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Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Early career

Costello, whom he trained with as an amateur, and future tag team partner Don Curtis. Jacobs made his professional debut against his trainer, The Zebra Kid, in Hastings in 1958; substituting for George McKay, their match served as the main event. It was during this match that he debuted his trademark submission hold, the "Kiwi Roll", which was covered by local newspapers the following day. After wrestling nearly a dozen matches for the New Zealand Wrestling Union, among his opponents being Ricky Waldo, Tony Olivas, Dick Hrstich, Andre Drapp, Fred Wright and Jack Bence, he was brought over to the

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 10, "sc": 728, "ep": 14, "ec": 264}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Early career & Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

United States where he worked for promoter Al Karasick in Hawaii. This was one of the most popular territories to work for at the time due to its high salaries, little travel time and, due to the promotion running only 3 shows a week, there was generally plenty of recreational time. Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions Three months later, he arrived in the continental United States and spent a year for Vince McMahon, Sr. in Capitol Sports, then based in Washington D.C., and began appearing on their weekly television show in 1958. As one of their up-and-coming "babyfaces", Jacobs

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Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

was billed as the "Jewish Heavyweight Champion". He took on the promotion's top "heel" NWA United States Heavyweight Champion "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers that same year which saw Haystacks Calhoun interfere in the match. The match was recorded on kinescope and, later featured on Wrestling's Greatest Villains Of The Golden Era, is one of the oldest surviving matches from that era. Jacobs met Buddy Rogers on eight occasions during his career, the majority for the United States Championship, and at least once for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. On 23 February 1959, Jacobs made his debut at its home arena at

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Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

Madison Square Garden in New York City appearing on the undercard against kayfabe Nazi sympathizer Karl Von Hess defeating him via disqualification. His feud with Von Hess caused some controversy when, during a pre-match interview with announcer Ray Morgan, he said Jacobs family "better start saying the Kaddish" (Jewish Prayer for the Dead); his threatening words generated telephone calls, hate mail and resulted in a probe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He later scored victories over Kenny Ackles, Johnny Valentine, The Sheik, "Wild" Bull Curry and Dr. Jerry Graham. He also briefly teamed with Antonino Rocca and together fought

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 1534, "ep": 14, "ec": 2130}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

Dr. Jerry & Eddie Graham. In January 1960, Jacobs faced Bruno Sammartino who later became the promotion's top star for over a decade. Shortly afterwards, Jacobs began touring in other parts of the United States and in Canada where he won the NWA North American Championship in North Bay. On 28 February 1961, he wrestled then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Pat O'Connor at Sunnyside Garden in Queens, New York. This was not only the first meeting between the two men but was the first time two New Zealanders wrestled for a championship title in a foreign country. This match later aired

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 2130, "ep": 14, "ec": 2729}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

on Capitol Wrestling's TV show however, unlike his bout with Rogers, no known footage survives of this match. On 5 July of that year, Jacobs wrestled also Rogers for the NWA World title in Norfolk, Virginia. The two wrestled for 55 minutes before Jacobs fell from the ring after missing a flying tackle and injured his shoulder. Jacobs also wrestled in Detroit and Chicago and, while in the latter city, he took part in the first Comiskey Park show wrestling "Rubberman" Johnny Walker in front of 36,000 fans. When Jim Crockett, Sr. was looking for outside talent, Jacobs was recommended by

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 2729, "ep": 14, "ec": 3298}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

McMahon and brought into Jim Crockett Promotions in early 1961. His first run in the territory lasted a year and a half during which time he wrestled Swede Hanson and teamed with George Becker and Haystack Calhoun. He also teamed with The Flying Scotts (George & Sandy Scott) in 6-man tag team matches. In later years, Crockett paired him with other "big men" such as Sailor Art Thomas, Klondike Bill and Man Mountain Mike. Jacobs eventually left the Mid-Atlantic area for the West Coast to team with Haystack Calhoun in the fall of 1962. Together they won the NWA Los

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 3298, "ep": 14, "ec": 3908}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

Angeles International Television Tag Team Championship from Sir Alan Garfield & Karl Von Schober on 31 October, and lost the titles to The Destroyer and Don Manoukian the following month. Though he returned to the Carolinas afterwards, Jacobs continued to travel throughout the United States and elsewhere for much of his career. In between wrestling for Crockett, he won the NWA North American Championship in North Bay, Canada. On 5 May 1964, he and Don Curtis defeated Hiro Matsuda & Duke Keomuka in Tampa, Florida, to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship in NWA Florida. The two held the titles

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 3908, "ep": 14, "ec": 4487}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions

for over a month before losing the belts to Chris & John Tolos in Jacksonville. In late 1964, he and Curtis competed in a 10-man tag team tournament held by promoter Cowboy Luttrell in Tampa and Miami to earn a title shot against to meet Eddie Graham & Sam Steamboat for the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. The other four teams included Tarzan Tyler & Joe McCarthy, Tony Marino & Steve Bolus, The Russian Wolfmen, and The Executioners. Jacobs and Curtis defeated The Russian Wolfmen to advance to the finals where they lost to The Executioners. Jacobs also challenged several

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 14, "sc": 4487, "ep": 18, "ec": 155}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions & Travels around the world

NWA World Heavyweight Champions during the mid-to-late 1960s. On 11 February 1965, he took on Lou Thesz in front of over 2,500 fans at the Norfolk Arena. This match was a best two out of three falls match and lasted nearly 30 minutes with Thesz taking the first and third falls. Their match also received significant coverage from local media, most notably, The Virginian-Pilot. Jacobs again faced Thesz in Richmond on 5 November 1965. Travels around the world Like many New Zealand wrestlers, Jacobs also competed internationally during this period wrestling in 25 different countries and traveling around the world

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 155, "ep": 18, "ec": 727}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

four times. In 1966, Jacobs travelled to Japan where he wrestled as the masked wrestler Red Pimpernel. He returned to Japan three or four times and, as a "heel" wrestler, was a frequent opponent of Antonio Inoki. These matches were very popular with Japanese audiences and, according to Jacobs, he was once hit with an umbrella by a fan during one of their bouts. As Red Pimpernel, he wrestled Lou Thesz for the NWA World Championship there as well. He also spent time in most of Southeast Asia, Australasia, South America, and Europe. Though he spent the majority of his

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 727, "ep": 18, "ec": 1376}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

time in the United States, Jacobs was much more financially successful when wrestling internationally. In South Africa, for example, he received 25% of the gate as well as a winner/loser purse. On the day of his arrival in South Africa, he was unexpectedly picked up by a promoter from his Johannesburg hotel and brought before the South Africa Wrestling Commission. Though he had previously sent publicity information, pictures and other promotional material, he was required to wrestle in front of the athletic commission before he could receive a licence. Despite travel fatigue and the high altitude (Johannesburg being 6,000 feet above

