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CopeNLU 21

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "At the end of the 20th century, the main specific types of mtDNA were described and its mutations were determined, which made it possible to classify human haplogroups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the end of the 20th century, the main specific types of mtDNA were described and its mutations were determined, which made it possible to classify human haplogroups [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "The nomenclature of Eurasian mtDNA lineages is based on the combined data on polymorphism of both reference and coding mtDNA regions (Fig. 1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nomenclature of Eurasian mtDNA lineages is based on the combined data on polymorphism of both reference and coding mtDNA regions (Fig. 1 ) [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "The diversity of mtDNA haplogroups in the ethnic group of Nogays ( n = 206) has been characterized in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The diversity of mtDNA haplogroups in the ethnic group of Nogays ( n = 206) has been characterized in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The phylogenetic tree of mtDNA lineages of the Nogay population is based on the HVSI polymorphism of the mtDNA reference region and on RFLP analysis of the coding mtDNA region (Fig. 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The phylogenetic tree of mtDNA lineages of the Nogay population is based on the HVSI polymorphism of the mtDNA reference region and on RFLP analysis of the coding mtDNA region (Fig. 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 2 shows the frequencies of haplogroups in the Nogay population and some other populations of the world, including the Caucasus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 2 shows the frequencies of haplogroups in the Nogay population and some other populations of the world, including the Caucasus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We realized the subject operations using MR-MPI library.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We realized the subject operations using MR-MPI library [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "This library uses MPI for handling communication between processors and in that sense it is fast and flexible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This library uses MPI for handling communication between processors and in that sense it is fast and flexible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these come at the expense of fault tolerance and redundancy, both of which may prove vital in a commodity cluster but are not of prime concern on high performance computing systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these come at the expense of fault tolerance and redundancy, both of which may prove vital in a commodity cluster but are not of prime concern on high performance computing systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high performance computing systems, sometimes called tier-0 systems, are characterized with very high availability and they allow access to full resources, without any virtualization or whatsoever.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high performance computing systems, sometimes called tier-0 systems, are characterized with very high availability and they allow access to full resources, without any virtualization or whatsoever.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As our focus in this work is such a system, we preferred MR-MPI for implementation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As our focus in this work is such a system, we preferred MR-MPI for implementation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Spaced plantings consist of a highly unnatural environment, in which individual genotypes are not allowed to compete with each other, taking away an extremely essential component a sward environment or community established in a production field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spaced plantings consist of a highly unnatural environment, in which individual genotypes are not allowed to compete with each other, taking away an extremely essential component a sward environment or community established in a production field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the distinction between environments with vs. without interplant competition can be used as a method of classifying traits as simple or complex traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the distinction between environments with vs. without interplant competition can be used as a method of classifying traits as simple or complex traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Simple traits are those that can be effectively measured on spaced plants and genetic gains are realized in sward plots.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Simple traits are those that can be effectively measured on spaced plants and genetic gains are realized in sward plots [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[47]" ] }, { "text": "Numerous examples, far too many to cite here, include flowering time, simple morphological traits such as stem and leaf characteristics, biomass quality traits (e.g., lignin, ash, or N concentrations), pest resistances, and some stress tolerances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous examples, far too many to cite here, include flowering time, simple morphological traits such as stem and leaf characteristics, biomass quality traits (e.g., lignin, ash, or N concentrations), pest resistances, and some stress tolerances [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[47]" ] }, { "text": "Conversely, for traits such as biomass yield, the literature contains numerous examples of failures to make breeding progress when selection is conducted on spaced plants and evaluations are conducted in sward plots to simulate realistic production conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely, for traits such as biomass yield, the literature contains numerous examples of failures to make breeding progress when selection is conducted on spaced plants and evaluations are conducted in sward plots to simulate realistic production conditions [46] [47] [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46", "BIBREF47", "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46] [47] [48]" ] }, { "text": "Biomass yield should be classified as a complex trait, i.e., a trait which cannot be reliably measured on spaced plantings without interplant competition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Biomass yield should be classified as a complex trait, i.e., a trait which cannot be reliably measured on spaced plantings without interplant competition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Empirical studies on work accidents usually focus their attention on the incidence of accidents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Empirical studies on work accidents usually focus their attention on the incidence of accidents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, the evidence suggest that temporary employment, although correlated on average with higher accident rates, is not so significant when personal and job characteristics are controlled for.