris Pappas became the first openly gay person representing Congress for New Hampshire. Katie Hill was elected as California's first openly bisexual person, and first openly queer woman, to be a member of Congress. Ricardo Lara was elected as California's insurance commissioner, making him the first openly gay person elected to statewide office in California's history. Megan Hunt, who was openly bisexual, became the first openly LGBTQ person elected to the state legislature of Nebraska. Trans Angela Ponce made history on 29 June 2018 as the first openly transgender woman to be crowned Miss Spain, and became the first openly transgender contested at Miss Universe. Laverne Cox became the first openly transgender person to appear on the cover of any Cosmopolitan magazine (specifically, Cosmopolitan South Africa's February 2018 issue).. Paris Lees became the first openly transgender woman featured in British Vogue.Transgender Health reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this was the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding. Canadian Women's Hockey League player Jessica Platt came out as a transgender woman, making her the first transgender woman to come out in North American professional hockey. Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for producing Strong Island, which he also directed. As such, Ford was the first openly transgender man to be nominated for any Academy Award, and the first openly transgender director to be nominated for any Academy Award. Daniela Vega became the first openly transgender person in history to be a presenter at the Academy Awards. Marvia Malik became the first openly transgender newsreader to appear on Pakistani television in 2018. Peppermint made her Broadway debut in The Go-Go's-inspired musical Head Over Heels. The show began previews on 23 June 2018 and officially opened 26 July; playing the role of Pythio, Peppermint became the first trans woman to originate a principal role on Broadway. Christine Hallquist became the first openly transgender candidate for governor nominated by a major political party in the United States when she was nominated for governor of Vermont by the Democrats. Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes were awarded an Emmy for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking for producing Strong Island, which made Ford the first openly transgender man and the first black openly transgender person to win an Emmy award, as well as the first openly transgender filmmaker to win a Creative Arts Emmy. Patricio Manuel became the first openly transgender male to box professionally in the United States, and, as he won the fight, the first openly transgender male to win a pro boxing fight in the U.S. Colombia prosecuted a transgender woman's murder as a femicide for the first time in 2018, sentencing Davinson Stiven Erazo Sánchez to twenty years in a psychiatric center for "aggravated femicide" a year after he killed Anyela Ramos Claros, a transgender woman. Jesse James Keitel played TV Land's first non-binary character on Younger. 2019 Same-sex marriage laws: Came into effect: Austria Passed and came into effect: Taiwan (first in Asia); Mexican states of San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo and Baja California Sur Supreme court ruling: Ecuador and Mexican states of Nuevo León and Aguascalientes Civil union laws: Came into effect: San Marino Passed: Monaco Court order not yet implemented and subject to appeal: Cayman Islands Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Angola, Botswana Criminalisation of homosexuality passed or came into effect: Brunei, Gabon Equalization of age of consent: Canada, Bermuda Anti-Discrimination Laws: San Marino (constitutional amendment) Politics: US Politics: Pete Buttigieg became the first-ever openly gay Democratic presidential candidate in American history and the first in a nationally televised American presidential debate. Army Capt. Alivia Stehlik, Navy Lt. Cmdr. Blake Dremann, Army Capt. Jennifer Peace, Army Staff Sgt. Patricia King and Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Akira Wyatt became the first openly transgender members of the United States military to testify publicly in front of Congress. On 2 April 2019 Lori Lightfoot was elected Chicago, Illinois' first openly gay mayor. Satya Rhodes-Conway was elected Madison, Wisconsin's first openly gay mayor. Jane Castor was elected as Tampa, Florida's first openly gay mayor. Utah County Commissioner Nathan Ivie came out as gay, making him the first openly gay Republican officeholder in Utah history. Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month, which he did through tweeting. The governors of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, and California fly the LGBT pride flag from their state capitals or governor's office buildings for the first time during LGBT Pride Month. In November 2019, transgender community leader Lauren Pulido raised the transgender pride flag over the California state capitol for Trans Day of Remembrance, reportedly the first time the transgender flag was raised over a state capitol building in the United States. World Politics: Ahead of the 2019 Tunisian presidential election, lawyer and LGBT activist Mounir Baatour became the first openly gay male candidate to run for President in Tunisia and the Arab world. Serbian Prime Minister Ana Brnabić's partner Milica Đurđić gave birth to a boy; Brnabić is therefore believed to be the first prime minister in a same-sex couple whose partner gave birth while the prime minister was in office. Gianmarco Negri was elected mayor of Tromello, making him Italy's first openly transgender mayor. In June 2019, President of Austria Alexander Van der Bellen became the first Head of State to address a EuroPride parade. In June, Minister of Education, Science and Research Iris Eliisa Rauskala came out as lesbian and announced that she is married to a woman, thus becoming the first openly LGBT minister in the Government of Austria. Amir Ohana became the first openly gay person to be appointed as a minister in the Israeli government. Nitzan Horowitz successfully challenged incumbent Tamar Zandberg for the leadership of Meretz, which made Meretz the first Israeli party to elect an openly gay person as its leader. Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the UK on 23 July 2019, becoming the first British Prime Minister to have attended a Pride Parade (in 2008 and 2010). On 17 August 2019, in an op-ed to the Ottawa Citizen, Jim Watson announced that he was coming out of the closet, becoming Ottawa's first openly gay mayor. Taiga Ishikawa was elected to the House of Councillors in the 2019 Japanese House of Councillors election, becoming the first openly-gay man to be elected to either chamber of the National Diet. Prince Harry and Meghan Markle became the first British royals known to celebrate LGBT Pride Month. Arts and Culture: On 23 August 2019, The New York Times reported a complaint against Anne McClain through the Federal Trade Commission accusing her of illegally accessing financial information while residing in the International Space Station. This accusation "outed" McClain as a LGBT woman, making her the first openly LGBT NASA astronaut. Bernd Mönkebüscher became the first Catholic priest in Germany who outed himself in public without problems by his bishop, in February 2019. Pierre Valkering became the first Catholic priest in the Netherlands who outed himself in public.Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga was released; it was the first mainstream Indian film to deal with a lesbian relationship. Co-director of Avengers: Endgame Joe Russo (credited as Gozie Agbo) has a cameo appearance in that film as a man grieving the sudden loss of a loved one, which is the first time an openly gay character has been portrayed in a Marvel Cinematic Universe film. Lucia Lucas, normally based in Germany, made her debut as Don Giovanni with the Tulsa Opera, becoming the first openly transgender person to sing a lead role in a standard operatic work in the US.Rocketman premiered; the film made Paramount the first major Hollywood studio to show gay male sex onscreen. Daniel Atwood became the first openly gay Orthodox person to be ordained as a rabbi; he was ordained by the rabbi Daniel Landes, in Jerusalem. Nigeria's first lesbian-focused documentary film premiered; it is called "Under the Rainbow," and largely focuses on the life of Pamela Adie, an out Nigerian lesbian. Leyna Bloom's feature film debut in Port Authority at the Cannes Film Festival was the first time a trans woman of color was in a leading role in the festival's history. Janet Mock signed a three-year deal with Netflix giving them exclusive rights to her TV series and a first-look option on feature film projects; this made her the first openly transgender woman of color to secure a deal with a major content company. North Macedonia had its first gay pride march. Bosnia and Herzegovina's first pride event was held on 9 September 2019 in the capital Sarajevo. The Discovery Family cartoon series My Little Pony had a same-sex couple on the show for the first time; this occurred in the episode "The Last Crusade," with a lesbian couple, Aunt Holiday and Auntie Lofty. After a performance of The Prom at Broadway's Longacre Theatre, Broadway's first-known onstage wedding occurred on that stage; it was a wedding between two women, and was Broadway's first-known onstage same-sex wedding. Univision premiered its first gay-led primetime telenovela, entitled El corazón nunca se equivoca (The Heart is Never Wrong). Songs of Praise showed its first gay wedding, which was the wedding of Jamie Wallace and Ian McDowall at the Rutherglen United Reformed Church in Glasgow. Bachelor in Paradise featured its first same-sex romance. Lil Nas X came out as gay, making him the first artist to have done so while having a number-one record. He later became the first openly gay man to be nominated at the Country Music Association Awards. Albert Nabonibo came out as gay, making him Rwanda's first openly gay gospel singer. Billy Porter was nominated for and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for Pose, becoming the first openly gay black man to be nominated and win in any lead acting category at the Primetime Emmys.A Little Late with Lilly Singh premiered on 16 September 2019; as such, Singh became the first late-night host to ever publicly identify as bisexual. Trans: Meghan Stabler became the first openly transgender member of Planned Parenthood's National Board of Directors. The Advocate editors named Meghan as one of The Advocate magazine's 2019 Champions of Pride. Indya Moore became the first openly transgender person to be featured on the cover of the U.S. version of Elle magazine. Zach Barack became the first openly transgender actor in the Marvel Universe when he played a classmate of Peter Parker's in Spider-Man: Far From Home.Laverne Cox was one of fifteen women chosen by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue; this made Cox the first openly transgender woman to appear on the cover of British Vogue. Valentina Sampaio was hired by Victoria's Secret as their first openly transgender model in August 2019. MJ Rodriguez became the first openly transgender woman to win Best Actress - Television at the Imagen Awards. Teddy Quinlivan became the first openly transgender model to be hired by Chanel. Angelica Ross became the first openly transgender person to host an American presidential forum. Mattel launched the world's first line of gender-neutral dolls, which they marketed as Creatable World. Swe Zin Htet became the first openly lesbian woman to compete in Miss Universe. Patricia Yurena Rodríguez of Spain competed in Miss Universe 2013, but did not come out until after the competition. London's first Trans Pride march was held. Sports: Megan Rapinoe became the first openly gay woman in the annual Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. Andy Brennan became the first male Australian soccer player to come out as gay. Dutee Chand became the first Indian athlete to publicly state that she is in a same-sex relationship. Nyla Rose became the first openly transgender woman to sign with a major American professional wrestling promotion when she signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Alison van Uytvanck and Greet Minnen, both from Belgium, became the first openly gay couple to team up in the doubles at Wimbledon. June Eastwood became the first openly male-to-female transgender athlete to compete in NCAA Division I cross country; she competed for the University of Montana women's team. Amanda Sauer-Cook became the first openly gay referee to work in a major professional football league, when she served as a center judge for the Alliance of American Football. 2020 Same-sex marriage laws: Came into effect: Northern Ireland, Costa Rica Passed and came into effect: Sark, Mexican state of Tlaxcala Nevada became the first U.S. state to constitutionally protect same-sex marriage. Civil union laws: Came into effect: Monaco, Cayman Islands Passed: Montenegro Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Gabon, Sudan abolished the death penalty and flogging for homosexuality. Anti-Discrimination laws: United States (Supreme Court Ruling), Switzerland, Barbados, North Macedonia, Marshall Islands Politics US Politics Pete Buttigieg became the first openly gay candidate to win an American presidential primary or caucus. Richard Grenell briefly served as acting director of national intelligence in the Trump administration, making him the first openly gay person to serve in a U.S. cabinet-level position. Peyton Rose Michelle Theriot won election in Louisiana to the women's Democratic State Central Committee seat for the 46th District (seat A), representing St. Martin, Iberia and St. Landry, becoming the first out transgender woman elected to a political position in the state. Karine Jean-Pierre became the first openly gay woman to serve as a vice presidential chief of staff. Stormie Forte became the first openly LGBTQ woman to serve on the Raleigh City Council. Malcolm Kenyatta, Sam Park, and Robert Garcia became the first openly gay speakers in a keynote slot at a Democratic National Convention. Sarah McBride became the first transgender state senator elected in the United States. Mondaire Jones and Ritchie Torres became the first openly gay black men elected to Congress. This also made Torres the first openly gay Afro Latino elected to Congress. Taylor Small became the first transgender person elected to the Vermont General Assembly. Mauree Turner became the first non-binary state legislator elected in the United States. Stephanie Byers became the first Native American transgender person elected to office in America, when she was elected to the Kansas state House of Representatives; she is a member of the Chickasaw Nation. Joe Biden became the first president-elect to mention the transgender community in a victory speech. Christy Holstege became the first openly bisexual mayor in America, as mayor of Palm Springs, California. Alex Lee became the California State Assembly's first openly bisexual member. Ryan Fecteau became the first openly-gay person to serve as Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives.🖉 Sean Patrick Maloney became the first openly gay person to be elected as chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. Martin Jenkins was sworn in as the first openly gay Justice of the California Supreme Court. Todd Gloria was elected as San Diego's first openly gay mayor. President Joe Biden named Pete Buttigieg as his nominee to be Secretary of Transportation, making him the first openly gay cabinet nominee in U.S. history. World Politics UK MP Layla Moran revealed in an interview that she is pansexual; she is believed to be the first UK parliamentarian to come out as pansexual. Petra De Sutter was sworn in as one of seven deputy prime ministers in the government of Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo, becoming Europe's first transgender deputy prime minister, and the most senior trans politician in Europe. Sports Katie Sowers became the first female and first openly gay offensive assistant in a Super Bowl. Curdin Orlik became the first athlete in the sport of Schwingen to come out as gay, and also the first openly gay male active in Swiss professional sports. Sebastian Vega came out as gay, making him the first openly gay professional basketball player in Argentina. Chris Mosier became the first openly transgender male athlete to ever compete in an Olympic trial alongside other men; however, he was unable to finish the race due to injury. Megan Youngren became the first openly transgender athlete to compete at the Olympic marathon trials in U.S. history. Camille Balanche became the first out lesbian to win the UCI Downhill Mountain Biking World Championship. Mara Gómez became the first trans footballer to play in a top-flight Argentinian league. FaZe Clan's Soleil ‘Ewok’ Wheeler came out as transgender, making him the first transgender male on a T1 esports organization. American rugby player Devin Ibanez came out as gay, making him the first openly gay Major League Rugby player. Danell Leyva came out as bisexual and pansexual, October 11, 2020 on National Coming Out Day. Arts & CultureOut was released; it is Disney's and Pixar's first short to feature a gay main character and storyline.Luz Noceda and Amity Blight of The Owl House became Disney's first animated canonically LGBT+ female regular characters. The Christmas House'', the first Hallmark movie to prominently feature a same-sex couple, premiered. The Christmas Setup became the first LGBTQ-themed Christmas film ever broadcast by Lifetime. Big Sky premiered, making Jesse James Keitel the first nonbinary actor to play a nonbinary series regular on primetime television. Benson from Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts became the first character to have an explicit coming out as gay in an all-ages animation series.Diana Zurco became Argentina's first openly transgender newscaster.Camila Prins became the first openly transgender woman to lead the drum section of a top samba school in the Carnival parade in Sao Paulo.Valentina Sampaio became the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue's first openly transgender model in 2020.Rachel Slawson became the first openly bisexual contestant to compete for the Miss USA title. The Lesbian and Gay Big Apple Corps became the first LGBTQ marching band to perform in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. 2021 Same-sex marriage Approved by referendum: Switzerland (to come into effect in July 2022)Passed and came into effect: Mexican states of Baja California (codification), Sonora, Sinaloa, Querétaro, Guanajuato (by government decree)Passed and pending: Chile (comes into effect March 2022), Mexican states of Yucatan, ZacatecasCivil union: Montenegro (came into effect) Civil union expansion: San Marino Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Bhutan Anti-discrimination laws: came into effect in Angola (protections with regard to sexual orientations for employment, discrimination and hate crimes), Namibia (court ruling), Botswana (2019 court ruling upheld by Supreme Court)PoliticsEduardo Leite came out in July 2021 making him the first openly gay governor in Brazil's history. became the first openly gay person to hold a ministerial rank in the government of Greece. Pete Buttigieg became the first openly gay non-acting member of the Cabinet of the United States, and the first openly gay person confirmed by the Senate to a Cabinet position. Aung Myo Min became the first openly gay cabinet minister in the government of Myanmar. Alexandra Briem became the first openly transgender political officeholder in Iceland after being elected President of the Reykjavík City Council. Arts & Culture Gottmik became the first openly transgender man to compete on RuPaul's Drag Race. Tashnuva Anan Shishir became Bangladesh's first openly transgender news anchor. Elliot Page became the first openly trans man to appear on the cover of Time magazine. On February 3, 2021, TJ Osborne came out as gay, making him the first openly gay artist signed to a major country music label. Patti Harrison became the first known transgender actor to appear in a Disney animated film, due to voicing the small part of Tail Chief in Raya and the Last Dragon. Rachel Levine was confirmed March 24 as U.S. assistant secretary for health, making her the first openly trans person confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a U.S. federal government position. Martine Delaney became the first openly transgender woman inducted into the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women. Joe Biden became the first American president to issue a formal presidential proclamation recognizing the Transgender Day of Visibility. Adrian Hanstock was made the temporary Chief Constable of the British Transport Police, making him the first openly gay man to be chief of police of a British police force. Alana Gisele Banks became the first Black Trans woman elected to a public school board in the United States. Jonathan Bennett and Jaymes Vaughan became the first gay couple to cover the magazine The Knot. Megan Rohrer was instated as a Bishop in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, becoming the first openly transgender and non-binary bishop in any Christian denomination. Sports Colton Underwood came out as gay on April 14, 2021, making him the first openly gay Bachelor lead in the franchise's history. He is also the second openly gay NFL free agent to come out after Michael Sam. Carl Nassib''' came out as gay on June 21, 2021, making history as the first openly gay active NFL player. See also List of LGBT firsts by year Timeline of LGBT history Timeline of LGBT history, 19th century Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century Timeline of transgender history References

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%202015%20Colorado%20Springs%20shooting

October 2015 Colorado Springs shooting

On October 31, 2015, a shooting occurred near downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. The shooting began around 8:45 a.m., though a 911 call was placed 10 minutes earlier on the morning of Saturday, October 31, which was Halloween. Three people were randomly shot and killed by a lone gunman as they were walking down Prospect Street near downtown Colorado Springs. A man riding a bicycle was the first victim shot after pleading for his life, according to eyewitness reports. The gunman then turned and ran, killing two women. These women were either killed randomly as the gunman ran down the street, firing at random or sitting on a porch targeted by the gunman. The gunman was later killed in a shootout with four police officers in which the gunman was struck once. In total, there were three crime scenes. This was the first of two shootings in Colorado Springs in less than a month; the second was the Planned Parenthood mass shooting, 28 days later. Perpetrator 33-year old Noah Harpham used a DPMS Classic 16, an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle, to kill victims. Harpham was also armed with a Ruger SP101 .357 Magnum revolver and a Springfield Armory XD-M 9mm pistol, although it does not appear that either pistol was used in any of the shootings. All three guns were legally purchased in 2009. No motive was found for the shooting, and no apparent warning signs existed, despite a video and blog posted days earlier in which Harpham complained about his parents and family life. Victims Andrew Alan Myers, 35, was the first person killed by Harpham. He was the bicyclist who crossed Harpham's path. Christy Galella, 34, and Jennifer Vasquez, 42, were residents of the Platte House, a shelter for women recovering from drug and/or alcohol addiction. One of the women died in the house's doorway while the other was killed on the house's porch. None of the victims appeared to have connections to Harpham. Controversy A 911 call was placed ten minutes before Harpham began shooting, as a neighbor reported Harpham walking around carrying a rifle and gas cans. Colorado is an open carry state, so the 911 operator dispatched only one officer who was later called off to respond to a disturbance that "threatened human life" at a senior home. No other officers were available to respond so the operator terminated the call. Four minutes later, the same caller called back to report Myers' death. There was nationwide outrage that the 911 operator did not do enough to prevent the shooting, but the department insisted the operator followed protocol. Many, including Colorado activist group Colorado Ceasefire, called on the city to ban open carry, though the mayor insisted they would not. See also List of shootings in Colorado References External links Colorado gunman who killed 3 posted blog before rampage from the New York Daily News via YouTube 2015 in Colorado 2015 murders in the United States Deaths by firearm in Colorado History of Colorado Springs, Colorado October 2015 events in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20in%20England

2019 in England

Events from 2019 in England Incumbent Events January 1 January A ban on the purchasing of fax machines by the NHS in England, as part of a government plan to phase them out entirely by March 2020 commences. A new energy price cap has now come into effect for households in England, Scotland and Wales. Ofgem, the energy supply regulator, has estimated that it would save 11 million people an average of £76 a year if they stay on the same tariff. Data from the regulator also shows that the cap could lead to households being more than £200 per year worse off because of the reduction in the number of customers shopping around because of the cap. 2 January – Missed GP appointments 'cost NHS England £216m'. 4 January – The engineering arm of collapsed Monarch Airlines falls into administration, with the loss of 450 jobs. 7 January – a 10-year plan for England's National Health Service is unveiled by NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens and prime minister Teresa May. 17 January – The 97-year-old Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip is involved in a car crash while driving near the Queen's Sandringham estate. He is unhurt, "but very, very shocked and shaken." 22 January – The UK café chain Patisserie Valerie collapses into administration after rescue talks with banks fail. 29 January – Labour MP for Peterborough Fiona Onasanya is sentenced to three months imprisonment having earlier been found guilty of perverting the course of justice for lying about who was driving her car when caught speeding. Her imprisonment makes her the first sitting MP to be jailed in 28 years. February 5 February – HMV has been acquired out of administration by Canadian retailer Sunrise Records, safeguarding the future of nearly 1,500 staff. 7 February The Office for National Statistics reports that knife crime in England and Wales is at its highest level since records began in 1946, with the number of fatal stabbings the previous year being the most ever reported. The British Horseracing Authority (BHA) cancels all horse racing in Great Britain until at least 13 February after an outbreak of equine influenza. A body is recovered from the wreckage of the PA-46 Malibu which vanished over the English Channel on 21 January. Dorset Police later identify it as that of Emiliano Sala. 13 February – Ford reveals it is preparing to move its car engine production out of Britain, as a result of Brexit disruption, putting thousands of jobs at risk. 18 February Seven MPs – Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey – announce that they have resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group. Plans by Japanese carmaker Honda to close its Swindon factory by 2022 are leaked to the press, a day before the official announcement. 19 February – MP Joan Ryan resigns from the Labour Party to join The Independent Group. 20 February Three Conservative Party MPs – Heidi Allen, Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry – resign from their party to join The Independent Group. 22 February – Dudley North MP Ian Austin resigns from the Labour Party and claims the party has failure to tackle antisemitism, but says he has no plans to join the Independent Group. 23 February Health Secretary Matt Hancock tells the NHS to stop using pagers for communications, calling them "outdated" and stating his wish to get rid of "archaic technology like pagers and fax machines" within the NHS by 2021. Roy Hodgson becomes the oldest man to manage in the Premier League, at the age of 71 years and 198 days. March 6 March – Following what she characterised as a spate of knife murders involving young people around England, the chair of the National Police Chiefs’ Council, Sara Thornton, calls for the situation to be treated as a national emergency. 19 March – The head of the Environment Agency, Sir James Bevan warned that England will not have enough water to meet demand within 25 years and the impact of climate change, combined with population growth, means the country is facing an "existential threat" at the Waterwise Conference. April 2 April – The Tulip, a new 305-metre (1,000 ft) skyscraper in the City of London, featuring an observation platform with rotating pods, is granted planning approval. 3 April – Prosecutors seek a retrial in the case of Hillsborough match commander David Duckenfield, after a jury fails to reach a verdict. 4 April – A water leak shortly before 3pm suspends proceedings in the House of Commons for the rest of the day. 6 April – Tiger Roll wins the 2019 Grand National, the second consecutive year the horse has won the race. 8 April Jaguar Land Rover shuts down production for a week because of uncertainties around Brexit. London's Ultra-Low Emission Zone comes into effect. 9 April – Department store Debenhams goes into administration, after a last-ditch rescue offer from Mike Ashley's Sports Direct was rejected. 11 April – WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange is arrested after seven years in Ecuador's embassy in London. 12 April – Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage launches the Brexit Party. 15–22 April – Demonstrations by the climate change activist group Extinction Rebellion cause disruption in central London, blocking roads and resulting in over 1,000 arrests, with 53 people charged for various offences. A "pause" in the protest is announced on 21 April, although the group continues to base itself in Marble Arch. 17 April – The UK Government announces it will introduce an age verification system designed to stop internet users under the age of eighteen from viewing pornographic websites, which will come into force on 15 July. 18 April – 29-year-old journalist and author Lyra McKee is shot dead amid rioting in Derry, Northern Ireland, with police treating it as a "terrorist incident" and suspecting the New IRA. 22 April Leaders from 70 local Conservative Associations sign a petition calling for a vote of no confidence in Theresa May. The non-binding vote, to be determined by 800 of the party's senior officials, would be the first time such an instance has occurred. The hottest Easter Monday on record in all four nations of the UK is confirmed by the Met Office, with 25 °C (77 °F) reported at Heathrow, Northolt and Wisley. 23 April – Buckingham Palace confirms that US President Donald Trump will make a three-day state visit to the UK from 3 to 5 June. President Trump previously visited the UK from 12 to 15 July 2018, amid major protests. 24 April – The Conservative Party's 1922 Committee votes against changing the party's rules regarding leadership challenges, but asks for clarity on when Prime Minister Theresa May will step down from office. 25 April – The government announces it will launch a formal inquiry into the leaking of discussions about Chinese telecommunications firm Huawei at the National Security Council after The Daily Telegraph published details of a meeting concerning plans to use the firm to help build the 5G network. The Foreign Office warns against all but essential travel to Sri Lanka following the Easter Sunday bombings in which eight Britons were among the dead. 26 April – Prime Minister Theresa May and Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar issue a joint statement setting out a new process of talks designed to restore devolution to Northern Ireland, and to begin on 7 May. Department store Debenhams announces plans to close 22 branches in 2019. Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn declines an invitation to attend a state banquet at Buckingham Palace to honour US President Donald Trump during his state visit in June. May 1 May WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange is sentenced to 50 weeks in jail for breaching bail conditions. Peterborough Member of Parliament Fiona Onasanya becomes the first MP to be removed by a recall petition after 19,261 of her constituents voted for her to be removed from office. Onasanya's recall petition had been automatically triggered as a result of her conviction for perverting the course of justice, an offence for which she was imprisoned in January. Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson is sacked, after a leak from a National Security Council meeting, in which plans by Chinese firm Huawei to contribute to the UK's 5G network were discussed. He is replaced by Penny Mordaunt. 2 May – 2019 United Kingdom local elections: The Lib Dems, Greens and independents make gains in the local elections at the expense of the Conservatives, while Labour and UKIP also suffer losses. 4 May – The Metropolitan Police says that the National Security Council leak about Huawei "did not amount to a criminal offence". 6 May The Duchess of Sussex gives birth to a son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. The World Snooker Championship concludes with Judd Trump defeating John Higgins 18–9 in final to win his first world title. 8 May – A British teenager, Isabelle Holdaway, 17, is reported to be the first patient to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection. 9 May – Broadcaster Danny Baker is fired from BBC Radio 5 Live after tweeting a "royal baby" image of a chimpanzee. 13 May – The Jeremy Kyle Show is suspended indefinitely following the death of a participant, shortly after appearing on an unbroadcast programme. The show is axed by ITV two days later. 16 May Following information provided by police, the Bishop of Lincoln, Christopher Lowson, is suspended from office by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Boris Johnson confirms that he will run for the Conservative Party leadership after Theresa May stands down. 17 May Brexit talks between Labour and the Conservatives end without agreement, following six weeks of cross-party debate, with Jeremy Corbyn saying negotiations have "gone as far as they can." The Ministry of Justice announces plans to introduce "Helen's Law", which would require a person convicted of murder without the presence of a body to reveal the location of their victim's remains before being considered for parole. 18 May Manchester City become the first men's football team to win the English domestic treble – the Premier League, FA Cup and EFL Cup in the same season – after beating Watford 6–0 in the FA Cup final. Inter-City 125 High Speed Trains end services to the West country after 43 years of operation. 21 May Jamie Oliver's restaurant group collapses into administration, putting 1,300 jobs at risk. 22 May The government announces it will introduce new controls on single use plastic products in England from April 2020. British Steel enters insolvency, putting 5,000 UK jobs directly at risk and a further 20,000 in the supply chain, following a breakdown in rescue talks between the government and the company's owner, Greybull. Andrea Leadsom resigns as Leader of the House of Commons, saying she no longer believes the government's approach will deliver Brexit. 24 May – Prime Minister Theresa May announces her resignation as Conservative Party leader, effective 7 June. 26 May – The first black female Oxbridge master, Sonia Alleyne, is appointed to lead Jesus College, Cambridge, from October. 28 May Alastair Campbell, the former communications chief to Tony Blair, is expelled from the Labour Party, after publicly stating that he voted for the Liberal Democrats during the European Parliamentary elections. The Speaker, John Bercow announces that he plans to possibly stay on as Speaker of the House until 2022, saying it is not “sensible to vacate the chair” while there are major issues before parliament. June 1 June – A ban on letting agent fees comes into effect. 6 June – Peterborough by election: Labour retains the seat, with the Brexit Party finishing second, and the Conservatives in third place. The by-election was held because of the previous Labour MP having been removed as the result of a recall petition. 7 June – Prime Minister Theresa May resigns as Leader of the Conservative Party, paving the way for a leadership contest. 8 June – Tory leadership candidate Michael Gove says he "deeply regrets" taking cocaine at several "social events" more than 20 years previously. 10 June – The BBC announces it will stop free television licences, for over-75s who do not get pension credit, from June 2020. It follows a consultation with 190,000 people, of whom 52% were in favour of reforming or abolishing free licences. 13 June – Independent MP Chuka Umunna joins the Liberal Democrats. August 1 August – Parts of the Derbyshire towns of Whaley Bridge, Furness Vale and New Mills are evacuated, with 1,500 residents being moved as a precaution, after concrete slabs on the dam spillway of the Toddbrook Reservoir partially collapse. October 13 October – The nineteenth-century English cardinal John Henry Newman is canonised by the Pope, the first new English saint in more than 50 years. November 8 November – heavy rainfall leads to flooding in northern areas, specifically of the Don (in Doncaster) and Derwent in Matlock. December 22 December – Inter-City 125 High Speed Trains end services to the North East and Scotland after 41 years of operation. Deaths January 1 January Katie Flynn, 82, British novelist. 2 January Bill Elsey, 97, British racehorse trainer (Epsom Oaks, St Leger Stakes). Julia Grant, 64, British trans woman pioneer (A Change of Sex). 3 January Joe Casely-Hayford, 62, British fashion designer, cancer. Jack Fennell, 85, English rugby league footballer (Featherstone Rovers). 4 January – Frank Mugglestone, 94, English rugby league footballer (Bradford Northern, Castleford). 5 January – Eric Haydock, 75, British bassist (The Hollies). 6 January Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, 81, British politician, MP for Bishop Auckland (1979–2005) and member of the House of Lords (since 2005), cancer. Derek Piggott, 96, British glider pilot and flight instructor, stroke. 7 January – Laurie Gilfedder, 83, English rugby league footballer (Great Britain, Lancashire, Warrington, Wigan, Leigh). 9 January – Ron Smith, 94, British comic artist (Judge Dredd). 10 January – Dianne Oxberry, 51, English broadcaster and weather presenter for the BBC regional news programme BBC North West Tonight. 11 January Sir Michael Atiyah, 89, British mathematician, President of the Royal Society (1990–1995). Nigel Gawthorpe, 61, English politician, Mayor of Cambridge (since 2018), scuba diving accident. 14 January – Duncan Welbourne, 78, English footballer (Watford). 23 January – Diana Athill, 101, British literary editor and novelist. 25 January – Nigel Saddington, 53, English footballer (Doncaster Rovers, Carlisle United, Gateshead). 27 January Sir Reginald Eyre, 94, British politician, MP for Birmingham Hall Green (1965–1987). Mike Harrison, 78, English footballer (Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers, Luton Town). 28 January – Noel Rawsthorne, 89, British organist and composer. 29 January – Martha Ross, 80, British actress (EastEnders, Grange Hill) and radio presenter. 30 January Stewart Adams, 95, British chemist, developed ibuprofen. Duncan Weldon, 77, English theatre producer. 31 January – Dennis Hunt, 81, English football player (Gillingham, Brentford) and manager (Ashford Town). February 1 February Tim Elkington, 98, British Royal Air Force fighter pilot, member of The Few. Jeremy Hardy, 57, English comedian (The News Quiz, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation), cancer. 3 February – Danny Williams, 94, English football player (Rotherham United) and manager (Swindon Town, Sheffield Wednesday). 4 February Colin Barker, 79, British sociologist and historian. Matt Brazier, 42, English footballer (QPR, Cardiff City, Leyton Orient), non-Hodgkin follicular lymphoma. 9 February Cadet, 28, British rap artist. Fred Pickering, 78, English footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Everton, national team). Ian Ross, 72, English footballer (Liverpool, Aston Villa, Peterborough United). 10 February – Roderick MacFarquhar, 88, British politician, journalist and historian. 12 February Gordon Banks, 81, English footballer (Leicester City, Stoke City, national team), world champion (1966). Austin Rhodes, 81, English rugby league footballer (St Helens, Leigh) and coach (Swinton). 13 February – Eric Harrison, 81, English football player (Halifax Town) and coach (Manchester United). 14 February Andrea Levy, 62, English novelist (Small Island, The Long Song). Simon P. Norton, 66, English mathematician, heart disease. 15 February – John Stalker, 79, police officer, Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police (1984–1987). 20 February – Bruno Schroder, 86, British banker (Schroders). 21 February – Edward Enfield, 89, British television and radio presenter, and newspaper journalist. 25 February Mark Hollis, 64, English singer-songwriter (Talk Talk). Kenneth Pitt, 96, British publicist and talent manager (David Bowie). 26 February Andy Anderson, 68, English drummer (The Cure, The Glove, Steve Hillage). Peter Fox, 85, English rugby league player (Batley Bulldogs) and coach (Featherstone Rovers, Bradford Northern). Tony Honoré, 96, British lawyer and jurist. 27 February – Doug Sandom, 89, English drummer (The Who). 28 February – Peter Dolby, 78, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town). March 1 March Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya, 78, British-Indian engineer, educator and government advisor, member of the House of Lords (since 2004). Paul Williams, 78, English singer (Zoot Money's Big Roll Band, Juicy Lucy, Allan Holdsworth). 3 March – Danny Williams, 94, English football player (Rotherham United) and manager (Swindon Town, Sheffield Wednesday). 4 March – Keith Flint, 49, English singer, musician and dancer (The Prodigy). 6 March Magenta Devine, 61, British television presenter (Rough Guide, Network 7). Mike Grose, British bassist (Queen). John Habgood, 91, British Anglican bishop, academic, and life peer, Bishop of Durham (1973–1983), Archbishop of York (1983–1995). 7 March Robert Braithwaite, 75, British marine engineer and entrepreneur, founder of Sunseeker. 8 March Jack Lyon, 101, British RAF pilot, member of the Great Escape. Mike Watterson, 76, English snooker player, promoter and commentator. 9 March Tom Ballard, 30, British rock climber. (body discovered on this date) Johnny Brittain, 86–87, British motorcycle racer. (death announced on this date) 11 March – Danny Kustow, 69, English rock guitarist (Tom Robinson Band). 12 March – John Richardson, 95, British art historian, biographer of Picasso. 13 March – Keith Butler, 80, British racing cyclist. 14 March Paul Hutchins, 73, British tennis player. Charlie Whiting, 66, British motorsports director, FIA Formula 1 race director (since 1997). 15 March Derek Lewin, 88, English footballer (Bishop Auckland, Great Britain Olympic football team). Ron Peplow, 83, English footballer (Brentford). Mike Thalassitis, 26, British footballer (Stevenage) and reality television star (Love Island, Celebs Go Dating). 19 March Rose Hilton, 87, British painter. Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, 94, British philosopher. 23 March – Victor Hochhauser, 95, Slovak-born British music promoter. 26 March Ted Burgin, 91, British football player (Sheffield United, Leeds United, Rochdale) and manager. Ranking Roger, 56, British singer (The Beat, General Public), cancer. 28 March – Kevin Randall, 73, English footballer and manager (Chesterfield, York City). 29 March – Shane Rimmer, 89, Canadian-born British actor (Thunderbirds, Dr. Strangelove, The Spy Who Loved Me), cancer. 30 March – Tania Mallet, 77, English model and actress (Goldfinger). April 1 April – Michael William Feast, 92, British-born South African astronomer. 2 April – Bill Heine, 74, American-born British radio broadcaster (BBC Radio Oxford), leukaemia. 7 April – Sandy Ratcliff, 70, English actress (EastEnders). 8 April – Rex Garrod, 75, inventor, roboteer (Brum, Robot Wars) and television presenter (The Secret Life of Machines), complications from Alzheimer's disease. 11 April – Ian Cognito, 60, English stand-up comedian. 12 April – Tommy Smith, 74, English professional footballer. 13 March Keith Butler, 80, British racing cyclist. Edmund Capon, 78, British-Australian art historian. 14 March John Hellawell, 75, English footballer (Bradford City). Paul Hutchins, 73, British tennis player. Sir Stanley Peart, 96, doctor and medical researcher. Charlie Whiting, 66, British motorsports director, FIA Formula 1 race director (since 1997). 15 March Derek Burke, 89, academic. Alec Coppen, 96, psychiatrist. Derek Lewin, 88, English footballer (Bishop Auckland, Great Britain Olympic football team). Ron Peplow, 83, English footballer (Brentford). Mike Thalassitis, 26, British footballer (Stevenage) and reality television star (Love Island, Celebs Go Dating), suicide. 17 March – Mick Murphy, 77, English rugby player (St. Helens, Leigh). 18 March – Roy McDowell, 71, Scottish footballer (Berwick Rangers). (death announced on this date) 19 March Derek Anthony, 71, military officer, Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland (2000–2003). Graham Arnold, 86, English artist. Tony Greenfield, 87, statistician. Rose Hilton, 87, British painter. Fraser Robertson, 47, Scottish sports journalist (Sky Sports, STV). Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, 94, British philosopher. 21 March – Gordon Hill, 90, English football referee. 22 March – Scott Walker, 76, American-born British singer-songwriter (The Walker Brothers), composer and record producer. 23 March – Victor Hochhauser, 95, Slovak-born British music promoter. 24 March James Barclay, 86, Scottish playwright and novelist, lung cancer. Brian MacArthur, 79, newspaper editor and writer, leukaemia. 25 March Edna Barker, 82, English cricketer. Barrie Hole, 76, Welsh footballer (Cardiff City, Aston Villa, national team). 26 March Ted Burgin, 91, British football player (Sheffield United, Leeds United, Rochdale) and manager. Ranking Roger, 56, British singer (The Beat, General Public), cancer. 28 March – Kevin Randall, 73, English footballer and manager (Chesterfield, York City). 29 March – Shane Rimmer, 89, Canadian-born British actor (Thunderbirds, Dr. Strangelove, The Spy Who Loved Me), cancer. 30 March Tania Mallet, 77, English model and actress (Goldfinger). Jim Russell, 98, English racing driver. April 1 April – Michael William Feast, 92, British-born South African astronomer. 2 April Martin Fido, 79, crime writer, fall. Bill Heine, 74, American-born British radio broadcaster (BBC Radio Oxford), leukaemia. Harry Judge, 90, English educational theorist. 3 April – Billy Mainwaring, 78, Welsh rugby union player (Aberavon, Bridgend, national team). 6 April – David J. Thouless, 84, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (2016). 7 April Mya-Lecia Naylor, 16, English actress (Millie Inbetween). Willie McPheat, 76, Scottish footballer (Sunderland, Hartlepool United, Airdrieonians). Sandy Ratcliff, 70, English actress (EastEnders). 8 April Clive Cohen, 73, English Anglican priest. Rex Garrod, 75, inventor, roboteer (Brum, Robot Wars) and television presenter (The Secret Life of Machines), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Sir Alexander Reid, 3rd Baronet, 86, English aristocrat and public servant. 11 April Ian Cognito, 60, English stand-up comedian, heart attack. Una-Mary Parker, 89, English journalist and novelist. 12 April Ivor Broadis, 96, English footballer (Carlisle United, Newcastle United). John McEnery, 76, English actor (Romeo and Juliet, Nicholas and Alexandra, The Land That Time Forgot) and writer. Paul Rawlinson, 56, lawyer, head of Baker McKenzie (since 2016). Tommy Smith, 74, English professional footballer, dementia. 13 April Tony Buzan, 76, English author and educational consultant. Winifred Jordan, 99, English sprinter. Paul Raymond, 73, English musician (Plastic Penny, UFO, Savoy Brown), heart attack. 14 April – Colin Collindridge, 98, English footballer (Sheffield United, Nottingham Forest). 15 April Sir Roger Moate, 80, politician, MP (1970–1997), cancer. Les Reed, 83, English songwriter ("It's Not Unusual", "Delilah, "The Last Waltz") and musician. 17 April – Sir Clive Rose, 97, diplomat. 18 April John Bowen, 94, writer. 19 April Philip Liner, 93, British-born New Zealand radio broadcaster (National Radio). Michael Yorke, 80, Anglican priest, Dean of Lichfield (1999–2005). 20 April Joe Armstrong, 68, computer scientist, designer of Erlang. Charlie Kelsall, 98, Welsh footballer (Wrexham). 21 April – Doreen Spooner, 91, photographer. 23 April George Haigh, 103, English footballer. Edward Kelsey, 88, English actor (The Archers, Danger Mouse (1981 TV series)). Terry Rawlings, 85–86, film editor (Alien, Blade Runner, Chariots of Fire). Peter Skipper, 61, English footballer (Hull City), complications from a stroke. David Winters, 80, English-American actor and choreographer (West Side Story). 25 April – Sir Nigel Seely, 95, English aristocrat. 27 April – Joseph Ward, 76, English tenor. 29 April Betty Lockwood, Baroness Lockwood, 95, political activist and life peer, Member of the House of Lords (1978–2007). John Llewellyn Moxey, 94, Argentinian-born British director (The City of the Dead, Foxhole in Cairo, Circus of Fear). 30 April Boon Gould, 64, English musician (Level 42). Peter Mayhew, 74, English-American actor (Star Wars), heart attack. May 2 May Lord Toby Jug, 53, politician. David Gordon Wilson, 91, British-born American professor of engineering. 3 May – Sir Peter Herbert, 90, admiral. 4 May – Tommy Sopwith, 86, racing driver and businessman. 6 May Jack Cohen, 85, scientist and author. Ted Witherden, 97, English cricketer. 9 May Walter Harris, 93, author and broadcaster. Freddie Starr, 76, English comedian, heart disease. Micky Steele-Bodger, 93, English rugby union player (Harlequin, Barbarian). Dan van der Vat, Dutch-born British journalist and naval historian. Brian Walden, 86, journalist and broadcaster (Weekend World) and politician, MP (1964–1977), emphysema. 10 May Jon Gittens, 55, English footballer (Swindon Town, Portsmouth, Exeter City). Richard L. Hills, 82, English historian and clergyman. Gordon Neate, 78, English footballer (Reading). 11 May Melissa Ede, 58, English transgender campaigner and social media personality, heart attack. Nan Winton, 93, broadcaster, first woman to read BBC News on television, fall. 12 May Doug McAvoy, 80, trade union leader, General Secretary of the National Union of Teachers (1989–2004). Alan Skirton, 80, English footballer (Bath City, Arsenal), Alzheimer's disease. 14 May – Tommy Donbavand, 53, English children's author (Scream Street) and actor, throat and lung cancer. 15 May Kenneth Newing, 95, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Plymouth (1982–1988). John Ronane, 85, actor (Strangers). 16 May – Geoff Toseland, 88, English footballer (Sunderland). 18 May – Sir Timothy Kitson, 88, politician, MP for Richmond, North Yorkshire (1959–1983). 20 May Andrew Hall, 65, English actor (Butterflies, Casualty, Coronation Street). John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh, 81, politician, MP (1974–1992). 21 May – Royce Mills, 77, English actor (History of the World, Part I, Up the Chastity Belt, Doctor Who). 22 May Maurice Bamford, 83, English rugby league player and coach (Wigan Warriors, Leeds Rhinos, Great Britain). Judith Kerr, 95, German-born writer and illustrator (The Tiger Who Came to Tea, Mog). 24 May – Edmund Morris, 78, Kenyan-born British-American writer (The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan), Pulitzer Prize winner (1980), stroke. 25 May – Claus von Bülow, 92, Danish-British socialite. 26 May – Stephen Thorne, 84, English actor (Z-Cars, Crossroads, Doctor Who). 27 May Sir David Sieff, 80 businessman (Marks & Spencer). Alan Smith, 97, English footballer (Arsenal, Brentford). 29 May Adam Patel, Baron Patel of Blackburn, 78, clothier and Member of the House of Lords (since 2000). Michael Spicer, Baron Spicer, 76, politician, MP (1974–2010), chairman of the 1922 Committee (2001–2010) and Member of the House of Lords (since 2010), Parkinson's disease and leukaemia. 30 May Anthony Price, 90, author. Andrew Sinclair, 84, polymathic novelist, speechwriter and film director John Tidmarsh, 90, English broadcaster and journalist (Outlook). June 1 June John Myers, 60, radio executive (GMG Radio, Radio Academy) and presenter, cancer. Alasdair Walker, 62, physician and military officer, brain cancer. 2 June Ken Matthews, 84, English race walker, Olympic champion (1964). Alan Rollinson, 76, English racing driver, cancer. 3 June Ian Craft, 81, physician. Roy Cruttenden, 94, Olympic long jumper. Paul Darrow, 78, English actor (Blake's 7, Doctor Who). 4 June – Robin Herd, 80, English engineer, designer and businessman, co-founder of March Engineering. 5 June – Sir David Plastow, 87, businessman. 8 June Norman Dewis, 98, racing driver and engineer. Justin Edinburgh, 49, English footballer (Tottenham Hotspur) and manager (Leyton Orient), cardiac arrest. November 29 November – Usman Khan, Islamic terrorist and perpetrator of the 2019 London Bridge stabbing December 1 December – Paula Tilbrook, 89, English actress See also 2019 in Northern Ireland 2019 in Scotland 2019 in Wales References England Years of the 21st century in England 2010s in England

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20February%202019

Deaths in February 2019

The following is a list of notable deaths in February 2019. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. February 2019 1 Kinryū Arimoto, 78, Japanese voice actor (City Hunter, Gasaraki, One Piece), esophageal cancer. Conway Berners-Lee, 97, English mathematician and computer scientist. D. J. Conway, 79, American occult writer. John J. Duffy Jr., 85, American criminal defense attorney. Alice Dye, 91, American amateur golfer and golf course designer (TPC at Sawgrass). Tim Elkington, 98, British Royal Air Force fighter pilot, member of The Few, fall. Jeremy Hardy, 57, English comedian, radio host and panelist (The News Quiz, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation), cancer. Glen Ray Hines, 75, American football player (Arkansas Razorbacks, Houston Oilers, New Orleans Saints). Ursula Karusseit, 79, German actress (Ways across the Country, KLK Calling PTZ – The Red Orchestra). Andrew McGahan, 52, Australian author (Praise, The White Earth, Wonders of a Godless World), pancreatic cancer. Ayub Ogada, 63, Kenyan musician. Edit Perényi-Weckinger, 95, Hungarian gymnast, Olympic silver medalist (1948, 1952). Mel Pickings, 92, Canadian politician, member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly (1978–1988). Ehsan-ul-Haq Piracha, Pakistani politician, Minister of Finance (1988–1990). Raymond Ratzlaff, 87, Canadian politician. Lisa Seagram, 82, American actress (A House Is Not a Home, Caprice, The Beverly Hillbillies), dementia. Rex Sorensen, 73, American media executive. Yosef Sorinov, 72, Israeli footballer (Maccabi Netanya, Beitar Jerusalem, national team). Clive Swift, 82, English actor (The National Health, Keeping Up Appearances, A Passage to India) and songwriter. Les Thornton, 84, British professional wrestler (Stampede, NWA, WWF). Thuppettan, 89, Indian Malayalam playwright. Neville Watt, 88, Australian rugby league player (Balmain Tigers). Doug Wendt, 91, Australian footballer. Wade Wilson, 60, American football player (Minnesota Vikings, Oakland Raiders) and coach (Chicago Bears), heart attack. 2 Catherine Burns, 73, American actress (Last Summer, Me, Natalie, Red Sky at Morning), complications from a fall and cirrhosis. Sean Cronin, 60, American meteorologist and politician. Arunendu Das, 81, Indian musician. William Davis, 85, German-born British journalist (BBC). Walter James Edyvean, 80, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Boston (2001–2014). Carol Emshwiller, 97, American author (The Mount). Michael Ferguson, 60, Canadian civil servant, Auditor General (since 2011), cancer. Michelle King, 57, American educator, cancer. Libby Komaiko, 69, American dancer, pneumonia. Arman Loni, 35, Pakistani politician, PTM leader, blunt force trauma. Alaa Mashzoub, 50, Iraqi novelist and writer, expert on the History of the Jews in Iraq, shot. Slobodan Peladić, 57, Serbian artist. Irene Krugman Rudnick, 89, American politician, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1972–1976, 1981–1984, 1987–1994). Clarence Servold, 91, Canadian cross-country skier. Bill Sims, 69, American blues pianist. William Slater, 78, Canadian Olympic swimmer. Special Tiara, 11, Irish racehorse, euthanized. 3 Shukri Abrahams, 50, South African cricketer (Eastern Province). Julie Adams, 92, American actress (Creature from the Black Lagoon, Bend of the River, Murder, She Wrote). Renato Giuseppe Bosisio, 88–89, Italian-born Canadian academic. Novak Bošković, 29, Serbian handball player, suicide by gunshot. Glenn Brady, 83, American football coach (Chadron State Eagles, Milwaukee Panthers, Sacramento State Hornets). Irv Brown, 83, American basketball referee and sportscaster. Jeetendra Singh Bundela, 60, Indian politician. Wallace Chafe, 91, American linguist. Detsl, 35, Russian hip hop artist, heart attack. Carmen Duncan, 76, Australian actress (Harlequin, Another World, Turkey Shoot), cancer. Bob Friend, 88, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Mets, New York Yankees). Richard Lacey, 78, British microbiologist. Irving Lavin, 91, American art historian. Emily Levine, 73, American humorist, lung cancer. Tapan Mitra, 70, Indian-born American economist. Stephen Negoesco, 93, Romanian-American Hall of Fame soccer player and manager. Jüri Pihl, 64, Estonian politician, Minister of the Interior (2007–2009). Peter Posa, 77, New Zealand guitarist. Ruan Xueyu, 86, Chinese engineer. John Sinclair, 79, Australian conservationist. Barbra Casbar Siperstein, 76, American lawyer and LGBT activist. Kristoff St. John, 52, American actor (The Young and the Restless, The Champ, Generations), hypertrophic heart disease. Joe P. Tolson, 77, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (1997–2014), respiratory failure. Danny Williams, 94, English football player (Rotherham United) and manager (Swindon Town, Sheffield Wednesday). Zhang Yumao, 83, Chinese literary scholar and politician, Vice Mayor of Shenyang, Vice Chairman of the China Democratic League. 4 Giampiero Artegiani, 63, Italian singer-songwriter. Colin Barker, 79, British sociologist and historian. Ramesh Bhatkar, 70, Indian actor (Maherchi Sadi), cancer. Nita Bieber, 92, American actress (Rhythm and Weep, Millie's Daughter, The Prince Who Was a Thief). Yuri Bosco, 88, Russian artist. Matt Brazier, 42, English footballer (QPR, Cardiff City, Leyton Orient), non-Hodgkin follicular lymphoma. Bunny Brown, 60s, Jamaican reggae musician, bone cancer. Isacio Calleja, 82, Spanish footballer (Atlético de Madrid, national team). Awlad Hossain Chakladar, 68, Bangladeshi film producer and director. Sandrine Doucet, 59, French politician, Deputy (2012–2017), cancer. Kermit Eady, 79, American community activist. Fang Fukang, 83, Chinese physicist, President of Beijing Normal University (1989–1995). Naji Keyrouz, 58, Lebanese Olympic judoka (1980). Gary LaPierre, 76, American radio journalist (WBZ), leukemia. Bernard Lietaer, 76, Belgian engineer and economist. John Otho Marsh Jr., 92, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 7th district (1963–1971), Secretary of the Army (1981–1989), heart failure. Leu Mazurkevich, 79, Belarusian football player and manager (BATE Borisov). Harold Mendelsohn, 95, American sociologist. Bruno Messerli, 87, Swiss geographer. Matti Nykänen, 55, Finnish singer and ski jumper, Olympic champion (1984, 1988), pancreatitis and pneumonia. Leonie Ossowski, 93, German writer (Zwei Mütter). Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, 82, Russian composer. Karen Randers-Pehrson, 86, Norwegian actress (Barn av solen). John Rone, 69, American stage actor and director. Véronique Schiltz, 76, French historian. Ove Kristian Sundberg, 86, Norwegian church musician, composer and musicologist. Mohamed Ofei Sylla, 44, Guinean footballer (Gaziantepspor, Denizlispor, national team). Zbigniew Szczepkowski, 66, Polish Olympic cyclist (1976). Ward Thomas, 95, British television executive and World War II fighter pilot. Izzy Young, 90, American-Swedish folklorist and author. 5 André Boudrias, 75, Canadian ice hockey player (Vancouver Canucks, Montreal Canadiens, Minnesota North Stars). Audrey Cleary, 88, American politician, member of the North Dakota House of Representatives (1999–2002). Joe Fascione, 74, Scottish footballer (Chelsea, Dundee United). Kathleen Fraser, 83, American poet. Jean Herskovits, 83, American historian. Peter Hughes, 96, English actor (The Great Muppet Caper, Hope and Glory, Evita), pneumonia. Christine Kay, 54, American journalist and editor (The New York Times, Newsday, Pittsburgh Press), breast cancer. Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur, Indian actor (The Sword of Tipu Sultan, Mann, Jodhaa Akbar) and dancer. Garr King, 83, American judge, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon (since 2009). George Klein, 83, American disc jockey (WLFP) and TV host (Talent Party), complications from dementia. Tapio Lehto, 88, Finnish Olympic triple jumper. Ian McDonald, 95, Australian cricketer (Victoria). Andy Nisbet, 65, Scottish climber, fall. Pericles Panagopoulos, 83, Greek shipping magnate. Joe Presko, 90, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Detroit Tigers). Manasa Qoro, 54, Fijian rugby union player (national team). Miriam Rivera, 38, Mexican reality show personality (There's Something About Miriam, Big Brother Australia 2004). Anne Firor Scott, 97, American historian. Edward H. Simpson, 96, British statistician and civil servant. Ladu Kishore Swain, 71, Indian politician, member of the Lok Sabha (since 2014), kidney disease. Doc Thompson, 49, American radio personality, hit by train. Mel Tomlinson, 65, American dancer and choreographer. Václav Vorlíček, 88, Czech film director (Who Wants to Kill Jessie?, The End of Agent W4C, The Girl on the Broomstick). Guy Webster, 79, American celebrity photographer (The Doors, The Beach Boys, The Rolling Stones), complications from diabetes and liver cancer. Vano Zodelava, 61, Georgian politician, Mayor of Tbilisi (1998–2004), injuries from a traffic collision. 6 Rudi Assauer, 74, German football player (Borussia Dortmund, Werder Bremen) and manager (Schalke 04), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Edwin Barnes, 84, British Roman Catholic priest (since 2011) and former Anglican prelate, Bishop of Richborough (1995–2002). David Beaird, 66, American screenwriter and director (My Chauffeur, Scorchers). Dick Blok, 94, Dutch medievalist. Gizella Bodnár, 92, Hungarian serial burglar. Edward Burn, 96, British legal scholar. Tom Cade, 91, American ornithologist. John Cocks, 52, New Zealand builder and television personality (My House My Castle), kidney cancer. Paul Dewar, 56, Canadian politician, MP (2006–2015), glioblastoma. Jairo do Nascimento, 72, Brazilian footballer (Corinthians, Coritiba), kidney cancer. Yechiel Eckstein, 67, Israeli-American rabbi, founder of International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, heart attack. Manfred Eigen, 91, German biophysical chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (1967). Gerald English, 93, British tenor. Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, 86, British politician. Fang Renqiu, 89, Chinese football player and coach (national team). Michael Green, 88, British theologian. Todor Kavaldzhiev, 85, Bulgarian politician, Vice President (1997–2002). Vikki Orvice, 56, British sports journalist, breast cancer. Rosamunde Pilcher, 94, British author (The Shell Seekers), stroke. Mags Portman, 44, British physician, advocate for PrEP in fight against HIV, mesothelioma. Richard Schwartz, 76, American bridge player. A. S. M. Shahjahan, 78, Bangladeshi officer, Inspector General of Police (1992–1996), complications from Parkinson's disease. Lonnie Simmons, 74, American record producer, founder of Total Experience Records. Ye Qingyao, 91, Taiwanese-born Chinese engineer and politician, Vice Chairman of the Fujian CPPCC. Tilly van der Zwaard, 81, Dutch Olympic athlete (1964, 1968). 7 Chavara Parukutty Amma, 75, Indian dancer and teacher. Miriam Argüello, 91, Nicaraguan politician, President of the National Assembly (1990–2012). Robert Ashby, 79, British actor. John Tyler Bonner, 98, American biologist. John Dingell, 92, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1955–2015), prostate cancer. Albert Finney, 82, English actor (Tom Jones, The Gathering Storm, Big Fish), BAFTA winner (1961), chest infection. Satoshi Hiyamizu, 75, Japanese electrical engineer. James Jackson Hough, 73, American businessman and philanthropist, shot. Per Olov Jansson, 98, Finnish photographer. Al Johnson, 83, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings). Alfred Lecerf, 70, Belgian politician, Mayor of Lontzen (1994–2018) and member of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (1978–1981). Mable Lee, 97, American tap dancer. Legarda, 29, Colombian singer. Rocky Lockridge, 60, American boxer, WBA super featherweight champion (1984–1985), complications from a stroke. Heidi Mohr, 51, German footballer (TuS Niederkirchen, TuS Ahrbach, national team), cancer. Arthur Murphy, 90, Irish broadcaster (Mailbag). Caroline Mwatha, 37, Kenyan human rights activist, bleeding from ruptured uterus after unsafe abortion. Randy Nauert, 74, American surf rock musician (The Bel-Airs, The Challengers), heart attack. Jan Olszewski, 88, Polish politician, Prime Minister (1991–1992). Frank Robinson, 83, American Hall of Fame baseball player (Cincinnati Reds, Baltimore Orioles) and manager (Cleveland Indians), bone cancer. Jörg Schönbohm, 81, German military officer and politician, Inspector of the Army (1991–1992) and Deputy Minister President of Brandenburg (1999–2009). Bill Spence, 78, American hammered dulcimer player. Edward Zigler, 88, American psychologist. 8 Rune Åhlund, 88, Swedish Olympic long-distance runner. Mahesh Anand, 57, Indian actor (Karishmaa, Lahu Ke Do Rang). Seweryn Bialer, 92, German-born American political scientist. Frankie Byrne, 94, Irish Gaelic footballer (Meath). Fernando Clavijo, 63, Uruguayan-born American soccer player (San Diego Sockers, national team) and manager (Colorado Rapids), multiple myeloma. Zbigniew Czajkowski, 98, Polish fencing coach. Sharif Fayez, 73, Afghan academic and politician, Minister of Higher Education (2001–2007), heart attack. Georg Gerster, 90, Swiss journalist and aerial photographer. Knut Haavik, 75, Norwegian journalist and editor (Se og Hør). Dick Kempthorn, 92, American football player (Michigan Wolverines) and businessman. Angel Koritarov, 77, Bulgarian Olympic volleyball player (1964, 1968). Jacques Labertonnière, 92, French racing cyclist. Bert McKasy, 77, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1983–1988). Jim Miller, 76, Scottish linguist. Harald Motzki, 70, Dutch Islam scholar. Walter Munk, 101, Austrian-born American oceanographer, member of the Navy Electronics Laboratory. Cliff Myers, 72, English footballer (Charlton Athletic, Yeovil Town, Torquay United). Anilkumar Patel, 73, Indian politician, prostate cancer. Wolfgang Rindler, 94, Austrian-born American physicist, (Event Horizon, Rindler coordinates). Gary Robinson, 70, Canadian football player (BC Lions). (death announced on this date) Hanno Rumpf, 60, Namibian politician and diplomat, Ambassador to Germany (2003–2006). Robert Ryman, 88, American painter. Kurt Sommerlatt, 90, German football player (Karlsruher SC, Bayern Munich) and manager (Borussia Neunkirchen). Vishnu Wagh, 53, Indian writer. Sergei Yursky, 83, Russian actor (Time, Forward!, The Golden Calf, The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed). 9 Salvatore Bellomo, 67, Belgian professional wrestler (ASW, WWF, ECW), cancer. Bentong, 55, Filipino comedian, actor and television host, cardiac arrest. Satyajit Biswas, 37, Indian politician, shot. Cadet, 28, British rapper, traffic collision. Jerry Casale, 85, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers). Dan Cashman, 85, American actor. Barney Cooney, 84, Australian politician, Senator (1984–2002). Siamion Domash, 69, Belarusian politician, heart attack. Farhad Ebrahimi, 83, Iranian poet and writer. Mario Gerla, 75, Italian computer scientist, pancreatic cancer. Niki Goulandris, 94, Greek philanthropist and painter. Aina Moll Marquès, 88, Spanish philologist of Catalan language and politician. Ana Nisi Goyco, 68, Puerto Rican beauty queen and politician, member of the Senate (1980–1992). Huang Erh-hsuan, 82, Taiwanese politician, MLY (1993–2002). Nicholas Kafoglis, 89, American politician, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (1972–1976) and Senate (1988–1998), complications from broken hip. Mick Kennedy, 57, Irish footballer (Portsmouth, Stoke City, Halifax Town). Katharina Lindner, 39, German-born Scottish footballer (Glasgow City). Shelley Lubben, 50, American adult film actress and anti-pornography activist. Ron W. Miller, 85, American businessman and football player (Los Angeles Rams), President and CEO of The Walt Disney Company (1978–1984), heart failure. Fred Pickering, 78, English footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Everton, national team). Maximilian Reinelt, 30, German rower, Olympic champion (2012) and silver medalist (2016), heart attack. Ian Ross, 72, Scottish footballer (Liverpool, Aston Villa, Peterborough United). Junya Sato, 86, Japanese film director (Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare, Ningen no Shōmei, Never Give Up). Tomi Ungerer, 87, French book illustrator (The Three Robbers, Flat Stanley), cartoonist and film poster designer (Dr. Strangelove). Patricia Nell Warren, 82, American author (The Front Runner). Milt Welch, 94, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers). Phil Western, 47, Canadian electronic musician (Download, PlatEAU). Bruce Williams, 86, American Hall of Fame radio host (WCTC, WMCA). Robert Winter, 94, American architectural historian. Neville Young, 78, New Zealand lawyer, president of the New Zealand National Party (1986–1989). 10 Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi, 54, Nigerian politician, President of the Pan-African Parliament (2012–2015). Carmen Argenziano, 75, American actor (Stargate SG-1, Booker, Angels & Demons). Jogesh Chandra Barman, 69, Indian politician. Virginia Walcott Beauchamp, 98, American educator. Mario Bernardo, 99, Italian cinematographer (Love and Troubles, Love Meetings, The Hawks and the Sparrows) and Resistance fighter. Miranda Bonansea, 92, Italian actress (Hands Off Me!) and voice actress. Babette Brown, 87, South African writer. Red Cashion, 87, American football official (NFL). Terry Dempsey, 77, English-born South African songwriter, struck by gyrocopter. Juanjo Domínguez, 67, Argentine classical guitarist. Eric Dunning, 82, British sociologist. David Ejoor, 87, Nigerian military officer, Chief of Army Staff (1971–1975). Heinz Fütterer, 87, German sprinter, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). Robert Ghanem, 76, Lebanese politician, MP (1992–2018). Dinualdo Gutierrez, 79, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Marbel (1981–2018). Walter B. Jones Jr., 76, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 1995), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Kōji Kitao, 55, Japanese sumo and professional wrestler (AWA, NJPW). Sam McCready, 82, Northern Irish actor, playwright and theatre director. Roderick MacFarquhar, 88, British politician, journalist and historian, MP (1970–1978). Nicolas M. Mondejar, 94, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Romblon (1974–1987) and San Carlos (1987–2001). Fernando Peres, 76, Portuguese football player (Sporting CP, national team) and manager (Sanjoanense). Daniel Silva dos Santos, 36, Brazilian footballer, cancer. Maura Viceconte, 51, Italian Olympic long-distance runner (1996, 2000), suicide by hanging. Jan-Michael Vincent, 73, American actor (Airwolf, The Mechanic, Big Wednesday), heart attack. Michael Wilson, 81, Canadian politician and diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (2006–2009), cancer. Jackie Young, 84, American politician, member of the Hawaii House of Representatives (1990–1994). 11 Ben Abell, 86, American meteorologist. Alix, Princess of Ligne, 89, Luxembourg royal. Vijaya Bapineedu, 82, Indian film director (Gang Leader, Big Boss, Family), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Nora Bennis, 78, Irish political activist. Ricardo Boechat, 66, Argentine-born Brazilian journalist (O Globo, O Dia, Jornal do Brasil), helicopter crash. Winslow Briggs, 90, American plant biologist. James Burns, 89, Canadian executive. Jack Crimian, 92, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Kansas City Athletics, Detroit Tigers). Abelardo Escobar Prieto, 81, Mexican politician, Secretary of Agrarian Reform (2006-2012) and Deputy (2000-2003), kidney failure. Réal Giguère, 85, Canadian television host. He Bingsong, 87, Chinese legal scholar. Ivan Irwin, 91, American-born Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens). Jeffrey Miles, 83, Australian jurist, Chief Justice of the Australian Capital Territory (1985–2002). Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, 93, Afghan politician, Acting President (1992). Taiwo Ogunjobi, 65, Nigerian football player (Shooting Stars, national team) and administrator. Delroy Poyser, 57, Jamaican long jumper, CAC champion (1982), cancer. Eulade Rudahunga, 97, Rwandan Roman Catholic priest. Harvey Scales, 78, American soul singer and songwriter ("Disco Lady", "Love-Itis"), kidney failure and pneumonia. Joe Schlesinger, 90, Canadian journalist (CBC News). Armida Siguion-Reyna, 88, Filipino actress, singer and television host, cancer. Lou Sossamon, 97, American football player (South Carolina Gamecocks, New York Yankees). Allan Wild, 91, New Zealand architect and academic (University of Auckland). 12 Betty Ballantine, 99, British-born American book publisher (Ballantine Books, Bantam Books). Gordon Banks, 81, English footballer (Leicester City, Stoke City, national team), world champion (1966). Rolf Böhme, 84, German politician, Deputy (1972–1982) and Mayor of Freiburg (1982–2002). Christoph Broelsch, 74, German surgeon. Cheng Zhiqing, 84, Chinese chemist and politician, Vice Chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang. Jean E. Fairfax, 98, American educator. Bashir-ud-din Farooqi, 85, Grand Mufti of Jammu and Kashmir. David Forden, 88, American intelligence officer (CIA), complications from Alzheimer's disease. W. E. B. Griffin, 89, American writer (Brotherhood of War, The Corps, Badge of Honor), cancer. George Grindley, 93, New Zealand geologist. Altay Hajiyev, 87, Azerbaijani painter. George Irish, 76, Montserratian academic, musician and writer. Georg Jann, 85, German organ builder. Afsir Karim, 85, Indian army general and author. Ferenc Keserű, 72, Hungarian Olympic cyclist (1968). Godzilla, 31, Tanzanian rapper. Lyndon LaRouche, 96, American political activist, founder of the LaRouche movement. Olli Lindholm, 54, Finnish singer and guitarist (Appendix, Yö), seizure. Suresh Luthra, 74, Indian cricketer (Delhi). Pedro Morales, 76, Puerto Rican Hall of Fame professional wrestler (WWA, WWWF) and commentator (WWF Superstars), complications from Parkinson's disease. Austin Rhodes, 81, English rugby league player (St Helens, Leigh) and coach (Swinton). Bisi Silva, 56, Nigerian art curator, cancer. Marisa Solinas, 79, Italian singer and actress (Boccaccio '70, La commare secca, Almost Blue). Lucjan Trela, 76, Polish Olympic boxer (1968). David Walton, 73, British ecologist. Harry Hon Hai Wong, 96, Chinese entrepreneur. Zhan Ziqing, 81, Chinese historian, Vice President of Northeast Normal University. 13 Idriz Ajeti, 101, Kosovar Albanologist. Julius Beinortas, 76, Lithuanian politician. Mohan Singh Bundela, 74, Indian politician. Paul Cain, 89, American Pentecostal minister, pneumonia. Greg Alyn Carlson, 47, American criminal, shot. Jack Coghill, 93, American politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1953–1955, 1957–1959) and Senate (1959–1965, 1985–1990), Lieutenant Governor (1990–1994). Bibi Ferreira, 96, Brazilian actress (Leonora of the Seven Seas, The End of the River) and singer. Eric Harrison, 81, English football player (Halifax Town) and coach (Manchester United). Edith Iglauer, 101, American writer. Connie Jones, 84, American jazz trumpeter. Vitaliy Khmelnytskyi, 75, Ukrainian football player (Dynamo Kyiv, USSR national team) and manager (Granit Cherkasy). Christopher Knopf, 91, American screenwriter and union executive, president of WGA and IAWG, heart failure. Miroslav Kusý, 87, Slovak political scientist, heart failure. Helene Machado, 92, American baseball player (Peoria Redwings, Fort Wayne Daisies). Dick Manville, 93, American baseball player (Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs). Baqar Naqvi, 83, Pakistani Urdu poet and translator. Joyce Anne Noel, 86, American beauty queen, Miss Rhode Island (1953), Miss Rhode Island USA (1954), First Lady of Rhode Island (1973–1977). Ray Price, 88, American speechwriter (Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford), stroke. Anne Loreille Saunders, 88, British historian. Arif Şirin, 69, Turkish singer and composer, throat cancer. Hans Stadlmair, 89, Austrian conductor. Jörg Streli, 78, Austrian architect. Dezső Tandori, 80, Hungarian poet and writer. Jimmy Turman, 91, American politician, member (1955–1963) and Speaker (1961–1963) of the Texas House of Representatives, stroke. Ted Tsukiyama, 98, American attorney and bonsai enthusiast. Zhang Li, 67, Chinese table tennis player, lung cancer. 14 Michel Bernard, 87, French Olympic middle- and long-distance runner (1960, 1964). Sir David Collins, 69, British educator. Francis D'Souza, 64, Indian politician, Deputy Chief Minister of Goa (2012–2017) and MLA (since 1999), cancer. Tommy Giordano, 93, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics) and scout (Baltimore Orioles), blood infection. John Hanscomb, 94, British politician, Mayor of Bolton (1982–1983). John Hellawell, 75, English footballer (Bradford City). Tokitsunada Hironori, 49, Japanese sumo wrestler, heart failure. David Horowitz, 81, American consumer reporter and journalist (Fight Back! with David Horowitz). Barrie Hutchinson, 92, New Zealand water polo player, British Empire Games silver medalist (1950), rugby union player (Wellington, Auckland). Kao Chun-ming, 89, Taiwanese Presbyterian minister and political prisoner. Rocky Krsnich, 91, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). Kwong Hon-sang, 80, Hong Kong engineer and civil servant, Secretary for Works (1995–1999). Andrea Levy, 62, English author (Small Island, The Long Song), cancer. Simon P. Norton, 66, English mathematician, heart disease. Michael Nudelman, 80, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1996–2009). Neil Papiano, 85, American lawyer. Alfred Radley, 94, British fashion designer. Clinton Wheeler, 59, American basketball player (Bayer Giants Leverkusen, Indiana Pacers). Sergei Zakharov, 68, Russian singer, heart failure. 15 Sal Artiaga, 72, American baseball executive, President of Minor League Baseball (1988–1991). Ellis Avery, 46, American writer (The Teahouse Fire), leiomyosarcoma. Thomas Bruice, 93, American biochemist, complications from a stroke. Kofi Burbridge, 57, American rock multi-instrumentalist (Tedeschi Trucks Band, The Derek Trucks Band, Aquarium Rescue Unit), heart attack. Efrain Chacurian, 94, Argentine-born American soccer player (Racing Club, Bridgeport Vasco da Gama, national team). Terry Charman, 68, English military historian and museum curator (Imperial War Museum), cancer. Erminie Cohen, 92, Canadian politician, Senator (1993–2001). Thomas Joseph Costello, 89, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Syracuse (1978–2004). Pence Dacus, 87, American football player (Texas State Bobcats) and coach (Pepperdine Waves). Siegfried Engelmann, 87, American educationist, co-developer of Direct Instruction. Sir Charles Farr, 59, British civil servant, Chair of Joint Intelligence Committee (since 2015), cancer. Jens Feder, 80, Norwegian physicist. Antonio César Fernández, 72, Spanish Salesian missionary, shot. Sara Gizaw, 90, Ethiopian aristocrat. Ragnar Halvorsen, 94, Norwegian businessman and union leader, Chairman of the Export Council (1987–1992). Shamil Isayev, 54, Russian footballer (Uralan Elista, Tavriya Simferopol, Spartak Vladikavkaz). Gene Littler, 88, American Hall of Fame professional golfer, U.S. Open winner (1961). Al Mahmud, 82, Bangladeshi poet and novelist, pneumonia. Zlatica Mijatović, 96, Serbian Olympic gymnast (1948). Adriano Ossicini, 98, Italian politician, Senator (1968–1992, 1996–2001) and Minister for Family (1995–1996), complications from a fall. Mohamed Purnomo, 57, Indonesian Olympic sprinter (1984), cancer. Lee Radziwill, 85, American socialite. Erika Simon, 91, German archaeologist. Dave Smith, 78, American archivist (Walt Disney). John Stalker, 79, British police officer, Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police (1984–1987). J. Mary Taylor, 87, American mammalogist. Mikhail Yuryev, 59, Russian politician, Member of the Duma (1996–1999). 16 Sam Bass, 57, American motorsports artist, sepsis. Don Bragg, 83, American pole vaulter, Olympic champion (1960), complications from Parkinson's disease. Patrick Caddell, 68, American pollster, complications from a stroke. Fang Huai, 101, Chinese military officer, major general of PLA. Bruno Ganz, 77, Swiss actor (Downfall, Wings of Desire, Nosferatu the Vampyre), colorectal cancer. Richard N. Gardner, 91, American diplomat, Ambassador to Italy (1977–1981) and Spain and Andorra (1993–1997). Gu Linfang, 90, Chinese police official and politician, Secretary-General of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission and Vice Minister of Public Security. Jeffrey Hart, 88, American cultural critic. Michael Killisch-Horn, 78, Austrian politician, announcer and skier, MP (1986–1990). Juan Incháustegui, 80, Peruvian engineer and politician, Minister of Energy and Mines (1984–1985) and of Industry, Foreign Trade and Tourism (2001), Senator (1990–1992). Thomas R. Kane, 94, American engineer. Li Rui, 101, Chinese politician, historian and dissident, organ failure. Albert Ludwig, 99, Canadian politician, Alberta MLA (1959–1975) Bernie McCarthy, 75, Australian VFL footballer (North Melbourne) Serge Merlin, 86, French actor (Amélie, The City of Lost Children). Charles Mungoshi, 71, Zimbabwean writer, cerebral atrophy from stroke. Ken Nordine, 98, American voice-over and recording artist (Word Jazz, Son of Word Jazz, Love Words). Frank Pitura, 75, Canadian politician, member of the Manitoba Legislature (1995–2003). Theodore Isaac Rubin, 95, American psychiatrist. Shelly Saltman, 87, American sports promoter. Silvestre Luís Scandián, 87, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Araçuaí (1975–1981) and Archbishop of Vitória (1984–2004). Nani Soedarsono, 90, Indonesian politician, Minister of Social Welfare (1983–1988). Kees Stoop, 89, Dutch artist. Albert Vorspan, 95, American political activist. Eyvind Wichmann, 90, Finnish-born American theoretical physicist. 17 Joseph Akouissone, 76, Central African filmmaker and journalist. Monjur Ahmed Bacchu Mia, 84, Bangladeshi politician. Eduardo Bauzá, 79, Argentine politician, Minister of Health (1989–1990) and of the Interior (1989–1990), Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers (1995–1996). Ragnar Christiansen, 96, Norwegian politician, Minister of Finance (1971–1972), Minister of Transport (1976–1978) and County Governor of Buskerud (1979–1989). Ethel Ennis, 86, American jazz singer, stroke. Carlos Flores, 44, Peruvian footballer (Universitario, national team), heart attack. Paul Flynn, 84, British politician, MP for Newport West (since 1987). Alberto Gutman, 60, Cuban-born American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1984–1992) and Senate (1992–1999). Kálmán Györgyi, 79, Hungarian jurist and academic, Chief Prosecutor (1990–2000). Eric P. Hamp, 98, American linguist. Bill Jenkins, 73, American epidemiologist, complications from sarcoidosis. Antons Justs, 87, Latvian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jelgava (1995–2011). Ami Maayani, 83, Israeli composer, cancer. S. M. Qureshi, 83, Pakistani academician and civil servant. Paul Ramos, 28, Argentine footballer (Belgrano, Sport Loreto, Gimnasia y Esgrima), traffic collision. Frederico Rosa, 61, Portuguese footballer (Boavista, Estrela Amadora, national team), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Šaban Šaulić, 67, Serbian folk singer, traffic collision. Kelly Seymour, 82, South African cricketer (Western Province, national team). Johnny Valentine, 88, Scottish footballer (Queen's Park, Rangers, St Johnstone). 18 Thomas T. Allsen, 78–79, American historian. Anna Borgeryd, 49, Swedish business executive (Polarbröd). Wallace Smith Broecker, 87, American geophysicist, coined the term "global warming". John Carlisle, 76, British politician, MP (1979–1997), heart attack. George Cawkwell, 99, New Zealand classical scholar. Ragnar Christiansen, 96, Norwegian politician, MP (1958–1977), Minister of Finance (1971–1972) and Transport (1976–1978). O'Neal Compton, 68, American actor (Deep Impact, Roadracers, Kill Me Later). Kevin Conner, 92, American theologian. T. J. Cunningham, 46, American football player (Seattle Seahawks), shot. Stewart Dalzell, 75, American senior judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Charles Deblois, 79, Canadian politician, member of the House of Commons (1988–1993). Brian Edgley, 81, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town, Cardiff City, Brentford). Mary Ann Feldman, 85, American music critic. Skip Groff, 70, American record producer and DJ, seizure. Jan Hermansson, 76, Swedish aikidoka. Pamela Huby, 96, British philosopher. Louise Manoogian Simone, 85, American philanthropist, president of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (1989–2002). Alessandro Mendini, 87, Italian architect and designer (Groninger Museum). Toni Myers, 75, Canadian IMAX documentarian (Space Station 3D, Hubble, A Beautiful Planet), cancer. Nafiu Osagie, 85, Nigerian Olympic high jumper (1952). Jean Périsson, 94, French conductor. Wim Richter, 72, South African chemist. Kor Sarr, 43, Senegalese football player (Beauvais, Caen) and manager (AS Pikine). Laura Solomon, 44, New Zealand novelist, brain cancer. George Springer, 94, American mathematician and computer scientist. Russell Sugarmon, 89, American judge and politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1967–1969). John Traupman, 96, American classical scholar. Ram Shankar Tripathi, 89, Indian Buddhist scholar. Bob Van Der Veken, 90, Belgian actor (De Collega's). Peter Wells, 69, New Zealand writer and filmmaker (Desperate Remedies), prostate cancer. 19 Marie-Claire Bancquart, 86, French poet and literary critic. Dick Boushka, 84, American basketball player, Olympic gold medallist (1956). Giulio Brogi, 83, Italian actor (Days of Fire, Morel's Invention, The Yes Man). Clark Dimond, 77, American musician and writer. Amir Gulistan Janjua, 95, Pakistani army officer and governor of the North-West Frontier Province. Hu Peiquan, 98, Chinese aerospace engineer and educator. Paul Janeczko, 73, American poet and anthologist. Muhammad Khasru, 73, Bangladeshi journalist, complications from diabetes and pneumonia. Alan R. King, 64, British linguist. Karl Lagerfeld, 85, German fashion designer (Chloé, Fendi, Chanel), pancreatic cancer. Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi, 86, Congolese politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1999–2000) and Vice-President (2003–2006). Don Newcombe, 92, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians). João Paulo dos Reis Veloso, 87, Brazilian economist, Minister of Planning (1969–1979), president of the Institute of Applied Economic Research (1969). Namvar Singh, 92, Indian writer. Artie Wayne, 77, American musician, songwriter and record producer. Ewald Weibel, 89, Swiss biologist. Stanley Wolpert, 91, American Indologist. 20 Chelo Alonso, 85, Cuban actress (Goliath and the Barbarians, Morgan the Pirate, Run, Man, Run). An Zuozhang, 92, Chinese historian, heart attack. Amar Basu, 79, Indian politician. Dominick Argento, 91, American composer, Pulitzer Prize winner (1975). Mark Bramble, 68, American theatre director and producer (Barnum, 42nd Street), cardiovascular hypertension. William Broomfield, 96, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan's 18th and 19th districts (1957–1993). Alma Butia, 90, Croatian Olympic sprinter (1948). Fabien Clain, 41, French terrorist, airstrike. Teotónio de Souza, 72, Portuguese historian. Dimosthenis Theocharidis, 104, Greek politician. John P. Flaherty Jr., 87, American judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1996–2001). David P. B. Fitzpatrick, 69, Irish historian. Fred Foster, 87, American Hall of Fame record producer ("Only the Lonely", "Oh, Pretty Woman") and songwriter ("Me and Bobby McGee"). Joe Gibbon, 83, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, Cincinnati Reds). Claude Goretta, 89, Swiss film director (The Invitation, La provinciale, The Death of Mario Ricci). Kemal Karpat, 96, Turkish historian, multiple organ failure. James W. Lance, 92, Australian neurologist. Francisco Mañosa, 88, Filipino architect (Coconut Palace, EDSA Shrine), National Artist (2018). Augustus Richard Norton, 72, American professor. Michael Pereira, 86, Kenyan Olympic hockey player (1956). Nandyala Srinivasa Reddy, 101, Indian politician. Peter Rüchel, 81, German music journalist, founder of Rockpalast. Herlinda Sánchez Laurel, 77, Mexican artist. Bruno Schroder, 86, British banker (Schroders). Vinny Vella, 72, American actor (Casino, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, The Sopranos) and comedian, liver cancer. Boris Vieru, 61, Moldovan politician and journalist, MP (2009–2014). William von Raab, 77, American attorney. Ekkehard Wlaschiha, 80, German operatic baritone, Grammy winner (1990, 1991). Ken Young, 76, British political scientist. Zhang Wenbin, 81, Chinese archaeologist, curator and politician, Director of the National Cultural Heritage Administration (1996–2002). 21 Gus Backus, 81, American singer (The Del-Vikings). Brahmanapalli Balaiah, Indian politician, MLA (1978–1983), heart attack. Rajkumar Barjatya, 75–76, Indian movie producer. Jean-Christophe Benoît, 93, French baritone. Bernard Berg, 87, Luxembourgian politician, Deputy Prime Minister (1976–1979). Triny Bourkel, 91, Luxembourgian Olympic athlete (1948). Paolo Brera, 69, Italian novelist and journalist, heart attack. Nick Cafardo, 62, American sports journalist (The Boston Globe), embolism. Sue Casey, 92, American actress (The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Rear Window, American Beauty). Maurizio Clerici, 89, Italian Olympic rower (1956). Sequeira Costa, 89, Portuguese pianist, cancer. Stanley Donen, 94, American film director (Singin' in the Rain, On the Town, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers), heart failure. E Dongchen, 79, Chinese earth scientist and polar explorer. Edward Enfield, 89, British television and radio presenter, and newspaper journalist. Julio Fuller, 62, Costa Rican footballer (Limonense, Cartaginés, national team). Harri Järvi, 79, Finnish footballer (HPK, national team). Giuseppe Mifsud Bonnici, 88, Maltese magistrate, Chief Justice (1990–1995) and member of the European Court of Human Rights (1992–1998). Mohammad Momen, 81, Iranian Faqīh and politician. Sir Rupert Myers, 98, Australian metallurgist and academic, Vice-Chancellor of the University of New South Wales (1969–1981). Lee Ocran, Ghanaian politician, MP (2005–2009) and Minister for Education (2012–2013). Alojzy Orszulik, 90, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Łowicz (1992–2004). Beverley Owen, 81, American actress (The Munsters), ovarian cancer. Antonia Rey, 92, Cuban-born American actress. Herlinda Sánchez Laurel, 77, Mexican artist. Jackie Shane, 78, American singer. Peter Tork, 77, American musician and actor (The Monkees), complications of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Lionel Upton, 94, Australian footballer (North Melbourne). Hilde Zadek, 101, German soprano. 22 Jeff Adachi, 59, American attorney, San Francisco Public Defender (since 2003), heart attack. Frank Ballance, 77, American politician and convicted criminal, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2003–2004), North Carolina House (1983–1986) and Senate (1989–2002), complications during surgery. Victor J. Banis, 82, American author, liver cancer. Werner Beierwaltes, 87, German philosophy historian. Aston Cooke, 61, Jamaican dramatist and playwright. Clark James Gable, 30, American actor and television host (Cheaters), accidental drug overdose. Joe Goddard, 86, Trinidadian sprinter (1956). Ron Hooker, 83, English cricketer (Middlesex, Buckinghamshire). Werner Ipta, 76, German footballer (FC Schalke 04, Bayern Munich, Hertha BSC). Slobodan Kuljanin, 65, Serbian-Bosnian footballer (Borac Banja Luka). Josephine Mandamin, 77, Canadian Anishinaabe water activist (Mother Earth Water Walk), pancreatic cancer. Kodi Ramakrishna, 69, Indian film director (Ankusam, Ammoru, Arundhati), lung infection. Yadollah Samareh, 82, Iranian linguist. Jeff Sitar, 57, American locksmith. Brody Stevens, 48, American comedian and actor (The Hangover, Chelsea Lately, Brody Stevens: Enjoy It!), suicide by hanging. Sun Wei, 83, Chinese civil engineer, member of the Academy of Engineering (since 2005). Wang Yening, 92, Chinese physicist, member of the Academy of Sciences (since 1991). Morgan Woodward, 93, American actor (Cool Hand Luke, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Dallas), cancer. 23 Bob Adams, 94, Canadian Olympic decathlete. Marella Agnelli, 91, Italian art collector and socialite. Roger Ainsworth, 67, British engineer, cancer. Stan Applebaum, 96, American musician, composer and arranger ("Save the Last Dance for Me", "Stand By Me", "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"). Ron Avery, 62, American sport shooter, cancer. Ko Channabasappa, 96, Indian writer. Douglas, 51, Brazilian-born Swedish scarlet macaw actor (Pippi in the South Seas). Néstor Espenilla, 60, Filipino banker, Governor of the Bangko Sentral (since 2017), cancer. Gillian Freeman, 89, British author (The Undergrowth of Literature) and screenwriter (The Leather Boys, That Cold Day in the Park). Ira Gitler, 90, American jazz historian and journalist. Brian Halton, 77, British-born New Zealand organic chemist and academic (Victoria University of Wellington). Katherine Helmond, 89, American actress (Soap, Who's the Boss?, Brazil), Golden Globe winner (1980, 1988), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Muhammad Tajammal Hussain, 53, Pakistani politician, member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab (2002–2018), heart attack. Natacha Jaitt, 41, Argentinian model, radio and television presenter. Ann Kendall, 80, British archaeologist. Johnnie Lovesin, 69, Canadian rock musician. Dorothy Masuka, 83, Zimbabwean-born South African jazz singer, complications from hypertension. Carl Meinhold, 92, American basketball player (Providence Steamrollers, Chicago Stags, Scranton Miners). Jill Morgenthaler, 64, American military officer and politician. Benny Nielsen, 67, Danish footballer (Næstved, K. Beerschot V.A.C., national team). Franziska Pigulla, 54, German voice actress. S. Rajendran, 62, Indian politician, MP (since 2014), traffic collision. Sebring, 13, Australian racehorse and sire, heart attack. Andrew Shapter, 52, American film director (Before the Music Dies, Happiness Is, The Teller and the Truth), cancer. Ricardo J. Vicent Museros, 80, Spanish printer and publisher. Shmuel Wolf, 85, Israeli actor (An American Hippie in Israel, Fifty-Fifty), multiple system atrophy. Boris Zhuravlyov, 72, Russian football player (Dynamo Stavropol, Lokomotiv Moscow) and manager (Laos national team). 24 Paul Allaire, 80, American chief executive (Xerox). Raymond Bellot, 89, French footballer (Toulouse, Monaco, Stade Français). Paul Blackwell, 64, Australian actor (The Quiet Room, Dr. Plonk, 100 Bloody Acres), cancer. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, 88, German legal scholar. Ole Johs. Brunæs, 83, Norwegian politician, MP (1989–2001). Philip Cummins, 79, Australian jurist, Supreme Court judge (1988–2009), chair of the Victorian Law Reform Commission (since 2012). Subodh Das, 71, Indian politician, member of Tripura Legislative Assembly (1977–2018), Panchayet Minister of Tripura Government (1993–2004). Ian Eliason, 73, New Zealand rugby union player (Taranaki, national team). Susan J. Ellis, 70, American non-fiction writer, cancer. Trevor Eyton, 85, Canadian businessman and politician, Senator (1990–2009). Patricia Garwood, 78, British actress (The Lavender Hill Mob, Petticoat Pirates, No Place Like Home), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Antoine Gizenga, 93, Congolese politician, Prime Minister (1960–1961, 2006–2008). Donald Keene, 96, American-born Japanese historian and writer, heart failure. T. Jack Lee, 83, American engineer, director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (1989–1994), pancreatic cancer. Li Xueqin, 85, Chinese historian and palaeographer, Director of the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Carrie Ann Lucas, 47, American disability rights advocate and attorney, complications from septic shock. Nyandika Maiyoro, 88, Kenyan Olympic long-distance runner (1956, 1960), tuberculosis. Patrick McCarthy, 67, American fashion magazine publisher and editor (Women's Wear Daily). Arthur Pardee, 97, American biochemist. Johnny Romano, 84, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals). Dame Margaret Scott, 96, South African-Australian ballet dancer. Herbert Stuart, 95, British Anglican priest, RAF Chaplain-in-Chief (1980–1983). Richard S. Wheeler, 83, American writer and newspaper editor. Mac Wiseman, 93, American bluegrass musician (Foggy Mountain Boys). Lothar Zenetti, 93, German theologian and hymnist ("Segne dieses Kind"). 25 Janet Asimov, 92, American science fiction writer, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst. Chantal duPont, 76, Canadian artist. Peter Fox, 85, English rugby league player (Batley Bulldogs) and coach (Featherstone Rovers, Bradford Northern). Fred Gloden, 100, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Miami Seahawks). John Herron, 86, Australian politician and diplomat, Senator (1990–2002), Ambassador to Ireland and the Holy See (2003–2006). Mark Hollis, 64, English singer-songwriter (Talk Talk). Roland Leroy, 92, French journalist and politician. Waldo Machado, 84, Brazilian footballer (Fluminense, Valencia, national team). Graham Newton, 76, English football player (Walsall, Atlanta Chiefs) and manager (Worcester City). Paulo Nogueira Neto, 96, Brazilian environmentalist, Secretary of the Environment (1974–1986). Kathleen O'Malley, 94, American actress (My Old Dutch, Wagon Master). Kenneth Pitt, 96, British publicist and talent manager (David Bowie). Nikhil Sen, 87, Bangladeshi dramatist. Lisa Sheridan, 44, American actress (Invasion, FreakyLinks, Strange Nature), complications from chronic alcoholism. Oleksandr Tikhonov, 80, Ukrainian pharmacist. Agnes Ullmann, 91, French biochemist. Nelson Zeglio, 92, Brazilian footballer (Sochaux, CA Paris, Roubaix-Tourcoing). 26 Andy Anderson, 68, English rock drummer (The Cure, The Glove, Steve Hillage), cancer. Aytaç Arman, 69, Turkish actor (The Enemy, Night Journey, Hunting Time), cancer. Christian Bach, 59, Argentine-Mexican actress (Bodas de odio, De pura sangre, El secreto), respiratory failure. Harry F. Barnes, 86, American senior judge of the District Court for the Western District of Arkansas. Mickey Channell, 76, American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives (1992–2015). Jayatilleke De Silva, 80, Sri Lankan author and journalist. Bobby Doyle, 65, Scottish footballer (Peterborough United, Portsmouth). Uday Bhanu Hans, 92, Indian poet. Mitzi Hoag, 86, American actress (We'll Get By). Tony Honoré, 96, British lawyer and jurist. Murv Jacob, 74, American artist. Magnus Lindberg, 66, Swedish musician, cancer. Charles McCarry, 88, American novelist, complications from cerebral hemorrhage. Ruge Mutahaba, 49, Tanzanian media executive. Ivar Nilsson, 85, Swedish Olympic speed skater (1960, 1964). Grace Quintanilla, 51, Mexican art curator. Manakkal Rangarajan, 96, Indian classical vocalist. Dennis Richardson, 69, American politician, member of the Oregon House of Representatives (2003–2015) and Secretary of State (since 2017), brain cancer. Jeraldine Saunders, 95, American writer and astrologer, creator of The Love Boat, complications from kidney stone surgery. Thomas L. Shaffer, 84, American legal scholar. George Stade, 85, American literary scholar and novelist, pneumonia. Andrejs Žagars, 60, Latvian actor (Ilgais ceļš kāpās, The Life of Klim Samgin, Abduction of the Wizard). 27 Rabindra Prasad Adhikari, 49, Nepalese politician, Minister of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (since 2018), helicopter crash. César Borda, 25, Argentine footballer (Talleres, UAI Urquiza), suicide by hanging. Sandra Faire, Canadian television producer (Comedy Now!, The Holmes Show, Video Hits). Pierrette Fleutiaux, 77, French writer. Altaf Hussain, 76–77, Bangladeshi cricketer. Bill Landeryou, 77, Australian politician and trade unionist, member of the Victorian Legislative Council (1976–1992). António Mendes, 79, Portuguese footballer (Benfica, Vitória de Guimarães, national team). Jerry Merryman, 86, American electrical engineer, heart and kidney failure. Milton Morris, 94, Australian politician, NSW MP (1956–1980) and Minister for Transport (1965–1975), complications from a stroke. Buzwani Mothobi, 80, Zimbabwean diplomat, Ambassador to Japan and Korea, cancer. Edward Nixon, 88, American business consultant and political campaigner (Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign). Giovanni Piana, 78, Italian philosopher. Bill Playle, 80, New Zealand cricketer (national team). Mike Rebhan, 51, American baseball player (Georgia Bulldogs), cancer. France-Albert René, 83, Seychellois politician, President (1977–2004) and Prime Minister (1976–1977), respiratory failure. Michel Sainte-Marie, 80, French politician, Mayor of Mérignac (1974–2014) and MP (1973–2012). Doug Sandom, 89, English drummer (The Who). Janine Tavernier, 83, Haitian poet and novelist. Nathaniel Taylor, 80, American actor (Sanford and Son, What's Happening!!, Trouble Man), heart attack. Willie Williams, 87, American athlete, 100 metres world record holder (1956). 28 Shah Alamgir, 62, Bangladeshi journalist, leukemia. Zdzisław Antczak, 71, Polish handball player, Olympic bronze medallist (1976). Lewis Aron, 66, American psychoanalyst. Xabier Arzalluz, 86, Spanish lawyer and academic, president of PNV (1980–1984, 1987–2004) and Deputy (1977–1980). María Ignacia Benítez, 60, Chilean politician. Ed Bickert, 86, Canadian jazz guitarist. Peter Dolby, 78, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town). Jim Fritsche, 87, American basketball player (Minneapolis Lakers, Baltimore Bullets, Fort Wayne Pistons). Joe Girard, 90, American salesman and author, injuries sustained in a fall. Lou Wills Hildreth, 90, American gospel singer and talent agent. Sarah Lee Lippincott, 98, American astronomer. Noel Mulcahy, 89, Irish politician, member of the Seanad Éireann (1977–1981). Norma Paulus, 85, American lawyer and politician, Oregon Secretary of State (1977–1985), complications from dementia. André Previn, 89, German-born American composer (Gigi, Elmer Gantry) and conductor (My Fair Lady), Oscar winner (1959, 1960, 1964, 1965). Stanley Price, 87, British novelist and playwright. Mervyn J. Rolfe, 71, Scottish politician. Bruce Rosier, 90, Australian Anglican prelate, Bishop of Willochra (1970–1987). Ram Lal Singh, 90, Indian politician, MLA (1985–1990) and (1995–2000). Aron Tager, 84, American actor (Donkey Kong Country, X-Men, Serendipity). Elliot Griffin Thomas, 92, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint Thomas (1993–1999). References 2019-02 02