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 1376, "ep": 18, "ec": 2011}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

sea level) Jacobs defeated three different wrestlers. As in Japan, South African promoters used heavyweight wrestlers and had strict weight requirements. Jacobs usually weighed around 250 pounds during his career, however, he around 270 pounds when wrestling in both countries. Prior to his arrival, he had gotten food poisoning from a Chinese restaurant in India and his weight had dropped to 240 by the time he arrived in South Africa. The promoter, Bull Heffer, was upset upon seeing Jacobs and had believed he lied about his weight. Heffer was also concerned about putting Jacobs against the South African Champion, a near

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 2011, "ep": 18, "ec": 2660}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

super heavyweight, since Jacobs looked so small in comparison. Two weeks after meeting with the South Africa Wrestling Commission, while wrestling in Pretoria, he and other wrestlers were weighed by the promoter. Jacobs, then wrestling with a "heel" cowboy in-ring persona, secretly put weights in his pockets and cowboy boots in order to pass the weight requirements. Jacobs drew particular ire from South African wrestling fans when, shortly before his upcoming match with the South African Champion, he confessed in a newspaper interview he did not even know the name of his opponent. Around this time, Jacobs and several other wrestlers

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 2660, "ep": 18, "ec": 3270}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

were attending a rugby game in Johannesburg when, while wearing his cowboy hat, he was recognized by the crowd. Many of the 10,000 people in attendance began chanting "Hey Yankee - Go Home" and soon began pelting him with oranges. He and the other wrestlers were eventually forced to leave the stadium, however, Jacobs decided to change his clothes and, putting on a friend's jacket and baseball cap, he and the other wrestlers returned to the stadium and watched the rest of the game undisturbed. Returning to North America between his overseas trips, Jacobs wrestled throughout Canada as well as the

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 3270, "ep": 18, "ec": 3855}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

United States. In the former country, his travels took him to the Maritimes, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and Ontario. Once in Nova Scotia, Jacobs was challenged by a disruptive wrestling fan who had been harassing wrestlers and the crowd alike. At one point, this fan had to be escorted from the building after entering the ring and using the house microphone to taunt the wrestlers. After breaking into the locker room to confront the wrestlers, the promoter agreed to pay Jacobs to wrestle the fan. Jacobs was easily able to put the man in a submission hold during their match and

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 3855, "ep": 18, "ec": 4484}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world

made the fan apologize to the crowd before releasing the hold. While in Nova Scotia, Jacobs teamed with and, at least on one occasion, wrestled another fellow New Zealander, Steve Rickard, while in Halifax, and later reunited in the Carolinas years later. He also travelled to Australia where he wrestled for World Championship Wrestling. On one tour, he wrestled every night he was there and appeared on three televised shows in Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. While in the Pacific, he made occasional appearances in New Zealand for promoter Ernie Pinches, where he teamed with popular Samoan wrestler Tau Paa Paa, and

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 18, "sc": 4484, "ep": 22, "ec": 491}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Travels around the world & Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

later in Steve Rickard's All Star Pro-Wrestling near the end of his career. Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling Throughout his career, Jacobs maintained a very heavy ring schedule regularly wrestling five or six matches a week. With the exception of 10-minute televised bouts, his average matches lasted at least 30 minutes with many going over an hour. He travelled an average of around 3,000 miles per week and headlined cards with some of the top wrestlers in Canada and North America including Lou Newman, "Big" Bill Miller, Buddy Rogers, Dick the Bruiser, Ray Stevens, Hans Schmidt, "Whipper" Billy

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 491, "ep": 22, "ec": 1074}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

Watson and Wilbur Snyder. He also met a number of NWA World Heavyweight Champions during this period including Gene Kiniski, Dick Hutton, Buddy Rogers and Dory Funk, Jr. during the mid-to late 1960s. One of the reasons Jacobs was able to eventually immigrate to the United States was because he was wrestling at a "World Championship" level. When Jacobs competed in the US, he was under a work visa which limited his time wrestling in the country. There were times when would be unable to compete in the country at all due to national origins quotas set by the United States

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 1074, "ep": 22, "ec": 1714}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

Immigration and Naturalization Service. With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, Jacobs was able to apply for permanent residence and eventual citizenship. As part of the application process, he was required to show that he was not taking any work away from U.S. citizens and, meeting with the Immigration and Labor Department, he presented to immigration officials proof with posters advertising himself wrestling Lou Thesz for the World Title in Miami in 1964. For much of the 1960s and early 1970s, Jacobs headlined shows for Jim Crockett's NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. By this time in his career, Jacobs was

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 1714, "ep": 22, "ec": 2295}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

well known as a "tag team specialist", the territory being known as a "hotbed" for tag teams at the time, having teamed with Sailor Art Thomas, Klondike Bill and Man Mountain Mike and faced teams such as Aldo Bogni & Bronco Lubich and Atlantic Coast Tag Team Champions Rip Hawk & Swede Hanson (managed by General Homer O'Dell). One of his most favourite tag team partners during this period was Luther Lindsay who, similar to Jacobs, was once billed as the "Coloured (or Negro) Heavyweight Champion". They feuded with the masked tag team The Infernos with manager Jimmy Dykes, one

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 2295, "ep": 22, "ec": 2892}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

of their matches nearly selling out the Dorton Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, as well as the Minnesota Wrecking Crew (Gene & Ole Anderson) during the late 1960s. The two were ranked #15 of the top 20 tag teams in the world by Ring Wrestling in December 1968. Within a few years, however, Jacobs began cutting back on his ring schedule, making his last Japanese tour in 1973, and settled down in the Carolinas, where he purchased a horse ranch, and wrestled primarily for Jim Crockett for the rest of his career. Crockett's promotion, NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, was one of

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 2892, "ep": 22, "ec": 3497}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

the major territories of the decade and where he had started early in his career. After George Scott took over as booker, he was used as an undercard wrestler and faced younger up-and-coming wrestlers. In May 1974, Jacobs was the first opponent of "The Nature Boy" Ric Flair during his first run in the territory, defeating him at the Charlotte Coliseum, and wrestled tag team matches against Flair and Rip Hawk with a number of different partners. Flair's victory over Jacobs, then an established veteran, was partially credited for the young wrestler's early success in the promotion and his eventually

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 3497, "ep": 22, "ec": 4117}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

becoming one of its biggest stars during the next decade. Though he had been a popular wrestler in the territory while wrestling for Crockett, Jacobs was of the few older veterans who did not win any titles. However, he did win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship with "Pistol" Pez Whatley in Amarillo, Texas, two years later. In the summer and fall of 1975, Jacobs wrestled for promoter Fritz Von Erich's World Class Championship Wrestling where he faced Steve Strong, Skip Young, John Tolos, Mike Paidousis, Hans Schroeder, Bruiser Blackwell, Buddy Wolfe, and Red Bastien. That same year, he wrestled

