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LitCovid_1shot_test

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LitCovid_1shot0

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Potential role for tissue factor in the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability associated with in COVID-19. In December 2019, a new and highly contagious infectious disease emerged in Wuhan, China. The etiologic agent was identified as a novel coronavirus, now known as Severe Acute Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent research has revealed that virus entry takes place upon the union of the virus S surface protein with the type I transmembrane metallo-carboxypeptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) identified on epithelial cells of the host respiratory tract. Virus triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha and also promotes downregulation of ACE-2, which promotes a concomitant increase in levels of angiotensin II (AT-II). Both TNF-alpha and AT-II have been implicated in promoting overexpression of tissue factor (TF) in platelets and macrophages. Additionally, the generation of antiphospholipid antibodies associated with COVID-19 may also promote an increase in TF. TF may be a critical mediator associated with the development of thrombotic phenomena in COVID-19, and should be a target for future study. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid_1shot1

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Dietary therapy and herbal medicine for COVID-19 prevention: A review and perspective. A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), transmitted from humans to humans, has rapidly become the pandemic responsible for the current global health crisis. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is said to be of zoonotic origin. This review describes the etiology and signs and symptoms as well as the current allopathic therapy for COVID-19. Additionally, findings of previous studies on the immunomodulatory effects and antiviral activities of particular foods and herbs on influenza virus and coronaviruses have been collated, with the aim of promoting the use of dietary therapy and herbal medicine as COVID-19 preventive therapies, while specific drugs and vaccines are yet to be discovered or are still under development. The volume of existing reports is irrefutable evidence that foods and herbs possess a potential antiviral ability against SARS-CoV-2 and can prevent COVID-19. Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Prevention

LitCovid_1shot2

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: First report of manic-like symptoms in a COVID-19 patient with no previous history of a psychiatric disorder. BACKGROUND: In December 2019, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection was first reported in Wuhan city, central China, which has spread rapidly. The common clinical features of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection included fever, fatigue, and damage to the respiratory or digestive system. However, it is still unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause damage to the central nervous system (CNS) inducing psychiatric symptoms. CASE REPORT: Herein, we present the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection with manic-like symptoms and describe the diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of the case, focusing on the identifications of SARS-CoV-2 in the specimen of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The patient developed manic-like symptoms when his vital signs recovered on illness day 17. After manic-like attack, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibody in CSF was positive, while the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on CSF for the SARS-CoV-2 was negative. The patient received Olanzapine for treatment and his mood problems concurrently improved as indicated by scores of Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS). LIMITATION: This is a single case report only, and the RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in CSF was not performed simultaneously when SARS-CoV-2 was positive in samples of sputum and stool. CONCLUSION: This first case of COVID-19 patient with manic-like symptoms highlights the importance of evaluation of mental health status and may contribute to our understanding of potential risk of CNS impairments by SARS-CoV-2 infection. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid_1shot3

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Epidemiological Investigation of OHCWs with COVID-19. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is an important risk of infection in health care workers, including oral health care workers (OHCWs), due to the characteristics of dental practice. In this retrospective study, data pertaining to the 31 OHCWs diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, were retrieved and analyzed. Questionnaires were administered to the subjects over the Internet and telephone. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and information on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were collected. There were 22 females and 9 males, with a median age of 39 y. Although the severity of most cases of COVID-19 (93.5%) was mild or moderate, 1 case was severe, and another case was critical, resulting in death. Fever was the main first symptom of COVID-19, followed by fatigue and myalgia. Most of the OHCWs routinely used PPE such as medical masks, gloves, caps, and work clothes while performing clinical work. N95 or KN95 masks were rarely available because of the scarcity of PPE during the outbreak. Nineteen OHCWs reported a contact history, among whom 7 worked in a fever clinic, 5 reported contact with dental patients suspected of having COVID-19, and 7 reported contact with family members with COVID-19-related symptoms at least 1 d earlier. Our findings indicated that there were few clusters of COVID-19 in dental settings. Since the outbreak, the Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, has provided emergency dental treatment, and none of their staff were infected while providing dental service, which indicates that comprehensive measures such as the use of advanced PPE and environmental disinfection can prevent cross-infection in dental practice. The analysis of the procedures followed during the emergency treatments indicated that OHCWs preferred to recommend conservative treatment to patients, suggesting that attention should be paid to the psychological impact of COVID-19 on dental practitioners. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot4

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: The impact of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir or ribavirin in patients with severe COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir are direct-acting antivirals highly effective against hepatitis C virus. There is some in silico and in vitro evidence that suggests these agents may also be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This trial evaluated the effectiveness of sofosbuvir in combination with daclatasvir in treating patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Patients with a positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR or bilateral multi-lobar ground-glass opacity on their chest CT and signs of severe COVID-19 were included. Subjects were divided into two arms with one arm receiving ribavirin and the other receiving sofosbuvir/daclatasvir. All participants also received the recommended national standard treatment which, at that time, was lopinavir/ritonavir and single-dose hydroxychloroquine. The primary endpoint was time from starting the medication until discharge from hospital with secondary endpoints of duration of ICU stay and mortality. RESULTS: Sixty-two subjects met the inclusion criteria, with 35 enrolled in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir arm and 27 in the ribavirin arm. The median duration of stay was 5 days for the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir group and 9 days for the ribavirin group. The mortality in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir group was 2/35 (6%) and 9/27 (33%) for the ribavirin group. The relative risk of death for patients treated with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir was 0.17 (95% CI 0.04-0.73, P = 0.02) and the number needed to treat for benefit was 3.6 (95% CI 2.1-12.1, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Given these encouraging initial results, and the current lack of treatments proven to decrease mortality in COVID-19, further investigation in larger-scale trials seems warranted. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid_1shot5