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Michael%20Gaughan

Vincent Michael Gaughan

Vincent Michael Gaughan is a Cook County Circuit Court Judge in Cook County, Illinois who presided in the historic trial of Jason Van Dyke, the Chicago Police officer who killed Laquan McDonald. Early years Gaughan's parents were Irish immigrants who attended the St. Vincent de Paul Church, their local parish church. He was named "Vincent". Their family home was in Lincoln Park. Education In 1964, he earned his Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) at the University of Illinois. He earned his law degree at DePaul University College of Law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in September 1972. Career Gaughan joined the army after university and graduated from the Artillery Officer Candidate School in Fort Sill, Oklahoma where he was "commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for valor for his service in the Vietnam war (-1968). He worked in the Cook County public defender's office from 1973 until 1991. He started out as a courtroom lawyer. Later he was a "felony trial lawyer supervisor". In 1991, he was appointed to the Cook County, Illinois bench. He was elected as judge in 1992. In May and June 2008, he presided over the jury trial of the American singer and record producer, R. Kelly, in which Kelly was acquitted on all counts of child pornography charges. The men found guilty in the Brown's Chicken massacre case in 2007 and 2009, were convicted in Gaughan's courtroom. Judge Gaughan presided in the historic trial of Jason Van Dyke, the police officer who killed the 17-year-old African American Laquan McDonald on October 20, 2014, in Chicago, Illinois. On June 6, 2016, Judge Gaughan agreed to name a special prosecutor for this case. On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second degree murder. Judge Gaughan set the sentencing hearing date for January 18, 2019 and "lifted a decorum order, which will allow the Chicago Police Board to move ahead with disciplinary action against Van Dyke." The New York Times described it as the case that changed Chicago. A revealing February 10, 2015 article in Slate entitled "Sixteen Shots" by an independent Chicago-based journalist, placed the Chicago Police Department under public scrutiny. In 2015, a year after McDonald's death, Judge Gaughan forced the City of Chicago to release police dashboard-camera video showing the accused shooting the victim. On December 13, 2017, Judge Gaughan, "quashed a subpoena seeking the reporter Jamie Kalven's testimony, ending a battle over Mr. Kalven’s sources" saying that "the subpoena by the defense lacked specifics and sought 'irrelevant and privileged material'". An article in the Chicago Tribune, described the case as "another high-profile trial" for Judge M. Gaughan, an "idiosyncratic judge who set the standard for how Cook County handles headline-making cases" in his "ornate courtroom" with a "distant view of Chicago's skyline. According to The New York Times, Judge Gaughan "is viewed as a mercurial jurist." Attorney Steven Greenberg said that "If you’re Jason Van Dyke, I don’t think you can ask for a better judge to hear this case. Judge Gaughan is unique and he’s certainly opinionated, but he will go out of his way to make sure everyone gets a fair hearing." Personal life When Vincent Gaughan returned from Vietnam, he lived with his parents in Lincoln Park. In April 1970, then 28-year-old Gaughan, a law student and war hero, who suffered from anxiety after the war, faced charges including aggravated assault. Gaughan has been active in the Illinois branch of the American Legion since the 1990s when he served as its commander. Notes References Living people 1940s births DePaul University College of Law alumni Grainger College of Engineering alumni Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War Public defenders Date of birth missing (living people)

59727799

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20accidents%20and%20incidents%20involving%20military%20aircraft%20%281943%E2%80%931944%29

List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1943–1944)