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 4117, "ep": 22, "ec": 4700}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

Superstar Billy Graham at the Greensboro Coliseum on 3 April 1975. In Georgia, Jacobs feuded with another young wrestler, Randy Savage, during the summer of 1977. During one of these meetings, he and Roberto Soto defeated Savage and Bill Howard in a tag team match at the Atlanta City Auditorium on 3 June 1977. He was also brought to Maple Leaf Wrestling by Toronto promoter Frank Tunney where, on 22 October 1978, he fought British wrestler Geoff Portz to a lime-limit draw at the Maple Leaf Gardens. When George Scott left for the World Wrestling Federation in 1981, Ole Anderson

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 4700, "ep": 22, "ec": 5312}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

took over as head booker for the promotion. Due to personal differences with Anderson, Jacobs was no longer booked in the territory. He spent the rest of the year wrestling for promoter Paul Jones in Georgia Championship Wrestling where he took on such foes as The Masked Superstar and "Iron" Mike Sharpe, and teamed with Ted Oates and George Welles. On the 5 September edition of Georgia Championship Wrestling on WTBS where he and Ken Hall unsuccessfully challenged NWA National Tag Team Champions Jimmy Snuka & Terry Gordy. He also worked in Florida Championship Wrestling. One of his last matches in

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Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

the United States was against David Von Erich in Miami on 16 December 1981, and made appearances for Steve Rickard's All Star Pro-Wrestling in New Zealand, before retiring that same year. By the end of his career, he had wrestled in over 8,000 matches in 25 different countries. He briefly came out of retirement for the first nine months of 1983 and wrestled a number of opponents including "Wild" Bill White, Ken Timbs, Masa Fuchi, Ricky Harris, Kelly Kiniski, The Magic Dragon, and John Bonello. On 9 April 1983, he and Mike Davis wrestled The Great Kabuki in a handicap match.

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 22, "sc": 5901, "ep": 26, "ec": 314}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling & Post-retirement and recent years

He also took part in tag team matches with Mark Fleming and Glen Lane against Frank Monte & Jim Dalton and Masa Fuchi & Ricky Harris respectively. His last match was against John Bonello at the Memorial Auditorium in Greenville, South Carolina, on 19 September 1983. Post-retirement and recent years In the years following his retirement, Jacobs remained in North Carolina and managed several gyms including Ricky Steamboat's facility in Charlotte. While living in Charlotte, he also made occasional visits to his family ranch in New Zealand. On 20 May 1995, he was one of several legendary wrestlers in attendance

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 314, "ep": 26, "ec": 955}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years

for Smoky Mountain Wrestling's "Carolina Memories" supercard at the Grady Cole Center including Mr. Wrestling, Nelson Royal, Swede Hanson, Johnny Weaver, Magnum T.A. and ex-referee Tommy Young. While looking after Steamboat's gym, Jacobs was contacted by the manager of Abe Jacobs, Jr., an independent wrestler then competing on the local "indy circuit", who invited him to be in his corner in an upcoming match in Asheville. She later brought Abe Jacobs, Jr. to the gym and wanted him to teach her wrestler how to perform the "Kiwi Leg Roll" finisher. Jacobs declined both offers. Jacobs later began spending time between Charlotte

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 955, "ep": 26, "ec": 1596}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years

and New Zealand where he bought a sheep and cattle ranch in the Chatham Islands. He has been involved in a number of local charity events, especially charity golf tournaments, organized by retired NFL players Roman Gabriel and Brad Johnson. In 1999, he was featured on a special commemorative edition of the New Zealand ten dollar note by the Chatham Islands Note Corporation for the Millennium. He has also been recognised by the internet wrestling community in the early 21st century. In January 2004, arranged via George South, Jacobs was interviewed by MidAtlanticGateway.com where he discussed both his amateur and professional

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 1596, "ep": 26, "ec": 2215}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years

career. In December 2007, he was interviewed by SLAM! Sports. As well as discussing his career, Jacobs stated that he no longer watches professional wrestling, partly due to being unfamiliar with most of the current stars, as well as commenting on the dangerous risks wrestler's take in regards to modern hardcore wrestling warning that "no one can get away with such a style and walk away without incurring serious injuries". Jacobs also talked about the end of the television era and the dominance of World Wrestling Entertainment in professional wrestling. In recent years, he has also been interviewed by Wrestling

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 2215, "ep": 26, "ec": 2903}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years

Perspective Newsletter and often made appearances at legend's reunions and conventions such as the annual Cauliflower Alley Club. In February 2008, Jacobs was among the Mid-Atlantic territorial wrestlers and wrestling personalities who attended the funeral of Johnny Weaver including Ivan Koloff, Sandy Scott, Wally and Don Kernodle, Rene Goulet, Nikita Koloff, Tony Romano, Bill White, Jim Nelson, Belle Starr, Jim Holiday, Rick McCord, George South, Mike Weddle, Penny Banner, wrestling broadcasters Bob Caudle and Rich Landrum, referees Tommy Young and Stu Schwartz, and a promoter Jackie Crockett. He had also been in attendance for the funeral of Mr. Wrestling several years

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 2903, "ep": 26, "ec": 3522}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years

earlier, and quoted in The Post and Courier upon the deaths of George Becker, Sailor Art Thomas, Bronco Lubich and Sandy Scott. Four months later, Jacobs was honoured by the Dan Gable International Wrestling Institute and Museum and officially inducted into the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Hall of Fame along with Roddy Piper, Masanouri Saito, Penny Banner, Stu Hart, Ray Gunkel, and Leo Nomellini in a special ceremony held in Waterloo, Iowa. Bob Leonard wrote in a later editorial that Jacobs "proved to be a vibrant speaker, and a personable addition to the great social atmosphere of the event". In March 2009,

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 26, "sc": 3522, "ep": 30, "ec": 456}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

Post-retirement and recent years & The "Kiwi Leg Roll"

he was named one of "Top Ten New Zealand Born Wrestlers" by Fight Times Magazine. The "Kiwi Leg Roll" The Kiwi Leg Roll, or simply the Kiwi Roll, is a professional wrestling submission hold which was created by Abe Jacobs as used as his finisher throughout his career. It was developed by Jacobs during his amateur wrestling days, while working out in the gym, and first used it against his former trainer The Zebra Kid in his debut match in 1958. This move was later covered in by local newspapers the following day and, wrestling in the United States years

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 30, "sc": 456, "ep": 30, "ec": 1048}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

The "Kiwi Leg Roll"

later, by the American media. Though little footage exists of Jacobs performing the move, it has been described as a modified figure four leglock in which he would grab an opponent's leg, like the said hold, and roll the man around the mat in an almost circular motion putting pressure across the ankle and causing his opponent to submit. Jacobs has never revealed how to perform the Kiwi Leg Roll despite being asked by dozens of wrestlers, claiming in later interviews that he had forgotten how, and to date it has rarely been duplicated. Its uniqueness was very popular among fans

{"datasets_id": 279, "wiki_id": "Q4666396", "sp": 30, "sc": 1048, "ep": 30, "ec": 1131}

Q4666396

Abe Jacobs

The "Kiwi Leg Roll"

of the Television-era and Jacobs has since long remained associated with the hold.