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic's Effect on Critical Care Resources and Health-Care Providers: A Global Survey. BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected ICUs and critical care health-care providers (HCPs) worldwide. RESEARCH QUESTION: How do regional differences and perceived lack of ICU resources affect critical care resource use and the well-being of HCPs? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Between April 23 and May 7, 2020, we electronically administered a 41-question survey to interdisciplinary HCPs caring for patients critically ill with COVID-19. The survey was distributed via critical care societies, research networks, personal contacts, and social media portals. Responses were tabulated according to World Bank region. We performed multivariate log-binomial regression to assess factors associated with three main outcomes: limiting mechanical ventilation (MV), changes in CPR practices, and emotional distress and burnout. RESULTS: We included 2,700 respondents from 77 countries, including physicians (41%), nurses (40%), respiratory therapists (11%), and advanced practice providers (8%). The reported lack of ICU nurses was higher than that of intensivists (32% vs 15%). Limiting MV for patients with COVID-19 was reported by 16% of respondents, was lowest in North America (10%), and was associated with reduced ventilator availability (absolute risk reduction [ARR], 2.10; 95% CI, 1.61-2.74). Overall, 66% of respondents reported changes in CPR practices. Emotional distress or burnout was high across regions (52%, highest in North America) and associated with being female (mechanical ventilation, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.33), being a nurse (ARR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.13-1.53), reporting a shortage of ICU nurses (ARR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.33), reporting a shortage of powered air-purifying respirators (ARR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09-1.55), and experiencing poor communication from supervisors (ARR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.16-1.46). INTERPRETATION: Our findings demonstrate variability in ICU resource availability and use worldwide. The high prevalence of provider burnout and its association with reported insufficient resources and poor communication from supervisors suggest a need for targeted interventions to support HCPs on the front lines. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot6

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Accelerated launch of video visits in ambulatory neurology during COVID-19: Key lessons from the Stanford experience. The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly moved telemedicine from discretionary to necessary. Here, we describe how the Stanford Neurology Department (1) rapidly adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in over 1,000 video visits within 4 weeks, and (2) accelerated an existing quality improvement plan of a tiered roll out of video visits for ambulatory neurology to a full-scale roll out. Key issues we encountered and addressed were related to equipment/software, provider engagement, workflow/triage, and training. On reflection, the key drivers of our success were provider engagement and dedicated support from a physician champion, who plays a critical role understanding stakeholder needs. Before COVID-19, physician interest in telemedicine was mixed. However, in response to county and state stay-at-home orders related to COVID-19, physician engagement changed completely; all providers wanted to convert a majority of visits to video visits as quickly as possible. Rapid deployment of neurology video visits across all its subspecialties is feasible. Our experience and lessons learned can facilitate broader utilization, acceptance, and normalization of video visits for neurology patients in the present as well as the much anticipated postpandemic era. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot7

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: COVID-19 Epidemic in the Middle Province of Northern Italy: Impact, Logistics, and Strategy in the First Line Hospital. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) began in China in early December 2019 and rapidly has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. An epidemic has been recorded since February 20 in a middle province in Northern Italy (Lodi province, in the low Po Valley). The first line hospital had to redesign its logistical and departmental structure to respond to the influx of COVID-19-positive patients who needed hospitalization. Logistical and structural strategies were guided by the crisis unit, managing in 8 days from the beginning of the epidemic to prepare the hospital to be ready to welcome more than 200 COVID-19-positive patients with different ventilatory requirements, keeping clean emergency access lines, and restoring surgical interventions and deferred urgent, routine activity. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot8

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Cohort of Four Thousand Four Hundred Four Persons Under Investigation for COVID-19 in a New York Hospital and Predictors of ICU Care and Ventilation. Study objective: Most coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reports have focused on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive patients. However, at initial presentation, most patients' viral status is unknown. Determination of factors that predict initial and subsequent need for ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation is critical for resource planning and allocation. We describe our experience with 4,404 persons under investigation and explore predictors of ICU care and invasive mechanical ventilation at a New York COVID-19 epicenter. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all persons under investigation and presenting to a large academic medical center emergency department (ED) in New York State with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. The association between patient predictor variables and SARS-CoV-2 status, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality was explored with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Between March 12 and April 14, 2020, we treated 4,404 persons under investigation for COVID-19 infection, of whom 68% were discharged home, 29% were admitted to a regular floor, and 3% to an ICU. One thousand six hundred fifty-one of 3,369 patients tested have had SARS-CoV-2-positive results to date. Of patients with regular floor admissions, 13% were subsequently upgraded to the ICU after a median of 62 hours (interquartile range 28 to 106 hours). Fifty patients required invasive mechanical ventilation in the ED, 4 required out-of-hospital invasive mechanical ventilation, and another 167 subsequently required invasive mechanical ventilation in a median of 60 hours (interquartile range 26 to 99) hours after admission. Testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and lower oxygen saturations were associated with need for ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation, and with death. High respiratory rates were associated with the need for ICU care. Conclusion: Persons under investigation for COVID-19 infection contribute significantly to the health care burden beyond those ruling in for SARS-CoV-2. For every 100 admitted persons under investigation, 9 will require ICU stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, or both on arrival and another 12 within 2 to 3 days of hospital admission, especially persons under investigation with lower oxygen saturations and positive SARS-CoV-2 swab results. This information should help hospitals manage the pandemic efficiently. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis;Treatment

LitCovid_1shot9

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Experiences and protocols from the Department of Prosthodontics at the Wuhan University. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, and many countries and regions are still currently in the midst of the outbreak. This pandemic has caused prosthodontics units to suspend their clinical and educational operations in academia. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to review the experiences from the Department of Prosthodontics, Wuhan University School and Hospital of Stomatology (DP-WHUSHS), during the COVID-19 outbreak and the protocols DP-WHUSHS used to resume clinical activities after the outbreak. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The descriptive approach was used in this article to provide a chronological narrative of the experiences and protocols from the DP-WHUSHS during the COVID-19 outbreak and after the outbreak. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 outbreak period, clinical care was provided for patients with dental emergencies by using enhanced grade 2 or grade 3 personal protective equipment (PPE). Teledentistry was used to provide care for patients with nonemergency needs. Online webinars and lectures were conducted for the predoctoral students, residents, and dentists to minimize the interruption in their education and engage the dental community amid the pandemic. Various factors were considered before clinical activities resumed after the outbreak subsided. Additional resources were allocated for facility preparation and management and employee training. New infection control and clinical operation protocols were developed to minimize the health-care-associated infection of airborne transmission diseases. The psychological health and mental wellness of the employees were emphasized. Distance or online education is still under rapid development to provide students and dentists opportunities to advance their knowledge amid the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitation of this descriptive review, the following conclusions were drawn. Patient welfare and emergency needs should be considered amid the pandemic. Enhanced grade 2 or grade 3 PPE should be used during the outbreak. Multifactorial considerations for work resumption after the outbreak included facility preparation and management, training for employees, and clinical operation management. In-person psychological consultation and online mental wellness programs were available to employees to improve their mental wellness. Distance or online education was under rapid development to minimize the interruption in education for the students and to engage the dental community amid a pandemic. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot10