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the evidence suggest that temporary employment, although correlated on average with higher accident rates, is not so significant when personal and job characteristics are controlled for (Hernanz and Toharia, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hernanz and Toharia, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "However, no empirical evidence is available on the potential differential effect of diverging forms of temporary employment, distinguishing between workers hired through THAs and workers holding \"direct\" temporary contracts, due to the lack of appropriate data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no empirical evidence is available on the potential differential effect of diverging forms of temporary employment, distinguishing between workers hired through THAs and workers holding \"direct\" temporary contracts, due to the lack of appropriate data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, although there is a growing literature investigating the screening and training of agency temporary workers and the relative success of these workers in their transition to permanent jobs, there are no previous studies attempting to analyse the impact of this type of flexible employment on the consequences of workrelated accidents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, although there is a growing literature investigating the screening and training of agency temporary workers and the relative success of these workers in their transition to permanent jobs, there are no previous studies attempting to analyse the impact of this type of flexible employment on the consequences of workrelated accidents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper aims at partially filling these gaps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper aims at partially filling these gaps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the contribution of this piece of research lies on three areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the contribution of this piece of research lies on three areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Numerous industrial processes involve two liquid reacting phases and are processed in continuous ow reactors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous industrial processes involve two liquid reacting phases and are processed in continuous ow reactors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A better understanding of one of these processes, the nitration of benzene carried out under operating conditions used in industrial practice, is the subject of our research project.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A better understanding of one of these processes, the nitration of benzene carried out under operating conditions used in industrial practice, is the subject of our research project.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the ÿrst steps to correctly understand the mechanisms involved in these processes is to know the effective interfacial area available in the reacting system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the ÿrst steps to correctly understand the mechanisms involved in these processes is to know the effective interfacial area available in the reacting system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several authors presented physical and chemical methods to determine the interfacial area in di erent liquid-liquid systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several authors presented physical and chemical methods to determine the interfacial area in di erent liquid-liquid systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The former methods make use of only the physical properties of the system, while the last ones measure the physical process of mass transfer and an accompanying chemical reaction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The former methods make use of only the physical properties of the system, while the last ones measure the physical process of mass transfer and an accompanying chemical reaction (Cieszkowski & Dylag, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cieszkowski & Dylag, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "The physical methods make use of optical, photographic or electrolytic resistance measurement techniques (Vermeulen, Williams, the ow pattern and this can hardly be achieved with the physical methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The physical methods make use of optical, photographic or electrolytic resistance measurement techniques (Vermeulen, Williams, the ow pattern and this can hardly be achieved with the physical methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the chemical method cannot give information on drop size distribution across the reactor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the chemical method cannot give information on drop size distribution across the reactor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "This study examines the hypothesis that salinity influences colonisation behaviour and the structure of insect assemblages in the field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study examines the hypothesis that salinity influences colonisation behaviour and the structure of insect assemblages in the field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This unifying hypothesis is evaluated through two supporting hypotheses: (1) salinity in mesocosms will affect colonisation by individual taxa and assemblages of insects and (2) responses of fauna to salinity in mesocosms will reflect responses of fauna observed in field surveys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This unifying hypothesis is evaluated through two supporting hypotheses: (1) salinity in mesocosms will affect colonisation by individual taxa and assemblages of insects and (2) responses of fauna to salinity in mesocosms will reflect responses of fauna observed in field surveys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These supporting hypotheses link the role of salinity, as an abiotic gradient, on colonisation behaviour and the general importance of colonisation behaviour as a determinant of field assemblage structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These supporting hypotheses link the role of salinity, as an abiotic gradient, on colonisation behaviour and the general importance of colonisation behaviour as a determinant of field assemblage structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mesocosm experiment is conducted in areas of the Wheatbelt with minimal secondary salinisation (water bodies 0-3 gl -1 TDS), but where water tables are rising and future salinity is anticipated (Fig. 