{"datasets_id": 280, "wiki_id": "Q4667453", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 538}

Q4667453

Abhira Kingdom

Reference of Abhiras in Mahabharat

Abhira Kingdom Reference of Abhiras in Mahabharat Abhiras are mentioned as warriors in support of Duryodhana in Mahabharta war. The Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavas themselves, who were also the Abhiras. The Abhiras also have been described as Vrata Kshatriyas . The Abhiras are said to have looted the train of Arjuna, the Pandava, when he was returning from Dwaraka being accompanied by some of the members of "Sri Krishna's family after the death of the latter. Abhiras are said

{"datasets_id": 280, "wiki_id": "Q4667453", "sp": 6, "sc": 538, "ep": 14, "ec": 96}

Q4667453

Abhira Kingdom

Reference of Abhiras in Mahabharat & Abhira kingdom of Maharashtra & Abhira kingdom of South India

to have waylaid Arjuna and deprived him of remaining wealth from Dwarka and women somewhere in Punjab." Abhiras who looted Arjuna were the supporters of the Kauravas, and in the Mahabharata, Abhir, Gopa, Gopal and Yadavas are all synonyms. They defeated the hero of Mahabharatha war, and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the members of the family of Sri Krishna. Abhira kingdom of Maharashtra The Abhiras ruled western Maharashtra which included Nasik, Aparanta, Lata and Khandesh Abhira kingdom of South India According to historian Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya the abhira kingdom was far more extended in South

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Q4667453

Abhira Kingdom

Abhira kingdom of South India

India.

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 67}

Q1192251

Ableism

Etymology & Nazi Germany & United Kingdom

Ableism Etymology Originated from -able (in disable, disabled) and -ism; first known use in 1985–1990. Nazi Germany Hitler signed the secret euthanasia program decree, Aktion T4, in 1939 that allowed the killing of selected patients with chronic neurological, psychiatric disorders. This program took the lives of about 70,000 men, women and children with disabilities; this program was officially halted by Hitler in 1941 under public pressure but was continued unofficially out of the public eye, taking an additional 200,000 until the fall of Hitler's reign in 1945. United Kingdom In the UK, disability discrimination became unlawful as a result of

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 14, "sc": 67, "ep": 14, "ec": 773}

Q1192251

Ableism

United Kingdom

the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. These were later repealed, but the substantive law is replicated in the Equality Act 2010. Under the Equality Act 2010 there are several types of discrimination that are prohibited. These are direct discrimination (s.13(1) Equality Act 2010), indirect discrimination (s.6 and s.19 Equality Act 2010, harassment (s.26 Equality Act 2010), victimisation (s.27(2) Equality Act 2010), discrimination arising from disability (s.15(1) Equality Act 2010 and failure to make reasonable adjustments (s.20 Equality Act 2010). The legal definition of disability used in the law is: "A person (P) has a disability if P

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 14, "sc": 773, "ep": 18, "ec": 308}

Q1192251

Ableism

United Kingdom & United States

has a physical or mental impairment, and the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities". (Section 6(1), Equality Act 2010) Some conditions (such as blindness, AIDS and cancer) are included; others (such as drug and alcohol addictions) are excluded. United States Before the 1800s, perspective of disability was often in a religious lens. Individuals with disability were seen as evil or possessed by the devil. Much like many minority groups, disabled Americans were often segregated and denied certain rights for a majority of American history. In the 1800s shift from a

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 18, "sc": 308, "ep": 18, "ec": 951}

Q1192251

Ableism

United States

religious view to a more scientific view took place and caused more individuals with disabilities to be examined. Public stigma began to change after World War II when many Americans returned home with disabilities and physical handicaps. In the 1960s, following the civil rights movement in America, the world began the disabled rights movement. The movement was intended to give all individuals with disabilities equal rights and opportunities. Until the 1970s, ableism in the United States was often codified into law. For example, in many jurisdictions, so-called "ugly laws" barred people from appearing in public if they had diseases or

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 18, "sc": 951, "ep": 26, "ec": 172}

Q1192251

Ableism

United States & Rehabilitation Act of 1973 & Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984

disfigurements that were considered unsightly. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 and other sections of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 enacted into law certain civil penalties for failing to make public places comply with access codes known as the ADA Access Guidelines (ADAAG). These laws prohibit direct discrimination against disabled people in government programs, employment, public transit and public accommodations like stores and restaurants. Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act was passed to promote the fundamental right to vote by improving access for handicapped and elderly individuals

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 26, "sc": 172, "ep": 34, "ec": 95}

Q1192251

Ableism

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 & Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 & Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

to registration facilities and polling places for Federal elections by requiring access to polling places used in Federal elections and available registration and voting aids, such as instructions in large type Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 The federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of disability and requires that newly constructed multi-family housing meet certain access guidelines while requiring landlords to allow disabled persons to modify existing dwellings for accessibility. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was passed on July 26, 1990 during the George

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 34, "sc": 95, "ep": 38, "ec": 483}

Q1192251

Ableism

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 & Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

H. W. Bush administration and amended on January 1, 2009. The act gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protections. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 38, "sc": 483, "ep": 42, "ec": 555}

Q1192251

Ableism

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act & Workplace

is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability. Workplace In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act was put in place to prohibit private employers, state and local government, employment agencies and labor unions from discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in job applications, when hiring, firing, advancement in workplace, compensation, training, and on other terms, conditions and privileges of employment. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC also plays a part in fighting against ableism by being responsible for enforcing federal laws that make

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 42, "sc": 555, "ep": 46, "ec": 309}

Q1192251

Ableism

Workplace & Schools

it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. Despite legislation to reduce disability discrimination, roughly 13.3 million Americans with disabilities report difficulty finding a job. Schools Ableism often makes the world unwelcoming, and inaccessible to people with disabilities—especially in schools. An ableist would assert that children with disabilities need to assimilate to normative culture. For example, a student who experiences a disability needs to read text instead of listening to a tape

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 46, "sc": 309, "ep": 46, "ec": 952}

Q1192251

Ableism

Schools

recording of the text. In the past, schools have focused too much on fixing the disability, but due to progressive reforms, schools are now focused on minimizing the impact of a student’s disability, and giving support, skills, and more opportunities to live a full life. Moreover, schools are required to maximize access to their entire community. In 2004, Congress made into law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which states that free and appropriate education is eligible to children with disabilities with insurance of necessary services. Congress later amended the law, in 2015, to include the Every Student Succeeds Act,