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Chest CT findings in asymptomatic cases with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIM: To determine the overall rate of chest imaging findings in asymptomatic cases, describe the most common patterns found, and determine the rate of later symptom development in these initially asymptomatic cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until 1 May 2020, for studies examining the proportion of positive chest imaging findings in asymptomatic cases diagnosed with COVID-19 and a random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistic. RESULTS: Among 858 non-duplicate studies, seven studies with a total of 231 asymptomatic cases met the inclusion criteria. In the primary analysis, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of positive chest computed tomography (CT) findings among asymptomatic cases was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 44-78%). Among 155/231 cases that were followed up for later symptom development, 90/155 remained asymptomatic and 65/155 developed symptoms during the study period (that ranged between seven and 30 days of follow-up). The pooled estimate of the rate of positive chest CT findings was 62% (95% CI: 38-81%) in cases that remained asymptomatic, while it was 90% (95% CI: 49-99%) in cases that developed symptoms. Among CT findings, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of ground-glass opacities (GGO) at CT alone was 71% (95% CI: 50-86%). Among other CT findings reported, 22/231 patients had GGO with consolidation, 7/231 patients had stripe shadows with or without GGO, and 8/231 patients had GGO with interlobular septal thickening. Among initially asymptomatic cases with positive CT findings, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of later symptom development was 26% (95% CI: 14-43%). CONCLUSION: In COVID-19, asymptomatic cases can have positive chest CT findings, and COVID-19 should be considered among cases with CT abnormalities even when there are no other symptoms. There is a need for close clinical monitoring of asymptomatic cases with radiographic findings as a significant percentage will develop symptoms. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot11

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study. BACKGROUND: There is growing concern that racial and ethnic minority communities around the world are experiencing a disproportionate burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated racial and ethnic disparities in patterns of COVID-19 testing (i.e., who received testing and who tested positive) and subsequent mortality in the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This retrospective cohort study included 5,834,543 individuals receiving care in the US Department of Veterans Affairs; most (91%) were men, 74% were non-Hispanic White (White), 19% were non-Hispanic Black (Black), and 7% were Hispanic. We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. Between February 8 and July 22, 2020, 254,595 individuals were tested for COVID-19, of whom 16,317 tested positive and 1,057 died. Black individuals were more likely to be tested (rate per 1,000 individuals: 60.0, 95% CI 59.6-60.5) than Hispanic (52.7, 95% CI 52.1-53.4) and White individuals (38.6, 95% CI 38.4-38.7). While individuals from minority backgrounds were more likely to test positive (Black versus White: odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% CI 1.85-2.01, p < 0.001; Hispanic versus White: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74-1.94, p < 0.001), 30-day mortality did not differ by race/ethnicity (Black versus White: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.17, p = 0.74; Hispanic versus White: OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.73-1.34, p = 0.94). The disparity between Black and White individuals in testing positive for COVID-19 was stronger in the Midwest (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.41-2.95, p < 0.001) than the West (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.39, p < 0.001). The disparity in testing positive for COVID-19 between Hispanic and White individuals was consistent across region, calendar time, and outbreak pattern. Study limitations include underrepresentation of women and a lack of detailed information on social determinants of health. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide study, we found that Black and Hispanic individuals are experiencing an excess burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection not entirely explained by underlying medical conditions or where they live or receive care. There is an urgent need to proactively tailor strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks in racial and ethnic minority communities. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot12

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Profile of natural anticoagulant, coagulant factor and anti-phospholipid antibody in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now become a global pandemic. Coagulopathy has been reported widely in critically ill COVID-19 patients and was related to high mortality. However, the comprehensive coagulation profiles have not been examined and the underlying mechanism of the coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients is unclear. To study the coagulation profiles of routine hemostasis tests, natural anticoagulants, coagulant factors and antiphospholipid antibodies in critically ill COVID-19 patients. This single-center and cross-section study included 19 patients with COVID-19, who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) at Tongji hospital in Wuhan, China, from Feb 23 to Mar 3, 2020. Demographic data, laboratory parameters, treatments and clinical outcomes of the patients were collected and analyzed. The final date of follow-up was Mar 31, 2020. In this study, 12 thrombotic events occurred in 9 patients, including 4 cerebral infarctions, 7 acro-ischemia and 1 internal jugular vein thrombosis. The common abnormalities of routine coagulation tests included evelated D-Dimer level (100%), prolonged prothrombin time (73.7%) and hyperfibrinogenemia (73.7%). The median activities of natural anticoagulants including protein C, protein S and antithrombin were all below the normal range. Factor VIII activities were significantly above normal range (median value 307%, IQR 198-441) in all patients. Factor V and factor VII activities were significantly lower in near-terminal stage patients. Anti-phospholipid antibodies were present in 10 patients. Strikingly, 4 cerebral infarction events were in patients had anti-phospholipid antibodies of multiple isotypes. Sustained hypercoagulable status and thrombotic events were common in critically ill patients with COVID-19. The low activities of natural anticoagulants, elevated factor VIII level and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, together, may contribute to the etiopathology of coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot13

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: A snapshot of the Covid-19 pandemic among pregnant women in France. OBJECTIVE: To describe the course over time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in French women from the beginning of the pandemic until mid-April, the risk profile of women with respiratory complications, and short-term pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We collected a case series of pregnant women with COVID-19 in a research network of 33 French maternity units between March 1 and April 14, 2020. All cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by a positive result on real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests of a nasal sample and/or diagnosed by a computed tomography chest scan were included and analyzed. The primary outcome measures were COVID-19 requiring oxygen (oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation) and critical COVID-19 (requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO). Demographic data, baseline comorbidities, and pregnancy outcomes were also collected. RESULTS: Active cases of COVID-19 increased exponentially during March 1-31, 2020; the numbers fell during April 1-14, after lockdown was imposed on March 17. The shape of the curve of active critical COVID-19 mirrored that of all active cases. By April 14, among the 617 pregnant women with COVID-19, 93 women (15.1 %; 95 %CI 12.3-18.1) had required oxygen therapy and 35 others (5.7 %; 95 %CI 4.0-7.8) had had a critical form of COVID-19. The severity of the disease was associated with age older than 35 years and obesity, as well as preexisting diabetes, previous preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. One woman with critical COVID-19 died (0.2 %; 95 %CI 0-0.9). Among the women who gave birth, rates of preterm birth in women with non-severe, oxygen-requiring, and critical COVID-19 were 13/123 (10.6 %), 14/29 (48.3 %), and 23/29 (79.3 %) before 37 weeks and 3/123 (2.4 %), 4/29 (13.8 %), and 14/29 (48.3 %) before 32 weeks, respectively. One neonate (0.5 %; 95 %CI 0.01-2.9) in the critical group died from prematurity. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 can be responsible for significant rates of severe acute, potentially deadly, respiratory distress syndromes. The most vulnerable pregnant women, those with comorbidities, may benefit particularly from prevention measures such as a lockdown. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot14