This is a list of notable accidents and incidents involving military aircraft grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred. Not all of the aircraft were in operation at the time. For more exhaustive lists, see the Aircraft Crash Record Office or the Air Safety Network or the Dutch Scramble Website Brush and Dustpan Database. Combat losses are not included except for a very few cases denoted by singular circumstances. Aircraft terminology Information on aircraft gives the type, and if available, the serial number of the operator in italics, the constructors number, also known as the manufacturer's serial number (c/n), exterior codes in apostrophes, nicknames (if any) in quotation marks, flight callsign in italics, and operating units. 1943 January (?) "Aviation Cadet Henry A. McGinnis, East Falls Church, Va., crashed within a block of his own home recently while on a routine training flight from the Naval Air Base at Anacostia. He was taken to the Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland, where his condition was reported not serious." 1 January The sole Lockheed XP-49, 40-3055, a development of the P-38 Lightning, first flown 11 November 1942, suffers a crash landing at Burbank, California when the port landing gear fails to lock down due to a combined hydraulic and electrical problem. Pilot was Joe C. Towle. Repaired, it returns to flight on 16 February 1943, and is sent to Wright Field, Ohio, for further testing. Despite improved performance over the P-38, difficulties with the new engines, as well as the success of the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and the P-51 Mustang, leads to no additional orders or production. 3 January Boeing B-17F-27-BO Flying Fortress, 41-24620, c/n 3305, "snap! crackle! pop!", 'PU-O', of the 360th Bomb Squadron, 303rd Bomb Group, on daylight raid over Saint-Nazaire, France, loses wing due to flak, goes into spiral. Ball turret gunner Alan Eugene Magee (1919–2003), though suffering 27 shrapnel wounds, bails out (or is thrown from wreckage) without his chute at ~, loses consciousness due to altitude, freefall plunges through glass roof of the Gare de Saint-Nazaire and is found alive but with serious injuries on floor of depot:saved by German medical care, spends rest of war in prison camp. On 3 January 1993, the people of St. Nazaire honored Magee and the crew of his bomber by erecting a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) memorial to them. 6 January At 1735 CWT, three miles W of White City, Kansas, a Consolidated B-24D-13-CO Liberator, 41-23961, c/n 756, of the 469th Bomb Squadron, 333d Bomb Group, out of Topeka Army Air Base, Kansas, piloted by Robert Clyne, suffers a catastrophic structural failure due to ice. All are killed instantly except for Lt Maleckas, who makes it out with a parachute. 6 January Consolidated B-24D-20-CO Liberator, 41-24202, c/n 997, of the 504th Bomb Squadron, 346th Bomb Group, out of Salina Army Airfield, Kansas, suffers fire in flight, crashes 15 miles SW of Madill, Oklahoma, destroyed by fire. Pilot was R. G. Bishop. 13 January Junkers Ju 290 V1, (Junkers Ju 90 V11), modified from Ju 90B-1, Werknummer 90 0007, D-AFHG, "Oldenberg", crashed on takeoff evacuating load of wounded troops from the German 6th Army at Stalingrad. The need for large capacity transports was so dire at this point that the Luftwaffe was taking Ju 290As straight from the assembly line into operation. 15 January Prototype Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation CA-4 Wackett Bomber, A23-1001, crashes on a test flight to assess powerplant performance and evaluate aerodynamic effects of a new fixed leading edge slat. During return to CAC airfield at Fisherman's Bend, Australia, pilot Sqn. Leader Jim Harper detects fuel leak in port Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine; as problem worsens he attempts shut-down and feathering of propeller but actuation of feathering switch causes explosion and uncontrollable fire. Crew of three attempts evacuation at 1000 feet (300 m), but only pilot Harper succeeds in parachuting, CAC test pilot Jim Carter and CAC power plant group engineer Lionel Dudgeon KWF. Airframe impacts ~three miles SW of Kilmore, Victoria. Wreckage recovered by No. 26 Repair and Salvage Unit on 18 January, delivered to No. 1 Aircraft Depot, RAAF Laverton, on the 19th. Final action taken on 26 January when the Air Member for Supply and Equipment approves "conversion to components" for what remains of the CA-4. 21 January Pan Am Flight 1104, a Martin M-130, the Philippine Clipper, being operated by Pan American Airways for the U.S. Navy, en route from Honolulu to San Francisco, crashes in northern California, in bad weather and poor visibility, killing 19, including 10 Navy passengers. ComSubPac Admiral Robert H. English is killed. 29 January A Douglas B-23 Dragon, 39-052, c/n 2738, of the 390th Bomb Squadron, 42d Bomb Group, assigned at McChord Field, Washington, piloted by Lt. Robert Orr, attempts ferry flight from Tonopah, Nevada, back to McChord Field, with eight aboard, but runs into a snowstorm and has to divert to Gowen Field, Boise, Idaho. Unable to locate another landing field and running low on fuel, pilot spots a clearing which is actually frozen Loon Lake in the Payette National Forest, Stevens County, Washington, and attempts landing, with one engine afire, but overshoots and shears wings as it crashes into a grove of trees on the shore. Only two of eight suffer injuries; wreckage sighted 13 February by veteran civilian pilot Penn Stohr, flying his own private plane from Cascade to Warren, who reports to Gowen Field seeing three men, apparently in uniform, standing around the downed fuselage. His attention was drawn by a string of trees along the south shore with their tops sheared off. Five airmen who remained with the aircraft are rescued by Stohr who twice landed his ski-equipped plane on the lake. Three others who left the crash site to seek help reach the Lake Fork ranger station unaided on 16 February, and telephone Gowen Field. The station is 12 miles E of McCall, and 15 miles SW of Loon Lake. Wreckage is largely still where it came to rest. 5 February Douglas A-20 Havoc, 39–735, modified as prototype Douglas XP-70 night fighter, assigned to the 349th Night Fighter Squadron, 50th Fighter Group (Special), crashes on takeoff from Kissimmee Army Airfield, Florida, coming down 1/2 mile NW of the field, killing pilot James H. Toal. The Army Air Force decides at the end of March that the airframe is beyond repair and scraps it. 5 February A Douglas C-49K, 43-2004, msn 6329, piloted by Anthony R. Mensing, (a DC-3-455 ordered by TWA as NC43982, but taken over by the USAAF before delivery) en route from Fort Nelson, British Columbia, Canada, to Seattle, Washington, crashes 76 miles SW of Fort Nelson at the 8,500 foot level of Mount Mary Henry, killing all eleven on board. The wreckage is discovered by a party of hunters in 1948. The remains were removed in September 1948 by pack horse and seaplane "from the almost inaccessible peak where the plane crashed," to Tuchodi Lake, 20 miles away. There they were loaded aboard a Canadian air force plane to bring them to Fort Nelson. "Removal of the skeletons and the investigation of the wreckage are under the direction of Maj. Max E. Van Bethuysen of the United States air force, aided by Squadron Leader Maxwell Strange of the Canadian air force and Constable William Bolton of British Columbia. Major Van Bethuysen said no trace of gold bullion or currency has been found amid the wreckage. Debris is scattered over a square mile of the mountainside above the timberline, however, and some of it is buried under 9 feet of rock which has fallen from the cliffs rising approximately 1,000 feet above the site. Early rumors that the ill-fated C-49, which crashed Feb. 5, 1943, ... carried nearly half a million dollars in gold and currency, previously were denied by the air force in Washington. However, the searchers found moldy war department documents in United States mail sacks which also contained envelopes addressed to the United States treasury and hundreds of letters from servicemen in Alaska and the Aleutians to their relatives and friends at home. A rubber oxygen mask that had survived the elements still was on the pilot's skull. The investigators said that some scraps of metal from the plane were fused, indicating part of the wreckage had burned. The wide scattering of the debris was taken to indicate that the plane had either had struck the peak with terrific impact, or that it exploded in midair. The answer may never be known." 8 February The second Bell XP-39E Airacobra (of three), 41-19502, is damaged during a forced landing when a Wright Field test pilot runs out of fuel short of Niagara Falls Airport, New York, where the Bell Aircraft plant is located. 9 February "San Francisco, February 9, (AP) – A two-motored navy bomber from the Alameda naval air station crashed into San Francisco bay and exploded this afternoon, apparently killing all five members of the crew. The 12th naval district said the ship, on a test flight, had radioed that one engine was failing and that she was returning to base. Just as the plane was ready to come in for a landing, it was seen to dive abruptly into the bay a few hundred feet offshore from the naval station. An explosion shattered the ship as it struck the water, and a few minutes later the crew of a crash barge from the air station was able to find only scattered wreckage on the water." 11 February Boeing B-17F-50-BO Flying Fortress, 42-5367, of the 317th Bomb Squadron, 88th Bomb Group, with ten aboard goes missing on flight from Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington. Civil Air Patrol planes spot the wreckage on 14 February in the Blue Mountains, 17 miles E of Walla Walla, where the bomber apparently flew head-on into a ridge at about the 5,000 foot level. Ground parties reach the site on 16 February and confirm the crew dead. Victims: Lt. John T. Ray, Klamath Falls, Oregon, pilot; Lt. Richard H. Reed, temporarily residing at Walla Walla; Lt. David T. Dunning, Madisonville, Kentucky; Lt. Hans N. Lehne, Glen Ellyn, Illinois; Sgt. Alexander Dee, Buffalo, New York; Sgt. Lloyd I. Ball, Huntington Park, California; Sgt. Milton D. Johnson, Midland, Texas; Sgt. C. W. Seifer Jr., San Jose, California; Sgt. Joseph F. Perkins, Fort Worth, Texas; Sgt. Wilmer C. Fankhavel, Barnesville, Minnesota. 12 February Eight of nine crew are killed aboard Consolidated B-24D-35-CO Liberator, 42-40144, c/n 1221, of the 528th Bomb Squadron, 380th Bomb Group, Biggs Field, Texas, piloted by Charles C. Wylie, when it suffers engine failure that results in a stall/spin condition, coming down eight miles NW of Roswell, New Mexico, according to a crash report, and five miles N of Roswell according to the Associated Press. One crewman successfully parachuted to safety. Mid-February Blohm & Voss BV 222 V1, X4+AH, of air transport squadron Lufttransportstaffel 222 (LTS 222), sinks following a collision with a submerged wreck while landing at Piraeus harbour, Greece. Between 1942 and 1943, the aircraft flew in the Mediterranean theatre. 17 February Consolidated B-24D-53-CO Liberator, 42-40355, c/n 1432, crashes at Tucson Municipal Airport #2, Tucson, Arizona, this date. Six Consolidated Aircraft employees riding as passengers are killed and several others injured, of the 34 on board. The damaged airframe is subsequently modified into the first C-87 Liberator Express. 18 February Second prototype Boeing XB-29 Superfortress, 41-003, crashes into factory at Seattle, Washington after R-3350 engine catches fire, killing all 10 crew including chief test pilot Edmund T. "Eddie" Allen along with 20 on the ground. 22 February Boeing 314, Pan American "Yankee Clipper", NC18603, c/n 1990, (U.S. Navy BuNo 48224), crashes into the Tagus River near Lisbon, while on approach to Portugal by way of the Azores. Caught in a storm, the flying boat hooked a wingtip in a turn while attempting an emergency landing. 25 of 39 on board die. Among those killed are actress Tamara Drasin and international journalist Ben Robertson, en route to his new job, chief of the New York Herald-Tribune's London bureau. Actress Jane Froman is seriously injured. Her story of survival will be made into the 1952 film "With a Song in My Heart" starring Susan Hayward. 10 March North American B-25C Mitchell, 41-12740, of the 473d Bombardment Squadron (Medium), 334th Bombardment Group (Medium), (activated as a combat crew training group on 16 July 1942) en route from Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina, to Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi, crashed into the Blue Ridge Mountains ~21 miles N of Walhalla in Pickens County, South Carolina, at about midnight, killing all five crew "apparently instantaneously." The aircraft was assigned at Greenville AAB. Despite a large-scale search by army aircraft along the route from Greenville to Meridian, the wreckage was finally found 21 March 1943 by a 15-year-old mountain boy, Seab Crane, who was riding a horse along a remote path known as the Moody trail. The bomber had clipped off treetops at the peak of a mountain, just off Turnpike road about 2 1/2 miles from the Walhalla State Fish Hatchery, and plunged into a ravine. The altitude where the plane first struck is more than 2,000 feet. Heavy recent rains kept the crash fire isolated to the actual wreckage. Crane, who lived in the Cheohee community, was riding to visit relatives who lived beyond the Tri-State Fishing club house, when his horse balked at an unknown foreign object on the trail. The boy and his mount galloped 2 1/2 miles to the nearest cabin, the club house, where he recruited the caretaker Ben Rogers, and they returned to the site where the mystery object turned out to be one of the Wright R-2600-13 radial engines that had been thrown a hundred yards beyond the main wreckage, the bulk of which had ploughed into an embankment in a ravine after it had sheared through tree tops for a quarter mile. "Three of the airmen were thrown from the plane and they lay as they fell – twisted and gesticulating. One of the men's wrist watches had stopped at 9:30. One of the men had died in his seat and the fifth body was found in the wreckage." One of the motors and the gasoline tank had burned, but only a few square yards of woods had burned. "After Rogers and Crane had found the wrecked ship they reported it to R. A. Stewart at the Fish Hatchery, an aircraft warning service spotter. Stewart put in a 'red flash' call to the filter center in Columbia and immediately afterwards notified Derrill B. Darby, of Walhalla, chief of the aircraft warning service in Oconee county. That was shortly before 1 o'clock Monday afternoon." After the wreckage had been viewed, home guardsmen took charge and kept watch until army men from the Greenville air base arrived. The victims were: Flight Officer Richard S. Brook, 22, pilot, of 10 Superior Court, Lima, Ohio; Second Lieutenant Earl S. Monroe, 26, co-pilot, of Bolivar, New York; Second Lieutenant Philip J. Graziano, 23, navigator, of 166 Chestnut Street, Lawrence, Massachusetts; Staff Sergeant Harvey M. Capellman, engineer, of Blanchard, Idaho; and Sergeant Michael Sekel, 29, radio operator, of Buffalo, Ohio. "Soldiers, home guardsmen, and volunteers labored into the night to remove the bodies and carry them on stretchers up the steep mountain side to the ambulance. Salvage of the wrecked ship was started on Tuesday." A later report stated that the B-25 was en route TO Greenville Army Air Base from Meridian, Mississippi. A memorial marker to the crew was dedicated at the site on 21 March 2014 by the Walhalla American Legion and the Oconee Veterans Council. 18 March A Douglas SBD-4 Dauntless hits the rail of the control tower and smashes into the ground at MCAAS Mojave, California, demolishing the airframe. "The flat-hatting pilot was taken to the hospital with 'multiple, extreme injuries.' Incredibly, the mechanic riding as a passenger walked away with only minor cuts and bruises." 23 March Waco UC-72A, 42-68676, c/n 5150, civilian Waco ARE, ex-NC29376, impressed by USAAF, flown by Roy F. Brown, of the 5th Ferrying Squadron, 3rd Ferrying Group, out of Romulus Army Airfield, Michigan, is wrecked this date at Hebron, Kentucky. 23 March A Republic P-47C-2-RE Thunderbolt, 41-6292, of the 328th Fighter Squadron, 352d Fighter Group, crashes into Barnard Hall at Hofstra College shortly after take-off from Mitchel Field, Long Island, New York, early this date, hitting the west side near the roof, setting the building afire, police announced. Pilot Earl D. Hayward died. The blaze was brought under control within 45 minutes by firemen from Hempstead, East Hempstead and Uniondale. No students were in the vicinity at the time. The Eastern Defense Command in New York City announced that the pilot was killed. He had taken off from Mitchel Field on a training mission shortly before the crash. This crash led to the abandonment of the use of Runway 18/36 at Mitchel Field. 4 April North American B-25C Mitchell, 41-12634, of the 376th Bomb Squadron, 309th Bomb Group (M), ditches in Lake Murray, South Carolina, during skip-bombing practice, after starboard engine failure. Crew of five escapes before Mitchell sinks after seven minutes afloat, about two miles (3 km) west of the Saluda Dam in of water. On 19 September 2005, the bomber was raised to the surface by aircraft recoverer Gary Larkins for preservation (not restoration) at the Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama. 9 April Lockheed P-38G-10-LO Lightning, 42-12937, flown by Col. Benjamin S. Kelsey, gets into an inverted spin during dive flap test, loses one wing and entire tail section. Kelsey bails out, suffers broken ankle, while P-38 hits flat on hillside near Calabasas, California. 13 April Martin B-26B-2 Marauder, 41-17945, of the 480th Bomb Squadron (Medium), 336th Bomb Group (Medium), Avon Park Army Air Field, Florida, while on a training flight crashes and is destroyed by fire at Daniel Army Air Field, Augusta, Georgia. All seven crew are killed. The base public relations office at Avon Park identified the victims as 1st Lt. Robert L. Floyd, McLean, Texas, pilot; 2d Lt. Richard C. Larsen, Rochester, Minnesota; S/Sgt. Carl Justh, York Haven, Pennsylvania; Sgt. Charles S. Elder, Banning, California; Sgt. Lewis F. Haimi, Palmerton, Pennsylvania; Cpl. Woodrow O. Rosell, San Antonio, Texas; and Pvt. James S. Nelson, Seattle, Washington. 14 April The crash of Curtiss O-52 Owl, 40-2780, c/n 14313, of the 392d Observation Training Squadron, Brooks Field, Texas, when it spins in a short distance from that base, kills 2d Lt. Robert E. Kuhn, 23, Chicago, pilot, and 2d Lt. Robert O. Fechtner, 21, Boling, Texas, observer. 14 April Two RAAF Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers, in a flight of three, collided with each other over Jervis Bay. They were A9-27 and A9-268 of Base Torpedo Unit, HMAS Albatros, Nowra, Australia, carrying out a series of dummy runs and torpedo attacks on HMAS Burra Bra for a group of accredited War Correspondents on board the ship when the centre aircraft of the vic, A9-27, coded 'B', pulled up, causing the port wing of the right-hand bomber, A9-268, coded 'I', to clip off its tail with both aircraft crashing. The flight was attempting a "Prince of Wales" break-up formation. KWF aboard A9-27 were F/O Raymond Sydney Green (408110), 23, pilot; Sgt. Albert John Bailey (409976), 22; F/O Maurice Francis Hoban (409118), 30; and P/O Eric William Sweetnam (408077), 20. Fatalities aboard A9-268 were Flt. Lt. David George Dey (280627), 27, pilot; F/O Rex Lindsay Solomon (408149), 21; F/O Jack Norman (407561); and Sgt. Hugh Sydney George Richardson (410093), 23. The accident was filmed by Fox Movietone News cameraman Eric Bieve, and footage is available on the web. "Green, Hoban and Bailey were buried in the Air Force section of the War Cemetery at Nowra on 15 Apr 43 at 1500 hours. The funeral was attended by Wing Commander Dibbs, Base Torpedo Unit (BTU) staff officers, Instructional crews and personnel of No 7 Beaufort course. On 17 April 1943, the body of Sweetnam was recovered and buried at 1600 hours with Air Force honours at Nowra. Late on the same day a diving party reported that they had not located the bodies of Dey, Norman, Solomon and Richardson. A Funeral held on 18 April 1943 on board the "Burra-Bra" at 1030 hours attended by the same people as listed for the 15 April Funeral." 18 April Messerschmitt Me 262 V2, WrkNr. 262 000 002, PC+UB, is completely destroyed on a test flight out of Lechfeld, its 48th flight, this date, killing pilot Ofw. Wilhelm Ostertag, after being airborne only seven minutes. "It was thought that the cause was in part due to a disturbance in the tail plane adjustment, but a later investigation found that a section of a rear part of one of the engines had detached and blocked the engine, forcing the aircraft into an uncontrollable downward spiral." Airframe flight time was 18 hours 17 minutes. 29 April Republic P-43 Lancer, 41-6718, converted to P-43D. To RAAF as A56-7. Assigned to 1 PRU, it went missing in flight from Wagga, Australia, this date. Aircraft found crashed in thick forest on the side of Gordon Gully near Healesville in Victoria, NE of Melbourne, in June 1958. The airframe was approved as a write-off on 30 April. The pilot was P/O A. W. Green (406393) of 1 PRU Rear Echelon based at Laverton. His body has not been found. 3 May During an inspection tour, Lt. Gen. Frank Maxwell Andrews (1884–1943) is killed in crash of Consolidated B-24D-1-CO Liberator, 41-23728, "Hot Stuff", of the 330th Bomb Squadron, 93d Bomb Group, 8th Air Force, out of RAF Bovingdon, England, on Mt. Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula after an aborted attempt to land at the RAF Kaldadarnes, Iceland. Andrews and thirteen others died in the crash; only the tail gunner, S/Sgt. George A. Eisel, survived. Others KWF included pilot Capt. Robert H. Shannon, of the 330th BS, 93rd BG; six members of Andrews' staff, including Maj. Ted Trotman, B/Gen. Charlie Barth, Col. Marlow Krum, and the general's aide, Maj. Fred A. Chapman; and Capt. J. H. Gott, navigator. Andrews was the highest-ranking Allied officer to die in the line of duty to that point in the war. At the time of his death, he was Commanding General, United States Forces, European Theatre of Operations. Camp Springs Army Air Field, Maryland, is renamed Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base), for him on 7 February 1945. It appears that "Hot Stuff" was actually the first heavy bomber to complete 25 missions successfully, despite the publicity given the "Memphis Belle" and "Hell's Angels" of the 303d Bomb Group, when the B-24 bombed Naples on 7 February 1943. The bomber was, in fact, on the first leg of a trip back to the United States for a War Bond Tour when she was lost. 6 May Curtiss XP-60D-CU 41-19508 (the second Curtiss XP-53-CU re-designated), crashed at Rome Air Depot, New York. Circa 7 May The first prototype of the VL Myrsky (State Aircraft Factory Storm), a low-wing single-seat cantilever monoplane fighter completed on 30 April 1943, crashes "a week later." 8 May A USAAF Douglas C-33, 36–85, c/n 1518, of the 482d Air Base Squadron, is written off at Hill Field, Ogden, Utah, when the landing gear retracts on take off. Pilot was William B. Cline. 10 May First Consolidated XB-32 Dominator, 41–141, crashes on take-off at Lindbergh Field, San Diego, probably from flap failure. Although bomber does not burn when it piles up at end of runway, Consolidated's senior test pilot Dick McMakin is killed. Six others on board injured. This was one of only two twin-finned B-32s (41–142 was the other) – all subsequent had a PB4Y-style single tail. 10 May First Curtiss YC-76 Caravan constructed at the Louisville, Kentucky plant, 42-86918, loses tail unit at 1729 hrs. due to lack of "forgotten" securing bolts during test flight, crashes at Okolona, Kentucky, killing three Curtiss-Wright test crew, pilot Ed Schubinger, co-pilot John L. "Duke" Trowbridge, and engineer Robert G. Scudder. All-wood cargo design is cancelled by the USAAF on 3 August with only nineteen completed, all grounded by 12 September 1944. Four Curtiss C-76 Caravans at the St. Louis, Missouri plant are granted one-time flight clearance and flown directly to Air Training Command bases for use as instructional airframes. 16 May Handley p. Halifax B Mk.V bomber suffered starboard inner engine failure shortly after takeoff from RAF Holmsley South en route to RAF Hurn. Crashed in Thatcher's Lane, Sopley, at grid reference OS SZ164986. All on board were killed. The names of those that died are: Donald J Smith ( J10798 Fg Offr RCAF Pilot ), M.W. Collins (J10509 Fg Offr RCAF Pilot ), Barrie Noel Stephenson ( RAFVR Flight Engineer ), P.S. Thomas ( Gunner ), Frances Joseph Davies ( Sgt Glider Pilot passenger ), Roland Davies Sunter ( Sgt Glider Pilot passenger ) and Ronald Herbert Borton ( Sgt Glider Pilot passenger ). 19 May The 1943 RAF Hudson crash was an aerial accident that killed two people. The aircraft crashed in a forced landing attempt near RAF St Eval, Cornwall, England, following engine failure. Lockheed Hudson IIIA, FH168, a lend-lease A-29-LO, 41-36969, c/n 414-6458, operated by No. 38 Wing RAF, based at RAF Netheravon, crashed and burned south of St. Eval. The aircraft was unable to maintain height due to one engine failing, and the load it was carrying. Air Commodore Sir Nigel Norman, en route to the Middle East for an Airborne Forces Planning Conference, died in this accident. 19 May Northrop N-9M-1, one-third scale flying testbed for the Northrop XB-35 flying wing design, crashes approximately 12 mi (19 km) W of Muroc Army Air Base, California, killing pilot Max Constant. First flown 27 December 1942, airframe had only logged 22.5 hours, and little data was accumulated before the loss. Post-crash investigation suggested that: "...while Constant was conducting stalls and aft centre of gravity stability tests, aerodynamic forces developed full aft, which were too strong for Constant to overcome, trapping him in the cockpit. To prevent this happening on future flights, a one-shot hydraulic boost device was installed to push the controls forward in an emergency." 20 May Consolidated B-24E-5-FO Liberator, 42-7053, c/n 77, of the 1014th Pilot Transition Training Squadron, Tarrant Army Airfield, Texas, departing there at 0650 hrs. CWT, piloted by David S. Alter, hits the side of a 20 million cubic foot gasometer of the People's Gas Light and Coke Company at 3625 73rd Street and Central Park Avenue, the largest of its type in the world, ~2 miles SE of Municipal Airport, Chicago, Illinois, between 1140 and 1145 hrs. CWT, killing all 12 crew. Joe Baugher cites date as 5 May 1943, but this is incorrect. Approaching the airport from the southwest in light rain, light fog and light smoke, with a 500 foot ceiling and ~.75 miles visibility, the bomber circled the field to the north and east before striking the ~500 foot tall tank at the ~125 foot level whilst on a southern heading, initially with the port wingtip, according to witness Lawrence Kinsella, an employee of People's Gas Light and Coke Company. Much of forward fuselage fell inside the tank structure which exploded, throwing steel plate over 100 yards with heat felt over a mile away. Nine employees were on the grounds but none were injured. Four United Airlines flights rejected landings at the airport between 0957 and 1027 hrs. and continued onto Milwaukee due to conditions. Capt. Monstad of the 9th Tow Target Squadron, Chicago Municipal Airport, made arrangements for a Board of Inquiry. The dead were identified as Capt. James R. Gilcrease, of Houston, commanding officer of the 1014th PTTS and a flight instructor, in charge of the flight; 2d Lt. David S. Alter, an instructor from Pittsburgh; 1st Lt. Harry B. Messick, Jr., navigator, of Indianapolis; 2d Lt. Frederick L. Dutt, student officer, of Wadsworth, Ohio; 2d Lt. John C. Wallace, student officer, of Luling, Texas; Pvt. Nick Lonchar, aerial engineer, of Weirton, West Virginia; Sgt. Arthur A. Huber, aerial engineer, of Queens, New York; S/Sgt. Norman W. Yutzy, aerial engineer, of Canton, Ohio; and Tech/Sgt. Ben F. Zumwalt, aerial engineer, of Ingram, Texas. The identified passenger was Capt. A. W. Lent, from Hamilton Field, California. The names of the other two passengers were to be announced after notification of the next-of-kin. The USAAF Report of Aircraft Accident listed the other two victims as 2d Lt. A. L. Gentry and Capt. John M. Wallace. The storage tank was erected in 1928 at a cost of $2 million, according to a Chicago Daily Tribune account. It was not rebuilt. 28 May The loss of US Navy Curtiss SB2C-1 Helldiver, BuNo 00154, of VB-5, during launch near Trinidad on 28 May 1943 during the shakedown cruise of the was incorporated by 20th Century Fox into the 1944 film Wing and a Prayer: The Story of Carrier X. 30 May Boeing B-17F-45-BO Flying Fortress, 42-5318, of the 464th Bombardment Squadron, 331st Bombardment Group, out of Casper Army Air Field, Wyoming, piloted by James O. Westbury, after departing Marysville Army Airfield crashes into a mountainside 15 miles NE of Covelo, California while on a training flight to Eugene, Oregon, killing all six people on board. The wreckage of the missing plane finally discovered on the weekend of 7–8 August 1943. Badly burned bodies could not be immediately identified. June Second production Mitsubishi J2M2 Raiden (Thunderbolt), Allied codename "Jack", noses over shortly after take-off and crashes for unknown reasons. When pilot of tenth production J2M2 experiences same phenomenon just after gear-retraction on test flight, he has enough altitude to drop gear and recover. It is discovered that retractable tailwheel shock strut can press against elevator torque tube during retraction, forcing control stick full-forward. This is modified and fighter production resumes. 2 June An hour into a routine training flight from the over the Gulf of Paria off Venezuela, 1939 Heisman Trophy winner Ensign Nile Kinnick, USNR, develops severe oil leak at 0951 hrs., cannot recover to either the carrier or land, and ditches his Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat, BuNo 12042, at Lat. 10° 28' N, Long. 62° 02' 15" W, at 0952 hrs. Although rescue forces arrive at the scene in eight minutes, neither he nor his plane are found, only an oil slick. Kinnick was the first Heisman winner to die. The University of Iowa renamed their football stadium "Kinnick Stadium" in 1972. 3 June A Boeing B-17F-55-DL Flying Fortress, 42-3399, "Scharazad", of the Plummer Provisional Group, 318th Bomb Squadron, flying to Grand Island, Nebraska from Pendleton Army Air Base in Oregon crashes on Bomber Mountain in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. 10 crew members were killed. Wreckage finally discovered on 12 August 1945. 4 June RAF Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vc, AR512, of 312 (Czech) squadron based at Churchstanton in the Blackdown Hills hits a train while conducting a mock-attack near Bradford-on-Tone just west of Norton Fitzwarren. The roof of at least one carriage is ripped off and several passengers, mainly WRENs, are killed. The plane flies on before eventually crashing near Castle Cary. The pilot, F/O Jaroslav Cermak, dies and is buried in Taunton. 13 June Blohm & Voss BV 138C-1, WNr.0310158, K6+AK, of 2.Staffel KüstenFlieger Gruppe 406, capsizes upon landing at Drontheim See Ilsvika in Trondheim harbour, Norway. Crew has to swim underwater to escape. Oblt. Ludwig Schönherr, wounded; Ltn. Günther Behr, wounded; Uffz. Heinz Kitzmann, unhurt; Uffz. Reinhold Zwanzig, unhurt; Ofw. Ernst Neumann, drowned. His body is recovered from inside the flying boat when it is recovered the following day. 14 June Boeing B-17C Flying Fortress, 40-2072, "Miss E.M.F." (Every Morning Fixing), of the 19th Bomb Group, heavily damaged on Davao mission 25 December 1941 and converted into transport. With 46th Troop Carrier Squadron, 317th Troop Carrier Group, crashed Bakers Creek, Queensland, Australia, this date while ferrying troops to New Guinea. Six crew and 34 GIs killed. One survived. (see Bakers Creek air crash) A memorial to the victims of this crash was installed at the Selfridge Gate of Arlington National Cemetery on 11 June 2009, donated by the Bakers Creek Memorial Association. The gate is named for Lt. Thomas Selfridge, killed in a 1908 crash at Fort Myer, Virginia, the first victim of a powered air accident. 16 June Boeing XB-38-VE, 41-2401, powered with Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled engines, crashed near Tipton, California, on its ninth test flight when the number three (starboard inner) engine caught fire. Attempts to extinguish it were unsuccessful, and as the fire spread to the wing, the pilots bailed out after pointing the aircraft to an uninhabited area. Lockheed test pilot George MacDonald was killed when his parachute did not deploy, and Lockheed test pilot Bud Martin was seriously injured when his parachute did not deploy properly. 1 July US Navy Consolidated PBY-5 Catalina, BuNo 04447, returning to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, after anti-submarine patrol flight over the Gulf of Mexico, attempts ill-advised landing in a storm brought on by a passing weather front, hits swell, bounces twice and overturns in Pensacola Bay. Nose section breaks away right at the wing tower and sinks, taking with it U.S. Coast Guard Motor Machinists Mate Chief Dana W. Heckart, in the co-pilot's seat as a pilot trainee. Rest of crew, all U.S. Navy personnel, pilot Ltjg. John W. Nichols, Lt. Norman Bennett, Ens. Francis R. Young, AMM3c Van C. Hardin, AM3c William E. Mutch, AMM2c Robert H. Ovink, ASM3c Albert W. Smith, and ARM3c Ralph E. Stuckey, survive as rest of airframe floats. Hardin, Mutch, Ovink and Smith suffer minor injuries, rest of crew more seriously injured. A seaplane wrecking derrick (YSD) retrieves floating section the following day. Heckart's body never recovered. Investigation finds pilot Nichols at fault for trying to land in storm conditions. 3 JulyArmstrong Whitworth Whitley Mk.V, LA877, 'ZV-W', of No.19 Operational Training Unit, out of Forres, on the Moray coast, a satellite of RAF Kinloss crashes on Meallan Odhar near Loch Pattack. Fire in the port wing caused structural failure, the wing coming down a half mile from the main wreckage. "At the request of the investigating officer the port engine was excavated from the crash site and sent to Rolls Royce who examined it. They said that there been a failure of one of the pistons with hot gases passing beyond the piston rings of that piston which caused the gudgeon pin to fail and the connecting rod to break away which then broke through the crank case. This allowed a fuel/air mixture as well as engine oil to escape under pressure into the nacelle where it ignited and in less than one minute caused the failure of the forward wing spar and lower skin of the port wing." Five crew killed. They were: Sgt. Dennys Cyril Hunt, pilot; Sgt. Edwin Albert Deacon, navigator; Flt. Sgt. Donald James Gillies RCAF, bomb aimer; Sgt. Robert Norman Cowie, wireless operator / air gunner; and Sgt. Keith Pratt Gemmel, RCAF, air gunner. 4 July RAF Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL523, crashes on takeoff from RAF North Front, Gibraltar, killing the exiled Polish Prime Minister General Władysław Sikorski, together with his daughter, his Chief of Staff, Tadeusz Klimecki, and seven others. The flight departed at 2307 hrs., coming down in the sea after only 16 seconds of flight. Only the pilot, Eduard Prchal (1911–1984), survives. "This crash is shrouded in mystery and intrigue. Throughout World War II Sikorski tried to organize the Polish Army and constantly negotiated with Churchill and Roosevelt to circumvent any appeasement deals between the Allies, Russia, and Germany which would come at Poland's expense. By this time, the Free Poles had found out about the Katyn Massacre, and thus terminated relations with the Soviet Union on 26 April 1943. As Sikorski was the most prestigious leader of the Polish exiles, his death was a severe setback to the Polish cause, and was certainly highly convenient for Stalin. It was in some ways also convenient for the western Allies, who were finding the Polish issue a stumbling-block in their efforts to preserve good relations with Stalin. This has given rise to persistent suggestions that Sikorski's death was not accidental. This has never been proved." 4 July The prototype Platt-Lep. XR-1 helicopter, 41-001, tested at Wright Field, Ohio, by the Rotary Branch of the Air Technical Service Command from May 1943, is damaged this date by the failure of a rotor blade spinner. Never ordered into production, its last flight will take place on 21 June 1946 with 91 hours, 45 minutes of flight time, and it will be donated the National Air Museum in Washington, D.C., where it remains in storage at the Paul Garber Facility at Silver Hill, Maryland. 21 July Captain Roberto Roque and his mechanic Fernando Cubas, of the Cuban Army Aviation Corps, suffer a fatal crash in Vultee BT-13, 72, when they come out of a dive and strike a huge tree at Güines. 31 July The first prototype Focke-Wulf Ta 154 V1, TE+FE, powered by Jumo 211R engines, first flown 1 July 1943, tested at Rechlin, is written off in a landing accident this date when the landing gear collapsed. This was a recurrent problem that accounted for the loss of several of the type. 31 July "Topeka, Kan. (AP) – The army air base reported today five men, all of those aboard the plane, were killed in the crash of a four-engined bomber near Boone, Iowa. The plane was flying with a short crew, Major Forrest Moore, public relations officer at the base, said." Consolidated B-24E-20-CF Liberator, 41-29052, c/n 44, of the 579th Bombardment Squadron, 392d Bombardment Group, operating out of Topeka Army Air Base, en route to Duluth, Minnesota, on a navigation training flight, crashes 10 miles SW of Boone, (N 41° 57.1081', W 93° 58.) after losing part of starboard wing in a thunderstorm. Killed were: 1st Lt. Melvin S. Meeker, Pilot 2nd Lt. Samuel Levitt, Copilot 2nd Lt. Mathew J. Radosvich, Bombardier T/Sgt. James M. Parker, Engineer T/Sgt. Thomas J. Leyshon, Radioman A memorial marker was erected by the landowner, who has also preserved the three impact craters from the crash. Joe Baugher cites crash date as 18 July 1945. 1 August During a demonstration flight of an "all St. Louis-built glider", a WACO CG-4A-RO, 42-78839, built by sub-contractor Robertson Aircraft Corporation, loses its starboard wing due to a defective wing strut support, plummets vertically to the ground at Lambert Field, St. Louis, Missouri, killing all on board, including St. Louis Mayor William D. Becker, Maj. William B. Robertson and Harold Krueger, both of Robertson Aircraft, Thomas Dysart, president of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, Max Doyne, director of public utilities, Charles Cunningham, department comptroller, Henry Mueller, St. Louis Court presiding judge, Lt. Col. Paul Hazleton, pilot Capt. Milton C. Klugh, and co-pilot/mechanic PFC Jack W. Davis, of the USAAF 71st Troop Carrier Squadron. The failed component had been manufactured by Robertson subcontractor Gardner Metal Products Company, of St. Louis, who, coincidentally, had been a casket maker. The War Department announces on 11 August that a summary of conclusions by three air forces investigating groups "indicated 'that faulty manufacture by a sub-contractor, faulty inspection by the prime manufacturer, and inadequate enforcement of inspection procedures, combined to produce a fatal hidden defect in a wing strut metal fitting.' The air forces have acted to prevent any recurrence of such parts failure, including the grounding of all similar gliders manufactured in the St. Louis area because they might contain fittings from the same sub-contractors. The glider which crashed Aug. 1 was manufactured by Robertson Aircraft Corp., the Army said, and approximately 100 craft were grounded Aug. 4." 1 August A Boeing B-17F-95-BO Flying Fortress, 42-30326, c/n 5440, of the 541st Bomb Squadron, 383d Bomb Group, piloted by Roy J. Lee, was headed north up the Oregon coast on a routine patrol flight. The plane had left Pendleton Field, near Pendleton, Oregon, at 0900 and was tasked with flying to Cape Disappointment on the Oregon coast. They were then to fly 500 miles out to sea, followed by a direct flight back to Pendleton Field. On arriving at the coast, the crew found the entire area hidden in overcast clouds which extended to an elevation of 8000 feet. The pilot decided to locate Cape Disappointment by flying below the overcast. The overcast proved to reach almost to the level of the sea. The plane was flying at about 50–150 feet above the waves. Deciding that the risk was too great the crew began to climb back up into the overcast. Unfortunately, the plane crashed into the side of Cape Lookout at about 900 feet in elevation. The Aviation Archeological Investigation & Research website lists the crash date as 2 August. 2 August "Phoenix, Arizona, August 2 (UP) – Second Lt. Arthur C. Collins, 22, and Aviation Cadet Wayne B. Bowers, 22, were killed today when their twin engine training plane crashed 10 miles west of Chandler, Ariz." They went down in Lockheed RP-322 Lightning, AF162, of the 535th Twin Engine Flying Training Squadron, Williams Field, Arizona. One source gives the accident date as 1 August, and gives the location as eight miles W of Chandler. P-322s were non-turbocharged Lightning Is, originally ordered by France, the order being taken over by the Royal Air Force (hence, the RAF AF162 serial), but only three were actually retained by Great Britain, the rest being used as trainers by the U.S. Army Air Force. 2 August Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress, 41-2463, "Yankee Doodle", of the 19th Bomb Group, then to 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bomb Group, crashes on takeoff due mechanical failure at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, Bombardier Sgt. John P. Kruger and navigator Lt. Talbert H. Woolam are killed. Pilot was Gene Roddenberry, future creator of Star Trek. The airframe was stricken on 13 August 1943. 4 August North American XB-28A-NA, 40-3058, c/n 67-3417, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off California after the crew bails out. Project not proceeded with. 5 August Lockheed B-34, 41-38116, that collided with American Airlines Flight 28 on 23 October 1942, was repaired and re-designated as an RB-34A-4 target tug. On 5 August 1943, this same aircraft suffered starboard engine failure during a ferry flight and crashed into Wolf Hill, a mile W of Farnum Pike, near Smithfield, Rhode Island, killing all three crew members. "The pilot having insufficient altitude to recover properly, crashed on a wooded hill," states the accident investigation report, issued 19 August 1943. Killed are 2d Lt. Otis R. Portewig, 27, Richmond, Virginia, pilot, of the 1st Towing Squadron, Otis Field, Massachusetts; T/Sgt. Herbert D. Booth, 21, Rahway, New Jersey, crew chief. also of the 1st Towing Squadron; and 2d Lt. Saul Winsten, 25, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, of the 901st Quartermaster Company, Aviation Service, Otis Field, passenger. 5 August "Las Vegas, Nev., Aug. 6, (AP) – Four fliers attached to the Las Vegas Army Air field were killed yesterday as their plane crashed eight miles northwest of here, base officials announced. The plane, a navigator trainer, was on a routine flight when it went into a spin from 3,000 feet. It burst into flames as it struck the ground." Lockheed AT-18A-LO Hudson, 42-55494, c/n 414-7216, of the 50th Flexible Gunnery Training Squadron, Las Vegas Army Airfield, piloted by Avalon L. Finlayson, was destroyed. The Aviation Archaelological Investigation and Research website lists the crash location as 10 miles WSW of the air base. 8 August or 11 August Future ETO double ace Captain Walker Melville "Bud" Mahurin gets off to an ignominious start this date when, "On a training mission over England he had spotted a B-24 Liberator – at the time not a particularly common aeroplane in English skies. While flying formation with the bomber he took his Thunderbolt (41-6334) a little too close resulting in the empennage being slashed off by the Liberator's propellers. Mahurin came down by parachute, his P-47 disintegrated in an English field and the Liberator made a successful landing having sustained only minor damage. Thunderbolts, costing $104,258 each, were still in short supply and Mahurin's folly did not endear him to the authorities." The P-47C-5-RE, of the 63d Fighter Squadron, 56th Fighter Group, impacted ~one mile NW of Metfield, Suffolk. Mahurin will somewhat redeem himself on 17 August 1943 when he downs two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s. The 11 August date may be the date that the airframe was officially written off. 8 August "WENDOVER, Utah, Aug. 9 (AP) – Crashing in the night on western Utah's dreary salt desert, a four-engined Army bomber killed one flier and caused the wreck of a freight train leaving 26 boxcars stacked up like splintered toys on the Western Pacific railroad's main line today." Consolidated RB-24E Liberator, 42-7159, c/n 183, built as a B-24E-15-FO, and redesignated in the Restricted category, of the 605th Bomb Squadron, 399th Bomb Group, Wendover Field, piloted by Herbert Williams, Jr., experienced engine failure and "smashed down on highway U.S. 40-50, slithered at terrific speed across the salt crust before hitting the rails and winding up 100 feet on the opposite side. The westbound freight, powered by a double Diesel locomotive, roared along 10 to 15 minutes later and plowed into scattered wreckage and a spread rail. The engine stuck to the rails, three freight cars were derailed but stayed intact, then 26 more crashed together in a dizzy pyramid of destruction. Second Lt. Richard L. Blue of Rantoul, Ill., the plane's co-pilot, died today at the hospital at Wendover field, where the plane was based. Ten other fliers were dragged injured from the wreckage and some were critical. One rail official estimated damage to train and freight at $200,000." The train engineer, Otto Kelly, of Salt Lake City, said that the crew was unaware of the bomber's crash until after the derailment, which occurred as the last set of trucks of the motive power passed over wreckage on the right-of-way. Some 200 feet of railroad was torn up in the accident, which occurred seven miles E of Wendover. "The fliers crawled from the battered bomber and were aided by the trainmen." The bomber did not burn. The locomotives powering the freight were an EMD FTA-FTB semi-permanently coupled pair. 8 August "Spokane, Wash., Aug. 8 (UP) – Second Lt. George F. Morris, 28, of San Pedro, California, was killed instantly when the small observation plane he was flying crashed at the seven-mile gunnery range, Geiger field officers announced today." 10 August "Pearl Harbor, Aug. 10, (AP) – A Navy bomber crashed in the Pearl Harbor Navy yard during maneuvers today, killing three of its crew and injuring 17 persons, among them four civilian employes." The aircraft struck a loaded bus and eight civilians died, in addition to the three plane crew. 13 August Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lompoc, California, is commissioned as a blimp base on 8 August 1943. Five days later, as ground crews manoeuver ship K-29 in the damp, foggy morning for launch from Circle #2, the blimp's tail pendants approach a high-voltage power line and 11,000 volts arcs through the ship. Four men holding the metal handling bars on the control car are electrocuted and a fifth is seriously burned. The power company was supposed to have moved this hazard but had not. These were the only fatalities at the Lompoc facility during both civilian and military use. 14 August Curtiss XP-60E-CU, 42-79425, is damaged in a forced landing just before being released to the USAAF for official trials. Becomes XP-60C when it is retrofit with wings, landing gear, and other items from the Curtiss XP-60A-CU, 42-79423. Meanwhile, original Curtiss XP-60C-CU, 42-79424, becomes second XP-60E with removal of R-2800-53 engine and contraprops, replaced with R-2800-10 engine and four-blade prop. Whole P-60 project is essentially a dead-end, being nothing more than Curtiss' attempt to stretch pre-war design that started out as the P-36, and the company's unwillingness or inability to start fresh with a new fighter design will force them out of the airframe business a few years after the war. 16 August Fleet Air Arm Grumman Avenger I, (TBF-1c), FN762, of 738 Squadron, out of Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston, Maine, ditches in Sebago Lake near Raymond, Maine and sinks. Crew uninjured. Plane listed as missing, so it is still out there. 18 August Following a Royal Air Force raid on the test facilities at Peenemünde on 17 August, the Messerschmitt Me 163B Komets of training unit EK 16 are moved to a new airfield at Anklam. The airframes are towed to the new location, with one Komet, ferried by test pilot Paul Rudolf Opitz, suffering malfunctioning flap hydraulics. After casting-off from the tow plane, the rocket fighter's landing skid fails to function, the airframe decelerates over a patch of rough and rutted ground at the end of the landing run following an otherwise normal approach. Pilot suffers two damaged vertebrae due to hard landing, spends three months in hospital. Investigation reveals that a force of 15 to 30Gs were required to cause this injury, and Me 163Bs are subsequently fitted with a torsion sprung seat for the pilot, eliminating this type of injury. 23 August "Madison, Wis., Aug. 24 [Special] – Lt. Harold Nicholson, 25 years old, son of Mr. and Mrs. Jens Nicholson of Madison, was killed last night in a plane crash near Oroville, Cal., the parents were informed today by the war department." Harold J. Nicholson was killed in the crash of Bell P-39Q-1-BE Airacobra, 42-19593, of the 363d Fighter Squadron, 357th Fighter Group, two miles N of Oroville Army Air Field. 29 August The Thirteenth Naval District public relations office confirms on 4 September the probable death of five Navy men from Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington, whose aircraft went missing on 29 August. Lockheed PV-1 Ventura, BuNo 34637, of VB-146, crashed on Mount Baker, Washington, but wreckage only discovered by a hiker in October 1997. There were actually six crew on board, all fatal. 31 August Boeing B-17F-50-BO Flying Fortress, 42-5451, of the 582d Bomb Squadron, 393d Bomb Group, piloted by James A. McRaven, crashes two miles NE of Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska, during a routine training flight, killing all eight crew. Among the dead is Leonard Supulski, 23, former football player for the Philadelphia Eagles. The 393d was reassigned to Kearney AAF from Sioux City AAB, Iowa, this date. 1 September "Great Falls, Mont., Sept. 2. (AP) – Ten crew members of a four-engined bomber from the Great Falls army air base, killed early today when the ship crashed five miles east of Fort Benton, were identified tonight by Capt. John R. Lloyd, base public relations officer, as follows: Sergeant Robert H. Hall, Coldwater, Mich.; Sergeant John T. Huff, Cherokee, Kan.; Sergeant Carl E. Lower, Van Wert, Ohio; Sergeant Chester W. Peko, Throop, Pa.; Private First Class Paul Peterson, Colfax, Wis.; Sergeant Curio C. Thrementi, Vassar, Mich.; Lieutenant Harold L. Wonders, Waterloo, Iowa; Lieutenant Warren H. Maginn, Glendale, Los Angeles; Lieutenant Jack Y. Fisk, Los Angeles, and Lieutenant Arnold J. Gardiner, New York. The crash occurred during a routine training flight." Boeing B-17F-35-BO Flying Fortress, 42-5128, of the 612th Bomb Squadron, 401st Bomb Group, was flown by Lt. Maginn. 2 September "Sioux City, Iowa, Sept. 3. (AP) – All 10 crew members of an army bomber from the Sioux City air base were killed when their plane crashed five miles from the base last night while on a routine training flight. The dead included Second Lieutenant Earl G. Adkinson, Portland, Ore., and Sergeant Robert Hunter, Eufaula, Okla." Consolidated B-24E-25-FO Liberator, 42-7237, c/n 261, of the 703d Bomb Squadron, 445th Bomb Group, flown by Lt. "Atkinson", according to the crash report, crashed one mile E of the base. 2 September Boeing B-17F-40-VE Flying Fortress, 42-5977, of the 540th Bomb Squadron (Heavy), 383d Bomb Group (Heavy), Geiger Field, Washington, on a routine local flight with three aboard, piloted by Robert P. Ferguson, clips the tops of trees for several blocks, crashes into scrub pines two miles S of Geiger Field and burns. Only three were on the bomber, said a report by Lt. R. E. Reed, public relations officer at the field. Names were withheld pending notification of next of kin. 3 SeptemberA U.S. Navy ensign is killed when his plane dives into a peat bog near Redmond, Washington, this date, the Thirteenth Naval District public relations office confirms on 4 September. 4 September All eight crew of Consolidated B-24E-25-CF Liberator, 41-29071, of the 701st Bomb Squadron, 445th Bomb Group, Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, piloted by Jack D. Hodges, are killed when the bomber crashes in a corn field four miles SW of Moville, Iowa. 4 September "Norfolk, Virginia, September 4 (AP) – Three navy men were killed and a small Negro boy was fatally burned when a navy land plane crashed late Friday near Manteo, North Carolina, the 5th naval district announced today. A second boy was burned." 5 September "Ellensburg, Washington, September 5 (AP) – During a training mission in an unidentified Naval aircraft, Lieut. (J.G.) William Henry Leder was killed when the plane he was flying caught fire midair and crashed just short of the airfield. The pilot of another Navy plane, Ensign Joseph Hamilton, 23, of Iowa City, Iowa, also crashed but escaped with minor injuries. Hamilton had "dived" the field in an attempt to alert crews on the ground to Leder's condition when his plane also developed trouble. Not much is known about the aircraft or what maneuvers were being conducted. Leder had been stationed at Bowers Field as a test pilot and flight instructor after being awarded the Air Medal for combat in the Pacific." 9 September A Reggiane Re.2000, launched from the Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto to look for survivors of the sunk Italian battleship Roma, subsequently crashes when it tries to land near Ajaccio airfield, Corsica. 9 September During carrier compatibility trials, test pilot Capt. Eric "Winkle" Brown crashlands Fairey Firefly F Mk.I, Z1844, on the deck of when arrestor hook indicator light falsely shows "down" position. Fighter hits crash barrier, shears off its landing gear, shreds propeller, but pilot unhurt. 11 September North American B-25G Mitchell, misreported as 41-13240, a serial belonging to a Curtiss P-40C, of the 472d Bomb Squadron, 334th Bomb Group, Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina, piloted by Eugene E. Stocking, collides four miles NW of Spartanburg, South Carolina, with B-25G-5 42-65013, of the same units, flown by Solon E. Ellis. 65013 crashes, killing five crew, while the unidentified Mitchell lands safely. 11 September The prototype Airborne and General MC-1, NX21757, prototype of the XCG-16, begins tests at March Field, California, but on the second flight, inadequately secured ballast comes loose when the glider flies through the Lockheed C-60 glider tug's propwash, causing a catastrophic rearward shift in the centre of gravity. The uncontrollable MC-1A releases from tow and enters a flat spin at 3,000 feet from which it does not recover, and crashes in a plowed field. Three of the crew and passengers bail out but only two survive the parachute jump. Paul G. Wells and Harry M. Pearl descend safely, but the parachute of Richard Chichester du Pont, 37, who won the national soaring championship five years in a row, serving as special assistant to Gen. Henry "Hap" Arnold, does not open in time and he is killed. Also killed in the wreck are Col. P. Ernest Gabel, another glider specialist, deputy director of the Army Air Forces glider program, on the staff of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Washington, D.C., C. C. Chandler, Tarzana, California, test pilot and thrice soaring champion, and test pilot Howard L. Morrison, San Fernando, California. 12 September A U.S. Navy Grumman F4F Wildcat flown by Lieutenant John Lewis Morelle, USNR, 24, of Georgetown, Texas, strikes a suspension cable of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The wings and tail were sheared off and the plane fell burning into the bay 200 feet below. The pilot's body is not recovered. Portions of the wings and tail assembly rained down onto the roadway but no civilian was injured despite many vehicles on the span at the time. Six of seven strands of one suspension cable were snapped, but the safety of the bridge was not endangered. This was the first time a plane hit the span since its 12 November 1936 opening. 26 September A Vought OS2U-3 Kingfisher, BuNo 5767, of VS-34, from Naval Air Station New York, Floyd Bennett Field, crashes 7 miles S of Little Egg Inlet, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. Two survivors, pilot William K. Stevens, and radio operator-gunner Frank W. Talley, are picked up by Coast Guard 83-foot Wooden Patrol Boat WPB-83340. 29 September A Douglas C-53D-DO Skytrooper, 42-68788, of the 93d Troop Carrier Squadron, 439th Troop Carrier Group, departs Alliance Army Airfield, Alliance, Nebraska, on a night training mission to practice communication with the Scottsbluff Radio Range, but crashes three miles S of the base for unknown reasons shortly thereafter, killing both crew. Heavy fog hindered the search from the air, however, a rancher found the wreckage while checking his stock. KWF were 2d Lt. William Cardie, pilot, of Plainfield, New Jersey, and 2d Lt. Robert G. Bartels, co-pilot, of Blasdell, New York. The left wing had struck the ground. 2 October Second prototype Arado Ar 234 V2 crashes at Rheine, near Münster, after suffering fire in port wing, failure of both engines, and various instrumentation failure, the airframe diving into the ground from 4,000 feet (1,200 m), killing pilot Flugkapitän Selle. 8 October First (of two) Northrop XP-56 tailless flying wing fighters, 42-1786, suffers blown left main tire during ~ taxi across Muroc Dry Lake, Muroc Air Base, California. Aircraft tumbles, goes airborne, throws pilot John Myers clear before crashing inverted, airframe destroyed. Pilot, wearing a polo helmet for protection, suffers only minor injuries. 20 October A Consolidated Liberator III from No. 10 Squadron RCAF, on a routine flight from Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador to Mont-Joli, Québec flew into a mountain near Saint-Donat, Lanaudière, Quebec due to inclement weather and a mapping error. All those on board perished in the incident and it took more than two years to find the location of the wreckage. 24 October Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, of VB-8, coded '8-B-24', suffers major damage in a barrier crash aboard USS Intrepid during shakedown cruise in the Caribbean, engine breaking loose from mounts and dropping down towards the deck adjacent to the island. 25 October Four Consolidated B-24H Liberators of the 724th Bomb Squadron (Heavy), 451st Bomb Group (Heavy), from Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska, were flying in a diamond formation. At 1600 hrs. CWT, one bomber broke formation and the pilot of a second, as trained, moved toward the vacated position. When the first bomber returned to its position, the two planes collided. At an altitude of 20,000 feet, this was the highest fatal World War II training accident in Nebraska. One bomber crashed in the adjoining farm fields of Frank Hromadka Sr. and Anna Matejka, 2 miles N and ½ mile E of Milligan, Nebraska. The other crashed in the farmyard of Mike and Fred Stech, 3 miles N and 2 miles E of Milligan. Killed were 2d Lt. James H. Williams, 2d Lt. William E. Herzog, 2d Lt. Kenneth S. Ordway, 2d Lt. Charles L. Brown, 2d Lt. Clyde H. Frye, Sgt. James H. Bobbitt, Sgt. William D. Watkins, Sgt. William G. Williams, Sgt. Wilbur H. Chamberlin, Sgt. Edward O. Boucher, Sgt. Ursulo Galindo Jr., Sgt. William C. Wilson, Sgt. Albert R. Mogavero, Sgt. Arthur O. Doria, Sgt. Eugene A. Hubbell, F/O Achille P. Augelli, and Pfc. Andrew G. Bivona. All eight crew died aboard B-24H-1-FO, 42-7657, piloted by 2d Lt. Brown, while the sole survivor of ten on B-24H-1-FO, 42-7673, flown by 2d Lt. Williams, was 2d Lt. Melvin Klein, who was thrown free of the wreckage and managed to deploy his parachute. A Nebraska historical marker was erected about the accident in 2010 by the Milligan Memorial Committee for the World War II Fatal Air Crashes near Milligan, Nebraska. 30 October U.S. Navy Goodyear ZNP-K airship K-94, BuNo 33486, probably assigned at Naval Air Station Richmond, Florida, on a ferry trip from Guantanamo, Cuba, to San Juan, Puerto Rico, is lost. After the 13th hourly position report at 2200, nothing more is heard from the flight and it disappears abruptly from the shore radar-tracking screen. Eyewitnesses on surface craft report seeing a small flaming object similar to a flare dropping from the airship. Almost immediately afterward, a bright colored flame was noticed, increasing in size until the entire airship was engulfed in flames on its descent into the Caribbean Sea. Eight crew lost. A B-25G-10 Mitchell, 42-65118, of the 417th Bomb Squadron, 25th Bomb Group, piloted by Jaspar J. Kraynick, searching for survivors of K-94, also disappears ~3.5 hours later at approximately the same position, 15 miles NW of Borinquen Field. 8 November Boeing B-17F-75-DL Flying Fortress 42-3553, c/n 8489, 'QJ-H', "Sad Sack", of the 339th Bomb Squadron, 96th Bomb Group, crashes at Middle Farm, West Harling, Norfolk, United Kingdom shortly after taking off from RAF Snetterton Heath with the loss of all ten crew. 10 November Boeing B-17G-15-DL Flying Fortress, 42-37831, c/n 8517, suffered a hydraulics and brakes failure at RAF Snetterton Heath and was written off. 10 November U.S. Navy Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo 25974, '30', of VF-2, on a routine training exercise off of USS Enterprise en route to Makin Atoll, piloted by Ensign (later Lieutenant) Byron Milton Johnson of Potter, Nebraska, suffers engine problems, makes emergency landing, catches 3 wire on his third attempt, slams into deck and ends up with port landing gear leg in the port catwalk near 20mm (.78 caliber) Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. Airframe rests on belly tank, which begins to leak, propeller blades turning against deck edge emit sparks which set fuel alight. Hard landing jams canopy, retaining pin sheared. One of the Pacific war's iconic images is caught as Lieutenant (later Lieutenant Commander) Walter Lewis Chewning of Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, Enterprise new catapult officer, rescues Johnson, stepping on the burning tank to reach the cockpit. While waiting for '30' to be cleared from the deck, Ensign S. S. Osbourne in F6F-3, BuNo 25985, has to ditch. USS Brown picks Osbourne up. Both Hellcats written off. "Chewning was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his actions. The commander of VF-2's Air Group, famed fighter pilot Edward "Butch" O'Hare (1914–1943) recommended that night that all pilots drop their external tank before landing to prevent such an accident repeating." 15 November First of three prototypes of the Curtiss XP-55 Ascender, 42-78845, on test flight out of Lambert Field, St. Louis, Missouri, crashes when pilot is unable to recover from a stall, engine then quits, Curtiss test pilot J. Harvey Gray divorces airframe after plummet, landing safely, fighter impacts inverted in an open field. 21 November On 21 November 1943, a Douglas C-47 aircraft crashed into Locust Mountain in Mahanoy Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Seven of the occupants on board the aircraft were killed, and two survived with serious injuries. On the night of 21 November 1943, three Douglas C-47A aircraft took off from Lawson Field in Fort Benning, Georgia. They were heading to Naval Air Station Willow Grove in Horsham Township, Pennsylvania, to pick up CG-4A gliders and tow them to Maxton AAF. At the time, Maxton was the site of the largest CG-4A glider pilot training base in the world. In the airspace around Washington, DC the three aircraft entered a large storm front and lost visual contact with one another. Captain Bernard Cederholm, the pilot of 42-32929, decided to divert to the now-abandoned Barnsville Auxiliary Airfield near Allentown, Pennsylvania. Due to weather circumstances and low visibility, Cederholm failed to locate the airfield. He was following a holding circuit when the aircraft hit trees on Locust Mountain, located approximately an eighth of a mile west of Tamaqua, Pennsylvania at 2110 EST, and broke up. A fire broke out on impact, and seven of the nine aboard were killed. The two survivors left were Corporal Joseph W. Enloe and Private Charles H. Davis, who were found wandering around the site of the crash a half hour afterwards. The force of the crash was so powerful that it is reported that the tail was thrown approximately 1,500 feet away from the impact site. The aircraft, a Douglas C-47A with the tail number 42-32929 was first flown in 1943. In total, seven of the nine occupants onboard 42-32929 were killed in the resulting crash: The cause of the crash was never fully determined, although it is believed to be a case of CFIT (controlled flight into terrain). Night of 23–24 November The Deutsche Luftfahrt Sammlung (Berlin Air Museum), at Lehrter Bahnhof, is destroyed in an RAF bombing raid by 383 aircraft:365 Avro Lancaster, 10 Handley p. Halifax, and 8 de Havilland Mosquito bombers. Many exhibited aircraft are destroyed, including the Dornier Do-X, the last surviving example of the PZL.30 Żubr, and the Focke-Wulf Cierva C.19a demonstrator, Wrke Nr. 35, D-1960 / D-OBIR. Surviving types are moved E from Berlin where they are discovered post-war. Most of these survivors are now in the Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego w Krakowie, the Polish Aviation Museum, at Kraków, Poland. 6 December USAAF Douglas A-20G-20-DO Havoc, 42-86782, of the 649th Bomb Squadron, 411th Bombardment Group (Light), out of Florence Army Airfield, South Carolina, crashed near Woodruff, Spartanburg County, South Carolina, three miles E of Switzer. Pilot 2nd Lt. Hampton P. Worrell, 26, (b. 1917 in South Carolina), gunners Sgt. Harry G. Barnes, 19, (b. 1924 in New York) and Sgt. John D. Hickman, 21, (b. 1923 in California), all killed. 7 December During a joint U.S. Navy–U.S. Marine simulated close air support exercise near Pauwela, Maui, Territory of Hawaii, the pilot of a U.S. Navy Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless, BuNo 36045 of squadron VB-10, initiates a slight right-hand turn and deploys dive brakes in preparation for a bomb run, but his aircraft is struck by a second VB-10 SBD-5, 36099, that did not have dive brakes deployed. Both aircraft crash, and a bomb knocked loose from 36045 falls in the midst of a group of marines and detonates, killing 20 and seriously injuring 24. Both SBD pilots parachute to safety, but both SBD gunners die, one after an unsuccessful bailout attempt. The collision is attributed to poor judgment and flying technique by both pilots. Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research gives the date of this accident as 6 December. 9 December Boeing B-17G-20-BO Flying Fortress, 42-31468, "The Galley Uncle", force landed during ferry flight from Gander in a field adjacent to Graan Monastery, near Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. One crew died and five were saved by local monks. 22 December Lt. Col. William Edwin Dyess (1916–1943) is killed when the Lockheed P-38G-10-LO Lightning, 42-13441, of the 337th Fighter Squadron, 329d Fighter Group, he is undergoing retraining in catches fire in flight near Burbank, California. He refuses to bail out over a populated area and dies when his Lightning impacts in a vacant lot at 109 Myers St, Burbank, saving countless civilians on the ground. Dyess had been captured on Bataan in April 1942 by the Japanese, but escaped in April 1943 and fought with guerilla forces on Mindanao until evacuated by the submarine USS Trout in July 1943. Abilene Air Force Base, Texas, is named for him on 1 December 1956. 29 December 1st Lt Robert L. Duke is killed in the crash of Curtiss A-25A-20-CS Shrike, 42-79823, near Spencer, Tennessee, this date. He was assigned as Assistant A-3 of Eglin Field, Florida. Eglin Auxiliary Field 3 is later named Duke Field in his honor. Boeing B-17G-15-VE Flying Fortress, 42-97493 of the 2nd Ferrying Group out of Dover Army Airfield, crashes 2 miles SW of Gander shortly after takeoff, 29 December 1943. Witness, a F/O Fisher, reporter that the Boeing bomber banked very sharply to the left, more in the style of a single-engined aircraft than a four-engined bomber. KWF was pilot, 1LT Bruce E. Ryan of Short Hills, NJ, 2nd Lt Stephen A. Wooten, pilot, 2nd Lt John J. Gentile, navigator, Sgt Charles Thayer, flight engineer, Cpl Frederick A. Norton, radio operator, 2nd Lt Ballard D. McCain, pilot, 2nd Lt Paul J. Lineham, navigator, S/Sgt Thomas R. Killela, flight engineer, Sgt Howard W. Nightower, radio operator, Sgt Daniel L. Boucher, gunner. . Aircraft was completely consumed by fire pursuant to the crash and no cause was ever determined. 30 December Luftwaffe pilot Lt. Joschi Pöhs is killed when, upon takeoff in a Messerschmitt Me 163A of training unit EK 16 from Bad Zwischenahn, near Oldenburg, he releases the takeoff dolly too soon. The bouncing dolly strikes the airframe, apparently damaging a T-Stoff line, and the engine loses power. The pilot banks the Komet round for an attempted landing but just prior to lining up for touchdown a wingtip grazes a flak tower, all control is lost, and the rocket fighter crashes just outside the airfield perimeter. It was felt that if Pōhs had begun his turn back to the airfield immediately after the power loss he would have made a safe return; however, he lowered the landing skid and dropped flaps before beginning the turn and ate up precious altitude. Post-December Sole prototype of the Kawasaki Ki-64 (Allied code name: Rob), an experimental heavy, single-seat fighter with two Ha-40 engines in tandem; one in the aircraft nose, the other behind the cockpit, both being connected by a drive shaft, driving two 3-bladed, contra-rotating propellors, first flown in December 1943. During the fifth flight, the rear engine catches fire, the aircraft makes an emergency landing, but is damaged. The design is subsequently abandoned in mid-1944 in favour of more promising projects. The airframe survives the war and parts are sent to Wright Field for examination. 1944 January Thirtieth Mitsubishi J2M2 Raiden (Thunderbolt) disintegrates over Toyohashi airfield. Cause never satisfactorily explained but believed to have been either violent engine shaking due to failed attachment point causing secondary airframe failure, or, possibly, engine cowling detaching and striking tail assembly. Both power attachment points and cowling fasteners strengthened, but Raidens continue to be lost after these modifications. 2 January "Hornick, Iowa, Jan. 2 (AP) – Nine crew members of a Flying Fortress based at Sioux City, were killed when the plane crashed and burned on a farm near here late today. Persons within a radius of several miles said they saw the plane explode and crash." B-17F-40-VE, 42-6013, of the 393d CCTS, piloted by Frank R. Hilford, appears to be the airframe involved. 2 January "Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 2 (AP) – Thirteen army flyers were killed today when a B-17 Flying Fortress, headed for Los Angeles from McChord field, Tacoma, Wash., exploded in flight over McClellan field and plunged 3000 feet to the ground in flames. Thousands of Sacramentans, startled by a terrific explosion, looked skyward and saw the crippled and burning four-motored bomber emerge from the overcast sky and fall. Only one member of the plane's crew of 14 escaped the flaming wreckage, parachuting to safety before the crash. He was Maj. James H. Wergen of Kingman field, Ariz., the bomber's home base. The plane went to pieces in the air as it fell, scattering a wingtip, one of its motors and other parts over a vast area. McClellan field authorities said medical officers were attempting to identify the dead, but that names would be withheld pending notification of next of kin." The B-17G was piloted by Frederick M. Klopfenstein. 3 January CDR. Frank A. Erickson, U.S. Coast Guard, receives an official commendation after he pilots a Sikorsky HNS-1 helicopter with two cases of blood plasma lashed to its floats from New York City to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, for treatment of U.S. Navy crewmen of the destroyer USS Turner, which had exploded, burned, and sunk off New York harbor, this date. In this heroic deed, in violent winds and snow that grounded all other aircraft, Erickson became the first pilot in the world to fly a helicopter under such conditions as well as making the first "lifesaving flight" ever performed by a "chopper". Without the plasma, many of the severely injured survivors of the Turner would have died. 3 January The crash of Cessna AT-17B Bobcat, 42-38897, c/n 3106, of the 986th SEFTS, Douglas Army Airfield, Arizona, kills Aviation Cadets Loris Gale, 20, of Walla Walla, Washington, and James C. Gallagher, 20, of Lima, Ohio. The twin-engined trainer came down three miles S of the Cochise Ranger Station, Arizona, said the Douglas Field public relations officer. 4 January Boeing B-17G-10-BO Flying Fortress, 42-31257, flying in formation with other B-17s, catches fire near Alamo, Nevada, while en route between Indian Springs Army Airfield and Las Vegas Army Airfield, Nevada, and twelve of thirteen aboard bail out. One is killed when his chute fails to open in time, and one aboard the bomber dies in the crash 67 miles NNE of Las Vegas AAF. Other planes circled the spot where the plane went down and radioed the base news of the crash. "Eleven of their number were brought to the airfield hospital hospital last night (5 January), suffering from minor injuries and exposure after having spent the intervening time in heavy snow on a high mountain plateau." 5 January A P-47B Thunderbolt, 41-5920, piloted by Lt. Wesley A. Murphey Jr., crashed landed in the Green Swamp in North Carolina while on the return to Wilmington's Bluethenthal Field. This after experiencing landing gear failure and an eventual engine fire which took out the automatic prop and pitch control. The plane was en route to Fort Myers, Florida and had experienced a problem with a broken hinge on the right landing gear flap shortly after take off. Lt. Murphey was able to put the plane down in the Green Swamp coming to a stop on a marsh. With darkness closing in fast, Lt. Murphey ended up spending a cold night alone in the cockpit of the downed P-47 before eventually being rescued the next day by his fellow comrades. Even after being rescued, it took the rest of the afternoon to make it out of the swamp. The plane has since been recovered from the swamp by an Illinois man who is in the process of restoring the rare bird. It was the thirtieth of its kind to roll off the assembly line and is considered the oldest surviving Thunderbolt in the world. 8 January 1st Lt. Andrew Biancur, a test pilot of the Medium Bombardment Section of the 1st Proving Ground Group, is killed in crash of Northrop YP-61-NO Black Widow, 41-18883, c/n 711, at Eglin Field this date. Eglin Auxiliary Field 6 is later named in his honor. 8 January Five men are killed and two missing in the crash of Consolidated B-24J-40-CO Liberator, 42-73365, (the first block 40-CO airframe) of the 776th Bomb Squadron, 464th Bomb Group, Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, piloted by Lt. Richard A. Hedges, when it crashes on the grounds of the Idaho National Laboratory, 40 miles NW of the air base, during a night training mission. Lt. Col. Marshall Bonner, commandant of the base, identified the dead as: Lt. Hedges, of Circleville, Ohio; 2d Lt. Robert W. Madsen, North St. Paul, Minnesota; 2d Lt. Richard R. Pitener, Chicago; Sgt. Charles W. Eddy, San Luis Obispo, California; and Sgt. George H. Peace Jr., Canton, Connecticut. Lt. Col. Bonner said on 11 January that the bodies of the two missing crew had been found and identified. They were 2d Lt. Lonnie L. Keepers, Aransas Pass, Texas, and Sgt. Louis H. Rinke, of Lawton, West Virginia. 12 January Yank in the R.A.F. ace, Wing Commander Lance C. Wade is killed in a flying accident just after takeoff from Foggia-Main Airfield, Italy, when Auster AOP Mk III, MT415, c/n 506, of Desert Air Force HQ, RAF, stalls and spins in. Wade was alone. Wade, from Reklaw, Texas, joined the RAF in Canada in April 1941, and is credited with 22 kills and two shared. 12 January Consolidated B-24D-165-CO Liberator, 42-72887, c/n 2447, of Biggs Field, Texas, piloted by 2d Lt. Donald E. Hermo, makes a crash landing 30 miles N of Biggs following mechanical failure. (An Associated Press wire report gives the location as "about 35 miles north of El Paso.") Seven crew are killed and one critically injured. One announced victim is the pilot, 2d Lt. Hermo, of Parma, Idaho. 12 January U.S. Navy Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo 66237, c/n A-1257, 'Z 11', suffers engine failure on functional check flight out of Naval Air Station San Diego, North Island, California, pilot Ens. Robert F. Thomas ditches in the Pacific Ocean ~ from the base, gets clear of sinking airframe and survives to become an ace in the Pacific theatre. Hellcat is discovered in of water by Lockheed research submarine RV Deep Quest on 17 March 1970. Recovered by USN on 9 October 1970. An M-2 .50 calibre machine gun from the wing is taken to the Naval Weapons Laboratory at Dahlgren, Virginia, for test firing. Showing little signs of deterioration after the long immersion, the weapon, after cleaning and lubrication, fires without a stoppage or mechanical failure. Airframe was displayed as of 1974 at Pima County Air Museum, Tucson, Arizona, now at the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. 13 January Boeing B-17G-30-DL Flying Fortress, 42-38094, flown by Ralph M. Calhoon, and B-17G-10-VE, 42-40038, piloted by Thomas W. Williams, of the 99th Bomb Squadron, collide ~10 miles SW of Brooksville Army Airfield, Florida, killing four officers and five enlisted men, reports Brigadier General Hume Peabody, commander of the Army Air Forces Tactical Center (AAFTAC), at Orlando. One victim is Sgt. Benjamin B. Estes, son of J. M. Estes, Burley, Idaho. 13 January "Astoria, Oregon, January 13. (AP) – Two navy planes collided off of the mouth of the Columbia river today and several soldiers were injured in a futile attempt to rescue one of the pilots who parachuted. The pilot of the other plane brought his badly damaged craft back to base. The two planes collided within sight of shore while on routine training flights. One pilot bailed out and was seen floating in the ocean, but observers were unable to determine if he was alive or dead. Soldiers from Fort Stevens went out to the end of the Columbia river's south jetty, but were unable to reach the life-jacketed pilot. A strong wind came up suddenly while the rescue attempt was under way and several soldiers lost their footing on the jetty and toppled to the rocks below. How many were injured or extent of their injuries was not announced." 14 January Squadron Leader, B. B. Howe, 28, and Squadron Leader, R. S. Harmon, 25, of the British Royal Air Force bailed out of their disabled plane over the Ohio River about nine miles above St. Marys, West Virginia. The two were flying from Dayton, Ohio, to Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. Harmon parachuted to safety on the West Virginia side of the river while Howe, the pilot, plunged into the river and drowned. The plane crashed against a hillside on the Ohio side of the river and burned. Harmon managed to land against a hillside, but Howe apparently unable to direct his parachute plunged into the ice-filled river. He managed to break loose from his parachute harness just before he went in. He was about midway of the river and remained afloat for about 15 minutes. He was seen struggling to climb onto the ice, which was so thin it broke at his every attempt. Probably exhausted and benumbed with cold he sank and drifted under the ice while witnesses were making hasty efforts to rescue him. His body was recovered two days later about 200 feet from where he went into the river. Both men had engaged in many flights of the RAF, Harmon being credited with twenty-seven bombing raids over Germany. They had been sent to the U.S. to serve as trainers in the field. Basil B.W. Howe was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 15. 15 January Boeing B-17F-50-VE Flying Fortress, 42-6147, of the 818th Bomb Squadron (H), 483d Bomb Group (H), MacDill Field, Florida, piloted by William R. Sablotny, lost in a blizzard over the Allegheny Mountains, crashes three miles N of Rich Mountain, West Virginia, killing six of seven aboard, state police said 16 January. 15 January North American AT-24A-NA Mitchell, 42-87531, built as a B-25D-30 and converted, of the 311th FTG, La Junta Army Airfield, La Junta, Colorado, flown by 2d Lt. Burton M. Paddock, former Portland, Oregon, policeman, crashes seven miles E of Rocky Ford Aux #1. The pilot and two California aviation cadets are killed, officials at the La Junta base said 16 January. 18 January Douglas C-47A-60-DL Skytrain, 43-30682, of the 94th Troop Carrier Squadron, 439th Troop Carrier Group, Laurinburg–Maxton Army Air Base, South Carolina, piloted by Ralph L. Zimmerman, experiences engine failure on takeoff from Oakland Airport, and falls on an East Oakland residential area, coming down at 38th and Mare Streets, Oakland, California. All eight aboard die as the plane demolishes one house and sets two others afire. "The demolished house was that of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Jacobsen, who escaped death because they were having breakfast in the only room left even reasonably intact. As the plane struck and exploded both were thrown to the floor. A neighbor, Mrs. Gwendolyn Wright, was thrown from her bed, which overturned on her. Her home partly burned but she and her 12-year-old son escaped serious injury." 21 January Army pilot 2d Lt. Harry E. Pape, of Sacramento, California, bails out of Bell P-39Q Airacobra, 42-8862, out of Concord Army Air Base, California, moments before it crashes aboard Naval Air Station Alameda, California, within feet of Building 5. Flying debris injures ten employees in Building 5, three seriously. A Navy photo of the pilot descending under his canopy is carried by Associated Press wirephoto on 23 January. He is not injured. 22 January Two Consolidated RB-24E Liberators of B-24 replacement training units 355th Bomb Squadron, 302d Bomb Group, Langley Field, Virginia, collide on a local flight. B-24E-25-CF (as built), 41-29075, c/n 67, flown by Howard R. Cosgrove, crashes and burns, killing all seven on board, while B-24E-25-FO (as built), 42-7420, c/n 444, piloted by Carlos N. Clayton, makes a crash landing in a swamp, none of the eight crew suffering serious injury despite the aircraft being virtually demolished. 25 January Consolidated B-24E-25-DT Liberator, 41-28544, of the 34th Combat Crew Training Squadron, Blythe Army Airfield, California, piloted by Donald J. Harris, crashes four miles N of Quartzsite, Arizona, killing all seven aboard, Col. Dave Wade, commandant of Blythe AAF, announces on 26 January. 25 January The U.S. Navy Pacific fleet headquarters announces on 1 February that a severe storm in the Pacific on 25 January forced down 22 of 23 Vought F4U-1D Corsairs of Marine squadron VMF-422 during a routine flight between the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, with all but six pilots rescued. "One plane reached base safely, one made a crash landing in the Ellice Islands and the other 21 came down at sea as far as is known, the Navy announcement said. The body of one pilot has been recovered and five men are listed as missing." This is considered the worst non-combat accident for a Marine Corps squadron of the war. 28 January Col. Robin E. Epler, deputy commander (Technical) of the Air Proving Ground Command, Eglin Field, Florida, is killed this date in crash of Douglas A-20G-10-DO Havoc, 42-54016, one mile (1.6 km) NE of Crestview, Florida. Eglin Auxiliary Field No. 7 is named in his honor. 31 January Short Stirling, EF232, of 1660 HCU, departs RAF Swinderby for a night exercise, with a crew that includes a pupil pilot and two flight engineers. The aircraft crashes at Carlton-le-Moorland at 2132 hrs., shortly after takeoff, killing all eight aboard, although some linger until the next day. 1 February Consolidated B-24J-40-CO Liberator, 42-73390, of the 605th Bomb Squadron, 399th Bomb Group, piloted by Arthur Fitzpatrick, attempting a forced night landing with engine trouble, crashes at March Field, California, killing four crew and sending six to the base hospital. Dead are Second Lt. Wesley Eugene Sory, 26, Livingston, Texas; Sgt. Samuel W. Hawthorne, 22, Morton, Texas; Second Lt. William Arthur Prange, 23, husband of Mrs. Hazel Prange of Los Angeles, and Second Lt. Fritz Barkan, Jr., 29, husband of Mrs. Elizabeth Barkan, of Riverside, California. 2 February Six fliers are killed and two seriously injured in the crash of a Boeing B-17G-30-BO Flying Fortress, 42-31904, early this date, 2/3 mile NW of Kearney Army Air Base, Nebraska, during a training flight. Two other crew were uninjured. Was assigned to the 9th HBP Headquarters, Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and flown by Leslie A. Bond. 3 February "MIAMI, Fla., Feb. 5 (AP) – Naval district headquarters announced today the loss of nine Navy and Marine Corps men in the crash of a plane from a high altitude into the sea seven miles east of Miami Thursday." 4 February Boeing B-17F-90-BO Flying Fortress, 42-30188, "Temptation", with nose art of a black cat considering dropping a bomb, previously "Kats Sass II", 'MZ S' of the 413th Bomb Squadron, 96th Bomb Group, during takeoff for a Frankfort mission, suffers runaways on Nos. 1 and 2 propellers. Lt. Joseph Meacham attempts landing at near-by as yet unfinished base, but crash lands at East Shropham, Norfolk, NNW of RAF Snetterton Heath. All eleven crew survive but the aircraft is damaged beyond repair and is written off, fit only for parts salvage. 7 February "WENDOVER, Utah, Feb. 8 (AP) – Nine Army airmen were killed yesterday when a heavy bomber crashed eight miles northeast of Wendover Air base." Consolidated B-24H-15-CF Liberator, 41-29396, of the 789th Bomb Squadron, 467th Bomb Group, flown by Earl C. Bonville, involved. 7 February Aviation Cadet Max Quillen, 21, of the U.S. Naval Air Corps, was killed in an airplane collision near Converse, Indiana about 1:30 o'clock Tuesday afternoon in a routine flight. Report made by Lieutenant Douglas Campbell, press relations officer at Bunker Hill Naval Air Station, where Cadet Quillen was stationed, said that he was alone in the plane at the time of the accident and that he was flying near the Bunker Hill station at Peru, Indiana. After entering the service, Cadet Quillen left in the Flying Redbird Squadron from Parkersburg, West Virginia in April of last year and was only recently transferred to Indiana for advanced training. 8 February"FORT WAYNE, Ind., February 9 UP – Five Baer field fliers were killed last night when their C-47 Cargo plane crashed 30 miles southwest of Nashville, Tennessee, while on a combat training flight." C-47A-75-DL, 42-100873, c/n 10336, of the 1st R & FPU, flown by Homer W. Ferguson, involved. 11 February"A Marine Corps aviator was killed February 11 at 6:45 p.m. when his fighter plane failed to come out of a dive at a Mojave desert air base at Spangler, it was reported yesterday by Coroner R. E. Williams. The aviator, a first lieutenant, was on a routine flight and was diving his plane at a target from 6,000 feet, the coroner said. He added that the plane exploded as it hit the ground and the pilot was killed instantly. Coroner Williams went to the base yesterday to investigate the crash after being advised of the fatality by military authorities." 12 February Lt. James P. (Jimmy) Christy, (1915–1944) former Chicago Catholic Youth Organization boxing champion, and later a contender for the world professional Featherweight title, is killed in the crash of Lockheed P-38J-10-LO Lightning, 42-67913, of the 311th Ferry Squadron, 27th Air Transport Group, RAF Langford Lodge, (Army Air Force Station 597), Northern Ireland, near Hawarden, Wales. Christy enlisted in the Army Air Forces in 1942, was commissioned at Randolph Field, Texas, and served as a flight instructor before being posted overseas. He is survived by his mother, Mrs. Mary Christy, 550 Surf Street, Chicago. 16 February Focke-Wulf Ta 152 V19, Werke Nummer 110019, prototype for the Ta 152B-5/R11 (Ta 152C-3/R11) with Jumo 213A engine, is written off this date in a crash during test flight out of Langenhagen. Airframe had been damaged in 1943 wheels-up landing during testing but was repaired. 18 February Curtiss C-46A-10-CU Commando, 41-12339, c/n 26466, of the 3d OTU, Henry F. Harvey piloting, departs McClellan Field, California, at 0045 hrs. on a flight to homebase at Reno Army Air Base, Nevada. Some 15 minutes after takeoff arcing wiring ignites hydraulic fluid. The fire burns though oxygen lines and de-icer lines, airframe impacting in American River Canyon, California. Five crew members bailed out, ~0100 hrs., but two died when exiting the plane. 18 February Douglas SBD-2 Dauntless, BuNo 2173, of the Carrier Qualification Training Unit, Naval Air Station Glenview, Illinois, piloted by Lieutenant (junior grade) John Lendo, suffers engine failure, probably due to carburetor icing, while on approach to a Type IX training carrier on Lake Michigan. Pilot ditches dive bomber and is rescued. On 19 June 2009, the airframe was retrieved from the lake bottom and will go to the Pacific Aviation Museum on Ford Island, Oahu, Hawaii. 29 February A Martin B-26B-10-MA Marauder medium bomber "Sweet Sue" 41-18201, renamed from original "Sweet Sue's Duke of Paraduke" part of the 432nd Bomb Squadron, 17th Bomb Group, based at the Villacidro airbase in Sardinia Italy at the time crashed a few seconds after takeoff into some of the temporary tents, killing 2 enlisted men in the tents and all 6 on board the aircraft. Crew members on board Sweet Sue: 1st LT Frank A. Pezzella NY – pilot, 38th mission; 2nd LT Howard N Owen – co-pilot; 2nd LT H. K. Oholendt – bombardier; S/Sgt Wallace W. Regan – radio/gunner; S/Sgt Eugene T. Raum – aerial/gunner; S/Sgt Townsand F. Smith TX – engineer/gunner.  Ground crew included Tech Sgt George E. Beaman TX/NC (crew chief); Edward "Doc" Slater IL and Dutch Whitendofer.  From eyewitness accounts, the B-26 was on her 95th mission (the most missions for a B-26 at the time) on the way to Anzio Italy, and was able to get wheels up, however was never able to elevate above 100 feet. A New York Times article the plane and crew were slated to return to the states to sell war bonds after completing 100 missions (only 4 missions away).  The pilot Lt. Pezzella was drafted his senior year at Fordham University and was the captain of  the golf team and quarterback prior to his draft. 3 March Two medium bombers out of Barksdale Field, Louisiana, collide in mid-air ~20 miles N of Shreveport, killing twelve crew, the wreckage coming down on the banks of the Red River. Martin B-26B-35-MA Marauder, 41-32067, flown by Donald A. Landis, and B-26C-20-MO, 41-35169, piloted by Thomas W. Wilson, both of the 477th Bomb Squadron, 335th Bomb Group, involved. 3 March "SANTA ANA, March 4 (AP) – The Marine air base announced today that two fliers were killed yesterday in a plane crash seven miles east of San Juan Capistrano." 4 March "Second Lt. Earl W. Smith, 22 years old, was instantly killed at 1:13 p.m. yesterday (4 March) when his P-38 plane from Ontario Army air field crashed in a vineyard half a mile east of Guasti school, Lt. Col. Miller B. Towman, commanding officer, announced. The plane suddenly went into a dive and struck the vineyard a short distance south of U.S. highway 99. After crashing, the plane burned, said P. H. Evans, deputy of Coroner R. E. Williams. Lieutenant Smith was a student pilot and his home is in Leadville, Colo. His widow, Erva L. Smith, lives at 9616 San Carlos avenue, South Gate. Witnesses to the crash said the craft was traveling north when it suddenly went into a dive. The plane was demolished when it struck the ground, then caught fire. Lieutenant Smith had taken off from the field a short time before for a routine training flight. Colonel Towman appointed a board of Army officers who will conduct an inquiry in an effort to determine the exact cause of the crash. The flier's body was removed to Stone's mortuary in Upland, where funeral arrangements are pending." 11 March Two Consolidated B-24H Liberators of the 782d Bomb Squadron (H), 465th Bomb Group (H), deployed temporarily at Oudna Field #1 (says one source) or Oudna Field #2 (according to another account), near Tunis while the intended base, Pantanella Army Air Base, in south central Italy, is prepared for the heavy bomb group, suffer a mid-air collision during a training mission with both demolished. B-24H-15-FO, 42-52471, piloted by Charles A. Melody, and B-24H-15-FO, 412-52551, flown by Robert E. Murphy, are destroyed and both full crews killed. 23 March Consolidated B-24J-25-CO Liberator, 42-73228, of the 3330th Combat Crew Training Squadron, on training mission out of Biggs Field, Texas, crashes into the eastern slope of Franklin Mountain near El Paso, Texas, at 2240 hrs. during routine training flight. Seven crewmen are killed in the crash: 1st Lt. Lyle R. Jensen, Big Springs, Nebraska, whose wife was in El Paso; 2nd Lt. Benjamin C. Fricke, Indianapolis, Indiana; 2nd Lt. Robert Spears, Indianapolis; 2nd Lt. Donald B. Harris, Deming, New Mexico; Staff Sgt. Richard I. Stoney, Stoneham, Massachusetts; Sgt. William T. Hinson, Norwood, North Carolina; and Sgt. John H. House, Black River, New York. 24 March Major-General Orde Charles Wingate flies to assess the situations in three Chindit-held bases in Burma. On his return, flying from Imphal to Lalaghat, the USAAF North American B-25H-1-NA Mitchell bomber, 43-4242, of the 1st Air Commando Group in which he is traveling crashes into jungle-covered hills near Bishnupur, Manipur, in the present-day state of Manipur in Northeast India. He is killed along with nine others. Local thunderstorms with extreme turbulence have been suggested as the cause of the crash. Remains of Wingate and crew are later recovered and interred at Arlington National Cemetery. 24 March Royal Air Force tailgunner Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade jumps without a parachute from a burning Avro Lancaster BMk.II, DS664, 'S for Sugar', of No. 115 Squadron RAF, E of Schmallenberg, flying at during a raid on Germany. Alkemade falls into a forest and is decelerated by fall through tree branches before landing in deep snowdrift. Alkemade survives fall with severe bruising and a sprained leg. Captured and unable to show them his parachute, his captors disbelieve his story and suspect him of being a spy until he shows them bruising and indentation in snowdrift. Alkemade finishes war in Stalag Luft III and dies in 1987. 25 March Grumman TBF-1 Avenger, BuNo 24295, of VC-9, piloted by Lt.(jg) William Francis Chamberlain, suffers a ramp strike coming aboard USS Solomons, during operations in the Atlantic while en route from NS Norfolk, Virginia, to Recife, Brazil. Despite the aircraft exploding and falling into the sea, the two aviators in the rear fuselage are rescued by the plane guard destroyer. Pilot stayed with the forward section which remained on deck. They will perish while sinking U-860 at dusk on 15 June 1944, when their Avenger is caught in the blast from its low-altitude depth charge drop. This ramp strike incident has been misreported as occurring 25 May 1944, and the pilot identified as William F. Chamberlin. Chamberlain had heavily damaged U-569 on 22 May 1943, which led to its scuttling in mid-Atlantic. 31 March / 1 April Marshal Admiral Mineichi Koga, commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet, is killed when his plane, a Kawanishi H8K2 "Emily" flying boat, crashes at 0200 hrs. during a typhoon between Palau and Davao while overseeing the withdrawal of the Combined Fleet from its Palau headquarters on this date. His death is not announced until May 1944 when he is formally replaced by Admiral Soemu Toyoda. Koga was promoted to Marshal Admiral posthumously and he was accorded a state funeral. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery, outside of Tokyo. Eight others on board survive the crash. 8 April Fifth Fisher XP-75-GC Eagle, 44-32163, out of the Fisher Plant No.2, Cleveland, Ohio, crashes at Cleveland after pilot engaged in low-level aerobatics that reportedly exceeded the placarded limitations. Pilot Hamilton J. Wagner killed. 9 April Fairey Albacore, X9117, of No. 415 Squadron RCAF, engaged in a fighter affiliation exercise, crashes near Bosham, West Sussex while making a low turn. All four crew KWF. 9 April Consolidated B-24D-135-CO Liberator, 42-41128, c/n 2203, of the 420th AAF Base Unit, March Field, California, piloted by Frank A. Gurley, crashes in weather-related accident 3 miles SW of Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station Mojave, Mojave, California, while on a routine training mission to simulate a long range bombing mission. All ten crew members are KWF. Site rediscovered in 2005. 11 April Short Stirling B.Mk.III, EH947, of 75 Squadron, suffers engine failure during non-operational flight, force-landed at Icklingham, Suffolk. 13 April After downing 3 planes on 8 April, Don Gentile was the top scoring 8th Air Force ace when he crashed his personal North American P-51B-7-NA Mustang, 43-6913, 'VF-T', named "Shangri La", this date while stunting over the 4th Fighter Group's airfield at Debden for a group of assembled press reporters and movie cameras. He buzzed the airfield too low, struck the rising ground, and broke the back of his fighter. Col. Donald Blakeslee immediately grounded Major Gentile as a result, even though his combat tour was completed, and he was sent back to the US for a tour selling War Bonds. The official news release to the press glosses over the actual cause of the crash, stating that Gentile "was badly shaken when he was forced to crash land his Mustang fighter at his home base after a recent mission, it was disclosed today" (13 April). 13 April During a Naval Air Training Command (NATC) evaluation flight of a Budd RB-1 Conestoga prototype, U.S. Navy BuNo 39293, NX37097, at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, the aircraft crashed, killing one of the crew. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off, but the pilot reported that the stainless steel construction of the plane contributed to saving his life. 15 April Second prototype Dornier Do 335 V2, Werkenummer 230002, CP+UB, suffers rear engine fire while undergoing testing at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin central Luftwaffe test facility just outside Rechlin, Germany, written off. 19 April U.S. Navy K-class blimp K-133, of ZP-22, operating out of Naval Air Station Houma, Louisiana, is caught in a thunderstorm while patrolling over the Gulf of Mexico. Ship goes down and twelve of thirteen crew are lost. Sole survivor is recovered after spending 21 hours in the water. The Associated Press reports on 22 April that the Eighth Naval District stated that there were nine fatalities. 21 April Generaloberst Hans-Valentin Hube (1890–1944), a German general who served in the German Army during the First and Second World Wars, and recipient of the Diamonds to the Knight's Cross, is killed when the Heinkel He 111 which was shuttling him to Berlin crashes shortly after takeoff in Salzburg at Ainring. Hube was nicknamed der Mensch ("The Man" or better "The human being") by his troops during the Second World War. 21 April Southeast door of blimp hangar at Naval Air Station Houma, Louisiana, goes inoperable, is chained open. A gust of wind carries three Goodyear ZNP-K airships, all of ZP-22, out into the night; K-56, BuNo 30178, travels , crashes into trees, K-57, BuNo 30179, explodes and burns from the air station, K-62, BuNo 30184, fetches up against high-tension powerlines a quarter mile away, burns. K-56 is salvaged, sent to Goodyear at Akron, Ohio, repaired and returned to service. 24 April A Boeing B-17G-55-BO Flying Fortress, 42-102685, of the 271st Air Base Unit, Kearney Army Airfield, Kearney, Nebraska, crashes six miles N of Bertrand, Nebraska, after an oxygen fire breaks out in flight. Six crew bail out but both pilots are killed. Dead were 2d Lt. Thomas G. Eppinger, pilot, of Huntington Woods, Michigan; and 2d Lt. Robert D. Shaw, co-pilot, of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Survivors were 2d Lt. Voris H. Fabik, navigator, of East St. Louis, Illinois; 2d Lt. Lewis E. Louraine, bombardier, of Purcell, Oklahoma; 2d Lt. Robert Durocher, assistant bombardier, hometown not available; S/Sgt. Clifford M. Bowen, engineer, of Jefferson, Oregon; S/Sgt. Obert M. Lay, radioman, of Aurora, Illinois; and Sgt. James T. Grantham, waist gunner, of Phoenix, Arizona. 28 April A U.S. Navy Douglas R4D Skytrain crashes early this date in "wilderness-locked terrain" 30 miles SE of Flagstaff, Arizona, killing or injuring all 23 aboard. "The Coconino county sheriff's office definitely identified the plane after establishing shortwave communication with a rescue party of deputies and naval officers from Winslow, Ariz. Sheriff Peery Francis said two of the four injured men who survived the crash wandered to a ranch and later were removed to a Flagstaff hospital. The other two, one of whom was critically hurt, were found at the scene and brought here (Flagstaff) in an ambulance." Muddy roads made rescue from the remote site difficult. A United Press report dated 4 May stated that the toll ROSE to 19 on 3 May with the death of Joseph Daniels Dalesio, radioman 3/C, 26, of Fallensbee, West Virginia, the most seriously injured of the four survivors. He was the son of Mrs. Anna Dalesio, of Fallensbee. "Funeral services will be held in his home town." Another United Press report stated that Twelfth Naval District officers in San Francisco said that there were 22 passengers and crew aboard the downed craft. 29 April "MEMPHIS, April 29. – Seven persons were killed – including two women and a 20-month-old child – when a twin-engine army bomber crashed today into a house in the Memphis residential section. The army withheld identification of the crewmen aboard the plane, saying flight orders from the ferry command included the names of but three men but a fourth could have been aboard. Exploding gas tanks set fire to both the house and the plane, burning five of the seven bodies beyond recognition. The explosion set fire to two adjoining residences." 8 May Vought OS2U-2 Kingfisher, BuNo 3092, suffers midair collision with OS2U-3 Kingfisher, BuNo 5422, 1/2–mile S of Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. 10 May An instructor pilot and a student pilot flying Vultee BT-13B Valiant, 42-90353, of the 262d Combat Crew Training School, back to Bruning Army Air Field, Nebraska, after a training session, and Republic P-47D-15-RA Thunderbolt, 42-23149, of the same unit, whose pilot had been conducting individual training, returning to the same airfield, suffer a mid-air collision. Neither pilot was aware of the other aircraft's presence and both planes were far from the airfield control tower. After both aircraft made simultaneous turns, they were headed directly toward one another at high speed. They struck at approximately 4,000 feet, causing both aircraft to spiral toward the ground. The BT-13 crashed on the Frank Stych farm, ~3 miles W and 2 miles S of Milligan. The P-47 crashed on the Fred and Dorothy Stych farm, ~3 miles W and 3 miles S of Milligan. The P-47 pilot, F/O John Dobony, was killed. Both pilots in the BT-13 bailed out. The instructor pilot, 2d Lt. Frank W. Mrenak, survived, but the student pilot, 1st Lt. William D. Jaeger, lost his life. A Nebraska historical marker was erected in 2010 by the Milligan Memorial Committee for the World War II Fatal Air Crashes near Milligan, Nebraska. Accident reports give the location of the crash as 3 miles E of Ohiowa, Nebraska. 15 May Ex-RAF de Havilland Mosquito B.IV, DK296, formerly flown by 105 Squadron as 'GB-G', delivered to the Soviet Union for testing on 19 April 1944 by Soviet flight crew, is written off this date in landing accident at Sverdlovsk when pilot A. I. Kabanov loses control with engines at low power setting, turns to port, runs off runway, shears off landing gear and skids to a stop on its belly. Pilot and navigator P. I. Perevalov unhurt. This was the ninth flight of DK296 (which never received a Soviet serial) since it arrived in Russia and was the only Mosquito delivered to Russia. Kabanov was the Deputy Director of the Scientific Research Institute of the Air Force at this time, and had much experience flying foreign types. 16 May Two Fleet Air Arm Vought Corsair Is of 732 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Saker, out of Naval Air Station Brunswick, crash into Sebago Lake, Maine, killing Royal Navy pilots SubLt. Vaughan Reginald Gill and SubLt. Raymond L. Knott. Knott, in JT160, ex-USN BuNo 18182, hit the water first and then Gill, in JT132, ex-USN BuNo 18154, struck the water column from the first crash (or possibly collided with JT160 on a skip) and went into the lake inverted. Neither pilot's body was recovered. When Historic Aircraft Restoration Corp. located one airframe in July 2003, they attempted to lay claim to the salvage rights, but a federal judge ruled in November 2003 that admiralty law does not apply as the lake is non-navigable from a federal standpoint, so ownership of the lake bottom and of the airframes lies with the State of Maine. By dismissing the case, the judge essentially ruled for the Maine and British governments, both of which oppose salvage as the airframes are regarded as wargraves. 16 May Lieutenant Commander David Wooster Taylor, 32, departs Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island, for a routine training mission in Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo 41944, but is killed when his fighter crashes and burns at the Sunset Valley Reservation in East Greenwich. The First Naval District headquarters at Boston said that Taylor was survived by his wife Virginia, 24, of North Kingston, and two young children, Jean, 4, and David Wooster Taylor III, 3. 28 May Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 109G-6, 'Red 3', formerly carrying RQ+DR, werke nummer 163306, crashes into Lake Trzebun in Pomerania, northwest Poland in 0831 hrs. takeoff accident from airfield at Gebbert (now Jaworze), killing pilot Feldwebel Ernst Pleines of 2 Staffel, Jagdgruppe West. (Luftwaffe Verlustmeldung 174 – Casualty Report 174.) He was buried 15 June at Gebbert. Wreck discovered June 1999 in 56 feet (17 m) of water, subsequently recovered by Gdańsk-based Klub Pletwonurków Rekin (Shark Divers' Club) for the Polish Eagles Aviation Foundation for restoration and display. 29 May Luftwaffe fighter experten Friedrich-Karl "Tutti" Müller (140 victories in 600 combat sorties) is killed in a landing accident at Salzwedel, when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6, Werknummer 410827, stalls on landing approach at low altitude. He is posthumously promoted to Oberstleutnant. 4 June Capt. James W. Wilkinson, 31, of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, C.O. of the 82d Fighter Squadron, 78th Fighter Group, theorizes that if steam locomotives can be hit in the right places when strafed they will be put out of action for months rather than weeks. "The RAF was keen for him to demonstrate his theory, and arranged for a real locomotive to serve as his target in Wales. The exercise was scheduled for 4 June, but bad weather en route from Duxford held up Wilkinson's flight clearance. In an effort to get airborne he radioed the control tower and stated that he was going on a local test flight." Heading west, he flew Republic P-47D-22-RE Thunderbolt, 42-26256, 'MX-G', into a mist-shrouded mountain ~4.5 miles NE of Llandovery, in Carmarthenshire, Wales, and was killed. Wilkinson transferred to the 78th FG in November 1943 and became commanding officer of the 82d FS on 23 May 1943. He was awarded the Air Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross with 4 oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Service Cross and the Silver Star. He was credited with seven victories, six air, one ground. 6 June Eighteen U.S. Navy men are killed and 12 injured when Consolidated PB4Y-1 Liberator, BuNo 32073, (former B-24D, 42-40711), of VB-117, crashes on takeoff into a structure at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearny on Kearny Mesa, NE of San Diego, California. The Eleventh Naval District said that seven men were seriously injured and five were in hospital with minor injuries. Twelve crew were aboard the plane but three survived with injuries. The other dead and injured were station personnel. The bomber hit the supply hut of VB-102, the destruction of that unit's supplies delaying the squadron's Pacific deployment by a month. 8 June Two North American B-25J Mitchell bombers collide in mid-air over the Kalihi neighborhood of Honolulu, five miles E of Hickam Field. B-25J-1-NC, 43-27786, piloted by James L. Pauley, and B-25J-5-NC, 43-27842, flown by James M. Owens II, plunge into a congested residential area, setting eleven or twelve dwellings alight. Ten women and children are killed in addition to all four air crew. This appears to be the largest death toll in a single fire in the history of the Hawaiian Islands. 8 June Consolidated C-87-CF Liberator Express, 41-24006, c/n 801, crashes during attempted belly landing at Station 4, Jorhat, India, this date. Pilot was Lawrence C. Ackerson. 9 June Mid-air collision between two Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston-based Vought Corsair I fighters, JT128, flown by Mid. Edward Fredrick Kingsley Webb, and JT183, flown by SubLt. Richard George Bennett, over Lewiston, Maine; both are able to land and crew are uninjured. 11 June 2d Lt. Lawrence R. Casey, on a fighter sweep on D-Day + 5 in Republic P-47D-11-RE Thunderbolt, 42-75610, of the 83d Fighter Squadron, 78th Fighter Group, out of USAAF Station 357, RAF Duxford, suffers prop failure due to lack of oil, but suffers no fire, and bails out, coming down ~10 miles N of Evreux, France. Hidden by the Resistance, he meets up with the 66th Tank Regiment on 25 June and soon is aboard a C-47 back to England. 12 June On this date, IJN submarine I-10 assembled and launched her Yokosuka E14Y to reconnoiter Majuro, in the Marianas. "Since the American expeditionary force had departed six days earlier, the aviator saw nothing important, and his plane, crashing on landing, had to be abandoned." I-10 will be sunk on 4 July 1944. Circa 13 June As Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa sorties from Tawi-Tawi for Operation A-Go, a deck crash occurs "that cast a deep gloom over the Mobile Fleet. A Jill torpedo-bomber, flown by an inexpert pilot, made a crash landing on the deck of flagship Taihō, collided with another bomber, burst into flames; and before the fire was put out two Zekes, two Judys and two Jills had been consumed. To the Japanese mind this was more than the loss of six valuable planes; coming so shortly after the sortie, it was considered an evil omen." Taihō, commissioned on 7 March 1944, will sink on 19 June during the Battle of the Philippine Sea after suffering a single torpedo hit from the , due to explosions resulting from design flaws and poor damage control. 13 June The Bäckebo Bomb – A German Aggregat-4 (Vergeltungswaffe 2) rocket, V-89, c/n 4089, specially equipped to be hand-controlled in flight by the Wasserfall anti-aircraft system, test-fired from Peenemünde, goes astray, exploding at ~1605 hours over a cornfield at gräsdals gård in Knivingaryd, close to Bäckebo, N of Nybro in Småland, near Kalmar, Sweden, creating a 13-foot wide crater after a flight of 350 km. The Swedish government later transfers two tons of debris to England, transported in a Douglas Dakota, reportedly in exchange for two squadrons of new tanks, or Supermarine Spitfires. The last leg of the delivery flight, from Scotland to London, was flown by Bernt Balchen. 20 June Lt. Donald A. Innis, U.S. Navy, out of the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California, flying over the Salton Sea in Southern California on a rocket firing flight, launches weapon but the rocket body explodes prematurely on his starboard wing. His F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo 40860, which was in a 15-degree dive at the time went into a slow spin and crashed into the sea. 22 June A U.S. Army Air Force Luke Field flight instructor, flying low over Highway 89 near Wittmann, Arizona, becomes momentarily distracted and accidentally strikes an automobile, the wing of his AT-6 Texan decapitating a motorist. "Marana Field, Ariz., July 15 [Special] – Convicted of murder in the decapitation of a motorist with the wing of his low flying plane on an Arizona highway, a 21 year old Luke field flying instructor today heard a court martial order him imprisoned for life at hard labor and dismissed from the service. The officer, Lt. Howard E. Stittsworth of Wakefield, Kas., was ordered confined to his quarters at Luke field pending a review of the verdict by Maj. Gen. Ralph Cousins, commanding general of the western flying training command, by the judge advocate general in Washington, D.C., and by President Roosevelt. Lt. Dean C. Fundingsland, 23, Grand Forks, N.D., senior officer in the plane with Stittsworth at the time of the accident, was convicted Monday of a violation of flying regulations and was ordered dismissed from the service. Standing at attention as the verdict was read, Lt. Stittsworth appeared stunned by the decision. He closed his eyes momentarily as if comprehending the significance of the sentence. He turned and slumped into a chair with his head in his arms as members of his defense staff consoled him. The dark haired officer admitted on the stand yesterday that he was piloting a plane that bounced on the highway near Wittmann, Ariz., on June 22 and decapitated Earl W. Nepple, Los Angeles, Cal., hotel man. Stittsworth said he was flying low between two auxiliary fields adjacent to highway 89 and was leaning into the cockpit, trying to fix a balky landing gear, when he felt an impact. He said he was not aware of an automobile below him. Corp. Hammond Waugh, Luke field, who was inspecting lights on an auxiliary field, testified that the plane flew low over the field, 'buzzing' his truck." 29 June Republic P-47D-1-RA Thunderbolt, 42-22331, c/n 82, accepted 30 March 1943, of C Flight, 1st AF / 1st FG / E Section / 124th Base Unit (Fighter), "A-362", from Bluethenthal AAF, piloted by 2nd Lt. Robert B Boyd, Jr., makes gear-up crash landing on Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina. Abandoned in place, the hulk of the wings and lower fuselage is uncovered by Hurricane Floyd in 1999. Now stored at the Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina. Pictures of salvage on beach March 2000, P-47G Salvage c/o Carolina Military Gallery. 11 July U.S. Army Lieutenant Phillip "Phee" Russell was attempting to land his Douglas A-26B-5-DT Invader, 43-22253, at the Portland-Westbrook Municipal Airport at 1645 hrs. this date. For reasons that were never fully determined, Russell lost control of the plane and crashed into a trailer park in a nearby neighborhood in South Portland, Maine. Two crew, and 19 people on the ground were killed and 20 people were injuredmostly women and childrenmaking it the worst aviation accident in Maine history. 11 July A U.S. Army Air Force Boeing B-17G-75-BO Flying Fortress, 44-38023, en route from Kearney Army Airfield, Nebraska, to Dow Field, Maine, for overseas deployment, crashes into Deer Mountain in Parkertown Township in North Oxford, Maine, during a thunderstorm, killing all ten crew: Sgt. James A. Benson, Sgt. Gerald V. Biddle, 2nd Lt. John T. Cast, 2nd Lt. John W. Drake, 2nd Lt. William Hudgens, Cpl. John H. Jones, Staff Sgt. Wayne D. McGavran, Sgt. Cecil L. Murphy, 2nd Lt. Robert S. Talley, and Sgt. Clarence M. Waln. Locals saw the plane circling before it struck terrain 500 feet below the summit. It apparently descended below the clouds, struck treetops, and cartwheeled across the mountainside. Two days later, after a search by more than 100 spotters from the Civil Air Patrol, the Army Air Force, the Navy, and the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Boeing B-17's wreckage was found on the side of the mountain. This is only the second worst military crash in Maine history as it occurred the same day an A-26 Invader crash at Portland that killed 21. 12 July The crash of a Bell P-39 Airacobra out of Victorville Army Air Field, California, kills Flight Officer Ruben Herrera, 23, of La Mesa, New Mexico, with the fighter coming down 20 miles W of the base, at approximately 1900 hrs., during routine training manoeuvers. Wreckage found at 0900 hrs. 13 July by search aircraft. Herrera had been assigned to Victorville since 1 July as a student pilot in transitional training for combat duty. He was the son of Mr. and Mrs. Y. Herrera, of La Mesa, N.M. 13 July A Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 G-1 night fighter of 7 Staffel/NJG 2, bearing Geschwaderkennung code 4R+UR, on North Sea night patrol landed at RAF Woodbridge. This aircraft carried recent versions of the FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 VHF-band radar, FuG 350 Naxos-Z and FuG 227 Flensburg homer which were being successfully used to intercept RAF night bombers. The German crew had only just completed 100 hours of flight training, and had flown by compass heading, but proceeded on a reciprocal (opposite) course to that intended and thought they were over their own airfield. Within days, the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) analysed the radar equipment and devised countermeasures. This 'coup' repeated the events of the previous year, when a similar radar-equipped Ju 88 (pictured) was flown by a defecting crew to the UK. 14 July The crash of Beechcraft UC-45B Expeditor, 43-35569, of the 115th Base Unit, Godman Army Airfield, Fort Knox, Kentucky, in a violent storm, at Chattanooga, Tennessee, kills U.S. Army Maj. Gen. Paul W. Newgarden, commander of the 10th Armored Division, and five other officers, including two colonels. "In the plane, which disintegrated after crashing headlong through an orchard, were Col. Renn Lawrence, commander of a combat unit; 2d Lt. J. R. Lockett, Grenada, Miss.; Flight Officer E. S. Ihle, Slater, Ia., and Staff Sgt. F. J. Allbright, Bradford, O. The army withheld the name of the second colonel, pending notification of next of kin. All were en route from Fort Knox, Ky., to Augusta, Ga., where Gen. Newgarden was to have reviewed troops of the 10th armored division in celebration of the second anniversary of his command. Col. Howard Clark, Fort Oglethorpe commander, said the plane was torn into small pieces when it sheared through the orchard after narrowly missing a dormitory of the Bonny Oaks school." The twin-engined aircraft, piloted by Everett S. Ihle, comes down three miles NE of Chattanooga Municipal Airport. 14 July "INDIO, 14 July (AP) – Sheriff's deputies reported the crash of a B-24 Liberator bomber today 25 miles north of Shaver's Summit in the Pinto basin desert region. Deputies said that six of the 12 crew members parachuted before the plane crashed and burned, but the others were unaccounted for. One of the men who jumped was found later in a tree with one of his legs fractured. The plane was en route to its base at March field, from an Arizona Army Air field. Names of crewmen were withheld pending further investigation." "TUCSON, Ariz., July 15 (AP) – Three Army fliers were killed and nine others parachuted to safety when a B-24 Liberator bomber crashed and burned yesterday 17 miles north of Shaver summit near Palm Springs, California, Col. C. K. Rich, commanding officer of Davis Monthan field, announced today. The dead included: Second Lt. Sidney L. Smith, 21, pilot, son of Mrs. Leslie E. Smith of Clovis, California. The nine men who parachuted have been found uninjured. Their names were not released." 15 July Consolidated B-24J-5-FO Liberator, 42-50871, of the 272d Base Unit, Topeka AAF, Kansas, piloted by Levine S. Nelson, crashes one mile NW of Ashville, New York, killing all five crew. "Syracuse, N.Y., July 15 (AP) – Lt. Harry A. Dunn, public relations officer of the Syracuse army air base, announced tonight the names of the five flyers killed in the crash of an army bomber near Blockville, N.Y., early today. The dead include 2nd Lt. Vernon E. Stiltz, Milwaukee, Wis.; 2nd Lt. John Jurzazak, Chicago, and Sgt. Art L. Brown, Sterling, Ill." The Aviation Archaeological Investigation and Research website indicates that the bomber was involved in a mid-air collision, but provides no further details, and no other aircraft appear in accident report listings at this location this date. 16 July Royal Air Force Douglas Dakota III, KG472, c/n 12584, built as C-47A-15-DK, USAAF 42-92749, to RAF in March 1944, with No. 267 Squadron RAF, departs Bari Airport, Italy, on a special infiltration and evacuation mission to Yugoslavia. At Tičevo landing ground (the partisan airfield Cemerica at Bosanska Dubica), the pilot attempted a go around after overshooting. The aircraft gained height rapidly for a short distance then rapidly lost height as the pilot retracted the flaps and crashed at 2315 hrs. about 500 yards beyond the end of the flare path. striking the ground on an even keel with both motors under power. A Court of Inquiry found that, "the accident was caused by the retraction of the flaps when the aircraft was at low speed near the ground." Four crew and 17 passengers were on board of which 11 were killed, one died of injuries later and nine injured. Other passengers were Yugoslavians. The dead are now buried in the Belgrade War Cemetery, with exception of Air Commodore Guy Lloyd Carter DSO AFC of HQ Balkan AF who subsequently died at Bari Hospital on 18 July 1944 and who is buried at Bari War Cemetery. Among the injured passengers were Winston Churchill's SOE agent son, Randolph Spencer-Churchill, Capt. Evelyn Waugh and Mr P Jordan all of the British Mission. Spencer-Churchill sustains back and knee injuries, while Waugh is severely burned. 18 July Hauptman Werner Thierfelder, unit commander of Erprobungskommando 262, out of Lechfeld, is lost in crash of Me 262A (Me 262 S6), W. Nr. 130011, VI+AK, under unclear circumstances. Luftwaffe records indicate that he was shot down but U.S. and British records show no comparable engagement. A possible cause is that Thierfelder exceeded the airframe's limiting Mach number in a dive, perhaps while pursuing an Allied reconnaissance aircraft, leading to an irrecoverable dive. Pilot bailed out but chute failed, possibly due to ripping, and he landed near the airframe crash site. This was the first combat loss of the 262. 19 July Boeing B-17G-60-BO Flying Fortress, 42-102937, "Ready Freddie", of the 412th Bomb Squadron, 95th Bomb Group, crashed at RAF Duxford, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, when attempting to buzz the airfield at too low an altitude. The aircraft clipped a hangar and crashed into a barracks block killing all thirteen on board and one person on the ground. 20 July Two North American P-51C Mustangs of Pinellas RTU, III Fighter Command, depart Pinellas Army Air Field, Florida, at 0700 hrs. EWT on a local gunnery training mission, but instead of flying the briefed mission, the pilots flew to Jacksonville, 180 miles distant, where 2d Lt. John Keane "Jack" Egar, in P-51C-5-NT, 42-103655, descended at ~0745 hrs. to ~75 feet altitude to buzz his childhood home at 2749 Post Street. He struck two trees and the plane skidded across the street, hit a third tree, several houses and a line of garages. "The engine went through an apartment building, where, according to the July 21, 1944, edition of The Florida Times-Union, it narrowly missed a married couple and their 9-year-old daughter, before coming to a stop in the middle of Willow Branch Avenue." Egar's body was found in the wreckage. His wingman, 2d Lt. James R. Cope, apparently jerked on his controls in P-51C-5-NT, 42-103728, to avoid Egar's fighter, the Army report said, and he then hit a different cluster of trees. "His plane followed a course behind the homes on Post Street before hitting 2865 Post St. That house was demolished by fire and the house next door was gutted by the flames, the report said." Cope was killed, as was Millard E. McGhee, "a 27-year-old shoe store manager, who was in his bathroom shaving when the engine of Cope's plane came through the wall and hit him. According to the report, 18 houses and four apartment buildings sustained some level of damage. So did a dozen garages and eight vehicles. Remarkably, only one civilian was killed. Three others were injured, one seriously." The cause was found to be pilot error and negligence. A commemoration of the accident was held at the crash site on 21 July 2012. 20 July "Walla Walla, Wash., July 20 (AP) – All 12 crewmen were killed when a Liberator bomber from the Walla Walla Army Air field crashed yesterday near Touchet, 17 miles west of there, after exploding in the air." 21 July Royal Navy Vought Corsair I, JT117, of 738 Naval Air Squadron, out of Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Lewiston, Maine, crashes in Mount Vernon woods (Cottle Hill area) following engine failure, killing Sub-Lt. Peter John Cann. 21 July Three US Army Air Force Douglas C-47s (42-100712, 42-92115, and 43-30664) disappear while flying at 500 feet over the Atlantic Ocean. The three aircraft lost radio contact with the squadron leader and flew into a storm. Lost aboard 42-100712 were: 1Lt. William E. Bechelm, Jr., of Illinois, 2Lt. Oakes M. Colwell of New Jersey, 2Lt. Donald W. Copeland of Iowa, Sergeant Leo C. Fair of Louisiana, and Sergeant Edward G. Hillman of Pennsylvania. Lost aboard 42-92115 were: 1Lt. Chris C. Nicorvo of New Jersey, 2Lt. Junior R. Davidson of Oklahoma, Flight Officer James M. Crew of Alabama, Staff Sergeant Fred J. Carini of Pennsylvania, and Sergeant Frank E. Sherwood of New York. Lost aboard 43-30664 were: Captain Robert J. Miskell of Ohio, 2Lt. Milton J. Verberg of Michigan, 2Lt. Walter H. Zuidema (origin unknown), Corporal Roger O. Weston of Massachusetts, and Sergeant Ben L. Dean of Texas. 22 July "Tampa, Fla., July 22 (UP) – Eight Army fliers were killed, 10 were injured and two are missing as a result of a collision of two Flying Fortresses in the air near Brooksville, Fla." 23 July Two Curtiss RA-25A Shrikes, of the 4134th Base Unit, Spokane Army Air Field, collide in flight while participating in a flypast for the Spokane Air Service command "Stay-on-the-Job" air show near Spokane, Washington. Part of a three-plane formation, the left-hand aircraft collided with the middle plane during a turn, both crashing into a valley. Pilot 2nd Lt. George E. Chrep and engineer-rated passenger Sgt. Joseph M. Revinskas were killed in the crash of 42-79804, while pilot 2nd Lt. William R. Scott and passenger Captain Ford K. Sayre, a noted snow skier on the east coast, were killed in the crash of 42-79826. A Paramount Pictures newsreel crew caught the accident on film, which was examined by the crash investigation board for clues to the accident. This footage was later incorporated into the 1956 film Earth vs. the Flying Saucers. 23 JulyFocke-Wulf Fw 190C V33 prototype, Werke Nummer 0058, modified to Fw 190 V33/U1 as prototype for Ta 152H-0 with Junkers Jumo 213E-1 engine and new wing fuel tanks of the definitive Ta 152H-1, comprising three tanks in each inner portion, located just aft of the truncated mainspar, first flown 12 July 1944, crashes this date out of Langenhagen, setting back the flight test programme. 31 July Noted aviation pioneer and author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry vanishes without a trace while flying a Free French Forces Lockheed F-5B-1-LO, 42-68223, c/n 2734, of II/33 Squadron, out of Borgo-Porreta, Bastia, Corsica, a reconnaissance variant of the P-38 Lightning, over the Mediterranean; his fate remains a mystery until 2004 when the wreckage of his plane is discovered. While the cause of the crash is unknown, analysis of the wreckage and enemy wartime records suggests that the crash was an accident unrelated to enemy action. A former Luftwaffe pilot has published a volume in which he claims to have shot down a French-marked Lightning, but his claim is largely discounted. August Test program of Lavochkin La-7TK, fitted with turbo-supercharged M-82FN engine in July–August 1944 comes to sudden end when one TK-3 supercharger explodes and airframe is destroyed. 5 August During test flight out of the Fisher plant at Cleveland, Ohio, third Fisher XP-75 Eagle, 44-32161, crashes at Fairfield Village, Ohio, three miles (5 km) N of Cleveland, after an explosion and fire at – pilot Russell Stuart Weeks bailed out at . 9 August Consolidated B-24J-155-CO Liberator, 44-40348, c/n 4284, to U.S. Navy as PB4Y-1, BuNo 38766, of VB-116, piloted by Lt. Romane C. Anderson, of Houston, Texas, swerves off runway on takeoff from NAB Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, Central Pacific, crashes into parked aircraft while carrying nine X 500-pound bombs. Load of 2,900 gallons of fuel ignites, setting of seven of the bombs, destroying either 106 parked naval aircraft or 85 planes destroyed with 55 more damaged. One source states that nine crew are killed and two injured while another states that ten crew are killed or died later. The Navy publicly reveals news of the accident on 24 August 1945. 13 August Focke-Wulf Fw 190C V30 prototype, Werke Nummer 0055, modified to Fw 190 V30/U1 as prototype for Ta 152H-0, rebuilt with Fw 190D Jumo 213A-1 power egg, but without new wingtanks, crashes this date on flight out of Langenhagen after only one week of testing. First flown in new guise on 6 August. 21 August Lieutenant John M. Armitage, USNR, is killed while conducting air firing tests of a Tiny Tim rocket at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California. He flew into the ground from . in a Curtiss SB2C-1C Helldiver, BuNo 018248, and was killed after the launching the rocket. Accident investigators discovered that the shock wave from the rocket's blast caused a jam in the SB2C's flight controls. Airfield dedicated 30 May 1945 in his honor as Armitage Field, now part of Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California. 23 August Freckleton Air Disaster – A United States Army Air Forces Consolidated B-24H-20-CF Liberator, 42-50291, "Classy Chassis II", crashes into a school at Freckleton, Lancashire, England at 1047 hrs. while on approach to Warton Aerodrome. Twenty adults, 38 children and the three-man crew are killed. In addition to a memorial in the village churchyard, a marker was placed at the site of the accident in 2007. 23 August Maj. Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia, one of Italy's most noted aviators, crashes this date in a Martin Baltimore light bomber. After the armistice of 8 September 1943, Buscaglia was asked to fight alongside the Allies, as a member of the newly formed Aeronautica Cobelligerante del Sud. In the meantime, in the northern part of Italy still occupied by Germany, a wing of the Aeronautica Nazionale Reppublicana (the Air Force of the puppet Italian Social Republic) had also been named after him. On 15 July 1944 Buscaglia assumed command of the 28th Bomber Wing, equipped with Baltimores, based on Campo Vesuvio airport, near Naples. On 23 August, while attempting to fly one of the new planes during the early transition training phase, without an instructor, Buscaglia crashes on take-off, dying in hospital in Naples the following day. 27 August or 28 August One of the two Vought OS2U-3 Kingfishers assigned aboard USS New Jersey, BuNo 5549, of VO-7, piloted by Ensign Allen R. Trecartin, crashes while trying to land ~2,000 yards off the vessel's starboard quarter while the battlewagon is transiting from Pearl Harbor, H.I., to Manus Island in the Admiralties. Pilot and rear seater are rescued by the destroyer USS Hickox and the OS2U sunk by destroyer gunfire. Date discrepancy may have to do with the carrier's position relative to the international date line. Post September Blohm & Voss BV 155 V1, first flown 1 September 1944, crashes on later test flight for unknown reasons. Second prototype, BV 155B (V2), completed just before war's end, is recovered by Allies in hangar at Hamburg-Finkenwärder and taken to RAE Farnborough, England for examination. Aircraft is currently in the hands of the Paul Garber Restoration Facility. September First two attempted test flights of the Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg) at Lärz on consecutive days results in both pilots killed. 4 SeptemberDouglas A-26B-15-DL Invader, 41-39158, first assigned to Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Station, Boscombe Down on 11 July 1944 for six weeks' testing (but no RAF serial assigned), then to 2 Group for further evaluation, crashes this date when the upper turret cover left airframe, striking the vertical tail. 6 September First prototype (and only one completed) McDonnell XP-67 Moonbat, 42-11677, suffers fire in starboard engine during functional test flight at . Pilot E.E. Elliot manages to bring stricken airframe into Lambert Field, St. Louis, Missouri, flames gut the fuselage, engine nacelle and wheelwell before firefighters halt blaze. As jet engined project that will become the FD-1 Phantom is already on the horizon, project is cancelled. Bell P-39 Airacobra #42-18290 crashes southwest of Victorville Army Airfield, Victorville, California. Pilot 2nd Lt. Pat L. Montgomery is killed instantly. 8 September 2d Lt. John T. McCarthy, in Republic P-47D-6-RE Thunderbolt, 42-74782, of the 262d FPTS, on a combined interception training mission out of Bruning Army Air Field, Nebraska, at ~1540 hrs. CWT, at 16,000 feet altitude, makes a pursuit curve mock attack from the high port side of Boeing B-17G-35-DL Flying Fortress, 42-107159, terminating his attack from about 250 to 300 yards away from the bomber, but "mushes" into the B-17 while breaking away, hitting the port wing near the number one (port outer) engine. "Both planes burst into flames immediately, the B-17 exploding, disintegrating into several pieces, and crashing to the ground. The P47 hit the ground in a tight spiral, exploding when it hit the ground." The collision occurs ~5 miles NE of Bruning AAF. The fighter pilot is KWF. The B-17, of the 224th AAF Base Unit, out of Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, was part of a formation of bombers on a camera-gunnery mission, en route to Bruning AAF, which was flying in several elements. The fighter struck the wing man of the second element of the low formation. Only four crew of ten aboard the B-17 manage to bail out. Killed are 2d Lts. William F. Washburn, and Bernard I. Hall, pilot and co-pilot, F/O George A. Budovsky, Cpl. John E. Tuchols, and Pvt. Henry C. Sedberry. Surviving are Cpls. LeNoir A. Greer (minor injuries), and Walter A. Divan (major injuries), Pvt. Albert L. Mikels (minor injuries), and Pfc. Reuben L. Larson (minor injuries). "It is the opinion of the Aircraft Accident Investigating Committee that responsibility for the accident is 100% pilot error on the part of the pilot of the P47, in that poor judgement and poor technique was used in 'breaking-off'." A Nebraska historical marker for the accident was erected in 2010 by the Milligan Memorial Committee for the World War II Fatal Air Crashes near Milligan, Nebraska. 13 September The first Supermarine Spiteful prototype, NN660, a converted Spitfire XIV, first flown 30 June 1944, returning from flight from the A&AEE, Boscombe Down, crashes this date while in unplanned mock combat with a Spitfire at low altitude, killing test pilot Frank Furlong. No reason for the loss is officially established, although after an incident that happened to him, Jeffrey Quill suggests it may have been due to the Spiteful's aileron control rods sticking – previous Sptifires had used cables. Control rods are checked for binding in all future Spitefuls and the problem does not re-occur. Quill had chosen Furlong for his test team after they had flown together during the Battle of Britain. 14 September Douglas SBD-4 Dauntless, BuNo 10575, 'B-16', crashes off bow of USS Sable during flight operations on Lake Michigan at 1001 hrs. Pilot Ensign Albert Grey O'Dell, A-V(N), USNR, recovered by U.S. Coast Guard 83-foot Wooden Patrol Boat WPB-83476 at 1003, brought back aboard Sable at 1013. Pilot suffers minor contusion of right shoulder, "numerous jagged lacerations of the face, chin and forehead." Airframe rediscovered on 11 April 1989 by A&T Recovery of Chicago, Illinois, and recovered 26 August 1991 on behalf of the National Museum of Naval Aviation and brought initially to Crowley's Yacht Yard for disassembly and shipment for restoration. After restoration it is displayed for a time at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, marked as a USAAF A-24 Banshee. It is now on display in Concourse C at Chicago Midway International Airport, marked as the SBD, 'B-3', flown by Ensign Frederick Thomas Weber (1916–1942) of VB-6, , at the Battle of Midway. Credited with a bomb hit on the Japanese carrier Hiryū, he was killed in action, and awarded the Navy Cross. 15 September A U.S. Army Air Force Consolidated TB-24J Liberator, 42-50890, (built as a B-24J-5-FO, and converted), of the 3007th AAF Base Unit, Kirtland Field, piloted by Warren E. Crowther, en route from Bakersfield, California, to Kirtland Field, New Mexico, and off-course, crashed into a boulder field near the top of Humphreys Peak, 10 miles N of Flagstaff, Arizona, at approx. 0330 hrs. All eight crew members were killed. The location is nearly inaccessible and has been left mostly as-is. 18 September Second Folland Fo.108, P1775, 'P', one of only twelve built by newly founded Folland company, as dedicated engine-testbed type, specification 43/37, crashes this date. Of the twelve, five were lost in accidents, including three in a 21-day period in August and September 1944, giving rise to the nickname, the Folland "Frightener". 19 September RAF Douglas Dakota Mk. III, KG374, c/n 12383, (ex-USAAF C-47A-DK, 42-92568), 'YS-DM', of 271 Squadron, RAF Down Ampney, Gloucester, piloted by F/Lt. David S. Lord, is hit by AAA in starboard engine while on resupply mission for beleaguered troops at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. Despite fire spreading to whole of starboard wing, pilot spends ten minutes making two passes over very small dropzone (which, unbeknownst to the crew, had been overrun by German forces) to drop eight ammunition panniers. Just after last one has been dropped, fuel tank explodes, tearing off wing, only navigator F/O Harry A. King escaping from stricken aircraft and descending by parachute to be captured as a POW the following morning, spending the rest of the war in Stalag Luft I at Barth. KWF are pilot Lord, second pilot P/O R. E. H. "Dickie" Medhurst (son of Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Medhurst), wireless operator F/O Alec F. Ballantyne, and four air despatchers of 223 Company RASC, Cpl. P. Nixon, Dvr. A. Rowbotham, Dvr. J. Ricketts and Dvr. L. Harper. Following release of King from prison camp, full details of the action become known and pilot Lord receives posthumous Victoria Cross on 13 November 1945, the only VC awarded to any member of Transport Command during the Second World War. In May 1949 the Dutch Government awards Harry King the Netherlands Bronze Cross. 19 September Consolidated B-32-1-CF Dominator, 42-108472, first B-32 delivered, on this date, written off the very same day when nosewheel collapsed on landing. 30 September Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo. 42782, lost SE of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts during carrier qualifications. Pilot's name/fate unknown. Located by submarine DSV Alvin, 24 September 1968. October The Lavochkin La-7, which entered combat testing in September, suffers from a batch of flawed wings and causes six accidents, four of them fatal, which causes the fighter to be grounded until the cause is determined to be a defect in the wing spar. October First prototype of two Lavochkin La-7R (Raketny – 'Rocket') conversions from standard production La-7 with rear fuselage and lower rudder cut-away to accommodate RD-1 kHz auxiliary rocket motor designed by S. P. Korolev and V. P. Glushko, to counter threat of high-altitude Luftwaffe attacks against the Soviet capital, attempts first test flight after protracted ground trials. During the take-off run, however, a fuel pipe fails, the rocket motor explodes, and the airframe catches fire, test pilot Georgi M. Shiyanov bailing out. Shiyanov continues test programme with second prototype, and experiences close call on another flight when the nitric acid and kerosene-fuelled rocket explodes during a relight, destroying almost all the elevator surface, and 75 percent of the rudder, but he skillfully lands the damaged airframe, and it is repaired. 2 October A B-25D Mitchell bomber, 41-30114, crashes in the Mojave Desert while on a pilot training mission. The plane stalls, spins and crashes into the ground, killing pilot 1st Lt George D. Rosado, copilot WASP Marie Michell Robinson, and crew chief S/Sgt Gordon L. Walker. 5 October Oberstleutnant Helmut Lent, night fighter ace (110 victories), and the first of only two night fighters to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten), crashes in a Junkers Ju 88 on a routine transit flight from Stade to Nordborchen, south of Paderborn. On the landing approach one of the engines cuts out and the plane collides with power lines. All four members of the crew are mortally injured. Three men die shortly after the crash and Lent succumbs to his injuries two days later on 7 October 1944. Lent is posthumously promoted to Oberst. 6 October Junkers Ju 90, G6+AY, blows two tires and crashes on landing at Tatoi Airport, Greece, after flight from Iraklion, Crete. Repairs prove impossible and the aircraft is set on fire by the crew to prevent capture by the British, who are about to occupy Greece. 8 October Focke-Wulf Fw 190 V18/U1, Werke Nummer 0040, originally Fw 190A-0, (utilized by Daimler-Benz for engine tests with Hirth exhaust turbine), is rebuilt a second time to Fw 190C standard as Fw 190 V18/U2 with Daimler-Benz DB 603A engine replaced by Jumo 213E. Aircraft, prototype for Ta 152H-1, crashes this date on test flight out of Langenhagen after just a few days in its new configuration. 10 October First Fisher P-75A-GC Eagle, 44-44549, crashes on flight test out of Eglin Field, Florida, when propellers apparently run out of oil, pilot Maj. Harold Bolster attempts dead-stick landing but crashes short on approach, dies. 15 October A U.S. Navy plane, thought to be from NAAS North Bend, Oregon, crashes into a residential district of the small western Oregon town of Coquille, killing three crew, and injuring five civilians, including an infant, one possibly fatally. The plane sheared off the chimney of one house and crashed into several others on a street near Coquille High School. 17 October U.S. Navy K-class blimp K-111, of Airship Squadron 33, operating from NAAF Del Mar, California, becomes lost in fog, strikes a hill above Avalon on Catalina Island, California, burns, five crew dying immediately and a sixth succumbing in hospital the next day. Four survivors, all with injuries. 17 October The U.S. Navy in San Diego announces on 19 October that 13 were killed when Consolidated PB2Y-3 Coronado, BuNo 7051, crashed into a mountain on Los Coronadoes Island, 20 miles off the Southern California coast. Flying boat was of VPB-13, FAW-1, pilot was Lieutenant Robert D. Cullinane. Aircraft crashed on South Coronado, southernmost of the four islands. 18 October A United States Army Air Forces Consolidated B-24H-20-CF Liberator, 42-50347 broke up in mid air over the town of Birkenhead, England. The aircraft was on a flight from New York to Liverpool and the accident killed all 24 airmen on board the aircraft. The aircraft was at 6,000 feet when it broke into three pieces. "Parts of the bomber narrowly missed persons who rushed from their homes at the sound of the explosion." 19 October En route to the Gulf of Paria, off Trinidad, Ensign T. J. Connors, A-V(N), USNR, of VF-67, crashes in a Grumman F6F Hellcat, astern of USS Bennington, while making a strafing run on a towed target sled. "Search results were negative." This was the Bennington's shakedown cruise. 19 October Two Grumman F6F-5N Hellcats, of the Night Fighter Training Unit, depart Naval Auxiliary Air Station Charlestown, Rhode Island, for a night pursuit training mission, piloted by Ensign George K. Kraus, 22, of Wisconsin and Ensign Merle H. Longnecker, 20, of North Dakota. "Longnecker was the pursuing plane, and sent the radio message 'Splash,' indicating he was close enough to Kraus' plane for an attack. That was the last message heard, as the planes apparently collided over the Laurel Hill section of Norwich and crashed about a quarter mile apart in the woods of the" Norwich State Hospital property. "Fire and rescue crews raced to the scene, where the crash sparked a small forest fire. Navy crews from an auxiliary base in Groton secured the site and recovered the bodies the next day. They reportedly buried the debris, but a few segments remain visible in the area. Some trees still show the charred scars of the fire. The archaeologists' report said this was the third accident in a week's time in night fighter training exercises out of Charlestown, indicating the dangerous nature of the drills. The report included maps showing the two debris fields at the Preston crash sites with a long paragraph with recommendations for the future: 'Preserving these two World War II sites for future generations will require everyone's cooperation,' the report said. 'Their designation as State Archaeological Preserves makes it illegal to remove any material from the sites either through surface collection or digging. Beyond the threat of incurring legal consequences, however, the public should treat these sites with respect because of their importance as memorials to two young men who gave their lives for their country.'" 20 October Lockheed YP-80A-LO Shooting Star, 44-83025, c/n 080-1004, crashes at Burbank, California, coming down one mile W of the Lockheed terminal, after main fuel pump failure, killing Lockheed test pilot Milo Burcham. 22 October Second of only two Bell XP-77-BE lightweight fighters completed out of a contract for six, 43-34916, crashes when pilot attempts an Immelmann turn resulting in an inverted spin during testing at the Air Proving Ground, Eglin Field, Florida. Pilot Barney E. Turner bails out. 24 October Crew of U.S. Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59394, of VPB-106, out of NAAS Camp Kearney, California, on a long-range training mission, becomes lost in bad weather, runs out of fuel, and ditches in the Gulf of California, eleven crew, two female Marines, and the squadron canine mascot all evacuating the bomber as it rapidly sinks. "SAN DIEGO, Oct. 30 (AP) – How two women marines and 11 crew members of a Navy Liberator bomber which crashed at sea existed for four days in Robinson Crusoe style on a deserted island near the eastern coast of Baja California before being rescued by Mexican fishermen was disclosed today by the Navy. The bomber sank almost immediately after making a crash landing late Tuesday night, but the crew was able to salvage a small six-man life raft. So crowded was the raft that some of the men were forced to swim to give more room for the two women – Pfc. Helen L. Breckel, 21, Cincinnati, and Pfc. Edna H. Shaughnessy, 28, Manchester, N.H. The party existed on clams and raw fish while on the island, 330 miles southeast of here. A fishing boat sighted them Saturday and took them to Bahia de Los Angeles and a Coast Guard plane returned them here yesterday." 26 October WASP pilot Gertrude Tompkins Silver of the 601st Ferrying Squadron, 5th Ferrying Group, Love Field, Dallas, Texas, departs Mines Field, Los Angeles, California, in North American P-51D-15-NA Mustang, 44-15669, at 1600 hrs PWT, headed for the East Coast. She took off into the wind, into an offshore fog bank, and was expected that night at Palm Springs. She never arrived. Due to a paperwork foul-up, a search did not get under way for several days, and while the eventual search of land and sea was massive, it failed to find a trace of Silver or her plane. She is the only missing WASP pilot. She had married Sgt. Henry Silver one month before her disappearance. 26 October Sole Platt-Lep. XR-1A helicopter, 42-6581, is damaged in an accident at Wright Field, Ohio, due to the failure of a pinion bearing support in the starboard rotor hub and is shipped back to the manufacturer. It will be declared surplus following the end of World War II. 4 November "A Navy ensign was killed, twelfth district headquarters announced today (4 November), as he attempted to parachute from his plane over the Fallon, Nev., auxiliary air base. The engine of the Hellcat fighter failed just over the field. As the ensign jumped he hit the plane and was rendered unconscious before his ‘chute opened." 6 November U.S. Navy Douglas R4D-5, BuNo 39063, c/n 9941, built as a USAAF C-47A-40-DL, 42-24079, and transferred to the Navy, collides with Goodyear FG-1A Corsair, BuNo 13334, and crashes into the St. Johns River near Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. All 18 on both planes killed. 8 November "NORFOLK, Va., Nov. 8 (UP) – A Navy plane crashed off Old Point Comfort and the Navy reported that the 13 men aboard were either dead or missing." 10 November "Clovis, N.M., Nov. 12 (UP) – Six officers and nine enlisted men were killed Friday night when a four-engined bomber crashed and burned about 25 miles southeast of the Clovis Army air field." Boeing B-29A-1-BN Superfortress, 42-93832, c/n 7329, delivered to the USAAF 15 April 1944, assigned to the Combat Crew Training Squadron, 234th Army Air Force Base Unit, Clovis AAF, piloted by Thomas R. Opie, is listed by two sources as having crashed approximately 25 miles NE of the airfield, at variance with the initial United Press report. 10 November Famed Consolidated B-24J-1-CO Liberator, 42-72994, "Bolivar", of the 30th Bomb Group, sent home from the Pacific after 81 missions with three different crews for a war bond tour, crash lands near Vultee Field, Downey, California, and never flies again. One crew member suffers a broken leg. 11 November A court-martialed former U.S. Army Air Force officer escapes from the Craig Field, Alabama, guardhouse, steals North American AT-6A-NA Texan, 41-488, c/n 77-4517, of the 2138th AAF Base Unit, flies to Louisiana, and bails out E of New Orleans, the unmanned trainer coming down early on 12 November near the former Micheaud Airport, where Higgins Industries had constructed a war plant. "NEW ORLEANS, Nov. 13, (AP) – Robert G. Kaslow, former Army Air Corps officer, who escaped from the Craig field, Ala., guardhouse Friday night and fled in an Army plane, was captured here tonight by F.B.I. agents. The assistant special agent in charge of the New Orleans F.B.I. office, Zack J. Van Landingham, announced that Kaslow, 21, of Johnson City, N.Y., who was serving a 30-year sentence at the Alabama field for violations of the articles of war, was taken in custody at 5 p.m. in the cocktail lounge of a New Orleans hotel. Van Landingham said Kaslow was dressed in the full uniform of a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Corps and was accompanied by 'a New Orleans girl whom he had known approximately one year.' The agent said the girl was being held for questioning but he declined to identify her. He said she was about 25 years old. The plane in which the flier was said by Craig field officers to have escaped crashed Saturday at Higgins airport near here. It was unoccupied. Van Landingham said Kaslow told F.B.I. men he parachuted from the plane at 5,000 feet above a swamp near here and made his way into the city on foot. Kaslow was arrested last March for stealing $1,500 and an automobile from a fellow officer at Craig field. He escaped from the guardhouse and was retaken in Santa Monica, California, after a gun battle with police. His court-martial and sentence followed." "Kaslow was arrested last night in a hotel cocktail lounge with an unidentified young woman, who was released by FBI agents today. An unusual 'V' ring worn by the 25 year old brunette companion furnished the principal clue for FBI agents who trailed them from one night spot to another. Tracing the flyer's movements from the swamp in which he landed, the FBI said he tied pieces of his parachute about his feet and legs, as he had been taught in his military training, and hiked across the marshlands. He swam several canals and spent one night in a lean-to he constructed by a waterway." Two sources give this aircraft's crash location as Orlando, Florida, but this is clearly incompatible with the details of Kaslow's flight and arrest. Kaslow was found guilty of violating eight articles of war by another court- martial and sent to the Atlanta Penitentiary with a 30-year sentence. An appeal filed by Kaslow (Robert G. Kaslow, v. William H. Hiatt, Warden, United States Penitentiary, Atlanta, Georgia, 181 F.2d 93) was rejected on 20 April 1950, when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgement of the lower court. 11 November "Los Angeles, Nov. 12 (AP) – Sheriff's deputies and Army rescuers climbed rain-sodden, mountainous terrain tonight endeavoring to reach the wreckage of an Army twin-engine cargo plane which crashed late last night against Strawberry peak, in the Mt. Wilson area. Army officials said 13 persons, all military personnel, were aboard. The plane, en route from St. Joseph, Mo., to Mines field here, last reported by radio to Bakersfield about 8 p.m. yesterday. Flight officer Earl L. Olson of the air transport command's sixth ferrying group sighted the wreckage today. An Army spokesman said it had not been determined if any of the passengers survived." Douglas C-47B-1-DL Skytrain, 43-16143, c/n 20609, assigned to the 561st Base Unit, Rosecrans Field, Missouri, was piloted by Rae C. Kelly. Joe Baugher states that the aircraft was en route from Hamilton Field, San Rafael, California, when it crashed in Wildcat Gulch, in heavy clouds. Twelve killed, one survived. Follow-up coverage by the Associated Press, noted that two injured men were rescued from the site, PM 3/c Buford Chism, and Cpl. Kenneth Bedford, home towns not listed, who were taken to the Pasadena area Army hospital. "Not all the 11 victims died instantly when the plane struck the peak, rebounded and disintegrated, scattering bodies and wreckage in Wildcat canyon in the Mt. Wilson area. 'We heard one man, somewhere down in the canyon, crying for help during the night,' rescuers quoted the sailor. 'We tried to locate and help him, but in our condition we couldn't get down there. We heard him dying.' Deputies said the sailor had disregarded his own injuries to minister to the Negro soldier, more seriously hurt. The dead, they added, included three Majors and several Navy men." An Army nurse was among the victims. 12 November Douglas C-54A-1-DO Skymaster, 42-107427, c/n 7446/DO 54, of Air Transport Command, strikes the side of a mountain near Cape St. George on the southwestern tip of Port au Port Peninsula, Newfoundland, ~30 miles W of Ernest Harmon Field where it was due to land. "Harmon Field, Newfoundland, Nov. 14 (AP) – Army officials announced today that nine persons were killed and nine others injured in a crash Sunday of an army transport plane against the side of a mountain 30 miles west of the air transport command base here. Army officials said the plane was en route overseas and had left LaGuardia field, N.Y., late Saturday night. It was operated by a commercial airline under contract to the army. E. C. Watkins, pilot, of Long Island, N.Y., was killed, as were four others of the civilian crew of six. Four of the dead and all of the injured were servicemen. The crash occurred shortly after 1:28 a. m. Sunday morning after the plane had reported by radio to the Harmon field tower preparatory to landing. The plane was discovered about five hours later by searching planes near the tip of the Port au Port peninsula. The army announcement said operations officers reported visibility was good at the time of the crash, but added that a heavy southeasterly wind was blowing." The Aviation Archeology site lists the pilot as Edwin C. Watkins. 13 November Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain, 41-7834, c/n 4333, crashes three miles NW of Casper Army Air Base, Wyoming, shortly after takeoff, killing four Army officers, two Marines, a sailor, a WAVE, and three soldiers. Airframe SOC on 14 November 1944. The Aviation Archaeological Investigation and Research website lists the pilot as Sig O. Owens, and the aircraft as assigned to the 7th Ferrying Squadron, at Gore Field, Montana; however, that unit and base assignment ended when the 7th Ferrying Squadron disbanded on 1 April 1944. 13 November "March Field, Nov. 13 (UP) – Six crew men were killed here today when a twin-engined medium bomber crashed near the barracks area, narrowly missing two dormitory buildings which were slightly damaged when the plane burst into flame. Occupants of the barracks escaped injury. The plane had last taken off from Coolidge field, Ariz., Col. Leroy A. Walthall, base commandant, said, but he was unable to disclose its home base." North American B-25J-20/22-NC Mitchell, 44-29665, of the 5053d AAF Base Unit, Mather Field, California, piloted by George F. Tobola, spun in. 14 November RAF Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, his wife Dora, and eight aircrew are killed when Avro 685 York Mk. C.I, MW126, strikes ridge at the level in the French Alps between Belledonne and Seven Lakes Mountains, S of Grenoble, France, in a blizzard. Wreckage found by a villager in June 1945. Leigh-Mallory, originator of the "Big Wing" concept during the Battle of Britain, and younger brother of Everest mountaineer George Mallory, was en route to his new posting in Ceylon where he was to take over command of Allied air operations in South East Asia Command. 22 November Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59544, on pre-delivery test flight by company crew out of Lindbergh Field, San Diego, California, takes off at 1223 hrs., loses port outer wing on climb-out, crashes one quarter mile further on in ravine in undeveloped area of Loma Portal near the Navy Training Center, less than two miles (3 km) from point of lift-off. All crew killed, including pilot Marvin R. Weller, co-pilot Conrad C. Cappe, flight engineers Frank D. Sands and Clifford P. Bengston, radio operator Robert B. Skala, and Consolidated Vultee field operations employee Ray Estes. Wing panel comes down on home at 3121 Kingsley Street in Loma Portal. Cause is found to be 98 missing bolts, wing only attached with four spar bolts. Four employees who either were responsible for installation, or who had been inspectors who signed off on the undone work, are fired two days later. San Diego coroner's jury finds Consolidated Vultee guilty of "gross negligence" by vote of 11–1 on 5 January 1945, Bureau of Aeronautics reduces contract by one at a cost to firm of $155,000. Consolidated Vultee pays out $130,484 to families of six dead crew. 27 November During a 3,000-mile out-and-back navigation training mission from Great Bend Army Airfield Great Bend Army Airfield, Kansas, to Batista Army Airfield, Cuba, Boeing B-29-25-BW Superfortress, 42-24447, coded '35', of the 28th Bombardment Squadron (Very Heavy), 19th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy), suffers fire in number 1 (port outer) engine. Aircraft commander, 1st Lt. Eugene Hammond, orders crew bail-out 37 miles S of Biloxi, Mississippi. After all but pilot have departed, the burning engine nacelle drops off of the wing, Lt. Hammond returns to controls, brings the bomber into Keesler Field, Mississippi for emergency landing. Only four recovered from the Gulf of Mexico, one dead, three injured. 29 November Douglas A-26 Invader, A-26B-10-DT 43-22298 and A-26B-15-DT 43-22336 both of 641st Squadron USAF collided during formation after take-off from Warton Aerodrome Lancashire. All crew were killed. Both aircraft remained on Freckleton Marsh and were partially recovered as part of a UK Channel 4 Time Team Programme in 2005. 30 November Two B-24 Liberator bombers, flying out of Davis-Monthan Army Air Base, collide at 0740 hrs. over the desert NE of Tucson, Arizona. The planes were on a training mission and all eighteen airmen died. The location of this crash was over a major natural drainage canal known as the Pantano Wash, at a point half-way between present day East Broadway and East Speedway. Aircraft involved were both B-24J-35-CO Liberators, 42-73344 and 42-73357, of the 233d Combat Crew Training Squadron. Harold D. Ballard piloted 344, while 357 was flown by Theodore V. Glock. 5 December British Douglas Dakota III, FL588, of the Royal Air Force crashed on the Pic de la Camisette, a mountain close to the commune of Mijanès, Ariège, in the French Pyrenees. The Dakota was piloted by three RAF pilots. In total twenty-three airmen were on board, including twenty members of the Glider Pilot Regiment. Only six airmen survived the incident; sixteen died in the crash, another died within hours from his injuries. In spite of serious wounds, two of the survivors managed to reach the village of Mijanès to get help for the other survivors. The bodies of eleven men were recovered from the crash site between 10 and 19 December, and buried in Mijanès. The search was suspended due to adverse weather conditions, but in the spring of 1945 a further six bodies were brought down from the crash site after the snow had melted. All of the airmen who died in the crash were later reburied in the Mazargues War Cemetery, Marseilles. Remains of Dakota FL588 have been preserved and today are on display at the Château d'Usson, a ruined medieval Castle noted for its association with the Cathars. 6 December Lockheed XF-14 Shooting Star, 44-83024, c/n 080-1003, originally YP-80A No 2, redesignated during production, of the 4144th Base Unit, destroyed in mid-air collision with B-25J-20-NC, 44-29120, of the 421st Base Unit, near Muroc Army Air Base, California. All crew on both planes killed, coming down 7 miles SSW of Randsburg, California. XF-14 pilot was Perry B. Claypool, while Henry M. Phillips flew the B-25. 6 December First prototype Heinkel He 162 V1 Spatz (sparrow, Heinkel factory name for design), or "Volksjager" ("Peoples' Fighter"), loses wheel-well doors on first flight at Schwechat, by company test pilot Flugkapitän Gotthard Peter, due to improper bonding. Nonetheless, flight testing is not delayed for a thorough inspection, and on another flight in front of German high brass by Peter on 10 December, V1 starboard wing comes apart in high-speed, low-level pass, killing pilot. The wing appeared to split and "the upper skinning began to roll back like a carpet." Starboard aileron breaks away, taking part of wingtip with it, followed by failure of wing's leading edge. Aircraft corkscrews down and crashes on the perimeter of the airfield. Cause was defective wing bonding. Adhesive used, Dynamit, was substitute for Tego film glue used previously, but factory producing it was destroyed in RAF attack on Wuppertal. Substitute glue problem causing structural failure also affected Focke-Wulf Ta 154 and other late-war German aviation projects depending on bonded wooden components. 7 December The sole Northrop JB-1A Bat, unofficially known as the "Thunderbug" due to the improvised General Electric B-1 turbojets' "peculiar squeal", a jet-propelled flying wing spanning to carry . bombs in pods close to the engines, makes its first powered, but unmanned, flight from Santa Rosa Island, Eglin Field, Florida, launching from a pair of rails laid across the sand dunes. It climbs rapidly, stalls, and crashes 400 yards from the launch point. 11 December The sole Grumman XF5F-1 Skyrocket, BuNo 1442, is written off after a gear-up landing, this date. 15 December Noorduyn UC-64A Norseman, 44-70285, c/n 550, disappears over the English Channel with Maj. Glenn Miller, pilot John Morgan and Lt. Col. Norman Baessell on board after departing RAF Twinwood Farm, Clapham, Bedfordshire, England. Missing Air Crew Report (MACR) 10770. It is believed that the plane was lost by straying into a forbidden zone in mid-channel which was designated for the jettisoning of surplus ordnance. On that day, a squadron of RAF Lancasters had aborted a mission and were salvoing their bombloads in this zone. One crewman, a navigator, claims to have looked down and seen a Norseman flying low over the water. Before he could draw any attention to this, the Norseman was apparently overwhelmed by bomb splashes and disappeared. Other conspiracy theories about the disappearance have also been advanced. 15 December Douglas A-26 Invader 43-22424 disappeared without a trace during a routine transfer flight. The plane was slated to be assigned to the 47th Bomb Group and was en route to Grosseto, Italy. US planes set to Italy left from Florida to Belem, Brazil, then from Belem to Natal, Brazil. After Natal, the planes would fly across the Atlantic to North Africa, and then on to Italy. This plane departed Belem on 15 December at 15:34 Greenwich mean time and was never heard from again. According to the Missing Air Crew Report (MACR), the plane did not reach the first check-in post at Sao Luis, Brazil, which gives rise to the idea that whatever happened to this plane occurred within the first hour of flight. The MACR file was generated by a letter to the Commanding Officer of the 6th Ferry Group dated 7 March 1945 inquiring about the status of the plane and the three crewmembers aboard, in particular, Sgt. Norman Robert "Bob" Smith, who was the engineer-gunner. Also aboard were pilot 1st Lt. Charles A. Grimes, and navigator 1st Lt. Laverne Gaylord Dingwell. The official response detailed in MACR 14085 states the Accident Review Board at Belem Air Station had no idea what happened to the plane and believe that it may have crashed in the "impenetrable jungle" near the base. To this date, no wreckage or bodies have ever been recovered. The Invader Historical Foundation hypothesizes that the two most likely causes for the disappearance are an engine failure or a mid-air explosion caused by the long-range fuel tank aboard the plane. 17–18 December While U.S. Navy Task Force 38 attempts to refuel in the eastern half of the Philippine Sea between operations against Japanese airfields on Luzon, Third Fleet encounters a newly-formed, deceptively small, but extremely violent typhoon, of which it has virtually no warning. TF 38 is operating with seven Essex-class carriers and six light carriers, while the refueling group has five escort carriers with replacement planes. By 1500 on 17 December it becomes too rough for the escort carriers to recover CAP and in two fighters, waved off from their respective decks, the pilots are directed to bail out with rescue by a destroyer. In the storm the fleet carriers lose no planes, although seas are so heavy that [[USS Hancock (CV-19)|Hancock'''s]] flight deck, 57 feet above waterline, scoops up green water. On the light carriers, plane lashings part on hangar decks and padeyes are pulled out of flight decks. "Planes went adrift, collided and burst into flames. Monterey caught fire at 0911 (18 December) and lost steerageway a few minutes later. The fire, miraculously, was brought under control at 0945, and the C.O., Captain Stuart H. Ingersoll, wisely decided to let his ship lie dead in the water until temporary repairs could be effected. She lost 18 aircraft burned in the hangar deck or blown overboard and 16 seriously damaged, together with three 20-mm guns, and suffered extensive rupturing of her ventilation system. Cowpens lost 7 planes overboard and caught fire from one that broke loose at 1051, but the fire was brought under control promptly; Langley rolled through 70 degrees; San Jacinto reported a fighter plane adrift on the hangar deck which wrecked seven other aircraft. She also suffered damage from salt water that entered through punctures in the ventilating ducts." "Captain [Jasper T.] Acuff's replenishment escort carriers did pretty well. Flames broke out on the flight deck of Cape Esperance at 1228 but were overcome; Kwajalein made a maximum roll of 39 degrees to port when hove-to with wind abeam. Her port catwalks scooped up green water, but she lost only three planes which were jettisoned from the flight deck; it took one hour to get them over the side. Three other escort carriers lost in all 86 aircraft but came through without much material damage." Total aircraft losses in the Fleet, including those blown overboard or jettisoned from the battleships and cruisers, amounted to 146. Three destroyers, unfueled and unballasted, were lost – Hull. Monaghan, and Spence. 19 December 2nd Lt. Robin C. Pennington of VMF-914 out of MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, is killed in the crash of Brewster F3A-1 Corsair, BuNo 04634, 'L69', while on a GCI training mission to intercept a North American PBJ Mitchell, his fighter coming down in a swampy area 1/4 mile E of Great Lakes, North Carolina, striking the ground left wing low. Privately recovered in 1990, there then follows a legal battle with the National Museum of Naval Aviation in 1994 which tries to lay claim to the rare Brewster-produced model (only 735 versus the 12,571 built by Vought) which is only finally resolved in the private individual's favour by an Act of the U.S. Congress in 2005. 24 December Fleet Air Arm Eastern Aircraft Martlet V, JV482, '6C', of 882 Naval Air Squadron, flown by S/Lt.(A) Peter Lock on a practice bombing sortie at Lough Neagh suffers engine fire forcing pilot to ditch in Portmore Lough. Pilot survives but aircraft is deemed irrecoverable. On 30 April 1984, the airframe is recovered by the Ulster Aviation Society, lifted by a Westland Lynx, XZ665, of 665 Squadron AAC, for eventual restoration. 24 December Christmas eve crash of Douglas A-26B-10-DT Invader, 43-22273, c/n 18420, of the 381st CCTS, Marianna Army Airfield, Florida, piloted by Benjamin F. Schoenfield, five miles S of Sardinia, Ohio, kills three crew and injures one. 25 December Ten die and 17 are injured as Douglas C-47A-10-DL Skytrain, 42-23360, c/n 9222, hits fog-shrouded Roundtop mountain, five miles SE of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The fire department from New Cumberland, called by a local resident who reports a fire in the woods, arrives shortly after 0500 hrs., and has to cut survivors out of the wreckage with an ax. Some bodies had been thrown clear. "Fifteen of the injured, suffering fractures and burns, were brought to the Harrisburg General hospital, and the other two were taken to a New Cumberland army hospital." 25 December The crash of a U.S. Navy Douglas R4D-6 Skytrain of VRF-3, Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas, piloted by W. H. Beck, in an Indianapolis, Indiana, suburb kills five and injures two. "The plane was bound for Columbus, O., after being turned back at St. Louis, Mo., on a flight to Olathe, Kas., naval air base. Everett Maxwell, Marion county deputy sheriff, said five bodies were removed from the wreckage. He reported the craft was apparently attempting to land at the municipal airport and overshot the field in a fog. It struck a tree as the pilot tried to pull up, Maxwell said. Three of the men killed in the crash were navy personnel attached to naval air transport squadron 3 with headquarters at the Olathe base. Others involved were army personnel." 28 December At 1151 hours, FM-2 Wildcat, BuNo. 57039, out of Naval Air Station Glenview, Illinois, crashes into Lake Michigan in about 200 feet of water. The pilot was Ensign William E. Forbes. Ensign Forbes was in the process of making his third take-off of his aircraft carrier qualification off the USS Sable. Apparently the engine checked out okay. However, on the take-off roll the engine began to "pop" and then "quit completely." The fighter rolled off the bow of the ship and sank. The accident was determined to be 100 percent material (engine failure). The National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola plans to recover the airframe in December 2012. See also List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft List of aircraft accidents at Eglin Air Force Base References Bibliography Martin, Bernard. The Viking, Valetta and Varsity''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1975. . External links Aviation Week PlaneCrashInfo.com 1940