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 46, "sc": 952, "ep": 50, "ec": 523}

Q1192251

Ableism

Schools & Media

which guarantees equal opportunity for people with disabilities full participation in society, and the tools for overall independent success. Media Disabilities are not only misrepresented in the media but often underrepresented as well. These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of persons with disabilities. While roughly 20 percent of the population is disabled, only 2 percent of characters played in television and film have a disability. 95 percent of the time, disabled characters are played by actors and actresses who are not disabled. The Ruderman Family Foundation

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 50, "sc": 523, "ep": 54, "ec": 156}

Q1192251

Ableism

Media & Disabled villain

is a private philanthropic foundation established in 2002 in Boston, USA, managed by the Ruderman family. The foundation operates in America and in Israel in two main areas: inclusion of people with disabilities in society and strengthening the relationship between Israel and the American Jewish community, while promoting strategic philanthropy and expanding circles of giving and involvement. The foundation has released a series of papers discussing various disability studies including disability in the media. Disabled villain One common form of media depiction of disability is to portray villains with a mental or physical disability. Lindsey Row-Heyveld notes, for instance, "that

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 54, "sc": 156, "ep": 58, "ec": 252}

Q1192251

Ableism

Disabled villain & Inspiration porn

villainous pirates are scraggly, wizened, and inevitably kitted out with a peg leg, eye patch, or hook hand whereas heroic pirates look like Johnny Depp's Jack Sparrow." The disability of the villain is meant to separate them from the average viewer and dehumanize the antagonist. As a result, stigma forms surrounding the disability and the individuals that live with it. Inspiration porn Inspiration porn is the use of people with disabilities as a form of inspiration when performing ordinary tasks. Criticisms of inspiration porn say that it distances people with disabilities from individuals who are not disabled and portrays disability

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 58, "sc": 252, "ep": 66, "ec": 26}

Q1192251

Ableism

Inspiration porn & Pitied character & Supercrip stereotype

as an obstacle to overcome or rehab. Pitied character In many forms of media such as films and articles a person who experiences disability is portrayed as a character who is viewed as less than able, different and an "outcast." Hayes & Black (2003) explore Hollywood films as the discourse of pity towards disability as a problem of social, physical and emotional confinement. The aspect of pity is heightened through the storylines of media focusing on the individuals weaknesses as opposed to strengths and therefore leaving audiences a negative and ableist portrayal towards disability. Supercrip stereotype The supercrip narrative is

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 66, "sc": 26, "ep": 66, "ec": 682}

Q1192251

Ableism

Supercrip stereotype

generally a story of a person with an apparent disability who is able to "overcome" their physical differences and somehow accomplish an impressive task. In Thomas Hehir's "Eliminating Ableism in Education," he uses the example of a blind man who climbs Mount Everest as an example of the supercrip narrative. The paralympics are another example of the supercrip stereotype, since they generate a large amount of media attention, and demonstrate disabled people doing extremely strenuous physical tasks. Although at face value, this may appear inspiring, Hehir explains that many people with disabilities can view these news stories as setting unrealistic

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 66, "sc": 682, "ep": 70, "ec": 376}

Q1192251

Ableism

Supercrip stereotype & Sports

expectations. Additionally, Hehir mentions that supercrip stories imply that disabled people are required to overcome their disabilities by performing these impressive tasks in order to be seen as an equal and avoid pity from those without disabilities. Sports Sports are often an area of society in which ableism is evident. In sports media, athletes with disabilities are often portrayed to be inferior. When athletes with disabilities are discussed in the media, there is often an emphasis on rehabilitation and the road to recovery, which is inherently a negative view on the disability. Oscar Pistorius is a South African runner who

{"datasets_id": 281, "wiki_id": "Q1192251", "sp": 70, "sc": 376, "ep": 70, "ec": 758}

Q1192251

Ableism

Sports

competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Paralympics and the 2012 Olympic games in London. Pistorius was the first double amputee athlete to compete in the Olympic games. While media coverage focused on inspiration and competition during his time in the Paralympic games, it shifted to questioning whether his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage while competing in the Olympic games.

{"datasets_id": 282, "wiki_id": "Q16929564", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 358}

Q16929564

Aboubakry Dia

Aboubakry Dia Aboubakry Dia (born 17 April 1967) is a retired Senegalese sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres. He is best known for finishing fourth in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1996 Olympic Games, together with Moustapha Diarra, Hachim Ndiaye and Ibou Faye. The team ran in a Senegalese record. His personal best time was 46.50 seconds (1991).

{"datasets_id": 283, "wiki_id": "Q69991633", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 481}

Q69991633

Abraham Curiel

Abraham Curiel Dr Abraham Curiel (1545-1609), alias Dr Jeromino Nunes Ramires, was a physician and the son of the wealthy merchant Jacob Curiel of Coimbra. Abraham Curiel was sent to be educated at the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy. He wed Sara Curiel, alias Maria de Fonseca, with whom he fathered 11 children, including Jacob Curiel and David Curiel. He was an eminent Portuguese physician and shortly after his death Sara fled the Lisbon inquisition to Madrid, Spain.

{"datasets_id": 284, "wiki_id": "Q329945", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 558}

Q329945

Abraham Diepraam

Life and career

Abraham Diepraam Life and career According to Houbraken, he first learned to paint from the father of Dirk Stoop, who had been a good glasspainter, and then he became a pupil of Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh. After a trip through France he returned to the Netherlands and became a pupil of Adriaen Brouwer, whose style he copied the rest of his life. He joined the Guild of St. Luke in Dordrecht in 1648. Houbraken claimed he made his acquaintance in 1674. This is somewhat hard to believe, since Diepraam died four years before that, but may explain why Houbraken had such a low

{"datasets_id": 284, "wiki_id": "Q329945", "sp": 6, "sc": 558, "ep": 6, "ec": 1135}

Q329945

Abraham Diepraam

Life and career

opinion of him. Diepraam became a popular painter of small genre works, and sold many of these himself informally in taverns, where Houbaken clearly felt he also spent all of the proceeds on brandywine. Houbraken reports that by the end of his life he had gone out of fashion and tried selling his services as a painter with his painting box door to door, with little success. Houbraken's biggest criticism of Diepraam was not so much his lifestyle, but from what he claimed was poor brushwork. In a rare comparison to the work of Frans Hals, Houbraken claimed that Diepraam's

{"datasets_id": 284, "wiki_id": "Q329945", "sp": 6, "sc": 1135, "ep": 6, "ec": 1737}

Q329945

Abraham Diepraam

Life and career

style later in life reflected his lifestyle, and his brush strokes did not even melt together, but were loose lines without connection. Though Hals changed his style with disconnected brush strokes during his later years (this is what impressionist painters such as Vincent van Gogh admired the most about him), Houbraken claims he did this as a great master of the art, while Diepraam was just drunk. Perhaps Houbraken met some drunk claiming to be Diepraam himself, and who tried to sell Diepraam paintings after his death in 1674. This would explain why Houbraken formed his bad opinion, since like

{"datasets_id": 284, "wiki_id": "Q329945", "sp": 6, "sc": 1737, "ep": 6, "ec": 2194}

Q329945

Abraham Diepraam

Life and career

many of his contemporaries, Diepraam fell on hard times when the economic downturn spoiled the market. According to the RKD his pupil was Matthijs Wulfraet. His paintings were quite popular, and are generally small interior tavern scenes with peasants drinking or smoking. Houbraken was much more complimentary over Diepraam in his biography of his pupil Wulfraet, claiming his works sold well in Arnhem and he was a good teacher for the young boy.