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Magnetic Microdevices for MRI-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses. Goal: To develop a micron-scale device that can operate as an MRI-based reporter for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods: Iron rod microdevices were constructed via template-guided synthesis and suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viruses were added to the samples and imaged with low-field MRI. Results: MRI of microdevices and viruses showed decreased signal intensity at low concentrations of viruses that recovered at higher concentrations. Electron micrographs suggest that reduced MRI intensity may be due to concentration-dependent shielding of water protons from local magnetic inhomogeneities caused by the iron microdevices. Conclusions: The preliminary results presented in this letter provide justification for further studies exploring the potential diagnostic role of magnetic microdevices in assessing the presence and concentration of SARS-CoV-2 viruses. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot15

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: How Much Do Young Italians Know About COVID-19 and What Are Their Attitudes Toward SARS-CoV-2? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. OBJECTIVES: At the end of 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It subsequently spread throughout China and elsewhere, becoming a global health emergency. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of young Italians about COVID-19 and their current attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 and to determine if there were prejudices emerging toward Chinese. METHODS: An online survey was conducted on February 3, 4, 5, 2020, with the collaboration of Italian website "Skuola.net". Young people had the opportunity to participate by answering an ad hoc questionnaire created to investigate knowledge and attitudes about the new coronavirus, using a link published on the homepage. RESULTS: A total of 5234 responses were received, of which 3262 were females and 1972 were males. Most of the participants showed generally moderate knowledge about COVID-19. Male students, middle school students, and those who do not attend school, should increase awareness of the disease; less than half of responders say that their attitudes toward the Chinese population has worsened in the last period. CONCLUSIONS: Global awareness of this emerging infection should be increased, due to its virulence, the significant risk of mortality, and the ability of the virus to spread very quickly within the community. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot16

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Effect of transfusion convalescent recovery plasma in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate curative effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients by the transfusion of other convalescent plasma. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 18 patients with severe and critical COVID-19, who were hospitalized in the ICU of Xianghu Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from February 1 to March 15, 2020. Patients were subdivided into an experimental group (n=6, who had transfused the plasma) and an observation group (n=12, who had no plasma transfusion). Basic clinical data and prognosis indexes of these two groups were compared. Moreover, for the experimental group, the dynamic changes of blood oxygen saturation before and after the transfusion, the changes of lymphocyte absolute value 48 hours after the transfusion, and the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, blood type and other basic clinical data between the two groups (all P>0.05).There were no significant differences in ventilator machine weaning time, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) weaning time, body temperature recovery to normal time, and hospitalization days between these two groups (all P>0.05). For the experimental group, before, during and after the convalescent plasma transfusion, the blood oxygen saturation of all 6 patients at all time (1, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h) was more than 90%, and there was no significant fluctuation. There were 3 patients whose absolute value of lymphocyte was increased 48 hours after the transfusion, and the remaining was decreased. There were 5 patients whose SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection turned negative 48 hours after the transfusion, accounting for 83.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion of convalescent plasma will not affect outcomesof COVID-19 patients, which can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in patients and reduce the loading capacity of SARS-CoV-2. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid_1shot17

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2020: Intense Surveillance Is Vital for Preventing Sustained Transmission in New Locations. The outbreak of pneumonia originating in Wuhan, China, has generated 24,500 confirmed cases, including 492 deaths, as of 5 February 2020. The virus (2019-nCoV) has spread elsewhere in China and to 24 countries, including South Korea, Thailand, Japan and USA. Fortunately, there has only been limited human-to-human transmission outside of China. Here, we assess the risk of sustained transmission whenever the coronavirus arrives in other countries. Data describing the times from symptom onset to hospitalisation for 47 patients infected early in the current outbreak are used to generate an estimate for the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission. Under the assumptions that the imported case is representative of the patients in China, and that the 2019-nCoV is similarly transmissible to the SARS coronavirus, the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission is 0.41 (credible interval [0.27, 0.55]). However, if the mean time from symptom onset to hospitalisation can be halved by intense surveillance, then the probability that an imported case leads to sustained transmission is only 0.012 (credible interval [0, 0.099]). This emphasises the importance of current surveillance efforts in countries around the world, to ensure that the ongoing outbreak will not become a global pandemic. OUTPUT:

Transmission;Prevention

LitCovid_1shot18

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Since December 2019, China has been experiencing a large outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which can cause respiratory disease and severe pneumonia. We estimated the basic reproduction number R0 of 2019-nCoV to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval: 1.4-3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Transmission characteristics appear to be of similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and pandemic influenza, indicating a risk of global spread. OUTPUT:

Transmission

LitCovid_1shot19

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Telemedicine: a Bridge Over Knowledge Gaps in Healthcare. Purpose of the Review: The purpose of the review is to describe the Brazilian Telemedicine University Network RUTE concerning the Special Interest Group of Children and Adolescents, the new SIG-COVID19-BR activities for continuing medical education, and to update relevant information regarding diagnosis and treatment, using digital technologies. Recent Findings: A total of 145 sessions of video and webconferences were held with the participation of 6575 health professionals, including medical students, interns, and residents. Major topics involved the healthcare of children and adolescents were combined with the emergence of a new pandemic plus the need to decrease the professional knowledge gaps in geographically distant hospitals. Summary: Telemedicine is a cost-effective tool and a bridge to decrease health disparities access for proper care and assistance for any population. RUTE is a Brazilian model of telemedicine which has a positive impact attracting the participation of health professionals, and even more so, during the Covid-19 virus pandemic outbreak. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot20

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccine development based on the progress made in SARS and MERS vaccine development. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic has shaken the global health system and economy by their roots. This epidemic is still spreading and showing no signs of decreasing trend. Vaccination could be the only effective and economical means to control this pandemic. A number of research institutions and pharmaceutical companies have plunged into the race of vaccine development against COVID-19 which are in various stages of development. An intriguing fact of coronavirus infections is that in every decade of the 21st century there is a new major coronavirus epidemic, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and now COVID-19; and such epidemics are expected in future too. Since most of the biological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still obscure, the scientists are relying on the information available on SARS-CoV and to some extent on MERS-CoV for designing and developing COVID-19 vaccines. But there is a need of vigorous testing for immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, and level of protection conferred in the hosts. This review focuses on the challenges and prospects of vaccine development against COVID-19. It highlights seriousness, bottlenecks in vaccine development, possible vaccine candidates, different vaccine strategies, safety evaluation issues, and vaccine production processes pertaining to COVID-19 based on the knowledge acquired on SARS and MERS vaccine development in the past. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid_1shot21