59765961

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20shootings%20in%20Virginia

List of shootings in Virginia

Notable shooting incidents that have occurred in the U.S. state of Virginia include: George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, was shot and killed while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia, on August 25, 1967. Richard McCoy Jr., an escaped convict, fired at FBI agents in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and an agent fired back with a shotgun, killing McCoy, on November 9, 1974. Rockbridge County John Doe, an unidentified murder victim, was found on May 27, 1987, having been killed by two gunshot wounds. At Atlantic Shores Christian School in Virginia Beach on December 16, 1988, 16-year-old student Nicholas Elliott shot two teachers with a Mac-10 9-millimeter machine pistol, killing 41-year-old Karen Farley and critically wounding 37-year-old Sam Marino, then began firing on a classroom full of students before the gun jammed; no students were hit. 1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters, Langley, Virginia, on January 25, 1993: Mir Qazi killed two CIA employees in their cars and wounded three others. D.C. sniper attacks: a series of coordinated shootings over three weeks in October 2002. Ten people were killed and three others wounded in the Baltimore-Washington area and along Interstate 95 in Virginia. Rodney Pocceschi, a Virginia Beach, Virginia police officer, was killed in the line of duty on June 23, 2003. William Morva on August 20, 2006, shot Sheriff's Deputy Corporal Eric Sutphin and hospital security guard Derrick McFarland, in the town of Blacksburg, Virginia. Virginia Tech Shooting: on April 16, 2007 at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, in Blacksburg, Virginia, Seung-Hui Cho shot 49 people, killing 32 and wounding 17. Mike Brim, an NFL cornerback, died in a shootout on April 19, 2005 in Richmond, Virginia. 2010 Appomattox shootings: on January 19, 2010, Christopher Bryan Speight shot his sister, her husband, and her son and daughter at their home, as well as four other people. 2010 Pentagon shooting: on March 4, 2010, John Patrick Bedell shot and wounded two Pentagon police officers at a security checkpoint in the Pentagon station of the Washington Metro rapid transit system in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. Death of Kirill Denyakin occurred on April 23, 2011, in Portsmouth, Virginia, when Denyakin was shot and killed by police. Shooting of John Geer occurred on August 29, 2013, in Pohick Hills, Springfield, Virginia, when Geer was killed by police. Death of William Chapman occurred on April 22, 2015, in Portsmouth, Virginia, when Chapman was shot and killed by police. Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward: they were fatally shot on August 26, 2015, near Smith Mountain Lake in Moneta, Virginia, by Vester Lee Flanagan II, a.k.a. Bryce Williams. FreightCar America shooting, October 25, 2016 in Roanoke, Virginia: Getachew Fekede killed an employee and wounded three others. 2017 Congressional baseball shooting, June 14, 2017, in Alexandria, Virginia: Republican member of Congress Steve Scalise was shot while practicing baseball. Also shot were Crystal Griner, a U.S. Capitol Police officer, Zack Barth, a congressional aide, and Matt Mika, a lobbyist. Shooting of Bijan Ghaisar occurred on November 17, 2017 when Ghaisar was fatally shot by police after a traffic collision on the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Northern Virginia. Shooting of Jiansheng Chen occurred on January 26, 2017 when Jiansheng Chen was shot dead by a security officer in Chesapeake, Virginia. 2019 Virginia Beach shooting, occurred on May 31, 2019. See also John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. He fled to a farm in rural northern Virginia where he was shot. References History of Virginia Murder in Virginia Shootings United States crime-related lists Lists of events in the United States

60127779

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Packer

Jennifer Packer

Jennifer Packer (born 1984) is an American painter living and working in New York City. In 2020, she won the Hermitage Greenfield Prize and the Rome Prize. Packer won the Rome Prize at the American Academy in Rome 2020-2021. Artistic practice Packer paints expressionist portraits, interior scenes, and still lifes. She is interested in authenticity, encounters, and exchanges in relation to her painting practice. The models for her portraits are often friends or family members. In her 2020 exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London, her expressionistic paintings were all in oils on canvas. As well as people, including the very large Blessed Are Those Who Mourn (Breonna! Breonna!) showing her reaction to the killing of Breonna Taylor, her painting of flowers, a traditional form of still life, was used in Say Her Name to reference the death of Sandra Bland. Other portraits indicate inspiration from western sources as diverse as Henri Matisse and Caravaggio as well as Americans Kerry James Marshall and Philip Guston. Packer is currently an Assistant Professor in Painting at the Rhode Island School of Design. She was formerly Artist-in-Residence at the Studio Museum in Harlem (2012–13) and a Visual Arts Fellow at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, Massachusetts (2014–16). She was included in the 2019 traveling exhibition Young, Gifted, and Black: The Lumpkin-Boccuzzi Family Collection of Contemporary Art. Selected exhibitions In 2012, Packer's work was included in the group show Fore, organized by curators, Lauren Haynes, Naima J. Keith and Thomas J. Lax, at The Studio Museum in Harlem. November 2018, in her solo show at Sikkema Jenkins & Co, Packer exhibited a large diptych titled Laquan (2016–2018), a colorful still life of palm fronds and fiery peonies that is named after Laquan McDonald, a black teenager who was killed by a Chicago policeman in 2014. Packer is set to show in the 2019 Whitney Biennial, curated by Rujeko Hockley and Jane Panetta. Solo exhibition, Serpentine Gallery, London. 2020. Awards In 2013, Packer was awarded the Rema Hort Mann Grant. In 2012-2013 Parker was an Artist-in-Residence at The Studio Museum in Harlem, and from 2014 to 2016, a Visual Arts Fellow at The Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, Massachusetts. In 2020, she won the Hermitage Greenfield Prize which included a commission to produce a new work that will premiere in 2022 at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida. She will be hosting a solo exhibition in Los Angeles at the Museum of Contemporary Art and will be participating in Prospect New Orleans, 2021. References External links Artist Jennifer Packer on Black Female Subjectivity - The New York Observer Jennifer Packer - ContemporaryArtDaily.com Jennifer Packer - Sikkema Jenkin & Co. 1985 births Living people 21st-century American artists African-American women artists African-American painters People from Philadelphia Temple University Tyler School of Art alumni Yale School of Art alumni Rhode Island School of Design faculty American women academics 21st-century American women 21st-century African-American women 21st-century African-American artists 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women

60659878

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame%20X%20Tour

Madame X Tour

The Madame X Tour was the eleventh concert tour by American singer Madonna, in support of her fourteenth studio album, Madame X (2019). It began on September 17, 2019 at New York City's BAM Howard Gilman Opera House, and ended on March 8, 2020 at Paris Grand Rex. An all-theater tour, it was the singer's first time playing small venues since The Virgin Tour (1985); she had previously shown interest in doing a smaller-scale show during a 2017 interview. The tour consisted exclusively of dates in the United States, England, France, and Portugal. The Madame X Tour was met with critical acclaim from critics, although the inclusion of Madame X album cuts garnered some criticism. Controversy arose due to Madonna's late show starts, with a fan going as far as to file a class action lawsuit against her. At the 2020 Billboard year-end boxscore charts, it was reported that the tour had grossed over $36,385,935 from an audience of 124,655. After several cancellations due to a recurring knee injury, the tour ended abruptly three days before its planned end date, following on from the French government announcing a ban on gatherings of more than 1,000 people to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the midst of the ongoing pandemic. Shot during the Lisbon dates, the concert film Madame X was directed by Ricardo Gomes, Sasha Kasiuha, and Nuno Xico. It had its premiere on September 23 at New York's Times Square Edition Hotel, and was released through Paramount+ on October 8, 2021. Background and development In 2017, Madonna relocated to Lisbon when seeking a top football academy for her son David Banda, who wanted to become a professional association football player. While living in the city, she began meeting artists; painters and musicians who would invite her to "living room sessions." In the sessions, they would bring food and sit around the table, and musicians would start playing instruments, singing fado and samba music. The singer's fourteenth studio album Madame X was released on June 14, 2019; it became Madonna's ninth number-one album on the Billboard 200. Prior to the album's release, the singer had expressed the idea of going on tour during a backstage interview at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. During a 2017 interview with BBC News Madonna had mentioned the possibility of doing a smaller-scale show; "I've done so many shows—world tours, stadiums, arenas, you name it—that I feel like I have to reinvent that now too. I like doing intimate shows and being able to talk directly to the audience." The Madame X Tour was officially announced by the singer on May 6, 2019, through her official Twitter account, where she posted a short promotional video co-starring Diplo. It visited smaller venues as the singer liked, in her own words, "the idea of staying in one place and people coming to me." Mobile phones and smart watches were banned from the concerts; attendees were required to put their devices in pouches ahead of each show. A source explained that "[Madonna] wants to have an intimate experience with her audience without phones up in the air and screens separating fans from the performance." Fans online complained of the "stress" of the ban, while others said it made for a "good concert experience." In a telephone interview with Mario Lopez for Megaphone, Madonna said the set list would be 70% new material. Jamie King was appointed creative director; personnel working on the tour included 41 musicians, Monte Pittman on guitar, backup singer Dana "Yahzarah" Williams, 12 dancers, and 14 of the 22 women of the Batukadeiras Orchestra. Stufish provided the show’s sets, which include mapped video projection, large-scale video images, staircases, and other reconfigurable scenic pieces that were compared to a Rubik's Cube. The wardrobe included a glittery Revolutionary War attire with feathered tricorne hat and a chiffon dress, with frills and Swarovski crystals designed by Francesco Scognamiglio. Additional articles were provided by Prada, Burberry, Miu Miu, and Versace. For the performance of "Frozen" (1998), Luigi & Iango filmed a "dramatic" black and white video of Madonna's eldest daughter Lourdes Leon as a "shape-shifting spirit who finds her freedom through her movements." A week before the tour kicked off, a pop-up store was announced in New York; it counted with exclusive merchandise such as signed vinyls, signed and framed art prints, hand-painted hoodies, and tees. The store also had a make-up counter with artists available each day, an interactive photo booth, and a station where shoppers could add embroidery to their items. The Madame X Tour officially began on September 17, 2019 at New York City's BAM Howard Gilman Opera House, and ended on March 8, 2020 at Paris Grand Rex. It marked the first time Madonna played theaters and small venues since 1985's The Virgin Tour. Concert synopsis The show began with a quote by James Baldwin: "Art is here to prove that all safety is an illusion... Artists are here to disturb the peace." Then, a silhouetted woman sat at a typewriter; each key press sounding like a gunshot, accompanied by a dancer jerking and flinching as if he had been shot. Madonna then appeared to sing "God Control" while being bounced between two police officers’ shields. The number had cops attacking dancers under a video montage of news footage. "Dark Ballet" was performed next, with Joan of Arc references and the singer fighting dancers in gas masks reminiscent of the mice in The Nutcracker (1892); it counted with a ballet breakdown halfway through. Afterwards, Madonna yelled "Fuck the patriarchy!" before being dragged by dancers dressed as policemen into a circular cell in the stage. This led to a rendition of "Human Nature", as pointing fingers were projected across the stage. Towards the end, she played a bongo solo and was surrounded by 11 black women − including her twin daughters Stella, Estere, and Mercy James − and chanted the phrase "I'm not your bitch!" An a capella rendition of "Express Yourself" and a brief interlude where Madonna addressed the audience followed. "Vogue" and "I Don't Search I Find" were performed with lookalike dancers dressed in blonde wigs, trench coats, shades, and high heels. Next, Madonna sang the first verse and chorus of "Papa Don't Preach" and played guitar for "American Life". "Batuka" had 14 women of the Batukadeiras Orchestra playing the drums while Madonna sat to the side on a stairwell before eventually joining them and doing batuque moves. What came next were performances of Isabel De Oliveira's "Fado Pechincha", and Madame X album tracks "Killers Who are Partying" and "Crazy" - the last one was played with an accordion. A cha-cha-chá mashup of "La Isla Bonita" and a new song called "Welcome to My Fado Club" was performed next, followed by a guitar rendition of Cesária Évora's "Sodade". The next numbers were "Medellín", with Maluma appearing on the backdrop screens, and album track "Extreme Occident". What came next was an interlude of dancers doing synchronized moves to lyrics of "Rescue Me". "Frozen" saw the singer performing in the middle of a massive projection of the video of Leon. For "Come Alive", Madonna and the dancers wore colorful flowing robes. She then played the piano for "Future" and was joined by dancers with red lights on their eyes; the word "Warning" flashed on the stage behind her as she sang. The Tracy Young remix of "Crave" featured Madonna dancing with her twin daughters, while "Like a Prayer" had her performing in front of an X-shaped staircase while surrounded by a choir and the song's music video projected on the stage. The final number, "I Rise", began with Emma González speech being presented on the screen, which then showed news footage of protests and marches. Halfway through, the screen turned the colors of the Rainbow flag as Madonna and her dancers left the stage with their fists raised. Reception Critical The Madame X Tour was met with widespread critical acclaim from critics; Rolling Stones Rob Sheffield deemed it "excellent" and a "testament to the genius in her madness", concluding that it proves "Madonna will never be the kind of superstar who repeats her successes, sticks to her strengths, or plays it safe. Instead, she's getting weirder with age. Thank all the angels and saints for that." Jon Pareles, writing for The New York Times, said on his review that "as both album and show, 'Madame X' is Madonna's latest declaration of a defiant, self-assured, flexible identity that's entirely comfortable with dualities [...] Yes, she is 61, but her music remains determinedly contemporary." Varietys Ilana Kaplan considered it "at times[,] performance art, a political rally, a comedy show, a church and even her home in Lisbon." Rhian Daly from NME gave the concert a particularly positive review by calling it "powerful, empowering, stunning", and "one of the best gigs of the year." Bradley Stern, for Paper, opined it was "unlike any other Madonna tour to date", as well as a "hybrid between an actual theatrical production and a concert." According to Pollstars Amy Linden, The Madame X Tour is an example of what is known within the music industry as an "underplay [...] when an A or maybe B+ level musician opts out of the de rigueur arena or shed tour in favor of a more intimate and modest venue [...] With Madame X, Madonna joins the ranks of an impressive list of musicians who have also turned the volume down, so to speak." Liden concluded that being able to see the singer in "such close proximity" added a "magical and elite vibe." Will Gompertz from BBC News gave the concert a five-star rating, and opined it was "perfectly imperfect, like one of those sketchy landscapes by Cezanne where you can see his underdrawings and misplaced lines, making it so much more beautiful and real than Canaletto's soulless precision." Gompertz concluded his review by saying Madame X was an "adventurous piece of contemporary theatre, and a match for any of the Tony and Olivier-winning shows currently playing the West End and Broadway." Aidin Vaziri from the San Francisco Chronicle noted how, even though the singer was "battling a cold, suffering from a torn ligament and had a bad knee", she still put on a "spectacular show." For Las Vegas Weekly, Josh Bell considered it, despite the smaller venues, "every bit as majestic as Madonna's arena tours." The performances were also praised; Bell highlighted "Human Nature" and "American Life" for fitting "best with the theme of defiance", and "Like a Prayer" for being "every bit as awe-inspiring and empowering as when it was first released." LA Weeklys Brett Callwood singled out the "gorgeous rendition" of "Frozen" and the "hair-raising" "Like a Prayer". Stern felt the singer had recreated performances from the past: he saw "American Life" as a "minimized version" of the Re-Invention World Tour (2004) performance; "Vogue" and "I Don't Search I Find" recalled Madonna's appearance at Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019; "Dark Ballet" and "Like a Prayer" were "essentially the same stairwell-style set up" of both the Met Gala and Eurovision performances, and "Medellín" was "more or less a recreation of her 2019 Billboard Awards performance." Leslie Katz, writing for the San Francisco Examiner, considered "Batuka" "the evening's most joyous number." For Digital Journal, Markos Papadatos singled out the rendition of "Crave" as "sheer bliss", and considered "Like a Prayer" the "anthem for the night" that earned the singer a "lengthy standing ovation." The inclusion of Madame X album cuts was met with both criticism and praise; Kaplan said it was "almost cruel" that tracks such as "Papa Don't Preach" and "Express Yourself" were "cut to under a minute", while the album tracks were performed on its entirety. For Philadelphias Victor Fiorillo, there was "too much [Madame X] material — some of it straight-up filler — and it is presented in such a meandering way, that any sense of flow, arc, or climax was continuously undermined." Rob Sheffield applauded the inclusion of album tracks, as he felt they "work much better in a theater setting." Daly opined that the singer looked happiest when she was "paying tribute to the musicians and sounds that inspired her to make that record" rather than "her wealth of classics." From Consequence, Michael Roffman felt the singer's "self-deprecating and brazenly honest" behavior was "far more riveting than hearing fucking 'Into the Groove' again." In more critical reviews, Selena Fragassi from the Chicago Sun-Times opined that, although the singer "relied way too heavily on Auto-Tune, and her intimate between-act stage banter was incredibly bizarre and disjointed [...] when she was on stage all eyes were glued to her." Entertainment Weeklys Leah Greenblatt wrote: "The show is hardly without flaws: her political messaging, though heartfelt, is often clumsily on the nose, and several set projections leaned toward the community-theater end of things." Leslie Katz classified Madame X as "paradoxically both charming and offputting [...] Although [the] setting was smaller than the arenas she's filled during her decades as the world's biggest pop star, it was hardly an intimate or casual affair." Mikael Wood, from the Los Angeles Times, expressed, "for Madonna, intimate doesn't necessarily mean focused. Like the Madame X album [...] the opening Wiltern concert was a bit of a mess." Fiorillo wrote that "the theater of Madonna just doesn't work as a piece of theater, and great theater is clearly what she is trying to achieve." He felt the show could have benefited from "a real director [...] somebody who [...] could transform the show from a concert with some really cool theatrical elements into an evening of beautiful theater." The Odyssey's Rocco Papa felt that "[Madonna] tried to shrink a stadium show and fit it in a small theater." He also felt the final result lacked real intimacy and criticized the absence of the singer's past material from the set list. The staff of Billboard named the Madame X Tour one of the best live shows of 2019. Commercial The first tickets and VIP packages were allotted to the members of Icon, Madonna's official fan club; price for entrances ranged from $60 to $760. Additionally, fans were given the opportunity to purchase tickets at $10 through the singer's official website. Due to an "overwhelming demand", more concerts were announced in New York and Los Angeles the same day the tour was officially confirmed. In October, Billboard reported that the first 16 dates had grossed $9.6 million and sold over 31,401 tickets. At the 2020 Billboard year-end boxscore charts, it was reported that the Madame X Tour had raked in $36,385,935 from an audience of 124,655; additionally, the shows at the London Palladium were ranked on the seventh position of the top 25 Boxscore of the year, with $9,816,383 grossed. Controversy and cancellations Madonna's tardiness was widely criticized. In Las Vegas, she took the stage at 12:30am when the concert was scheduled to start at 10:30pm; she then told the audience: "A queen is never late." This was met with backlash from fans, who demanded a refund and deemed her attitude "condescending and alienating." A man from Florida named Nate Hollander went as far as to file a class action lawsuit against Madonna after the Miami concert he planned to attend was pushed back by two hours to accommodate the singer's tardiness. "Ticketholders had to work and go to school the next day, which prevented them from attending a concert that would end at around 1:00 a.m.", the lawsuit read. Hollander then attempted to obtain a refund for the three entrances he had purchased but was unsuccessful. Due to the singer's late appearance for the February 5, 2020 concert in London, the show went over the Palladium's 11pm curfew, causing the venue to pull the curtains down on the concert. The final song, "I Rise", was performed with the lights and Madonna's microphone switched off. She claimed it was "5 minutes past our 11:00 curfew" and accused the venue of trying to "censor" her and of "pulling down the metal fire curtain that weighs nine tonnes." The venue denied having used the fire curtain, but did not directly comment on the show being cut short. Madonna then posted a video on Instagram showing her swearing from behind the curtain, before eventually returning to perform "I Rise". Following the cancellation of the last North American concert, the singer took to Instagram and talked about the "indescribable" pain caused by an injury: "As I climbed the ladder to sing 'Batuka' on Saturday night in Miami I was in tears from the pain of my injuries [...] With every song I sang, I said a prayer that I would make it to the next and get thru the show [...] However this time I have to listen to my body And accept that my pain is a warning I want to say how deeply sorry I am to all my fans." After several cancellations due to the recurring injury, the tour ended abruptly three days before its planned final date, after the French government announced a ban on gatherings of more than 1,000 people to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the midst of the ongoing pandemic. Documentary On February 18, 2021, ¡Hola! reported that Madonna would release a documentary film with behind-the-scenes footage from the tour exclusively through Netflix. A source said the project would depict the Madame X Tour "for the spectacle that it was", revealing how the singer "quite literally put blood, sweat and tears into [the concert]." The article also said Madonna was "incredibly involved", having spent weeks "watching previews and helping to edit the footage at home." That same month, it was reported that Madonna was re-shooting scenes for the film. On July 15, 2021, it was announced that the documentary would premiere exclusively through Paramount+ on Friday October 8; it would be available for subscribers in North and South America, Australia, and the Nordics. The film made its television debut on October 7, when it aired on MTV UK. Shot during the Lisbon concerts and directed by Ricardo Gomes, Sasha Kasiuha, and Nuno Xico, Madame X had its premiere on September 23 at New York's Times Square Edition Hotel; Madonna herself attended the event. Reviews were generally positive: The Guardians Alexis Petridis deemed it "beautifully shot", while according to NMEs Nick Levine it "proves the Queen of Pop is still in her prime." On a more mixed review, Owen Gleiberman from Variety opined the documentary is "heavy on message" but "light in euphoria." To promote the release, Madonna gave a surprise performance in the basement of Marcus Samuelsson's Harlem restaurant Red Rooster. Set list The following set list was obtained from the concert held on October 16, 2019 at the Chicago Theatre. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour. "God Control" "Dark Ballet" "Human Nature" "Express Yourself" "Papa Don't Preach" "Madame X Manifesto" "Vogue" "I Don't Search I Find" "Papa Don't Preach" "American Life" "Batuka" "Fado Pechincha" "Killers Who Are Partying" "Crazy" "Welcome to My Fado Club"  "Sodade" "Medellín" "Extreme Occident" "Rescue Me" "Frozen" "Come Alive" "Future" "Crave" "Like a Prayer" Encore "I Rise" Shows Cancelled dates Notes Personnel Credits adapted from Madonna's official website. Show Created and directed by Madonna Jamie King – creative producer Megan Lawson – co-director and lead choreographer Damien Jalet – creative advisor and choreographer Luigi Murenu & Iango Henzi – creative consultants Carla Kama – associate creative producer Tiffany Olson – associate creative producer Stephanie Roos – associate creative producer Al Gurdon – lighting designer Stufish Entertainment Architects – set design Band Madonna – vocals, piano, guitar Kevin Antunes – musical director Monte Pittman – guitar Gaspar Varela – Portuguese guitar Rickey Pageot – piano, accordion and percussion Jéssica Pina – trumpet and background vocalist Adelmiro "Miroca" Paris – percussion and guitar Carlos Mil-Homens – percussion Francesca Dardani – violin Célia Hatton – viola Mariko Muranaka – cello Andrea "Munchie" Lanz – background vocalist Dana "Yahzarah" Williams – background vocalist Performers Ahlamalik Williams – dancer Marvin Gofin – dancer Mccall Olsen – dancer Baylie Olsen – dancer Allaune Blegbo – dancer Sasha Mallory – dancer Loic Mabanza – dancer Daniele Sibili – dancer Sierra Herrera-Grey – dancer Chaz Buzan – dancer Nicolas Huchard – dancer Ai Shimatsu – M stand in Batukadeiras Jussara Spencer Anastásia Carvalho Edna Oliveira Jéssica Eliane Tavares Irina Paula Carvalho Darlene Barreto Cátia Ramos Antónia Tavares Keila Cabral Ellah Barbosa Iara Xavier Santos Jacira Duarte Etelvina "Bianina" Tavares Idilsa Tavares Choreographers Megan Lawson Matt Cady Marvin Gofin Damien Jalet Nicolas Huchard Baylie Olsen Mccall Olsen Ahlamalik Williams Derrell Bullock Assistant choreographers Nicolas Huchard Amilios Arapoglou Sierra Herrera Allaune Blegbo Costume department Eyob Yohannes – costume designer Taryn Shumway – assistant costume designer Timothy Chernyaev – assistant costume designer Mae Heidenreich – assistant costume designer Aliyah Christmas – assistant costume designer Amanda Kai – costume department coordinator Samuel Ososki – tailor Michael Velasquez – tailor Anthony Garcia – tailor Kenberly Pierre-Paul – costume assistant Raquel Castellanos – assistant Robert Christie – costume sketcher Lisa Krizner-George – cutter Thayne Whitney – stitcher/patternmaker Ke Cindy – seamstress Teri Lloyd – seamstress Sandra Nieto – seamstress Ivanova Mariano – seamstress Mallory Rinker – seamstress Olga Kim – tailoring Izabella Litvak – tailoring Aris Bordo – tailoring Noelle Rasco – stitching Arielle Crawford – stitching Anna Kate Reep – stitching Live Nation Arthur Fogel – tour promoter and producer Gerry Barad – associate promoter Tres Thomas – tour director Colleen Cozart – production accountant The Team Andy Lecompte – hair stylist for Madonna Aaron Henrikson – make-up artist for Madonna Tony Villanueva – head dresser Diogo Gonçalves – assistant Corvett Hunt – hair stylist Kamilah Gerestant – braider Justin Heslop – makeup artist Tour crew Jason "JD" Danter – production manager Brian Wares – stage manager Mike Morobitto – theatrical stage manager Emma Cederblad – production coordinator Harry Forster – lighting director Oli James – lighting crew chief James Jones III – lighting tech Mike Rothwell – lighting tech Dave Baxter – lighting tech Matt Levine – lighting tech Jason "Lew Lew" Lewis – rigger Sean Mullarkey – automation Rod "Rawd" Van Egmond – head carpenter Allen "A.J." Haley – carpenter Eric Cardoza – props/carpenter Tim Colvard – FOH engineer Mike Dean – audio consultant Sean Solymar – audio consultant Demetrius Moore – M audio tech Sean Spuehler – vocal mix engineer Lauren D'elia – vocal mix engineer Matt Napier – monitor engineer Alistair "Ali" Viles – RF/audio engineer Lee Fox-Furnell – monitor tech Arno Voortman – audio system engineer Robert "Bongo" Longo – head backline tech (keys) Tommy Simpson – backline tech (strings) Iain "Robbo" Robertson – backline tech (drums/percussion) Dan Roe – programmer Gemma Daly – ambiance Allison Sulock – video server tech Dany Lambert – video projectionist Heken "Mel" Dykes – wardrobe supervisor Candice Lawrence – wardrobe Noriko Kakihara – wardrobe Michael Velasquez – tailor Video content Danny Tull – video content director Nuno Xico – editor Russ Senzatimore – editor Tom Watson – editor Jerry Chia – editor Ryan Drake – editor Hamish Lyons – editor Tour book design Anya Lange Tour book photography Ricardo Gomes Steven Klein Participating designers Elizabeth Manuel Prada Miu Miu Burberry Versace Paula Rowan Mugler Agent Provocateur References External links Madonna.com > Tour Madame X on Paramount+ 2019 concert tours 2020 concert tours Concert tours cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic Madonna (entertainer) concert tours Madame X (Madonna)

60804409

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussie%20Smollett%20hate%20crime%20hoax

Jussie Smollett hate crime hoax

On January 29, 2019, American actor Jussie Smollett reported to the Chicago Police Department a fake hate crime that he had staged earlier that morning. Smollett had planned the event with two Nigerian American brothers, Abimbola and Olabinjo Osundairo, who had worked with Smollett as extras on the set of his television drama, Empire. Smollett got the brothers to physically attack him with his consent while wearing ski masks. During the attack, which took place in the 300 block of East Lower North Water Street in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood, the brothers shouted racial and homophobic slurs while one poured bleach on him and the other placed a noose around his neck. In addition to falsely reporting that he had been attacked against his will by two unknown individuals, Smollett described one of them as a white male. Smollett also told police the men shouted "MAGA country" during the attack, a reference to the political slogan Make America Great Again. The brothers would later testify at trial that Smollett had them stage the attack near a police surveillance camera in order to get video of the assault that could be shared by the media. On February 13, 2019, Chicago police raided the home of the Osundairo brothers and found records indicating they had been paid $3,500 by Smollett. They had purchased the rope found around Smollett's neck at a hardware store in Ravenswood over the weekend of January 25. They were also seen in the security camera footage in a clothing store where they bought gloves, ski masks, and a red hat that police said was used in the attack. On February 20, 2019, Smollett was indicted for disorderly conduct for paying the brothers to stage a fake hate crime assault on him and filing a false police report. Smollett's defense team reached a deal with prosecutors on March 26, 2019, in which all charges were dropped in return for Smollett performing community service and forfeiting his $10,000 bond. On April 12, 2019, the city of Chicago filed a lawsuit in the Cook County Circuit Court against Smollett for the cost of overtime authorities expended investigating the alleged attack, totaling $130,105.15. In November 2019, Smollett filed a counter-suit against the city of Chicago alleging he was the victim of "mass public ridicule and harm" and arguing he should not be made to reimburse the city for the cost of the investigation. On February 11, 2020, after further investigation by a special prosecutor was completed, Smollett was indicted again by a Cook County grand jury on six counts pertaining to making four false police reports. In December 2021, Smollett was convicted on five felony counts. Staged hate crime On January 22, 2019, a letter arrived at the Chicago studio of Smollett's employer that was addressed to Smollett and depicted a stick figure hanging from a tree with a gun pointing towards it. It read "Smollett, Jussie you will die" and "MAGA", and contained a white powder determined to be Tylenol. On January 29, 2019, Smollett said that he was attacked in the early morning of that day in the 300 block of East Lower North Water Street in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood, in what was initially investigated as a hate crime. Chicago police later alleged that Smollett was responsible for orchestrating the attack. Smollett told police that he was attacked by two men, who were "yelling out racial and homophobic slurs" and who "poured an unknown chemical substance on [him]". He described one of them as white, while in reality, both are black. They allegedly began to beat him about the face, using their hands, feet, and teeth as weapons in the assault. According to a statement released by the Chicago Police Department, the two suspects then "poured an unknown chemical substance on the victim" and at some point during the incident "wrapped a rope around the victim's neck". Smollett said that he fought them off. There were surveillance cameras at the location that Smollett assumed had captured the incident, but as it turned out they were facing in the wrong direction. According to the brothers' lawyer Gloria Rodriguez, he first drove them to the spot where the attack was supposed to occur for a “dress rehearsal”, and told them “Here’s a camera, there’s a camera and here’s where you are going to run away”. The brothers explained his plan was to post the footage on social media, and he was very upset when the police told him that no cameras had recorded the attack. Smollett was treated at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Not seriously injured, he was released "in good condition" later that morning. The police had been called after 2:30 am by his manager Frank Gatson, which infuriated Smollett because he didn't want to involve the police. When they arrived around 2:40 am, Smollett had a white rope around his neck. He later admitted removing the rope and then putting it back on before the police arrived after his manager told him to do so. Smollett said that the attack may have been motivated by his criticism of the Trump administration and that he believed that the alleged assault was linked to the threatening letter that had been sent to him earlier that month. Initial public reaction to incident On January 30, 2019, public figures expressed support for Smollett on social media. Entertainment industry figures, including Shonda Rhimes and Viola Davis, tweeted their outrage over the attack and support for Smollett. Democratic Senators and presidential candidates Kamala Harris and Cory Booker both described the attack as an attempted modern-day lynching. Booker urged Congress to pass a federal anti-lynching bill co-sponsored by him and Harris. In an interview with April Ryan of AURN, President Trump was asked about Smollett being attacked and said, "I think that's horrible. It doesn't get worse." Smollett faced skepticism regarding his claim of being attacked; he responded by saying that he believed that, if he had said his attackers were Mexicans, Muslims, or black people, "the doubters would have supported me much more ... And that says a lot about the place that we are in in our country right now." Investigation On February 13, 2019, Chicago police raided the home of two "persons of interest" in the case. The men were Nigerian immigrant brothers who'd acted as extras on Empire. Police recovered bleach and other items from the home. The brothers were held in police custody on suspicion of battery but were not charged. According to the brothers' attorney, they knew Smollett from working on the show and had also spent time with him at a gym. The two men were released February 15 without being charged with a crime, with Chicago Police Department spokesman Anthony Guglielmi stating their release was "due to new evidence" from the interrogations. The Chicago Police Department later told ABC News: "Police are investigating whether the two individuals committed the attack—or whether the attack happened at all." On February 16, two unnamed Chicago police sources informed CNN that Chicago police had discovered evidence indicating that Smollett had paid the two brothers $3,500 to stage the attack. Financial records indicate that the brothers purchased the rope found around Smollett's neck at a hardware store in Ravenswood over the weekend of January 25. They were seen in security camera footage in a clothing store where they bought the gloves, ski masks and a red hat that police said was used in the attack. The brothers asked specifically for a MAGA hat, which the store does not sell. Chicago Police contacted Smollett's attorney for additional questioning. The FBI began investigating whether Smollett was involved in the threatening letter that was sent to him the week before the incident. On February 19, 2019, Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx said that she was recusing herself from the investigation due to her "familiarity with potential witnesses in the case", prompting criticism from her predecessor, Anita Alvarez. Foxx delegated the case to a subordinate. Foxx later acknowledged that she had been in contact with a member of Smollett's family about the case at an early stage when Smollett was thought to have been a crime victim. Foxx added that Chicago Police Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson had reached out to the FBI about handing the Smollett case off to them, but had informed her that the FBI was not interested. Foxx's office later asserted that Foxx had not formally recused herself from the case; doing so would have required her to ask the court to appoint an outside attorney as a special prosecutor. Police alleged that Smollett staged the attack because he was dissatisfied with his pay on Empire. Smollett hired crisis manager Chris Bastardi to represent him. Criminal charges, arrest, and trial On February 20, 2019, Smollett was charged by a grand jury with a class 4 felony for filing a false police report. Smollett's felony count charge in Illinois carries a maximum sentence of three years in prison. Smollett hired attorney Mark Geragos in addition to Chicago-based attorneys Todd Pugh and Victor Henderson to work on his legal defense. The next day, Smollett surrendered himself at the Chicago Police Department's Central Booking station; shortly thereafter, CPD spokesman Anthony Guglielmi stated that Smollett "is under arrest and in the custody of detectives". Guglielmi also said that Smollett was named as suspect in a criminal investigation for filing a fake police report, under a class 4 felony. Later that day, Chicago Police Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson held a press conference, gave details of the investigation, and explained how the department concluded that the alleged assault was staged. The brothers, Abimbola "Bola" (also known as Abel) and Olabinjo "Ola" Osundairo, who say they helped stage the attack, also said that Smollett came up with the idea to orchestrate the attack after the threatening letter he received did not generate as much attention as he had hope it would. In addition to the rope around his neck, the original plan was to pour gasoline over him, but they decided to use bleach instead. Police alleged that the actor intended to further his career by tying the incident to racism in the United States and President Trump, and that Smollett sent himself the threatening letter. Judge John Fitzgerald Lyke Jr. set Smollett's bail at $100,000; a friend of the actor paid a $10,000 bond, and Smollett was released from custody on February 21. Smollett was required to surrender his passport. On March 8, Smollett was indicted on 16 felony counts of "false report of offense" related to the incident. In March 2019, the New York Post reported that Tina Tchen, a Chicago attorney who served as former first lady Michelle Obama's chief of staff, had contacted Cook County State’s Attorney Kim Foxx about the Smollett case on February 1. Emails and text messages indicated that on February 1, Foxx informed both Tchen and an unnamed Smollett relative that she had asked Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson to request that the FBI take over the Smollett investigation. Foxx added that Johnson had agreed to make that request. On March 14, 2019, Smollett and his legal team entered a not guilty plea at the Leighton Criminal Court Building in Chicago. Initial charges dropped On March 26, 2019, all charges filed against Smollett were dropped, with Judge Steven Watkins ordering the public court file sealed. First Assistant State's Attorney Joseph Magats said the office reached a deal with Smollett's defense team in which prosecutors would drop the charges in exchange for Smollett performing 16 hours of community service and forfeiting his $10,000 bond. The Illinois Prosecutors Bar Association (IPBA) said that the dismissal was "highly unusual", and that the "manner in which this case was dismissed was abnormal and unfamiliar to those who practice law in criminal courthouses across the state. Prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges alike do not recognize the arrangement Mr. Smollett received. Even more problematic, the State's Attorney and her representatives have fundamentally misled the public on the law and circumstances surrounding the dismissal." It described several of the statements made by the State's Attorney and her representatives regarding the handling of the case as false or misleading. The National District Attorneys Association released a statement saying that a prosecutor should not take advice from politically connected friends of the accused, should not recuse herself without recusing the entire office, and noted that "a case with the consequential effects of Mr. Smollett's should not be resolved without a finding of guilt or innocence." Magats made a statement saying that the decision was not an exoneration of Smollett: "We stand behind the investigation, we stand behind the decision to charge him [...] The fact that [Smollett] feels that we have exonerated him, we have not. I can't make it any clearer than that." Then-Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel strongly criticized the decision, saying it was a "whitewash of justice" and that "From top to bottom, this is not on the level." Police superintendent Johnson said that justice was not served. On March 27, 2019, the Chicago Police Department released the redacted police reports associated with the case. It was announced that the FBI is investigating why the charges were dismissed. The hearing to expunge Smollett's record was delayed on March 27. In April 2019, mayor-elect Lori Lightfoot said in a statement: "We've got a lot of things on our plate, a lot of pressing issues that are truly affecting people's lives. This doesn't rank as a matter of any importance to me." Special prosecutor On August 23, 2019, former United States Attorney Dan K. Webb was assigned as special prosecutor to review Jussie Smollett's case and the events leading to the charges being dropped. Webb was tasked with reviewing the original case and charges surrounding Smollett's claim of being attacked. He was also allowed to look into why Foxx had dropped all of the charges against Smollett. Shortly after being assigned as special prosecutor, possible conflicts of interest were raised after a $1,000 donation to Kim Foxx's campaign had surfaced. His work was put on hiatus as a hearing was called for to decide whether Webb should continue. In court, Judge Michael Toomin defended his appointment of Webb. The judge ruled Webb could continue to investigate as special prosecutor since his donation was "a routine practice of lawyers" and that it should have "no effect on his ability to be fair and impartial”. On December 6, 2019, a Cook County Circuit Court judge signed search warrants ordering Google to turn over Jussie Smollett's emails, photos, location data and private messages from November 2018 to November 2019, as part of the special prosecutor's investigation. Webb announced new charges on February 11, 2020. Smollett was indicted on six counts of felony disorderly conduct for lying to the police. According to the special prosecutor, Smollett "faces six felony counts of disorderly conduct stemming from four separate false reports that he gave to police." Second trial In March 2021, Smollett attempted to hire lawyer Nenye Uche to represent him, but prosecutors challenged the appointment with allegations of conflicts of interest. The allegations stem from claims made by the Osundairo brothers to prosecutors that Uche had spoken to them about the facts of the case in 2019, with the Osundairos later writing sworn affidavits to back up their claims. Uche has denied the allegations, saying he only met the Osundairos' mother and a family friend, and only to tell them he could not represent them because they already had representation. As of October 16, 2021, a judge had denied the defense's request to dismiss the case. Jury selection for Smollett's trial took place on November 29, 2021. During the trial, Smollett's defense attorney accused the judge of attempting to attack her. The judge denied the claim as well as her motion for a mistrial. During the 2021 trial, the prosecution revealed video footage of Smollett and the two "attackers" he hired rehearsing the staged attack. During his testimony, Smollett claimed, for the first time, that he had engaged in a "sexual relationship" with Abimbola Osundairo, one of the two brothers he hired to stage the attack. The jury delivered its verdict on December 9, 2021, finding Smollett guilty on five of the six counts of felony disorderly conduct. A juror explained, anonymously, that Smollett was acquitted on the sixth charge was because the attack by masked assailants did occur, regardless of whether or not the attack was staged. (The sixth charge arose from a report made by Smollett two weeks after the attack to policeman Robert Graves.) In late February 2022, one of Smollett's attorneys, Mark Lewis, filed an 83-page brief with the court seeking a new trial or alternatively that the guilty verdict by the jury be vacated. Attorneys for Smollett claim that their client's Constitutional rights were violated when his attorneys were prevented from actively participating in the jury selection process, and asserted that the court "made numerous trial errors leading up to the trial and during the pendency of the trial". Reaction Smollett's character was subsequently removed from the final two episodes of Empire fifth season. The studio stated on April 30, 2019, that "at this time there are no plans for the character of Jamal to return to Empire." Fox announced that Empire would be canceled at the end of Season 6. Following Smollett's arraignment, Chicago Police Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson held a press conference in which he spoke about Smollett, asking, "Why would anyone, especially an African-American man, use the symbolism of a noose to make false accusations? How could someone look at the hatred and suffering associated with that symbol and see an opportunity to manipulate that symbol to further his own public profile? How can an individual who's been embraced by the city of Chicago turn around and slap everyone in this city in the face with these false claims? Bogus police reports cause real harm." He further called the accusations "a scar" that "Chicago ... didn't earn and certainly didn't deserve." During a public statement, Chicago police spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "Allegations against Mr. Smollett are shameful and if proven, they are an affront to the people of Chicago who embraced him as a neighbor and respected him as a role model... We stand behind the work of our detectives." Commentators have compared the alleged incident to the Tawana Brawley rape allegations and other racial hoaxes. Lawsuits On March 28, 2019, Chicago city attorneys under the guidance of then-Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson, sent Smollett a demand letter, requiring him to repay the city the sum of $130,106.15 "expended on overtime hours in the investigation of this matter." The letter warned that if this amount was not paid, the Chicago Department of Law could prosecute Smollett for the alleged false statements to the city or "pursue any other legal remedy available at law". Under a cited statute, Smollett could face a fine of up to three times the damages the City sustained as a result of false statements. The city could also seek recovery of court costs, collection costs, and attorney fees. A court would have to determine whether Smollett is liable under the statute using the standard of preponderance of evidence. Smollett could be sued for $390,000 as the law allows for triple damages in the case of false reports. On April 12, 2019, the city of Chicago filed a lawsuit in the Circuit Court of Cook County against Smollett for the cost of overtime authorities expended investigating the alleged attack, specified in the complaint as $130,105.15. The suit further asked that Smollett be found liable for $1,000 "for each false statement he made to the city, in addition to three times the amount of the damages that the city sustained." According to a local news legal analyst, the discovery process would be of interest to the public as city attorneys would be seeking evidence for the civil trial, stating "They'll get tape recordings. They'll get video surveillance, they'll get phone records and they'll take depositions." On October 22, federal judge Virginia Kendall ruled that the lawsuit may proceed, after Smollett's lawyers had requested that it be dismissed because Smollett could not have predicted the level of expense from his police report. In November 2019, Smollett filed a counter-suit against the city of Chicago alleging he was the victim of "mass public ridicule and harm" and should not be held to pay the $130,000 reimbursement the city is seeking. On April 23, 2019, the Osundairo brothers filed a federal defamation lawsuit against Smollett's legal team. References External links "Exclusive interview with Jussie Smollett on alleged attack", February 2019 (Video) 2019 controversies in the United States 2019 hoaxes 2019 in Illinois 2010s in Chicago 2019 in LGBT history African-American history in Chicago African-American-related controversies Chicago Police Department Hoaxes in the United States January 2019 crimes in the United States LGBT history in Illinois LGBT-related controversies Political controversies in the United States Race-related controversies in the United States Racial hoaxes

60893773

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa%20May%20Merrifield

Louisa May Merrifield

Louisa May Merrifield (3 December 1906 – 18 September 1953, née Highway) was a British murderer and the third-last woman to be hanged in the United Kingdom. She was executed by Albert Pierrepoint at Strangeways Prison in Manchester for poisoning her elderly employer. She was notorious at the time as 'The Blackpool Poisoner'. Marriages Born in Wigan in Lancashire as Louisa May Highway, she was the youngest of five surviving daughters and two sons of Job Highway (1867–1945), an underground labourer in a coal mine, and Emma née Duncan (1863–1944),. By the time of her execution, Merrifield had been married three times. She married her first husband, Joseph Ellison (1905–1949) in 1931 and with him had six children. Two of them (Horace Ellison (1932–1933) and Ernest Ellison (1943–1944)) died in infancy. She lost custody of all four of her surviving two daughters and two sons when she was sent to prison for 84 days in 1946, having been found guilty of ration book fraud and refusing to pay the £10 fine. Joseph Ellison died in 1949, aged 44, due sub-acute infective hepatitis. Merrifield subsequently married 78 year-old Richard Weston on 6 February 1950. He died 10 weeks later of a heart attack. Two of her husbands were much older elderly men while she had been married three times in 10 months. Sarah Ricketts From 1950 up to the time of the murder, Merrifield had some 20 jobs working as a domestic helper and housekeeper. She had been frequently fired or forced to leave, due to her poor attitude to her work and her alleged pilfering. On 22 August 1950 she married her third husband, 68 year-old widower Alfred Edward Merrifield (24 August 1882-24 June 1962), whose first wife Alice Whittle had died in 1949. He had abandoned her and their 10 children in 1928. On 12 March 1953 the couple were employed as house-keeper, handyman and live-in companions to 79 year-old Sarah Ann Ricketts. Ricketts lived in her bungalow at 339 Devonshire Road in Blackpool. Ricketts was a widow, whose two husbands had both committed suicide by gassing themselves in the kitchen. Despite her diminutive height (she was only in height), Ricketts was a difficult woman with a short temper. Ricketts had a habit of changing her will whenever a beneficiary annoyed or upset her, which was often. Soon after the Merrifields took up their jobs, Ricketts was complaining about their lack of care towards her, the shortage of food and that they were spending a lot of her money in the local public houses where Louisa "drank excessively and habitually became severely inebriated". Louisa Merrifield was a liar and a braggart, who had a loose tongue when under the influence of alcohol. She preferred to spend her time in the pubs of Blackpool, rather than take care of her employer. She began to brag that Mrs Ricketts was dead and had left her the bungalow, even though the old woman was still very much alive. It was becoming apparent to Louisa Merrifield that her elderly husband would not be able to support her financially for much longer. By late March 1953, Merrifield had talked Mrs. Ricketts into writing a will which left the bungalow to her. The bungalow was valued at £3,000 to £4,000. On the complaint of Alfred Merrifield that he was not included in the will, he was assigned half of the property. On 9 April, Louisa Merrifield convinced Doctor Yule (Mrs Ricketts' doctor) to certify that Ricketts was mentally competent to make a new will. Dr Yule later stated: "She [Merrifield] said the reason why she wanted me to go was that the old lady might die at any minute with a stroke or a disease and she wanted to keep herself all right with the relatives." On 13 April, Dr Yule’s partner Doctor Albert Victor Wood was called out by Merrifield. She stated that Ricketts was seriously ill, whereas Wood merely diagnosed mild bronchitis. He later testified at Merrifield’s trial: "I remonstrated with Mrs Merrifield for calling me out, as I thought, under false pretences. She again said she was afraid of something happening during the night... Mrs Merrifield mentioned something about a will. I said I wasn't interested." Although this evidence is only circumstantial, it does lead to the conclusion that Merrifield was already trying to prove that the elderly Mrs Ricketts was dying of natural causes. A spoonful of jam and Rodine Among her other rather odd eating habits, Mrs. Ricketts enjoyed eating sweet jams straight from the jar, eating them by spoon. Ricketts accompanied the jams either rum or a bottle of stout. Louisa Merrifield added Rodine to the jams, a phosphorus-based rodenticide. She had purchased it through a local chemist . On 12 April 1953, Merrifield told her friend Mrs Jessie Brewer that she had to return home to 'lay out' an old woman. On Mrs Brewer's inquiry as to who had died, Merrifield said "She’s not dead yet, but she soon will be." Mrs Ricketts died on the evening of 14 April, but Merrifield did not call for a doctor until the next morning. She claimed that as Mrs Ricketts was clearly dead, she had not wished to call the doctor out late at night. Merrifield asked the local Salvation Army band to stand outside the bungalow, playing ‘Abide with Me.’ Merrifield insisted for Mrs. Ricketts to be quickly cremated. She also did not want the old lady's family to know of her sudden death. Later, funeral director George Henry Jackson stated that Merrifield did not want Ricketts’ "Two daughters to know she was dead or have anything to do with the funeral." On reading of the death in the local newspaper, Mrs. Brewer reported her conversation with Merrifield to the police. The police immediately ordered a post-mortem, which discovered that Ricketts had died of phosphorus poisoning. Attributed to the rodenticide Rodine. When the police searched the bungalow, they didn't find any poison, but inquiries at a local chemist's revealed that Louisa Merrifield had recently purchased Rodine. She was legally required to sign the poison register. Trial Following the police investigation the Merrifields were arrested and were jointly charged with murder before being committed to the Manchester Assizes for trial. The couple were tried before Mr. Justice Glynn-Jones between 20 and 31 July 1953 with Attorney General Sir Lionel Heald QC leading for the prosecution and Mr. Jack Messoud Eric Di Victor Nahum QC (1906–59) for the defence. Louisa Merrifield did not give a good impression with her photograph being on the front page of newspapers as she arrived at court every day in a taxi smiling and waving to the photographers and crowds outside the court. During the trial the largely deaf Alfred Merrifield appeared to be confused by the proceedings while his wife, who was confident she would be acquitted, seemed to be revelling in the attention. Three doctors testified against Louisa Merrifield as did several of her friends who recalled her boasts of an inheritance. To one of her many previous employers Merrifield had written "I got a nice job nursing an old lady and she left me a lovely littl [sic] Bundlow [sic] and thank God for it, so you see love all come right in the end." Unfortunately for Merrifield's case the letter was dated two weeks before Ricketts had actually died. Merrifield's friend Mrs Jessie Brewer testified that three days before Ricketts died Merrifield had told her "We are landed. We went to live with an old lady and she died and she's left me a bungalow worth £4,000 ... It was all left to me, until that old bugger got talking to her and then it was left to us jointly ... I made everything all right. It cost me £2. 2. 0d to get a Doctor to prove she was in her right mind." Under cross examination Brewer was adamant that these conversations had placed the death of Ricketts in the past tense. Elizabeth Barraclough who "was a complete stranger" to Louisa testified that while waiting in a bus queue Louisa had told her that "she was very worried because she was looking after an old lady who was very ill" and after returning the previous day had found "her husband in bed with the old lady, and was messing about with her and this had got her vexed". She is quoted as having said "If this goes on again, I'll poison the old bugger and him as well... She's leaving me the bungalow between me and my husband, but he's so greedy he wants it all on his own." Professor J. N. Webster was called as an expert witness on behalf of the Merrifields and he stated that in his opinion Mrs. Ricketts had not died from poisoning but from the necrosis of the liver. However, the damage was already done and after deliberating for just six hours the jury found Louisa Merrifield guilty of murder. The judge described her crime "as wicked and cruel a murder as I ever heard tell of." The jury were unable to reach a verdict on Alfred Merrifield who the judge described as a "tragic simpleton" and he was acquitted and eventually released from prison. The evidence against the Merrifields was largely circumstantial but what little there was had been exacerbated by Louisa's actions and her boasts of an inheritance while Ricketts was still living. It had been Louisa who had called the doctor to verify that Ricketts was well enough to sign a new will and it was she who had called the doctors out claiming Ricketts was near to death when she was actually just unwell. When Louisa accused Ricketts of bedding Alfred the judge called her "a vulgar and stupid woman with a very dirty mind." If the accusation is true it is more likely that Alfred Merrifield was sexually abusing Ricketts. These incidences were used to demonstrate her guilt but Alfred's innocence. However, Alfred Merrifield had the same motives and opportunities as his wife: it may have been Alfred who had bought the Rodine, it was Alfred who refused to contact the solicitor when Ricketts wanted to write the Merrifields out of her will saying it "was too far for him", and Alfred who refused the doctor admittance to attend on the ailing Ricketts by pushing the dining table against the sick-bed while he ate his lunch. The anti-death penalty campaigner Violet Van der Elst petitioned the Home Secretary David Maxwell Fyfe by letter to commute Louisa's death sentence to life in prison. She wrote: The husband ... posed as a kindly and simple old man, never spoke – and it seemed as if this old man had been made use of by his wife and had been made to do things under her stronger will. This was not true, he was a cunning old man acting a part in court, but if one could judge of the two people, I would consider that the old man was the most guilty ... He never troubles about his wife being condemned to death. He thinks, to look well he will take her a few flowers, but she can see through him and refused to see him. Days before her execution Louisa and Alfred were reconciled and she was visited in the condemned cell by her husband to whom she said, "Goodbye Alfie. Look after yourself and God Bless." Execution Louisa Merrifield was originally sentenced to be hanged on 18 August 1953, but she appealed against her verdict. This was dismissed by the Court of Criminal Appeal on 3 September 1953 and after the Home Secretary David Maxwell Fyfe had refused a reprieve she was hanged by Albert Pierrepoint assisted by Robert Leslie Stewart at Strangeways Prison in Manchester on the morning of 18 September 1953. On the gallows she refused to remove her glasses when requested. A crowd of several hundred gathered outside the prison to read the official notice of her death. Pierrepoint later stated that the hanging "went very well. She said goodbye to the death cell officers – much better than I imagined." Louisa May Merrifield was the fourth and last woman to be executed at Strangeways Prison and the third to last woman to be hanged in the UK. As was the practice, her body was buried in an unmarked grave alongside other executed felons within the prison walls of Strangeways. During rebuilding work at the prison in 1991 following a recent riot the remains of 63 executed prisoners (of which 45 were identifiable including Merrifield) were exhumed from the prison cemetery and cremated at Blackley Crematorium in Manchester. The cremated remains were re-interred in two graves (plot C2710 and C2711) in the adjoining cemetery. In her will she left £45 13s 9d to her son Oswald Ellison, a brickworks labourer. Following his wife's execution, the "tragic simpleton" Alfred Merrifield suddenly became very astute and continued to live at the bungalow while he fought a legal battle with Ricketts' daughters for a share of its value, gaining one sixth in 1956. He then lived in a caravan and became a regular attraction at Blackpool’s Golden Mile beachfront side-shows billed as ‘The Murderess’s Husband’ talking about his wife and the murder of Mrs Ricketts. He donated some of her clothes to Louis Tussauds Blackpool Chamber of Horrors and was paid £200 for his own waxwork to stand beside hers. Alfred Merrifield died on 24 June 1962 aged 80. He always maintained he was unaware of his wife's activities and told crime writer Richard Whittington-Egan that "the old bugger" would have poisoned him next for his share of the bungalow. Her case featured in the television true-crime documentary series Murder by the Sea. References 1906 births 1953 deaths 1953 murders in the United Kingdom 20th-century English criminals 20th-century English women 20th-century executions by England and Wales Executed English women People convicted of murder by England and Wales People executed for murder People from Wigan People from Blackpool British female murderers English people convicted of murder Executed English people Poisoners

60914429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hunter%20Gray

John Hunter Gray

John Hunter Gray (born John Salter Jr., February 14, 1934 – January 7, 2019) was a sociologist, professor and an American activist and community organizer in the civil rights movement. He was best known for his participation in the 1963 Jackson, Mississippi Woolworth's department store's lunch counter sit-in. The iconic photo of Gray and Tougaloo College students earned Gray national attention and the nickname "Mustard Man" when a group of whites poured sugar, ketchup and mustard over his head during the sit-in. On May 28, 1963, in Jackson, Mississippi, Gray joined white and black Tougaloo College students in a sit-in at the Woolworth's lunch counter to protest segregation. Tougaloo students included white student Joan Trumpauer and black student Anne Moody who sat at the front counter instead of at the segregated section for black citizens and requested service. Gray, a professor at the college, joined the students sitting at the counter and was viciously attacked by a white mob who struck him with brass knuckles and broken glass. In Anne Moody's autobiography, Coming Of Age In Mississippi, she said that once Gray sat down he was immediately hit by brass knuckles and with blood gushing from his face salt was thrown into his open wounds. Shortly after the Jackson sit-in, during a protest march, Gray was severely beaten unconscious and taken to a fairgrounds where demonstrators were held. Gray was also involved in a suspicious car accident where he and a chaplain sustained serious injuries. He was often followed by the local police and also under surveillance by the FBI who had compiled thousands of pages about him and his activities. Grays' act of defiance and the Jackson sit-in greatly aided the Civil Rights Movement. Just two weeks after the Jackson sit-ins, on June 11, President John F. Kennedy publicly called for a national civil rights bill. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed a year later by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early life John Hunter Gray was born John Randall Salter Jr. in Chicago, Illinois, on February 14, 1934. Commonly perceived as white, Salter, as he was formerly known, changed his name to John Hunter Gray to honor his Native American heritage. He grew up in Flagstaff, Arizona with his Native American father who was an artist and a college professor and his mother, a teacher. After graduating high school in 1951, Gray joined the United States Army for a short time before attending Arizona State University. He graduated in 1958 with his undergraduate degree in social studies. He attained his master's degree in sociology two years later. While pursuing his degrees at Arizona State University, Gray organized and volunteered for many student groups including the International Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers. In 1961, Gray and his wife, Eldri Johanson, were married. The two met while Eldri was a social worker in Duluth, Minnesota. She herself being from Moose Lake, Minnesota, and had graduated from Augsburg College with a degree in sociology. She stayed loyally to her husbands side, traveling with him to fight in the Civil Rights Movement together. After marriage the couple moved to Jackson, Mississippi. During an interview later in life he told Loki Mulholland, filmmaker and son of Joan Trumpauer, that "We decided to go south because things were happening". Career and activism Gray played a large role in the civil rights movement in Mississippi. His home became an unofficial headquarters for civil rights activists. While Gray was a sociology professor at Tougaloo College he became very involved with the NAACP, and grew close with Medgar Evers, who was the NAACP field secretary. In addition to the Jackson sit-in, he taught tactics of nonviolence, organized an NAACP youth council, and conducted a study of poverty in Mississippi as well. While involved in civil rights activities in Mississippi, Gray was monitored by the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission. After leaving Mississippi, Gray moved to many other states where he continued his civil rights activities and teaching. In North Carolina he worked on voting rights and for the Southern Conference Educational Fund. He also did human rights work in Chicago serving as director of the Chicago Commons Association from 1969 to 1973. From 1976-1978 he served as director of the Office of Human Development of the Catholic Diocese of Rochester, New York. From 1978 he taught sociology at many colleges around the country including the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, and Navajo Community College, Tsaile, Arizona. Gray also held teaching positions at the University of Iowa; Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont; Superior State College in Wisconsin; and Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Gray worked from 1981-1994 at the University of North Dakota as a professor and was a chair in the American Indian Studies Department. In 1988, Gray recalled, without hypnotic regression techniques, that both he and his son were abducted by aliens, an experience he personally viewed as positive insofar as he considered the intentions of his captors as benificent.He retired from the University of North Dakota in 1994 and moved to Pocatello, Idaho where he continued his involvement in civil rights activities. Death Gray died of natural causes on January 7, 2019, at the age of 84, at his home in Pocatello, Idaho. He is survived by two sons and two daughters. References 1934 births 2019 deaths American civil rights activists Arizona State University alumni University of North Dakota faculty

61107683

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Teacher%2C%20My%20Obsession

My Teacher, My Obsession

My Teacher, My Obsession is a 2018 American thriller drama film directed by Damian Romay, written by Patrick Robert Young and starring Rusty Joiner, Lucy Loken and Laura Bilgeri. The plot revolves around Riley (Laura Bilgeri) who has transferred to a new high school where her father is working as an English teacher. Riley initially has a hard time finding new friends, but eventually meets Kyla (Lucy Loken) and they become close friends. It turns out, though, that Kyla is obsessed with Riley's father. Plot Riley is a high school senior starting her first day at a new school along with her father, Chris, the school's newest English teacher. During his first lesson, Chris catches the attention of both Tricia, a popular girl, and Kyla, the school's yearbook photographer. After class, Kyla befriends Riley, who reveals she is Chris's daughter, and asks to come over to her house for a study session. At her house, Riley tells Kyla about her mother's infidelity which led to her parents' divorce. That night, Kyla dreams of Chris and becomes infatuated with him. The next day, Tricia befriends Riley, infuriating Kyla. She warns Riley that Tricia is dangerous and claims she has a history of messing around with teachers, as she had slept with a history teacher the prior year. Later that night, Kyla's mother, Jess, is preparing for a date, which is revealed to be Chris. As she watches them flirt, Kyla grows jealous and sabotages their date, forcing Chris to spend the night, and allowing Kyla to get closer to him. The following morning at school, Kyla confronts Riley about going out with Tricia despite her warning, and tells her she's being used by Tricia to get to her father. Riley tells her that Tricia claims it wasn't her who had slept with their history teacher, but Kyla herself. Kyla denies the accusation and Riley leaves. Later, Kyla confronts Tricia, threatening her to leave Riley alone, but Tricia refuses to back down. The next day, Kyla, having filled her locker with lewd photos she had taken of herself the night before, tells Chris she is being harassed, and he promises to help find whoever is responsible. Kyla and Riley eventually make amends, and Kyla confesses to having slept with her history teacher, claiming he had manipulated her. Later that night as Chris and Jess prepare for a date, Kyla, posing as Tricia, sends sexually suggestive messages to Chris's phone. Jess, believing Chris is having sex with one of his students, throws him out. As Chris sits in his truck, Kyla enters and seduces him into kissing her. The following day, police arrive and take Tricia away, having found the phone used to text Chris the sexually suggestive messages, as well as containing the lewd photos of Kyla, in her locker. That night at Riley's birthday party, Kyla enters Chris' office at his home and seduces him into having sex. Riley discovers them, and runs away distraught. The next morning Jess confronts Chris, having been told everything by Riley. As she takes Kyla away, Kyla denies any wrongdoing, as she is of legal age and claims Chris and her are in love. Chris apologizes to Riley and tells her he will not see Kyla anymore, and Riley forgives him. The next day, Kyla calls Tricia and asks to meet her before school. When Tricia arrives, Kyla admits to framing her, and harms herself by breaking her fingers. As Riley and Chris arrive, Kyla cries for help, claiming Tricia attacked her. Tricia is arrested and Kyla goes to the hospital. There, Riley tells Kyla her relationship with her father is over, and Kyla appears to agree. She asks Riley to take over her yearbook responsibilities for a basketball game that night, which Riley reluctantly accepts. When Riley leaves, Kyla tells Chris they can finally be together with Tricia gone, but Chris denies her, telling her their relationship is over and to leave him alone. Kyla declares she will never leave Chris, and reminds him he will have to see her everyday in class. Chris decides to quit his job to get away from her, and leaves to gather his belongings from the classroom. Kyla takes a scalpel from the hospital and flees. At the school, Kyla confronts Riley, declaring only one of them can be in Chris's life, and stabs her in the stomach. Making her way to Chris's class, she holds the scalpel to his throat, telling him they are meant to be together, and also revealing she was the one that had manipulated her previous teacher, not vice versa. Chris pushes Kyla off of him, but she trips him, causing him to hit his head, rendering him unconscious. A janitor hears the commotion, and stumbles upon Kyla, who pretends to be injured and asks him to get help. As the janitor runs to find assistance, Riley, alive but badly wounded, warns him to run, but Kyla stabs and kills him. The two begin to fight, and Riley eventually beats Kyla into submission. As police arrive, both Riley and Kyla are taken away in separate ambulances. Some time later, Riley is leaving for her first day of college. As she says goodbye to her father, unseen by either of them, a hooded figure watches them from afar. Cast Rusty Joiner as Chris Lucy Loken as Kyla Laura Bilgeri as Riley Jana Lee Hamblin as Jess Alexandria DeBerry as Tricia (as Allie Deberry) Bruno Rose as Quentin Lestonja Diaz as Ellis David Ditmore as Janitor Soundtrack The soundtrack of My Teacher, My Obsession features 5 songs by Los Angeles band Modern Time Machines: "The Feud", "Faster Falling Star", "Alper", "Rocketship", and "Bastard Child". Release My Teacher, My Obsession was released on June 12, 2018. References External links 2018 television films American television films American films 2018 films Films about stalking Films about scandalous teacher–student relationships