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 6}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Early life and education

Abram Chayes Abram Chayes (July 18, 1922 – April 16, 2000) was an American scholar of international law closely associated with the administration of John F. Kennedy. He is best known for his “legal process” approach to international law, which attempted to provide a new, less formalistic way of understanding international law and how it might further develop. By focusing on how international legal rules are actually used by foreign policy decision-makers, Chayes sought to study international law, not within a vacuum of legal rules and procedures, but in a dynamic political environment. Early life and education Abram

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 8, "sc": 5, "ep": 10, "ec": 33}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Early life and education & Legal, Academic, and Governmental career

Chayes's full name was Abram Joseph Chayes, but he did not use his middle name. He was born in Chicago. Both his parents were lawyers. He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard College in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945 as a field artillery officer in France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Japan, leaving the service with the rank of captain. He received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart. Chayes graduated first in his class from Harvard Law School in 1949, where he served as president of the Harvard Law Review. Legal, Academic, and Governmental

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 10, "sc": 33, "ep": 12, "ec": 631}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legal, Academic, and Governmental career

career After law school, Chayes was Legal Advisor to Governor Chester Bowles of Connecticut from 1949 to 1951, and then served in Washington, D.C., as Associate General Counsel of the President's Materials Policy Commission in 1951. He clerked for Justice Felix Frankfurter of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1951 to 1952, and practiced law privately with Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C., from 1952 to 1955. In 1955 he joined the faculty at Harvard Law School as an associate professor and began teaching courses in constitutional law and international law. In the late 1950s, Chayes was among the original members of

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 12, "sc": 631, "ep": 12, "ec": 1239}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legal, Academic, and Governmental career

a group of Harvard faculty members who worked on the presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy. He led the team that drafted the 1960 Democratic Convention platform, and was one of Kennedy's principal issues advisers during the campaign. When Kennedy was elected, he worked as Legal Adviser to the State Department. Chayes played an important role in a number of major crises, including the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. He also worked on the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 banning atmospheric nuclear tests. In 1964, Chayes worked at the law firm of Ginsburg

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 12, "sc": 1239, "ep": 12, "ec": 1910}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legal, Academic, and Governmental career

& Feldman in Washington, D.C., before returning to Harvard Law School in 1965, where in 1976 he became the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law. Chayes developed a new international law course at Harvard and co-authored a widely used book, International Legal Process. He also taught civil procedure and authored a widely cited article in the Harvard Law Review on the legal remedies and the difficulty of dealing with domestic social issues legally. He became professor emeritus in 1993, but continued to teach until incapacitated by complications from pancreatic cancer. After leaving the Kennedy administration, Chayes remained politically active. He

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 12, "sc": 1910, "ep": 12, "ec": 2548}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legal, Academic, and Governmental career

worked on the 1968 presidential campaign of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, wrote articles on nuclear arms control, co-authored a book with Jerome Wiesner, President Kennedy's Science Adviser, on Anti-Ballistic Missiles and strategic policy, and advised Democratic members of the Senate in the debate in the early 1970s over ABM deployment (he was a strong supporter of the ABM Treaty of 1972). In 1972, Chayes advised the presidential campaign of George McGovern on foreign policy matters, and in 1976 was a foreign policy adviser to the presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter. In the 1980s, Chayes argued on behalf of the Government

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 12, "sc": 2548, "ep": 16, "ec": 210}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legal, Academic, and Governmental career & Publications

of Nicaragua against the United States in the seminal International Court of Justice (ICJ) case Nicaragua v. United States. The ICJ ruled that the U.S. was guilty of "unlawful use of force" when it mined Nicaragua's harbors. Chayes also wrote articles arguing that the Reagan Administration was barred from testing and deployment of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), or "Star Wars" under the 1972 ABM Treaty. Publications Before returning to Harvard Law, Chayes received a grant from the Carnegie Corporation to publish The Cuban Missile Crisis. In this publication, Chayes illuminated the interrelations of law and foreign policy

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 210, "ep": 16, "ec": 819}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

decisions that created what many call the finest hour of Kennedy's Administration. In doing so, he reinforced the notion that “law is not a set of fixed, self-defining categories of permissible and prohibited conduct” but instead is a dynamic set of normative rules that can guide foreign policy decision-makers. In his book, Chayes focused his analysis on three major decisions: 1) the choice of the quarantine, as opposed to harsher or milder responses, 2) the decision to seek an O.A.S. authorizing resolution, and 3) the manner and method of the approach to the U.N. analysis of the situation.

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 819, "ep": 16, "ec": 1514}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

In doing so, he highlighted the principal ways in which international law affected the course of action adopted: first, as a constraint, then as a basis of justification or legitimation of action, and third as providing organizational structures, procedures and forums. Because the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba did not constitute an armed attack on the United States, warranting a more aggressive unilateral response, the Kennedy Administration imposed a naval quarantine on Cuba. This more restrictive response only blocked offensive military equipment from being imported. A classic blockade, on the other hand, restricts all imports, including food supplies,

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 1514, "ep": 16, "ec": 2170}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

and is considered an act of war. Although the Soviet Union initially responded to the proposed quarantine by accusing the U.S. of “piratical acts” and “unheard of breaches of international law,” Washington lawyers took comfort in NATO support and a unanimous O.A.S. action authorizing the naval quarantine. By gaining the approval of the O.A.S. and using the unique forum of the United Nations for the crystallizing and mobilizing of national government views, the U.S. gained support and neutralized opposition during the crisis. In sum, Chayes noted the importance of the U.S. government's willingness to accept the obligation of international

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 2170, "ep": 16, "ec": 2860}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

legal justification, and therefore, public accountability, during the successful mitigation of the Cuban Missile Crisis. In doing so, the role of international law in decision-making advanced. In 1968, Chayes, along with Thomas Ehrlich and Andreas Lowenfeld, formally introduced a new approach to the study of international law by publishing a two-volume textbook entitled: International Legal Process: Materials for an Introductory Course. The textbook focuses on three issue areas: 1) the limits of adjudication, 2) economic affairs, and 3) political problems, in order to provide a general introduction into the scope, adequacies and failures of an international legal system