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: A Geroscience Perspective on COVID-19 Mortality. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019, leading within a few months to a global pandemic. COVID-19, the disease caused by this highly contagious virus, can have serious health consequences, though risks of complications are highly age-dependent. Rates of hospitalization and death are less than 0.1% in children, but increase to 10% or more in older people. Moreover, at all ages, men are more likely than women to suffer serious consequences from COVID-19. These patterns are familiar to the geroscience community. The effects of age and sex on mortality rates from COVID-19 mirror the effects of aging on almost all major causes of mortality. These similarities are explored here, and underscore the need to consider the role of basic biological mechanisms of aging on potential treatment and outcomes of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Mechanism

LitCovid_1shot22

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Inactivating Three Interferon Antagonists Attenuates Pathogenesis of an Enteric Coronavirus. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have repeatedly emerged from wildlife hosts and infected humans and livestock animals to cause epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. CoVs infect various organs, including respiratory and enteric systems, as exemplified by newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The constellation of viral factors that contribute to developing enteric disease remains elusive. Here, we investigated CoV interferon antagonists for their contribution to enteric pathogenesis. Using an infectious clone of an enteric CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (icPEDV), we generated viruses with inactive versions of interferon antagonist nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), nsp15, and nsp16 individually or combined into one virus designated icPEDV-mut4. Interferon-responsive PK1 cells were infected with these viruses and produced higher levels of interferon responses than were seen with wild-type icPEDV infection. icPEDV-mut4 elicited robust interferon responses and was severely impaired for replication in PK1 cells. To evaluate viral pathogenesis, piglets were infected with either icPEDV or icPEDV-mut4. While the icPEDV-infected piglets exhibited clinical disease, the icPEDV-mut4-infected piglets showed no clinical symptoms and exhibited normal intestinal pathology at day 2 postinfection. icPEDV-mut4 replicated in the intestinal tract, as revealed by detection of viral RNA in fecal swabs, with sequence analysis documenting genetic stability of the input strain. Importantly, icPEDV-mut4 infection elicited IgG and neutralizing antibody responses to PEDV. These results identify nsp1, nsp15, and nsp16 as virulence factors that contribute to the development of PEDV-induced diarrhea in swine. Inactivation of these CoV interferon antagonists is a rational approach for generating candidate vaccines to prevent disease and spread of enteric CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCE Emerging coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and porcine CoVs, can infect enterocytes, cause diarrhea, and be shed in the feces. New approaches are needed to understand enteric pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and therapeutics to prevent the spread of these viruses. Here, we exploited a reverse genetic system for an enteric CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and outline an approach of genetically inactivating highly conserved viral factors known to limit the host innate immune response to infection. Our report reveals that generating PEDV with inactive versions of three viral interferon antagonists, nonstructural proteins 1, 15, and 16, results in a highly attenuated virus that does not cause diarrhea in animals and elicits a neutralizing antibody response in virus-infected animals. This strategy may be useful for generating live attenuated vaccine candidates that prevent disease and fecal spread of enteric CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2. OUTPUT:

Mechanism;Treatment

LitCovid_1shot23

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: SARS-CoV-2 Encephalitis in a 20-year old Healthy Female. We report a 20-year-old female with SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis who presented with 4 days of upper respiratory symptoms, fevers and sudden acute altered mental status. An extensive work up led to the most likely cause for the neurologic decompensation to be viewed as SARS-CoV-2 symptomology. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid_1shot24

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Screening for obstructive sleep apnea with novel hybrid acoustic smartphone app technology. Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a high prevalence, with an estimated 425 million adults with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of >/=15 events/hour, and is significantly underdiagnosed. This presents a significant pain point for both the sufferers, and for healthcare systems, particularly in a post COVID-19 pandemic world. As such, it presents an opportunity for new technologies that can enable screening in both developing and developed countries. In this work, the performance of a non-contact OSA screener App that can run on both Apple and Android smartphones is presented. Methods: The subtle breathing patterns of a person in bed can be measured via a smartphone using the "Firefly" app technology platform [and underpinning software development kit (SDK)], which utilizes advanced digital signal processing (DSP) technology and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to identify detailed sleep stages, respiration rate, snoring, and OSA patterns. The smartphone is simply placed adjacent to the subject, such as on a bedside table, night stand or shelf, during the sleep session. The system was trained on a set of 128 overnights recorded at a sleep laboratory, where volunteers underwent simultaneous full polysomnography (PSG), and "Firefly" smartphone app analysis. A separate independent test set of 120 recordings was collected across a range of Apple iOS and Android smartphones, and withheld for performance evaluation by a different team. An operating point tuned for mid-sensitivity (i.e., balancing sensitivity and specificity) was chosen for the screener. Results: The performance on the test set is comparable to ambulatory OSA screeners, and other smartphone screening apps, with a sensitivity of 88.3% and specificity of 80.0% [with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92], for a clinical threshold for the AHI of >/=15 events/hour of detected sleep time. Conclusions: The "Firefly" app based sensing technology offers the potential to significantly lower the barrier of entry to OSA screening, as no hardware (other than the user's personal smartphone) is required. Additionally, multi-night analysis is possible in the home environment, without requiring the wearing of a portable PSG or other home sleep test (HST). OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot25

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Mechanism

LitCovid_1shot26

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Estimates of serial interval for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Background: On 11(th) March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as Pandemic. The estimation of transmission dynamics in the initial days of the outbreak of any infectious disease is crucial to control its spread in a new area. The serial interval is one of the significant epidemiological measures that determine the spread of infectious disease. It is the time interval between the onset of symptoms in the primary and secondary case. Objective: The present study aimed at the qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the currently available evidence for the serial interval of COVID-19. Methodology: Data on serial intervals were extracted from 11 studies following a systematic review. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled estimate of the serial interval. The heterogeneity and bias in the included studies were tested by various statistical measures and tests, including I(2) statistic, Cochran's Q test, Egger's test, and Beggs's test. Result: The pooled estimate for the serial interval was 5.40 (5.19, 5.61) and 5.19 (4.37, 6.02) days by the fixed and random effects model, respectively. The heterogeneity between the studies was found to be 89.9% by I(2) statistic. There is no potential bias introduced in the meta-analysis due to small study effects. Conclusion: The present review provides sufficient evidence for the estimate of serial interval of COVID-19, which can help in understanding the epidemiology and transmission of the disease. The information on serial interval can be useful in developing various policies regarding contact tracing and monitoring community transmission of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Transmission;Epidemic Forecasting;Prevention