61227281

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20in%20Mexico

2020 in Mexico

This article lists events occurring in Mexico during the year 2020. 2020 is the "Year of Leona Vicario, Benemérita (Praiseworthy) Mother of the Fatherland". The article also lists the most important political leaders during the year at both federal and state levels and will include a brief year-end summary of major social and economic issues. Incumbents President and cabinet President: Andres Manuel López Obrador, National Regeneration Movement Interior: Olga Sánchez Cordero Foreign Affairs: Marcelo Ebrard Treasury: Arturo Herrera Economy: Graciela Márquez Colín Energy: Norma Rocío Nahle García Agriculture: Víctor Villalobos Labor: Luisa María Alcalde Luján Education: Esteban Moctezuma Communications: Javier Jiménez Espriú, until July 23 Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal, starting July 23, 2020 Environment: Víctor Manuel Toledo, until September 2 Maria Luisa Albores, starting September 2 Tourism: Miguel Torruco Marqués Civil Service: Irma Sandoval-Ballesteros Health: Jorge Alcocer Varela Development: Román Guillermo Meyer Welfare: María Luisa Albores, until September 2 Javier May Rodríguez, starting September 2 Culture: Alejandra Frausto Guerrero Defense: Luis Cresencio Sandoval Navy: José Rafael Ojeda Durán Security: Alfonso Durazo Montaño Attorney General: Alejandro Gertz Manero Supreme Court President of the Supreme Court: Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea (since January 2, 2019) Governors Aguascalientes: Martín Orozco Sandoval Baja California: Jaime Bonilla Baja California Sur: Carlos Mendoza Davis Campeche: Carlos Miguel Aysa González acting governor Chiapas: Rutilio Escandón Chihuahua: Javier Corral Jurado Coahuila: Miguel Ángel Riquelme Solís Colima: José Ignacio Peralta Durango: José Rosas Aispuro Guanajuato: Diego Sinhué Rodríguez Vallejo Guerrero: Héctor Astudillo Flores Hidalgo: Omar Fayad Jalisco: Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Mexico City: Claudia Sheinbaum México (state): Alfredo del Mazo Maza Michoacán: Silvano Aureoles Conejo Morelos: Cuauhtémoc Blanco Nayarit: Antonio Echevarría García Nuevo León: Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, Independent Oaxaca: Alejandro Murat Hinojosa Puebla: Miguel Barbosa Huerta Querétaro: Francisco Domínguez Servién Quintana Roo: Carlos Joaquín González San Luis Potosí: Juan Manuel Carreras Sinaloa: Quirino Ordaz Coppel Sonora: Claudia Pavlovich Arellano Tabasco: Adán Augusto López Hernández Tamaulipas: Francisco Javier García Cabeza de Vaca Tlaxcala: Marco Antonio Mena Rodríguez Veracruz: Cuitláhuac García Jiménez Yucatán: Mauricio Vila Dosal Zacatecas: Alejandro Tello Cristerna LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress President of the Senate Mónica Fernández Balboa , starting September 1, 2019 President of the Chamber of Deputies Laura Angélica Rojas Hernández , until September 1 Dulce María Sauri Riancho , starting September 1 Monthly events January January 1 Tax changes designed to increase income for the Office for the Treasury and Public Credit (SHCP) take effect. The minimum wage increases 20%, from MXN $102.68 to $123.22 (US$6.53) daily. This is still lower than in Brazil and Colombia, where per capita income is similar. January 2 Reuters reports that Mexican citizens who seek asylum in the United States will be sent to Guatemala. The first femicide of the year is reported in Aquismón, San Luis Potosi. A second riot at the prison in Cieneguillas, Zacatecas leaves one dead in addition to the 16 inmates who were killed on December 31, 2019. January 3 México names Edmundo Font new interim Chargé d'affaires for Bolivia. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) requests the liberation of Julian Assange. January 4 – An earthquake with a magnitude 5.9 and an epicenter in Unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca was felt in at least states: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz, Puebla, Morelos, State of México, and Mexico City. No damage is reported. January 5 – 26: Mérida Fest 2020, Mérida, Yucatán January 6 President López Obrador announces that construction of 1,350 branches of the Banco de Bienestar ("Social Assistance Bank") has begun. Internet for All, part of the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE), begins operations with a proposed budget of MXN $3 billion (USD $159 million) in 2020 and a planned completion date of 2022. Margarita Ríos-Farjat becomes a member of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN). January 7 The Office for the Treasury and Public Credit (SCHP) sells bonds worth US$2.3 billion. At least seven people are killed and 35 injured when a train and a bus crash in Vícam, Guaymas, Sonora. January 8 Arias Consultores releases a poll that describes the best and worst governors. Sinaloa governor Quirino Ordaz Coppel is chosen best, while Puebla governor L. Miguel Barbosa Huerta is declared the worst. Mexico becomes president pro tempore of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. January 9 Popocateptl volcano emits 3 km of smoke. On January 7 and 8, the volcano emitted 155 exhalations, 198 minutes of shaking, and three earthquakes. AMLO promises that obesity will be combatted by a nutrition campaign, not through new taxes. January 10 A teacher is killed and four people are wounded in the Colegio Cervantes shooting in Torreón, Coahuila. The eleven-year-old shooter committed suicide. A 21-year-old man is arrested and charged with terrorism for using pepper spray in several stores in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. January 10 – February 4: Leon State Fair, León, Guanajuato January 11 The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) requests the Attorney General (FGR) to sue to prohibit an auction of 28 Mexican archaeological treasures by French auctioneer "Millon de París" on January 22. The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SRE) also plans to ask the French government to intervene. Governor Enrique Alfaro Ramírez says Jalisco will not participate in the Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar (Insabi) (Institute of Health for Welfare). Activists place hundreds of red shoes in Mexico City's Zócalo to protest the murders of an average ten women and girls daily; fewer than 10% are resolved. Mexico City imposes a ban on plastic bags. January 12 – President Lopez Obrador meets with members of the LeBaron family in Bavispe, Sonora. AMLO promises to erect a monument in La Mora, Sonora in honor of the nine family members killed. Protesters accused Julián LeBarón of stealing land and water. January 13 Secretary of Education (SEP) Esteban Moctezuma proposes a new scheme for Operativo Mochilla (Operation backpack) wherein parents will be responsible for revising the backpacks of children and staff at schools so as to prevent the entry of guns and other contraband. Governor Cuauhtémoc Blanco of Morelos says that at least 180 police officers are being investigated for ties to organized crime and drug trafficking. China announces that two of its banks will lend US$600 million for the construction of the Dos Bocas refinery in Paraíso, Tabasco. Energy Secretary Rocío Nahle makes it clear that the refinery will be built with public funds, but that contractors may borrow money from China or other countries. January 14 Despite confessing to abusing several minors, Fernando Martínez Suárez will remain a member of the Legion of Christ but he will not perform priestly duties. The presidential airplane has been returned to Mexico after the government tried to sell it in the United States for a year at a cost of US$1.5 million in maintenance. It may be rented out or bartered for needed goods. 19 other planes and nine helicopters will be auctioned off, with the hopes of raising US$1 billion. The Supreme Court rules that National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) can ignore the ban against paying its executives more than the President of Mexico. January 16 Two earthquakes of 5.3 and 4.9 respectively, hit at least five municipalities in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca. Slight damages but no injuries are reported. There have been 679 earthquakes in Oaxaca this year. U.S. Attorney General William Barr visits Mexico to discuss money laundering, arms trafficking, and drug trafficking. A commando consisting of 150 men armed with assault rifles burn 22 homes and seven vehicles and kidnap five people in two towns in Madera Municipality, Chihuahua. January 17 AMLO offers 4,000 jobs to Central American immigrants. Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) announces it will build a memorial for the 137 victims of the 2019 pipeline explosion in Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo. Each family was compensated with MXN $15,000 (US$800). January 18 The office of the attorney general of Oaxaca reports that investigation into the acid-attack on saxophonist María Elena Ríos Ortiz has finished. Governor Alejandro Murat says there is an arrest warrant for former deputy Juan Vera Carrizal. Mexico stops thousands of Honduran immigrants on the border with Guatemala. January 19 Between 1,500 and 2,000 undocumented immigrants from Honduras try to cross the Suchiate River in Chiapas, but are stopped by the National Guard. Groups of 20 or 30 were allowed to try to regularize their immigration status and obtain employment. 1,000 supporters of "Reforestación Extrema" (Extreme reforestation) demonstrate in La Huasteca-Nuevo Leon. The fire at the Cuemanco Plant Market in Xochimilco, Mexico City, is the fifth market fire in a month. January 20 Thousands of Honduran migrants and asylum-seekers battle with Mexican National Guard and try to force their way across the Suchiate River. Isatech technology of Monterrey offers to pay US$130 million for the presidential plane to use it for commercial purposes and to make it available to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22,923 police officers and 2,375 vehicles participate in Mexico City's first Macrosimulacro (Macro earthquake drill). New data show that homicides in Mexico in 2019 reached a record level. January 21 A popular poll by U.S. News & World Report places Mexico as the second most corrupt country in the world; Colombia is number one. Eighteen states have signed up for the new health care program, Insabi. January 22 Airports in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Cancun, where flights arrive directly from China, are on alert for Coronavirus disease 2019. Nineteen children between six and fifteen march as community police by the Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias-Pueblos Fundadores (CRAC-PF) in Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero. Those over 12 have been issued .22 caliber rifles while younger ones carry sticks. January 24 Tijuana International Airport joins other airports on alert against the coronavirus from China. Dulce Susana Jacobo Cruz, a student at the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), complains of racist comments and torture of children when she and a group of migrants were detained by authorities at the Estación Migratoria (Migrant Station) of Ciudad Industrial, Villahermosa, Tabasco. Parents of children with cancer protest for the third day in a row because of a lack of medicine. In Guerrero, officials announce that children as young as 14 have been recruited to assist local police in local law enforcement efforts. About 20 children have been recruited for an indigenous community police force in western Mexico following a deadly attack blamed on a drug cartel. Some of the children, aged between eight and 14, were handed rifles while others paraded with sticks on a road in the town of Chilapa in Guerrero state. Calm returns to the Mexico-Guatemala border after 800 Honduran immigrants were arrested on January 23. January 26 – The Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (National Human Rights Commission) reports that 2019 saw 35% more complaints about a lack of medicine and negligence than in 2018. January 27 Twelve governors, all member of PRI, agree to support Insabi. At least sixty are killed in violence over the weekend of January 24–26 in the state of Guanajuato. The Supreme Court (SCJN) declares that it is unconstitutional to require a Carta de No-Antecedentes Penales (letter that certifies no criminal record) as a prerequisite for employment. January 28 – Judge Francisco Castillo González orders a MXN $10 million (US$534,000) lien against journalist Sergio Aguayo and his property for "moral damage" of former Coahuila governor Humberto Moreira (PRI) in an editorial Aguayo wrote for Reforma in 2016. Journalists and human rights activists unite in solidarity with Aguayo. January 29 – Three notorious criminals, one in the process of being extradited to the United States, escape from the Reclusorio Sur (South Penitentiary) in Mexico City. January 30 INEGI reports that the Mexican economy contracted by 0.1% in 2019 after growth of just over 2% in 2018. Naela Berenice Razo López, an engineering physics graduate of the Autonomous University of Queretaro wins the John Bacall Physics Prize from Princeton University and will spend the summer semester at the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark. Seven municipal police officers, including the chief of police, are arrested for a November 2019 murder in Cuitzeo, Michoacan. February February 1 AMLO says his administration has rescued Pemex from bankruptcy and discusses other energy issues while in Merida, Yucatan. A Chinese tourist who passed through Mexico City is confirmed to be infected with Coronavirus disease 2019. Nine cases of possible infection are being monitored, but as of today, there are no confirmed cases in Mexico. The Sinaloa Cartel guards the Culiacán Cathedral in Sinaloa as the daughter of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán marries the nephew of Margarita Cázares, la "Emperatriz del Narco". Only members of the cartel are allowed to attend. February 2 – Candlemas The Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares (National Museum of Popular Cultures) in Coyoacán reports that a record-breaking 126,000 attended the 27th Feria del Tamal (Tamales fair) in one week. February 3 Constitution Day (Statutory holiday) At least eight people including one minor are killed in a shooting at a video-arcade in Uruapan, Michoacan. The unrest seems to be related to the arrest on January 31 of Luis Felipe Barragán (El Vocho), the presumed leader of Los Viagra. February 4 – The National data protection authority (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales) (Inai) orders the Ministry of Health to publicize all information about the cost and available of cancer medicine. February 5 Farmers in Chihuahua fight with the National Guard over water payments to the United States. Earlier this week farmers in Ojinaga Municipality broke open locks on a dam. AMLO says he wants to eliminate puentes (English: three-day weekends) in the academic calendar beginning July 2020 so that children will learn and appreciate the historic importance of holidays. Fifteen schools and colleges of the UNAM are now on strike in protest of violence against women. February 5 to 9 – Contemporary Art Week at four locations in Mexico City Art critic Avelina Lésper destroyed Gabriel Rico's Nimble and sinister tricks (to be preserved without scandal and corruption), worth US$20,000, with a can of soda pop. The fair in "Zona Macro" is considered the most important contemporary art fair in Latin America. February 6 Activists from Mexico join their African counterparts to support the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). In a visit to the Mexican Senate, the President of Guatemala, Alejandro Giammattei suggests the two countries construct Muros de Prosperidad ("Prosperity Walls") in the form of an investment bank in the Mexican states of Chiapas and Tabasco and the Guatemalan departments of San Marcos, Quiché, and Huehuetenango to stem migration. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov says that Russia is in talks to sell military helicopters to Mexico. Hugo Rodriguez of the United States Department of State says that Mexico could be subject to sanctions if the sale goes forward. February 9 – Strikes in five schools and colleges of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) that were taken over to protest sexual harassment and violence have been returned to university authorities. Others continue in the hands of protesters, and an interuniversity assembly has been convoked for February 10. February 10 – The Attorney General of Mexico (FGR) promises that the law against femicide will not disappear, but that the laws must be reformed to protect women and children. He notes that homicides have increased by 35% in the last five years, but femicides (Spanish: feminicidios) have increased by 137% in the same period of time. February 11 – The diffusion on social media of graphic photographs of the dismembered cadaver of Ingrid Escamilla, victim of a brutal femicide, disturbs the nation. The Ministry of Home Affairs (SEGOB) promises an investigation. The sighting is later confirmed by the National Civil Protection Coordination, stating that no damage was reported. February 12 Former head of Pemex Emilio Lozoya Austin is arrested in Málaga, Spain. At a supper for the 200 most important business leaders in the country, guests were pressured to commit to buying blocks of raffle tickets for the Presidential airplane. February 12–16: San Miguel Writers' Conference & Literary Festival, San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato The Banco de México (Bank of Mexico) cuts interest rates for the fifth time in a year. February 14 – Family members of victims of violence against women and feminists protest the President's silence on the issue by painting the walls and doors of the National Palace. AMLO responds "No soy un presidente surgido de la élite, insensible, simulador. Estamos haciendo todo lo que nos corresponde, y se va seguir informando y deseo con toda mi alma de que se reduzca la violencia y que no se agreda a las mujeres, eso es lo que deseo." ("I am not a president emerged from the elite, insensitive, simulator. We are doing everything that we must, and I will continue to inform and I wish with all my soul that violence is reduced and that women are not added; that is what I want.") February 15 Thousands protest against femicide in Mexico City and other parts of the country. The naked body of an unidentified girl between 10 and 14 is found in a plastic garbage bag wrapped in a sack in Tláhuac, Mexico City. The government of Jalisco launches an investigation into the source of heavy metals and other pollutants in the Grande de Santiago River, which feeds the once-spectacular Juanacatlán Falls. February 16 – Ten Mexicans who were evacuated from China to Paris due to the COVID-19 pandemic return to Mexico after a 14-day quarantine in which they tested negative. February 18 Claudia Sheinbaum announces that the search for missing children will begin as soon as they are reported missing, instead of waiting for an official police complaint. The Autoridad Federal Educativa de la Ciudad de México (Federal Educational Authority of Mexico City) explains that if a child is not picked up by a parent or guardian within twenty minutes of school closing time, the child should be taken to the local police. Reforms against sexual harassment go into force at the UNAM. The Mexican government will resume the search for 63 bodies lost in the 2006 Pasta de Conchos mine disaster. Multiple social media users in Mexico City, Morelos, State of Mexico, and Puebla report seeing a meteorite at 20:18 hours (8:18 pm) February 19 Xcaret Park is named the best theme park in the world for the fourth year in a row by the Travvy Awards. Mexican scientist Héctor Carera Fuentes is arrested at Miami International Airport for spying for Russia. February 19 – 25: Carnaval de Veracruz February 20 Alfonso Durasno, Minister of Security, says that seven of ten weapons used by organized crime in Mexico are imported illegally from the United States. Mexico bans the importation of e-cigarettes. February 21 – Mexico City mayor Claudia Sheinbaum promises that city employees who join the Woman's Strike on March 9 will not be penalized by the city government. February 23 – Lawyer Juan Collado, former husband of Leticia Calderón who has close ties to former presidents Calderón and Peña Nieto is formally accused of money laundering and association with organized crime. February 23 – 25 – Carnaval de Mazatlán, Sinaloa February 24 – A protest happens at Playa del Carmen over public access to a supposedly "private" beach. February 25 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the parents of Sergio Hernandez Guereca cannot sue the U.S. Border Patrol for the teen's 2010 death. Mexican prosecutors had charged Agent Jesus Mesa Jr. with murder, but the U.S. government refused to extradite him. 120,000 students at Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla and Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla strike after three students are killed. February 26 – Mexican authorities refuse permission for a cruise ship registered in Malta to dock in Cozumel, Quintana Roo, because she carries a passenger presumed to be infected with Coronavirus disease 2019. The ship was previously denied access to ports in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. On February 27, AMLO reversed the ruling, saying it would be "inhuman" to prohibit people from disembarking. February 28 The first two Mexican confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been identified by the Health Ministry. Family contacts of the patients have been placed in isolation. The National Human Rights Commission (Mexico) announces that its president, Rosario Piedra Ibarra, will receive MXN $159,227.83 monthly, some $5,000 more than what her predecessor, Luis Raúl González Pérez, received and $51,000 more than President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, despite a law that prohibits any government employee from earning more than the president. Despite the official policy of austerity, other top officials will also be paid more than López Obrador. The third and fourth cases were confirmed on February 29. The Mexican stock market closes the week with a 4% decrease in value due to fears of Covid-19. The peso also loses 2% of its value. Former Nayarit governor Roberto Sandoval Castañeda and his wife and children are banned from entering the United States due to corruption. February 28 – March 1: Electric Daisy Carnival (electronic music), Mexico City February 29 – An appeals court in San Francisco rules against the U.S. government's "stay in Mexico" policy for asylum seekers, although the ruling is stayed until March 2. March March 1 In a concession to the junk food industry, a judge from the Juzgado Séptimo de Distrito en Materia Administrativa (Seventh District Court in Administration) rules that companies do not have to label the sugar and fat content of their products. Patricia Rosalinda Trujillo Mariel, Operational Coordinator of the National Guard, is fired for corruption. March 3 – A study by Código Magenta reveals links between the company that collected signatures for Jaime Rodríguez Calderón ("El Bronco") during his 2018 presidential campaign and money laundering. March 4 Six bank accounts controlled by La Luz del Mundo (English: Church of the Living God, Pillar, and Ground of the Truth, The Light of the World) are frozen by the Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (UIF) (English: Financial Intelligence Unit) because of sex scandals involving child pornography and sexual relations with minors. The Ministry of Health reports 1,455 cases of dengue fever, a 104.6% increase over the same period in 2019. March 6 The airline Interjet is near bankruptcy as it owes the federal government MXN $3 billion (US$150.6 million) and it is threatened by losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, AMLO proposes establishing a new airline in Mexico. A shootout between police and members of an auto-theft gang leaves nine dead, including one police officer and a civilian bystander in Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. Three people have died and 55 others require special medical attention after the Pemex hospital in Villahermosa, Tabasco, administers expired medicine. March 7 "Time for Women 2020" festival in Mexico City Proceso says the government of the United States has evidence linking former presidents Peńa Nieto and Calderon and several generals and admirals to narcotics trafficking March 8 – 15,000 people participated in the Women's March in Monterrey. 80,000 march in Mexico City. Hundreds march in Tlaxcala; Ecatepec, State of Mexico; and Oaxaca. March 9 Women strike across the country, demanding an end to violence against women in Mexico. The CONCANACO estimates that the strike cost MXN $30 trillion (US$13.5 billion), 15% more than the original estimate. Crude oil prices fall to US$24.43 a barrel, the lowest price since 2016. The peso loses 4.83% of its value compared to the U.S. dollar, at $21.17/dollar, as the world worries about the COVID-19 pandemic. The Mexican stock market fell 6%. March 10 The City of Mexico will publish the names, photographs, and other information about individuals convicted of sexual crimes, including femicide, human trafficking, sexual tourism, and abuses against minors. It is revealed that the microphones discovered in the Senate of the Republic were paid for and installed by the National Action Party (PAN) in 2011 and 2012, not by National Regeneration Movement (Morena). Senators from PAN accused Morena of spying on them and forced the Senate to be shut down last week. One person dies and 41 are injured in a crash in the Tacubaya metro station in Mexico City. March 11 The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) announce they have arrested more than alleged 600 members of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNJ). A train crash at the Tacubaya station of the Mexico City Metro leaves one dead and 41 people injured. March 13 AMLO signs a decree that the victims of the 2009 ABC Day Care Center Fire in Hermosillo, Sonora, will be compensated. Evidence of the Mayan kingdom of Sak Tz'i is proven near Lacanja Tzeltal, Chiapas. The Canadian Parliament approves the T-MEC (English: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)). March 14 Some universities close, sporting events are canceled, and other large group events are canceled or rescheduled for a later date as Mexico enters Phase 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (SCHP) announced it was taking measures to prevent a 5% fall in gross domestic product (GDP). Mexico City bans gatherings of groups of more than 1,000 people. March 14–15: Festival Vive Latino (rock and Latin music), Mexico City The festival goes on as scheduled, despite fears of the COVID-19 pandemic. Temperatures of the 70,000 people who attend each day are taken at the door and anti-bacterial gel is widely distributed. 26 cases of the virus are reported in Mexico, including 11 in Mexico City. March 16 216th anniversary of Benito Juárez's birthday (Statutory holiday) Deputy health minister Hugo López-Gatell denies a charge by El Salvador president Nayib Bukele that Mexico let a dozen people with COVID-19 board a plane. The Health Department reports 82 confirmed and 171 suspected cases of COVID-19. The Catholic Episcopal Conference of Mexico recommends suspending masses and other large group gatherings. Priests can continue with private masses. A group of four Mexicans from Tamaulipas who went to Cusco, Peru, on vacation cannot return to Mexico until April 2 because all flights have been canceled and the borders of Peru are closed. Citizens of Ecuador, El Salvador, Perú, and Chile are stuck at Benito Juárez International Airport in Mexico City. March 17 The Mexican Stock Exchange closed for 15 minutes this morning after dropping 7.12% upon opening. This also happened last March 12. After reopening, the market fell by 8%. Interjet announces it will reduce its seating capacity by 40% as a health measure. March 18 82nd Anniversary of the oil expropriation (Civic holiday) The first death from COVID-19 in Mexico is reported. The 41-year-old man attended a concert on March 3 and was hospitalized on March 9. He also had diabetes. Twenty-five cases of measles are reported in Mexico City. The outbreak began in the Reclusario Norte (Northern penitentiary) last week. Mexican crude oil prices fall to their lowest level (US$12.92 per barrel) since 2002. March 19 – A group of protesters block downtown Cuernavaca. March 20 U.S Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announces there will be restrictions on travel across the Mexico–United States border. Said restrictions would not apply to cargo. A new report report (in Spanish) by the Mexican Centre for Environmental Rights (Cemed) shows that at least 83 land rights and environmental defenders were murdered in Mexico between 2012 and 2019. 40% of the 2019 incidents of harassment and murder were the responsibility of state officials such as police officers, national guard, and local prosecutors. Mexico opposes the reelection of Luis Almagro as Secretary-General of the Organization of American States (OAS). Mayor Juanita Romero (PAN) of Nacozari de García Municipality, Sonora, declares a curfew, in effect until April 20. Only the President of Mexico has the legal authority to declare such a declaration. March 21 – A Mexican Navy helicopter crashes during an anti-kidnapping operation in Zongolica, Veracruz. One police officer is killed and ten military personnel are injured. March 23 The World Health Organization (WHO) says Mexico has entered Phase 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic with 338 confirmed cases. This includes cases where the sick individuals did not have direct contact with someone who had recently been in another country. 76% of the voters in Mexicali, Baja California, voted that the partially-built brewery owned by Constellation Brands should not be completed. Only 36,781 people participated in the poll. Mexico City reports 67 cases of measles, ten of whom had been vaccinated. There are 60 cases of COVID-19 in the city. March 24 – Mexico requests extradition of Emilio Lozoya. March 26 – Health officials report 5,983 cases and 102 deaths from influenza this year. March 27 – An investigation into the 2018 Puebla helicopter crash that killed Puebla governor Martha Érika Alonso and her husband, Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas was because of a stability problem due to poor maintenance. March 28 Seventy-three cases of measles have been confirmed in Mexico City and the State of Mexico. There are 196 confirmed cases (7 deaths) of coronavirus in Mexico City and 119 infections in the State of Mexico. Nationally, there have been more than 2,000 murders since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in February. World Wide Fund for Nature calls for people to join the Earth Hour at 8:30 p.m. local time. March 30 – The Mexican Financial Unit (UIF), led by Santiago Nieto, blocks US$1 billion (MXN $1.5 billion) in accounts controlled by the Sinaloa Cartel and Rafael Caro Quintero. March 31 – A riot in a migrant detention center in Tenosique, Tabasco, leaves a Guatemalan man dead and four people injured. The detainees were worried about a possible COVID-19 outbreak. April April 3 AMLO issues a decree to abolish 100 public trusts related to science and culture; the Finance Ministry (SHCP) will receive the money directly. The move is expected to save MXN $250 billion (US$10 billion). A shoot-out between presumed drug dealers results in at least 19 deaths in Ciudad Madera, Chihuahua. Mexico registers 2,585 homicides in March—the highest monthly figure since 1997—potentially breaking last year's record total for murders. April 5 – The traditional Passion Play of Iztapalapa begins inside the Iztapalapa Cathedral instead of parading the eight barrios of the borough. Extras who play Roman centurions, Pharisees, Jews, Nazarenes, and others are asked to stay home. In 2019, 5,000 people participated and 150 had speaking parts. April 7 – PAN conditions its support for less money for political parties on an abandoment of the Dos Bocas and Mayan Train infrastructure projects. April 8 President López Obrador says that fifteen large companies owe MMX $50,000,000,000 in taxes. Charges of rape, child pornography, and human trafficking against Naasón Joaquín García, apostle of La Luz del Mundo church, are dropped for technical reasons. April 11 – Three doctors employed by IMSS are murdered in Tilzapotla, Puente de Ixtla, Morelos, during a presumed robbery. April 12 – The U.S. Customs and Border Protection says it has used the COVID-19 pandemic as a pretext to expel over 10,000 Mexican and Central American asylum seekers to Mexico. April 13 – The number of COVID-19 infections in the country passes 5,000; there are 332 deaths. April 15 – A report by Agence France-Presse (AFP) indicates that poppy growers in Guerrero are going out of business as cheaper fentanyl replaces poppies. April 16 – El Universal reports that several federal investigative units are looking into the wealth of former President Enrique Peña Nieto. AMLO says that any decision to prosecute will depend upon a referendum. April 20 – Drug cartels hand out aid packages of rice, pasta, cooking oil, and other household supplies. Javier Oliva Posada, defense specialist at the UNAM, commented that the packages reach a small number of people, but that they are designed to gain public and extend territory. Oliva Posada also noted that cartels are facing a shortage of supplies from China and a tightening of the border along the United States. April 21 Mexico begins Phase 3 of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The Mexican Senate approves an amnesty law for minor offenders; it awaits the president's signature. Some oil wells are closed as prices fall and Pemex's credit rating declines. April 22 The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime warns that Mexican cartels are branching into human trafficking and illegal logging. The United States pressures Mexico to reopen factories with military contracts despite worker fears of contacting COVID-19. Lear Corporation acknowledges there have been coronavirus-related deaths among its 24,000 employees in Ciudad Juárez, but refuses to say how many. COVID-19 pandemic: The number of reported cases passes 10,000. April 23 COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico surpasses the 1,000 deaths figure. Grupo Alemán (Galem) acknowledges the embargo by the Tax Administration Service (SAT) in the facilities of the Miguel Alemán Valdés Foundation due to the MXN $549.3 million debt that Interjet has with the SAT. Interject is owned by Miguel Alemán Magnani, son of Miguel Alemán Velasco, former governor of Veracurz (PRI: 1998–2004) who is CEO of Galem. Interject and SAT have reached an agreement on payment. Bank of Mexico (Banxico) issues a new MXN $20 commemorative coin to honor the 500th anniversary of the founding of city and port of Veracruz. It is smaller and lighter than previous coins and has twelve sides. As Ricardo Ahued, administrator of the customs agency of the SAT, departs to run for the Seante, AMLO says corruption in the agency is a ″monster with 100 heads.″ April 26 – Mexico′s National Institute of Migration (INM) empties the 65 migrant detention centers it has across the country by returning 3,653 people to Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras in the hope of preventing outbreaks of COVID-19. April 28 – Marcelo Ebrard announces a new trade agreement with the European Community (EU). April 29 – Police in Yajalón, Chiapas, open fire on people who were protesting against a checkpoint that left their community isolated. Residents of neighboring Tumbalá complain that the checkpoint make it impossible for them to access governmental and banking services and that it seemed to be related to a belief that Tumbalá has a high rate of coronavirus infection. Checkpoints have been installed in about 20% of Mexico's municipalities, which the federal government has declared illegal. April 30 – Twenty-one deaths and 44 people hospitalized for drinking adulterated alcohol in Jalisco. May May 1 COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico passes 20,000 infections of COVID-19. Christopher Landau, the American Ambassador to Mexico, asserts that protecting the lives of Mexican workers is less important than making sure the American military machine operates without a glitch. Many maquiladoras (assembly plants) along the border are being kept open to produce medical products for the U.S. market, even though the same products cannot be sold in Mexico. At least three people have died at European Schneider Electric, a factory in Tijuana, and 14 have died at an automobile parts factory in Ciudad Juarez. Three confirmed and five suspected COVID-19 deaths can be traced to Regal Beloit in Juarez. Mexicanos contra la corrupción (Mexicans against corruption) alleges that Léon Manuel Bartlett, son of Manuel Bartlett, head of the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), fraudulently tried to sell overpriced ventilators to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in Hidalgo. AMLO promises an investigation but also says the charges are designed to discredit his government. Luis Rodríguez Bucio of the internal affairs unit of the National Guard announces that it has fired one of its officers after pictures of him celebrating with known criminals in Puebla circulated on social media. AMLO cancels expensive wind and solar energy projects. May 2 COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico surpasses 2,000 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic on May 2. The United States Department of Commerce announces that the Mexico-U.S. sugar agreement will continue for five years. Mexico faced accusations and fines for dumping, but these will be suspended. Mexico is allowed to export 421,901 metric tonnes (465,067 short tons) of sugar to the United States. 61 forest fires are reported in fifteen states. May 3 Auctions of the house once owned by Amado Carrillo Fuentes ( Señor de Los Cielos), jewels, cars, and airplanes provide almost MXN $50 million for the Instituto Nacional para Devolver al Pueblo lo Robado ("National Institute to Return that Stolen to the People"). Roberta S. Jacobson, former U.S. ambassador to Mexico (2016–2018) insists that the Calderon government knew of the ties Genaro García Luna, Secretary of Public Security (SSP) (2006–2012) had with the Sinaloa Cartel. Calderon insists they did not. May 4 The Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare singles out Grupo Elektra (10,000 employees), Autofin, and Hyplasa (more than 100 employees each) that refuse to close during the pandemic despite not providing essential services. The arrest of Óscar Andrés Flores Ramírez, sets off a wave of homicides in Cuauhtémoc, and Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City, as extorcionists and drug dealers fight for control of La Union Tepito gang. 261 homicides have already been reported during the month of May, with Guanajuato (46), Jalisco (32). and State of Mexico (21) leading the list. May 5 The traditional parade in Puebla is canceled. AMLO reports that remesas (remittances) sent by Mexicans living abroad to their relatives grew 35% in March compared to those of February 2020. May 6 Eruption of Popocateptl. Eleven prisoners escape from a prison in Zacatecas. May 8 COVID-19 pandemic: More than 3,000 deaths related to the pandemic are reported. The New York Times reports that the federal government is underreporting deaths in Mexico City; the federal government reports 700 deaths in the city while local officials have detected over 2,500. Two people die and twelve tractor-trailers are damaged along Mexican Federal Highway 40D when an EF-2 tornado hits Apodaca, Nuevo León. Four houses are damaged by a tornado in Metepec, Zacatlán, Puebla on May 9. May 9 – The Sevicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria ("National Service of Health, Safety and Agro-Food Quality"), part of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (SADER), issues a warning about the Asian giant hornet. The agency notes there are 43,500 beekeepers with 172,000 beehives in Mexico. 267th anniversary of Miguel Hidalgo's birthday (Civic holiday) May 10 – Mother's Day (Public holidays in Mexico) Flower shops, bake shops, and cemeteries are closed to prevent large gatherings. July 10 is proposed as an alternative day of celebration. May 11 – The Supreme Court nullifies the Ley Bonilla (Bonilla Law), saying it was unconstitutional to increase the term of the Governor of Baja California from two to five years. May 12 AMLO signs an order that allows members of the Mexican Army and the Mexican Navy to participate in police activities for five years. COVID-19 pandemic: More than 100 health workers are included among the 3,573 deaths from the virus. May 13 – COVID-19 pandemic: AMLO presents a three-stage plan to reopen the economy. May 15 Teacher's Day; schools closed At least 100 deaths have been reported due to adulterated alcohol in Morelos, Puebla, and Jalsco. The Ministry of Energy (Sener) stops private renewable energy projects while strengthening the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). May 16 – COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico reports more than 5,000 deaths. May 18 COVID-19 pandemic: Phase One of the government's plan to reopen the economy begins in 269 municipalities in 15 states. Mexico reports more than 50,000 cases. A judge rules the conviction and nine-year prison sentence of former Verzcruz governor Javier Duarte de Ochoa; however, he rules in Duarte's favor regarding the illegal adquisition of property. May 20 – Alfonso Durazo of the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Mexico) reports a 1.66% decrease in murders from March to April this year. The highest numbers were in Guanajuato (1,534), State of Mexico (982), Chihuahua (906), Michoacán (886), and Baja California (880). Femicides dropped 10.25% to 70, and robberies fell 33.29%. May 22 Remains of sixty mammoths are found during construction of the Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport. A 6.1Mw earthquake is reported east-southeast of San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur. No damages and no tsunami were reported. May 25 – Walmart de México y Centroamérica agrees to pay MXN $8 billion (US$358 million) in back taxes after being sued by the Tax Administration Service (SAT). May 25 – COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico reaches a record of 3,455 new cases and 501 new deaths in one day. The daily death rate approaches that of the United States, where there are 620 deaths in one day. May 27 – Jaquelina Escamilla, head of the Women's Institute in Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca, is fired for not broadcasting an anti-abortion video on the municipal media site. Abortion is legal in Oaxaca. May 28 – COVID-19 pandemic: Leaders of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress convoke their counterparts from nine other Latin American countries to discuss a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America has 706,798 confirmed cases and 38,384 deaths. Maximiliano Reyes Zuñiga, Assistant Secretary of Foreign Affairs (SRE), proposes three measures to finance the recuperation of the region, including a 3% tax on billionaires. May 29 – FEMSA agrees to pay MXN $8.79 billion in back taxes. May 30 Seven people including a local drug lord are killed and two are injured at a party in Tierra Blanca, Veracruz. Hundreds of protesters, mostly driving luxury cars, participate in caravans in Mexico City and other cities to demand that AMLO resign. June June 1 National Merchant Marine Day (Civic holiday) President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announces a "new normal" of partial reopening with a road trip to Cancun and the inauguration of construction of the Mayan Train. MORENA proposes an increase in taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary soft drinks with the additional income going to support public health. Foreign digital platforms such as Netflix and Spotify are required to withhold the value-added tax (IVA). June 2 – Working with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Financial Intelligence Unit under Santiago Nieto freezes the bank accounts of 1,770 individuals, 167 businesses, and two trusts linked to the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). June 3 Senator Lilly Téllez quits Morena and joins National Action Party (PAN). Meteorologists predict between seven and nine major hurricanes and between 15 and 19 named storms this year. Tropical Storm Cristobal makes landfall in Astata, Campeche, from Ciudad del Carmen and east of Frontera, Tabasco causing flooding and driving people from their homes. In addition to Campeche and Tabasco, the states of Yucatan, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, and Veracruz were affected. Mexico surpasses 100,000 COVID-19 confirmed cases. June 4 – Violence breaks out during demonstrations in Jalisco to demand justice after the death of Giovanni López, 30, in Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos. June 5 – Three police officers including the commissioner are arrested in connection with the May 5 beating death of Giovanni López. June 6 – Ten people are shot dead at a drug rehabilitation center in Irapuato, Guanajuato. Guanajuato reports 1,500 homicides this year. June 7 Seven police vehicles and a motorcycle are destroyed during a riot in San Pedro Cuajimalpa, Mexico City, while preventing the lynching of a driver who began shooting into a crowd following an auto accident. With 117 murders, June 7 is the most violent day in Mexico this year. June 8 AMLO explains that a US$1 billion loan from the World Bank is not new debt but is a routine loan that was solicited last year. The death toll from adulterated alcohol in Guerrero reaches 18. June 9 Official news agency Notimex shuts down until an agreement can be reached with striking workers. Police in Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Papaloapan Region, Oaxaca, shoot nine teenagers, one fatally, while buying softdrinks. June 10 – A health clinic and city hall are burned by armed inhabitants of Las Rosas, Chiapas after the death of a peasant, apparently from COVID-19. June 11 Police in San Pablo Huitzo, Oaxaca, hand over two young men accused of theft to local citizens; one is lynched. The state human rights commission (DDHPO) has received 120 complaints of police abuse including two prisoner deaths this year. The WHO reports a decrease in malaria in Latin America, including Mexico, although there are fears that many cases are going undetected as sick people stay home instead of going to hospitals. June 14 – Caravans of at between 50 and 900 luxury cars in 12 states demand that AMLO resign. June 16 – AMLO says that Mexico will sell fuel to Venezuela for humanitarian purposes if requested. June 17 – Mexico wins a two-year seat on the United Nations Security Council as well as a three-year term on the United Nations Economic and Social Council starting on January 1, 2021, during the 2020 U.N. Security Council Elections. June 23 – Earthquake 7.4 centered two km northeast of Crucecita, Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca at 10:29 a.m. with a depth of . Thirty aftershocks, including one of 5.4 were reported. Nine deaths and more than 2,000 damaged homes were reported in the state. 46 million people in a dozen states across the country felt the earthquake. There are reports that the alarm system did not work in some parts of Mexico City. June 24 – A giant dust storm from the Sahara Desert hits southeast Mexico. June 25 A six-hour gunfight for control of the Sinaloa drug cartel leaves 16 dead in Tepuche, Sinaloa. The Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel is accused of a bomb attempt at the Pemex refinery in Guanajuato after several of the cartel's leaders were arrested on June 20. The cartel is infamous for fuel theft and extortion. June 26 – Mexico City Police Chief Omar García Harfuch is wounded this morning after he and his bodyguards were attacked by 50 heavily armed members of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. Two police officers and a civilian woman were killed; García Harfuch is reported stable. Twelve of the attackers were arrested. July July 1 The free-trade agreement known as T-MEC (English: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement) is scheduled to take effect. Twenty-eight people are killed in a mass shooting at a drug rehabilitation center in Irapuato, Guanajuato. COVID-19: Mexico becomes the country with the seventh greatest number of deaths with 28.510, surpassing Spain. Mexico has 231,770 confirmed cases of infection, tenth in the world. July 3 – Quintana Roo Governor Carlos Joaquín González warns of the threat of Sargassum on the beaches of the Riviera Maya. July 4 COVID-19: Mexico surges to sixth place in the number of deaths with 30,366, surpassing France. The Foreign Ministry announces that it formally adhers to the 189th International Labour Organization Convention on Domestic Workers. July 7 – Remains of a second student killed in the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping are found and identified in Cocula Municipality, Guerrero. The remains were not found in the waste dump where the bodies of the students were previously said to be burned. July 8 In his first foreign visit, President López Obrador flies commercially from Mexico City to Atlanta and then to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. President Donald Trump to discuss trade, investment, health issues, and combatting organized crime. AMLO and Trump sign a joint declaration pledging to build "a shared future of prosperity, security, and harmony." César Duarte Jáquez, former governor of Chihuahua (PRI) is arrested in Florida. Paintings by Frida Kahlo and Rufino Tamayo are reported stolen from a private collection in Mexico City. Two adult and three minor females are killed in an apparent reckong among gangs in El Gavillero, Nicolás Romero, State of Mexico. July 10 – 2014 Ayotzinapa kidnapping: Mexico seeks the arrest and extradition from Canada of Tomas Zeron, former head of the Criminal Investigation Agency that wrote the now-discredited "historical truth" about the kidnappings. July 11 – COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico surpasses the United Kingdom with 295,268 reported cases. July 12 – COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico becomes the country with the fourth greatest number of deaths in the world with 35,006, surpassing Italy. July 13 A network of eight to twelve doctors who worked with funeral homes to falsify death certificates related to both the September 19, 2017, earthquake and the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City is revealed. The United States promises a $47 million (MXN $2 billion) aid package to fight drug traffic in Mexico. July 16 – WHO warns about an alarming drop in childhood vaccinations in Mexico. July 17 President López Obrador announces that the Mexican Armed Forces are in charge of customs at border crossings and seaports to combat corruption and drug smuggling. Emilio Lozoya Austin, former director of PEMEX accused of corruption, is extradicted from Spain and immediately hospitalized for anemia and problems with his esophagus. The Comité de Sanidad Vegetal de Quintana Roo (Plant Health Committee of Quintana Roo, Cesaveqroo) issues an alert for a plague of American grasshoppers that could also affect Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Yucatán. July 18 A video showing 20 armoured vehicles and heavily armed paramilitary soldiers shouting pura gente del señor Mencho ("pure people of Señor Mencho"), a nickname for Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes, is attributed to the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), circulates in social media. Twenty young businessmen are kidnapped and one killed while on a "Vallartazo," or tour, from Guadalajara to Puerta Vallarta, Jalisco. The CJNG drug cartel has reportedly demanded ransom, but nothing has been heard from the men in a week. July 20 to 27 – Guelaguetza festival in Oaxaca City is presented online. July 21 – Three women are arrested for human trafficking as 23 children between 3 months and 15 years old are rescued in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. -year-old Dylan, whose disappearance from a market sparked the investigation, is still missing. July 21–22 – Fifteen Huave people are tortured and burned alive in a political dispute in San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca. July 22 – AMLO proposes major reforms in pensions. Bank stocks go up. July 23 The government announced 20 actions to repair the damage done during the Acteal massacre of 45 people including children in Chiapas in 1997. An Acuerdo de Solución Amistosa (Friendly Solution Agreement) is to be signed on September 3. The volcano Popocatépetl had its most active day of 2020 with 1,348 minutes of quaking, plus emissions of gas, water vapor, and ashes. July 25 Former Secretary of the CDMX is Rosa Icela Rodríguez is named coordinator of ports and seacoasts. A study of 20 states reveals an excess of 71,315 deaths for the first six months of the year, compared to 2019. Some but not all are related to the COVID-19 pandemic. July 26 – Hurricane Hanna hits southern Texas and parts of Mexico, causing flooding in a maternity ward in a hospital in Reynosa, Tamaulipas. A section of the border wall collapses. Flloding and fallen trees are reported in Monterrey, Nuevo León. July 27 – Federal Deputy Jesús de los Ángeles Pool Moo (QR-PRD) joins the PRD after leaving Morena on July 1. July 28 The government of Chihuahua announces it will place 21 properties owned by César Duarte Jáquez up for aucton. Child rape chages are refiled against Naasón Joaquín García, leader of the Guadalajara-based La Luz del Mundo church, and two alleged acccomplices. July 29 – Nancy Guadalupe Sánchez Arredondo, substitute Senator for Vanessa Rubio (PRI-BC) changes her party affiliation to Morena. July 31 Santiago Nieto Castillo, head of the :es:Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Financial Intelligence Unit, UIF) confirms an investigation against Luis Cárdenas Palomino, former Secretary of Public Security. The bank accounts of Cárdenas Palomino, Genaro García Luna, and Ramón Pequeño have been frozen. COVID-19 pandemic: With 46,688 deaths, Mexico moves into third place in the number of fatalities, behind the United States and Brazil. August August 1 – The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is rated the second-best university in Latin America by the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities of the Spanish National Research Council (SCIC), surpassed by only the University of São Paulo. August 2 – José Antonio Yépez Ortiz, "El Marro," leader of the Santa Rosa de Lima cartel, is arrested. August 5 – Emilio Lozoya Austin is charged with four counts of corruption similar to the 2013–2014 Estafa Maestra ("Master Scam"). August 6 The Secretaría de la Contraloría General de la Ciudad de México (Mexico City comptroller) reports that between January 2019 and February 2020, 1,680 public servants in the city were sanctioned for acts of corruption. The state legislature of Oaxaca bans the sales of sugary drinks and junk food to minors. Public Health Nutrition reveals that Coca-Cola has financed pseudo-scientific studies to demonstrate that drinking sugary drinks does not contribute to obesity. Víctor Manuel Toledo Manzur, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources offers his resignation after an audio recording of his opposition to the Mayan Train is made public. COVID-19 pandemic: 50,000 deaths The United States Department of State classifies travel to Mexico as "high risk." August 7 AMLO sets up a "justice commission" to solve land, water, and infrastructure problems for the Yaqui in Sonora. Nobel Prize-winning scientist Mario J. Molina calls for a complete ban on fuel oil in the production of electricity. August 11 – Tamaulipas Governor Francisco Javier García Cabeza de Vaca is investigated for money laundering and ties to drug dealers. August 12 While reiterating the independence of the Attorney General of Mexico (Fiscalía General de la República, FGR), AMLO says that former President Enrique Peña Nieto will have to testify in regard to the accusations of Emilio Lozoya Austin. For the second time, he accuses former president Felipe Calderón of leading narcoestado (druglord state). Jesús Orta and eighteen other former top police officials are arrested in a crackdown on corruption. Hugo Bello, leader of the Confederacón Libertad de Trabajadores de México, (Freedom Confederation of Mexican Workers) is arrested for kidnapping and the union's suspected involvement in embezzlement of money destined for construction of the now-defunct Mexico City Texcoco Airport (NAIM) in Texcoco. August 13 COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico reports more than 500,000 confirmed cases. AMLO decrees thirty day of mourning for victims of the pandemic, from August 13 to September 11. This is in addition to the minute of silence offered during the President's daily press conferences. The company that built the Estela de la Luz in CDMX as a monument to President Felipe Calderón is ordered to pay back MXN $447.1 million for overcharges. August 14 – Over 1,000 employees of the National Migration Institute (INM) are fired for corruption. August 14 to 17 – Chiapas conflict: Paramilitary groups from Santa Martha, Chenalhó, carry out 26 attacks against villagers in Aldama Municipality, Chiapas. August 15 – The Registro Nacional de Personas Desaparecidas (Nation Registry of Missing Persons) reports an increase in the number of missing children and teenagers. There are 73,000 missing persons in Mexico, with the largest number of cases in Tamaulipas (11,000), Jalisco (10,000), and the State of México (7,000). August 17 A Google Doodle honors Mexican translator, professor, and author Librado Silva Galeana on his 78th birthday. Heavy rains are expected along the Pacific coast as Hurricane Genevieve is elevated to Category 2. Querátero Governor Francisco Domínguez Servién fires his secretary, Guillermo Gutiérrez Badillo after the latter appears on a video receiving money from a director of Pemex. August 18 Genevieve becomes a Category 4 hurricane as it approaches Jalisco and Baja California Sur. Waves up to are reported in Jalisco, Colima, and Michoacán. COVID-19 pandemic: Hugo López-Gatell declares that the pandemic is clearly in descent as daily cases and deaths decline for six consecutive weeks. AMLO reveals that President Carlos Salinas de Gortari ceded a 50-year concession to a private company to operate the Port of Veracruz, and that President Peña Nieto extended the concession to 2094. The Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF) of the Treasury Department (SCHP) freezes the bank accounts of Aquiles Córdova Morán, Juan Manuel Celis, and other leaders of the Antorcha Campesina (Torch of the Peasantry) in the states of Mexico and Puebla. August 19 Two deaths are reported in Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, due to Hurricane Genevieve. Members of the Sindicato de Telefonistas de la República Mexicana (Telephone Workers' Union of Mexico, STRM) call a national strike in protest of the destruction of their pension system by Telmex. August 20 Journalist Carlos Loret de Mola of Latinas shows two videos from 2015 wherein Pio López Obrador, brother of the President and head of Morena in Chiapas, received packages of cash from David León Romero, who has been nominated to head the government agency responsible for delivering medicine to the Secretariat of Health. COVID-19 pandemic: Mexico City passes 10,000 deaths, 17% of the total. August 21 – AMLO says the money his brother Pio received from David León involved private donations, not bribes. AMLO also expressed his willingness to testify. León Romero says he was a consultant, not a public servant, at the time of the videos, and that he will not accept the position he has been nominated for until this matter has been cleared up. August 22 COVID-19 pandemic: More than 60,000 deaths are reported. An "antimonument" in the form of 72+ is erected on Paseo de la Reforma in CDMX in front of the U.S. Embassy to conmemorate the 2010 San Fernando massacre in Tamaulipas. The Human Rights Commission of Guanajuato (PDHG) opens an investigation of police in relation to the arrest of 29 women, including four reporters, during a protest demonstration. José Antonio Rojas Nieto, Finance director of the Federal Electricity Commission (FCE) resigns. Sánchez Aguilar is appointed in his place. August 24 – Schools reopen across the country. August 25 – The confederation of Gobernadores de Acción Nacional (Governors of National Action Party, GOAN) and opposition parties protest against the 13–0 decision of the Baja California Sur legislature to remove five and sanction three of its members for missing five sessions in a row. August 26 – Defense Secretary Luis Cresencio opens an investigation involving two dozen soldiers involved in the killing of nine gang members and three kidnap victims in Nuevo Laredo in July. Grupo Modelo becomes the latest industrial giant to agree to pay its back taxes, MXN$2 billion. August 30 – Juan Collado, the former lawyer of ex-President Peña Nieto, is charged with tax evasion of MXN #6 million in 2015. This is in addition to earlier charges of organized crime and money laundering, in addition to possible chages for bank fraud in Andorra. August 31 AMLO criticizes the Labor Party (PT) for its maneuvers to take over the presidency of the Chamber of Deputuies. Due to party defections, PT and PRI are tied as the third-largest political party in the Chamber with 46 seats each. Gerardo Sosa Castelán, chairman of the board of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH) is arrested for money laundering, embezzlement, and tax fraud. Sosa Castelán had already been implicated in the US$156 million Estafa Maestra. September September 1 – President Andrés Manuel López Obrador gives his Second Informe (Report) in the Legislative Palace of San Lázaro. He says, "En el peor momento está el mejor gobierno" ("At the worst time there is the best government"). September 2 Acteal massacre: The government accepts its responsibility for the December 1997 massacre and apologizes to the surviving victims. Luz María de la Mora, Undersecretary for Trade, announces that trade between Mexico and the United States in the first quarter of the year amounted to US$290 billion, making Mexico the largest trading partner of the United States. September 2 to 7 – Hay Festival Querétaro will be online. September 4 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings rates the UAM at number 601, ITESM at number 800, and UNAM at number 801. September 6 – Tropical Storm Julio: Waves up to in Jalisco and Nayarit. September 7 The 2020–2021 electoral process begins. Elections will be held on June 6, 2021. Governors of ten states leave the National Governors' Conference, CONAGA. September 8 – Opposition Senators demand accountability from Rosario Piedra Ibarra, president of the National Human Rights Commission, in relation to the occupation of the Human Rights Commission headquarters by a group of feminists. The occupation began on September 3, and demonstrators say they may occupy other facilitities if their demands are not met. September 9 Two demonstrators are killed by the National Guard while protesting against sending water from La Boquilla Dam in Chihuahua to the United States as stipulated in a 1944 treaty. The SCHP presents its 2021 budget without proposed increases in taxes or debt. Infrastructure projects such as the airport of Santa Lucia and the Mayan Train plus the health sector are given priority. Tourism (mostly for the Mayan Train), SEDATU, SEDENA, National Electoral Institute (INE), and the TEPJF are the areas with the greatest increases. The Chamber of Deputies receives an increase, but the Senate and the Human Rights Commission will have budget cuts. The total budget is MXN $6.295 trillion (US 293.6 billion) with projected income of MXN $5.539 trillion (US $258.34 billion) with the largest single item for BIENESTAR (MXN $190 billion). COVID-19 pandemic: Six former Health Secretaries release a report critical of the government's response to the virus, saying that increased testing and mapping of cases could lead to containing infections in six to eight weeks. September 11 – Members of the feminist group Manada Periferia complain that male police officers used unnecessary force to arrest eleven adults and eight minors who were occupying the offices of the state human rights commission (Codem) in Ecatapec, State of Mexico. The CFE estimates damages caused by protesters to La Boquilla Dam at MXN $100 million (US $4.7 million). September 11–12 Festival Pa′l Tecate Norte (Mexican and Latin music) in Fundidora Park, Monterrey Originally scheduled for March 20–21 Festival Corona Capital (rock and indie music) in Guadalajara Rescheduled from April September 14 – Pasta de Conchos mine disaster: The government and family members of the 65 victims of the 2006 exlosion reached an agreement on rescuing the bodies and compensating the families. September 15 Grito de Dolores: AMLO gives his second Grito admist special health restrictions. Three hospitals are among the one hundred winners of the for the presidential airplane. A kindergarten in Aramberri, Nuevo León also won. Pope Francis names Rutilo Felipe Pozos Lorenzini Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Obregón. UIF freezes the accounts of former governor of Chihuahua José Reyes Baeza Terrazas for embezzlement of MXN $129 million (US $6.14 million) related to the Estafa Maestra ("Master Scam") while Reyes Baeza was the director of FOVISSSTE. September 16 – Independence Day, national holiday The traditional military parade in the Zócalo is televised but closeed to the public. Fifty-eight health workers from hospitals of IMSS, ISSSTE, Insabi, Semar, and Pemex receive the Condecoración Miguel Hidalgo for their work in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. September 17 – The government demands an explanation as to why immigrants in Georgia were forcibly given hysterectomies. September 19 – The flag in the Zócalo is raised to half mast in memory of the victims of the 1985 earthquake and the 2017 earthquake. September 22 – Jaime Cárdenas Gracia, head of the Instituto para Devolverle al Pueblo lo Robado (Institute to Return that which was stolen to the People, Indep), resigns and Ernesto Prieto, formerly of the National Lottery, replaces him. September 23 SAT: The Tax Administration Service reveals that between 2007 and 2018 MXN $413 billion in taxes was forgiven. Of the 647 large contributors whose accounts have been reviewed, two unidentified companies still refuse to pay their debts. The SAT denounced 497 public servants for acts of corruption. Two Mexicans, Gabriela Cámara Bargellini, a chef at "Contramar," and Arussi Unda, feminist (Las Brujas del Mar) are included in the list of one hundred most influential people in the world by Time. September 25 – The government reveals that two politically-connected families are behind the demonstrations against the 1944 water treaty with the United States. Demonstrations at La Boquilla dam have left MXN $100 million. AMLO announces changes in the leadership of CONAGUA. October October 2 Marches are cancelled but social events are held to commemorate the 52nd anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre. AMLO deploys 26,000 soldiers on the southern border to block an immigrant caravan originating in Honduras. October 3 Six police officers and two civilians die in an anbush in San Antonio de Padua, Durango. Quintana Roo is on red-alert and flooding is expected in Tabasco and Chiapas due to Tropical Storm Gamma. October 18 – Elections Coahuila: wins 16 of 32 municipalities with 49.31% of the votes, second place for (19.3%), and third place for (9.9%). Hidalgo: wins 32 municipalities, five plus six others in alliance with , and six plus another five in alliances with , , and . October 27 – Hurricane Zeta makes landfall in Tulum, Quintana Roo, without reports of deaths or major damages. October 29 – Authorities in the Mexican state of Guanajuato discover a mass grave containing 59 bodies. November November 6 – Twenty-one people are killed and 80,000 are homeless because of Tropical Storm Eta. November 7 – AMLO cancels his tour after floods in Tabasco kill 20 and damage thousands of homes in Villahermosa, Tabasco. Opening the Peñitas Dam southwest of Villahermosa leaves 184,000 homeless in Tabasco, Chiapas, Veracruz, and Quintana Roo. November 9 – Cancun police shoot at demonstrating feminists, wounding a female reporter. November 9–20 – El Buen Fin November 11 AMLO apologizes for insulting Alonso Ancira, president of Altos Hornos de México who was recently arrested in Spain for cheating the Mexican government on the sale of a fertilizer plant. “Yes, I'm offering an apology, now just return the 200 million dollars," said López Obrador. Mexico receives praise from international human rights advocates for changing responsibility for the care of migrant children from the National Migration Institution (NIM) to the National System for Integral Family Development (DIF). November 12 – Members of the Attorney General of Tabasco's office remove drinking water and food from a flooded convenience store to distribute among victims of the flooding in Tabasco. November 13 – The Senate begins debate on recreational use of marijuana. November 14 – The anti-AMLO coalition (Frente Nacional Anti-AMLO, FRENAA) lifts its demonstration in the Zócalo of Mexico City after one of its members is accused of sex abuse. November 15 COVID-19: More than 1,000,000 total positive cases are confirmed. AMLO admits that low-lying, indigenous, "poor" areas of Tabasco were flooded to save the city of Villahermosa. November 16 – Thirteen people are killed and four vehucles are killed when an automobile and a truck carrying LP gas collide on the Guadalajara-Tepic tollway Km. 106. November 17 – Prosecutors in the United States drop the charges against General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda so he can be tried in Mexico. November 18 – The Chamber of Deputies approves a Constitutional amendment guaranteeing indigenous languages the same legal status as Spamish. November 21 – President López Obrador participates virtually in the 2020 G20 Riyadh summit. November 23 – Police in Celaya kill a tamal vendor by kneeling on his neck for ten minutes. November 25 – LeBarón and Langford families massacre: Three suspects are arrested in connection with the 2019 murder of three women and nine children belonging to a Mormon sect. December December 3 – AMLO says that the government of the United States helped him secure an agreement from Pfizer to secure 34.4 million doses of its COVID-19 vaccine, including 250,000 doses in December. December 4 – Pemex cancels its contracts with Litoral Laboratorios Industriales SA de CV, which is owned by Felipa Guadalupe Obrador Olán, cousin of President López Obrador. December 5 – , , and announce an electoral alliance for the 2021 Mexican legislative election. December 6 – AMLO calls for an end of diplomatic immunity for Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents. December 7 López Obrador names Galia Borja Gómez Assistant Secretary of the Banco de Mexico, Graciela Márquez Colín to the board of directors oF INEGI, and Tatiana Clouthier as Secretary of the Treasury. Elvira Concheiro is named Secretary of the Federation and Captain Ana Laura López Bautista is named coordinator of ports. The Secretary of Foreign Relations (SRA) has solicited the extradition of Genaro García Luna, former Secretary of Public Security, who is on trial in the United States for drug trafficking and money laundering. A Campeche judge has indefinitely suspended construction of Section 2 of the Tren Maya (Escárcega to Calkiní). December 8 – COVID-19 pandemic: Distribution of the vaccine will begin late in December, after the Pfizer vaccine is approved in the United States and by Mexican authorities. First to receive the vaccine will be 125,000 health workers in CDMX and the state of Coahuila; full coverage will take until 2022. December 10 – Alejandro Encinas, deputy interior minister responsible for human rights, calls upon the State of Veracruz to reopen the investigation into the death of Ernestina Ascencio, a 73-year-old indigenous woman who died after being reportedly raped by members of the armed forces. December 10—13 – COVID-19 pandemic: For the first time in its 400-year history, the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe is closed. Several metro and metrobus stations in the area are also closed. December 11 CFE and the government of France sign an agreement to develop geothermal energy in Mexico. Cardinal Carlos Aguiar, archbishop of Mexico City, endorses civil unions for gay couples. Archaeologists find remains of 119 more people in the "Aztec Tower of Skulls". December 14 – AMLO congratulates President-elect Joe Biden on his victory in the United States Electoral College. December 15 The United Kingdom and Mexico sign a continuity trade agreement; the UK retains its European Union benefits. The Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) complains that the attorney general (FGR) and (FEPADE) has blocked information about Odebrecht and Pío López Obrador. Samuel García, Citizens' Movemement candidate for governor of Nuevo Leon, whines that political opponents question how much he suffered as a child for being forced to play golf with his father or the suffering of families who earn "mini-salaries" of MXN $50,000/month (USD $2507). Conservative former president Felipe Calderón joined the critics. The average salary in Mexico is USD $1,358/month, and 20% of workers make the minimum wage of MXN $123.22/day (USD $6.53). December 16 COVID-19 pandemic According to a survey by the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (NationaL Institute of Public Health—INSP), 31 million Mexicans, 25% of the population, has been exposed to the virus. 150 members of SEDENA and 50 members of SEMAR begin training for application of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccination will begin on December 22. Education Secretary Esteban Moctezuma Barragán is named Ambassador of Mexico to the United States following the retirement of Martha Bárcena Coqui. December 18 – Former governor Aristóteles Sandoval () of Jalisco is assassinated in Puerto Vallarta. December 19 AMLO and United States President-elect Joe Biden discuss a new approach to migration issues during a phone call. A photograph of Pedro Gabriel Hidalgo Cáceres, state leader of in Tabasco, illegally collecting MXN $10,000 destined for flood victims, circulates on social media. December 20 – AMLO proposes that the armed forces control Maya Train and the airports of Chetumal, Palenque, and 'Felipe Ángeles' of Mexico City to free them of dependence on civilian oversight. December 21 Security measures are increased in Puerto Vallarta following the assassination of Aristóteles Sandoval. AMLO names Delfina Gómez Álvarez the new head of SEP. Two precandidates for mayor from in Guerrero, Efrén Valois Morales (Pilcaya) and Mario Figueroa (Taxco de Alarcón) are attacked by armed assailants. Valois Morales dies. Aeroméxico renews flights of the Boeing 737 MAX on its Mexico City-Cancun routes. December 22 The Committee to Protect Journalists says Mexico is the most dangerous country for journalists in the world. Celaya, Villagrán,and Cortazar, Guanajuato see a wave of violence after a high-ranking member of the Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel is arrested. December 23 COVID-19 pandemic: The first batch of vaccines arrive in Mexico. A poll by Morning Consult lists President Lopez Obrador as the second most popular prident in the word, after India's Narendra Modi. December 25 – 2018 Puebla helicopter crash: Four people who worked for Rotor Flight Services are arrested in connection with the crash. December 28 – CFE reported electrical failures in six entities. The National Center for Energy Control (Cenace) explained, ″[T]here was an imbalance in the National Interconnected System between the load and the power generation, causing a loss of approximately 7,500 MW." Later reports indicate that from 12 to 21 entities were effected by the blackout. December 29 – Dozens of Cuban migrants demonstrate in Ciudad Juarez to be allowed to cross the border into the United States to seek asylum. December 30 – INE insists that Morena Party remove a video from Twitter entitled Extirpemos el tumor de México until election camoaigns begin on April 3, 2021. December 31 A report by the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) shows that 20% of the nation's water is controlled by 1.1% of the population. An oil pipeline in was temporarily shut down due to a fire. AMLO proposes a popular consultation among women on abortion. Predicted and scheduled events June (TBA) – Hospital de la Salud (Health hospital) is scheduled to oped open with 500 medical and 500 nursing students. The hospital will train medical professionals primarily for community service. October 10 to 18 – The Monterrey International Book Fair is cancelled. October 14 to 18 – The Festival Internacional Cervantino (FIC) will be presented online. December 1 – The Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar (Insabi) (English: Institute of Health for Welfare) will go fully into effect and stop charging for services. TBA 'OUM Wellness' which will be built by the consortium Edificios Cero Energía in San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León will be the first net-zero energy building (NZEB) in Latin America. 'La Torre Reforma Colón' designed by Javier Sordo Madaleno in Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, at 309 meters tall will be the tallest building in Latin America; projected for completion. 2020 in numbers Crime Mexican drug war – The government reports a six-fold increase in fentanyl in 2020. Murders – 34,523 homicides (0.4% decrease); femicides 1,015 (0.3% increase). Huachicoleros – The FGR says that of stolen fuel were decommissioned and 94 people were arrested. 2,536 clandestine faucets were found and put out of service. Economics Price of crude oil (December 31) – US $47.16 per barrel, a 16% loss for the year. Fuel price (averages December 31) – Regular gasoline: MXN $18.177, Premium: MXN $18.734, Diesel: MXN $19.388, Vehicular natural gas: MXN $9.248 Debt – Pemex and CFE reported a debt of MXN $2.26 trillion (USD $109.7 billion), a 13.9% increase over 2019. Overnight interbank interest rate (December 17) – 4.25%. Exchange rate (December 31) – MXN / USD: 18.93. Annual inflation rate – Estimated <3.0%. Poverty – In May the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) estimated a 9.1% contraction in the economy, leading 9.6 million people living in poverty (49.5% of the population) and 3.4 million people living in extreme poverty (an increase to 17.4.%). Transfer payments – Mexicans living abroad, mostly in the United States, sent a record USD $40.6 billion to their families in Mexico. The average payment was $340. Health COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico totals – 1,426,094 infections and 125,807 deaths (December 31). 9,579 people received the first dosis of the vaccine (as of December 24). INEGI reported (August 2020) that the principal causes of death were: heart disease (20.8%), COVID-19 (15.9%), and type 2 diabetes (14.6%). 58.7% of the dead were men and 41.1% were women. Data (January 2021) show 40% ″excessive deaths″ and 954,517 total deaths. Final results will be published in October 2021. Population 2020 Census 126,014,024 total (51.2% female, 48.8% male); 1.2% growth per year since 2010; eleventh most populous in the world. 15 million (12%) over 60 years old, median age 29; youngest state is Chiapas (median 24) and oldest is Mexico City (median 35). 62% of the population over 12 are economically active (men 75.8%, women 49.0%). Entertainment and culture Bullfighting January 19 to February 16 – The second part of the 2019–20 bullfighting season at Plaza de Toros México in Mexico City. Fashion July 10–18-year-old Karen Vega becomes the first model from Oaxaca to be featured on the cover of Vogue México y Latinoamérica magazine. July 12 – Designer Carla Fernández teams up with ten artisans from Michoacan, Colima, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guerrero to make ecological face masks based upon traditional wooden masks. December 15 – French designer Isabel Marant apologizes for stealing indigenous designs from Michoacán, State of México, Tlaxcala, San Luis Potosí, and Oaxaca. Film February 9: 92nd Academy Awards in Los Angeles Fernando Luján was remembered as a "movie legend" at the Academy Awards ceremony. Luis Manuel Villreal, 47, from Monterrey wins an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, Hair Love. May 29 to June 7 – The Guadalajara International Film Festival participates in the We Are One: A Global Film Festival. June 23 – Laura Mariana Meraz, a Mexican national who lives in Brooklyn, New York City, wins the New York City Quarantine Film Festival with the short film 19 Times. August 30 – Blanco de verano, directed by Rodrigo Ruiz Patterson, is selected the best Iberoamerican feature-length movie at the Málaga Film Festival. Fabián Corres wins best supporting actor; and Ruiz Patterson and Raúl Sebastián Quintanilla win the award for best script. Arturo Ripstein wins a retrospective award for El diablo entre las piernas. September 9 – Vilcek Prize in Filmmaking to Rodrigo Prieto; for Creative Promise in Filmmaking, Juan Pablo González. September 12 – Director Michel Franco wins the Silver Lion Grand Jury Prize for Nuevo Orden (New Order) at the Venice Film Festival. October – Morelia International Film Festival: Sin señas particulares directed by Fernanda Valadez wins "Best Mexican Film." November 17 – Sin señas particulares directed by Fernanda Valadez wins first prize ("Golden Alexander") at the Thessaloniki International Film Festival in Greece. TBA: 62nd Ariel Awards for excellence in film-making Literature January 24 – Writer Guillermo Arriaga wins the Premio Alfaguara de Novela for his novel, Salvar el fuego. February 13 – The El Colegio de México awards the Alfonso Reyes International Prize to American historian Herbert S. Klein. June 10 – The Princess of Asturias Award for Literature is awarded to the Guadalajara International Book Fair. September 18 – Juana Peñate Montejo wins the Premio de Literaturas Indígenas de América (Indigenous Literature of America Prize, PLIA) for the Chʼol language poem Isoñil ja’al ("Water Dance"). December 29 – The National Prize for Arts and Sciences is awarded to four men, and in a controversial move a special award is given to Bertha Navarro y Solares. Music January 14 – Manuel Antonio Casas Camarillo of Oaxaca wins second place in the Golden Classical Music Award in New York City, United States. January 19 – Actress Yalitza Aparicio made a surprise appearance with Chilean singer Mon Laferte while she sang Plata ta tá at the Palacio de los Deportes. Aparicio held up a hand-written sign that said, "No es mi color de piel, mi clase social, mi cultura o mi preferencia sexual lo que determina quien soy, son mis valores". ("It is not my skin color, my social class, my culture or my sexual preference that determines who I am, they are my values.") May 28 & 31 – Virtual pop concerts organized by Ocesa, featuring María José, Los Claxons, María León, and others. September 27 – German rock and metal band Rammstein performs at Foro Sol in Mexico City. November 20 – Natalia Lafourcade wins three awards at the Latin Grammy Awards including Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Un Canto Por México, Vol. 1. Television February 24 Como tú no hay 2 comedy-drama premiers on El Canal de las Estrellas ¡Qué Chulada! (TV program) talk show debuted on Imagen Televisión. August 18–20: 'Expo Cine Video Television' in Mexico City August 19–21: 'TecnoTelevision Mexico' at the World Trade Center Mexico City is for professionals in broadcasting, production, and post-production. Theater Visual arts January 15 – The controversial nude painting of Emiliano Zapata, La Revolución by Fabián Cháirez is purchased by Spanish businessperson Tatxo Benet. February 5–9 – Contemparary Art Week at four locations in Mexico City The fair in "Zona Macro" is considered the most important contemporary art fair in Latin America. July 1–17 – An open-air art exhibit called Conexión (Connection) where works of art are displayed in windows, doors, walls, and terraces was on held in several Mexico City neighborhoods. Works by Teresita de la Torre, Cole M. James, Itzamina Reyes, Nasser Dłaz, and Alfredo Esparza Cárdenas, among others, were on display. September 8 – The Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes in CDMX reopens with an exposition by 20th-century Italian painter Amedeo Modigliani. Other January 8 XHCHM-FM radio station closes after seven years. XHPAT-FM radio station closes after eight years. March 7 – Valentina Fluchaire is chosen "Miss International Queen" in the transgender beauty contest in Thailand. March 13 to 15 – La Mole Convention (comic books), Centro Citibanamex, Mexico City June 10 – Karime López is the first Mexican woman to win a Michelin star. Sports Association football and soccer January 10 – Close of Liga MX and Liga MX Femenil soccer seasons begin. January 20 – The La Comisión Disciplinaria de la Federación Mexicana de Futbol (Disciplinary Commission of the Mexican Soccer League) disciplines Estadio Jalisco after fans yelled homophobic insults. February 22 – Rodolfo Cota, goalie for Club León, protests against femicide and may be suspended for three matches and fined MXN $300,000. February 22 to March 8 – Campeonato Femenino Sub-20 Concacaf 2020 (Concacaf 2020 Under-20 Women's Championship) in the Dominican Republic March 26 – The Mexico national soccer team plays an exhibition game against the Czech Republic national soccer team in Charlotte, North Carolina. March 29 – The Mexico national soccer team plays an exhibition game against the Greek national soccer team in Arlington, Texas. May 18 – The Liga MX officially closes without a champion. May 29 – Guillermo Álvarez Cuevas and two other executives of Cruz Azul soccer club are investigated for money laundering. June 2 – Monarcas Morelia announce they will move to Mazatlan next year. July 24 – Liga MX is scheduled to begin matches, but without the public. December 13 – Club León defeats the Pumas 3-1 for the Guardianes 2020 Liga MX championship. December 14 – Tigres Femenil defeat Rayadas 3-2 for the Liga MX femenil championship. Auto and motorcycle racing February 15 – 2020 Mexico City ePrix won by Mitch Evans March 12 to 15 – 2020 Rally Mexico, León, Guanajuato to Guanajuato City; won by Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT July 24 – Formula One races are canceled in Mexico and other countries during 2020. December 6 – Sergio Pérez wins the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix. Baseball, softball, and cricket February 1–7: Baseball: Caribbean Series in San Juan, Puerto Rico August 17 – The Mexican Baseball Hall of Fame cancels its 2020 induction ceremony until 2021. September 11 to 20 – 2020 Women's Baseball World Cup in Monterrey Basketball November (TBA): National Professional Basketball League (LNBP) season begins. Capitanes de Ciudad de México join the NBA G League December (TBA): FIFA Club World Cup Bicycling February 14 – Muevéte en Bici ("Move by bicycle") sponsors a night ride in Mexico City for Valentine's Day (Spanish: Día de Amor y Amistad). Boxing, martial arts, and wrestling January 1 – Sin Piedad (2020) wrestling January 24 – La Noche de Mr. Niebla wrestling event in honor of the late Mr. Niebla. March 13 Rossy Velazquéz, 35, from Morelos fights María José "Leona" Favela from Baja California in Muay Thai and Grappling at Combate Americas in Tucson, Arizona, USA. AAA vs MLW wrestling in Tijuana Fishing and hunting July 16 to 18 – International Marlin and Tuna fishing tournament, Nuevo Vallarta, Jalisco Golf February 17—23 – 2020 WGC-Mexico Championship won by Patrick Reed at Club Chapultepec in Mexico City June 17—21 – Mexican Pro Golf Tour final, Mayakoba Championship, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo November 9 – Carlos Ortiz wins the Houston Open. This is the first time a Mexican national has won a PGA tournament in 42 years. Olympics January 15 – Laura Wilson wins a gold medal in mixed 3-on-3 ice hockey as part of the Yellow Team at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. Tennis and racket sports February 17 to 23 – 2020 Morelos (tennis) Open, singles won by Jurij Rodionov; doubles won by Luke Saville and John-Patrick Smith. February 24 – 29: Acapulco Open Tennis Tournament, Acapulco, Guerrero February 24 to 29 – 2020 Abierto Mexicano Telcel tennis Men's doubles won by Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo Women's singles won by Heather Watson Women's doubles won by Desirae Krawczyk and Giuliana Olmos March 2 to 8 – tennis 2020 Monterrey Challenger, singles won by Adrian Mannarino; doubles won by Karol Drzewiecki and Gonçalo Oliveira 2020 Monterrey Open, singles won by Elina Svitolina; doubles won by Kateryna Bondarenko and Sharon Fichman Track and Field, running, and jogging January 25 – Laura Galván wins the mile run at the "John Thomas Terrier Classic" at Boston University with a time of 4'31.89", a Mexican record. Births January 9 – Salomón Andrés López Adams, first grandchild of President López Obrador, born in Houston, Texas July 1 Teodoro Zedillo de la Vega, tenth grandchild of former president Ernesto Zedillo. Eight Mexican gray wolf cubs of the endangered species C. l. baileyi are born at the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Coahuila. August 8 – An African elephant named "Zoom" is born in Africam Safari in Valsequillo, Puebla. August 18 – An unnamed white tiger cub weighing is born at the Culiacán zoo. December 1 – An unnamed black jaguar puppy is born at the Mérida zoos, Centenario and Animaya. Deaths January January 2 – Minerva 'N', 42, is the first victim of femicide of the year, in Aquismón, San Luis Potosi; stabbed. January 3 Andrea Arruti, 21, voice Actress From Beagle Boys ('Elsa') in Frozen and ('Izzy') in Jake and the Neverland Pirates; Asthma Alicia Salgado, nurse union leader (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado de México); tortured to death (body found on this date) January 4 Félix Alberto Linares, mayor of Ocuilan, State of México; an ultra-light plane crash. Enrique Montero Ponce, 91, journalist (XEHR) from Puebla January 5 Rubén Almanza, 90, Olympic basketball player (1952) Felipe Antonio Díaz Zamora, Spanish chef in Tijuana, Baja California; murdered. January 6 – Sergio Fernández, 93, novelist (Los peces (1968) and Los desfiguros de mi corazón (1986)), essayist, and university professor (National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)) January 8 Jaime Rosas Quiñones, leader of the sugarcane union Confederación Nacional de Propietarios Rurales (CNPR) in Puebla, shot in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla. Carlos Valencia Camaño, 44, was also shot. Gary Hirsch Meillón, legal representative of Marindustrias (a tuna fish company) and former local president of the Red Cross; shot in Manzanillo, Colima January 9 – Martín Alejandro Loera Trujillo, 18, student-athlete at Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; murdered January 10 María "Miss Mary" Assaf Medina, 50, English teacher at Colegio Cervantes in Torreón, Coahuila; murdered in a school shooting. The 11-year-old shooter and a 7-year-old girl also died. José Javier Rodríguez Garza, Director of operations of Club de Fútbol Monterrey January 11 Jorge Cázares Campos, 82, landscape painter from Cuernavaca, Morelos La Parka II (Jesus Alfonso Huerta Escoboza), Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide wrestler; renal complication (b. January 4, 1966) January 13 Carlos Alvarado Perea, 68, progressive rock musician; cancer (b. August 11, 1951) Carlos Girón, 65, silver-medal winning diver in the 1980 Olympics Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, 77, movie director (La tarea o María de mi corazón) in Aguascalientes Maria Guadalupe Lopez Esquival "La Catina", 21, leader of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) in Tepalcatepec, Michoacan; killed in gun battle with state and federal security forces. January 14 Guillermo Ancira Elizondo, 57, businessman (b. 1962) Chamín Correa El Requinto de Oro (the Golden Guitarist), 90, founder of Los Tres Caballeros (b. 1929) Diego Alejandro Rentería ("El Pulpomo"), 39, radio announcer January 16 – Jorge Navarro Sánchez and Luis Gerardo Rivera, actors in the Televisa series No Fear of Truth died after falling from a bridge during filming near Mexico City. January 17 Members of the band Sensación murdered by "Los Ardillos" in Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero: Jose Julio (37), Crescenciano (37), Israel (24), Antonio (24), Candido (20), Lorenzo (32), Juan Joaquin (42), Marco (36), Regino (15), and Israel (15) Eduardo Soar Nova López, 42, police officer killed while trying to stop a robbery in Cuernavaca January 18 – Isabel Cabanillas, 26, artist and activist in Ciudad Juárez January 23 – José "N", husband of alderman from Huimanguillo, Tabasco; murdered January 24 José Luis Castro Medellín, 81, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tacámbaro (2002–2014). Carlos Garrido Gular, director del Instituto Tcnológico de Villa La Venta, Huimanguillo, Tabasco; murdered January 25 – Enrique Rovirosa Priego, businessman and rancher from Villahermosa, Tabasco; natural causes. January 28 – Narciso Elvira, 52, left-handed pitcher in the Mexican League (MLB), Milwaukee Brewers (MLB), Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB); murdered in Paso del Toro, Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz; murdered. His brother Abraham was wounded and his nephew Gustavo was also killed. January 29 – Homero Gómez González, 50, ecologist and president of Comité Administrador del Santuario El Rosario, a Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Ocampo Municipality, Michoacán. He was last seen alive on January 20, and a spokesperson for the state human rights commission declared that he believes Gómez González was murdered by illegal forestry interests. January 30 – Miguel Arroyo, 53, road racing cyclist, National champion (2000), complications during surgery. According to the Security Cabinet (Attorney General, Secretary of Security, Army, and Navy), there were 2,300 murders during the month of January 2020, with 104 on January 25. Other estimates put the figure over 3,000. February February 1 – Raúl Hernández Romero, 44, tourist guide in Monarch butterfly sanctuaries in eastern Michoacan; he disappeared on January 27 and was found murdered on February 1. He was the second butterfly activist found murdered in less than a week. February 8 Humberto Rojas Landa ("Doctor Cosquillas"), 51, a clown doctor in Puebla; shot during a robbery. Ingrid Escamilla Vargas, 25, a victim of femicide February 12 Javier Arevalo, 82, artist; heart failure. Fatima Cecilia Aldrighett, 7, victim of femicide (body found on this date) February 17 Plácido Arango Arias, 88, businessman (b. 1931) February 18 Jaqueline Ramírez, 17, teenager from the Costa Grande of Guerrero, shot and tortured after she publicly accused the local police of harassment. Aracely Alcocer Carmona ("Bárbara Greco"), radio journalist (La Poderosa) in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuauhua; shot February 29 – Luis Alfonso Mendoza, 55, Mexican dubbing and voice actor, shot. March March 3 Sergio Estrada Cajigal Barrera, 88, historian and politician (PAN), interim mayor of Cuernavaca, Morelos (1990–1991), father of Morelos governor Sergio Estrada Cajigal Ramírez; health complications Silvestre Frenk, 97, doctor (b. 1923) March 5 – Alberto Mozas Fornos, 40, a Spanish citizen living in Zapopan, Jalisco; shot Gilberto Villarreal Solís, 93, baseball player; coronavirus. March 6 – Magdaleno Mercado, 75, soccer player (Club Atlas, national team), (b. April 4, 1944) March 7 Aarón Alejandro Navarro Delgado ("Drago"), police commander in Tlaluac, Mexico City; shot Alberto Méndez, Deputy police chief in Tarimoro, Guanajuato; shot March 8 – Nadia Veronica Rodriguez Saro Martinez, 23, student at Universidad Iberoamericana León; shot March 10 – Erik Juárez Blanquet, 30, Mexican teacher and politician, Deputy (2015–2018, 2018), shot. March 11 – Erick Juárez Blanquet, politician (PRD), member of Michoacan legislature; shot March 14 – Mariana Cecilia Aureliano Sixtos, 24, a student at UNAM who had been missing since March 12, found dead on this date March 16 – Pilar Luna, 75, underwater archaeologist (b. 1944). March 19 – Román Arámbula, 83–84, comic-book and storyboard artist (Mickey Mouse), heart attack. March 24 – Ignacio Trelles, 103, soccer player (Necaxa) and manager (Toluca, national team), heart attack. March 21 – Adrián Darío Rosales, producer and director March 25 – Soledad Alatorre, 94, labor activist (b. 1927) March 27 – Sergio González Gálvez, 86, lawyer and diplomat (b. 1934) March 29 – Gonzálo Curiel Larráinzar, 81, voice actor (b. 1929) March 30 Martha Avante Barrón, 94, Mexican singer and musician Lorena Borjas, 59, Mexican-American transgender rights activist; COVID-19 María Elena Ferral, journalist in Papantla, Vercruz; murdered There were 29 deaths as of March 31 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. April April 1 – Gerardo Ruiz Esparza, 70, Secretary Communications and Transportation (SCT) (2012–2018); stroke (b. April 22, 1949) April 4 – Jerónimo Arango, 92–93, businessman (Walmart de México y Centroamérica) April 5 – Domingo Arturo García, 83, radio host (b. 1936) April 8 – Obed Durón Gomez, mayor of Mahahual, Quintana Roo; shot Patricia Mendoza, 72, photographer and art historian (b. 1948) Adan Vez Lira, environmental rights activist; shot to death in Actopan, Veracruz April 11 Víctor Fernando Álvarez Chávez, 53, journalist in Guerrero; murdered (body found on this date)(b. July 27, 1969) Adolfo Patrón Luján, 93, entrepreneur, art promoter and philanthropist (b. 1926) Gus Rodríguez, 59, Mexican writer, director and video game journalist; lung cancer (b. May 27, 1958) April 12 – Jaime Ruiz Sacristán, 70, businessman and head of the Mexican Stock Exchange; COVID-19. April 14 – Ignacio Pichardo Pagaza, 84, politician, Governor of the State of Mexico (1989–1993) and President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1994); complications from surgery April 15 – Eric Mergenthaler, 56, Olympic sailor (1984, 1988, 1992), and world champion (1992); bicycle accident April 18 Alejandro Algara, 92, lyric tenor (b. 1928) Amparo Dávila, 92, author and poet (Xavier Villaurrutia Award (1977)) The Houseguest and other stories (b. 1928) April 20 – Gabriel Retes, 73, filmmaker (Paper Flowers and Broken Flag), (b. March 25, 1947) April 21 – Gisleno Medina, 78 , soccer player April 23 – José Luis Chávez Romero, sociologist and poet from Cuautla, Morelos; murdered April 24 – Juan Vlasco, 51, Mexican cartoonist (Marvel Comics); complications from appendicitis surgery April 25 Socorro Castro Alba, 85, mother of actress Verónica Castro Arturo Huizar, 63, vocalist for Heavy Metal band Luzbel. Jesús Memije, human rights advocate; shot in Coyuca de Benítez (municipality). His son was also killed. April 26 Tomás Balcázar, 88, soccer player (Guadalajara, national team); complications from a hernia operation Aarón Hernán, 89, actor (The Garden of Aunt Isabel, Apolinar, Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell) April 29 – Guido Münch, 98, Mexican astronomer and astrophysicist April 30 Óscar Chávez, 85, singer, songwriter (Por Ti and Se vende mi país) and actor (Los Caifanes); COVID-19 Jesús Oliva, musician (Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán) (n. 1932). May May 1 – Tavo Limongi, 52, guitarist and singer (Resorte) May 2 Miguel Ángel García Tapia, journalist (El Sol de Cuernavaca); COVID-19 Carlos Andrés Navarro Landa, 33, arrested for disorderly conduct and then died in police custody, officially from a heart attack but covered with bruises from a beating. May 4 – José Luis Orendain Curiel, the first doctor in Nayarit to die of COVID-19 May 5 Giovanni López Ramírez, 30, mason; beaten to death while in police custody in Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Jalisco. His death set off violent demonstrations against police brutality. Jaime Montejo, human rights actist in Mexico City; COVID-19 May 6 Fabián Mauricio Toledo Aguilar, the first doctor in Morelos (IMSS and ISSSTE) to die of COVID-19 Agustín Villegas, 79, singer and composer (b. 1941) May 8 Moisés Escamilla May, 45, gangster (Los Zetas); COVID-19 Feminicide in Torreón, Coahuila: Cecilia Pérez Gutiérrez, 48, nurse; Araceli Pérez Gutiérrez, 59, nurse; and Dora Pérez Gutiérrez, 56, medical assistant; strangulation May 9 – Héctor Martínez Serrano, 86, radio host (b. 1933) May 12 Miguel Barbachano Ponce, 90, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1930) Paloma Cordero, 83, First Lady of Mexico (1982–1988) (b. February 21, 1937) May 13 Alejandro Huerta Barreto, union leader (Confederación Nacional de Productores Rurales) and his nephew Juan Machucho, in Tezonapa, Veracruz; shot Emigdio Moreno Cossío, father of Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas, president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Gustavo Nakatani Ávila ("Yoshio"), 60, singer; (COVID-19) (b. 1959) May 14 – Guillermo "Jorge" Santana, 68, guitarist (Malo and The Fania All-Stars) May 15 – Luis Alfonzo Robles Contreras, politician, mayor of Magdalena de Kino, Sonora; shot during crossfire by narcos. May 16 José Rodrigo Aréchiga Gamboa ("El Chino Ántrax"), gangster; shot in Culiacan His sister, Ada Jimena Arechiga Gamboa, was murdered in a separate incident. Jorge Armenta Ávalos, journalist, director of media outlet Medios Obson in ,Ciudad Obregón, Sonora; shot. A police officer was also killed and another wouned. Pilar Pellicer, 82, actress (The Life of Agustín Lara, Day of the Evil Gun, La Choca); COVID-19 May 17 – Daniela Lázaro Ducoulombier, soccer player (Atlético San Luis); stangled with a rope (possible suicide) May 19 – Alvaro Echeverria Zuno, 71, son of former president Luis Echeverría; suicide May 21 – Alfonso Isaac Gamboa Lozano, 39, former head of Unidad de Política y Control Presupuestal of SHCP; shot along with four other members of his family in Temxico, Morelos May 23 – Armando Acosta, 39, voice actor (Spock in ′′Star Trek: Discovery′′); COVID-19 May 28 Robert M. Laughlin, anthropologist and preserver of the Maya language Charlie Monttana "El vaquero rocanrrolero", 58, urban rock singer; heart attack May 31 – Oswaldo García Vallejo, head of public safety in Jalostotitlán, Jalisco; shot June June 2 – Héctor Suárez, 81, actor and comedian, father of Héctor Suárez Gomís June 3 Francis Anel Bueno Sánchez, 38, politician , local deputy from Ixtlahuacán, Colima; kidnapped on Aril 29, body found June 3—shot Ángel Fuentes Olivares, lawyer, politician, former attorney general of Veracruz; stabbed Héctor Ortega, 81, actor, director, and screenwriter César Tovar Camargo, educator and politician in Hidalgo; COVID-19 June 4 Marco Alberto Corona Baltazar, acting warden of the penitentiary in Puente Grande, Jalsico; shot Rodolfo García (‘Matemático II‘), 54, wrestler; COVID-19 June 7 – Manuel Felguérez Barra, 91, abstract artist (b. 1928) June 9 Alexander Martínez Gómez, 16, soccer player, murdered by cops Cira, La Morena, chef in Acapulco June 10 Rosita Fornés, 97, Cuban American singer who starred in several movies during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema; emphysema Antonio González Orozco, 87, Mexican muralist, cancer. June 11 – José Luis Castillo Trejo, journalist, owner of ′′Máxima prioridad′′ in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora; murdered June 14 Aarón Padilla Gutiérrez, 77, soccer player (Pumas UNAM and Mexico national football team 1966, 1970); Alzheimer and COVID-19 June 15 – Jorge Rubio, 75, baseball player (California Angels). June 16 – Uriel Villegas Ortiz, judge, and his wife; murdered June 18 Arturo Chaires, 83, footballer (C.D. Guadalajara, national team). Jorge Humberto Arellano, politician (Morena), mayor of Acaponeta, Nayarit; COVID-19. June 21 Sergio Salvador Aguirre Anguiano, 77, Mexican jurist, associate justice of the Supreme Court (1995–2012), stomach cancer. Reynaldo Salazar, 65, taekwondo player and coach (b. 1955) June 24 Armando Cardona Sánchez, 30, musician, member of La Séptima Banda; coronavirus. Four mariachi players drown in a storm in Juárez, Nuevo León: Raúl Casares G. Cantón, 82, entrepreneur, promoter of culture and philanthropy (b. 1938) Alexis Ángel Corona Sánchez, 17; Alejandro Corona, 59, and Javier Salas Navarro, 44 June 25 – Joel Negrete Barrera, politician from Abasolo, Guanajuato; murdered June 28 Rudolfo Anaya, 85, writer (b. 1937) Manuel Donley, 92, Mexican-born American Tejano singer and musician. July July 2 – Teodoro Enrique Pino Miranda, 73, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Huajuapan de León (since 2000). July 4 – Sebastián Athié, 24, actor (011CE) July 8 José Antonio Pérez Sánchez, 72, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1947). July 9 Marlene Catzín Cih, 66, politician, mayor of Maxcanú, Yucatan (1994–1995, 2010–2012, since 2018); COVID-19. Sylvia Martínez Elizondo, 72, politician, Senator from Chihuahua (2016–2018) (PAN). July 12 Raymundo Capetillo, soap opera actor; COVID-19 Francisco Javier Fierro Torres, teacher and politician in Choix, Sinaloa; murdered Abel González Rojas, 30, police officer in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico; shot. His two minor sons were also killed. July 13 – Angie Michelle Vera; from San Andrés Cholula, Puebla; femicide (body found on this date) July 20 – Guillermo Salvador Boyzo González, adjunct general direct of the Foreign Ministry; COVID-19 July 24 Úrsula Mojica Obrador, 69, cousin of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador; COVID-19 Jesús Rodríguez de Hijar, 91, musician, composer and arranger (b. 1929). Ana Lucía Rupprecht, Swiss-Mexican child who could not get medicine in Mexico; leukemia July 24 – Claudio Zupo, 35, judoka, known as El gigante de Sonora ("the giant from Sonora") (b. 1984); coronavirus. July 26 Rafael Barraza Sánchez, 91, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1928). José Kuri Harfusch, businessman (Inbursa, Minera Frisco); COVID-19 17,672 people died of SARS-CoV-2 virus in July, an average of 589 people per day. An excess of 130,000 deaths, 55%, were reported between April and July 2020, compared to the same time period in 2019. Only 51,000 of these were officially attributed to COVID-19. August August 1 – José Vicente Anaya, 73, writer, poet and cultural journalist. August 3 – Pablo Morrugares, journalist (P.M Noticias Guerrero web site) and his police bodyguard; murdered August 4 – José Luis Ibáñez, 87, university professor, screenwriter and film and theater director (b. 1933). August 5 – Tony Camargo, 94, singer (b. 1926). August 9 – Manrique Mezquita Tadeo, 36, cable television installer in San Marcos Tlacoyalco, Puebla; lynched after being falsely accused of child-kidnapping. August 10 Oscar Baylón Chacón, 91, politician (PRI: Federal senator and Governor of Baja California) and agronomist; stroke. Ricardo Melgar Bao, 74, professor, historian and anthropologist (b. 1946). August 11 Luis Miranda Cardoso, father of Luis Enrique Miranda Nava, former Secretary of SEDESOL; murdered Jonathan Santos, 18, Zapopan, Jalisco; shot in the head. His death raises concerns about homophobic hate crimes in Mexico. (Body found on this date) August 12 – Monica Miguel, television actress and director. August 12 – Enrique Robinson Bours, 93, businessman (Bachoco, Megacable) (n. 1927). August 15 – Mercedes Barcha, 87, widow of Colombian writer Gabriel García Marquez. August 16 – Rodrigo Abed Macías, 17, Jujutsu athlete in Oaxaca; killed. August 16 – Elsy Michelle "N," 12, of Tala, Jalisco; raped and killed, suspected feminicide (body found on this date). August 17 Norberto Ángeles, 43, businessman and former soccer player (Cruz Azul and 2001 Copa Libertadores Finals); heart attack. Héctor Mickeith, 25, YouTuber, musician and actor Lauro Quiroz Amador, police chief of intelligence for Quintana Roo; COVID-19. August 18 Mario Quintana, police officer who arrested the mastermind behind the July 26 attack on Omar García Harfuch in Mexico City; COVID-19. Andrés Terrones Martínez ("El Chaparrito de Oro"), 87, musician (La Sonora Santanera de Carlos Colorado). August 19 – Armando Gaytan ("Mucha Crema"), wrestling announcer. August 20 – Herón Sarabia Mendoza, politician (Morena), in Tlapehuala, Guerrero; shot along with another person. August 21 – Pedro Nájera Pacheco, 91, soccer player (Club América, 1954 FIFA World Cup, 1962 FIFA World Cup). August 22 Juan Nelcio, independent journalist in Coahuila (Velador TV); murdered while in police custody. Danna, 16, of Mexicali, Baja California; shot (body burned after death). August 23 – Miguel Antonio Vázquez, politician, municipal president of General Felipe Ángeles, Puebla; COVID-19. August 24 Victorino Gómez Martínez, politician, municipal president of San Bartolomé Quialana, Tlacolula District, Oaxaca; COVID-19. He was the 19th municipal president to die of the virus. Sergio Tolano Lizárraga, union leader (Sección 65 del Sindicato Minero Nacional); injuries related to a fall off a horse. August 25 – Federico Aparicio Calixto, indigenous healer, disappeared while looking for his son in Metlatónoc, Guerrero; shot (body found on this date). August 26 – Cristian Trinidad, nurse last seen in Huixquilucan on July 17 (body found August 26). August 28 Manuel Torres Compeán, 71, boxer (n. 1941). Manuel "El Loco" Valdés, 89, comedian; skin cancer. August 30 Horacio Alvarado Ortiz, 95, television personality (Reportajes de Alvarado). Tomás Primo Negrete Chavarria, municipal president of Tonanitla; COVID-19. Cecilia Romo, 74, actress, mother of Claudia Romo Edelman; COVID-19. Elisa Vargaslugo Rangel, 97, writer and researcher at the UNAM (Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes, 2005). 2,973 homicides were reported in Mexico in August 2020, a 0.67% increase over 2019. September September 2 – Wanda Seux (Juana Amanda Seux Ramírez), 72, Paraguayan-born actress; multiple illnesses. September 7 Xavier Ortiz, 48, singer (Garibaldi) and actor; suicide by hanging. Luis Zárate, 79, Mexican Olympic cyclist (1960). September 9 – Julio Valdivia, journalist (El Mundo de Veracruz); decapitated. September 11 – "Taboo", wrestler, brother of La Parka II. September 12 – José Luis Espinosa (gym owner), 64; COVID-19. September 16 – Miguel Acundo González, politician , Deputy (LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress) from Puebla; COVID-19 September 21 – Julián Cardona, 59–60, photojournalist. September 22 – Fulgencio Sandoval Cruz, model for Nezahualcóyotl and Cuauhtémoc on the MXN $50,000 and $100 bills. September 23 – Pedro Modesto Santos, municipal president of Santa Cruz Xitla, Oaxaca; COVID-19. September 24 Francisco Bonilla, boxing coach (Olympics of 2000 and 2016). Carmen Vazquez, social leader ("Los Cholos") in Zacateas; murdered. September 25 – Amalia Magdalena Aguirre Álvarez, 55, doctor, director of IMSS hospital #66 in Apodaca, Nuevo Leon; COVID-19 September 28 – Rubén Anguiano, 64, footballer (Zacatepec, Atlante, national team); COVID-19. October October 7 – Mario Molina, 77, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (1995); heart attack. October 14 – Armando Herrera, 84, Olympic basketball player (1960, 1964). October 15 – Mauricio Mata, 81, Olympic cyclist (1960). October 18 – Principe Aereo, 26, pro wrestler. October 21 – Paul Leduc, 78, film director (Frida Still Life, Reed: Insurgent Mexico). October 24 – Joel Molina Ramírez, 75, politician , Senator (since 2019); COVID-19. October 27 – Pedro Cervantes, 87, sculptor. October 29 Arturo Alba Medina, 49, journalist (Multimedios Televisión); shot. Arturo Rivera, 75, painter; cerebral hemorrhage. October 31 – Arturo Lona Reyes, 94, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tehuantepec (1971–2001); COVID-19. November November 2 – Jesús Alfonso Piñuelas Montes, independent camera-operator in Cajeme, Sonora; killed. November 5 Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza, 78, admiral, Secretary of the Navy (2010–2012). Luis Zapata, 69, writer. November 6 – Adriana Murrieta Treviño, 29, Sonoran influencer who promoted marijuana by-products; strangled. November 8 – Víctor Valencia de los Santos, 61, politician , Deputy (2006–2008); COVID-19. November 9 Bianca Alejandrina Lorenzana Alvarado (Alexis), 20, of Cancun, Quintana Roo; killed and dismembered (body found on this date). The police violently repressed protests following her death. Israel Vázquez, 33, journalist (El Salmantino) from Salamanca, Guanajuato; shot. November 10 Isidro Pedraza Chávez, 61, politician , Senator (2006–2009, 2012–2015), COVID-19. Florisel Ríos Delfín, politician , municipal president of Jamapa, Veracruz; murdered. November 13 – Miguel Hernández, 48, actor ("Agapito Melo" in Cero en Conducta). November 16 Javier Miranda, singer (imitator of Juan Gabriel); COVID-19. Abdiel Alexey, 18; roller-coaster accident at Six Flags México. November 17 – Samuel Rodríguez Mora, politician (Director of Protocol of the Chamber of Deputies); COVID-19. November 18 – Candelaria Beatriz López Obrador, 56, teacher, sister of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. November 20 – Ernesto Canto, 61, racewalker (Gold medal, 20 km walk in the 1984 Summer Olympics); cancer. November 21 , 45, actress (Los ricos también lloran); lung cancer. Sofía Alejandra N., 12, of Fresnillo, Zacatecas; femicide (body found on this date). David Suayfeta, doctor at IMSS in Zacatepec, Morelos; burned to death when an explosive device is thrown at his car. November 22 – Gonzalo Galván Castillo, 69, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Autlán (2004–2015). November 23 – Juan Carlos Padilla Aranda, 54, seller of tamales in Celaya; killed by police. November 24 – Juan de Dios Castro Lozano, 78, lawyer and politician, President of the Chamber of Deputies (2003–2004) and MP (1979–1985, 1991–2000, 2003–2006); COVID-19. November 25 Pedro Gutiérrez Farías, 79, Catholic priest, founder of orphanages in Salamanca, Guanajuato and Morelia, accused child abuser; COVID-19. José Manuel Mireles Valverde, 62, paramilitary leader; COVID-19. Flor Silvestre, 90, singer ("Cielo rojo"), actress (The Soldiers of Pancho Villa, Ánimas Trujano) and equestrienne. November 26 – Benjamín Jiménez Hernández, 82, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Culiacán (1993–2011). December December 1 – , musician. December 5 – Raúl Iragorri Montoya, Cuernavaca businessman (Nissan Cuernavaca) and politician (Morelos State legislature 1976-1979 and 2003-2006); COVID-19. December 6 – Jaime Camil Garza, Acapulco buinessman and father of actors Jaime Camil and Issabela Camil. December 8 Yuri de Gortari Krauss, 69, chef (co-founder Escuela de Gastronomía Mexicana). Sandra Ibeth Ochoa García, professor in Instituto Politécnico Nacional; feminicide. December 13 Edgardo del Villar, 51, Mexican television journalist, cancer. David Adrián Salas Carreón, student at Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BJUP). He is the fourth BJUP student murdered this year. December 14 Fernando Coello Pedrero, grandfather of Senator Manuel Velasco Cuello of Chiapas. José María de la Torre Martín, 68, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Aguascalientes (since 2008); COVID-19. Amalia Alejandra Solórzano Bravo, cousin of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano and granddaughter of Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes (IPN). December 17 "Doctor" Alfonso Morales, 71, sportscaster (TUDM); renal deficiency. Ernesto Yañez, actor (Pastorela and Principio y fin); COVID-19. December 18 – Jorge Aristóteles Sandoval Díaz, 46, politician , Governor of Jalisco (2013—2018); assassinated. December 19 – Alberto Valdés Jr., 70, equestrian, Olympic bronze medallist (1980). December 20 Delfino López Aparicio, 60, politician, Deputy (since 2018); COVID-19. Florencio Olvera Ochoa, 87, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cuernavaca (2002–2009). December 21 Juan Bustillos Orozco, businessman and journalist (Impacto); suicide. Gilberto Ensástiga Santiago, Mexico City politician; COVID-19. Irene Ramiro Mora, 36, and Natividad Parra Ramiro, 13, of Zacapoaxtla; feminicide (bodies found on this date). Efrén Valois Morales, politician (precandidate for mayor of Pilcaya); shot. Alejandro Abisay, 26, from Puebla; femicide. December 22 – Rubén Tierrablanca Gonzalez, 68, Mexican-born Turkish Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Vicariate of Istanbul (since 2016); COVID-19. December 24 Benedicto Bravo, 58, footballer (Club León, Unión de Curtidores); COVID-19. Armando Romero, 60, footballer (Cruz Azul, Toluca, Correcaminos UAT, Atlético Morelia and Zacatepec); COVID-19 December 27 Florentino Domínguez Ordoñez, politician (), Secretary of Public Education of Tlacala, former federal deputy; COVID-19. Antonio Velasco Piña, 85, Mexican novelist, spiritual writer and essayist. December 28 Othón Cuevas Córdova, 55, Mexican politician, Deputy (2006–2009); COVID-19. Josefina Echánove, 93, soap opera actress (two Ariel Awards, La Dueña (b. New York, July 21, 1928). Armando Manzanero, 85, singer and composer (Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 2014); heart attack provoked by COVID-19 (b. 1935). Luis Enrique Mercado, 68, writer, journalist (El Economista) and politician, Deputy (2009–2012); COVID-19. Juan José Reyes, 65, literary critic and author (La música para niños en México: una crónica) (b. 1955). Cristy Mary Villegas Juarez, 15, from Juchitepec, State of Mexico; femicide (body found on this date). December 29 – Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez Machado, 60, politician, Deputy (2003–2006); COVID-19. December 30 Joel Higuera Acosta, musician (Los Tucanes de Tijuana); heart attack. Martha Navarro, 83, actress (nominated for Ariel Award for Best Actress in 1989 for El Jinete de la Divina Providencia''). Otto Schöndube, 84, archaeologist. See also Country overviews Mexico History of Mexico History of modern Mexico Outline of Mexico Government of Mexico Politics of Mexico Fourth Transformation Years in Mexico Timeline of Mexico history Crime Colegio Cervantes shooting Mexican Drug War Murder of Fátima Cecilia Murder of Ingrid Escamilla List of George Floyd protests outside the United States Related timelines for current period 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic 2020 in politics and government 2020 in the Caribbean 2020 in Central America 2020 in Guatemala 2020 in the United States 2020 in United States politics and government 2020s 2020s in political history 2020 in archaeology 2020 in architecture External links News about Mexico in English Mexico News Daily (in English; paywall) El Universal (in English) The Guardian, Mexican News Reuters-Mexico news 'It's a free-for-all': how hi-tech spyware ends up in the hands of Mexico's cartels (Yahoo News, December 7, 2020) References Footnotes Citations Years of the 21st century in Mexico Mexico Mexico 2020s in Mexico