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 2860, "ep": 16, "ec": 3512}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

operating in a contemporary and complex international arena with new political actors, including a proliferation of international organizations. Each issue area contains problems that Chayes hoped would ignite classroom discussion and critical analysis, since, as he pointed out, most of these problems do not arise before courts or arbitral tribunals, but are debated by parties, under pressure from a variety of sources including NGOs and domestic lobbyists, during the policy decision-making process. Philip Heymann once said: “For Abe, problems were there to give joy to the people who tackled them.” Most recently, in his book The New

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 3512, "ep": 16, "ec": 4222}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements, Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, his wife and co-author, sought to understand what states, international organizations, officials, and other actors do when they implement, or try to implement, regulatory treaties. These collaborative efforts, taking place within a complex web of norms, rules, and practices, attempt to raise levels of party compliance to acceptable levels. Although treaties are sometimes equipped with sanctioning provisions, “teeth” to enforce treaty compliance, Chayes argued that these coercive economic sanctions reflect an easy but incorrect analogy to domestic legal systems, where the coercive power of the state

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 4222, "ep": 16, "ec": 4856}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

is thought to play an influential role in enforcing national laws. He believed economic sanctions are costly, not only the state that is believed to be defying its treaty obligations, but also on the sanctioning state. Not only are the intended results of economic sanctioning slow and not conducive to altering state behavior, but the political investment required to mobilize and maintain an economic effort in a system without any recognized hierarchy of authority is dangerously high. Alternatively, Chayes noted that unilateral enforcement is not workable because an unduly burdensome obligation would fall on this “policing

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 4856, "ep": 16, "ec": 5537}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

state,” most likely the United States. Before proposing an alternative framework that would replace the ineffective economic sanctioning model of compliance, Chayes discussed reasons for noncompliance. He stated that the principal source of noncompliance is not willful disobedience, but instead comes from the lack of clarity, capacity, and priority. First, in an effort to formulate rules that govern future conduct for a variety of players, treaties often result in ambiguous language that does not provide determinate answers to disputed questions of interpretation. Second, states have inherent limitations on the capacity to comply. For example, although a state

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 5537, "ep": 16, "ec": 6239}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

might have enacted implementing legislation, it will still need to create an effective regulatory enforcement system to ensure the laws are being followed. Additionally, other limitations of scientific and technical judgments, bureaucratic capability, and fiscal resources come into play. Lastly, regulatory treaties often require significant changes in economic or social systems that, by its very nature, take time and can lead to a deceptive picture of state noncompliance. Chayes cites to examples including global efforts to protect human rights by international agreements. As against this enforcement model, Chayes proposed an alternative managerial model of compliance, relying on a

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 6239, "ep": 16, "ec": 6948}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

problem-solving, cooperative approach instead of a coercive one. He suggests an array of activities to ensure compliance. First, Chayes highlighted the need for transparency, including the development of data on performance through self-reporting and verification to check the reliability of reported data, both through state verification systems and, as a less formal and costly alternative, in the form of external checks from other states and nongovernmental scientific interest groups. Second, Chayes proposed informal dispute settlement measures, suggesting compulsory conciliation that would result in nonbinding recommendations. This would ensure that conciliation efforts would be able to address

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 6948, "ep": 16, "ec": 7613}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

a broad range of disputes, while maintaining principles of sovereignty by not forcing parties to accept the decisions reached. Third, deficits in technical and bureaucratic capability and financial resources can be healed through treaty provisions that expressly provide for technical assistance to those states that are incapable of compliance due to these domestic handicaps. Fourth, Chayes combined the elements of transparency, dispute settlement, and capacity building into a broader process of “jawboning” – the effort to persuade the violator to change its ways. This can be accomplished through discourse among the parties, the treaty organization, and

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 7613, "ep": 16, "ec": 8297}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications

the international community. Chayes argued that in an international system that is increasingly interdependent, states no longer have the freedom to act independently, but instead must submit to the pressures of international regulation. He thereby cites Robert D. Putnam “The sanction for violating [the norms and expectations generated by this network] is not penal, but exclusion from the network of solidarity and cooperation.” Throughout the book, Chayes stressed the importance of the international legal process in creating and sustaining regulatory treaties, noting how the need for improving compliance can be accomplished by cooperative problem-solving by international

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 16, "sc": 8297, "ep": 20, "ec": 634}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Publications & Legacy

society. Legacy In 1996 he received the Peace Advocacy Award, with his wife, Antonia Handler Chayes, from the Massachusetts chapter of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security. In 1999-2000, Professor Chayes led a team of lawyers suing Slobodan Milošević in the U.S. Courts for genocide in Kosovo, and helped investigate corruption in Bosnia. He continued to work on international environmental law, teach, and serve on the Harvard interdisciplinary group on climate change. In 1999 he received the Harvard Law School Association Award (HLSA) recognizing his service as an "inspirational teacher and distinguished scholar, advocate for the rights of

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 20, "sc": 634, "ep": 20, "ec": 1277}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legacy

sovereign nations and the protection of the global environment, [and] beloved mentor to generations of Harvard Law students." The Law School celebrated his career with two days of panels and events concerning issues in international law on April 23–24, 1999. Abram Chayes was heralded by many as “a wonderfully gregarious man” who, throughout his tenure at Harvard Law School, always “could be counted upon to greet the newest faculty recruits with genuine ebullience, curiosity and good-will.” His abundant good faith and zest for life spilled over into his intellectual endeavors, allowing him to truly foster a new way of thinking

{"datasets_id": 285, "wiki_id": "Q4669341", "sp": 20, "sc": 1277, "ep": 24, "ec": 387}

Q4669341

Abram Chayes

Legacy & Personal life

about the international law and the way it impacts world affairs. Personal life Abram Chayes married Antonia (Toni) Handler on December 24, 1947; they had five children, including journalist Sarah Chayes as well as Eve, Gayle, Lincoln, and Angelica Chayes. Antonia Handler Chayes served as Undersecretary of the Air Force in the Carter Administration, and is a current Professor of Practice of International Politics and Law at The Fletcher School, Tufts University.

{"datasets_id": 286, "wiki_id": "Q4669371", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 614}

Q4669371

Abram Litton

Abram Litton Abram Litton (May 1814 in Dublin, Ireland – September 22, 1901 in St. Louis, Missouri) was Washington University in St. Louis's first professor of chemistry who served as the acting chancellor during 1869–1870. Litton's family emigrated from Ireland to Nashville, Tennessee when he was three years old. He graduated from the University of Nashville at age 17. In 1839, he moved to Europe to study chemistry. Three years later, he returned to the United States to accept the Professorship of Chemistry at Washington University in St. Louis. In 1843, he became Professor of Chemistry in the St. Louis Medical

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Q4669371

Abram Litton

College. He held that position for fifty years and died in 1901 at age 87.