LitCovid_1shot27

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Direct Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Analytical Limits of Detection across Seven Molecular Assays. Analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection is a key performance metric for the evaluation of viral detection assays. We determined analytical limits of detection for seven SARS-CoV-2 assays using serial dilutions of pooled patient material quantified with droplet digital PCR. Limits of detection ranged from </=10 to 74 copies/ml for commercial high-throughput laboratory analyzers (Roche Cobas, Abbott m2000, and Hologic Panther Fusion) and 167 to 511 copies/ml for sample-to-answer (DiaSorin Simplexa, GenMark ePlex) and point-of-care instruments (Abbott ID NOW). The CDC assay yielded limits of detection ranging from 85 to 499 copies/ml, depending on the extraction method and thermocycler used. These results can help to inform the assay choice for testing approaches to manage the current COVID-19 outbreak. OUTPUT:

Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot28

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Rehabilitation of a Post-Intensive Care Unit Patient After Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. The recent novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection resulted in a coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic that significantly strained healthcare systems globally. The early wave of patients in Singapore with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care units are gradually being referred for post-critical illness management with our inpatient medical rehabilitation unit. There is growing information regarding the actual rehabilitation process for patients severely affected by coronavirus disease 2019. This case report shares experiences and challenges faced during rehabilitation of severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and post-intensive care syndrome. It also describes the post-discharge rehabilitation program in a setting of strict nationwide safe distancing and stay-home policies. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid_1shot29

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Placental Pathology Findings during and after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Features of Villitis and Malperfusion. Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been a debate whether pregnant women are at a specific risk for COVID-19 and whether it might be vertically transmittable through the placenta. We present a series of five placentas of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive women who had been diagnosed with mild symptoms of COVID-19 or had been asymptomatic before birth. We provide a detailed histopathologic description of morphological changes accompanied by an analysis of presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the placental tissue. All placentas were term deliveries (40th and 41st gestational weeks). One SARS-CoV-2-positive patient presented with cough and dyspnoea. This placenta showed prominent lymphohistiocytic villitis and intervillositis and signs of maternal and foetal malperfusion. Viral RNA was present in both placenta tissue and the umbilical cord and could be visualized by in situ hybridization in the decidua. SARS-CoV-2 tests were negative at the time of delivery of 3/5 women, and their placentas did not show increased inflammatory infiltrates. Signs of maternal and/or foetal malperfusion were present in 100% and 40% of cases, respectively. There was no transplacental transmission to the infants. In our cohort, we can document different time points regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection. In acute COVID-19, prominent lymphohistiocytic villitis may occur and might potentially be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta. Furthermore, there are histopathological signs of maternal and foetal malperfusion, which might have a relationship to an altered coagulative or microangiopathic state induced by SARS-CoV-2, yet this cannot be proven considering a plethora of confounding factors. OUTPUT:

Case Report

LitCovid_1shot30

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Prognostic value of interleukin-18 and its association with other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19. BACKGROUND: The effectual immune response is crucial to defeat viral infections. However, exuberant immune response with features of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) lead detrimental consequences in COVID-19 patients. Interleukin (IL)-18 is one of the leading cytokines in MAS which has not been studied in COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of IL-18 with the other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19 for predicting disease prognosis. METHODS: Patients with COVID-19 who had confirmed diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid RT-PCR were enrolled into the study. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, and laboratory values of CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and procalcitonin were measured on admission. Patients were followed up prospectively with a standardized approach until hospital discharge or death. Individuals were classified as asymptomatic, mild and severe pneumonia according to their clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics. Worse outcome was defined as requirement of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death. Blood samples were collected at enrollment and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18 were determined by ELISA. Association between IL-18 and other inflammatory markers and prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 58 COVID-19 patients (50% male) with a median age of 43 (min 22-max 81) years. Twenty age and sex matched healthy subjects were served as control group. The study population was divided into three groups according to disease severity: asymptomatic (n = 20), mild pneumonia group (n = 27) and a severe group (n = 11). During follow up nine (15.5%) patients required ICU admission and three of them were died eventually. Serum IL-18 were correlated with other inflammatory markers and biochemical markers of organ injury; creatinine, liver enzymes and troponin. Serum IL-18 levels were remarkably higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects with being highest in severe pneumonia group (p < 0.001). IL-18 serum concentrations were almost four-fold higher in patients with worse outcome compared to good outcome (p < 0.001). Serum IL-18 above the cut off value of 576 pg/mL on admission was associated with 11.7 fold increased risk of ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: The serum concentrations of IL-18 correlate with other inflammatory markers and reflect disease severity. Results of the present study shed light on role of IL-18 on COVID-19 pathogenesis and might provide an evidence for the clinical trials on IL-18 antagonists for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. OUTPUT:

Treatment;Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot31

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Non-COVID Diseases during the Pandemic: Where Have All Other Emergencies Gone? Background and objectives: the emergency department (ED) is frequently identified by patients as a possible solution for all healthcare problems, leading to a high rate of misuse of the ED, possibly causing overcrowding. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in China; it then spread throughout Italy, with the first cases confirmed in Lombardy, Italy, in February 2020. This has totally changed the type of patients referred to EDs. The aim of this study was to analyze the reduction of ED admissions at a Second level urban teaching (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: in this retrospective observational cross-sectional study, we reviewed and compared clinical records of all the patients consecutively admitted to our ED over a 40-day period (21 February -31 March) in the last three years (2018-2019-2020). Mean age, sex, triage urgency level, day/night admission, main presentation symptom, and final diagnosis, according to different medical specialties, hospitalization, and discharge rate, were analyzed. Results: we analyzed 16,281 patient clinical records. The overall reduction in ED admissions in 2020 was 37.6% compared to 2019. In 2020, we observed an increase in triage urgency levels for ED admissions (the main presentation symptom was a fever). We noticed a significant drop in admissions for cardio-thoracic, gastroenterological, urological, otolaryngologic/ophthalmologic, and traumatological diseases. Acute neurological conditions registered only a slight, but significant, reduction. Oncology admissions were stable. Admissions for infectious diseases were 30% in 2020, compared to 5% and 6% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In 2020, the hospitalization rate increased to 42.9% compared to 27.7%, and 26.4% in previous years. Conclusions: the drastic reduction of ED admissions during the pandemic may be associated with fear of the virus, suggesting that patients with serious illnesses did not go to the emergency room. Moreover, there was possible misuse of the ED in the previous year. In particular, worrisome data emerged regarding a drop in cardiology and neurology admissions. Those patients postponed medical attention, possibly with fatal consequences, just for fear of exposure to COVID-19, leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot32