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20policy%20of%20the%20Harry%20S.%20Truman%20administration

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration

The main issues of the United States foreign policy during the 1945-1953 presidency of Harry S. Truman were working with Allies to bring victory over Germany and Japan, the aftermath of World War II, and the beginning of the Cold War, as well as launching new international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. Harry S. Truman's presidency was a turning point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an liberal internationalist foreign policy and renounced isolationism. Truman took office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the final months of war. Until then Truman had little interest in foreign affairs and no knowledge of Roosevelt's plans. He relied heavily on advisers like George Marshall and Dean Acheson, both of whom served as Secretary of State. Germany surrendered days after Truman took office, but the Japan initially refused to surrender or negotiate. In order to force Japan's surrender without resorting to an invasion of the main Japanese islands, Truman approved of plans to drop atomic bombs on two Japanese cities. After Japan surrendered in September 1945, the Truman administration worked with the Soviet Union, Britain, and other Allies to establish post-war international institutions and agreements such as the United Nations, the International Refugee Organization, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Truman administration also embarked on a policy of rebuilding democracy and the economy in Japan and West Germany. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated after 1945, and by 1947 the two countries had entered a sustained period of geopolitical tension known as the Cold War. Truman adopted a policy of containment, in which the U.S. would attempt to prevent the spread of Communism but would not actively seek to regain territory already lost to Communism. He also announced the Truman Doctrine, a policy of aiding countries in danger of falling to Communism. Pursuant to this doctrine, Truman convinced Congress to provide an unprecedented aid package to Greece and Turkey, overcoming opposition from isolationists and some on the left who favored more conciliatory policies towards the Soviet Union. The following year, Truman convinced Congress to approve the Marshall Plan, $13 billion aid package enacted to rebuild Western Europe. In 1949, the U.S., Canada, and several European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty, establishing the NATO military alliance. Meanwhile, domestic fears of Soviet espionage led to a Red Scare and the rise of McCarthyism in the United States. The Truman administration attempted to mediate the Chinese Civil War and failed. The Communist forces under Mao Zedong took control of Mainland China in 1949. In June 1950 Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunify the country. Acting under the aegis of the United Nations, the U.S. intervened, defeated the invaders, and prepared to unify Korea on American terms. However, in late 1950 millions of Chinese soldiers entered Korea and pushed the allies back. The war settled into a stalemate along a line close to its starting point. Truman left office quite unpopular, but scholars generally consider him to be an above average president, and his administration has been credited for establishing Cold War policies that contained the Soviets. Leadership At first Truman kept all of Roosevelt's cabinet. By late 1946 only one remained. Even as vice president, knowing of the president's poor health, he showed little curiosity about Roosevelt's postwar plans and was kept out of the loop. Furthermore, he had a small White House staff that knew little about diplomacy. As president he relied heavily on top officials from the State Department. Truman quickly replaced Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr. with James F. Byrnes, a close personal friend. By 1946, Truman was taking a hard line against the Kremlin, although Byres was still trying to be conciliatory. The divergence in policy was intolerable. Truman replaced Byrnes with the highly prestigious five-star army general George Marshall in January 1947, Despite Marshall's failure in negotiating a settlement in the Chinese Civil War. In 1947, Forrestal became the first Secretary of Defense, overseeing all branches of the United States Armed Forces. Mental illness sent Forrestal into retirement in 1949, and he was replaced successively by Louis A. Johnson, Marshall, and finally Robert A. Lovett. At the Department of State, the key person was Dean Acheson, who replaced Marshall as secretary in 1949. The Marshall Plan embodied Acheson's analysis of the European crisis; he designed America's role. As tensions mounted with Moscow, Acheson moved from guarded optimism to pessimism. He decided negotiations were futile, and the United States had to mobilize a network of allies to resist the Kremlin's quest for world domination, using both military and especially economic power. Downplaying the importance of communism in China, Acheson emphasized Europe, and took the lead, as soon as he became Secretary of State in January 1949, to nail down the NATO alliance. It worked closely with the major European powers, as well as cooperating closely with Republican Senator Arthur Vandenberg, build bipartisan support at a time when the Republicans controlled Congress after the 1946 elections. According to Townsend Hoopes, throughout his long career, Acheson displayed: exceptional intellectual power and purpose, and tough inner fiber. He projected the long lines and aristocratic bearing of the thoroughbred horse, a self-assured grace, an acerbic elegance of mind, and a charm whose chief attraction was perhaps its penetrating candor. ... [He] was swift-flowing and direct. ... Acheson was perceived as an 18th-century rationalist ready to apply an irreverent wit to matters public and private. The American occupation of Japan was nominally an Allied endeavor, but in practice it was run by General Douglas MacArthur, with little or no consultation with the Allies or with Washington. His responsibilities were enlarged to include the Korean War, till he broke with Truman on policy issues and was fired in highly dramatic fashion in 1951. Policy for the occupation of West Germany was much less controversial, and the decisions were made in Washington, with Truman himself making the key decision to rebuild West Germany as an economic power. Roosevelt had handled all foreign policy decisions on his own, with a few advisors such as Harry Hopkins, who helped Truman too, even though he was dying of cancer. Roosevelt's final Secretary of State, Edward R. Stettinius was an amiable businessman who succeeded at reorganization of the department, and spent most of his attention in the creation of the United Nations. When that was accomplished, Truman replaced him with James F. Byrnes, whom Truman knew well from their Senate days together. Byrnes was more interested in domestic than foreign affairs, and felt he should have been FDR's pick for vice president in 1944. He was secretive, not telling Truman about major developments. Dean Acheson by this point was the number two person in State, and worked well with Truman. The president finally replaced Byrnes with Marshall. With the world in incredibly complex turmoil, international travel was essential. Byrnes spent 62% of his time abroad; Marshall spent 47% and Acheson 25%. End of World War II By April 1945, the Allied Powers, led by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, were close to defeating Germany, but Japan remained a formidable adversary in the Pacific War. As vice president, Truman had been uninformed about major initiatives relating to the war, including the top-secret Manhattan Project, which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. Although Truman was told briefly on the afternoon of April 12 that the Allies had a new, highly destructive weapon, it was not until April 25 that Secretary of War Henry Stimson told him the details of the atomic bomb, which was almost ready. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, and Truman's attention turned to the Pacific, where he hoped to end the war as quickly, and with as little expense in lives or government funds, as possible. With the end of the war drawing near, Truman flew to Berlin for the Potsdam Conference, to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leader Winston Churchill regarding the post-war order. Several major decisions were made at the Potsdam Conference: Germany would be divided into four occupation zones (among the three powers and France), Germany's border was to be shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line, a Soviet-backed group was recognized as the legitimate government of Poland, and Vietnam was to be partitioned at the 16th parallel. The Soviet Union also agreed to launch an invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. While at the Potsdam Conference, Truman was informed that the Trinity test of the first atomic bomb on July 16 had been successful. He hinted to Stalin that the U.S. was about to use a new kind of weapon against the Japanese. Though this was the first time the Soviets had been officially given information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project, having learned about it through espionage long before Truman did. In August 1945, the Japanese government ignored surrender demands as specified in the Potsdam Declaration. With the support of most of his aides, Truman approved the schedule of the military's plans to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving approximately 135,000 dead; another 130,000 would die from radiation sickness and other bomb-related illnesses in the following five years. Japan agreed to surrender on August 10, on the sole condition that Emperor Hirohito would not be forced to abdicate; after some internal debate, the Truman administration accepted these terms of surrender. The decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki provoked long-running debates. Supporters of the bombings argue that, given the tenacious Japanese defense of the outlying islands, the bombings saved hundreds of thousands of lives that would have been lost invading mainland Japan. After leaving office, Truman told a journalist that the atomic bombing "was done to save 125,000 youngsters on the American side and 125,000 on the Japanese side from getting killed and that is what it did. It probably also saved a half million youngsters on both sides from being maimed for life." Truman was also motivated by a desire to end the war before the Soviet Union could invade Japanese-held territories and set up Communist governments. Critics have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary, given that conventional tactics such as firebombing and blockade might induce Japan's surrender without the need for such weapons. Postwar international order Truman at first was committed to following Roosevelt's policies and priorities. He kept Roosevelt's cabinet for a short while before putting in his own people. In 1945 Truman repeatedly rejected Churchill's recommendations for a hard line against postwar Soviet expansion. Public opinion in America was demanding immediate demobilization of the troops. The policies followed were designed to benefit individuals, regardless of the damage it did when experienced military units lost their longest-serving and most experience soldiers. Truman refused to consider keeping an army in Europe for the purpose of neutralizing Stalin's expansion. While Churchill and the U.S. State Department were taking an increasingly hard line, the War Department took a conciliatory position, led by Secretary Henry Stimson and General George Marshall. They rejected pleas and refused to allocate additional forces to Europe. In practice, the American forces were removed from Europe as fast as possible. By 1946, however, Truman had changed. Disappointed with Stalin and the United Nations, And alarmed about Soviet pressures on Iran and Poland, he was accepting more and more advice from the State Department and was moving rapidly toward Churchill's hard-line, Cold War position. The Soviet Union had become the enemy. United Nations When Truman took office, several international organizations that were designed to help prevent future wars and international economic crises were in the process of being established. Chief among those organizations was the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization similar to the League of Nations that was designed to help ensure international cooperation. When Truman took office, delegates were about to meet at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco. As a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and he signed United Nations Charter at the San Francisco Conference. Truman did not repeat Woodrow Wilson's partisan attempt to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, instead cooperating closely with Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg and other Republican leaders to ensure ratification. Cooperation with Vandenberg, a leading figure on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, would be crucial for Truman's foreign policy, especially after Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1946 elections. Construction of the United Nations headquarters in New York City was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and completed in 1952. Trade and refugees In 1934, Congress had passed the Reciprocal Tariff Act, giving the president an unprecedented amount of authority in setting tariff rates. The act allowed for the creation of reciprocal agreements in which the U.S. and other countries mutually agreed to lower tariff rates. Despite significant opposition from those who favored higher tariffs, Truman was able to win legislative extension of the reciprocity program, and his administration reached numerous bilateral agreements that lowered trade barriers. The Truman administration also sought to further lower global tariff rates by engaging in multilateral trade negotiations, and the State Department proposed the establishment of the International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO was designed to have broad powers to regulate trade among member countries, and its charter was approved by the United Nations in 1948. However, the ITO's broad powers engendered opposition in Congress, and Truman declined to send the charter to the Senate for ratification. In the course of creating the ITO, the U.S. and 22 other countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a set of principles governing trade policy. Under the terms of the agreement, each country agreed to reduce overall tariff rates and to treat each co-signatory as a "most favoured nation", meaning that no non-signatory country could benefit from more advantageous tariff rates. Due to a combination of the Reciprocal Tariff Act, the GATT, and inflation, U.S. tariff rates fell dramatically between the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act in 1930 and the end of the Truman administration in 1953. World War II left millions of refugees displaced in Europe. To help address this problem, Truman backed the founding of the International Refugee Organization (IRO), a temporary international organization that helped resettle refugees. The United States also funded temporary camps and admitted large numbers of refugees as permanent residents. Truman obtained ample funding from Congress for the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, which allowed many of the displaced people of World War II to immigrate into the United States. Of the approximately one million people resettled by the IRO, more than 400,000 settled in the United States. The most contentious issue facing the IRO was the resettlement of European Jews, many of whom, with the support of Truman, were allowed to immigrate to British-controlled Mandatory Palestine. The administration also helped create a new category of refugee, the "escapee", at the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The American Escapee Program began in 1952 to help the flight and relocation of political refugees from communism in Eastern Europe. The motivation for the refugee and escapee programs was twofold: humanitarianism, and use as a political weapon against inhumane communism. Atomic energy and weaponry In March 1946, at an optimistic moment for postwar cooperation, the administration released the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, which proposed that all nations voluntarily abstain from constructing nuclear weapons. As part of the proposal, the U.S. would dismantle its nuclear program once all other countries agreed not to develop or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons. Fearing that Congress would reject the proposal, Truman turned to the well-connected Bernard Baruch to represent the U.S. position to the United Nations. The Baruch Plan, largely based on the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, was not adopted due to opposition from Congress and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would develop its own nuclear arsenal, testing a nuclear weapon for the first time in August 1949. The United States Atomic Energy Commission, directed by David E. Lilienthal until 1950, was in charge of designing and building nuclear weapons under a policy of full civilian control. The U.S. had only 9 atomic bombs in 1946, but the stockpile grew to 650 by 1951. Lilienthal wanted to give high priority to peaceful uses for nuclear technology, especially nuclear power plants, but coal was cheap and the power industry was largely uninterested in building nuclear power plants during the Truman administration. Construction of the first nuclear plant would not begin until 1954. In early 1950, Truman authorized the development of thermonuclear weapons, a more powerful version of atomic bombs. Truman's decision to develop thermonuclear weapons faced opposition from many liberals and some government officials, but he believed that the Soviet Union would likely develop the weapons and was unwilling to allow the Soviets to have such an advantage. The first test of thermonuclear weaponry was conducted by the United States in 1952; the Soviet Union would perform its own thermonuclear test in August 1953. Beginning of the Cold War, 1945–1950 Escalating tensions, 1945–1946 The Second World War dramatically upended the international system, as formerly-powerful nations like Germany, France, Japan, and even Britain had been devastated. At the end of the war, only the United States and the Soviet Union had the ability to exercise influence, and a bipolar international power structure replaced the multipolar structure of the Interwar period. On taking office, Truman privately viewed the Soviet Union as a "police government pure and simple", but he was initially reluctant to take a hard-line towards the Soviet Union, as he hoped to work with the Soviets in the aftermath of Second World War. Truman's suspicions deepened as the Soviets consolidated their control in Eastern Europe throughout 1945, and the February 1946 announcement of the Soviet five-year plan further strained relations as it called for the continuing build-up of the Soviet military. At the December 1945 Moscow Conference, Secretary of State Byrnes agreed to recognize the pro-Soviet governments in the Balkans, while the Soviet leadership accepted U.S. leadership in the occupation of Japan. U.S. concessions at the conference angered other members of the Truman administration, including Truman himself. By the beginning of 1946, it had become clear to Truman that Britain and the United States would have little influence in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. Former Vice President Henry Wallace, former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and many other prominent Americans continued to hope for cooperative relations with the Soviet Union. Some liberals, like Reinhold Niebuhr, distrusted the Soviet Union but believed that the United States should not try to counter Soviet influence in Eastern Europe, which the Soviets saw as their "strategic security belt". Partly because of this sentiment, Truman was reluctant to fully break with the Soviet Union in early 1946, but he took an increasingly hard line towards the Soviet Union throughout the year. He personally approved of Winston Churchill's March 1946 "Iron Curtain" speech, which urged the United States to take the lead of an anti-Soviet alliance, though he did not publicly endorse it. Throughout 1946, tensions arose between the United States and the Soviet Union in places like Iran, which the Soviets had occupied during World War II. Pressure from the U.S. and the United Nations finally forced the withdrawal of Soviet soldiers. Turkey also emerged as a point of contention, as the Soviet Union demanded joint control over the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, key straits that controlled movement between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The U.S. forcefully opposed this proposed alteration to the 1936 Montreux Convention, which had granted Turkey sole control over the straits, and Truman dispatched a fleet to the Eastern Mediterranean to show his administration's commitment to the region. The Soviet Union and the United States also clashed in Germany, which had been divided into four occupation zones. In the September 1946 Stuttgart speech, Secretary of State Byrnes announced that the United States would no longer seek reparations from Germany and would support the establishment of a democratic state. The United States, France, and Britain agreed to combine their occupation zones, eventually forming West Germany. In East Asia, Truman denied the Soviet request to reunify Korea, and refused to allow the Soviets a role in the post-war occupation of Japan. By September 1946, Truman was convinced that the Soviet Union sought world domination and that cooperation was futile. He adopted a policy of containment, based on a 1946 cable by diplomat George F. Kennan. Containment, a policy of preventing the further expansion of Soviet influence, represented a middle-ground position between friendly détente (as represented by Wallace), and aggressive rollback to regain territory already lost to Communism, as would be adopted in 1981 by Ronald Reagan. Kennan's doctrine was based on the notion that the Soviet Union was led by an uncompromising totalitarian regime, and that the Soviets were primarily responsible for escalating tensions. Wallace, who had been appointed Secretary of Commerce after the 1944 election, resigned from the cabinet in September 1946 due to Truman's hardening stance towards the Soviet Union. Truman Doctrine In the first major step in implementing containment, Truman gave money to Greece and Turkey to prevent the spread of Soviet-aligned governments. Prior to 1947, the U.S. had largely ignored Greece, which had an anti-communist government, because it was under British influence. Since 1944, the British had assisted the Greek government against a left-wing insurgency, but in early 1947 London informed Washington that it could no longer afford to intervene in Greece. At the urging of Acheson, who warned that the fall of Greece could lead to the expansion of Soviet influence throughout Europe, Truman requested that Congress grant an unprecedented $400 million aid package to Greece and Turkey. In a March 1947 speech before a joint session of Congress, written by Acheson, Truman articulated the Truman Doctrine. It called for the United States to support "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Overcoming isolationists who opposed involvement, as well as those on the left who wanted cooperation with Moscow, Truman won bipartisan approval of the aid package. The congressional vote represented a permanent break with the non-interventionism that had characterized U.S. foreign policy prior to World War II. The United States became closely involved in the Greek Civil War, which ended with the defeat of the insurgency in 1949. Stalin and Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito both provided aid to the insurgents, but they fought for control causing a split in the Communist bloc. American military and economic aid to Turkey also proved effective, and Turkey avoided a civil war. The Truman administration provided aid to the Italian government during the 1948 general election where the Communists had strength. The aid package, combined with a covert CIA operation, anti-Communist mobilization by the Catholic Church and Italian Americans, helped to produce a Communist defeat. The initiatives of the Truman Doctrine solidified the post-war division between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union responded by tightening its control over Eastern Europe. Countries aligned with the Soviet Union became known as the Eastern Bloc, while the U.S. and its allies became known as the Western Bloc. Although the far left element in the Democratic Party and the CIO was being expelled, some liberal Democrats opposed the Truman Doctrine. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote Truman in April 1947 calling him to rely on the UN instead of his Truman Doctrine. She denounced Greece and Turkey because they were undemocratic. Truman needing support from the Roosevelt's liberal wing, wrote her that while he held onto his long-term hopes for the United Nations, he insisted that and an "economically, ideologically and politically sound" peace would more likely come from American action, than from the UN. He emphasized the strategic geographical importance of the Greek-Turkish land bridge as a critical point in which democratic forces could stop the advance of communism that had so ravaged Eastern Europe. A new policy in 1947 was to forbid the sale to the Soviet bloc (and China after 1949) of high technology that had military uses. Washington convinced its allies to follow suit. Richard Nixon finally relaxed the policy in 1970. Military reorganization and budgets Facing new, global challenges, Washington reorganized the military and intelligence establishment to provide for more centralized control and reduce rivalries. The National Security Act of 1947 merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (which was later renamed as the Department of Defense). The law also separated the U.S. Air Force from the Army. It created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the National Security Council (NSC). The CIA and the NSC were designed to be civilian bodies that would increase U.S. preparation against foreign threats without assuming the domestic functions of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The National Security Act institutionalized the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which had been established on a temporary basis during World War II. The Joint Chiefs of Staff took charge of all military action, and the Secretary of Defense became the chief presidential adviser on military matter. In 1952, Truman secretly consolidated and empowered the cryptologic elements of the United States by creating the National Security Agency (NSA). Truman also sought to require one year of military service for all young men physically capable of such service, but this proposal never won more than modest support among members of Congress. Truman had hoped that the National Security Act would minimize interservice rivalries, but the Army, Navy and Air Force each retained considerable autonomy and battled over budgets and strategy. In 1949, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson announced that he would cancel a "supercarrier", which the Navy wanted as a key weapon for the future. The cancellation sparked the "Revolt of the Admirals", when a number of retired and active-duty admirals publicly disagreed with the administration's emphasis on less expensive strategic atomic bombs delivered by the Air Force. During congressional hearings, public opinion shifted strongly against the Navy, which ultimately kept control of Marine aviation but lost control over strategic bombing. Military budgets following the hearings prioritized the development of Air Force heavy bomber designs, and the United States accumulated a combat ready force of over 1,000 long-range strategic bombers capable of supporting nuclear mission scenarios. Truman gave a low priority to the defense budget—it got whatever money was left over after tax cuts and domestic spending. From the beginning, he assumed that the American monopoly on the atomic bomb was adequate protection against any and all external threats. Military spending plunged from 39% of GNP in 1945 to only 5% in 1948. The number of military personnel fell from just over 3 million in 1946 to approximately 1.6 million in 1947, although the number of military personnel was still nearly five times larger than that of U.S. military in 1939. In 1949, Truman ordered a review of U.S. military policies in light of the Soviet Union's acquisition of nuclear weapons. The National Security Council drafted NSC 68, which called for a major expansion of the U.S. defense budget, increased aid to U.S. allies, and a more aggressive posture in the Cold War. Despite increasing Cold War tensions, Truman dismissed the document, as he was unwilling to commit to higher defense spending. The Korean War convinced Truman of the necessity for higher defense spending, and such spending would soar between 1949 and 1953. Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan was launched by the United States in 1947–48 to replace numerous ad hoc loan and grant programs, with a unified, long-range plan to help restore the European economy, modernize it, remove internal tariffs and barriers, and encourage European collaboration. It was funded by the Republican -controlled Congress, where the isolationist Republican element was overwhelmed by a new internationalism. Stalin refused to let any of his satellite nations in Eastern Europe participate. Much less famous was a similar aid program aimed at Japan, China and other Asian countries. All the money was donated – there was no repayment needed. (At the same time, however, there were also separate American government loan programs that did require repayment.) The United States had suddenly terminated the war-time Lend-Lease program in August 1945, to the surprise and distress of Britain, the Soviet Union and other recipients who had counted on a steady flow. However the United States did send large sums and loans and relief supplies, though in an uncoordinated fashion with no long-term plan. Western Europe was slowly recovering by 1947; Eastern Europe was being stripped of its resources by Moscow. Churchill warned that Europe was "a rubble heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground for pestilence and hate". American leaders feared that poor economic conditions could lead to Communism in France and Italy, where the far left was under Stalin's control. With the goal of containing Communism and increasing trade between the U.S. and Europe, the Truman administration devised the Marshall Plan. Dean Acheson was the key planner, But Marshall's enormous worldwide prestige was used to sell the program at home and abroad. To fund the Marshall Plan, Truman asked Congress to approve an unprecedented, multi-year, $25 billion appropriation. Congress, under the control of conservative Republicans, agreed to fund the program for multiple reasons. The 20-member conservative isolationist wing of the Republican Party, based in the rural Midwest, was led by Senator Kenneth S. Wherry. He argued that it would be "a wasteful 'operation rat-hole'"; that it made no sense to oppose communism by supporting socialist governments; and that American goods would reach Russia and increase its war potential. The isolationist bloc opposed loans or financial aid of any sort to Europe, opposed NATO, and tried to void presidential power to send troops to Europe. Their political base included many German-American and Scandinavian American communities that had suffered nasty attacks on their American patriotism during World War I. No matter what the issue, they could be counted on as vocal enemies of the Truman administration. The isolationists were outmaneuvered by the emerging internationalist wing in the Republican Party, led by Michigan Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg. With support from Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Vandenberg admitted there was no certainty that the plan would succeed, but said it would halt economic chaos, sustain Western civilization, and stop further Soviet expansion. Senator Robert A. Taft, a leading conservative Republican who was generally skeptical of American commitments in Europe, chose to focus on domestic issues and deferred to Vandenberg on foreign policy. Major newspapers were highly supportive, including pro-business conservative outlets like Time magazine. Both houses of Congress approved the initial appropriation, known as the Foreign Assistance Act, by large majorities, and Truman signed the act into law in April 1948. Congress would eventually allocate $12.4 billion in aid over the four years of the plan. A new Washington agency the European Recovery Program (ERP) ran the Marshall Plan and close cooperation with the recipient nations. The money proved decisive, but the ERP was focused on a longer-range vision that included more efficiency, more high technology, and the removal of multiple internal barriers and tariffs inside Western Europe. ERP allowed each recipient to develop its own plan for the aid, it set several rules and guidelines on the use of the funding. Governments were required to exclude Communists, socialist policies were allowed, and balanced budgets were favored. Additionally, the ERP conditioned aid to the French and British on their acceptance of the reindustrialization of Germany and support for European integration. The Soviets set up their own program for aid, the Molotov Plan, and the new barriers reduced trade between the Eastern bloc and the Western bloc. The Marshall Plan helped European economies recover in the late 1940s and early 1950s. By 1952, industrial productivity had increased by 35 percent compared to 1938 levels. The Marshall Plan also provided critical psychological reassurance to many Europeans, restoring optimism to a war-torn continent. Though European countries did not adopt American economic structures and ideas to the degree hoped for by some Americans, they remained firmly rooted in mixed economic systems. The European integration process led to the creation of the European Economic Community, which eventually formed the basis of the European Union. Berlin airlift In reaction to Western moves aimed at reindustrializing their German occupation zones, Stalin ordered a blockade of the Western-held sectors of Berlin, which was deep in the Soviet occupation zone. Stalin hoped to prevent the creation of a western German state aligned with the U.S., or, failing that, to consolidate control over eastern Germany. After the blockade began on June 24, 1948, the commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed sending a large armored column across the Soviet zone to West Berlin with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war, and instead approved Ernest Bevin's plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military aircraft on a massive scale. Nothing like it had ever been attempted before, and no single nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to accomplish it. The airlift worked, and ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes, and it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. NATO Rising tensions with the Soviets, along with the Soviet veto of numerous United Nations Resolutions, convinced Truman, Senator Vandenberg, and other American leaders of the necessity of creating a defensive alliance devoted to collective security. In 1949, the United States, Canada, and several European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty, creating a trans-Atlantic military alliance and committing the United States to its first permanent alliance since the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France. The treaty establishing NATO was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949. NATO's goals were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and to send a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The treaty also re-assured France that the United States would come to its defense, paving the way for continuing French cooperation in the re-establishment of an independent German state. The U.S., Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada were the original treaty signatories. Shortly after the creation of NATO, Truman convinced Congress to pass the Mutual Defense Assistance Act, which created a military aid program for European allies. Cold War tensions heightened following Soviet acquisition of nuclear weapons and the beginning of the Korean War. The U.S. increased its commitment to NATO, invited Greece and Turkey to join the alliance, and launched a second major foreign aid program with the passage of the Mutual Security Act. Truman permanently stationed 180,000 in Europe, and European defense spending grew from 5 percent to 12 percent of gross national product. NATO established a unified command structure, and Truman appointed General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the first Supreme Commander of NATO. West Germany, which fell under the aegis of NATO, would eventually be incorporated into NATO in 1955. Spain Truman usually worked well with his top advisors—the exceptions were Israel in 1948 and Spain 1945–50. Truman was a very strong opponent of Francisco Franco, the right-wing dictator of Spain. He withdrew the American ambassador (but diplomatic relations were not formally broken), kept Spain out of the UN, and rejected any Marshall Plan financial aid to Spain. Liberal opposition to Spain faded after the Wallace element left the Democratic Party in 1948; the CIO dropped its attacks on Spain. When the Korean War began in 1950, support for Spain as an anti-Communist ally grew in Congress, the Pentagon, the business community and other influential elements such as Catholics and cotton growers. Secretary of State Acheson increased his pressure on Truman, and the president stood alone in his administration as his own top appointees wanted to normalize relations. Admitting that he was "overruled and worn down", Truman relented and sent an ambassador and made loans available. Military talks began and President Eisenhower established the Madrid Pact, a security agreement, in 1953. Point Four Point Four was a new program of technological aid to poor developing countries that started in 1949. It began with a $25 million budget; Iran was an early favored recipient. In Nepal, Point Four promoted mineral development, agriculture and public health programs, and improved trade routes to India. Truman boasted it was the "Front line of the Cold War". The program encouraged private investment and many of its technical people went on to careers in international trade. The Eisenhower administration kept the policy but changed the name to the International Cooperation Administration and tied it to military objectives. It is now known as the United States Agency for International Development. German rearmament The rearmament of West Germany was achieved in the early 1950s. The main promoter was Adenauer, with France the main opponent. Washington had the decisive voice. It was strongly supported by the Pentagon (the U.S. military leadership), and weakly opposed by President Harry S. Truman; the State Department was ambivalent. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 changed the calculations and Washington now gave full support. That also involved putting Dwight D. Eisenhower in charge of NATO forces, and sending more American troops to West Germany. Widespread fears of another rise of German militarism necessitated the new military to operate within an alliance framework, under NATO command. The events led to the establishment of the Bundeswehr, the West German military, in 1955. Latin America Cold War tensions and competition reached across the globe, affecting Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, and Africa. The United States had historically focused its foreign policy on upholding the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere, but new commitments in Europe and Asia diminished U.S. focus on Latin America. Partially in reaction to fears of expanding Soviet influence, the U.S. led efforts to create collective security pact in the Western Hemisphere. In 1947, the United States and most Latin American nations joined the Rio Pact, a defensive military alliance. The following year, the independent states of the Americas formed the Organization of American States (OAS), an intergovernmental organization designed to foster regional unity. Many Latin American nations, seeking favor with the United States, cut off relations with the Soviet Union. Latin American countries also requested aid and investment similar to the Marshall Plan, but Truman believed that most U.S. foreign aid was best directed to Europe and other areas that could potentially fall under the influence of Communism. There was bad blood with Argentina. Washington detested dictator Juan Peron, who held fascist sympathies, tried to remain neutral in the Cold War and continued to harbor Nazi war criminals. Washington blocked funds from international agencies and restricted trade and investment opportunities. Meanwhile, Peron championed Anti-Americanism across Latin America, and financed radical elements in other countries. He did not, however, ally with the USSR in the Cold War. Asia Recognition of Israel Truman had long taken been sympathetic to the Jewish community in Kansas City. Regarding British-controlled Mandatory Palestine, in 1943, he had called for a homeland for those Jews who survived the Nazi regime. However, State Department officials were reluctant to offend the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. Secretary of Defense Forrestal warned Truman of the importance of Saudi Arabia's supply of oil; Truman replied that he would decide his policy on the basis of justice, not oil. American diplomats with experience in the region were likewise opposed, but Truman told them he had few Arabs among his constituents. Regarding policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Palestine was secondary to the goal of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey, and Iran from communism. In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of Mandatory Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The British announced that they would withdraw from Palestine in May 1948, and Jewish leaders began to organize a provisional government. Meanwhile, the Truman administration debated whether or not to recognize the fledgling state of Israel. Truman recognized the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after it declared itself a nation. Israel quickly secured its independence with a victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but the Arab–Israeli conflict remains unresolved. China In 1945 China descended into a civil war. The civil war baffled Washington, as both the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong had American advocates. Truman sent Marshall to China in early 1946 to broker a compromise featuring a coalition government. The mission failed, as both sides felt the issue would be decided on the battlefield, not at a conference table. Marshall returned to Washington in December 1946, blaming extremist elements on both sides. In mid-1947, Truman sent General Albert Coady Wedemeyer to China to try again, but no progress was made. Though the Nationalists held were strong in the large cities, Mao had a potentially much larger base in the rural villages. Steadily the Communists gained the upper hand after 1947. Corruption, poor economic conditions, and poor military leadership eroded popular support for the Nationalists. As the Nationalists collapsed in 1948, the Truman administration faced the question of whether to intervene on the side of the Nationalists or seek good relations with Mao. Chiang's strong support among sections of the American public, along with desire to assure other allies that the U.S. was committed to containment, convinced Truman to increase economic and military aid to the Nationalists. However, Truman held out little hope for a Nationalist victory, and he refused to send U.S. soldiers. In 1949 the Communists took control of the mainland of China, driving the Nationalists to Taiwan. The United States had a new enemy in Asia, and Truman came under fire from conservatives for "losing" China. Along with the Soviet detonation of a nuclear weapon, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War played a major role in escalating Cold War tensions and U.S. militarization during 1949. Truman would have been willing to maintain some relationship with the new government, but Mao was unwilling. Chiang established the Republic of China on Taiwan, which retained China's seat on the UN Security Council until 1971. In June 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, Truman ordered the Navy's Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent further conflict between the two Chinas. Japan Under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur, the U.S. occupied Japan after the latter's surrender in August 1945. MacArthur presided over extensive reforms of the Japanese government and society, implementing a new constitution that established a parliamentary democracy and granted women the right to vote. He also reformed the Japanese educational system and oversaw major economic changes, although Japanese business leaders were able to resist the reforms to some degree. As the Cold War intensified in 1947, the Truman administration took greater control over the occupation, ending Japanese reparations to the Allied Powers and prioritizing economic growth over long-term reform. The Japanese suffered from poor economic conditions until the beginning of the Korean War, when U.S. purchases stimulated growth. In 1951, the United States and Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco, which restored Japanese sovereignty but allowed the United States to maintain bases in Japan. Over the opposition of the Soviet Union and some other adversaries of Japan in World War II, the peace treaty did not contain punitive measures such as reparations, though Japan did lose control of the Kuril Islands and other pre-war possessions. Southeast Asia With the end of World War II, the United States fulfilled the commitment made by the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act and granted independence to the Philippines. The U.S. had encouraged decolonization throughout World War II, but the start of the Cold War changed priorities. The U.S. used the Marshall Plan to pressure the Dutch to grant independence to Indonesia under the leadership of the anti-Communist Sukarno, and the Dutch recognized Indonesia's independence in 1949. However, in French Indochina, the Truman administration recognized the French client state led by Emperor Bảo Đại. The U.S. feared alienating the French, who occupied a crucial position on the continent, and feared that the withdrawal of the French would allow the Communist faction of Ho Chi Minh to assume power. Despite initial reluctance to become involved in Indochina, by 1952, the United States was heavily subsidizing the French suppression of Ho's Việt Minh in the First Indochina War. The U.S. also established alliances in the region through the creation of the Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines and the ANZUS pact with Australia and New Zealand. Korean War Outbreak of the war Following World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied Korea, which had been a colony of the Japanese Empire. The 38th parallel was chosen as a line of partition between the occupying powers since it was approximately halfway between Korea's northernmost and southernmost regions, and was always intended to mark a temporary separation before the eventual reunification of Korea. Nonetheless, the Soviet Union established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1948, while the United States established the Republic of Korea (South Korea) that same year. Hoping to avoid a long-term military commitment in the region, Truman withdrew U.S. soldiers from the Korean Peninsula in 1949. The Soviet Union also withdrew their soldiers from Korea in 1949, but continued to supply North Korea with military aid. On June 25, 1950, Kim Il-sung's Korean People's Army invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. In the early weeks of the war, the North Koreans easily pushed back their southern counterparts. The Soviet Union was not directly involved, though Kim did win Stalin's approval before launching the invasion. Truman, meanwhile, did not view Korea itself as a vital region in the Cold War, but he believed that allowing a Western-aligned country to fall would embolden Communists around the world and damage his own standing at home. The top officials of the Truman administration were heavily influenced by a desire to not repeat the "appeasement" of the 1930s; Truman stated to an aide, "there's no telling what they'll do, if we don't put up a fight right now." Truman turned to the United Nations to condemn the invasion. With the Soviet Union boycotting the United Nations Security Council due to the UN's refusal to recognize the People's Republic of China, Truman won approval of Resolution 84. The resolution denounced North Korea's actions and empowered other nations to defend South Korea. North Korean forces experienced early successes, capturing the city of Seoul on June 28. Fearing the fall of the entire peninsula, General Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. forces in Asia, won Truman's approval to land U.S. troops on the peninsula. Rather than asking Congress for a declaration of war, Truman argued that the UN Resolution provided the presidency the constitutional power to deploy soldiers as a "police action" under the aegis of the UN. The intervention in Korea was widely popular in the United States at the time, and Truman's July 1950 request for $10 billion was approved almost unanimously. By August 1950, U.S. troops pouring into South Korea, along with American air strikes, stabilized the front around the Pusan Perimeter. Responding to criticism over unreadiness, Truman fired Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson and replaced him with the George Marshall. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" policy—conquest of North Korea. UN forces launched a counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that trapped most of the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. Stalemate and dismissal of MacArthur As the UN forces approached the Yalu River, the CIA and General MacArthur both expected that the Chinese would remain out of the war. Defying those predictions, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River in November 1950 and forced the overstretched UN soldiers to retreat. Fearing that the escalation of the war could spark a global conflict with the Soviet Union, Truman refused MacArthur's request to bomb Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu River. UN forces were pushed below the 38th parallel before the end of 1950, but, under the command of General Matthew Ridgway, the UN launched a counterattack that pushed Chinese forces back up to the 38th parallel. MacArthur made several public demands for an escalation of the war, leading to a break with Truman in late 1950 and early 1951. On April 5, House Minority Leader Joseph Martin made public a letter from MacArthur that strongly criticized Truman's handling of the Korean War and called for an expansion of the conflict against China. Truman believed that MacArthur's recommendations were wrong, but more importantly, he believed that MacArthur had overstepped his bounds in trying to make foreign and military policy, potentially endangering the civilian control of the military. After consulting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and members of Congress, Truman decided to relieve MacArthur of his command. The dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur ignited a firestorm of outrage against Truman and support for MacArthur. Fierce criticism from virtually all quarters accused Truman of refusing to shoulder the blame for a war gone sour and blaming his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, supported and applauded Truman's decision. MacArthur meanwhile returned to the U.S. to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress. In part due to the dismissal of MacArthur, Truman's approval mark in February 1952 stood at 22% according to Gallup polls, which was, until George W. Bush in 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. Though the public generally favored MacArthur over Truman immediately after MacArthur's dismissal, congressional hearings and newspaper editorials helped turn public opinion against MacArthur's advocacy for escalation. The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years. UN and Chinese forces fought inconclusive conflicts like the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge and the Battle of Pork Chop Hill, but neither side was able to advance far past the 38th parallel. Throughout late 1951, Truman sought a cease fire, but disputes over prisoner exchanges led to the collapse of negotiations. Of the 116,000 Chinese and Korean prisoners-of-war held by the United States, only 83,000 were willing to return to their home countries, and Truman was unwilling to forcibly return the prisoners. The Korean War ended with an armistice in 1953 after Truman left office, dividing North Korea and South Korea along a border close to the 38th parallel. Over 30,000 Americans and approximately 3 million Koreans died in the conflict. The United States maintained a permanent military presence in South Korea after the war. International trips Truman made five international trips during his presidency: His only trans-Atlantic trip was to participate in the 1945 Potsdam Conference with British Prime Ministers Churchill and Attlee and Soviet Premier Stalin. He also visited neighboring Bermuda, Canada and Mexico, plus Brazil in South America. Truman only left the continental United States on two other occasions (to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, February 20 – March 5, 1948; and to Wake Island, October 11–18, 1950) during his nearly eight years in office. Legacy Scholars have on average ranked Truman in the top ten American presidents, most often at #7. In 1962, a poll of 75 historians conducted by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. ranked Truman among the "near great" presidents. Truman's ranking in polls of political scientists and historians, never fallen lower than ninth, and ranking as high as fifth in a C-SPAN poll in 2009. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Truman as the seventh best president. A 2017 C-Span poll of historians ranked Truman as the sixth best president. Truman was one of the most unpopular chief executives in U.S. history when he left office; in 1952, journalist Samuel Lubell stated that "after seven years of Truman's hectic, even furious, activity the nation seemed to be about on the same general spot as when he first came to office ... Nowhere in the whole Truman record can one point to a single, decisive break-through ... All his skills and energies—and he was among our hardest-working Presidents—were directed to standing still". Nonetheless, Truman's image in university textbooks was quite favorable in the 1950s. During the years of campus unrest in the 1960s and 1970s revisionist historians on the left attacked his foreign policy as too hostile to Communism, and his domestic policy as too favorable toward business. That revisionism was not accepted by more established scholars. The harsh perspective faded with the decline in Communism's appeal after 1980, leading to a more balanced view. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates to claim vindication for Truman's decisions in the postwar period. According to Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president." The 1992 publication of David McCullough's favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded Chief Executive. According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency, See also Presidency of Harry S. Truman Notes References Works cited Bowen, Wayne H. Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War (2017) excerpt. Further reading Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (1969), a major primary source. online Anderson Terry H. The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944–1947, (1981) Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (2015) online, a major scholarly study Beisner, Robert L. "Patterns of Peril: Dean Acheson Joins the Cold Warriors, 1945–46". Diplomatic History 1996 20(3): 321–355. online Benson, Michael T. Harry S. Truman and the founding of Israel (Greenwood, 1997). Bernstein, Barton J. "The quest for security: American foreign policy and international control of atomic energy, 1942-1946". Journal of American History 60.4 (1974): 1003-1044 online. Beschloss, Michael R. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945 (2003) excerpt Borstelmann, Thomas. "Jim crow's coming out: Race relations and American foreign policy in the Truman years". Presidential Studies Quarterly 29.3 (1999): 549–569. online Bostdorff, Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms (2008) excerpt Brinkley, Douglas, ed. Dean Acheson and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy. 1993. 271 pp. essays by scholars Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: A Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech". Presidential Studies Quarterly (1991): 489–502. Online Campbell, John C. The United States in World Affairs, 1945-1947 (Harper and Council on Foreign Relations. 1947), 585 pp; comprehensive coverage of all major issues. Campbell, John C. The United States in World Affairs, 1947-1949 (Harper and Council on Foreign Relations. 1949), 600 pp; comprehensive coverage of all major issues. online Campbell, John C. The United States in World Affairs, 1948-1949 (Harper and Council on Foreign Relations. 1949), 604 pp; comprehensive coverage of all major issues. Chace, James. Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World. (1998). 512 pp. online free to borrow Davis, Lynn Etheridge. The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict Over East Europe (Princeton University Press, 2015. Divine, Robert A. "The Cold War and the Election of 1948", The Journal of American History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jun. 1972), pp. 90–110 in JSTOR Dobbs, Michael. Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—from World War to Cold War (2012) popular narrative Edwards, Jason A. "Sanctioning foreign policy: The rhetorical use of President Harry Truman". Presidential Studies Quarterly 39.3 (2009): 454–472. online Edwards, Lee. "Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine", World Affairs, Vol. 151, 1989 online edition Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued; the Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific (1961) online Feis, Herbert. Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (1960), Pulitzer Prize Online Feis, Herbert. From Trust to Terror; the Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1950 (1970) online free to borrow Feis, Herbert. The China Tangle; the American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (1965) online Feis, Herbert. The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed (1969) online Feis, Herbert. Contest over Japan (1967), on the diplomacy with Stalin regarding occupation 1945-1951 online Fisher, Louis. "The Korean War: on what legal basis did Truman act?" American Journal of International Law 89.1 (1995): 21–39. online Fletcher, Luke. "The Collapse of the Western World: Acheson, Nitze, and the NSC 68/Rearmament Decision". Diplomatic History 40#4 (2016): 750–777. Frazier, Robert. "Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine". Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17(2): 229–251. in Project Muse Freda, Isabelle. "Screening Power: Harry Truman and the Nuclear Leviathan" Comparative Cinema 7.12 (2019): 38–52. Hollywood's take. Gaddis, John Lewis. "Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?" Foreign Affairs 1974 52(2): 386–402. online Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (1982, 2nd ed 2005) online Gaddis, John Lewis. George F. Kennan: An American Life (2011). online Geselbracht, Raymond H. ed. Foreign Aid and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman (2015). Graebner, Norman A. ed. An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961) Gusterson, Hugh. "Presenting the Creation: Dean Acheson and the Rhetorical Legitimation of NATO". Alternatives 24.1 (1999): 39–57. Harper, John Lamberton. American Visions of Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and Dean G. Acheson. (Cambridge University Press, 1994). 378 pp. Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (2009) Heiss, Mary Ann, and Michael J. Hogan, eds. Origins of the National Security State and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman State University Press, 2015). 240 pp. Hensley, Carl Wayne. "Harry S. Truman: Fundamental Americanism in foreign policy speechmaking, 1945–1946". Southern Journal of Communication 40.2 (1975): 180–190. Herken, Gregg. The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945–1950 (1980) online. Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Theodore Otto Windt Jr. The Cold War as Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945–1950 (1991) Holloway, David. Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956 (Yale University Press, 1994) Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson". Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290–304. Hopkins, Michael F. Dean Acheson and the Obligations of Power (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017). xvi, 289 pp. Excerpt House, Jonathan. A Military History of the Cold War, 1944–1962 (2012) excerpt and text search Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (1997) 864pp; covers Dean Acheson, Charles E. Bohlen, W. Averell Harriman, George Kennan, Robert Lovett, and John J. McCloy; excerpt and text search Ivie, Robert L. "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech". Presidential Studies Quarterly 1999 29(3): 570–591. ISSN 0360-4918 Jones, Howard. "A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece (Oxford University Press. 1997). Judis, John B.: Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014). Karner, Stefan and Barbara Stelzl-Marx, eds. The Red Army in Austria: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1955 (2020) excerpt. Kepley, David R. The Collapse of the Middle Way: Senate Republicans and the Bipartisan Foreign Policy, 1948–1952 (1988). Lacey, Michael J. ed. The Truman Presidency (1989) ch 7–13. excerpt LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2006 (10th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2008) abstract Leffler, Melvyn P. For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (2007). Leffler, Melvyn P. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford University Press, 1992). Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria". Diplomatic History 1979 3(4): 349–375. McCauley, Martin. Origins of the Cold War 1941-49 (3rd ed. 2013). McGlothlen, Ronald L. Controlling the Waves: Dean Acheson and US Foreign Policy in Asia (1993) McLellan, David S. Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (1976) online free to borrow Maddox, Robert James. From War to Cold War: The Education of Harry S. Truman (Routledge, 2019). Matray, James. "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea", Journal of American History 66 (September 1979), 314–333. in JSTOR Matray, James I. Northeast Asia and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman: Japan, China, and the Two Koreas (2012) May, Ernest R. ed. The Truman Administration and China 1945–1949 (1975) summary plus primary sources. online May, Ernest R. "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in China". Journal of Military History 2002 66#4: pp 1001–10. Online Merrill, Dennis. "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity" Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36#1: 27–37. online edition Messer, Robert L. The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War, (UNC Press Books, 2017). Miscamble, Wilson D. "The Foreign Policy of the Truman Administration: A Post-Cold War Appraisal". Presidential Studies Quarterly 24.3 (1994): 479–494. online Miscamble, Wilson D. The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bombs, and the Defeat of Japan (Cambridge University Press, 2011) Nau, Henry R. Conservative Internationalism: Armed Diplomacy Under Jefferson, Polk, Truman, and Reagan (Princeton University Press, 2015). Nelson, Anna Kasten. "President Truman and the evolution of the National Security Council". Journal of American History 72.2 (1985): 360–378. online Offner, Arnold A. Another Such Victory': President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War". Diplomatic History 1999 23#2: 127–155. Offner, Arnold A. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War. (2002) 640pp, highly negative excerpts and text search also full text online free to borrow Pach Jr., Chester J. Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945–1950, (1991) Paterson, Thomas G. Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan (1988), by leading liberal historian Paterson, Thomas G. "Presidential foreign policy, public opinion, and Congress: the Truman years". Diplomatic History 3.1 (1979): 1–18. Pelz, Stephen. "When the Kitchen Gets Hot, Pass the Buck: Truman and Korea in 1950", Reviews in American History 6 (December 1978), 548–555. Pearlman, Michael D. Truman and MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown (Indiana University Press, 2008). Pierce, Anne R. Woodrow Wilson & Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy (Routledge, 2017). Pierpaoli Jr., Paul G. Truman and Korea: The Political Culture of the Early Cold War. (University of Missouri Press, 1999) online edition Pogue, Forrest. George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959 online online free to borrow Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll. Harry Truman's China Policy. (Franklin Watts, 1976). Rovere, Richard. General MacArthur and President Truman: The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy (Transaction, 1992). Satterthwaite, Joseph C. "The Truman doctrine: Turkey". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 401.1 (1972): 74–84. online Schwartzberg, Steven. Democracy and US Policy in Latin America during the Truman Years (University Press of Florida, 2003). Shaffer, Robert. "The Christian Century: Protestants Protesting Harry Truman's Cold War". Peace & Change 42.1 (2017): 93–127. Sjöstedt, Roxanna. "The discursive origins of a doctrine: Norms, identity, and securitization under Harry S. Truman and George W. Bush". Foreign Policy Analysis 3.3 (2007): 233–254. Snetsinger, John. Truman, the Jewish Vote, and the Creation of Israel (Hoover Institute Press, 1974). Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. "The enduring significance of the Truman doctrine". Orbis 61.4 (2017): 561–574. Stebbins, Richard P. The United States in World Affairs, 1949 (Harper and Council on Foreign Relations. 1950), 430pp; annual for 1949–1953. Detailed global coverage. Steil, Benn. The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War (2018) excerpt. Stoler, Mark A. George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (1989) online free to borrow Thornton, Richard C. Odd Man Out: Truman, Stalin, Mao, and the Origins of the Korean War (2001) online free to borrow Wainstock, Dennis D. Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War (1999) Weissman, Alexander D. "Pivotal politics—The Marshall Plan: A turning point in foreign aid and the struggle for democracy". History Teacher 47.1 (2013): 111–129. online, for middle and high school students Historiography Corke, Sarah-Jane. "History, historians and the naming of foreign policy: a postmodern reflection on American strategic thinking during the Truman administration". Intelligence and National Security 16.3 (2001): 146–165. Diebold, William, et al. "The Marshall Plan in retrospect: a review of recent scholarship". Journal of International Affairs (1988) 41#2: 421–435. in JSTOR Gaddis, John Lewis. "The emerging post-revisionist synthesis on the origins of the Cold War". Diplomatic History 7.3 (1983): 171–190. online Griffith, Robert. "Truman and the Historians: The Reconstruction of Postwar American History". Wisconsin Magazine of History (1975) 59#1 pp: 20–47, covers both foreign and domestic policy. online Margolies, Daniel S. ed. A Companion to Harry S. Truman (2012) excerpt most of the 27 chapters deal with foreign policy topics. Matray, James I., and Donald W. Boose Jr, eds. The Ashgate research companion to the Korean War (2014) excerpt. Melanson, Richard A. American foreign policy since the Vietnam War: the search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Routledge, 2015). Miscamble, Wilson D. "The Foreign Policy of the Truman Administration: A Post-Cold War Appraisal". Presidential Studies Quarterly 24.3 (1994): 479–494. Online O'Connell, Kaete. "Harry S. Truman and US Foreign Relations". in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (2019). online Romero, Federico. "Cold War historiography at the crossroads". Cold War History 14.4 (2014): 685–703. Smith, Geoffrey S. "'Harry, We Hardly Know You': Revisionism, Politics and Diplomacy, 1945–1954", American Political Science Review 70#2 (June 1976), 560–582. online Trachtenberg, Marc. "The United States and Eastern Europe in 1945" Journal of Cold War Studies (2008) 10#4 pp 94–132. excerpt Walker, J. Samuel. Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan (1997) Walker, J. Samuel. "Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground" Diplomatic History April 2005 – 29#2 pp 311–334 Westad, Odd Arne. Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (Routledge, 2013). Primary sources highly revealing memoir; won the Pulitzer prize; excerpt and text search Presidency of Harry S. Truman Truman, Harry S. United States foreign policy

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20past%20Lucchese%20crime%20family%20mobsters