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Q1135217

Abu Saiba

History

Abu Saiba History Abu Saiba is very well known of its farms, though, most of these farms have vanished as a result of the negligence and the lack of support by the government for local farmers. The visitor to the village may still find some old houses in the village narrow lanes and corridors. Abu Saiba's Hussainia is a famous religious place in Abu Saiba Village. The construction of this architectural masterpiece was completed in January 2007. It can accommodate two thousand people in its basement and ground levels. This hussania has become a tourist attraction that attracts many foreign visitors.

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Q4670340

Abu Salim al-Ayyashi

Biography

Abu Salim al-Ayyashi Biography Abu Salim al-'Ayyashi was born on 4 May 1628 in the Berber tribe of ait Ayyash living in the Middle Moroccan Atlas. His father was the head of a zawiyya. Al-Ayyashi lived and studied in Fez and joined the Sufi order of the Nasiriyya in Tamegroute. He travelled three times to the Hejaz in 1649, 1653 and 1661 and stayed for long periods in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Cairo.

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Q67015410

Abubakar Buba Atare

Educational Background

Abubakar Buba Atare Educational Background His Royal Highness attended Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University staff school Bauchi for his primary education, then proceeded to federal Government college Kwali in Abuja and subsequently federal government college Billiri in Gombe State for his secondary education. he was admitted into University of Abuja to study Geography which he later left to enrolled in Middlesex University London (Dubai Campus) where he graduated with B.Sc. Hons Software Engineering with IT & BIS.

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Q9562431

Acacia atrox

Description

Acacia atrox Description The shrub has a dense and multi-branched habit and typically grows to a height of 2 to 4 m (6 ft 7 in to 13 ft 1 in) and is able to spread and create thickets by suckering. The light green sessile phyllodes have a quadrangular shape and have a yellow nerve at apex of each angle. The phyllodes have a length of 1.5 to 4.5 cm (0.59 to 1.77 in) and a width of 1 to 1.3 mm (0.039 to 0.051 in). The rudimentary inflorescences are found on one or two branched racemes with an axes that has a length of 1 mm (0.039 in). The spherical

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Q9562431

Acacia atrox

Description & Taxonomy & Distribution

flower-heads globular have a diameter of 5 to 7 mm (0.20 to 0.28 in) and contain 17 to 22 flowers. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Peter Kodela in 2001 as part of the work Acacia atrox (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), a new rare species from the North Western Slopes, New South Wales as published in the journal Telopea. It was reclassified as Racosperma atrox by Leslie Pedley in 2003 thentransferred back o the genus Acacia in 2011. Distribution It has a limited distribution around the Inverell area in the north western slopes of New South Wales where it is

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Q9562431

Acacia atrox

Distribution

found on slopes and low hills growing in clay soils over basalt, on basalt in cleared areas or as part of open well grassed Eucalyptus woodland communities.

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Provisions

Academies Act 2010 Provisions An Academy may be set up under section 1 of the Act by virtue of an agreement between the Secretary of State for Education and any other person. Alternatively, maintained schools may be converted into academies by an Academy Order made under section 4 of the Act, provided that the governing body of the school has applied under section 3 or the school is eligible for intervention under sections 60-62 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006. Academies established under section 1 will be charities in addition to receiving funding from the central government. Academies will

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Provisions & Initial schools

also be free to set their own curriculum, as long as it is "broad and balanced" meeting the standards set in section 78 of the Education Act 2002. The Act will only affect schools in England. Initial schools Prior to the 2010 General Election there were 203 academies in England. After the election the new Education Secretary Michael Gove sent a letter to all publicly funded schools inviting them to become academies. Within three weeks, 70% of all outstanding secondary schools expressed interest. Of the 1,567 schools initially expressing interest, 828 were rated "outstanding" and could be fast-tracked into academies

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Initial schools

by September 2010. An analysis of the list applicants for academy status by the Times Educational Supplement reported that the list was "dominated" by schools from middle class areas, particularly the Home Counties. For example, 12% of schools in Kent applied compared to less than 2% in Middlesbrough. A later list published by the Department for Education said a total of 1,907 schools had expressed an interest. By 23 July 2010, 153 schools in England had applied for academy status. The list included 12 faith schools and more than 20 grammar schools. Ultimately, 32 new academies (including seven primary schools) opened

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Initial schools & Reaction and analysis

under the provisions of the Act in the autumn term of 2010. A further 110 schools (including 40 primaries) are planned to convert at a later date. By January 2011 a total of 407 primary and secondary schools with academy status existed (twice as many as before the 2010 election), with the 371 secondary academies representing 11% of the total number of secondary schools. Reaction and analysis Opposition MPs and the Conservative chair of the Education Select Committee Graham Stuart accused the government of "rushing" the bill through Parliament, to which the government replied that there was "ample time" to

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Reaction and analysis

debate the bill. Julian Glover said the "rush hides not the enormity but the thinness of the measure; opposition outrage enhancing the impression that something big must be under way" and the Act "concedes no new powers of any importance". The Act aims to enshrine greater freedoms for schools given academy status. Janet Daley says this will liberate schools from "monolithic local authority control" while journalist Toby Young said the Act will revitalise the goal of the existing academies system to provide an increased level of choice for parents. Professor Alan Smithers of the University of Buckingham said that the plan

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Reaction and analysis

to increase autonomy for a select number of schools will be divisive and disadvantaged children would lose out. Supporters say that the "pupil premium" (which is not included within the Academies Act but will be brought forward in forthcoming legislation) will countermand this by allocating extra funds for schools with a greater intake of disadvantaged children. Criticism of provisions in the Act have also come from the British Humanist Association, the Local Government Information Unit, the Liberal Democrat Education Association teachers' unions, the Campaign for Science and Engineering, the Institute of Education and Sir Peter Newsam, former Chief Schools Adjudicator. The

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Q4671323

Academies Act 2010

Reaction and analysis

element of the Act which eliminates the requirement for there to be local consultation was criticised as undemocratic by education lawyers and the National Governors' Association. The National Grammar Schools Association warned grammar schools against becoming academies, saying that "there are fears that academies may not be legally defined as 'maintained' schools, in which case they may lose the statutory protection of requiring a parental ballot before they are turned into comprehensive schools."

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Q30324114

Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right to access information held by public bodies also known as "right to know". Access to public information is considered of fundamental importance for the effective functioning of democratic systems, as it enhances governments' and public officials' accountability, boosting people participation and allowing their informed participation into public life. The fundamental premise of the right to access public information is that the information held by governmental institutions is in principle public and may be concealed only on the basis of