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Aerosol generating procedures in orthopaedics and recommended protective gear. The prime of COVID-19 forced institutions and hospitals to convert operating rooms into intensive care units. Now as the disease prevalence drops and plateaus in several countries, elective surgeries are being slowly resuming. Such that asymptomatic carriers too would approach hospitals for surgical needs. Coronaviruses are understood to transmit both by droplets and aerosols. Orthopaedic surgery requires regular use of high-speed instruments like power drills, oscillating saws and burrs. Several medical procedures are known to create aerosols thereby exposing the surgeon to contract the virus. Adequate know-how and protective means are mandatory to safeguard the surgical team from inevitable exposure. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot33

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Dataset for country profile and mobility analysis in the assessment of COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic is a multidisciplinary effort that requires a significant number of variables. This dataset comprises (i) sociodemographic characteristics, compiled from 35 datasets obtained at UN Data; (ii) mobility metrics that can assist the analysis of social distancing, from Google Community Mobility Reports and; (iii) daily counts of cases and deaths by COVID-19, from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering. This unified dataset ranges from February 15, 2020 to May 7, 2020, a total of 83 days, and is provided as a collection of time series for 131 countries with 192 variables. The pipeline to preprocess and generate the dataset, along with the dataset itself, are versioned with the Data Version Control tool (DVC) and are thus easily reproducible. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot34

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: COVID-19 - Important considerations for developing and using a vaccine. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 after emerging in China has caused a global pandemic that is risking the lives of millions. COVID-19 has spread across the world at a very rapid rate raising concerns of capacity limitations and lack of unified responses at the global level, particularly from the world's most developed countries. The spread of further infection has been curtailed by lockdown and mass social distancing that has been enforced in most parts of the world. There are no clinical data yet suggesting that any available candidate vaccine will be effective for COVID-19 which will be a critical need for eventually preventing this disease. Extensive research is underway with some success in identification of monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 recovered patients, which may inform on vaccine development. The clinical evaluations of COVID-19 vaccines need to follow standardized protocols that are essential for safeguarding humans. In absence of a vaccine or a widely available effective therapy, quarantine and other preventive measures are essential in curtailing the risk of pandemic spread. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid_1shot35

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Current Scenario and Future Prospect in the Management of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc worldwide due to the lack of risk assessment, rapid spreading ability, and propensity to precipitate severe disease in comorbid conditions. In an attempt to fulfill the demand for prophylactic and treatment measures to intercept the ongoing outbreak, the drug development process is facing several obstacles and renaissance in clinical trials, including vaccines, antivirals, immunomodulators, plasma therapy, and traditional medicines. This review outlines the overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection, significant recent findings, and ongoing clinical trials concerning current and future therapeutic interventions for the management of advancing pandemic of the century. OUTPUT:

Treatment

LitCovid_1shot36

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Veterans Affairs healthcare system employees suggests higher risk of infection when exposed to SARS-CoV-2 outside the work environment. OBJECTIVE: The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibody was evaluated among employees of a Veterans Affairs healthcare system to assess potential risk factors for transmission and infection. METHODS: All employees were invited to participate in a questionnaire and serological survey to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 as part of a facility-wide quality improvement and infection prevention initiative regardless of clinical or nonclinical duties. The initiative was conducted from June 8 to July 8, 2020. RESULTS: Of the 2,900 employees, 51% participated in the study, revealing a positive SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 4.9% (72 of 1,476; 95% CI, 3.8%-6.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of antibody based on gender, age, frontline worker status, job title, performance of aerosol-generating procedures, or exposure to known patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) within the hospital. Employees who reported exposure to a known COVID-19 case outside work had a significantly higher seroprevalence at 14.8% (23 of 155) compared to those who did not 3.7% (48 of 1,296; OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.67-7.68; P < .0001). Notably, 29% of seropositive employees reported no history of symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among employees was not significantly different among those who provided direct patient care and those who did not, suggesting that facility-wide infection control measures were effective. Employees who reported direct personal contact with COVID-19-positive persons outside work were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Employee exposure to SARS-CoV-2 outside work may introduce infection into hospitals. OUTPUT:

Prevention;Diagnosis

LitCovid_1shot37

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: A Novel Method of Assessing Clinical Preparedness for COVID-19 and Other Disasters. QUALITY ISSUE: The emergence of COVID-19 highlights the necessity of rapidly identifying and isolating potentially infected individuals. Evaluating this preparedness requires an assessment of the full clinical system, from intake to isolation. INITIAL ASSESSMENT: Unannounced Standardized Patients (USPs) present a nimble, sensitive methodology for assessing this readiness. CHOICE OF SOLUTION: Pilot the Unannounced Standardized Patient methodology, which employs an actor trained to present as a standardized, incognito potentially infected patient, to assess clinical readiness for potential COVID-19 patients at an urban, community safety-net clinic. IMPLEMENTATION: The Unannounced Standardized Patient was trained to present at each team's front desk with the complaint of feeling unwell (reporting a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 24 hours) and exposure to a roommate recently returned from Beijing. The Unannounced Standardized Patient was trained to complete a behaviorally-anchored assessment of the care she received from the clinical system. EVALUATION: There was clear variation in care Unannounced Standardized Patients received; some frontline clerical staff followed best practices; others did not. Signage and information on disease spread prevention publicly available was inconsistent. Qualitative comments shared by the Unannounced Standardized Patients and those gathered during group debrief reinforced the experiences of the Unannounced Standardized Patients and hospital leadership. LESSONS LEARNED: Unannounced Standardized Patients revealed significant variation in care practices within a clinical system. Utilization of this assessment methodology can provide just-in-time clinical information about readiness and safety practices, particularly during emerging outbreaks. Unannounced Standardized Patients will prove especially powerful as clinicians and systems return to outpatient visits while remaining vigilant about potentially infected individuals. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot38