List of past Lucchese crime family mobsters

Past member(s) Joseph Abate Joseph Abate (July 8, 1902 – 1994), also known as "Joe", was a capo in the family's New Jersey faction. In the 1920s, Abate served as an enforcer for Al Capone in Chicago before settling in New Jersey. In June 1976, Abate attended Anthony Accetturo's induction ceremony into the Lucchese family. In 1979, Abate went into semiretirement and Accetturo succeed him as boss of the New Jersey faction. He moved to Margate, New Jersey and served as a liaison between families in New Jersey until 1989 when he retired from Mafia affairs. In 1992, his daughter Catherine Abate was appointed New York City's new Correction Commissioner. She was confronted about her father's past and denied that he was ever involved in organized crime. In 1994, Joseph Abate died of natural causes. In 1998, his daughter Catherine admitted that she could no longer dismiss allegations that her father belonged to the Lucchese crime family. Settimo Accardi Settimo "Big Sam" Accardi (October 23, 1902 in Vita, Sicily – December 3, 1977) served as capo in the family's New Jersey faction up until his deportation and was one of the largest heroin traffickers during the 1950s. Accardi emigrated to the U.S. shortly before World War I and associated with mobsters Joseph Sica, Willie Moretti, Joe Adonis and Abner Zwillman. During World War II, Accardi sold counterfeit food ration cards. On January 22, 1945, he became a naturalized US citizen. His naturalization was revoked on July 10, 1953, because he had not disclosed two previous arrests during his naturalization hearing. In 1955, Accardi was arrested on a federal narcotics charge in Newark, New Jersey. After posting a $92,000 bond, Accardi skipped bail and fled to Turin, Italy, where he continued smuggling heroin into the US and Canada. Accardi later moved to Toronto, Canada, to oversee this operation. In 1960, U.S. authorities finally located Accardi in Turin, Italy and on November 28, 1963, after a long legal fight, Accardi was extradited back to New York. On July 21, 1964, Accardi was convicted on narcotics conspiracy and skipping bail. On August 24, he was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment and a $16,000 fine. He died on December 3, 1977. Joseph Brocchini Joseph E. "Joe Bikini" Brocchini (1933 – May 20, 1976) was a soldier under Joseph "Joe Brown" Lucchese in the Corona crew. Born and raised in Corona, Queens, he was arrested as a 17-year-old along with four other youths for carrying out a series of burglaries that robbed eight businesses in north Queens of $26,000 during a week-long spree in 1950. Police believed that the burglary ring was responsible for approximately twenty robberies in Queens and Nassau County before being apprehended. Brocchini, who was known as an enforcer, later became involved primarily in loansharking and gambling. By the early 1960s, he was managing a lucrative weekly dice game in Manhattan's Little Italy, and also had interests in auto theft and narcotics. Circa 1967, Brocchini ventured into the pornography business via a partnership with a Jewish associate. He became one of the most successful pornographers in New York City and allegedly owned or controlled at least four pornography distribution companies as well as five adult book shops/peep shows in Times Square. The State Investigation Commission charged in 1970 that his pornography businesses had grossed $1.5 million a year. During this period, Brocchini relocated to the affluent town of Harrison in Westchester County. On April 20, 1972, Brocchini was among twelve people linked to the Lucchese, Colombo and DeCavalcante families indicted on charges of wholesale promotion of obscene material. The arrests were made following a four-month undercover police investigation of New York's major pornography distributors. In 1976, Brocchini was involved in a dispute with Roy DeMeo, a Gambino family associate at the time, with Brocchini giving DeMeo a black eye. DeMeo and his caporegime Nino Gaggi decided to kill Brocchini in revenge and, knowing that they would never be given permission by the Lucchese family, decided to disguise Brocchini's murder as a robbery-gone-wrong. Weeks later, on May 20, 1976, Brocchini was shot five times in the head in the office of his used car dealership in Woodside, Queens, where he conducted his day-to-day operations, by Roy DeMeo and Henry Borelli. DeMeo and several of his associates had first handcuffed and blindfolded two other employees at the car lot and ransacked the office, giving the killing the appearance of an armed theft-gone-awry. Brocchini was laid to rest at Mount Saint Mary Cemetery in Flushing, Queens. His brother-in-law Alfred "Sonny" Scotti and others took over his operations. Brocchini's murder remained a mystery to law enforcement and to the Lucchese family for several years. At the time, police detectives believed that he was killed because of suspicions that he was skimming profits for himself without permission from his boss. Gambino associate Dominick Montiglio would later reveal the events surrounding Brocchini's murder after becoming a government witness in 1983. Robert Caravaggio Robert "Bucky the Boss" Caravaggio (1939 - July 28, 2017) was a soldier and leader of the New Jersey faction. From 1986 to 1988, Caravaggio was one of the twenty defendants in the 21-month-long trial of Lucchese crime family's New Jersey faction. In August 1997, Caravaggio, along with other members of the Lucchese family's New Jersey faction, was indicted and charged with racketeering, loan-sharking and gambling. In 2004, the New Jersey Commission of Investigation stated that Caravaggio was the head of the Lucchese crime family's North Jersey faction. Caravaggio was overseeing operations in Northern Jersey, especially in Morris County. Caravaggio died on July 28, 2017, from pancreatic cancer. Frankie Carbo Alfonso Cataldo Alfonso T. "Tic" Cataldo (April 18, 1942 – August 21, 2013) was a soldier in the New Jersey faction. Cataldo grew up in Newark, New Jersey with his cousins Michael and Martin Taccetta. From 1986 to 1988, Cataldo was one of the twenty defendants in the 21-month-long trial of the Lucchese crime family's New Jersey faction. During the trial Cataldo was listed as a member supervising numbers and loansharking operations in New Jersey. In 2002, Cataldo was indicted on illegal gambling charges and for the October 7, 1981 murder of William Kennedy. In 2004, the New Jersey Commission of Investigation stated that Cataldo was running illegal gambling operations in New Jersey. In December 2007, Cataldo was indicted, along with capos Joseph DiNapoli, Matthew Madonna and Ralph V. Perna and others, on gambling, money laundering and racketeering charges. On August 21, 2013, Cataldo died of natural causes. Alfonso is a blood relative to Genovese capo Augustino "Crazy Augie" Cataldo and Genovese soldier Pete "Scarface" Cataldo. Ettore Coco Ettore "Eddie" Coco (July 12, 1908 Palermo, Sicily – December 1991) was a former acting boss in the Lucchese family. In the 1940s, Coco worked with James Plumeri, Frank Palermo, Harry Segal and Felix Bocchicchio for soldier Frankie Carbo, in a group known as "The Combination", an arm of Murder, Inc. which acted as boxing promoters; the group was accused of fixing matches. During this period, Coco met Rocky Graziano, then an amateur boxer fighting in the Lower East Side. He helped Graziano start a professional boxing career and throughout the following years was viewed as a de facto boxing manager. In the late 1940s, Coco was suspected of placing wagers and taking bets on fights while Graziano was accused of taking bribes. These accusations continued until Graziano retired in 1952. In 1953, Coco was arrested in Florida for murdering a Miami car-wash operator in a dispute over a bill. On November 12, 1953, Coco was sentenced to life in prison. During the 1963 McClellan hearings, government witness Joseph Valachi identified Coco as a capo in Gaetano "Tommy" Lucchese's crime family. In 1965, Coco was released from prison after serving ten years on his life sentence. He stayed in Florida and was under government surveillance. In July 1967, family boss Thomas Lucchese died and Coco became a candidate to become the new boss. He served as acting boss in 1967. In late 1967, Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo went to Florida and met with Coco. Coco later stepped down as acting boss and Carmine Tramunti became the new boss. Coco continued to operate as a capo under Tramunti, with criminal activities in New York and Florida that kept him under strict government watch. In 1972, Coco, his brother-in-law James Michael Falco, and Louis "Louis Nash" Nakaladski were indicted in Miami on extortion and loansharking charges. During the trial, witness Joel Whitice testified that he borrowed money in the late 1960s from Falco. He made payments to Falco, Coco and Nash, and described Coco as the leader of a loan-sharking ring. Coco was convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in prison on loan-sharking and extortion. By the late 1980s, Coco was considered a semi-retired mobster living in Florida. In 1986, he served as consigliere for the Lucchese family while boss Anthony Corallo, Salvatore Santoro and Christopher Furnari were on trial in the Commission Case. Coco later resigned and continued to operate in New York and Florida. In 1986, Coco created a bingo operation to launder money from criminal rackets. The mobsters used Bingo World, a company operating bingo halls in several states, to launder the money. Coco and Chicago Outfit members Dominic Cortina and Donald Angelini became silent partners in the company. The new owner, Stephen Paskind, served as the front owner of the company; while claiming he controlled 84% he actually only had 42%. Izaak Silber soon joined in the bingo operation. In 1991, Coco and his bingo partners were arrested. In December 1991, Coco died while awaiting trial on money laundering. Anthony Corallo Ralph Cuomo Ralph "Raffie" Cuomo (1933 - April 2008), also known as "Raffaele", was a soldier who owned Ray's Pizza on Prince Street between Elizabeth and Mott Streets in Little Italy. In 1959, Cuomo opened the first "Ray's Pizza"; he later opened another in the Upper East Side. In 1969, he was convicted of drug trafficking after being found with 50 pounds of heroin. In 1995, Cuomo was arrested and charged with operating a drug network out of Ray's Pizza on Prince Street in New York. In 1998, Cuomo was sentenced to four years in prison for making heroin sales in the pizzeria. He was released from prison on May 24, 2002. Cuomo died in 2008 from complications of diabetes and a heart ailment. In October 2011, Cuomo's pizzeria "Ray's Pizza" on Prince Street closed over a rent dispute. Cuomo's pizzeria "Ray's Pizza" was later sold for almost $6 million. Domenico Cutaia Domenico "Danny" Cutaia (November 22, 1936 – August 14, 2018), born in East New York Brooklyn, was the capo of the Vario Crew operating from Brooklyn. His son Salvatore Cutaia is a member of the crew. His daughter Danielle married John Baudanza, who later became a member of the Lucchese family. Cutaia worked as a loan shark and as a chauffeur for capo Paul Vario. While working for capo Paul Vario, Cutaia also controlled some illegal gambling operations and had control of the carpenters union local in Brooklyn. He later took over as capo of Vario's crew in Brooklyn. During the early 1990s he was a member of a ruling panel along with Steven Crea and Joseph DeFede running the crime family. In 1995, Cutaia was indicted for extortion, loan sharking, and racketeering; in 1996, he pled guilty to extortionate extensions of credit and was sentenced to thirty months in prison. In 2002, Cutaia was indicted on loan sharking charges; he pled guilty and was sentenced to two years and three years of supervised probation upon his release. In August 2005, he was released from prison. His parole terms banned him from communicating with family members until August 2008. However, in January 2007 it was reported that Cutaia was the primary liaison between jailed boss Vittorio "Vic" Amuso and the three man panel of capos who were running the family. On February 28, 2008, Cutaia, his son Salvatore, his son-in-law John Baudanza, and former acting capo Michael Corcione were indicted on federal racketeering charges that included loansharking, extortionate collection of credit, extortion, marijuana distribution conspiracy, illegal gambling, bank fraud, and mail fraud for activities dating back to the 1980s. On October 25, 2009, Cutaia was sentenced to 39 months in federal prison for bank fraud. At the sentencing, Cutaia's attorney asked the court for home confinement, saying that Cutaia suffered from depression and advanced multiple sclerosis; the request was denied. In October 2012, Cutaia was sentenced to one year in prison for loan sharking. Cutaia was released from prison on October 4, 2013. He died on August 14, 2018. Paul Correale Paul "Paulie Ham" Correale (April 25, 1911 – died 1962) was a capo in the Lucchese family. Correale controlled gambling and narcotics in East Harlem. In December 1930, Correale and Carmine Tramunti had charges of robbery dropped and they were released from jail. Correale ran a Lucchese family gambling club between Second Avenue and East 112th Street in East Harlem. In 1952, Joseph Valachi and others murdered Eugenio Giannini near Correale's club. Anthony Delasco Anthony "Ham" Delasco (sometimes spelled Dolasco) was a former boxer and capo in New Jersey. In the 1950s, he took over The Jersey Crew after Settimo Accardi was deported. Delasco ran his crew from East Orange, New Jersey, where he controlled jukebox machines, cigarette vending machines, illegal gambling and loan-sharking operations in Newark, New Jersey. In the late 1950s, Delasco took Anthony Accetturo as his protege. When Delasco died in the late 1960s, Accetturo took over his rackets. Anthony DiLapi Anthony DiLapi (February 9, 1936 – February 4, 1990), also known as "Blue Eyes over the Bridges" or "Fat Anthony", was a soldier. His uncle, Salvatore Santoro, was a former underboss in the Lucchese family. DiLapi controlled the Lucchese family's Teamsters union local in New York City's Garment District and a bookmaking business, and owned part of a vending machine company in Brooklyn. He also worked with Thomas Gambino, the son of Carlo Gambino and son-in-law of Thomas Lucchese, in extorting businesses in the Garment District. After being released from prison, DiLapi was summoned to a meeting with Anthony Casso, and fled. Casso ordered Burton Kaplan to use two NYPD detectives on his payroll, Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa, to track down DiLapi. The two detectives found him in Reseda, California. Vic Amuso and Anthony Casso then ordered Joseph "Little Joe" D'Arco to kill DiLapi. On February 4, 1990, D'Arco shot DiLapi to death in his Hollywood, California apartment building's underground garage. DiLapi was shot five times in the face and four times in the body. On April 6, 2006, Eppolito and Caracappa were convicted of murder for their role in eight mob killings, including that of Anthony DiLapi. Jackie DiNorscio Johnny Dio Salvatore DiSimone Salvatore "Sally Bo" DiSimone (sometimes spelled DeSimone) (died October 2017), was a former capo. His son Anthony was a member of the Tanglewood Boys. In 1994, his son Anthony went into hiding after the murder of Louis Balancio. In 1999, his son Anthony turned himself in to the police and was sentenced in 2000 to 25 years to life. On December 22, 2003, a soldier in his crew Albert J. Circelli Jr. was shot and killed inside Rao's, an Italian restaurant located in Harlem by mafia associate Louis "Louie Lump Lump" Barone. In 2005, the FBI revealed that DiSimone and Lucchese soldier Daniel Latella had meetings in doctors' offices with Gambino family capo Greg DePalma. His son Anthony DiSimone served seven years in prison before the conviction was overturned; he later pled guilty to manslaughter in 2010, and served no additional time. DiSimone's other son Andrew DiSimone became a made member in the Lucchese family. Salvatore DiSimone died in October 2017. In 2018, a soldier in his crew Dominick Capelli was indicted for operating a large illegal gambling operation in Westchester. Christopher Furnari Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari, Sr. (April 30, 1924 – May 28, 2018) was a former consigliere until his 1986 racketeering conviction. He was sentenced to 100 years in prison before being released in 2014 after serving almost 28 years. In 1924, Christopher Furnari was born in New York to first-generation Sicilian-Italian emigrants from Furnari, a commune in the Province of Messina in Sicily. By age 15, Furnari was managing his own loanshark operations in Brooklyn and Northern New Jersey. By 1943, the 19-year-old Furnari had already served two prison terms for armed robbery. Furnari was also sentenced to 15 to 30 years after he and several other youths were arrested with three girls in a car and charged with rape. In 1956, Furnari was released from prison on parole. Furnari became an associate of Gaetano "Tommy Three-Finger Brown" Lucchese's crime family through Furnari's connection with mobster Anthony Corallo. During the late 1950s, Furnari became involved in illegal gambling and loansharking. Furnari soon became an influential member of the Brooklyn faction of the family and was earning $25,000 a day. In 1962, at age 38, Furnari became a made man in the Lucchese family. In 1964, Furnari became a caporegime. The Lucchese powerbase was traditionally in Manhattan and the Bronx, the family's birthplace; the family's first three bosses, Gaetano "Tom" Reina, Tommaso "Tommy" Gagliano, and Thomas Lucchese, were all from this area. In contrast, Furnari belonged to the less influential Brooklyn faction. Furnari operated his crew in Bensonhurst at the 19th Hole, a nondescript bar and mob social club. His crew was involved in illegal gambling, loansharking, extortion, burglary, narcotics dealing, occasional murder contracts, and union and construction rackets. At this time, Furnari's criminal record included convictions for assault and sex offenses. Furnari controlled New York District Council 9, which represented 6,000 workers who painted and decorated hotels, bridges, and subway stations in New York. Furnari managed the Council through the union secretary and treasurer, James Bishop, and Bishop's associate, Frank Arnold. Bishop and Arnold would pick up cash payments from the contractors, who charged a 10 to 15 percent tax on all major commercial painting jobs, and passed the payments to Furnari. The 19th Hole, Furnari's social club, was the hub of criminal activity in Bensonhurst. Mobsters from every New York crime family conducted business in the club and socialized over food and drink. In the mid-1960s, aspiring mobsters Vittorio "Vic" Amuso and Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso joined Furnari's crew. Furnari saw that both men could make money and were willing to use violence if needed. Furnari put Amuso and Casso in charge of a large bookmaking operation and debt collecting operation. In 1967, family boss Thomas Lucchese died of a brain tumor, leaving the family to be run by an interim boss, Carmine "Mr. Gribbs" Tramunti. Lucchese's real successor, Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, was convicted of bribery in 1967 and sentenced in 1968 to prison for two years. Tramunti served as acting boss, even after Corallo was released from prison in 1970. In 1973, with Tramunti's imprisonment, Corallo finally became the official Lucchese boss. In the early 1970s the Five Families of New York organized crime decided to "open the books', allowing a new generation of mob associates to become made men. Furnari immediately sponsored Amuso and Casso for family membership and then made them overseers of the "Bypass Gang", a highly successful burglary ring. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Bypass Gang reportedly stole hundreds of millions of dollars in cash, jewelry, and other merchandise. In January 1972, Furnari backed and sanctioned the squad of armed robbers who took the famed Pierre Hotel in Manhattan under siege and stole approximately $3 million in jewels and cash. The Pierre Hotel robbery stands as the largest unrecovered hotel robbery in history. The case was never solved: none of the perpetrators ever confessed to the heist and only a diamond necklace valued at $780,000 was recovered. The eight brazen armed robbers were Robert Comfort, Sammy Nalo, Donald 'Tony the Greek' Frankos, Al Green, Ali Ben, Robert "Bobby" Germaine, and Al Visconti. In 1980, Furnari was promoted to consigliere in the Lucchese family. He wanted Casso to take over as capo of the 19th Hole crew, but Casso declined and endorsed Amuso instead. Casso opted to become Furnari's aide; a consigliere is allowed to have one soldier work directly for him. Furnari now enjoyed enormous influence both within his own family, the other New York families, and crime families from other US cities. Furnari continued to oversee his criminal interests from the 19th Hole, but spent much of his time providing advice and mediation for family members as well as settling disputes with the other families. Furnari reigned as one of New York's top Mafia bosses throughout the early 1980s until his 1985 racketeering indictment. On February 25, 1985, Furnari was indicted in the Mafia Commission case, the most comprehensive Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) prosecution brought against the mob at the time. Furnari was indicted as a result of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) probe that used undercover surveillance and bugging techniques against the mob leaders. The bug that snared Furnari had been placed in Salvatore Avellino's Jaguar car. FBI surveillance recorded Corallo conducting business with Furnari and other family leaders. Pleading not guilty to the charges, Furnari was released on $1.75 million bail pending trial. In early 1986, while Furnari was awaiting the Commission trial, the Lucchese family uncovered a new, potentially lucrative racket. A Russian-American crime family based in Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, run by Ukrainian immigrant Marat Balagula, had started to bootleg gasoline. By collecting gasoline taxes from customers and then not paying them to the government, Balagula was making very large profits. When Colombo crime family capo Michael Franzese started pressing Balagula for extortion payments, Balagula went to Furnari for help. Casso later reported on a meeting at the 19th Hole, in which Furnari told Balagula, Here there's enough for everybody to be happy... to leave the table satisfied. What we must avoid is trouble between us and the other families. I propose to make a deal with the others so there's no bad blood.... Meanwhile, we will send word out that from now on you and your people are with the Lucchese family. No one will bother you. If anyone does bother you, come to us and Anthony will take care of it. As a result of the 19th Hole meeting, the Five Families imposed a two cent per gallon "Family tax" on Balagula's bootlegging operation, which became their greatest moneymaker after drug trafficking. According to one former associate, The LCN reminded Marat of the apparatchiks in the Soviet Union. He thought as long as he gave them something they would be valuable allies. Then all of a sudden he was at risk of being killed if he couldn't pay to the penny. According to author Philip Carlo, It didn't take long for word on the street to reach the Russian underworld: Marat Balagula was paying off the Italians; Balagula was a punk; Balagula had no balls. Balagula's days were numbered. This, of course, was the beginning of serious trouble. Balagula did in fact have balls, he was a ruthless killer when necessary, but he also was a smart diplomatic administrator and he knew that the combined, concerted force of the Italian crime families would quickly wipe the newly arrived Russian competition off the proverbial map. On June 12, 1986, one of Balagula's rivals, Russian-American gangster Vladimir Reznikov, entered Balagula's nightclub in Brighton Beach. Reznikov pushed a 9mm Beretta handgun against Balagula's skull and demanded $600,000 and a percentage of Balagula's rackets. After Balagula acceded to his demands, Reznikov told him, "Fuck with me and you're dead, you and your whole fucking family; I swear I'll fuck and kill your wife as you watch, you understand?" After Reznikov left the nightclub, Balagula suffered a massive heart attack. He insisted, however, on being treated at his home in Brighton Beach, where he felt safer. At home, Balagula asked Casso to come help him. Casso gave these instructions to Balagula, "Send word to Vladimir that you have his money, that he should come to the club tomorrow. We'll take care of the rest." Casso also requested a photograph of Reznikov and a description of his car. The next day, Reznikov arrived at Balagula's nightclub to pick up his money. Lucchese soldier Joseph Testa confronted Reznikov and fatally shot him. According to Casso, "After that, Marat didn't have any problems with other Russians." In September 1986, Furnari went on trial in the famous New York Mafia Commission case, along with Corallo and underboss Salvatore "Tom Mix" Santoro. The charges included extortion and labor racketeering within the construction industry and murder for hire of former Bonanno crime family boss Carmine "Lilo" Galante. Galante had been gunned down on July 12, 1979, allegedly on the orders of the Commission. Some have argued that Furnari wasn't on the Commission then and had no connection with the Galante hit. However, Furnari could not use this as a defense argument. By the fall of 1986, Corallo realized that he, Santoro and Furnari would not only be convicted, but were facing sentences that would all but assure they would die in prison. Furnari persuaded Corallo that either Amuso or Casso should become the new boss. At a meeting in Furnari's home, Furnari, Amuso and Casso all agreed that Amuso should succeed Corallo as boss. On November 19, 1986, Furnari was convicted on all counts, including the Galante murder. On January 13, 1987, Furnari was sentenced to 100 years in prison without parole and fined $240,000. With the imprisonment of Corallo and Furnari, Amuso became boss, and Casso became consigliere and later underboss. Peter "Fat Pete" Chiodo took over Furnari's Bensonhurst crew. In 1990, Amuso and Casso became fugitives to avoid prosecution in the famous "Windows Case." In 1992, Amuso was captured and sentenced to life in prison. In 1993, Casso was also captured; however, in 1994 he struck a deal with the government to testify against Furnari and other family leaders. In 1995, Furnari started challenging the "no parole" stipulation of his sentence in court. The government had previously revoked Casso's witness deal with prosecutors, and in 1996 Casso was sentenced to life in prison. Furnari's lawyers insisted that Casso's court testimony against Furnari was tainted. In July 2000, the Third Circuit Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the parole board officials had been denying Furnari's parole eligibility on the tainted assertions of mob turncoat Casso. However, in 2001, the Bureau of Prisons National Appeal Board ruled that Furnari was a multiple murderer and was not eligible for parole, based on what some people considered to be Casso's discredited testimony. On February 15, 2006, Furnari filed a habeas corpus petition in District Court claiming that the United States parole commission had improperly denied him parole. On June 20, 2007, the court denied his petition. Furnari was imprisoned in the Allenwood Medium Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) in Allenwood, Pennsylvania. His projected release date was November 24, 2044, effectively a life sentence. However, since he was convicted before Congress eliminated parole for federal prisoners, he and his co-defendants became eligible for parole in 1996. Furnari was the only defendant to be granted early release by the U.S. Parole Commission, most likely relating to the weak evidence behind his murder conviction. Furnari was released from a prison hospital in Minnesota on September 19, 2014, after serving 28 years. On May 28, 2018, Furnari died at his home in Staten Island, New York. Tommy Gagliano Stefano LaSalle Stefano "Steve" LaSalle (real name LaSala) was an early member of the Morello family; he later joined Reina's family. In 1915, East Harlem's Italian lottery "king" Giosue Gallucci was murdered, allowing LaSalle and Tommaso Lomonte to take over the lottery games. LaSalle served as underboss to Thomas Lucchese and later Carmine Tramunti, until he retired in the 1970s. Anthony Loria Sr. Anthony "Tony" Loria Sr., also known as "Tony Aboudamita", was a mobster who played a major role in the French Connection heroin scandal. Loria, along with his longtime partner Vincent Papa and his crew, are known as "The Men who Stole The French Connection". Loria was known to federal agents and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs as a major drug trafficker within the Lucchese Crime Family. He was convicted in 1961 of trafficking heroin but his conviction was overturned on appeal in 1968 because of violations of the Fourth Amendment. He was implicated along with Papa, Anthony Passero, Virgil Alessi and Frank D'Amato in the New York Police Department scandal, in which over $70 million worth of drugs seized during the French Connection operation was stolen from the police property room. The crew stole 398 pounds of heroin and 120 pounds of cocaine from 1969 to 1972. In October 1973, Loria was indicted, along with the boss of the Lucchese Family Carmine Tramunti and 42 other mobsters, on drug dealing charges. He died in 1989 from natural causes. Joseph Lucchese Joseph "Joe Brown" Lucchese was a capo and brother to Tommy Lucchese, the boss of the Lucchese crime family. He controlled gambling operations along with Aniello Migliore. In 1963, during the Valachi hearings, Lucchese was identified as a capo in the Lucchese family. He died during the early 1970s. Tommy Lucchese Anthony Luongo Anthony "Buddy" Luongo was a former capo. In 1986, Luongo tried to take over the Lucchese crime family after boss Anthony Corallo was imprisoned during the Commission case. In December 1986, Luongo met Vic Amuso, Anthony Casso, Bobby Amuso and Dom Carbucci in Brooklyn, where Bobby Amuso shot Luongo dead. Mariano Macaluso Mariano "Mac" Macaluso (born June 7, 1912) was a former member. He served as consigliere during the 1960s. In 1986, after the Mafia Commission Trial, Macaluso became the new underboss. In 1989, boss Vic Amuso forced him into retirement. In 1992, he died from natural causes. Frank Manzo Frank Manzo (February 2, 1925 – October 23, 2012), also known as "Francesco Manzo", "Frank Manse", and "Frankie the Wop", was a soldier in the Vario Crew who oversaw the family's interests at John F. Kennedy International Airport ("JFK") in Queens, New York. He served as a union delegate in the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, controlled Local 295 and owned two trucking companies: LVF Air Cargo, Inc., and LVF Airport Service Inc. at JFK Airport. Manzo also owned Villa Capra, a restaurant in Cedarhurst, New York, where he conducted illegal activities. In 1972, Manzo was kidnapped by James McBratney, Eddie Maloney, Tommy Genovese, and Richie Chaisson; they held him for $150,000 in ransom, then released him when it was paid. In 1983, Manzo was overheard in an FBI wiretap, saying, "We rule this airport". In 1985, Manzo, Local 295 President Frank Calise, Local 851 Vice-president Harry Davidoff, and others were indicted on charges of extorting shipping and trucking companies at JFK Airport. In 1986, Manzo pled guilty to racketeering and was sentenced to twelve years in prison and fined $325,000. On April 8, 1987, Manzo was banned from New Jersey casinos due to his history of involvement with organized crime. Manzo was released from prison in 1994. In 1995, Manzo was charged with racketeering for extorting $2 million in payoffs from cement company owner John Quadrozzi over a 13-year period, between 1978 and 1991. However, the charges were dropped when the judge ruled that the crimes were covered under his 1986 plea agreement. On October 23, 2012, Manzo died in his sleep. Aniello Migliore Aniello "Neil" Migliore (October 1933 – September 11, 2019), born in Queens, New York, was a made man. He served as a capo, as the acting consigliere, and as the underboss on a ruling panel in the family. Migliore was a close associate of family bosses Tommy Lucchese and Anthony Corallo. He was recruited into the Lucchese family by capo Joseph Laratro, who controlled illegal gambling operations in Corona, Queens. By the late 1950s Migliore, a soldier, already was overseeing Laratro's illegal gambling operations from bookmaking, policy operations and large telephone setups. In 1957, it was reported that after paying tribute to his boss, Migliore was making $50,000 a day from running illegal gambling operations in New York City. On November 14, 1957, Migliore was suspected of driving boss Tommy Lucchese and underboss Steve LaSalle to the famous Apalachin Meeting, a national Cosa Nostra summit in Apalachin, New York that was broken up by law enforcement. The next day on November 15, 1957, Migliore was in a car accident while driving through Binghamton, New York leading to more suspicion that he was supposed to attend the Apalachin Meeting. On October 22, 1974, Migliore was indicted, along with members Frank Altimari, Nicholas Bonina, Anthony Romanello, Frank Ruggiero, Richard Rubino, Thomas DeMaio, brothers Michael Struzzieri and William Struzzieri, and NYPD Police Officer James Maxwell, on bribery charges in order to protect a gambling operation in Queens. Migliore as a capo represented the family's interest in Northberry Concrete, a Brooklyn-based contractor and member of the New York City's Concrete club. He also held a salesman position with "Port Dock and Stone", one of the main suppliers of trap rock to the two companies that controlled the production of concrete in New York City. On March 21, 1986, Migliore was indicted, along with Genovese family acting boss Anthony Salerno, Genovese family captains Vincent Cafaro, Vincent DiNapoli and Giuseppe Sabato, Genovese family members Louis DiNapoli, Carmine Della Cava and Thomas Cafaro, and Cleveland family members John Tronolone and Milton Rockman, Gambino family member Alphonse Mosca, and four businessmen, Edward J. Halloran, Nicholas Auletta, Alvin O. Chattin, and Richard Costa, on extortion and bid rigging charges. The charges alleged Migliore and other mobsters had rigged the bidding process for the supplying of concrete to high rise building projects in Manhattan such as the Trump Plaza and sites for Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. In November 1986, The New York Times reported Migliore, a captain and owner of a Queens marble business who also controlled gambling operations with Joe Lucchese (the brother of former boss Thomas Lucchese) replaced Anthony Corallo as the new boss of the Lucchese family, after Corallo was convicted during the Commission trial. Former Lucchese mobster Alphonse D'Arco revealed that Vic Amuso was chosen as the new family boss and Migliore served as consigliere before being replaced by Anthony Casso when Migliore went to prison. On May 4, 1988, Migliore was convicted was sentenced to 24 years in prison and fined $266,000. In 1991, Migliore's conviction was overturned and he was released from prison. Migliore held an on-the-book job as a sales representative with a traprock supplier in the concrete business. On April 3, 1992, Migliore was celebrating the birthday of a friend's granddaughter at Tesoro's Restaurant in Westbury, Long Island. During the party, a shooter in a passing car fired shotgun blasts through the restaurant window. Migliore was struck in the neck and upper body. Despite his wounds, Migliore survived. On May 14, 1997, Migliore was released from prison. In 2003, it was reported by author Jerry Capeci that the Lucchese crime family was being run by a three-man ruling committee consisting of Migliore, Matthew Madonna, and Joseph DiNapoli in the absence of an acting boss. Migliore, who served as underboss in the past to Anthony Corallo, was considered the biggest influence on the ruling committee. Migliore died on September 11, 2019. Richard Pagliarulo Richard "Richie the Toupe" Pagliarulo (November 30, 1948 – 1999) was a hit man and former capo, who took over as capo of Peter Chiodo's old Bensonhurst crew. In 1991, Pagliarulo served as a member of a panel that conducted a Lucchese crime family induction ceremony in Howard Beach, Queens. He sponsored both Gregory "Whitey" Cappello and Jody Calabrese for membership during the ceremony. Pagliarulo was imprisoned on the information and testimony of Frank Gioia Jr. who stated that Pagliarulo helped Louis Daidone plan the murder Bruno Facciola. He was later sentenced to life in prison for murder and racketeering. In 1999, Pagliarulo died in prison of a heart attack. Vincent Papa Vincent C. Papa (December 5, 1917 – July 26, 1977) was a former made member in the family who became notorious for masterminding the theft of the French Connection heroin from the New York Police Department (NYPD) property office. Papa grew up in Astoria, Queens and owned a tire company in the neighborhood. He had been arrested 28 times; two of the arrests were on drug charges. Papa ran his criminal operations from Ditmars Car Service, in Astoria, Queens, and from the Astoria Colts Social Club. He worked closely with mobsters Anthony Loria and Virgil Alessi. Between 1969 and 1972, New York Police Department detectives James Farley, Joseph Nunziata, Frank King and others were paid by Papa to steal approximately $70 million in confiscated narcotics (heroin) from the New York City Police Property Clerk's office in Lower Manhattan. Papa was arrested on February 3, 1972, in a car parked on Bronxdale Avenue with Joseph DiNapoli in the back seat. There was a suitcase with $967,500 in hundred dollar bills. In 1975, Papa was convicted and sent to the Atlanta Federal Prison in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1977, Papa was stabbed to death in prison. He is buried in St. John's Cemetery in Queens. Papa's infamous theft became famous after the movie French Connection II. Michael Perna Michael J. Perna (1942 – October 28, 2020) was the acting capo of the New Jersey faction. Perna's father Joseph Perna was a mob bookmaker and shylock during the 1960s operating from Newark, New Jersey. His son Joseph R. Perna followed him into the life and became a member of the Lucchese family's New Jersey faction. His younger brother Ralph V. Perna is also a member in the New Jersey faction. During the 1980s, Perna was a member of Michael Taccetta's inner circle and controlled operations from the Hole in the Wall, a luncheonette in Newark's Down Neck section. In August 1988, Perna was acquitted in the 21-month trial along with the other twenty members of the New Jersey faction. On April 18, 1991, Perna was charged in two separate indictments. The first indictment charged Perna, along with Michael Taccetta, Martin Taccetta, Anthony Accetturo and Tommy Ricciardi, with racketeering. The second indictment charged Perna, along with Michael Taccetta, Anthony Accetturo and Tommy Ricciardi, with corruption. On August 13, 1993, Perna convicted in the first trial. During the second trial both Thomas Ricciardi and Anthony Accetturo agreed to become Government witnesses; they testified against Perna and Taccetta. On September 20, 1993, Perna and Michael Taccetta pled guilty to federal racketeering. In the plea deal both Perna and Michael Taccetta admitted they bribed or tried to bribe jurors in the 1988 trial against 20 members of the Lucchese family and the 1991 trial of John Riggi, the boss of the DeCavalcante crime family. Perna and Michael Taccetta were sentenced to twenty-five years each. He was released from prison on July 31, 2015. Michael J. Perna died on October 28, 2020. Joseph Pinzolo Bonaventura "Joseph" Pinzolo (1887 – September 5, 1930), also known as "Fat Joe", was the boss of the family during 1930. In July 1908, Pinzolo was arrested for trying to bomb 314 East 11th Street in an effort to force owner Francisco Spinelli to pay Black Hand extortion demands. After his arrest Pinzolo gave up his boss Giuseppe Costabile, a Camorrista who controlled the area south of Houston Street to Canal Street and from East Broadway to the East River. Pinzolo served 2 years and 8 months to 5 years after refusing to testify against Costabile. In February 1930, Gaetano Reina was murdered and boss Joseph Masseria backed Pinzolo to take control of the Reina family. Pinzolo may have been responsible for Reina's murder, although the most widely suspected culprit for that crime was Vito Genovese. As boss Pinzolo was unfamiliar with the members of the family and the East Harlem area. His promotion angered Tommaso Gagliano, Tommy Lucchese and Dominick Petrilli, who formed a splinter group within the family and planned his murder. On September 5, 1930, Pinzolo's body was found in the Brokaw building on 1487 Broadway in Suite 1007 occupied by California Dry Fruit Importers. The office was leased by Tommy Lucchese four months earlier. According to Joseph Valachi the killer was Girolamo Santuccio. Valachi also mentioned that after Pinzolo's assassination a meeting was held on Staten Island to uncover who was responsible for the murder. Vincenzo Rao Vincenzo John Rao (June 21, 1898 Palermo, Sicily – September 25, 1988), also known as Vincent or Vinny, was a former Consigliere in the family. His father was Antonio Rao and his mother Liboria Gagliano. He had a brother Calogero "Charles" and a sister Maria Speciale. On his mother's side, Rao was a distant relative to Tommaso Gagliano. He was a cousin to gangster Joseph Rao. He married Carmelina Alberti and the couple had two daughters, Nina Vento and Liboria Pancaldo. On December 5, 1921, Vincenzo Rao became a naturalized United States citizen in New York City. He began his criminal career working for the Gaglianos in East Harlem. Rao became a powerful mobster in the lathing end of the lath and plaster industry. He became partners in Five Boro Hoisting Company, United Lathing Company, Westchester Lathing Corporation and Ace Lathing Company operating from the Bronx and Westchester. In the 1950s, boss Gaetano Lucchese promoted Rao to Consigliere in the family. In 1957, Rao was arrested with 60 other mobsters at the abortive Apalachin meeting in rural Apalachin, New York. When asked by investigators why he was at the meeting, Rao said he went there for the luncheon buffet and did not speak to anyone else because he was not "introduced". During the 1963 Valachi hearings, Rao was listed as the Lucchese family's consigliere. In 1965, Rao was convicted on perjury charges and was sentenced to five years in prison. At the same time the longtime boss Thomas Lucchese had become ill and Rao was thought of as a suitable successor. His chance to become the new boss never came to fruition due to his trials. During the early 1970s, Rao retired. On September 25, 1988, Rao died of natural causes and is buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Gaetano Reina Stefano Rondelli Stefano "Steve" Rondelli was an early member of Tom Reina's family in the Bronx. In 1930, Reina was murdered, and boss of bosses Joe Masseria appointed his ally Joe Pinzolo as the new boss of the Reina family. Within the Reina family, Gaetano Gagliano formed a splinter group in opposition of Pinzolo's leadership. Gagliano's splinter group consisted of Tommy Lucchese, Steve Rondelli, John DiCaro and others. On September 5, 1930, Joe Pinzolo was murdered, this allowed Gaetano Gagliano to become boss of the family and promote his allies Tommy Lucchese to underboss and Rondelli to consigliere. Salvatore Santoro Salvatore T. "Tom Mix" Santoro, Sr. (November 18, 1915 – January 2000) served as underboss in the Lucchese crime family during the 1980s before being convicted in the Mafia Commission Trial and sentenced to 100 years in federal prison. He was born in Leonia, New Jersey to Antonio and Teresa Bargio. He married Mary Zangaglia but did not father any children. He is the uncle to Lucchese family soldier and union boss Anthony DiLapi. He acquired the nickname "Tom Mix" because in his younger years he closely resembled the Dutch-German-American western film actor by that name. Santoro started working for the Gagliano crime family, forerunner of the Lucchese family, in the early 1930s. He served as an associate of future boss Tommy "Three-Finger Brown" Lucchese's 107th Street gang in operating extortion, loansharking, narcotics and prostitution rings during the 1930s. He was made sometime in the 1940s operating drug trafficking and loansharking rings. On July 6, 1942, Santoro received six months to two years in prison after pleading guilty to conspiring to import narcotics from Mexico. In March 1951, Santoro was indicted on charges of conspiracy to import opium from Mexico and convert it into heroin. Santoro went into hiding and allegedly spent time in Europe before returning to Oyster Bay, New York. On September 24, 1951, he surrendered to federal authorities in New York City. On January 7, 1952, after pleading guilty to narcotics charges, a judge labeled Santoro as a "bad fellow" and sentenced him to four years in prison. In 1951 or 1953, longtime boss Tommy Gagliano died. Underboss Tommy Lucchese took over what was now called the Lucchese crime family. Lucchese then promoted Santoro to capo of the family's powerful Bronx faction. As capo Santoro operated out of East Harlem and the Bronx, controlling large heroin drug trafficking operations during the 1950s. In 1958 he was arrested and tried for narcotics charges. He was alleged to be a partner and associate of Ellsworth Johnson, although this never was confirmed. Santoro was convicted of all charges in 1959 and was given a twenty-year prison sentence. When Santoro was released from prison in 1978 he took over as underboss, continuing to oversee the powerful Bronx faction of the family. He left the drug trade alone and instead took over the labor and construction racketeering operations for the family in New York City. Santoro gained a reputation as a labor racketeer and worked with consigliere Christopher Furnari and other top capos in the family. He bought a home on City Island Avenue in City Island, Bronx. In the early 1980s, Anthony Corallo found a new way to discuss business without ever meeting his top underlings Santoro and Furnari. Corallo used his Jaguar with a phone inside and talked to mostly Santoro on the phone while he was driving around in New York with his chauffeur Aniello Migliore. This succeeded mostly because the noise of the old Jaguar was so loud that it was not possible to hear what Corallo and others were saying. However, after the Jaguar came with a new engine and new filter, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents planted a bug in it, and listened in to Corallo's conversations with Santoro, mostly about the profit from the labor and construction racketeering operations in the Bronx, where they extorted unions and had influence in the construction industry. As US law enforcement undertook a concerted effort to crush organized crime activities in New York City during the mid-1980s, they put eleven top members of the Five Families, including the entire leadership of the Lucchese crime family, Corallo, Santoro and consigliere Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari, on trial, called the Mafia Commission Trial or the Commission Case. The defendants were arrested on February 25, 1985, on various charges, including labor racketeering, extortion, loansharking, illegal gambling and murder. The trial began in September 1986. The charges also involved the execution of Bonanno crime family de facto boss Carmine Galante in 1979, allegedly on the orders of the Commission because they saw Galante as a potential rival who planned to take over all organized crime operations in the New York area. On November 19, 1986, Santoro and the other defendants were convicted on all counts. On January 13, 1987, Santoro was sentenced to 100 years in prison and fined $250,000. In January 2000, Santoro died at age 87 of natural causes at a medical center for federal prisoners. Corallo died months later in August 2000. Patrick Testa Patrick Louis "Patty" Testa (March 11, 1957 – December 2, 1992) was a soldier. Testa was the younger brother to Joseph Testa. In 1984, he was indicted on fraud and theft charges, along with members of the Gambino family's DeMeo crew. Testa was sentenced to two years in prison and after his release joined the Lucchese crime family. On December 2, 1992, Testa was murdered, shot in the back of the head nine times. It was later revealed that Anthony Casso had ordered Frank Lastorino to murder Testa. Anthony Tortorello Anthony "Torty" Tortorello was a former capo of the "Prince Street crew". In 1986, Tortorello was overheard by Genovese mobster asking why Vincent Gigante was upset by drug deals when Gigante himself profited from drug deals. When Gigante heard these statements he demanded Tortorello's death, but Anthony Casso was able to save his life by planning a phony beating of Tortorello to appease Gigante's demand. In October 1991, Tortorello, along with Frank Lastorino, Anthony Baratta, Salvatore Avellino, Richard Pagliarulo, George Conte, Thomas Anzellotto and Frank Papagni, inducted (made) Joseph Tortorello, Thomas D'Ambrosia, Frank Gioia Jr., Gregory Cappello and Jody Calabrese into the crime family during a ceremony that was held in a Howard Beach, Queens home. Tortorello sponsored his son Joseph "Torty Jr." during the ceremony. His son Joseph "Torty Jr." later went on to control a drug operation in lower Manhattan. In 1996, Tortorello was arrested and charged with the murder and robbery of a Manhattan designer; he later took a plea deal and was sentenced to ten years in prison. In late 2000, Tortorello died in a Kentucky prison. Carmine Tramunti Dominic Truscello Dominic "Crazy Dom" Truscello (April 29, 1934 – July 2018) was the capo of the "Prince Street Crew". In the 1990s, Truscello, along with Steven Crea and Joseph Tangorra, formed the "Lucchese Construction Group", supervising all the Lucchese family's construction-related rackets. On September 6, 2000, Truscello was indicted, along with acting boss Steven Crea, capo Joseph Tangorra, soldiers Joseph Datello, Philip DeSimone, Arthur Zambardi, Anthony Pezzullo, and Joseph Truncale, on labor racketeering, extortion, and bid-rigging charges. In September 2002, Truscello and Steven Crea were indicted on information supplied by Joseph Defede, who became a government witness in February. The indictment charged Truscello with extorting "Commercial Brick", a construction company. In October 2003, Truscello pled guilty to federal extortion charges. On January 9, 2006, Truscello was released from prison. On May 31, 2017, Truscello, along with Street Boss Matthew Madonna, Underboss Steven Crea Sr., Consigliere Joseph DiNapoli and other members of the family, were indicted and charged with racketeering, murder, narcotics (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, prescribed medication), and firearms offenses. Truscello died during the trial in July 2018. Angelo Urgitano Angelo "Cheesecake" Urgitano was a former capo of the "Harlem crew". His father Tommy Urgitano, received the nickname "Cheesecake", while in Pleasant Avenue he called up to a girl in a window and asked for money to buy a cheesecake. Urgitano grew up in the Pleasant Avenue on 114th Street and would became a made member of the Lucchese family, keeping his father's nickname "Cheesecake". Urgitano was a member of the Harlem crew operating from Pleasant Avenue and eventually took over the crew as caporegime. In the late 1990s, Urgitano was identified as a caporegime by Michael Blutrich, the owner of Scores (a strip club franchise) after becoming government informant. His son Joseph "Joey cupcakes" Urgitano was arrested for murder of a Colombo family associate. Paul Vario Past associate(s) James Burke Stephen Caracappa and Louis Eppolito Michael DiCarlo Michael "Mikey Muscles" DiCarlo (died May 16, 1978) was an associate from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. A small-time associate of an unidentified Lucchese family caporegime in Brooklyn, DiCarlo was also named as a gay pimp in "The Rothstein Files", documents on the sex industry in Manhattan compiled by former New York City Police Department (NYPD) vice squad detective Jim Rothstein in the 1970s. A champion bodybuilder, he owned a gym in Mill Basin where he trained local young men and boys. DiCarlo was ordered killed by his capo after molesting a boy whose family had connections to the Luccheses, and the murder contract was given to Gambino family soldier Roy DeMeo. On May 16, 1978, DiCarlo was shot, stabbed and beaten to death with a hammer, and also sodomized with a broomstick, before being dismembered by DeMeo, Henry Borelli, Edward Grillo, Joseph Guglielmo, Chris Rosenberg, Anthony Senter and Joseph Testa at an afterhours club in Flatlands which was briefly operated by the DeMeo crew. His remains were disposed of in the Fountain Avenue landfill. An associate of DiCarlo from Canarsie, Scott Cafaro, was also murdered by the DeMeo crew in February or March 1979 when the crew was hired by a rape victim's father to kill Cafaro, who had been acquitted of the rape in court. Thomas DeSimone Guido Penosi Guido "The Bull" Penosi (June 4, 1930 – Feb 22, 2010) was a former associate. He lived in Beverly Hills and was a narcotics dealer active in Los Angeles and the West Coast. In 1980, Penosi, along with his cousin Frank Piccolo (a member of the Gambino crime family), stopped Genovese family mobsters from extorting his friend Wayne Newton. (Wayne Newton v. NBC). In June 1981, Penosi and Piccolo were charged with conspiring to extort money and 'valuable rights' from Newton and entertainer Lola Falana. The first trial resulted in a hung jury and the second trial in 1982 found Penosi not guilty on all charges. Abraham Telvi Abraham "Abe" Telvi (September 12, 1934 – July 28, 1956) was an associate of Johnny Dio. In 1956, Telvi was ordered by Dio to throw acid on New York journalist Victor Riesel for making radio and television broadcasts about labor union corruption. In the morning of April 5, 1956, Telvi attacked Victor Riesel as he was leaving Lindy's, a Broadway restaurant, throwing sulfuric acid onto his face, leaving him permanently blind. In the attack, Telvi had burned himself badly on the right side of his face and neck with some of the acid that splashed on him. He was paid $1,175 in cash and began demanding more money from Dio. On July 28, 1956, Telvi was found dead on Mulberry Street with a bullet in his head. Vincent Zito Vincent Zito (1941 – October 26, 2018), who was arrested for loan sharking in the past, has been tied to the Lucchese family. His elder brother Anthony Zito was arrested in 1971 for extortion and has also been linked with the Lucchese family. Zito was found dead in his Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn home on October 26, 2018, after being shot twice in the head. On March 7, 2019, Anthony Pandrella a Gambino family associate was indicted for the murder. The indictment claimed Anthony Pandrella a longtime friend of Zito murdered him and stole his loan sharking business. Government informants and witnesses Anthony Accetturo Anthony Casso Peter Chiodo Peter "Fat Pete" Chiodo (1951–2016) was a capo in the Lucchese crime family who later became a government witness. In 1987, Chiodo became a made man in the Lucchese family in a ceremony held in an apartment over a funeral home in Queens. In 1989, Chiodo became a capo in charge of funneling payoffs from Local 580 of the Ironworkers' Union to the Lucchese leadership. He was known as "Fat Pete" because of his enormous girth– to , depending on the source. In 1989, the Lucchese family began worrying about indictments from the Windows case. The Luccheses and three other New York families had participated in a window replacement scheme that stole millions of dollars from the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA). Worried that construction union leader John Morrissey might testify for the prosecution, family leaders ordered Chiodo to lure Morrissey to New Jersey, where he was murdered. In 1991, Chiodo was charged with violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) in the Windows case. Chiodo realized that the government's case was so solid that he would likely die in prison if convicted. He decided to plead guilty in return for a lighter sentence. However, Chiodo did not ask Lucchese official boss Vittorio "Vic" Amuso and official underboss Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso for permission to take a plea. Amuso and Casso were both in hiding due to the Windows case. Suspecting Chiodo was about to turn informer, Amuso and Casso ordered him killed. Casso gave the contract to acting boss Alphonse 'Little Al' D'Arco. The order shocked D'Arco, who knew that Chiodo had been a close confidant of Casso for years. On May 8, 1991, two shooters ambushed Chiodo at a gas station in Staten Island, where he was working on a car. Chiodo received 12 bullet wounds in the arms, legs, and torso, but survived the attack. Doctors credited Chiodo's massive girth for saving his life; none of the slugs penetrated a vital organ or artery. However, he suffered several abdominal wounds and a disabled right arm. Chiodo had anticipated that he was in Amuso and Casso's bad books; he knew that Amuso and Casso had a habit of "marking guys rats and killing them". Just before the hit, he told D'Arco that he'd gotten word that "you and I are going to be killed and hurt". Following the unsuccessful assassination attempt, Lucchese mobsters delivered a blunt threat to Chiodo's lawyer that they would kill Chiodo's wife if he testified, a violation of a longstanding Mafia rule against harming women. While Chiodo had turned down several offers to flip, the threat against his wife was the last straw. He opted to break his blood oath and become a government witness, by his own account, to protect his family. The government quickly brought Chiodo's immediate family into the federal Witness Protection Program. With the failure of his gunmen to murder Chiodo, D'Arco soon became afraid of the wrath of his bosses. After a 1991 meeting during which he feared being murdered, D'Arco went into hiding and soon became a government witness himself. In September 1991, using a wheelchair due to his wounds, Chiodo testified in the Windows trial. Chiodo stated that he had undergone a "transformation" from a violent criminal to a man with a conscience. When asked what prompted this transformation, Chiodo replied "I was shot 12 times". Chiodo's remaining family in Brooklyn soon suffered retaliation from the Luccheses. On March 10, 1992, Lucchese associate Michael Spinelli shot Patricia Capozallo, Chiodo's sister, while she was driving in Bensonhurst. Capozallo suffered wounds to the arm, back and neck but survived. On February 2, 1993, the body of Frank Signorino, Chiodo's uncle, was found in the trunk of a car in East New York. The body displayed several gunshot wounds to the head. Chiodo provided valuable evidence that helped convict both Amuso and Casso as well as many other gangsters. While testifying in different cities, the government had to fly Chiodo in a special plane due to his morbid obesity. In July 1997, Chido testified against Genovese crime family boss Vincent Gigante in another Windows-related racketeering trial. On September 11, 2007, Chiodo was sentenced to 17 years in prison on racketeering charges. However, due to his testimony, Chiodo was to serve no time in prison and was placed in the Witness Protection Program. Peter Chiodo died in January 2016, aged 65, of natural causes. Alphonse D'Arco Joseph D'Arco Joseph "Little Joe" D'Arco is a former soldier who is currently in witness protection, as had his father, former acting boss Alphonse D'Arco, until his death. In early 1990, Vic Amuso and Anthony Casso ordered D'Arco to kill Anthony DiLapi, a soldier who was in hiding. On February 4, 1990, he shot DiLapi to death in his Hollywood, California apartment building's underground garage. In September 1991, D'Arco's father became a marked man (being targeted for death) and, fearing for his own life, surrendered to the F.B.I. and agreed to become a witness. Joseph DeFede Joseph "Little Joe" DeFede (1934 – July 15, 2012) was a former New York City mobster and acting boss of the Lucchese crime family who eventually turned informant. Born in 1934, DeFede grew up in the Queens borough of New York City. In his early days, he operated a hot dog vendor truck in Coney Island, Brooklyn, running numbers rackets on the side. A close friend and handball partner of Lucchese leader Vittorio "Vic" Amuso, DeFede was inducted into the family in 1986 after Amuso became boss. DeFede's rise and fall in the New York mob can all be attributed to Amuso. In 1994, Amuso was convicted of federal racketeering and murder charges and sent to prison for life. Amuso then named DeFede his acting boss to replace Alphonse D'Arco with a weaker and more controllable man at the top, after Amuso began to suspect D'Arco of being a government witness against him. On April 28, 1998, DeFede was indicted on nine counts of racketeering stemming from his supervision of the family rackets in New York's Garment District from 1991 to 1996. The prosecution claimed that the Lucchese family had been grossing $40,000 per month from Garment District businesses since the mid-1980s. In December 1998, DeFede pled guilty to the charges and received five years in prison. During the late '90s, Amuso's relationship with DeFede began to sour. Suspecting that DeFede was hiding money from the family, Amuso replaced him as acting boss with Steven Crea, head of the family's powerful Bronx faction. Once Crea took over, family profits rose enormously. That was enough to convince Amuso that DeFede had been skimming profits; Amuso reportedly decided to have him murdered. On February 5, 2002, DeFede was released from a Lexington, Kentucky prison medical center. Having heard of Amuso's plans to kill him, DeFede immediately became a government informant. DeFede provided details concerning the Garment District rackets and the protection rackets in Howard Beach, Queens. He also provided information leading to the convictions of Crea, Louis Daidone, Dominic Truscello, Joseph Tangorra, Anthony Baratta, and a number of family captains, soldiers and associates. While testifying against Gambino crime family boss Peter Gotti, DeFede testified that he only earned $1,014,000, or approximately $250,000 per year, during his tenure as acting boss. DeFede also estimated that a low ranking family soldier would make on average $50,000 per year. DeFede entered and left the Witness Protection Program, moving to live in Florida under an assumed name. He and his wife reportedly lived on $30,000 a year and a modest annuity provided by the U.S. Marshals Service, their assets having been depleted by legal bills and the cost of creating new identities. On July 15, 2012, DeFede died from a heart attack. Donald Frankos Donald "Tony the Greek" George Frankos, (born November 10, 1938 Hackensack, New Jersey – died March 30, 2011 Dannemora, New York), was a Greek-Italian contract killer and mob associate of the Lucchese family, who later became a government witness. His father George Argiri Frango left his home town of Kardamyla on Chios, Greece in 1905 as a crewman on a ship. George Frango married Irene, an immigrant from Syracuse, Italy and had three children: Georgia (1932), James (1935) and Donald (1938). In 1974, Frankos murdered Lucchese associate Richard Bilello. In 1992, Frankos falsely claimed to author William Hoffman he took part in the murder of Jimmy Hoffa, with a hit team consisting of him and Irish-American mobsters John Sullivan and James Coonan. According to Frankos's story, Hoffa was lured by his close friend Chuckie O'Brien to a house owned by Detroit mobster Anthony Giacolone. Once there, Hoffa was shot and killed by Coonan and Frankos using suppressed .22 pistols. Hoffa was then dismembered by Coonan, Sullivan, and Frankos. It has been asserted that he sealed the body in an oil drum and buried it underneath Giants Stadium, however no evidence has ever been found to substantiate this claim. Author Jerry Capeci found these claims false because Frankos was in prison during Hoffa's disappearance. Eugenio Giannini Eugenio Giannini a former soldier who became an informant to the Bureau of Narcotics. In 1942, Giannini was charged with heroin conspiracy and served fifteen months in prison. He moved to Europe in 1950, and began smuggling U.S. medical supplies into Italy. While in Italy he formed a connection to Charles Luciano and began informing on Luciano to the Bureau of Narcotics. Giannini was arrested on counterfeiting charges in Italy but the charges were dropped and he moved back to New York. The Mafia in New York discovered that Giannini was an informer and ordered his murder. Genovese family capo Anthony "Tony Bender" Strollo gave the contract to Joseph Valachi. On September 20, 1952, Giannini's body was found on 107th Street shot to death. Valachi later revealed he recruited brothers Joseph and Pasquale Pagano and Fiore Siano to carry out the hit. They murdered Giannini near a gambling club run by Lucchese family soldier Paul Correale between Second Avenue and East 112th Street. Frank Gioia Jr. Frank "Spaghetti Man" Gioia Jr. (born August 10, 1967) is a former soldier who is currently in witness protection along with his father, former soldier Frank Gioia Sr. In 1991, Gioia Jr. was inducted into the Lucchese crime family in a ceremony held in Howard Beach, Queens. He was sponsored by George Conte, who was filling in for his real sponsor George Zappola. In June 1992, Gioia Jr. was arrested in Brooklyn on a gun charge. In 1993, Gioia Jr., along with George Zappola and Frank Papagni, plotted to have Steven Crea killed. In 1993, Gioia was arrested for trafficking heroin from Manhattan to Boston. In 1994, Gioia found out that Frank Papagni planned to murder his father Frank Gioia Sr., prompting the son to become a government witness. After becoming a government witness, Gioia Jr. had testified against 60 defendants. Federal Prosecutor's credit Gioia Jr. with providing information and testimony against at lease 70 mobsters in the Lucchese and Genovese crime families. According to investigator Robert Anglen, a Phoenix, Arizona real estate developer, the individual known as Frank Capri is really former mob informant Frank Gioia Jr. Since 2015, Capri and his company have been accused in multiple lawsuits for failing to pay rent and contractors and misappropriating funds meant to pay for construction. On February 5, 2020, Frank Capri and his mother Debbie Corvo were indicted on charges of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering in connection with the operation of various branded restaurant locations in Arizona and across the United States. The indictment charged Capri with the financial failure of Toby Keith and Rascal Flatts branded restaurants. Henry Hill Burton Kaplan Burton Kaplan was an associate and government informant. During the 1980s Kaplan was the go-between for Lucchese crime family underboss Anthony Casso and NYPD Detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa. In 2006, Kaplan was released from federal custody and his remaining 18-year sentence for marijuana trafficking was dropped in return for cooperating in the case against Eppolito and Caracappa. In July 2009, Kaplan died from prostate cancer. John Pennisi John Pennisi is a former soldier who is currently in witness protection. In 2013, Pennisi was made into the Lucchese family in a secret initiation ceremony in a basement of a Staten Island home by acting boss Matthew Madonna and capo John Castellucci. Pennisi was a member of the Lucchese family's Brooklyn faction that now operates from Tottenville, Staten Island. In October 2018, Pennisi started cooperating with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In May 2019, government witness Pennisi testified in the trial against Eugene Castelle and revealed the current leadership of the crime family. Pennisi testified that in 2017, the Brooklyn faction of the family wrote a letter to imprisoned boss Vic Amuso complaining about how the power had shifted to the Bronx. According to Pennisi's testimony, imprisoned for life boss Vic Amuso sent a letter to Underboss Steven Crea which stated that Brooklyn based mobster Michael "Big Mike" DeSantis would take over as acting boss replacing Bronx based Matthew Madonna. The testimony from Pennisi stated that if the Bronx faction refused to step aside, imprisoned boss Amuso had approved of a hit list that included a captain and several members of the Bronx faction. During Pennisi's testimony, he revealed that the Lucchese family operates with a total of seven crews - two in The Bronx, two on Long Island, one in Manhattan, one in New Jersey, and Castellucci's-Brooklyn crew (formerly Amuso-Casso's old crew) which is now based in the Tottenville section of Staten Island. Dominick Petrilli Dominick "The Gap" Petrilli was a former member. He got the nickname "The Gap" after losing two front teeth in a childhood fight. Petrilli met Joseph Valachi in Sing Sing prison in Ossining, New York. In 1928, after Valachi was released from prison Petrilli introduced him to Girolama "Bobby Doyle" Santucci and Tom Gagliano. In 1942, Petrilli was convicted on narcotic charges and was deported to Italy. In November 1953, he reentered the U.S. and it was rumored he was working with the government. On December 9, 1953, he was murdered in a bar on East 183rd Street in the Bronx by three gunmen. Thomas Ricciardi Thomas "Tommy Boy" Ricciardi is a former soldier who is currently in witness protection. Both Thomas and his brother Daniel were associated with the Lucchese family's New Jersey faction before becoming government informants. Ricciardi was a member of Michael Taccetta's inner circle and controlled the group's illegal gambling operations. In August 1988, Ricciardi, along with his brother Daniel and twenty other members of the New Jersey faction, were acquitted in a 21-month trial. On April 18, 1991, Ricciardi was indicted, along with Michael Taccetta, Anthony Accetturo, and Michael Perna, on corruption charges. On August 13, 1993, they were all convicted of racketeering and both Thomas Ricciardi and Anthony Accetturo agreed to become government witnesses and testified against Taccetta and Perna. On September 6, 2001, Ricciardi was released from prison after serving 10 years, and is now currently in the witness protection program. Vincent Salanardi Vincent "Vinny Baldy" Salanardi is a former soldier of the Vario crew who became a government informant. In 2002, Salanardi was indicted along with consigliere Joseph Caridi, acting capo John "Johnny Sideburns" Cerrella and others. Salanardi reported to acting capo John "Johnny Sideburns" Cerrella and assisted in extorting the Hudson & McCoy Fish House restaurant in Freeport, Long Island. He began cooperating with the government, and continued to collect money from a loanshark debt and was dropped from the witness protection program. In March 2006, Salanardi was sentenced to 11 years and three months in prison. Salanardi was released from prison on October 29, 2012. Frank Suppa Frank "Goo Goo" Suppa is a former soldier who is currently in witness protection. Suppa was a soldier in the Lucchese family's New Jersey faction operating in Florida as Anthony Accetturo's right-hand man. In 1983, Suppa attended a sitdown along with Anthony Accetturo, Michael Taccetta, Thomas Ricciardi and Philadelphia crime family mobsters Jackie "the Nose" DiNorscio and Joseph Alonzo over DiNorscio joining the Lucchese family. In 1993, Suppa was indicted along with others on charges that they conspired to distribute up to 1,650 pounds of cocaine in the United States. In December 1996, Suppa, along with his son Anthony Suppa, Joseph Marino, David Deatherage and Steven Cassone, testified against Fabio Dicristifaro and Irving Schwartz in the case of the murder of Joseph Martino. In 1997, Dicristifaro and Schwartz received life sentences, based on the testimony of Suppa and other witnesses. References Bibliography Abrams, Floyd. Speaking Freely: Trials of the First Amendment. Penguin, 2006. Capeci, Jerry. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia. Penguin, 2005. Capeci, Jerry. Jerry Capeci's Gang Land. Penguin, 2003. Capeci, Jerry and Robbins, Tom. Mob Boss: The Life of Little Al D'Arco, the Man Who Brought Down the Mafia. Macmillan, 2013. . Carlo, Philip. Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Bs. William Morrow, 2008. Critchley, David. The origin of organized crime in America: the New York City mafia, 1891–1931. Routledge Publishing, 2009. . DeStefano, Anthony. King of the Godfathers: "Big Joey" Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family. Pinnacle Books, 2007. DeVico, Peter J. The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra. Tate Publishing, 2007. . Fitch, Robert. Solidarity For Sale: How Corruption Destroyed the Labor Movement and Undermined America's Promise. New York: PublicAffairs, 2006. Gallo, Kenny and Randazzo, Matthew. Breakshot: A Life in the 21st Century American Mafia Simon and Schuster, 2009. Garcia, Joaquin and Michael Levin. Making Jack Falcone: An Undercover FBI Agent Takes Down a Mafia Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. . Goldstock, Ronald. New York (State). Organized Crime Task Force, New York State Organized Crime Task Force. Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report to Governor Mario M. Cuomo. NYU Press, 1991. Haugen, David M. Is the Mafia Still a Force in America?. Greenhaven Press, Mar 10, 2006 - Juvenile Nonfiction. Hoffman, William and Headley, Lake. Contract Killer: The Explosive Story of the Mafia's Most Notorious Hitman Donald "Tony the Greek" Frankos. Pinnacle Books, 1994. Jacobs, James. Friel, Coleen and Raddick, Robert. Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated From the Grip of Organized Crime. NYU Press, 2001. Jenkins, John A. The litigators: inside the powerful world of America's high-stakes trial lawyers Doubleday, 1989. Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations United States. Congress. House. Committee on appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of State. Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations For Fiscal Year. 1979. Kelly, Robert J. The Upperworld and the Underworld: Case Studies of Racketeering and Business. Springer Science & Business Media, Dec 6, 2012. Kerr, Gordon and Welch, Claire and Welch, Ian. Rats and Squealers: Dishing the dirt to save their skins. Hachette Group, 2008. Kroger, John. Convictions: A Prosecutor's Battles Against Mafia Killers, Drug Kingpins, and Enron Thieves. Macmillan, 2009. Lawson, Guy and Oldham, William. The Brotherhoods: The True Story of Two Cops Who Murdered for the Mafia. Simon and Schuster, 2006. Liddick, Don. The mob's daily number: organized crime and the numbers gambling industry. Publisher University Press of America, 1999. Maas, Peter. The Valachi Papers. HarperCollins, 2003. Milhorn, H. Thomas. Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers, 2005. Newton, Michael. The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957. McFarland, 2012. Pileggi, Nicholas. Wiseguy: Life In A Mafia Family. Simon & Schuster, 1990. Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. Reavill, Gil. Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob. Macmillan, 2013. Report of the New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Crime, Its Causes, Control & Effect on Society. Issue 26 of Legislative document - State of New York Legislative document. The Committee, 1971. Rudolph, Robert C. The Boys from New Jersey: How the Mob Beat the Feds. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc., 1992. Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. Infobase Publishing, 2005. United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress. Organized crime: 25 years after Valachi : hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, April 11, 15, 21, 22, 29, 1988 U.S. G.P.O., 1988. United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, foreword by Sam Giancana. Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime. HarperCollins, 2009. . Volkman, Ernest. Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Mafia Dynasty. Faber & Faber, 1998. Newspaper articles New York Times: Ex-Crime Boss Testifies In Gotti Trial by William Glaberson New York Times: Former Crime Boss Testifies by Benjamin Weiser New York Times: Guilty Plea In Mafia Case by Benjamin Weiser New York Times: Reputed Crime Boss Enters a Guilty Plea New York Times: After Mob, Joe DeFede, Ex-Crime Boss, Is Scraping By New York Daily News: Little Joe Sings About Shakedowns by Robert Gearty (October 30, 2002) Mob informants "Peter "Fat Pete" Chiodo" New York Daily News Associated Press Sketches of 9 Arrested, an Associated Press article Magnuson, Ed. Time.com January 24, 2001. External links Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator Website

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20interference%20in%20the%202020%20United%20States%20elections

Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections

Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections was a matter of concern at the highest level of national security within the United States government, in addition to the computer and social media industries. In February and August 2020, United States Intelligence Community (USIC) experts warned members of Congress that Russia was interfering in the 2020 presidential election in then-President Donald Trump's favor. USIC analysis released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in March 2021 found that proxies of Russian intelligence promoted and laundered misleading or unsubstantiated narratives about Joe Biden "to US media organizations, US officials, and prominent US individuals, including some close to former President Trump and his administration." The New York Times reported in May 2021 that federal investigators in Brooklyn began a criminal investigation late in the Trump administration into possible efforts by several current and former Ukrainian officials to spread unsubstantiated allegations about corruption by Joe Biden, including whether they had used Trump personal attorney Rudy Giuliani as a channel. Reports of attempted interference Overview In response to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, special counsel Robert Mueller conducted a two-year-long investigation. The resulting report concluded that Russia interfered in "sweeping and systematic fashion". In his July 2019 congressional testimony, Mueller stated that the Russians continue to interfere in U.S. elections "as we sit here", and that "many more countries" have developed disinformation campaigns targeting U.S. elections, based partly on the Russian model. Also in July 2019, the Senate Intelligence Committee released the first volume of a bipartisan report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, a report that included recommendations for securing the 2020 elections. The second volume of that report noted, based on social-media data from October 2018, that "Russian disinformation efforts may be focused on gathering information and data points in support of an active measures campaign targeted at the 2020 U.S. presidential election." In a highly classified report, the Central Intelligence Agency stated: "We assess that President Vladimir Putin and the senior most Russian officials are aware of and probably directing Russia's influence operations aimed at denigrating the former U.S. Vice President, supporting the U.S. president and fueling public discord ahead of the U.S. election in November." The existence of this report, published at the end of August 2020, was made public knowledge on September 22 in reports from The Washington Post and The New York Times. U.S. officials have accused Russia, China and Iran of trying to influence the 2020 elections. Between January and late July 2017, Twitter identified and shut down over 7,000 phony accounts created by Iranian influence operations. According to Christopher A. Wray, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Russia is attempting to interfere with the 2020 United States elections. Speaking to the Council on Foreign Relations in July 2019, Wray stated, "We are very much viewing 2018 as just kind of a dress rehearsal for the big show in 2020." Dan Coats, the former Director of National Intelligence, believes that Russia and China will both attempt to influence the elections. As of September 2020, intelligence officials point to Russia as the more "acute threat" to the election, saying that China has been expressing its preferences by public rhetoric rather than engaging in covert operations to denigrate a candidate or otherwise interfere in the election itself. Wray testified to the House Committee on Homeland Security on September 17, 2020 that Russian efforts to damage the Biden campaign were "very active". According to United States intelligence officials interviewed by The New York Times, Russian "operations would be intended to help President Trump, potentially by exacerbating disputes around the results, especially if the race is too close to call." The FBI and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency have stated that Russian cyberattacks have targeted "U.S. state, local, territorial, and tribal government networks, as well as aviation networks". Social-media disinformation and voting infrastructure Various disinformation campaigns on social media have targeted the Democratic Party candidates running in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. This has prompted considerable concern regarding the ability of social media companies to cope with disinformation and manipulation. By August 2019, Facebook and Twitter had banned advertisements that use misinformation to attempt the suppression of voter turnout. Microsoft developed an open source software called ElectionGuard to help safeguard the 2020 elections. In mid-July 2019, Microsoft announced that it had, over the prior year, "notified nearly 10,000 customers they've been targeted or compromised by nation-state attacks". Based on attacks that had targeted political organizations, and on experience from 2016 and 2018, Microsoft anticipated "attacks targeting U.S. election systems, political campaigns or NGOs that work closely with campaigns". Of the "nation-state attacks" that had originated from Russia, Microsoft claimed that they followed the "same pattern of engagement" as Russian operations in 2016 and 2018. On September 20, 2019, Microsoft announced that it would provide free security updates for Windows 7, which reached its end-of-life on January 14, 2020, on federally-certified voting machines through the 2020 United States elections. On October 4, 2019, Microsoft announced that "Phosphorus", a group of hackers linked to the Iranian government, had attempted to compromise e-mail accounts belonging to journalists, prominent Iranian expatriates, U.S. government officials and the campaign of a U.S. presidential candidate. While Microsoft did not disclose which campaign had been the target of the cyber attack, unnamed sources informed Reuters that it had been that of Donald Trump. On October 21, 2019, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced that his company has detected a "highly sophisticated" set of campaigns to interfere with the 2020 elections. These campaigns originated from Russia and from Iran. Fake accounts based in Russia posed as Americans of varied political backgrounds and worked to undermine the campaign of Joe Biden, aiming to sow discontent with Biden from both the left and the right. A September 2019 report from The Washington Post demonstrated that due to bad default passwords and weak encryption, hackers with physical access can easily get into voting machines designed for use in the 2020 United States elections, and remote hacking was possible if the machines were accidentally misconfigured. On February 21, 2020, The Washington Post reported that, according to unnamed US officials, Russia was interfering in the Democratic primary in an effort to support the nomination of Senator Bernie Sanders. Sanders issued a statement after the news report, saying in part, "I don't care, frankly, who Putin wants to be president. My message to Putin is clear: stay out of American elections, and as president I will make sure that you do." Sanders acknowledged that his campaign was briefed about Russia's alleged efforts about a month prior. Sanders suggested that Russians were impersonating people claiming to be his supporters online in order to create an atmosphere of toxicity and give "Bernie Bros" a bad reputation, a suggestion that Twitter rejected. According to election-security expert Laura Rosenberger, "Russian attempts to sow discord in the Democratic primary would be consistent with its strategy of undermining Americans' faith in democratic institutions and processes." In March 2020, the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Brennan Center for Justice published a report indicating that Russia-linked social media accounts have been spreading Instagram posts calculated to sow division among American voters. According to the report, Russian operatives were increasingly impersonating real political candidates and groups rather than creating fictional groups. According to Twitter's head of site integrity, Russian agents also attempted in 2018 to create the impression of more election interference than is actually happening to undermine confidence in the process. Shortly thereafter, the New York Times reported that according to American intelligence officials Russian operatives have been stoking via private Facebook groups anger among African Americans, emphasizing allegations of police brutality in the United States, highlighting racism in the United States against African Americans, and promoting and pressuring hate groups, including white and black extremist groups, in order to create strife within American society, though American intelligence officials provided few details about the alleged operations. A CNN investigation found that Russian efforts had partly been outsourced to troll farms in Ghana and Nigeria. In May 2020, Twitter suspended 44 accounts that exhibited behavior plausibly, but not definitively, indicative of Russian election interference tactics, including association with a Ghana troll farm. Although government officials and American corporate security officers braced for a repeat of 2016's election infrastructure hacking and similar twenty-first century attacks, and in fact conducted what were characterized as pre-emptive counter-strikes on botnet infrastructure which might be used in large-scale coordination of hacking, and some incidents earlier in the year appeared to foreshadow such possibilities, after his dismissal, in a December 2020 interview Chris Krebs, the Trump administration's director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), described monitoring Election Day from CISA's joint command center along with representatives from the military's United States Cyber Command, the National Security Agency (NSA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service (USSS), the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), representatives of vendors of voting machine equipment, and representatives of state and local governments, as well as his agency's analysis preceding and subsequent to that day, saying,Responding to spurious claims of foreign outsourcing of vote counting as a rationale behind litigation attempting to stop official vote counting in some areas, Krebs also affirmed that, "All votes in the United States of America are counted in the United States of America." However, acts of foreign interference did include Russian state-directed application of computational propaganda approaches, more conventional state-sponsored Internet propaganda, smaller-scale disinformation efforts, "information laundering" and "trading up the chain" propaganda tactics employing some government officials, Trump affiliates, and US media outlets, as described below. Briefings to Congress On February 13, 2020, American intelligence officials advised members of the House Intelligence Committee that Russia was interfering in the 2020 election in an effort to get Trump re-elected. The briefing was delivered by Shelby Pierson, the intelligence community's top election security official and an aide to acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. Trump allies on the committee challenged the findings, and Trump was angered to learn of the briefing as he believed Democrats might "weaponize" the information against him. He chastised Maguire for allowing the briefing to occur, and days later he appointed Richard Grenell to replace Maguire. William Evanina, director of the National Counterintelligence and Security Center told members of Congress during a classified briefing on July 31, 2020, that Russia was working to boost the campaign of Trump and undermine that of Biden. Details of Evanina's report were not made public. The Biden campaign confirmed to the Associated Press that they had "faced multiple related threats" but were "reluctant to reveal specifics for fear of giving adversaries useful intelligence". Evanina later stated in a press release, "We assess that Russia is using a range of measures to primarily denigrate former Vice President Biden and what it sees as an anti-Russia 'establishment.'" On August 7, 2020, CNN reported that intelligence officials had provided senators, representatives and both the Biden and Trump campaigns with information "indicating Russia is behind an ongoing disinformation push targeting" Biden. That same day, Democratic congressman Eric Swalwell, a member of the House Intelligence Committee, asserted that Republican senators investigating Biden and his son were "acting as Russian launderers of this information." Johnson, Derkach, and Giuliani In late 2019, the chairman of the Senate committee investigating the matter, Ron Johnson, was warned by American intelligence officials of a risk he could be playing into the hands of Russian intelligence to spread disinformation. During this period, Richard Burr (R-NC), chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, also warned Johnson that Johnson's investigation could aid Russian efforts to promote distrust in the United States' political system. Senators had also been briefed in late 2019 about Russian efforts to frame Ukraine for 2016 election interference. Johnson initially said he would release findings in spring 2020, as Democrats would be selecting their 2020 presidential nominee, but instead ramped up the investigation at Trump's urging in May 2020, after it became clear Biden would be the nominee. In March 2020, Johnson decided to postpone the issuing of a subpoena for former Ukrainian official and employee of a Democratic lobby firm Blue Star Strategies Andrii Telizhenko, a close ally of Rudy Giuliani who had made appearances on the pro-Trump cable channel One America News, after Senator Mitt Romney backed away on voting for Mr. Telizhenko, as the Senators from the Democratic Party pressured Senator Romney on Mr. Telizhenko's vote. Trump tweeted a press report about the investigations, later stating that he would make allegations of corruption by the Bidens a central theme of his re-election campaign. The State Department revoked Telizhenko's visa in October 2020, and CNN reported the American government was considering sanctioning him as a Russian agent. In May 2020, Ukrainian lawmaker Andrii Derkach, a Giuliani associate whom Evanina had named as a key participant in Russian interference, released snippets of alleged recordings of Joe Biden speaking with Petro Poroshenko, the Ukrainian president during the years Biden's son, Hunter, worked for Burisma Holdings. The Bidens had been accused without evidence of malfeasance relating to Burisma. The recordings, which were not verified as authentic and appeared heavily edited, depicted Biden linking loan guarantees for Ukraine to the ouster of the country's prosecutor general. The recordings did not provide evidence to support the ongoing conspiracy theory that Biden wanted the prosecutor fired to protect his son. Poroshenko denied In June 2020 that Joe Biden ever approached him about Burisma. In September 2020, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Derkach, stating he "has been an active Russian agent for over a decade, maintaining close connections with the Russian Intelligence Services." The Treasury Department added Derkach "waged a covert influence campaign centered on cultivating false and unsubstantiated narratives concerning U.S. officials in the upcoming 2020 Presidential Election," including by the release of "edited audio tapes and other unsupported information with the intent to discredit U.S. officials." Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, had spent significant time working in Ukraine during 2019 to gather information about the Bidens, making frequent American television appearances to discuss it. Attorney general Bill Barr confirmed in February 2020 that the Justice Department had created an "intake process" to analyze Giuliani's information. This information included a September 2019 statement by former Ukrainian prosecutor general Viktor Shokin falsely claiming he had been fired at Biden's insistence because Shokin was investigating Biden's son. The statement disclosed that it had been prepared at the request of attorneys for Ukrainian oligarch Dmitry Firtash, which since July 2019 included Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing — both close associates of Trump and Giuliani. Firtash, fighting extradition to the United States where he was under federal indictment, is believed by the Justice Department to be connected to high levels of Russian organized crime, which allegedly installed him as a broker for Ukrainian imports of Russian natural gas. He is also reportedly close to the Kremlin to support Russian interests in Ukraine. According to officials interviewed by The Daily Beast, then-National Security Advisor John Bolton told his staff not to meet with Giuliani, as did his successor Robert C. O'Brien, because Bolton had been informed that Giuliani was spreading conspiracy theories that aligned with Russian interests in disrupting the 2020 election. These officials were also concerned that Giuliani would be used as a conduit for disinformation, including "leaks" of emails that would mix genuine with forged material in order to implicate Hunter Biden in corrupt dealings. The New York Times reported in November 2019 that Giuliani had directed associate Lev Parnas to approach Firtash about hiring the couple, with the proposition that Firtash could help to provide compromising information on Biden, which Parnas's attorney described was "part of any potential resolution to [Firtash's] extradition matter." Giuliani denied any association with Firtash, though he told CNN he met with a Firtash attorney for two hours in New York City at the time he was seeking information about the Bidens. As vice president, Biden had urged the Ukrainian government to eliminate brokers such as Firtash to reduce the country's reliance on Russian gas. After his October 2019 indictment, Parnas asserted that he, Giuliani, diGenova and Toensing had a deal with Firtash in which the oligarch would provide information to discredit Biden in exchange for Giuliani persuading the Justice Department to drop its efforts to extradite Firtash. The Washington Post reported in October 2019 that after they began representing Firtash, Toensing and diGenova secured a rare face-to-face meeting with Barr to argue the Firtash charges should be dropped. Prior to that mid-August meeting, Barr had been briefed in detail on the initial Trump–Ukraine whistleblower complaint within the CIA that had been forwarded to the Justice Department, as well as on Giuliani's activities in Ukraine. Bloomberg News reported that its sources told them Giuliani's high-profile publicity of the Shokin statement had greatly reduced the chances of the Justice Department dropping the charges against Firtash, as it would appear to be a political quid pro quo. Barr declined to intervene in the Firtash case. Firtash denied involvement in collecting or financing damaging information on the Bidens. According to Jane Mayer in October 2019, John Solomon, a contributor to Fox News, was pivotal for the dissemination of disinformation about Biden. She stated "No journalist played a bigger part in fueling the Biden corruption narrative than John Solomon." Developments in summer and fall 2020 By the summer of 2020, Russian intelligence had advanced to "information laundering" in which divisive propaganda was reported on Russia-affiliated news websites with the expectation the stories would be picked-up and spread by more legitimate news outlets. In August 2020, The New York Times reported that a video published by RT's Ruptly video platform, of Black Lives Matter protesters apparently burning a bible in Portland, Oregon, edited in a misleading way, "went viral" after it being shared with an inaccurate caption on social media by a far-right personality and then conservative politicians. The Times said the clip "appear[ed] to be one of the first viral Russian disinformation hits of the 2020 presidential campaign”. An NBC report in the wake of this incident found that Ruptly edited user-generated protest videos to highlight violence over peaceful protest. In September 2020, Facebook and Twitter announced that they had been alerted to the existence of Peace Data, a website set up by Russia's Internet Research Agency to interfere with the 2020 election. The social-media companies deleted accounts that had been used in an operation to recruit American journalists to write articles critical of Joe Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris. On September 3, the intelligence branch of the Department of Homeland Security issued a warning to state and federal law enforcement that Russia was "amplifying" concerns about postal voting and other measures taken to protect voters during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to DHS analysts, "Russian malign influence actors" had been spreading misinformation since at least March. Trump had repeatedly asserted without evidence that voting by mail would result in widespread fraud. ABC News reported in September 2020 that the Homeland Security Department had withheld the July release of an intelligence bulletin to law enforcement that warned of Russian efforts to promote “allegations about the poor mental health” of Joe Biden. DHS chief of staff John Gountanis halted the release pending review by secretary Chad Wolf. The bulletin stated that analysts had “high confidence” of the Russian efforts, which were similar to efforts by Trump and his campaign to depict Biden as mentally unfit. A DHS spokesperson said the bulletin was “delayed” because it did not meet the department's standards. The bulletin had not been released as of the date of the ABC News report. Later in September, Brian Murphy — a former DHS undersecretary for intelligence and analysis — asserted in a whistleblower complaint that Wolf told him “the intelligence notification should be ‘held’ because it ‘made the President look bad.’” Murphy also claimed Wolf told him to "cease providing intelligence assessments on the threat of Russian interference in the US, and instead start reporting on interference activities by China and Iran.” Murphy said Wolf told him this directive came from White House national security advisor Robert O'Brien. On September 10, 2020, Reuters reported that hackers had tried and failed to breach the systems of SKDKnickerbocker, a political consulting firm that specializes in working for Democratic Party politicians and that had been working with the Biden campaign for two months. Microsoft, who detected the cyberattack, informed SKDKnickerbocker that Russian state-backed hackers were the likely perpetrators. Analysts and officials interviewed by The New York Times in September 2020 indicated that a primary tactic of Russian disinformation campaigns was to amplify misleading statements from Trump, chiefly about postal voting. Russia's Internet Research Agency also created a fictitious press organization, the "Newsroom for American and European Based Citizens", in order to feed propaganda to right-wing social media users. NAEBC accounts were blocked or suspended by Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, but their content "got more traction" on Gab and Parler, according to a Reuters report. H.R. McMaster, Trump's former national security advisor, said on October 1 that Trump was "aiding and abetting Putin’s efforts by not being direct about this. This sustained campaign of disruption, disinformation and denial is aided by any leader who doesn’t acknowledge it." On October 5, The Washington Post reported that the State Department had revoked the travel visa of Giuliani associate Andrii Telizhenko. On October 21, threatening emails were sent to Democrats in at least four states. The emails warned that "You will vote for Trump on Election Day or we will come after you." Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe announced that evening that the emails, using a spoofed return address, had been sent by Iran. He added that both Iran and Russia are known to have obtained American voter registration data, possibly from publicly available information, and that "This data can be used by foreign actors to attempt to communicate false information to registered voters that they hope will cause confusion, sow chaos and undermine your confidence in American democracy." A spokesman for Iran denied the allegation. In his announcement Ratcliffe said that Iran's intent had been "to intimidate voters, incite social unrest, and damage President Trump", raising questions as to how ordering Democrats to vote for Trump would be damaging to Trump. It was later reported that the reference to Trump had not been in Ratcliffe's prepared remarks as signed off by the other officials on the stage, but that he added it on his own. New York Post story In October 2020, the FBI reportedly launched an investigation into whether a story published in the tabloid journal New York Post on October 14 might be part of a Russian disinformation effort targeting Biden. The story, titled "Biden Secret Emails", displayed an email supposedly showing that Hunter Biden had arranged for his father, then-vice-president Joe Biden, to meet with a top advisor to Burisma. The Biden campaign said that no such meeting ever happened. The Post's source for the data was Giuliani, who says he got it from the hard drive of a laptop that was allegedly dropped off at a Delaware repair shop in April 2019 and never picked up. The shop owner told reporters that he thought the person who dropped it off was Hunter Biden but wasn't sure. He said he eventually gave the laptop to the FBI, keeping a copy of the hard drive for himself that he later gave to Giuliani. A year and a half earlier, in early 2019, White House officials had been warned that the Russians were planning to leak forged emails in the weeks before the election, and that Giuliani could be the conduit for such a leak. Most of the New York Post story was written by a staff reporter who did not allow his name to be used on it because he doubted the story's credibility. According to an investigation by The New York Times, editors at the New York Post "pressed staff members to add their bylines to the story", and at least one refused, in addition to the original author. Of the two writers eventually credited on the article, the second did not know her name was attached to it until after it was published. Giuliani was later quoted as saying he had given the hard drive to the New York Post because "either nobody else would take it, or if they took it, they would spend all the time they could to try to contradict it before they put it out." Several days after the story was published, more than 50 former senior intelligence officials signed a letter saying that while they have no evidence, the story "has all the classic earmarks of a Russian information operation." The New York Times reported that no solid evidence has emerged that the laptop contained Russian disinformation. Hall County, Georgia On October 7, 2020, the government of Hall County, Georgia had all its election-related information released by Russian hackers using DoppelPaymer ransomware. 2021 DNI report According to a declassified DNI report released on March 16, 2021, there was evidence of broad efforts by both Russia and Iran to shape the election's outcome. However, there was no evidence that any votes, ballots, or voter registrations were directly changed. While Iran sought to undermine confidence in the vote and harm Trump's reelection prospects, the report found that Russia's efforts had been aimed at "denigrating President Biden's candidacy and the Democratic Party, supporting former President Trump, undermining public confidence in the electoral process, and exacerbating sociopolitical divisions in the US", central to Moscow's interference effort having been reliance on Russian intelligence agencies′ proxies “to launder influence narratives” by using media organizations, U.S. officials and people close to Trump to push “misleading or unsubstantiated” allegations against Biden. As an example of such activity by Russia the report cited a documentary aired on One America News Network in January 2020, which was identified by news media as The Ukraine Hoax: Impeachment, Biden Cash, and Mass Murder. The report specifically identified individuals controlled by the Russian government as having been involved in Russia's interference efforts, such as Konstantin Kilimnik and Andrii Derkach. The report said that Putin was likely to have had "purview" over the activities of Andrii Derkach. According to the report, Putin had authorized the Russian influence operations. Following the publication of the DNI report, House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff issued a statement that said, "Through proxies, Russia ran a successful intelligence operation that penetrated the former president’s inner circle." Government reaction Dan Coats appointed Shelby Pierson as the U.S. election security czar in July 2019, creating a new position in a move seen as an acknowledgment that foreign influence operations against U.S. elections will be ongoing indefinitely. Election-security task forces established before the 2018 midterm elections at the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security, the National Security Agency and the United States Cyber Command have been expanded and "made permanent". The Department of Homeland Security indicated that the threat of ransomware attacks upon voter registration databases was a particular concern. Prior to resigning as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security, Kirstjen Nielsen attempted to organize a meeting of the U.S. Cabinet to discuss how to address potential foreign interference in the 2020 elections. Mick Mulvaney, the White House Chief of Staff, reportedly warned her to keep the subject away from Trump, who views the discussion as questioning the legitimacy of his victory in 2016. Mitch McConnell, the Senate Majority Leader, has blocked various bills intended to improve election security from being considered, including some measures that have had bipartisan support. Election-security legislation remains stalled in the Senate as of February 2020. However, various states have implemented changes, such as paper ballots. Florida has expanded its paper-ballot backup system since 2016, but experts warn that its voting systems are still vulnerable to manipulation, a particular concern being the electronic poll books that store lists of registered voters. All 67 election supervisors in Florida have been required to sign nondisclosure agreements, and consequently, information such as the identity of which four counties had been hacked by Russian intelligence in 2016 remains unknown to the public. Democratic members of Congress cited the lack of effort to secure U.S. elections against foreign interference, particularly from Russia, as among grounds to begin an impeachment inquiry. On September 30, 2019, the United States issued economic sanctions against seven Russians affiliated with the Internet Research Agency, an organization that manipulates social media for misinformation purposes. The sanctions were described as a warning against foreign interference in United States elections. On December 9, 2019, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray told ABC News: "as far as the [2020] election itself goes, we think Russia represents the most significant threat." According to William Evanina, director of the National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Russia is "using social media and many other tools to inflame social divisions, promote conspiracy theories and sow distrust in our democracy and elections." Bloomberg News reported in January 2020 that American intelligence and law enforcement were examining whether Russia was involved in promoting disinformation to undermine Joe Biden as part of a campaign to disrupt the 2020 election. The following month, the Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service warned that Russia would attempt to interfere in the Georgian parliamentary election in October 2020 as well as the US election in November. On July 13, 2020, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer wrote to FBI Director Wray, requesting a briefing on a "concerted foreign interference campaign" targeting the United States Congress. The request for an all-Congress briefing, also signed by Rep. Adam Schiff and Sen. Mark Warner, was made public one week later, save for a classified addendum that was not released to the media. Trump administration reaction The Trump administration reacted to the briefing by American intelligence officials to the House Intelligence Committee that Russia was interfering in the 2020 election in an effort to get Trump re-elected by rejecting the efforts were in favor of Trump and by firing Joseph Maguire, who was involved in those reports. By contrast, Trump and his national security adviser Robert O'Brien accepted reports the Russians were supporting the nomination of Bernie Sanders. Three weeks after Trump loyalist Richard Grenell was appointed acting Director of National Intelligence, intelligence officials briefed members of Congress behind closed doors that they had "not concluded that the Kremlin is directly aiding any candidate’s re-election or any other candidates’ election," which differed from testimony they had provided the previous month indicating that Russia was working to aid Trump's candidacy. Two intelligence officials pushed back on suggestions the new testimony was politically motivated. One intelligence official asserted the earlier testimony had overreached and that Democrats had mischaracterized it. Kash Patel, a former aide to congressman Devin Nunes who joined Grenell at the ODNI, imposed limits on what intelligence officials could tell Congress about foreign influence operations. The briefers reportedly did not intend to contradict their previous testimony, though they avoided repeating it. Trump and his surrogates asserted that China, rather than Russia, posed the greater risk to election security and was trying to help Biden win. In August 2020, Trump tweeted that "Chinese State Media and Leaders of CHINA want Biden to win ‘the U.S. Election."” Donald Trump Jr. asserted at the August Republican convention that "Beijing Biden is so weak on China that the intelligence community recently assessed that the Chinese Communist Party favors Biden.” Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe stated during an August Fox News appearance, "China is using a massive and sophisticated influence campaign that dwarfs anything that any other country is doing." Attorney general Bill Barr and national security advisor Robert O'Brien made similar assertions. Intelligence community officials have publicly and privately said that the underlying intelligence indicates that while China would prefer Trump not be reelected, the nation had not been actively interfering and that Russia remained the far greater threat, working to undermine Biden. Trump also asserted that China was trying to stoke race protests in an effort to help Biden, which was also not supported by the intelligence community's assessment. The United States intelligence community released analysis in March 2021 finding that China had considered interfering with the election but decided against it on concerns it would fail or backfire. Following Joe Biden's apparent win—which Trump was actively disputing through numerous lawsuits—Chris Krebs, the director of the Department of Homeland Security's Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, issued a statement on November 12: "There is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised." Trump tweeted on November 17 that he had fired Krebs as a result of this statement. Putin administration reaction Russian officials denied that it had interfered in the 2016 election or that it was interfering in the 2020 election. On September 25, 2020, Putin released a formal statement seeking mutual "guarantees of non-interference" in U.S. and Russian elections and asking the United States "to approve a comprehensive program of practical measures to reset our relations in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT)." Interference from the administration In a June 2019 interview with George Stephanopoulos, Donald Trump said that he would accept information from other nations about his opponents in the 2020 United States presidential election. According to reporting by The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post and The New York Times, Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani repeatedly pressed the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of Joe Biden, leading to the Trump–Ukraine scandal. Biden was viewed as a potentially strong Trump challenger in the 2020 presidential election, and the purpose of the requested investigation was alleged to be to damage Biden's election campaign for president. Reports suggested that Trump threatened to withhold military aid from Ukraine unless they investigated Biden. The controversy triggered the commencement of the formal process of impeachment inquiries against Trump on September 24, with House speaker Nancy Pelosi directing six House committee chairmen to proceed "under that umbrella of impeachment inquiry". On October 3, 2019, while discussing negotiations on a possible agreement in the ongoing China–United States trade war, he said that "if they [China] don't do what we want, we have tremendous power." He then said that "China should start an investigation" into presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden. Chair of the Federal Election Commission Ellen Weintraub then retweeted a June statement explaining that "it is illegal for any person to solicit, accept, or receive anything of value from a foreign national in connection with a U.S. election". , there is evidence President Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, U.S. Attorney General William Barr, as well as Trump's personal attorney Giuliani solicited help from Ukraine and China for assistance in discrediting Trump's political opponents. Trump also dispatched Barr to meet with Italian officials as part of Trump's efforts to discredit the Mueller investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election. Trump also pressed Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison of Australia to give Barr information that Trump hoped would discredit the Mueller inquiry, in a call that (like Trump's earlier call with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky), used diplomatic contacts to advance Trump's "personal political interests." According to a report in the Times of London, Trump also personally contacted British Prime Minister Boris Johnson to seek help to discredit the Mueller investigation. A Department of Homeland Security intelligence bulletin, warning about Russian interference in the 2020 election, was planned for release on July 9 but was blocked by acting Secretary of Homeland Security Chad Wolf's chief of staff. The bulletin, intended to be distributed among law-enforcement agencies, indicated that Russian disinformation operations would denigrate the mental health of Joe Biden. Aftermath Russian interference in the 2020 election was significantly less severe than it had been in 2016. Experts suggested a variety of possible explanations, not mutually exclusive. These include a hardening of American cyber defenses, reluctance on Russia's part to risk reprisals, and the fact that misinformation intended to delegitimize the election was already prevalent within the United States thanks to unfounded claims by Trump and others. On April 15, 2021 the Biden administration expelled 10 Russian diplomats and sanctioned six Russian companies that support Russia's cyber activities, in addition to 32 individuals and entities for its role in the interference and the 2020 United States federal government data breach. The New York Times reported in May 2021 that federal investigators in Brooklyn began a criminal investigation late in the Trump administration into possible efforts by several current and former Ukrainian officials to spread unsubstantiated allegations about corruption by Joe Biden. Investigators were examining whether the Ukrainians used Giuliani as a channel for the allegations, though he was not a specific subject of the investigation, in contrast to a long-running investigation of Giuliani by the US attorney's office in Manhattan. See also Cold Civil war Cold War II Cyberwarfare and Iran Cyberwarfare by Russia Cyberwarfare by China Democratic National Committee cyber attacks Foreign electoral intervention Presidency of Donald Trump Russian espionage in the United States Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections 1996 United States campaign finance controversy References External links 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 elections in the United States Russia–United States relations Foreign electoral intervention Internet manipulation and propaganda Trump administration controversies Information operations and warfare

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20London%20%281800s%29

Timeline of London (1800s)

