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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'title'})

This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using

hf://datasets/clips/beir-nl-dbpedia-entity/corpus.jsonl (at revision f24fdb8ffc5d5904ffa0e06fb1db5254e1a41caa)

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2240, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              _id: string
              title: string
              text: string
              to
              {'_id': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1417, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1049, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 924, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1000, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1872, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'title'})
              
              This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
              
              hf://datasets/clips/beir-nl-dbpedia-entity/corpus.jsonl (at revision f24fdb8ffc5d5904ffa0e06fb1db5254e1a41caa)
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

_id
string
text
string
INEX_LD-20120112
feiten over de Vietnamoorlog
INEX_LD-20120132
vietnam reisluchthavens
INEX_LD-20120212
gitaarakkoord mineur
INEX_LD-20120222
gitaar klassieke bach
INEX_LD-20120322
tangomuziekinstrumenten
INEX_LD-20120432
fiets voordelen milieu
INEX_LD-2009111
europese zonne-energiecentrale
INEX_LD-2009096
Eiffeltoren
INEX_LD-2012307
Juli 1850 president overleden Millard Fillmore beëdigd volgende dag
INEX_LD-2012336
1906 territorium Papoea-eiland Australisch
INEX_LD-2012343
De autobiografie van een vrouwelijke dichter over haar hart
INEX_LD-2012347
zetel Florida provincie Dade
INEX_LD-2012351
Indiaas gerecht rijst dahl groenten roti papad
INEX_LD-2012363
Amerikaanse tweeling beroemde Amerikaanse professionele tennistweespeler
INEX_LD-2012375
dieren leggen eieren zoogdieren
INEX_XER-73
tijdschriften over indie-muziek
INEX_XER-97
Compilers die zowel C als C++ kunnen compileren
INEX_XER-100
Besturingssystemen waarmee Steve Jobs te maken had
INEX_XER-126
nog bestaande fabrikanten van speelgoedtreinen
INEX_XER-125
landen die het FIFA wereldkampioenschap hebben gewonnen
QALD2_te-15
Wat is de langste rivier?
QALD2_te-19
Geef me alle mensen die in Wenen geboren zijn en in Berlijn gestorven zijn.
QALD2_te-29
Geef me alle acteurs die meespeelden in films geregisseerd door en met William Shatner.
QALD2_te-34
Aan welke militaire conflicten heeft Lawrence van Arabië deelgenomen?
QALD2_te-86
Wat is de grootste stad in Australië?
QALD2_te-87
Wie componeerde de muziek voor Harold en Maude?
QALD2_te-41
Wie heeft Intel opgericht?
QALD2_tr-23
Welke televisieprogramma's zijn gemaakt door Walt Disney?
QALD2_tr-44
Wie ontwierp de Brooklyn Bridge?
QALD2_tr-63
Geef me alle acteurs die in Batman Begins spelen.
QALD2_tr-72
Welke talen worden in Estland gesproken?
QALD2_tr-73
Wie is de eigenaar van Aldi?
QALD2_tr-22
In welk land ligt het Limerickmeer?
QALD2_tr-86
Geef me alle vrouwelijke Duitse bondskanseliers.
QALD2_tr-92
Wat is de hoogste berg?
SemSearch_ES-12
austin texas
SemSearch_ES-22
stad Charlotte
SemSearch_ES-28
El Salvador
SemSearch_ES-31
smirgel
SemSearch_ES-34
harry potter film
SemSearch_ES-40
james clayton md
SemSearch_ES-57
martin luther king
SemSearch_ES-63
oude Winchester jachtgeweren
SemSearch_ES-65
orlando florida
SemSearch_ES-66
overeaters anonymous
SemSearch_ES-67
ovguide films
SemSearch_ES-70
radio italia online
SemSearch_ES-53
lynchburg virginia
SemSearch_ES-54
marc anthony
SemSearch_ES-68
Pierce County Washington
SemSearch_ES-73
universiteit rowan
SemSearch_ES-37
jack johnson
SemSearch_ES-42
john maxwell
SemSearch_ES-79
shobana masala
SemSearch_ES-99
Universiteit van York
SemSearch_ES-81
South Dakota State University
SemSearch_ES-93
08 toyota tundra
SemSearch_ES-94
Hugh Downs
SemSearch_ES-109
david hewlett
SemSearch_ES-131
scpa san diego
SemSearch_ES-137
steak express
SemSearch_ES-141
rechtbank Ventura County
SemSearch_LS-5
boeken van de joodse canon
SemSearch_LS-17
huizen van het Russische parlement
SemSearch_LS-19
de aanvoerder van Kenia in cricket
SemSearch_LS-40
de eerste 13 Amerikaanse staten
TREC_Entity-17
Koks met een show op Food Network.
INEX_LD-20120111
vietnam oorlog film
INEX_LD-20120121
vietnamese recepten
INEX_LD-20120122
Vietnamese foodblog
INEX_LD-20120131
vietnam reizen nationaal park
INEX_LD-20120211
gitaar akkoordstemming
INEX_LD-20120221
gitaar klassieke flamenco
INEX_LD-20120231
gitaar oorsprong Rusland
INEX_LD-20120232
gitaar oorsprong blues
INEX_LD-20120311
tango cultuur films
INEX_LD-20120312
tango cultuur landen
INEX_LD-20120321
tango muziek componisten
INEX_LD-20120331
tangodans stijlen
INEX_LD-20120332
tango dansgeschiedenis
INEX_LD-20120411
wielersportwedstrijden
INEX_LD-20120412
wielersportdisciplines
INEX_LD-20120421
fietsvakantiedorpen
INEX_LD-20120422
fietsvakantie natuur
INEX_LD-20120431
fiets bevordert gezondheid
INEX_LD-20120511
vrouwelijke rockszangeressen
INEX_LD-20120512
Zuid-Koreaanse meidengroepen
INEX_LD-20120521
elektronische muziekgenres
INEX_LD-20120522
digitale muzieknotatieformaten
INEX_LD-20120531
muziekconferenties
INEX_LD-20120532
lobby voor intellectuele eigendomsrechten
INEX_LD-2009022
Szechuan gerecht eten keuken
INEX_LD-2009039
Romeinse architectuur
INEX_LD-2009053
finse auto-industrie fabrikant saab sisu
INEX_LD-2009061
Frankrijk Tweede Wereldoorlog Normandië
INEX_LD-2009062
selectie van sociale netwerkgroepen
INEX_LD-2009063
D-Day invasie Normandië
INEX_LD-2009074
web ranking score-algoritme
INEX_LD-2009115
virtuele musea
INEX_LD-2010004
Indiaas eten
End of preview.