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Hospital reengineering against COVID-19 outbreak: 1-month experience of an Italian tertiary care center. OBJECTIVE: The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italy has resulted in a sudden and massive flow of patients into emergency rooms, and a high number of hospitalizations with the need for respiratory isolation. Massive admission of patients to the Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli" Foundation of Rome, Italy, determined the need for reengineering the entire hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this article, we consider some of the structural and organizational changes that have been necessary to deal with the emergency, with particular reference to non-intensive medicine wards, and the preventive measures aimed at limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff and patients themselves. RESULTS: 577 staff members were subjected to molecular tests in 1-month period and 3.8% of the total were positive. 636 patients admitted to the COVID-19 pathway were included and analyzed: 45.4% were identified as SARS-CoV-2 positive. More SARS-CoV-2 negative patients were discharged in comparison to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (59% vs. 41%, respectively). On the other hand, more SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were transferred to ICUs in comparison to SARS-CoV-2 negative patients (16% vs. 1%, respectively). Occurrence of death was similar between the two groups, 11% vs. 7%, for SARS-CoV-2 negative and positive patients, respectively. 25% of >/=80 years old SARS-CoV-2 positive patients died during the hospitalization, while death rate was lower in other age groups (5% in 70-79 years old patients and 0% in remaining age groups). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid hospital reengineering has probably had an impact on the management of patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and on in-hospital mortality rates over the reporting period. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot39

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: Palliative Care Pandemic Pack: A Specialist Palliative Care Service Response to Planning the COVID-19 Pandemic. Specialist palliative care services (SPCS) have a vital role to play in the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Core expertise in complex symptom management, decision making in uncertainty, advocacy and education, and ensuring a compassionate response are essential, and SPCS are well positioned to take a proactive approach in crisis management planning. SPCS resource capacity is likely to be overwhelmed, and consideration needs to be given to empowering and supporting high-quality primary palliative care in all care locations. Our local SPCS have developed a Palliative Care Pandemic Pack to disseminate succinct and specific information, guidance, and resources designed to enable the rapid upskilling of nonspecialist clinicians needing to provide palliative care. It may be a useful tool for our SPCS colleagues to adapt as we face this global challenge collaboratively. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot40

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: A prospect on the use of antiviral drugs to control local outbreaks of COVID-19. BACKGROUND: Current outbreaks of COVID-19 are threatening the health care systems of several countries around the world. Control measures, based on isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine, can decrease and delay the burden of the ongoing epidemic. With respect to the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, recent modeling work shows that these interventions may be inadequate to control local outbreaks, even when perfect isolation is assumed. The effect of infectiousness prior to symptom onset combined with asymptomatic infectees further complicates the use of contact tracing. We aim to study whether antivirals, which decrease the viral load and reduce infectiousness, could be integrated into control measures in order to augment the feasibility of controlling the epidemic. METHODS: Using a simulation-based model of viral transmission, we tested the efficacy of different intervention measures to control local COVID-19 outbreaks. For individuals that were identified through contact tracing, we evaluate two procedures: monitoring individuals for symptoms onset and testing of individuals. Additionally, we investigate the implementation of an antiviral compound combined with the contact tracing process. RESULTS: For an infectious disease in which asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections are plausible, an intervention measure based on contact tracing performs better when combined with testing instead of monitoring, provided that the test is able to detect infections during the incubation period. Antiviral drugs, in combination with contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation, result in a significant decrease of the final size and the peak incidence, and increase the probability that the outbreak will fade out. CONCLUSION: In all tested scenarios, the model highlights the benefits of control measures based on the testing of traced individuals. In addition, the administration of an antiviral drug, together with quarantine, isolation, and contact tracing, is shown to decrease the spread of the epidemic. This control measure could be an effective strategy to control local and re-emerging outbreaks of COVID-19. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot41

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: The Impact of the Pandemic on Otolaryngology Patients With Negative COVID-19 Status: Commentary and Insights From Orbital Emergencies. Efforts aimed at minimizing the spread of COVID-19 and "flattening the curve" may be affecting clinical care delivery for non-COVID-19 cases that include otolaryngologic and orbital conditions. We are witnessing changes in the manner that patients present, as well as modifications in clinical management strategies. An improved understanding of these phenomena and the contributing factors is essential for otolaryngologists to provide sound clinical care during this unprecedented pandemic. OUTPUT:

Prevention

LitCovid_1shot42

***TASK*** The task is to decide relevant COVID-19 topics of the article based on its abstract. ***INPUT*** The input is an abstract text. ***DOCUMENTATION*** There are 7 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. The followings are the topics and their definitions. Mechanism: underlying cause(s) of COVID-19 infections and transmission and possible drug mechanism of action. Transmission: characteristics and modes of COVID-19 transmissions. Diagnosis: COVID-19 assessment through symptoms, test results and radiological features for COVID-19. Treatment: treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures and vaccine development for COVID-19. Prevention: prevention, control, mitigation and management strategies for COVID-19. Case Report: descriptions of specific patient cases related to COVID-19. Epidemic Forecasting: estimation on the trend of COVID-19 spread and related modeling approach. ***OUTPUT*** The output should be topics from the above 7 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics. ***EXAMPLES*** INPUT: COVID-19 and implications for dermatological and allergological diseases. COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become pandemic. A further level of complexity opens up as soon as we look at diseases whose pathogenesis and therapy involve different immunological signaling pathways, which are potentially affected by COVID-19. Medical treatments must often be reassessed and questioned in connection with this infection. This article summarizes the current knowledge of COVID-19 in the light of major dermatological and allergological diseases. It identifies medical areas lacking sufficient data and draws conclusions for the management of our patients during the pandemic. We focus on common chronic inflammatory skin diseases with complex immunological pathogenesis: psoriasis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, type I allergies, autoimmune blistering and inflammatory connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, and skin cancers. Since several other inflammatory skin diseases display related or comparable immunological reactions, clustering of the various inflammatory dermatoses into different disease patterns may help with therapeutic decisions. Thus, following these patterns of skin inflammation, our review may supply treatment recommendations and thoughtful considerations for disease management even beyond the most frequent diseases discussed here. OUTPUT: Treatment INPUT: A Review of the State of the Art in Non-Contact Sensing for COVID-19. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global pandemic recently. With no approved vaccination or treatment, governments around the world have issued guidance to their citizens to remain at home in efforts to control the spread of the disease. The goal of controlling the spread of the virus is to prevent strain on hospitals. In this paper, we focus on how non-invasive methods are being used to detect COVID-19 and assist healthcare workers in caring for COVID-19 patients. Early detection of COVID-19 can allow for early isolation to prevent further spread. This study outlines the advantages and disadvantages and a breakdown of the methods applied in the current state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, the paper highlights some future research directions, which need to be explored further to produce innovative technologies to control this pandemic. OUTPUT:

Prevention;Diagnosis