The following is a timeline of the history of London in the 19th century, the capital of England and the United Kingdom. 1800 to 1849 1800 8 January: The first soup kitchens are opened in London. 13 January: Royal Institution granted a royal charter. From 25 April 1801 Humphry Davy begins his popular series of scientific lectures at its Albemarle Street headquarters. 22 March: Company of Surgeons granted a royal charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons in London. 15 May: George III survives two assassination attempts in London: In Hyde Park, a bullet intended for him hits a man standing alongside; and later at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, two bullets fired by an insane man hit the wooden panel behind him. Henry Maudslay, in London, develops the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe, allowing standardisation of screw thread sizes for the first time, and at about this date develops a bench micrometer. 1801 1 March: London Stock Exchange founded as a regulated institution; its new building is completed on 30 December. 10 March: The first British census is carried out. Population: 128,129; county 831,181; Greater London 1,114,644. 1802 19 April: Joseph Grimaldi first presents his white-faced clown character "Joey", at Sadler's Wells Theatre. May: Marie Tussaud first exhibits her wax sculptures in London. 28 June: Balloonist André-Jacques Garnerin ascends from Chelsea. 5 July: Garnerin and Edward Hawke Locker make a 17-mile (27.4-km) balloon flight from Lord's Cricket Ground in St John's Wood to Chingford in just over 15 minutes. 10 July: Grand Junction Canal opens its arm to Paddington Basin; passenger boat service to Uxbridge starts. 31 July: William Wordsworth, leaving London for Dover and Calais with his sister Dorothy, witnesses the early morning scene which he captures in his sonnet "Composed upon Westminster Bridge". 27 August: West India Docks, first commercial docks in London, open. 16 November: Arrest of ringleaders of the Despard Plot. On 21 February 1803 seven are hanged and decapitated publicly at Horsemonger Lane Gaol before a crowd of at least 20,000, one of the largest public gatherings ever up to this date. London Fever Hospital founded. 1803 After April: Richard Trevithick's London Steam Carriage is demonstrated on the roads. 26 July: The Surrey Iron Railway, a horse-worked wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon, opens, being the first public railway line in England. Summer: The Stafford Gallery at Cleveland House, the private art collection of the Marquess of Stafford's family, is first opened to the public (by invitation). Frederick Albert Winsor gives a demonstration of gas lighting at the old Lyceum Theatre. Trinity Buoy Wharf established. The Globe newspaper begins publication. 1804 3 January: Hammersmith Ghost murder case. 7 March: Horticultural Society of London founded. Rebuilding of Pitzhanger Manor in Ealing by John Soane for his own use completed. 1805 20 January: London Docks open. 25 March: Moorfields Eye Hospital is opened as the London Dispensary for Curing Diseases of the Eye and Ear by John Cunningham Saunders. June: British Institution (for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom) founded as a group of connoisseurs. On 18 January 1806 it opens the former Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in Pall Mall as the "British Gallery", alternating the world's first regular temporary exhibitions of Old Master paintings with sale exhibitions of the work of living artists. 4 June: First Trooping the Colour ceremony on Horse Guards Parade. September: Merchantman Boddington (1781 ship) stranded and wrecked in the Thames off Blackwall. 6 November: News of the victory at Trafalgar and Nelson's death reaches London in the early hours of this morning, the bearer, Lieut. Lapenotière, having made his last change of horses on his post from Falmouth the previous evening at Hounslow. 9 December: City Canal opens across the Isle of Dogs (later incorporated into West India Docks). Bow Street Horse Patrol re-established as a police force. Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, given its Royal prefix. 1806 9 January: Funeral procession of Lord Nelson from The Admiralty to St Paul's Cathedral. 18 January: London Institution founded to promote higher education. East India Docks completed. Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, opens its new building designed by James Wyatt. Royal Philanthropic Society incorporated. 1807 28 January: First demonstration of street gas lighting, in Pall Mall. 23 February: Around 40 people are killed in a crush attending a public hanging. 13 March: Dock at Rotherhithe built by Grand Surrey Canal company opens; the first section of canal follows. Addington Palace becomes a summer residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury, Croydon Palace being sold. 1808 8 July–18 September: Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive Catch Me Who Can is demonstrated in London. 20 September: The original Theatre Royal, Covent Garden is destroyed by fire along with most of the scenery, costumes and scripts. Rebuilding begins in December. 1809 24 February: The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane is destroyed by fire. On being encountered drinking in the street while watching the conflagration, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the proprietor, is reported as saying: "A man may surely be allowed to take a glass of wine by his own fireside." 18 September: A new Theatre Royal, Covent Garden opens to replace the first burnt down in 1808, with a performance of Macbeth. An increase in ticket prices causes the Old Price Riots which last for 64 days until the manager, John Philip Kemble, reverses the price rise. 19 September: Cabinet ministers Viscount Castlereagh (Secretary of State for War and the Colonies) and George Canning (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) fight a duel with pistols on Putney Heath over policy in the Walcheren Campaign. 22 October: Croydon Canal opens. 10 November: The Berners Street Hoax: Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street. William Bullock moves his museum of curiosities from Liverpool to become the London Museum in Piccadilly. 1810 April: Rioting after the imprisonment of Sir Francis Burdett, MP, charged with libel against Parliament after calling for reform of the House of Commons. 8 July: Vere Street Coterie: Police raid a "molly house" and arrest 27 men for sodomy or attempted sodomy; a man and a boy are eventually hanged on conviction. Stepney Academy established as a Baptist ministry training college. Rev. Dr. William Pearson establishes Temple Grove School at East Sheen, perhaps the earliest preparatory school in the country. Sake Dean Mahomet opens the Hindoostanee Coffee House, the first Indian restaurant in London. Thomas Cubitt sets up his building firm in Gray's Inn Road. Bryanston Square and Montagu Square laid out on the Portman Estate,. 1811 7–19 December: Ratcliff Highway murders. The principal suspect commits suicide and is buried at a crossroads with a stake through his heart. Building of Regent Street begins John Nash's development of the West End. Building of Tobacco Dock begins. Novello & Co music publisher in business. 1812 13 April: Attempted road tunnel at Archway collapses during construction. 11 May: The Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, is assassinated by John Bellingham in the House of Commons lobby. 10 October: Rebuilt Theatre Royal, Drury Lane opens. Gas street lighting begins. New North Road built as a turnpike. Egyptian Hall completed in Piccadilly for the display of William Bullock's collection of curiosities. French chef Jacques Mivart founds a hotel in Mayfair that will become Claridge's. 1813 24 January: The Philharmonic Society of London is formed, holding its first concert on 8 March. 21 August: Archway Road cutting opens. 25 December: William Debenham joins Thomas Clark in a partnership to manage a draper's store in London, origin of the modern-day Debenhams department stores. 27 December–3 January 1814: A thick fog blankets London causing the Prince Regent to turn back from a trip to Hatfield House and a mail coach to take 7 hours to reach Uxbridge on its way to Birmingham. 31 December: Westminster Bridge is illuminated by gas lighting provided by the Gas Light and Coke Company from the world's first public gasworks nearby. 1814 14 January: Last River Thames frost fair. 12 February: A fire destroys the Custom House. 21 February: Great Stock Exchange Fraud. 1 April: The Gas Light and Coke Company begins the world's first permanent public gas lighting of streets in the parish of St Margaret's, Westminster, extending to other parts of London by 25 December. April: Louis XVIII of France visits the city. 1 August: Grand Jubilee in the Royal Parks: re-enactment of a naval battle and pyrotechnics, killing 2. 28 August: Most remains of Winchester Palace in Southwark are destroyed in a fire. 17 October: London Beer Flood: A large vat of porter in Meux's Brewery bursts, demolishing buildings and killing nine. 1815 23 January: First Thames steamer known to enter regular service, Margery on the "Long Ferry" to Gravesend. 7 April: Lord Byron and Walter Scott meet for the first time, in the offices of publisher John Murray, 50 Albemarle Street. 21 June: News of the Battle of Waterloo (18 June) reaches London late this evening. On 23 June the streets are illuminated in celebration. 4 November: Foundation stone of new building for London Institution in Finsbury Circus laid, the first major building contract for Thomas Cubitt. London Victory Parade of 1815. London Docks completed at Wapping. Jones, Watts and Doulton begin life as a stoneware pottery in Lambeth. 1816 4 June: First Vauxhall Bridge opens, the first iron bridge over the Thames. 14 June: Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace founded. 22 June: First Thames-built steamboat demonstrated on the river, the Regent, designed by Marc Isambard Brunel and built by Henry Maudsley; she is put into service on the "Long Ferry" to Margate. This year also sees the first steam tug on the Thames, the Majestic. 26 June: Millbank Prison admits its first prisoners, all women. 12 August: Regent's Canal opens from Paddington to Camden. 15 November & 2 December: Spa Fields riots by supporters of the radical Thomas Spence. English Opera House opens. Boosey, music publisher, moves to Holles Street. Royal Small Arms Factory completed at Enfield. Name Griffin Brewery first applied to the 17th-century site in Chiswick. 1817 4 February: New St Marylebone Parish Church consecrated. 18 June: First Waterloo Bridge, designed by John Rennie, opens. 6 August: Gas lighting is introduced on stage in the West End theatre by The English Opera House (extended to the auditorium on 8 September). On 6 September it is introduced at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane (where it is already installed in the auditorium and foyer) and the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (as a demonstration). Dulwich Picture Gallery, designed by John Soane as the first purpose-built public art gallery, is completed and opens to the public. Apsley House is acquired by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, from his brother. Percival Norton Johnson sets up as a gold assayer, origin of the Johnson Matthey business. Wimbledon Windmill built. 1818 11 May: The Old Vic is founded as the Royal Coburg Theatre in South London by James King, Daniel Dunn and John T. Serres. Alterations to the King's Theatre by architect John Nash and George Repton are completed, including construction at the rear of the Royal Opera Arcade, London's first shopping arcade. 1819 20 March: Burlington Arcade opens. 24 March: First Southwark Bridge, designed by John Rennie as a toll bridge with iron arches, opens. April: John Keats begins his "Great Year" or "Living Year", during which he is at his most productive, having given up work at Guy's Hospital and taken up residence at a new house, Wentworth Place, on Hampstead Heath. On 3 April, Charles Wentworth Dilke lets his house, next door to Keats, to Mrs Brawne, whose daughter Fanny would become the love of Keats' life. Between 21 April and the end of May Keats writes La Belle Dame sans Merci and most of his major odes: Ode to Psyche, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Indolence and Ode on Melancholy; in the summer he writes Lamia; and on 19 October proposes marriage to Fanny. 21 April: New building for London Institution in Finsbury Circus opens. Travellers Club founded. Bookseller William Pickering in business as a publisher. 1820 23 February: A plot to murder the Cabinet, the Cato Street conspiracy, is exposed. 10 March: Astronomical Society of London established. 1 May: The Cato Street conspirators are the last to suffer decapitation following their hanging for treason outside Newgate Prison. 1 August: Regent's Canal opens from Camden to Limehouse Basin. c. September: John Constable begins painting on Hampstead Heath regularly. Approximate date: Clerkenwell Prison in operation. 1821 4 July: Redesigned Haymarket Theatre opens. 19 July: George IV is crowned in Westminster Abbey. His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick, is turned away from the coronation ceremony. This is the last coronation at which the full ceremony of the King's Champion is carried out. December: "Spa Fields Congregational families" begin an Owenite community in Islington inspired by George Mudie. De Beauvoir Town and Ladbroke Estate developments begin. 1822 20 October: First edition of The Sunday Times newspaper published under this title. Royal Academy of Music founded (opens March 1823; Royal charter granted June 1830), initially near Hanover Square with William Crotch as first principal. 1823 Dr. George Birkbeck establishes the London Mechanics' Institute, predecessor of Birkbeck, University of London, and Finsbury Midwifery Institution is established. Pimm's oyster bar in business. 1824 16 February: Athenaeum Club founded; established in temporary premises by May. 10 May: National Gallery opens to the public in John Julius Angerstein's former house in Pall Mall. 14 August: Newington Academy for Girls, a Quaker establishment, issues its first prospectus. 30 November: Banker Henry Fauntleroy is hanged for forgery before a crowd of 100,000. Thomas Cubitt is commissioned by Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster, to create a great swathe of building in Belgravia centred on Belgrave Square and Pimlico. The following year, Cubitt begins to lay out estates in Clapham. Grosvenor Canal opens in Pimlico. 1825 21 March: British première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (1824) is presented by the Philharmonic Society of London (who had commissioned it in 1817) at its Argyll Rooms conducted by Sir George Smart (and with the choral "Ode to Joy" sung in Italian). 15 June: Foundation stone for new London Bridge laid. 3–5 Porchester Terrace built in Westminster. Regent Street laid out. Reconstruction of Buckingham Palace by architect John Nash. The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London. The Terrific Register: Or, Record of Crimes, Judgments, Providences, and Calamities first published. Approximate date: London is estimated to overtake Peking as the world's largest city. 1826 11 February: University of London established. 26 March: Indian elephant Chunee, brought to London in 1809/10, is killed at Edward Cross's Royal Grand National Menagerie at Exeter Exchange in The Strand. The Exchange is demolished in 1829. April: Zoological Society of London established. King's Library, the first purpose-built part of the British Museum, is completed. Bridge over The Serpentine, designed by John and George Rennie, opens. Waterman's Arms pub built in Putney. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge established. London, Ontario established. 1827 21 May: The Standard newspaper begins publication. 6 October: First Hammersmith Bridge, a toll suspension bridge over the Thames, opens. Clarence House completed in Westminster. Remodelling of St. James's Park by John Nash completed. Metropolitan Turnpike Trust established. 1828 17 April: Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens. 27 April: London Zoo opens; the Tower of London menagerie is transferred there. 21 June: King's College London founded. July: Stone Kingston Bridge opens. 12 August: Kensington Canal opens. 25 October: St Katharine Docks open. New Guildhall Library opens. Samuel Reiss's Grand Cigar Divan opens. 1829 21 March: A duel is fought between the Prime Minister (the Duke of Wellington) and George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea, in Battersea Fields, provoked by the Duke's support for Catholic Emancipation and foundation of the secular King's College London. Deliberately off-target shots are fired by both and honour is satisfied without injury. 4 July: George Shillibeer introduces his 3-horse Omnibus between the Yorkshire Stingo near Paddington Green and Bank via the New Road. 29 September: Metropolitan Police of Sir Robert Peel starts operation within a 7-mile (11 km) radius of Charing Cross. November: Thomas Hornor's Panoramic view of London, the largest panoramic painting ever created, is completed in the London Colosseum, purpose-designed by Decimus Burton in Regent's Park. General Post Office headquarters building in St Martin's Le Grand completed. 1830 Spring: Hertford Union Canal opens to connect Regent's Canal with Lee Navigation. 28 July: First police officer to be killed on duty in the UK, Joseph Grantham in Somers Town. 6 December: The City's Court of Common Council orders removal of inscriptions on the Monument to the Great Fire of London and the house in Pudding Lane where the fire started falsely blaming it on Papists. 16 December: Last hanging for piracy at Execution Dock, Wapping. Geographical Society of London founded. London Mechanics' Institute admits its first women students. Price's Patent Candles founded by William Wilson at Vauxhall 1831 29 March: Exeter Hall opens in The Strand. 16 May: Middlesex County Asylum for pauper lunatics opens at Hanwell under the humane superintendence of William Charles Ellis. 1 August: The new London Bridge is officially opened in the presence of the new king. 8 September: Coronation of King King William IV in Westminster Abbey. c. September: Lowther Arcade opens. October: King's College London opens. July–August 1832: St Dunstan-in-the-West church in Fleet Street rebuilt. Royal Surrey Gardens laid out as zoological and pleasure gardens. Young's take over the 16th-century Ram Brewery in Wandsworth. The house which will eventually contain Abbey Road Studios is built in the St John's Wood district. 1832 12 February: Second cholera pandemic begins to spread in London, starting from the East End. It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. It will claim at least 3000 victims. 11 July: Kensal Green Cemetery authorised by Act of Parliament, first of the "Magnificent Seven cemeteries" (consecrated 24 January 1833). 7 November: Northfield Allotments established. Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency), Lambeth (UK Parliament constituency), Marylebone (UK Parliament constituency), and Tower Hamlets (UK Parliament constituency) established. 1833 1 January: London Fire Engine Establishment formed under the leadership of James Braidwood merging the existing insurance company brigades. New Hungerford Market building and Leather Market (Bermondsey) open. 1834 14 July: Lyceum Theatre opens. 16 October: Burning of Parliament. 23 December: Architect and inventor Joseph Hansom patents the Hansom cab. Old Bailey renamed as the Central Criminal Court. The Institute of British Architects in London, predecessor of the Royal Institute of British Architects, is formed. Harrods founded as a grocer in Stepney in the East End. 1835 23 March: Marie Tussaud moves her wax museum, Madame Tussauds, to a permanent location in Baker Street, London. November: The Grand Junction Canal company's Kingsbury ("Welsh Harp") Reservoir in Brent is first filled. Regent's Park opens to the public. Geological Museum founded as The Museum of Practical Geology. 1836 2 January: Bentley's Miscellany literary magazine begins publication under the editorship of Charles Dickens. 8 February: First section of London and Greenwich Railway, the first steam-worked line in London, begins operating between Spa Road and Deptford. 2 April: Charles Dickens marries Catherine Hogarth at St Luke's Church, Chelsea. 7 June: First University Boat Race held on the Thames in London; Cambridge wins. 9 June: London Working Men's Association formed; later a centre for Chartism. 28 November: University of London chartered. December: Dickens first meets his lifelong friend, the biographer and critic John Forster. 14 December: London and Greenwich Railway trains begin to start from London Bridge station, making it the first permanent London terminus. Statue of King George IV at Kings Cross completed by this date; it is demolished in 1845. 1837 11 January: The Royal Institute of British Architects in London is granted its royal charter. 20 January: Death of the neo-classical architect Sir John Soane gives effect to the creation of his London house as Sir John Soane's Museum. February: Serialisation of Charles Dickens' novel Oliver Twist begins in Bentley's Miscellany. 1 June: The Government-funded Normal School of Design, predecessor of the Royal College of Art, begins classes at Somerset House. 3 June: The London Hippodrome opens in Bayswater. 20 June: At 6.00 a.m., Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham (Lord Chamberlain) and William Howley (Archbishop of Canterbury) call on Princess Victoria of Kent at Kensington Palace to tell her she has become Queen Victoria on the death of her uncle William IV. 13 July: Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, their London home. 20 July: Euston railway station, London's first mainline railway terminus, is opened by the London and Birmingham Railway. 28 August: Army and Navy Club founded. 7 December: West Norwood Cemetery consecrated (authorised 1836). Art Union of London founded. Brown's Hotel established. 1838 10 January: A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange. 8 April: The National Gallery first opens to the public in the building purpose-designed for it by William Wilkins in Trafalgar Square (which is being cleared at this time). 4 June: First section of the Great Western Railway opens from original London Paddington station to Maidenhead. 28 June: Coronation of Queen Victoria in Westminster Abbey. 6 August: The Polytechnic Institution, Britain's first polytechnic, opens in Regent Street. Hampton Court Palace state rooms and gardens open to the public, without charge. Kew Bridge Pumping Station at Brentford begins operation. Langham Sketching Club formed. 1839 20 May: Highgate Cemetery dedicated. 5 June: London and Croydon Railway begins operating. 13 September–October: M. de St Croix, visiting from France, displays Daguerreotypes in London and takes some of his own, the earliest known photographs of the city. Sisters of Mercy establish the first Roman Catholic convent in England since the Reformation, at Bermondsey. City of London Police given statutory authority. 1840 14 January: Chartist rising in the East End largely suppressed by police. 10 February: Marriage of Queen Victoria in St James's Palace. 15 April King's College Hospital opens in Portugal Street. West London Synagogue established. 27 April: The foundation stone of the new Palace of Westminster is laid as its reconstruction following the Burning of Parliament in 1834 begins (completed in 1860). June: World Anti-Slavery Convention held in Exeter Hall. 1 July: Eastern Counties Railway extended to a new London terminus, Bishopsgate railway station, known until 1847 as Shoreditch. 6 July: London and Blackwall Railway (cable worked) opens to a temporary City terminus in Minories. 15 September: Northern and Eastern Railway opens its first section from Stratford together with the first Stratford Depot which over the next century will become the largest motive power depot in the UK. 30 September: Foundation of Nelson's Column laid, Trafalgar Square being laid out and paved during the year. Abney Park, Nunhead and Brompton, 3 of the "Magnificent Seven cemeteries", are opened. Construction of Bridgewater House, Westminster, by Charles Barry in the Palazzo style as the town house of the Earl of Ellesmere to replace Cleveland House (and incorporating the Bridgewater Gallery for the family art collection) is begun; it is completed in 1854. W. Harrison Ainsworth's novels Guy Fawkes and The Tower of London and Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop are serialised. 1841 February–November: Charles Dickens' novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty is published serially. 8 March: Establishment of The Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, predecessor of the Royal Brompton Hospital. by April: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, first open to the public. 3 May: London Library begins operation in Pall Mall. 6 June: United Kingdom Census 1841: Population: 123,563; county 1,825,714; Greater London 2,235,344. 14 June: Surrey County Lunatic Asylum opens in Tooting. 12 July: London and Brighton Railway begins operating from Norwood Junction (extended 21 September through to Brighton). 17 July: Punch magazine begins publication. 2 August: Fenchurch Street railway station opens for the London and Blackwall Railway. 30 October: A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury and causes a quarter of a million pounds worth of damage. 12 November: The Jewish Chronicle newspaper begins publication. The City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery, last of the "Magnificent Seven cemeteries" open. Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square, constructed for an equestrian statue of William IV; this is never erected due to lack of funds and the plinth remains empty until 1999. Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes founded. Chemical Society of London and London Philanthropic Society founded. 1842 14 May: The Illustrated London News begins publication. 10 & 19 November: Fleet and Marshalsea debtors' prisons closed. Pentonville Prison begins operating. Charles Edward Mudie begins his Mudie's Select Library business from his stationery shop in Bloomsbury. 1843 20 January: Daniel M'Naghten shoots and kills the Prime Minister's private secretary, Edward Drummond, in Whitehall. 25 March: Marc Isambard Brunel's Thames Tunnel, the first tunnel under the river, opens to pedestrians. 2 September: The Economist newspaper first published (preliminary issue dated August). 3–4 November: The statue of Nelson placed atop Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square. Development of Cubitt Town begins. International Peace Congress held. 1844 27 May: West London Railway opens. 6 June: Young Men's Christian Association founded. 28 October: Royal Exchange opens. First recorded eel and mash shop in London. 1845 3 January: First known arrest of a fugitive achieved through use of the new electric telegraph when John Tawell is arrested after being followed by a detective alerted prior to Tawell's arrival at Paddington station. 7 February: In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase which takes months to repair. 15 March: First University Boat Race to use the modern-day Putney to Mortlake course (albeit in the reverse direction to that later adopted). 26 March: Sisterhood of the Holy Cross ('Park Village Community') established as the first Anglican sisterhood, to minister to the poor of St Pancras. 1 May Hungerford Bridge opens as a tolled suspension footbridge. First cricket match to be played at the Kennington Oval. Fuller's Brewery established as a partnership to run the Griffin Brewery in Chiswick. Laying out of Victoria Park in the East End, the first "People's Park", begins. Metropolitan Buildings Office established. 1846 3 April: Last London-based mail coach runs, to Norwich. 26 August: North London Railway authorised as East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway, opening from 1850. 1847 New Oxford Street constructed. Entrance wing to British Museum constructed. Royal Brompton Hospital admits its first patients. Bernard Quaritch sets up his own bookselling business. 1848 10 April: "Monster" Chartist rally on Kennington Common. 21 April–23 November: Chopin visits London and Scotland, his last public appearance on a concert platform being on 16 November at the Guildhall. 4 July: St George's Church, Southwark is opened, the largest post-Reformation Roman Catholic church in London at this date, becoming a cathedral in 1852. The first marriage held here (10 August) is of its architect, Augustus Pugin. 11 July: Waterloo station opens. October: The Palm house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, designed by architect Decimus Burton and iron-founder Richard Turner, is completed and opened. The Duke of Wellington, Constable of the Tower since 1826, has a north bastion added to the Tower of London in response to the Chartist threat. Metropolitan Evening Classes for Young Men, a predecessor of London Metropolitan University, are instituted at Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, by Rev. Charles Mackenzie. Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes completes its first dwellings, Metropolitan Buildings, at Kings Cross. Queen's College, London, founded, the world's first school to award academic qualifications to young women. Samuel Reiss's Grand Cigar Divan becomes Simpson's Grand Divan Tavern. 1849 May: First exhibition of paintings by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood: John Everett Millais' Isabella and Holman Hunt's Rienzi at the Royal Academy summer exhibition, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti's Girlhood of Mary Virgin at the Institution for the Free Exhibition of Modern Art's "St. George's Gallery" in Knightsbridge next to Hyde Park Corner. Summer: Karl Marx moves from Paris to London, where he will spend the remainder of his life. July: Second cholera pandemic (1849–51): Horsleydown cholera outbreak. 31 July: Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street, Mayfair, opens, London's first post-Reformation Jesuit church. 9 August: "The Bermondsey Horror": Marie Manning and her husband, Frederick, murder Patrick O'Connor. On 13 November they are hanged together publicly by William Calcraft at Horsemonger Lane Gaol for the crime. 12 October: 5 workmen are killed by toxic gases in a Pimlico sewer. 17 December: The customer, probably Edward Coke, collects the first bowler hat (devised by hatmakers Thomas and William Bowler) from hatters James Lock & Co. of St James's. Bedford College founded by Elizabeth Jesser Reid as the Ladies College in Bedford Square, a non-sectarian higher education institution to provide a liberal female education. Harrods moves to Knightsbridge, and Gatti's cafe in Holborn in business. 1850 to 1879 1850 4 April: North London Collegiate School for girls established in new premises with Frances Buss as Principal. 25 May: The hippopotamus Obaysch arrives at London Zoo from Egypt, the first to live in the British Isles since prehistoric times. London butchers C Lidgate opens for the first time. 1851 March: Marble Arch relocated to Hyde Park from the entrance to Buckingham Palace. 1 May: The Great Exhibition opens in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. 16 July: A Roman Catholic educational training college, predecessor of St Mary's University, is established in Hammersmith. Reuters news agency in business. The Royal Marsden is established as the Free Cancer Hospital by surgeon William Marsden, the world's first specialist cancer hospital. Ticket office at Tower of London erected by Office of Works, the UK's first government-funded tourist infrastructure. Hungerford Hall built in Westminster. Westminster College, a Methodist teacher training institution, is established. Wandsworth Prison (Surrey House of Correction) admits its first inmates. Kensington Improvement Act provides for the management of garden squares in the borough. Henry Mayhew's social survey London Labour and the London Poor, which began publication in The Morning Chronicle in 1849, is collected in book form. 1852 3 February: The new chamber of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in the Palace of Westminster, designed by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin, is opened. 11 February: The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street. 14 February: Great Ormond Street Hospital is opened as the UK's first children's hospital by physician Charles West with only 10 beds. Over its long history, the hospital has become one of the world leading centres for many specialist areas with 389 beds. March: The Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House begins serialization. May: The Museum of Manufactures, predecessor of the Victoria and Albert Museum, opens, initially at Marlborough House. 17 May: Canterbury Music Hall, the first tavern music hall, is opened in Lambeth by impresario Charles Morton. 14 October: King's Cross railway station opens. Metropolis Water Act 1852 prohibits extraction of drinking water from the Thames tideway after 31 August 1855. Taylor & Francis publisher in business. 1853 20 January: Photographic Society of London founded. May: The world's first public aquarium opens in Regent's Park. Uriah Maggs establishes the antiquarian bookselling business that becomes Maggs Bros Ltd. Edward Stanford sets up as a mapseller. Minchington Hall estate merged into that of Arnos Grove. 1854 16 January: The permanent Paddington station train shed, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, opens. 18 March: Royal Panopticon opens. April: Charles Spurgeon, aged 19, becomes preacher of the Baptist Metropolitan Tabernacle at the New Park Street Chapel. 10 June: The Crystal Palace reopens in Sydenham with life-size dinosaur models in the grounds. 31 August–8 September: An epidemic of cholera kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of the Broad Street cholera outbreak that killed 500 to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology. 13 November: London Necropolis Company (established by Act of Parliament 30 June 1852) begins operating Brookwood Cemetery near Woking in Surrey with a connecting London Necropolis Railway service from its own station adjacent to Waterloo. Kennington Park opens. 1855 11 April: First six post boxes in London begin to function. By June: Victoria Dock opens, the first in London designed to accommodate steamships. June: Metropolitan Cattle Market opens. 24 June: Riot in Hyde Park over Sunday Trading Bill. 29 June: The Daily Telegraph newspaper begins publication. 3 September: The last Bartholomew Fair takes place. December: Charles Dickens' novel Little Dorrit begins serialisation. 12 December: Stepney Academy moves to Holford House as Regent's Park College, a Baptist institution. 17 December: London General Omnibus Company established in Paris as the Compagnie Générale des Omnibus de Londres; in the following year it absorbs a substantial proportion of the horse-bus operators in London. 22 December: Metropolitan Board of Works established. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society established. The London School of Jewish Studies opens as the Jews' College, a rabbinical seminary. 1856 5 March: Fire destroys Covent Garden Theatre. 15 March: The Boat Race 1856, first of the annual series rowed between Cambridge and Oxford University Boat Clubs on the Thames in London. 22 August: Eastern Counties Railway opens its branch to Loughton; from 1947 this will be the oldest section of the London Underground. 9 November: Last Lord Mayor's Show in which barges on the Thames are used. 2 December: National Portrait Gallery formally established. Surrey Music Hall built in Royal Surrey Gardens. 1857 2 May: British Museum Reading Room opens. 22 June: South Kensington Museum is opened by the Queen. It is a predecessor of the Victoria and Albert Museum but includes the collection of machinery which becomes the Science Museum; it is also the world's first museum to incorporate a refreshment room. Peek Freans established as biscuit manufacturers in Bermondsey. 1858 1 January: Designation of London postal districts completed. 31 January: Isambard Kingdom Brunel's is launched at Millwall. 3 April: Chelsea Bridge, a toll iron suspension bridge over the Thames, opens to the public. 10 April: Big Ben, the Great Bell for the Palace of Westminster's clock tower, is recast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry. 1 July: Papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection are read at the Linnean Society of London. 2 July–August: Great Stink. 17 July: Salvage of the Lutine bell, which is subsequently hung in Lloyd's of London. 1 December: The recently-formed Odontological Society of London opens the Dental Hospital of London. Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes completes Albert Cottages, Stepney. Blackheath F.C. founded, an early rugby football club. 1859 15 January: National Portrait Gallery opens. 16 March: Jewish Board of Guardians first meets, in the East End. 21 April: First drinking fountain erected by the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association. 7 September: The clock and chimes of the newly completed Clock Tower at the Palace of Westminster become fully operational. The great bell, which first chimed on 11 July, acquires the nickname "Big Ben" by association with Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover. Red House in Bexleyheath, a key building in the Arts and Crafts Movement, is designed by its owner, William Morris, and the architect Philip Webb. Wilton's Music Hall opens in the East End. Approximate date: Rail service to Great Northern Cemetery at New Southgate begins. 1860 28 February: The Artists Rifles is established as the 38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps with headquarters at Burlington House. 9 July: The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, opens at St Thomas' Hospital. 28 August: Union of Benefices Act passed to reduce the number of parish churches in the City and build new ones in the expanding suburbs. St Benet Gracechurch is the first to be demolished under this scheme, in 1868. 1 October: First section of Victoria station opens, with trains using the Grosvenor Bridge across the Thames. November: The 'Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs', predecessor of the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, is established by Mary Tealby. 29 December: The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, HMS Warrior is launched on the Thames at Blackwall. Approximate date: One of the first recorded fish and chip shops in the United Kingdom is Joseph Malin's in London. 1861 20 February: Storms damage the Crystal Palace. 18 March: Metropolitan Tabernacle dedicated. 23 March: First of George Francis Train's demonstration horse-drawn trams in London begins operating on the Bayswater Road; none last beyond the end of the year. 26 March: The Oxford Music Hall is opened on Oxford Street by impresario Charles Morton. 22 June: Tooley Street fire breaks out; James Braidwood is killed while fighting it. 31 July: Church of St James the Less, Pimlico, consecrated. Crimean War Memorial unveiled, including sculptures of Other Ranks. Stationers' Company's School established. Royal Horticultural Society opens gardens and exhibition space in South Kensington (these close in 1882). Amateur Photographic Association formed. 1862 26 March: Peabody Trust housing association established by London-based American banker George Peabody as the Peabody Donation Fund. 1 May–1 November: 1862 International Exhibition or "Great London Exposition" held in South Kensington. 24 May: New Westminster Bridge, an iron arched bridge designed by Thomas Page, opens. 10 November: First Lambeth Bridge, a toll suspension bridge designed by Peter W. Barlow, opens. c. November: Joseph Bazalgette begins construction of the Thames Embankment. Royal Agricultural Hall opens in Islington. Science collections of the South Kensington Museum move to separate buildings on Exhibition Road. Derry & Toms established as drapers in Kensington High Street. Edward Stanford first publishes Stanford's Library Map of London and its suburbs. 1863 10 January: The first section of the London Underground, the Metropolitan Railway between Paddington and Farringdon Street, opens to the public, operated by steam. 2 March: Clapham Junction railway station opens. March: American-born painter James McNeill Whistler settles close to the Thames in Chelsea, where he will live for most of the rest of his life. 12 June: The Arts Club is founded by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, Frederic Leighton and others in Mayfair as a social meeting place for those involved or interested in the creative arts. 26 October: The Football Association is founded at the Freemasons' Tavern in Long Acre. 19 December: The first game is played under the new Football Association rules at Mortlake between Ebenezer Morley's Barnes Club and Richmond F.C., ending in a goalless draw. Alexandra Park opens in Haringey. Siemens & Halske relocates from Millbank to former Woolwich Dockyard area, where its submarine-cable factory becomes a major employer. William Whiteley opens the drapery that becomes Whiteleys department store in Westbourne Grove and Curwen Press in business. Lyon's Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery, is dissolved and demolished 1864 11 January: Charing Cross railway station and bridge are opened by South Eastern Railway. New Hungerford Bridge opens 1 May to pedestrians as part of Charing Cross Bridge and Strand Musick Hall opens in arches underneath station. April: Giuseppe Garibaldi visits London. 13 June: Hammersmith & City line is opened. 28 September: International Workingmen's Association founded in London. 21 December: Blackfriars Railway Bridge is opened by London, Chatham and Dover Railway. Aerated Bread Company opens the first A.B.C. tea shop, in the forecourt of Fenchurch Street railway station. 1865 7 February: Pall Mall Gazette newspaper begins publication. 4 April: Official opening of Crossness Pumping Station, a major landmark in completion of the new London sewerage system designed by Joseph Bazalgette for the Metropolitan Board of Works. Construction of the complementary Abbey Mills Pumping Station begins and is completed in 1868. 10 April: New Hampton Court Bridge, built in iron, opens. 1 June: Ludgate Hill railway station opens as a City terminus for passengers on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. 26 June: Jumbo, a young male African elephant, arrives at London Zoo and becomes a popular attraction. 2 July: The Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is founded in Whitechapel by William and Catherine Booth. 1 November: Broad Street station opens as a City terminus for passengers on the North London Railway. c. November: Eleanor cross reproduction erected in front of Charing Cross railway station. Café Royal in business in Piccadilly. Major outbreak of rinderpest in British cattle leads to the abolition of urban cowkeeping by London dairies. 1866 1 January: Metropolitan Fire Brigade set up by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 under control of the Metropolitan Board of Works and under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw. July: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in Bryanston Square, Marylebone, where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners. 23–25 July: Demonstrations in Hyde Park in favour of parliamentary reform turn violent. 15 August: Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill founded. 1 September: Cannon Street station is opened as a terminus by the South Eastern Railway. The last cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths. John I. Thornycroft & Company established as shipbuilders by John Isaac Thornycroft at Chiswick. Harlequin F.C. established as Hampstead Football Club to play rugby union; its first recorded game takes place in 1867. 1867 Early?: Charing Cross Music Hall opens. 15 January: Regent's Park skating disaster: 40 skaters are killed when ice breaks in Regent's Park. By February: The Society of Arts inaugurates the blue plaque scheme, advanced by William Ewart, for erecting memorial tablets on London houses previously the homes of notable people, the first being at Lord Byron's birthplace, 24 Holles Street, off Cavendish Square. 20 May: Laying of the foundation stone of the Royal Albert Hall by Queen Victoria. October Thomas Barnardo opens his first shelter for homeless children, in Stepney. Hop and Malt Exchange opens in Southwark. 13 December: Clerkenwell explosion ("Clerkenwell Outrage") at Clerkenwell Prison during a Fenian escape attempt; 12 local residents are killed. Autumn/Winter: Wasps Rugby Football Club formed. Rebuilding of Palace of Westminster completed. 1868 14 March: Millwall Dock opens 25 April: HMS Repulse, the last wooden battleship constructed for the Royal Navy, is launched as an ironclad at Woolwich Dockyard. 26 May: Last public hanging in Britain – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison for his part in the Clerkenwell explosion. 1 October St Pancras railway station train shed, designed by W. H. Barlow, opens (construction of the permanent station buildings and Midland Grand Hotel, designed by George Gilbert Scott, has only just begun). Metropolitan Railway extended from Paddington (Bishop's Road) station to Gloucester Road via Bayswater and Notting Hill Gate Underground stations. 24 November: Smithfield Meat Market opens. 8 December: The Echo newspaper begins publication. 10 December: The world's first traffic lights are installed in Parliament Square. 21 December: New Gaiety Theatre opens. 24 December: First section of District line of the London Underground opens from South Kensington to Westminster as the District Railway. Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society established as the Royal Arsenal Supply Association, a consumers' co-operative. 1869 6 March: The first international cycle race is held at Crystal Palace. 22 May: Sainsbury's first store opens, in Drury Lane. 6 November: New Blackfriars Bridge and Holborn Viaduct are opened by Queen Victoria. 24 November: Albert Embankment, engineered by Joseph Bazalgette, completed. 7 December: First train runs through the Thames Tunnel on the East London Line. The Royal Navy closes its Deptford and Woolwich Dockyards. Greenwich Hospital closes to naval in-pensioners 1870 16 April: Vaudeville Theatre opens. 2 May: First permanent horse-drawn street trams in London, in the Brixton Road. July: Monet and Pissarro move to London, fleeing the Franco-Prussian War. 13 July: Victoria Embankment, engineered by Joseph Bazalgette, opens. 2 August: Official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the Thames, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway. Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead. 25 November: Gas Light and Coke Company begins production from Beckton Gas Works which becomes the largest in Europe. Barkers of Kensington established as drapers in Kensington High Street. Opera Comique opens in Westminster. 1871 29 March: Royal Albert Hall opens in South Kensington; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time. 24 April: Murder of servant girl Jane Clouson in Eltham. Spring: James McNeill Whistler publishes Sixteen etchings of scenes on the Thames and paints his first "moonlights" (later called "nocturnes") of the river. May: Beaver Hall demolished and its estate merged into that of Arnos Grove. c. May: French painter James Tissot flees Paris for London. 14 June: Camille Pissarro marries his mistress Julie Vellay in Croydon and returns to France. 18 July: Slade School of Fine Art established. 15 September: The Army & Navy Co-operative Society Ltd is incorporated, origin of the Army & Navy Stores. Metropolitan Board of Works purchases its first portion of Hampstead Heath to preserve it from housing development. Maison Bertaux patisserie founded in Soho. Approximate date: Berners Club for Women active. 1872 16 March: In the first ever final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest Association football competition, London club Wanderers F.C. defeat Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1–0 at The Oval in Kennington. 14 May: New church of St Mary Abbots in Kensington, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, consecrated. 24 June: Bethnal Green Museum opens in the East End. 1 July: Metropolitan Turnpike Trust dissolved. 3 July: Queen Victoria opens the Albert Memorial in memory of her husband Prince Albert. 18 July: Philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, becomes the first woman to be made an Honorary Freeman of the City of London. 3 August: The Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company (a philanthropic organisation established in 1867) begins building cottages for social housing, the Shaftesbury Park Estate in Battersea (completed 1877). 16 November: London Metropolitan Police strike. 1873 16 January: Royal Naval College, Greenwich, established, using the former premises of Greenwich Hospital. March: An American gang defrauds the Bank of England of £100,000. 10 March: New Guildhall Library building opens. 5 May: Midland Grand Hotel fronting St Pancras railway station is substantially completed and opened, the world's largest hotel at this time. c. 19 May: Vincent van Gogh begins an 18-month spell living and working in London for an art dealer. 9 June: Alexandra Palace destroyed by fire only a fortnight after its opening. 23 August: Albert Bridge opens. 27 September: First Wandsworth Bridge opens. 17 November: Criterion Restaurant opens in Piccadilly. December: Several weeks of severe smog. Butler's Wharf warehouses completed. Work begins on the Natural History Museum. 1874 2 February: Liverpool Street station opens as the City terminus of the Great Eastern Railway. 2 March: Holborn Viaduct station opens as a City terminus of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. 2 October: A barge carrying gunpowder on the Regent's Canal blows up under Macclesfield bridge at Regent's Park. October: Northumberland House at Charing Cross purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works to clear the site for construction of Northumberland Avenue (completed by 1876). Autumn: London School of Medicine for Women founded. Chelsea Embankment opens. HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs begun: it is completed by prisoners. College for Working Women established. Kirkaldy Testing and Experimenting Works in Southwark opens. 1875 February: The first shelter is installed by the Cabmen's Shelter Fund, in St John's Wood. March: Frederick Hunt murders his wife and children in Penge. 2 August: Belgravia Roller Skating Rink opens. September: Joseph Bazalgette completes the 30-year construction of London's sewer system. Arthur Liberty sets up the Liberty business in Regent Street. Society for Photographing Relics of Old London established. 1876 16 May: German American "Napoleon of crime" Adam Worth steals Gainsborough's Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnew's gallery in Old Bond Street three weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time. 7 October: First greyhound race to use an artificial hare is held, at Hendon. November: Hampstead Cemetery opens. 1877 10 April: The first human cannonball act in the British Isles (and perhaps the world) is performed by 14-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the Royal Aquarium. 13 April: Murder of Harriet Staunton in Penge. 24 March: The Boat Race ends in a dead heat between Oxford and Cambridge for the only time in its history. 20 July: New Billingsgate Fish Market building opens. Richard Norman Shaw appointed architect to Bedford Park (laid out 1875). Grosvenor Gallery opens to show contemporary art. The Peter Jones draper's moves to the King's Road. 1878 2–13 January: Wren's Temple Bar is dismantled. In 1880, a monument is erected on its original site marking the entrance to the City; the gateway is re-erected at Theobalds Park in Hertfordshire. 24 February: Anti-Russian demonstrations in Hyde Park. 5 March: William Burges moves into The Tower House which he has designed for himself in the Holland Park district. 25 May: Opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera HMS Pinafore, at the Opera Comique on the Strand with a first run of 571 performances. July: American-born painter James McNeill Whistler moves into the White House, designed by E. W. Godwin in Tite Street, Chelsea; also this year Oscar Wilde moves (initially) into No. 1 in the same street by the same architect. 8 August: Epping Forest Act requires it to be preserved for public recreation in the care of the Corporation of London. August: Gaiety Theatre becomes the first in London to light its stage with carbon arc lamps. 3 September: Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat collides with the collier Bywell Castle in the Thames off Woolwich. 12 September: Cleopatra's Needle erected on the Victoria Embankment. October The University of London becomes the first in the UK to admit women on equal terms with men. William Morris moves into Kelmscott House on the Thames waterfront at Hammersmith. 13 December: Electric street lighting introduced in London, initially on the Thames Embankment, followed by Waterloo Bridge (following illumination of the new Billingsgate Fish Market from 29 November). Gamages open. Leather, Hide and Wool Exchange built in Bermondsey. St John's Wood Art School and Sette of Odd Volumes (club) founded. 1879 2 March: Murder of Julia Martha Thomas at Richmond. 24 May: Metropolitan Board of Works frees Albert, Chelsea, Vauxhall and Lambeth Bridges of tolls. 1 August: D'Oyly Carte Opera Company established. 16 August: Fulham F.C. founded as the Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School football club. November–March 1880: Probably the longest ever fog in its history engulfs London. First telephone exchange in London. Prudential Assurance moves to its new headquarters at Holborn Bars. Welsh draper D H Evans opens his shop at 320 Oxford Street. 1880 to 1899 1880 31 May: St James's Gazette newspaper begins publication. 24 June: Royal Albert Dock opens. Summer: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire purchased by the Corporation of London to preserve the woodlands for public recreation. 27 September: Guildhall School of Music opens. 28 October: London Topographical Society founded as the Topographical Society of London. 17 November: The University of London awards the first degrees to women. The Old Vic theatre is taken over by Emma Cons as the Royal Victoria Hall and coffee tavern. Henry Croft is dressing as a pearly king by this date. 1881 16 March: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb is found and defused in the Mansion House. 3 April: United Kingdom Census 1881: Population: 50,569; county 3,779,728; Greater London 4,766,661. One-seventh of the UK population live in London. 18 April: The Natural History Museum opens in South Kensington. 14–20 July: International Anarchist Congress held in London. 26 July: First publication of The Evening News. 10 October: Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs. The run of Gilbert and Sullivan's new satirical opera Patience transfers from the Opera Comique. The stage is first lit electrically on 28 December. 15 December: Rebuilt Leadenhall Market opened. "Great Paul", Britain's heaviest swinging bell, is hung in the south-west tower of St Paul's Cathedral. London Municipal Reform League founded. Leyton Orient F.C. formed as the football team of the Glyn Cricket Club. 1882 12 January: Holborn Viaduct power station in the City, the world's first coal-fired public electricity generating station, begins operation, supplying street lighting and some premises. 25 January: London Chamber of Commerce founded. 24 March: Jumbo the elephant departs from Britain having been sold by London Zoo to the American showman P. T. Barnum. 12 May: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb explodes at the Mansion House. 5 September: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. founded as Hotspur F.C. by schoolboys with Bobby Buckle as first captain. 25 September: Young Men's Christian Institute, the former Royal Polytechnic Institute and a predecessor of the University of Westminster, opens in new premises in Regent Street provided by Quintin Hogg. 2 October: Westfield College, a constituent college of the University of London, opens in Hampstead for the education of women. 22 October: London Press Club established. 25 November: The Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera Iolanthe is first produced at the Savoy Theatre. 4 December: Royal Courts of Justice open on the Strand in Westminster. Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., is founded. London and Provincial Photographic Association established. 1883 20 January: Fenian dynamite campaign: An explosion at the Local Government Board, Charles Street, Mayfair (Westminster) causes over £4,000 worth of damage and some minor injuries to people nearby. A second bomb at The Times newspaper offices in Queen Victoria Street does not explode. 17 March: Karl Marx buried at Highgate Cemetery. 7 May: Royal College of Music opens with George Grove as first Director. 4 August: The Noel Park estate of the Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company is formally opened. 30 October: Fenian dynamite campaign: Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, at Paddington (Praed Street) station (injuring 70 people) and Westminster Bridge station. 1884 January: London Hydraulic Power Company set up by Act to merge the Wharves & Warehouses Steam Power and Hydraulic Pressure Co. (1871) and the General Hydraulic Power Company (1882). 4 January: Fabian Society founded in Osnaburgh Street. 26 February: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb explodes in the left-luggage office at Victoria station. Other bombs are defused at Charing Cross station, Ludgate Hill station and Paddington station. 16 April: Permanent Brompton Oratory consecrated. 17 April: Empire Theatre opens. 30 May: Fenian dynamite campaign: 3 bombs explode in London: at the headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Department and the Metropolitan Police Service's Special Irish Branch; in the basement of the Carlton Club (a gentlemen's club frequented by members of the Conservative Party); and outside the home of Conservative MP Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn; ten people are injured. A fourth bomb planted at the foot of Nelson's Column fails to explode. 4 June: The East London Aquarium in Spitalfields is destroyed by fire with numerous animals killed. 8 July: The NSPCC is founded as the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. 6 October: Circle line (London Underground) completed. 22 October: International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian. Samuel and Henrietta Barnett with Raymond Unwin establish (and begin living at) the first university settlement, at Toynbee Hall in the East End. St Columba's Church (Church of Scotland) built in Knightsbridge. Swimming pool opens in Dartmouth Road, Forest Hill. Society of Architects formed. 1885 2 January: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb explodes at Gower Street Tube station. 10 January: Japanese Village, Knightsbridge exhibition opens. 24 January: Fenian dynamite campaign: Irish terrorists damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London. 14 March: Première of Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado at the Savoy Theatre. 6–9 July: Eliza Armstrong case: Campaigning journalist W. T. Stead publishes a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette entitled The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon exposing the extent of female child prostitution in London. 3 October: Millwall F.C., formed by the workers of J. T. Morton's canning factory on the Isle of Dogs as Millwall Rovers, play their first match. Electrical power station installed at Grosvenor Gallery, developed for public supply. First municipal underground public toilet opens in the City for gentlemen (probable date). The first modern pedestal flush toilet is demonstrated by Frederick Humpherson of the Beaufort Works, Chelsea. The Science Collections of the South Kensington Museum are renamed as the Science Museum. Guildhall Art Gallery and Huguenot Society of London established. 1886 18 January: The Hockey Association is founded, largely on the initiative of sports clubs in the London area, and codifies the rules for hockey. 8 February ("Black Monday"): "Pall Mall riots": climax of two days of rioting in the West End and Trafalgar Square by the unemployed, coinciding with the coldest winter in thirty years; John Burns encourages the demonstrators. 10 March: First Crufts dog show held. 10 May: London, Chatham and Dover Railway duplicates Blackfriars Railway Bridge by construction of the parallel St Paul's Railway Bridge to serve a new terminus north of the Thames, St Paul's (renamed Blackfriars station in 1937). 19 May: Highgate Wood purchased by the Corporation of London to preserve it for public recreation. 29 May: Replacement Putney Bridge in stone opens over the Thames. 20 July: Sayes Court Park opens to the public. 11 December: Arsenal F.C., formed as Dial Square by (mostly Scottish) workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, play their first match, on the Isle of Dogs; the club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards, supposedly on 25 December. 25 December: Great snow storm in London. 26 December: Olympia exhibition centre opens as the National Agricultural Hall. Queens Park Rangers F.C. formed by merger of existing clubs in north-west London. Shaftesbury Avenue completed. Last inmates of Millbank Prison. 1887 April–May: First Colonial Conference held at the Colonial Office. 9 May: First exhibition at Earl's Court opens, an American Exhibition & Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. 14 May: People's Palace, a predecessor of Queen Mary University of London, is opened in the East End by Queen Victoria. 11 June: Replacement Hammersmith Bridge, a suspension bridge over the Thames, opens. 6/7 August: A fourth major fire devastates Whiteleys department store in Bayswater. 13 November ("Bloody Sunday"): A large socialist demonstration addressed by respectable speakers is violently broken up by the police; at a 20 November demonstration against police brutality a bystander is killed. November: Arthur Conan Doyle's first detective novel, A Study in Scarlet, is published in Beeton's Christmas Annual by Ward Lock & Co. in London, introducing the London consulting detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend and chronicler Dr. Watson. Earl's Court site first used as a showground. London Social Camera Club established. 1888 18 January: The first issue of The Star evening newspaper goes on sale; it will cover this year's Whitechapel murders intensively. 13 February: The first issue of the Financial Times goes on sale (originally launched on 9 January by Horatio Bottomley as the London Financial Guide). 23 March: A meeting called by William McGregor to discuss establishment of The Football League is held in London. 3 April: Prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith is brutally attacked by two or three men, dying of her injuries the following day, first of the Whitechapel murders but probably not a victim of Jack the Ripper. 26 May: Punch magazine begins serialisation of George and Weedon Grossmith's humorous The Diary of a Nobody, the first entry being for "April 3". 2–27 July: London matchgirls strike of 1888: About 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of 3 colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory, precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on 23 June by campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on 27 July. 7 August: Whitechapel murders: The body of prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper. 13 August: The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes the County of London. 31 August: Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found in Buck's Row, perhaps the first victim of Jack the Ripper. September: Woolwich Market officially established at Beresford Square. 8 September: Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of prostitute Annie Chapman is found. She is considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper. 27 September: Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by the Central News Agency. 30 September: Whitechapel murders: The bodies of prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victim respectively. 2 October: The Whitehall Mystery: Dismembered remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of New Scotland Yard. 3 October: Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy opera The Yeomen of the Guard premières at the Savoy Theatre. 9 November: Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of prostitute Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follows, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers. 17 December: The Lyric Theatre opens in the West End. Parliament Hill purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works to preserve it as a public viewpoint. First police boxes erected in London. St Dunstan's College refounded in Catford. Eagle Cricket Club renamed Orient Football Club. 1889 23 March: Woolwich Free Ferry inaugurated. 1 April: Elected London County Council takes up its powers, in succession to the Metropolitan Board of Works. The Progressive Party have a majority and Lord Rosebery is the first chairman. The boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth and parts of Lewisham and the Penge area of Bromley, previously in the county of Surrey, become part of London and Croydon becomes a county borough. Metropolitan Middlesex (about 20% of the area, containing 1/3 of its population) is also transferred to London and the remainder becomes an administrative county governed by the Middlesex County Council meeting at Middlesex Guildhall in Westminster. East Barnet Valley Urban District, previously partly in Middlesex, is transferred to Hertfordshire. The Liberty of the Clink is abolished. 24 April: Garrick Theatre opens. 6 July: Several aristocrats are implicated in the Cleveland Street scandal after police raid a male brothel. 6 August: Savoy Hotel opens. 14 August–15 September: London Dock Strike of 1889: Dockers strike for a minimum wage of sixpence an hour ("The dockers' tanner"), which they eventually receive, a landmark in the development of New Unionism. 30 August: Official opening of Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office. 7 September: Morley Memorial College for Working Men and Women opens in south London. Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London begins publication. Chenies Street Chambers Ladies Residential Dwellings open in Bloomsbury as partly co-operative residential apartments for single women. 1890 21 July: Replacement Battersea Bridge over the Thames opens. 10 October: Brentford F.C. established by members of Brentford Rowing Club. November: Scotland Yard, headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, moves to a building on the Victoria Embankment, as New Scotland Yard. 4 November: The City & South London Railway, the first deep-level electric underground railway in the world, opens. It runs a distance of between the City of London and Stockwell. December: No hours of sunshine are recorded this month in Westminster. Blackwall Buildings, Whitechapel, noted philanthropic housing, is built in the East End. Construction begins of Britain's first council housing at Arnold Cross, Shoreditch in the East End. Pearson move their building contractor's business to London. The Rhymers' Club, a group of poets, begins to meet informally at the Cheshire Cheese in Fleet Street. 1890–1 – Construction of the first large-scale electrical power station, at Deptford. From mid-1891, the first Bankside Power Station also begins operation. 1891 January: The Strand Magazine is first published. On 25 June, Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional London private consulting detective Sherlock Holmes appears in it for the first time, in the story "A Scandal in Bohemia" (issue dated July). 7 April: George Gissing's novel New Grub Street is published. May: William Morris establishes the Kelmscott Press at Hammersmith. November: Woolwich Polytechnic opens in the Bathway Quarter in Woolwich, later to become the University of Greenwich. 26 December–January 1893: Venice in London spectacular at Olympia. 1892 1 July: Royal Liberty of Havering dissolved. 15 July: Bibliographical Society established. 30 September: Borough Polytechnic Institute, predecessor of London South Bank University, opens. Also this year, West Ham Technical Institute, predecessor of the University of East London, is founded. 23 November: London Chamber of Arbitration instituted. Rosebery Avenue completed. 1893 29 June: Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain (with its statue of Anteros), designed by Alfred Gilbert, at Piccadilly Circus. 25 November: Queen's Hall opens as a concert venue in Langham Place. A director for the Science Museum is appointed. 1894 15 February (04:51 GMT): French anarchist Martial Bourdin attempts to destroy the Royal Greenwich Observatory with a bomb. 19 May: Richmond Lock and Footbridge open. 30 June: Tower Bridge opens to traffic. 20 September First Lyons tea shop opens in Piccadilly. 18 October: Kinetoscope Parlour, the first in the UK, is opened to the public in Oxford Street. 29 September: Royal Commission on the Amalgamation of the City and County of London report issued. December: Frederick Bremer, a plumber and gasfitter from Walthamstow, runs the first British four-wheeled petrol-engined motor car (self-built) on the public highway. Alfred Harmsworth buys the London Evening News newspaper. City of London School for Girls established. Survey of London project begins as the Survey of the Memorials of Greater London established by C. R. Ashbee; it is taken over by the London County Council in 1897. London Camanachd sport club formed. 1895 1 January: Bishopsgate Institute opens. 14 February: Première of Oscar Wilde's last play, the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, at St. James' Theatre. 18 February: The Marquess of Queensberry (father of Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover), leaves his calling card at the Albemarle Club, inscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite", i.e. a sodomite, inducing Wilde to charge him with criminal libel. 3–5 April: Libel case of Wilde v Queensberry at the Old Bailey: Queensberry, defended by Edward Carson, is acquitted. Evidence of Wilde's homosexual relationships with young men renders him liable to criminal prosecution under the Labouchere Amendment. 6 April: Oscar Wilde is arrested at the Cadogan Hotel for "unlawfully committing acts of gross indecency with certain male persons" and detained on remand in Holloway Prison. 25 May: Criminal case of Regina v. Wilde: After a retrial at the Old Bailey, Oscar Wilde is convicted of gross indecency and is taken to Pentonville Prison to begin his two years' sentence of hard labour. 29 June: Formation of Thames Ironworks F.C. by workers at the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company in Canning Town, predecessors of West Ham United F.C., is announced. 17 July: Great Wheel opens at the Earl's Court exhibition grounds; at 308 ft (94 m) it is the world's tallest Ferris wheel at this date. Last used in October 1906, it is demolished in 1907. 20 July: Rebuilt Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith) opens. 10 August: The first ever indoor promenade concert, origin of The Proms, is held at the Queen's Hall, Langham Place, opening a series promoted by impresario Robert Newman with 26-year-old Henry Wood as sole conductor. 25 September: Snow falls in London. October: London School of Economics holds its first classes. November: The Lee–Enfield rifle, produced at the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, is adopted as standard issue by the British Army, remaining in service until the 1960s. The Agapemonites complete the Ark of the Covenant church in Upper Clapton. 1896 10 January: Birt Acres demonstrates his film projector, the Kineopticon, the first in Britain, to the Lyonsdown Photographic Club in New Barnet, the first film show to an audience in the UK. 14 January: Acres demonstrates his Kineopticon to the Royal Photographic Society at the Queen's Hall. 20 February: Robert W. Paul demonstrates his film projector, the Theatrograph (later known as the Animatograph), at the Alhambra Theatre. The Lumiere Brothers first project their films in Britain, at the Empire Theatre of Varieties, Leicester Square. 21 March: Kineopticon opened on Piccadilly Circus/Shaftesbury Avenue corner, but is destroyed by fire after a few weeks. May: "Watkin's Tower" at Wembley Park opens to public. Never completed beyond its first stage, it is demolished by 1907 and Wembley Stadium (1923) eventually built on the site. 4 May: Daily Mail newspaper begins publication. 19 May: Croydon Town Hall complex opens. July: Robert W. Paul shoots the first actuality film of a London street scene, Blackfriars Bridge (first screened the following month). 26 July–1 August: International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress held in London. 17 August: Bridget Driscoll becomes the first person in the world to be killed in a car accident, in the grounds of The Crystal Palace. 1 October: Trocadero restaurant of J. Lyons and Co. opened. November: Arthur Morrison's social realist novella A Child of the Jago is published. Completion of the first flats in the London County Council's Boundary Estate in the East End, the country's earliest public housing scheme, replacing part of the notorious Old Nichol slum. Knight, Frank & Rutley, estate agents, established. 1897 22 May: The Blackwall Tunnel, at this time the world's longest subaqueous tunnel, opens for road traffic beneath the Thames in the East End. 22 June: Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. 21 July: The National Gallery of British Art (modern-day Tate Britain) opens on Millbank. 10 August: The Automobile Club of Great Britain (modern-day Royal Automobile Club) founded in London. 19 August: Bersey electric cabs, the first horseless taxicabs, begin operating in London. 1898 21 June: At the launch of HMS Albion from the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company at Blackwell, 34 spectators drown when a stage collapses. 19 July: French novelist Émile Zola arrives in London to escape imprisonment for criminal libel over his open letter J'Accuse…! on the Dreyfus affair. 8 August: Waterloo & City line, a physically isolated Tube line operated by the London and South Western Railway, opens to the public. 16 November: Harrods department store in Knightsbridge install the first (stepless) escalator in the UK. Hotel Russell built in Russell Square. Lilian Baylis takes over management of The Old Vic theatre. Orient Football Club renamed Clapton Orient. 1899 25 February: In an accident at Grove Hill, Harrow, Edwin Sewell becomes the world's first driver of a petrol-driven vehicle to be killed; his passenger, Maj. James Richer, dies of injuries three days later. 15 March: Marylebone station, the last mainline London terminus, is opened by the Great Central Railway. 17 May: Foundation stone of the Victoria and Albert Museum is laid by Queen Victoria, her last public engagement. 24 May: Kensington Palace state rooms are opened to the public by the Office of Works. 13 July: London Government Act 1899 divides the County of London into 28 metropolitan boroughs with effect from 1 November 1900: Battersea, Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Camberwell, Chelsea, Deptford, Finsbury, Fulham, Greenwich, Hammersmith, Hackney, Hampstead, Holborn, Islington, Kensington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Paddington, Poplar, St Marylebone, St Pancras, Shoreditch, Southwark, Stepney, Stoke Newington, Wandsworth, Westminster, and Woolwich (including North Woolwich). September–October: Monet makes the first of three visits to London in consecutive years, painting views over the Thames from the Savoy Hotel. 9 October: The Motor Traction Company introduces the first motor buses in regular London service, from Kennington to Victoria station. See also Timeline of London History of London References Bibliography See also lists of works about London by period: Tudor London, Stuart London, 18th century, 19th century, 1900–1939, 1960s published in the 19th century circa 1882 published in the 20th century published in the 21st century External links British History Online. London . Europeana. Items related to London, various dates. Digital Public Library of America. Items related to London, various dates London London-related lists london London

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine%20effect

Columbine effect

The Columbine effect is the legacy and impact of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. The shooting has inspired numerous copycat crimes, with many killers taking their inspiration from Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, by describing the two perpetrators as being martyrs. The shooting has also had a significant impact on popular culture. Background On April 20, 1999, Columbine High School seniors, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher then injured 24 others. Around 50 minutes after the shooting began, Harris and Klebold took their own lives in the library, where the majority of their victims died. It was at the time, the deadliest shooting at a high school in American history. The shooting was the most covered news story of 1999, and third most followed by the American public of the entire decade. Effects on schools Following the Columbine shooting, schools across the United States instituted new security measures such as transparent backpacks, metal detectors, school uniforms, and security guards. Some schools implemented the numbering of school doors to improve public safety response. Several schools throughout the country resorted to requiring students to wear computer-generated IDs. Schools also adopted a zero tolerance approach to possession of weapons and threatening behavior by students. Despite the effort, several social science experts feel the zero tolerance approach adopted in schools has been implemented too harshly, with unintended consequences creating other problems. Despite the safety measures that were implemented in the wake of the tragedy at Columbine, school shootings continued to take place in the United States at an alarming rate. Virginia Tech, Sandy Hook, and Stoneman Douglas were three subsequent school shootings that far surpassed the casualties of the 1999 massacre, subsequently raising concern of gun violence in the United States. Some schools renewed existing anti-bullying policies. Rachel's Challenge was started by victim Rachel Scott's parents, and lectures schools about bullying and suicide. Police tactics Police departments reassessed their tactics and since then train for Columbine-like situations after criticism over the slow response and progress of the SWAT teams during the shooting. Sheriff Stone did not seek reelection. Police followed a traditional tactic at Columbine: surround the building, set up a perimeter, and contain the damage. That approach has been replaced by a tactic known as the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment tactic. This tactic calls for a four-person team to advance into the site of any ongoing shooting, optimally a diamond-shaped wedge, but even with just a single officer if more are not available. Police officers using this tactic are trained to move toward the sound of gunfire and neutralize the shooter as quickly as possible. Their goal is to stop the shooter at all costs; they are to walk past wounded victims, as the aim is to prevent the shooter from killing or wounding more. Dave Cullen has stated: "The active protocol has proved successful at numerous shootings...At Virginia Tech alone, it probably saved dozens of lives." Influence on other shootings The Columbine shootings influenced subsequent school shootings, with several such plots mentioning it. Fear of copycats has sometimes led to the closing of entire school districts. According to psychiatrist Edwin Fuller Torrey of the Treatment Advocacy Center, a legacy of the Columbine shootings is its "allure to disaffected youth." Ralph Larkin examined twelve major school shootings in the US in the following eight years and found that in eight of those, "the shooters made explicit reference to Harris and Klebold." Larkin wrote that the Columbine massacre established a "script" for shootings. "Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count. A 2015 investigation by CNN identified "more than 40 people...charged with Columbine-style plots." A 2014 investigation by ABC News identified "at least 17 attacks and another 36 alleged plots or serious threats against schools since the assault on Columbine High School that can be tied to the 1999 massacre." Ties identified by ABC News included online research by the perpetrators into the Columbine shooting, clipping news coverage and images of Columbine, explicit statements of admiration of Harris and Klebold, such as writings in journals and on social media, in video posts, and in police interviews, timing planned to an anniversary of Columbine, plans to exceed the Columbine victim counts, and other ties. In 2015, journalist Malcolm Gladwell writing in The New Yorker magazine proposed a threshold model of school shootings in which Harris and Klebold were the triggering actors in "a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot, in which each new participant's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before." FBI former profiler Mary Ellen O'Toole said on CNN during the 20th anniversary of the massacre in 2019, and during the chase of Florida teenager Sol Pais, that she opposed the release of the Basement Tapes because of the call made by Eric Harris to other would-be shooters to "join him in infamy". She also highlighted that it was most likely males to be obsessed by the shooting and that the case of Sol Pais was rare due to her being a female. Copycats The first copycat may have been the W. R. Myers High School shooting, just eight days after Columbine, when a 14-year-old Canadian student went into his school in Taber, Alberta at lunchtime with a sawed-off .22 rifle under his dark blue trench coat, and opened fire, killing one student. A month after the massacre, Heritage High School in Conyers, Georgia had a shooting which Attorney General Janet Reno called a Columbine "copycat". A friend of Harris and Klebold, Eric Veik, was arrested after threatening to "finish the job" at Columbine High School in October 1999. In 2001, Charles Andrew Williams, the perpetrator of the Santana High School shooting, reportedly told his friends that he was going to "pull a Columbine," though none of them took him seriously. In 2005, Jeff Weise, a native American Indian who wore a trench coat, killed his grandfather, who was a police officer, and his girlfriend. He took his grandfather's weapon and his squad car, and drove to his former high school in Red Lake and murdered several students before killing himself. In an apparent reference to Columbine, he asked one student if they believed in God. The perpetrator of the Dawson College shooting wrote a note praising Harris and Klebold. Convicted students Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik of Pocatello High School in Idaho, who murdered their classmate Cassie Jo Stoddart, mentioned Harris and Klebold in their homemade videos, and were reportedly planning a "Columbine-like" shooting. The perpetrator of the Emsdetten school shooting praised Harris in his diary. In November 2007, Pekka-Eric Auvinen imitated Columbine with a shooting in Jokela in Tuusula, Finland. Prior to the shooting, he had used the nickname "NaturalSelector89" online, was interested in American school shootings, and wore a shirt which said "Humanity is Overrated". In December 2007, a man killed two at a Youth with a Mission center in Arvada, Colorado and another two at the New Life Church in Colorado Springs before killing himself. He quoted Harris prior to the attack under the heading "Christianity is YOUR Columbine". In a self-made video recording sent to the news media by Seung-Hui Cho prior to his committing the Virginia Tech shootings, he referred to the Columbine massacre as an apparent motivation. In the recording, he wore a backwards baseball cap and referred to Harris and Klebold as "martyrs." Adam Lanza, the perpetrator of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, had "an obsession with mass murders, in particular, the April 1999 shootings at Columbine High School in Colorado." In 2011 Tristan van der Vlis shot and killed six people in a shopping mall in Alphen aan den Rijn in the Netherlands before committing suicide. He was obsessed with the Columbine shootings. The date he chose for his attack was April 9, which was the birthday of Eric Harris, and he started shooting at 12:08 pm, the time when Harris committed suicide. In June 2014, a married couple, Jerad and Amanda Miller, shot and killed two Las Vegas police officers and an intervening civilian before being confronted by police. Jerad Miller was fatally shot by an officer while Amanda Miller committed suicide shortly afterwards. They both talked about committing "the next Columbine" and idolized Harris and Klebold according to a neighbor's account. The Tumblr fandom gained widespread media attention in February 2015 after three of its members conspired to commit a mass shooting at a Halifax mall on Valentine's Day. In 2017, two 15-year-old school boys from Northallerton in England were charged with conspiracy to murder after becoming infatuated with the crime and "hero-worshipping" Harris and Klebold. The Santa Fe High School shooting, in which ten people were killed, strongly resembled the Columbine massacre; the perpetrator, Dimitrios Pagourtzis, used a pump-action shotgun and homemade explosives, wore similar clothing as Harris and Klebold (including a black trench coat and combat boots) and reportedly yelled "Surprise!" to a victim during the shooting, a possible reference to the library massacre at Columbine. The Kerch Polytechnic College massacre appears to be a copycat crime. The shooter wore a white shirt which said "Hatred" (in Russian), one fingerless glove, planted bombs, and committed suicide with a shotgun in the library, all very similar to Harris' outfit and suicide. In September 2021, two teens were arrested in Lee County, Florida and were accused of plotting a school shooting. A search conducted of the teen's homes showed a map of the school with security cameras labeled. Several knives and a gun were also found. The Sheriff Department said the teens had a "particular interest in Columbine" and that they had been ordered to undergo mental evaluation before possible charges being filed. Additionally four teenagers were charged in Pennsylvania, after a police investigation found detailed evidence of a plan to target Dunmore High School outside of Scranton, Pennsylvania on April 20, 2024 on the 25th anniversary of the attack. Text messages between the students planning the attack, claiming "dibs" on certain potential victims, and that they wanted everything to go down like Columbine. List of alleged copycat incidents In popular culture "Columbine" has since become a euphemism for a school shooting, rather like "going postal". A video game called Super Columbine Massacre RPG! was based on the massacre. The 2016 biographical film I'm Not Ashamed, based on the journals of Rachel Scott, includes alleged glimpses of Harris's and Klebold's lives and interactions with other students at Columbine High School. The 1999 black comedy, Duck! The Carbine High Massacre is inspired by the Columbine massacre. The 2003 Gus Van Sant film Elephant depicts a fictional school shooting, but is based in part on the Columbine massacre. The 2003 Ben Coccio film Zero Day was also based on the massacre. The first documentary on the massacre may have been the TLC documentary Lost Boys in 2000. The 2002 Michael Moore documentary film Bowling for Columbine won several awards. Also in 2002, A&E made "Columbine: Understanding Why". Rapper Eminem references the shooting multiple times throughout his discography. Most famously, "I'm Back" off of The Marshall Mathers LP (2000) contained a line about Columbine that was censored. He references this censorship in "Rap God" (The Marshall Mathers LP 2, 2013) and repeats the line, saying it will not be censored this time because he was not as famous as when "I'm Back" was released. Fred Durst references the Columbine shooting in the Limp Bizkit song "Head for the Barricade", which is on the 2003 album Results May Vary, and the reference wasn't censored on the explicit or edited versions of the album. In 2004, the shooting was dramatized in the documentary Zero Hour. In 2007, the massacre was documented in an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary series The Final Report. The 2009 film April Showers, which was written and directed by Andrew Robinson, who was a senior at Columbine High School during the shooting, was based on Columbine. The 2013 film Kids for Cash about the kids for cash scandal detail it as part of the "zero-tolerance" policy in the wake of the Columbine shootings. Columbine students, Jonathan and Stephen Cohen wrote a song called Friend of Mine (Columbine), which briefly received airplay in the US after being performed at a memorial service broadcast on USA-wide television. The song was pressed to CD, with the proceeds benefiting families affected by the massacre, and over 10,000 copies were ordered. Shortly following the release of the CD single, the song was also featured on the Lullaby for Columbine CD. Since the advent of online social media, a fandom for shooters Harris and Klebold has had a documented presence on social media sites, especially Tumblr. Fans of Harris and Klebold refer to themselves as "Columbiners." An article published in 2015 in the Journal of Transformative Works, a scholarly journal which focuses on the sociology of fandoms, noted that Columbiners were not fundamentally functionally different from more mainstream fandoms. Columbiners create fan art and fan fiction, and have a scholarly interest in the shooting. References Criminology Counter-terrorism in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah%20%282019%20miniseries%29

Jonah (2019 miniseries)

Jonah is a 2019 biographical two-part miniseries that chronicles the life, career and death of former All Blacks winger, Jonah Lomu, especially revolving around 1994-1996, the rapid rise and fall of his rugby career. It is directed by Danny Mulherson, and stars Tongan-Kiwi actor Mosese Veaila as the protagonist, and Craig Hall former All Blacks and current Warriors team doctor, Dr. John Mayhew, and Kelson Henderson stars as Phil Kingsley Jones, Lomu's former manager. It aired on TV Three on August 18 and 19, 2019, and is also available On Demand for one year. It is the first feature-film-length miniseries to feature Tongan dialogues. Plot Part 1 The story begins in 1996 after Lomu's meteoric rise to the sporting world, where footages of Jonah Lomu trampling Mike Catt marked his first major moment that launched him to international super-stardom. It helped him move his partner, Tanya Rutter, from South Africa to New Zealand, who later became his first wife. However, his immediate playing future in New Zealand is unknown, and with the debut of Super 12, he signed to join Eric Rush back in Auckland Blues. Moments after signing his first contract, Lomu found blood in his urine, which signalled his first sign of his health troubles ahead. The movie then had a flashback in South Auckland in 1987, where a rapidly-growing Jonah (12) grew out of his church uniform that he just got from last week, and much like devout Christians, Jonah has been taught to never wander outdoors and play or work on Sabbath Sundays, but their cousin, Drew, managed to lure him away to hang out with his bicycle gang, where Jonah managed to steal a bicycle of his own from a motorbike gang leader. Despite not being the instigator, Jonah was more severely punished as he was the oldest in the family, and his anger and resentment toward his strict father grew. It drove him to join the Crips bicycle gang, which is Drew's gang. However, his first test mission to hide a knife failed, as he was busted by the cops. He also accidentally stabbed himself on the thigh while running into a ditch, and lied about him being attacked by Bloods. However, Semisi still found out, leaving him disappointed and wished he left Jonah in Tonga. A few days later, Drew was killed in another rivalry gang fight. Days later, Hepi convinced Semisi to send the boys to Wesley College in Pukekohe in 1988, despite them not being able to make ends meet. Throughout his third form, his raw and natural talent for sports was slowly discovered by Mr. Chris Ginter, the college's disciplinary teacher and PE teacher, having gained first place in long jump, discus, javelin, high jump and shot put, despite not entering decathlon outright. He also went on to win the 100m sprint, which gained him positive popularity in the school. He was recruited to play first XI rugby union in a traditionally rugby union powerhouse, but Jonah initially declined, since Jonah grew up in South Auckland, where touch rugby and rugby league dominates the area. A few months after, he left school grounds without permission to play rugby league for Mt. Wellington U-21, which caused him to be expelled, but later relented since Jonah's home situation is bad. Jonah started his rugby career as a flanker, lock and halfback due to his size and strength, but as he learns the difference between the two codes, and gaining respect from the seniors. After a time-skip to 1993, when Jonah became a senior at 18, he was already a try-scoring lock, and already had a taste of Sevens rugby, where his agent and manager, Phil Kingsley Jones, made first promises of his future. Time returns to 1996 after his blood urine, he had doubts about marrying Tanya due to his parents' disapproval, so he went public in Paul Holmes' talk show, but after being hounded by paparazzi, he finally snapped and punched a photographer. A month later, he won his first Super 12 title with The Blues despite only scoring 3 tries, and met John Hart, but a few weeks later, first signs of his illness showed. He had a lacerated shin that didn't heal, and losing aerobic fitness. He struggled to keep his kidney problems a secret from the coaches and Eric Rush, his roommate. While the initial set of urine tests were lost, the next set came back inconclusive, so Jonah decided to hold off until he manages to play in 1996 All Blacks Tour of South Africa. After being left out of the first match against the home team, he went out with the team, but was sucker-punched in a random attack. A few months later, a nephrology specialist cleared him for Barbarians tour in the UK, but he had the worst outing thus far with the All Blacks, having committed 3 turnovers, and failing to break away from anybody. He was formally diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome late in 1996. When he started receiving treatment in 1997, he watched an old tape of him playing in 1994, the year when Laurie Mains suggested him to move from lock/flanker to a left winger, a trial in Counties Manukau was a successful experiment. However, since rugby in New Zealand was not a professional sport at the time, he briefly worked at ASB Bank. In 1997, his health condition improved enough that his kidney problems are in remission, and has made his return for the All Blacks, but his relationship with Tanya soured, as he cheated on her, and was in a relationship with Fiona, a PA, leading Lomu to cede most possessions and caring rights their pet dog, Toby Jack. The movies jumps back to 1994, when Jonah impressed in the Possibles vs. Probables trial match., which leads to his debut in Christchurch's Lancaster Park against France. Part one ends with Jonah practising the Maori haka while overlooking the Christchurch skyline. Part 2 After a shaky debut in 1994, and struggling to adjust to the move to left wing, Lomu vents his frustrations to Phil Kinglsey Jones, and feels dejected when he returns to ASB Bank to work a day later. Despite being dropped, he receives a fax from Sydney Bulldogs, an Australian professional rugby league team. Apprehensive about the move to Australia, he seeks advice from Eric Rush, who suggested him to treat the 1995 North-South Prossibles vs. Probables trials match as a swansong, in case if he did decide to switch code and get a professional contract. After Jonah's great performance, however, Eric and Frank suggested him to stay with the All Blacks, then make his mark in the 1995 World Cup, so there would be more options for him after the Cup. Before the World Cup, however, his fitness already came into question, as Laurie Mains was known to build on the team's cardio fitness and endurance, two things that Lomu lacks. He initially brushed it off as he isn't 'built for long-distance', which may be true, but the blood test already showed impaired renal function while Jonah's medical insurance was being processed. He also put on some weight, despite showing no physical changes. Time skips to 1999, ahead of the World Cup knockout stages, incidentally against France, the same opponent he faced on his debut. With his kidney problems in remission, he was in the best shape he could be. However, after the team was knocked out, despite him scoring 2 tries, Fiona was too scared to see Grant Kereama, who would become Jonah's kidney donor years later. He was hassled by some regular customers, fearing an attack, Nadine Quirk's father pulled him aside and treated him to a pasta meal. Nadine later becomes Jonah's third and final wife. In 2000, Teina was attacked by a crazed female fan in Wellington, leading him to never party out at night much. Time returns to 1995, Lomu actually shows first signs of his kidney problems after gaining weight by retaining more fluid. When the team lands in South Africa for 1995 Rugby World Cup, the press is still sceptical about his position change to left wing, having started off as a flanker. To reaffirm his commitment, he shaved his eyebrow with the 11 gap, the squad number for a left-winger. Time returns to 2002, when Fiona was asking about Jonah's wedding plans with Teina, it fell through 2 weeks before that wedding, and like last time, Lomu ceded his house and cars to her, while he moved in with Fiona. While Kingsley tried to make a damage-control press again, Fiona, a more astute businesswoman with a business degree, saw through him trying to siphon money out of Jonah. They let Kingsley walk, and he was relieved of his duties as Jonah's manager after a decade. While Fiona was looking through a new contract deal, Jonah felt unwell, a checkup revealed that .a dialysis treatment actually strains the heart, so while his kidney may be better, a heart attack may still be possible. When he started, he met Penina, a fellow diabetic, but throughout his treatment, only Frank Bunce saw him, but even he was taken aback by the equipment and Jonah's plight. A few weeks later, as Penina passed away, he decided to propose to Fiona. A few weeks later, he returned to play for Wellington Hurricanes in 2003. He already lost his explosive power, and can only be a holding defender as he cannot afford to perform full strength solo tackles. Those are compounded by his minute restrictions. He later conceded that he needed to consider retirement. Time returns to 1995, and footages of the real Jonah against Ireland was shown, where he scored two tries on his World Cup debut match, and Eric Rush answered most answers for him, as he became increasingly uncomfortable with dealing with the press, so Chris Ginter conducted a pre-recorded interview with him. There, Jonah recounted his rough childhood, and fully disclosed he physically fought back against his father. Fearing that the media could backlash, Jonah was simply telling the raw and ugly truth. Time skips to 2004, with his rugby career nearly over, he was playing Grand Turismo 4 on PlayStation 2 and trying to get Fiona's jacket, he tripped, but was unable to feel his feet. Having lost 90% of sensations on his feet, he let pride get in the way and tried to walk down stairs, and tripped again. He later conceded that he needed a wheelchair, and he lost the ability to drive because he no longer has the ability to sense which pedal he was pressing. Grant Kereama still offered to donate his kidney after finding they both have O+-type blood, and other test also came back showing the matches, so Grant could become a live donor for Jonah. Four months after the transplant, where the transplanted kidney is placed inside the rib cage, so it can be protected from the tackles and hits. In 2005, he made his return at Twickenham to play in an invitational match with Martin Johnson, but he dislocated his left shoulder in a tackle, and his glenohumeral joint was worn off. In 2007, Jonah met Nadene in a club, but just like his breakup with Tanya, Jonah tried to deny and ignore everything, but a more astute Fiona tried to reason with him, and also tried to convince him to take it easy and retire from rugby. Like last times, he gave away the house and cars, except for his original Ford Mustang. When he drove off, he lost control, but he didn't crash. A few months later, he visits John's family house, but he left Nadine sleeping in his car. A few weeks later, she was working in a night club, and as she is a teetotal, she thought her juice was spiked, she is correct that the juice was spike with Rohypnol, a powerful sleeping pill, but it turns out that she is pregnant, even when Jonah was deemed infertile, and Nadine had one of her ovaries removed. Unlike the last marriages, Jonah's family was pleased for Jonah, and are happy that they are finally becoming grandparents, and are receptive to the fact that the children will grow up in Wellington, Nadine's hometown. As the family was extended, they finally got married. Time returns to 1995, after the quarter final win, the night that was on Sean Fitzpatrick's birthday, where the story of him meeting Tanya was revealed, but the first meeting was cut short as she was led out by her friends. He then came to a bar session, where he discovered that he was on Rupert Murdoch's radar, which could launch his brand and increase media exposure, as Murdoch is a media mogul that later launched rugby into the profession era, as players used to be on semi-professional or even amateur status, hence many players needed to work in regular jobs to stay afloat. There, he and Tanya faced racial profiling by the South African police during Apartheid era, but when the cop realised the car was not a stolen car, and realised it was Jonah, he asked for an autograph. He was happy that he finally had no need to fear the cops due to his star power. In the semi final against England, real-life footages of Lomu trampling Mike Catt, and going on to score 4 tries was shown. However, time skips to 2011, when a frail Jonah is on his way to hospital in Auckland, because the body rejected Grant's donated kidney, and was resuscitated after he went into renal failure. He had outlived his 10 years life expectancy from the start of dialysis. In 2015, footages of Jonah's final public appearances were shown, where Prince Harry presented the World Cup in 2015 after the team defended the World Cup in England. As he left the locker room, his friends, family and coaches worked around him. As he sees his current wife and his children, he morphed back into his younger self, and stepping out onto the field. As the screen darkens, his short obituary was shown. Cast Mosese Veaila as Jonah Lomu Dominic Tupou as young Jonah Craig Hall as Dr. John Mayhew Kelson Henderson as Phil Kingsley Jones Joel Tobeck as Laurie Mains Dominic Ona-Ariki as Eric Rush Michael Koloi as Semisi, Jonah's father Sesilia Pusiaki as Hepi, Jonah's mother Sepuloni Koloa as John, Jonah's Brother Valeria Davis as Tanya, Jonah's first wife Melissa Lawlor, as Fiona, Jonah's second wife Jacqui Nauman as Nadene Lomu, Jonah's third and final wife Colin Garlick as Chris Ginter, Wesley College's disciplinary teacher and sports coach Joe Naufahu as Frank Bunce, inside centre Luke Taplin as Sean Fitzpatrick, hooker and captain Phil Peloton as John Hart Daya-Tumua Sao-Mafiti as Michael Jones, flanker and no. 8 Ross Anderson as Prof. Ian Simpson, nephrology specialist John McBeth as himself, rugby commentator Keith Quinn as himself, rugby commentator Phil Brown as Ric Salizzo, journalist, comedian and radio host Tarikura Kapea as Tenia Stace, Lomu's fiancée James Tito as Grant Kereara, radio host and Jonah's kidney donor Dimitrius Koloamatangi as Drew, Jonah's cousin and Crips gang member Clara Lemalie as Penina, a fellow diabetic Mohia Mokaraka as Brayley, the eldest son of Jonah Jayden Richardson as Dhyreille Lomu, the youngest son of Jonah Reception Phil Kingsley Jones was critical that the film portrayed him as a villain, though being partly true, in the sense that he was not invited to attend Jonah's funeral (not shown in the final cuts), both he and John Mayhew were both father figures for Jonah. However, Phil Kingsley Jones' relationship with Jonah was not divulged in great detail, and many intimate details of Lomu's love life was also left out, as both he and Laurie Mains were not consulted in the making of the series, and leaving the public presuming the minute details as public knowledge. References External links New Zealand television series New Zealand television miniseries Three (TV channel) original programming Television shows funded by NZ on Air 2019 New Zealand television series debuts 2019 New Zealand television series endings 2010s television miniseries

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair%20Witch%20%28video%20game%29

Blair Witch (video game)

Blair Witch is a survival horror video game developed by Bloober Team based on the Blair Witch series of horror films. It was published by Lionsgate Games for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Game Pass on August 30, 2019. The game is set two years after the events of the 1999 film The Blair Witch Project, which takes place in 1994. The game follows former police officer Ellis Lynch as he joins the search in Black Hills Forest for a missing boy. The game was later ported to PlayStation 4 on December 3, 2019, Nintendo Switch on June 25, 2020, Oculus Quest & Quest 2 on October 29, 2020 and Amazon Luna on October 7, 2021. The game focuses on survival horror mechanics and stealth and is played from a first person perspective, requiring the player to use items such as a camera, cellphone, flashlight or Ellis' dog, Bullet, to track and follow the trail of missing nine-year old Peter Shannon while fending off shadowy creatures. Along the way, players will find strange wooden dolls, photographs and cassette tapes and will also be tasked with solving puzzles. Like the film, it integrates the found-footage subgenre with the gameplay and story, often through the use of cassette tapes. Blair Witch received mixed reviews with critics praising its atmosphere, graphics, sound design and the use of a dog companion, but criticised its gameplay design and perceived difficulty. Gameplay As with previous Bloober Team games, Blair Witch is a single player first-person survival horror game. The player controls former police officer and veteran Ellis Lynch who joins a search party for a missing boy in the Black Hills forest in Burkittsville, Maryland. The game plays out in a semi-open world, making players explore different parts of the areas which can sometimes lead to abandoned structures, campsites or little crevices that only Bullet can access. Along the way, they will find items such as wooden dolls, polaroids of missing people, dog tags and psychiatrist notes which are stored in the backpack. Also stored in the backpack are dog treats which can be fed to Bullet. Sometimes, areas can be blocked off by a log or a door and are only accessible by solving a puzzle or by collecting several items that opens or operates for example, a steam donkey. It may also require the player to find cassette tapes. There are two types; red and blue. The red tape allows players to manipulate and rewind time to move objects that have been locked or moved in place, while the blue tape tells more of the story. These tapes can be accessed via the camcorder. While in the forest, Ellis will reminisce about his past through the use of several devices; a cell phone and a walkie-talkie. Whenever a call is received, the player can choose to accept or reject. This decision chosen will directly affect the game's conclusion as well. Messages and voicemails will also pop up occasionally, players can access them in the menu. Also in the phone's menu are the popular 2D games Snake and Astro Blaster which can be played at any point of the playthrough. A major element of gameplay is Ellis' dog, Bullet. The player is able to interact with the dog through a command menu. There are five commands, "Stay", "Stay close", "Reprimand", "Pet" and "Seek". The latter serves as an integral part of gameplay, as items found throughout allow Bullet to track the scent of certain objects or the general direction of where to go. During combat, Bullet serves as an indicator when shadowy creatures attack the player and will bark when they are close by, the player can defend for themselves by shining their flashlight towards the creatures. Another feature with Bullet, is the psychological state of Ellis. It is crucial for the player to keep Bullet close to them at all times, as being separated from him for some time can affect the state of the character. The game's ending is dependent on the relationship between the player and the dog, accounting for the actions the player has done. The game roughly takes up to six hours to complete, with a possibility of four endings and an additional secret ending. Plot The game is set in 1996, two years after the events of the first film. Veteran and former police officer Ellis Lynch (voiced by Joseph May) alongside his police dog Bullet, travels to Black Hills Forest in Burkittsville, Maryland to join the search party for the missing 9-year-old Peter Shannon. He arrives and begins his search. Shortly after entering the forest, Ellis contacts search party leader Sheriff Emmet Lanning, who lets Ellis join the search despite questioning his mental fitness due to his recurring PTSD. After finding Peter's hat and following his scent, Ellis and Bullet reach a campsite. Ellis finds a working camcorder before blacking out. He begins to recall previous points in his life before waking up inside the tent to find that night has fallen. Ellis happens upon a red tape and after viewing it, realizes that he can manipulate reality around him, which he uses to find clues. Shortly after, he receives contact from Lanning, who tries to locate him. Lanning desperately told Ellis that the team never saw the campsite he described, and for him to stay put so they can rendezvous. He refuses, continuing to walk deeper into the thicket in fear of Bullet losing Peter's scent. Ellis and Bullet eventually arrive at a crooked white tree with black vines, and they are attacked by several silhouetted creatures, but he scares them off with his flashlight. As they search the area, the duo finds what looks to be war trenches and a broken-down vehicle. He finds another red tape that shows Peter's abduction by a mysterious figure. As Ellis and Bullet try to find another route, the broken-down truck transforms into Lanning's police truck. After instructed by an unknown voice through the radio, Ellis switches on the truck's headlights. A bright flash envelopes them and they find themselves the next morning. Continuing their search, Bullet finds Lanning's body buried under forest debris; another tape shows Lanning's murder by Peter's abductor. Ellis follows Bullet back the way they came only to find that the riverbank they crossed is now dried up. While walking across the river, Bullet sniffs an old soldier's helmet. As their surroundings are altered into a battlefield, Ellis and Bullet proceed to run to escape gunshots until they came upon a large tree. Ellis follows Bullet through the hollow tree trunk whilst hearing mysterious whispers of a woman before losing consciousness again. It is revealed through his nightmare that Ellis, as an officer, fatally shot Peter's brother while responding to a robbery call; he becomes obsessed with saving Peter as a means of amending it. Awakening, he finds himself in front of the campsite, now far more deteriorated. He inexplicably finds various dog tags belonging to his previous military squad. He, alongside Bullet, finds more clues to investigate a lumber mill deep in the forest. On the way, Ellis finds parts of the forest burning, with rubbles reminiscent of the site of his failed mission scattered throughout with strange forces digging through the pile of dead leaves. He suffers a powerful hallucination of how he felt responsible for the death of his military squad, who were all killed during the mission. Arriving at the mills' outpost, he uses the recorder to restart the boiler to power and ride a minecart. Crossing a bridge, Ellis calls his ex-wife Jess once more before losing the signal, who insists he return, but he refuses. At the mill, Ellis finds the corpse of missing lumberer Todd Mackinnon, murdered with a circular saw by the abductor. He confronts the abductor, a disheveled man named Carver, who asks if he sees "her". He accuses mocks and knocks Ellis out, stating that Peter must die because 'such is "her" will'. Ellis awakens as Carver drags him back to the now completely decayed campsite. Under Carver's instructions, he uses the camcorder to locate the white tree, which he uses alongside a deer's skin to make the witch's sign. Carver urges him to survive by submitting and directs him to shoot Bullet; outraged, he refuses. Bullet runs off and is later found wounded. Ellis carries him only to find himself walking in circles. Ellis passes out to find Bullet missing. After losing and regaining consciousness several times, he's confronted by Carver, who taunts him with Bullet's supposed death. He wakes up at the now-flooded campsite in a rainstorm. He sees and enters a dilapidated house, following clues through numerous doorways and passages leading to the basement. Visions of the past reveal the cause of Ellis' PTSD; he accidentally killed a native girl while hiding from enemy forces during a combat mission. This shocks him enough, causing his negligence in warning his squad of danger, resulting in their deaths; the concealed face seen throughout the game was the girl's face. Mysterious voices alongside creatures inside the house continue to taunts Ellis. In a fit of rage, he aggressively makes his way into the basement. Entering it, he finds Peter is nowhere and goes through a secret trapdoor that teleports him outside to Carver. Multiple endings are available. Depending on the player's actions throughout the game, he either kills Carver or lets Carver kill him, refusing to allow the presence to take him over. Based on how well he was treated, Bullet could end up alive and well. If he ends up killing Carver, he will find himself becoming the next Carver, causing Bullet to leave the forest in fear and sadness. If he lets Carver kill him, Bullet will either move on or stays by his side. The outcomes also vary; It can either reveal that Lanning's body was never found or was recovered and buried with top honors, either Todd Mackinnon's remains were found nearly beyond identification or recovered by his family to be buried, and Peter's fate can either be unknown, revealed to be murdered at Carver's hands, or safely found by the authorities and returned to his family unscathed. Development Blair Witch was developed by Bloober Team who are known for their psychological horror video games, Layers of Fear and Observer. The idea of developing the game was conceived by Lionsgate who had purchased the rights in 2003 from Artisan Entertainment and were interested in doing a Blair Witch game after liking the work that Bloober had done on Layers of Fear. Building on the foundation of their previous titles, Blair Witch was idealised as a semi open-world game with vast improvements to allow players to explore and fully immerse themselves. According to writer Maciej Glomb, Lionsgate had given the team free range to work on an original story that was set in the same universe as the films with guidelines set by the studio. This allowed the team to work on character development and the story while also focusing on the psychological aspects of the game. The game was developed using Unreal Engine 4. The setting of the game was designed to follow the 1999 film, with the landscape of the Black Hills Forest. As writer Barbara Kciuk explains, "For us, open spaces are not only a challenge but also an opportunity...a forest setting gives you completely new tools to play with. Players can never be sure what lurks in the darkness." For inspiration, the team sought out video games such as Firewatch, Alan Wake and Outlast and films that re-defined the found-footage genre which include REC and Paranormal Activity. Release Blair Witch was announced at E3 2019. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One on August 30, 2019. At Gamescom 2019, Blair Witch was added to Xbox Game Pass along with several other titles. Reception Blair Witch received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Alex Spencer of PC Gamer called Blair Witch "an interesting horror game that never manages to escape the shadow of its ‘90s inspiration" but criticised it for not developing some of the mechanics further. Writing for GameSpot, Alessandro Barbosa praised the game's atmosphere and sound design but was critical saying that "Blair Witch doesn't tell a complex tale, and its twists are drawn out over such a long time that it's easy to see them coming way before they have any chance to land impactfully." Jeff Cork of Game Informer stated similar pros, but criticised the enemy encounters and its inconsistency. Destructoid's Patrick Hancock commented that "Blair Witch sufficiently blends regular scares with psychological horror", but noted the abundant amount of jump scares that, over the course of the game, became "too annoying and noticeable." The game's atmosphere and sound design were highlighted positively with Polygon editor Cass Marshall calling the atmosphere of the forest "satisfying", and said that "Developer Bloober Team has created an ominous, intimidating forest that already looks haunted. The woods can be tricky to navigate, though; I’m constantly running into invisible walls, looking for paths, and generally being uncertain about where I am." Eurogamer's Viki Blake highlighted the visuals and the masterful use of sound and said that "Blair Witch is nonetheless packed with a number of successful scares and memorable set-pieces that draw admirably on the franchise's lore." The characters received generally positive reviews. T.J. Hafer, writing for IGN, stated that the dog made the experience much more bearable and was useful for tracking down important items. He also said that "...he’s a welcome companion traipsing through the dark, oppressive underbrush and gave me a way to bring down my real world heart rate with some nice ear scratches after particularly stressful segments". However, Hafer was critical of the dog's "flimsy" AI. Jason Faulkner of Game Revolution called Bullet's inclusion as "under-utilised", with his most significant usage being directing the player towards enemies during combat. Alyssa Mercante of GamesRadar+ pointed out the character of Ellis Lynch, commenting on the relationship between Ellis and Bullet and the clever use of mental problems and stating that "It's a brilliant narrative tool, one that constantly keeps you on edge." Accolades Despite mixed reviews, the game was nominated for "Xbox Game of the Year" at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Use of Sound, New IP" at the NAVGTR Awards. References External links Blair Witch (franchise) 2019 video games Psychological horror games PlayStation 4 games Single-player video games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Video games about dogs Video games developed in Poland Video games based on films Video games set in 1996 Windows games Xbox Cloud Gaming games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Nintendo Switch games Video games set in forests Video games set in Maryland