Dataset Card for BEIR-NL Benchmark

Dataset Summary

BEIR-NL is a Dutch-translated version of the BEIR benchmark, a diverse and heterogeneous collection of datasets covering various domains from biomedical and financial texts to general web content. BEIR-NL contains the following tasks:

Languages

Dutch

Dataset Structure

BEIR-NL adheres to the structure of the original BEIR benchmark. All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). Qrels can be found in the BEIR repository on GitHub or Hugging Face. They format:

  • corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was een in Duitsland geboren..."}
  • queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Wie ontwikkelde de massa-energie-equivalentieformule?"}
  • qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1": {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": (
            "Albert Einstein was een in Duitsland geboren theoretisch natuurkundige die de relativiteitstheorie ontwikkelde, "
            "een van de twee pijlers van de moderne natuurkunde (samen met de kwantummechanica). Zijn werk staat ook bekend "
            "om zijn invloed op de wetenschapfilosofie. Hij is bij het grote publiek vooral bekend vanwege zijn massa-energie- "
            "equivalentieformule E = mc^2, die 's werelds beroemdste vergelijking' wordt genoemd. Hij ontving in 1921 de Nobelprijs "
            "voor de Natuurkunde 'voor zijn verdiensten aan de theoretische natuurkunde, en in het bijzonder voor zijn ontdekking "
            "van de wet van het foto-elektrisch effect', een cruciale stap in de ontwikkeling van de kwantumtheorie."
        ),
    },
    "doc2": {
        "title": "", 
        "text": (
            "Tarwebier is een bovengistend bier dat wordt gebrouwen met een groot aandeel tarwe ten opzichte van de hoeveelheid "
            "gemoute gerst. De twee belangrijkste soorten zijn Duits Weißbier en Belgisch witbier; andere soorten zijn onder andere "
            "Lambiek (gemaakt met wilde gist), Berliner Weisse (een troebel, zuur bier) en Gose (een zuur, zout bier)."
        ),
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1": "Wie ontwikkelde de massa-energie-equivalentieformule?",
    "q2": "Welk bier wordt gebrouwen met een groot aandeel tarwe?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1": {"doc1": 1},
    "q2": {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

  • corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
    • _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
      • title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
      • text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

  • queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
    • _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
    • text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

  • qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
    • _id: a string feature representing the query id
      • _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
      • score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset Website BEIR-Name Type Queries Corpus Rel D/Q BEIR BEIR-NL
TREC-COVID Homepage trec-covid test 50 171K 493.5 Link Link
NFCorpus Homepage nfcorpus train
dev
test
323 3.6K 38.2 Link Link
NQ Homepage nq train
test
3,452 2.68M 1.2 Link Link
HotpotQA Homepage hotpotqa train
dev
test
7,405 5.23M 2.0 Link Link
FiQA-2018 Homepage fiqa train
dev
test
648 57K 2.6 Link Link
ArguAna Homepage arguana test 1,406 8.67K 1.0 Link Link
Touche-2020 Homepage webis-touche2020 test 49 382K 19.0 Link Link
CQADupstack Homepage cqadupstack test 13,145 457K 1.4 Link Link
Quora Homepage quora dev
test
10,000 523K 1.6 Link Link
DBPedia Homepage dbpedia-entity dev
test
400 4.63M 38.2 Link Link
SCIDOCS Homepage scidocs test 1,000 25K 4.9 Link Link
FEVER Homepage fever train
dev
test
6,666 5.42M 1.2 Link Link
Climate-FEVER Homepage climate-fever test 1,535 5.42M 3.0 Link Link
SciFact Homepage scifact train
test
300 5K 1.1 Link Link

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval (IR) models is often performed using BEIR; a large and heterogeneous benchmark composed of multiple datasets, covering different retrieval tasks across various domains. Although BEIR has become a standard benchmark for the zero-shot setup, its exclusively English content reduces its utility for underrepresented languages in IR, including Dutch. To address this limitation and encourage the development of Dutch IR models, we introduce BEIR-NL by automatically translating the publicly accessible BEIR datasets into Dutch.

Source Data

BEIR repository on GitHub.

Annotations

We prompted Gemini-1.5-flash to translate BEIR into Dutch. A small portion of translations were done using GPT-4o-mini and Google Translate, as Gemini declined to translate certain content and had occasional issues with tags in prompts.

Considerations for Using the Data

Other Known Limitations

Not Native Dutch Resources. While BEIR-NL provides a benchmark for evaluating IR models in Dutch, it relies on translations from the original BEIR, which is exclusively in English. This lack of native Dutch datasets limits the ability of BEIR-NL to fully represent and reflect the linguistic nuances and cultural context of the language, and therefore, the complexities of Dutch IR, especially in domain-specific contexts with local terminology and knowledge.

Data Contamination. Many modern IR models are trained on massive corpora that might include content from BEIR. This can result in inflated performances --as models might have already seen the relevant data during different phases of training-- raising concerns about the validity of zero-shot evaluations. Ensuring a truly zero-shot evaluation is a difficult challenge, as many IR models lack transparency regarding the exact composition of training corpora.

Benchmark Validity Over Time. BEIR has become a standard benchmark to evaluate the performance of IR models, attracting a large number of evaluations over time. This extensive usage introduces the risk of overfitting, as researchers might unintentionally train models tailored to perform well on BEIR rather than on broader IR tasks. In addition, advances in IR models and evaluation needs might outpace the benchmark, making it less representative and less relevant. As a result, the relevance and validity of BEIR as well as BEIR-NL may diminish over time.

Additional Information

Licensing Information

This subset (DBPedia) of BEIR-NL is licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

Citation Information

If you find BEIR-NL useful in your research, please consider citing it, as well as the original BEIR benchmark it is derived from:

@misc{banar2024beirnlzeroshotinformationretrieval,
    title={BEIR-NL: Zero-shot Information Retrieval Benchmark for the Dutch Language}, 
     author={Nikolay Banar and Ehsan Lotfi and Walter Daelemans},
     year={2024},
     eprint={2412.08329},
     archivePrefix={arXiv},
     primaryClass={cs.CL},
     url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.08329}, 
}

@inproceedings{thakur2021beir,
    title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
    author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
    booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
    year={2021},
    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}
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