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mesocosm experiment is conducted in areas of the Wheatbelt with minimal secondary salinisation (water bodies 0-3 gl -1 TDS), but where water tables are rising and future salinity is anticipated (Fig. 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, it was expected that most aquatic fauna of mesocosms would be freshwater taxa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, it was expected that most aquatic fauna of mesocosms would be freshwater taxa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dispersal of aquatic insects in the wheatbelt is widespread, but locally heterogeneous, due to variation in habitat.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dispersal of aquatic insects in the wheatbelt is widespread, but locally heterogeneous, due to variation in habitat (Kay et al., 2001; Pinder et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kay et al., 2001; Pinder et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "It is anticipated that insects colonising mesocosms vary in space and time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is anticipated that insects colonising mesocosms vary in space and time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Reclamation of a saline-sodic soil requires the removal of sodium from the soil exchange sites into soil solution by divalent cations (Ca 2+ preferably) to promote soil flocculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reclamation of a saline-sodic soil requires the removal of sodium from the soil exchange sites into soil solution by divalent cations (Ca 2+ preferably) to promote soil flocculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, salts are leached from the soil profile.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, salts are leached from the soil profile (Abrol et al., 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abrol et al., 1988)" ] }, { "text": "Extensive research has been conducted over decades with respect to use of chemical amendments to provide Ca 2+ to replace Na + on the exchange sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Extensive research has been conducted over decades with respect to use of chemical amendments to provide Ca 2+ to replace Na + on the exchange sites (Brinck and Frost, 2009; Qadir et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF63" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brinck and Frost, 2009; Qadir et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 0) is the most commonly used chemical amendment and its efficiency as a supplier of Ca 2+ to offset Na + on exchange sites has been long studied and is an established technology to remediate saline-sodic soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 0) is the most commonly used chemical amendment and its efficiency as a supplier of Ca 2+ to offset Na + on exchange sites has been long studied and is an established technology to remediate saline-sodic soils (Ghafoor et al., 2001; Mace and Amrhein, 2001; Oster et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF42", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ghafoor et al., 2001; Mace and Amrhein, 2001; Oster et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Other chemical amendments such as sulfur and sulfuric acid have also been used to remediate saline-sodic soils by facilitating native calcite dissolution to release required calcium into soil solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other chemical amendments such as sulfur and sulfuric acid have also been used to remediate saline-sodic soils by facilitating native calcite dissolution to release required calcium into soil solution (Amezketa et al., 2005; Sadiq et al., 2007; Zia et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF73", "BIBREF90" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Amezketa et al., 2005; Sadiq et al., 2007; Zia et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Alternatively, phyto-remediation technique has gained attention as a less expensive alternative to chemical amendments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, phyto-remediation technique has gained attention as a less expensive alternative to chemical amendments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This technique works on the same principle of native calcite dissolution to supply soluble calcium by facilitating changes in root zone partial pressure of CO 2 by plants and thus helping to remediate calcareous saline-sodic soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This technique works on the same principle of native calcite dissolution to supply soluble calcium by facilitating changes in root zone partial pressure of CO 2 by plants and thus helping to remediate calcareous saline-sodic soils (Qadir et al., 2007; Qadir and Oster, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60", "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Qadir et al., 2007; Qadir and Oster, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The benchmarking of the proposed mode launcher design has been carried out with respect to 3D simulation in HP-HFSS, while further benchmarked against measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The benchmarking of the proposed mode launcher design has been carried out with respect to 3D simulation in HP-HFSS, while further benchmarked against measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The benchmarking results are presented in Fig. 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The benchmarking results are presented in Fig. 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measured VSWR shows good agreement with analytical and simulated results for TM 01 -mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measured VSWR shows good agreement with analytical and simulated results for TM 01 -mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But the measured VSWR shows less accuracy with analytical and simulated results for TM 02 -mode due to the fabrication and assembly error for the TM 02 -mode launcher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But the measured VSWR shows less accuracy with analytical and simulated results for TM 02 -mode due to the fabrication and assembly error for the TM 02 -mode launcher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The desired TM 01 or TM 02 -mode is launched into the waveguide coupler with the help of the appropriate mode launcher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The desired TM 01 or TM 02 -mode is launched into the waveguide coupler with the help of the appropriate mode launcher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coupling factor for of couplers has been measured and the results were compared Fig. 5(a) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The coupling factor for of couplers has been measured and the results were compared Fig. 5(a) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, the coupling factor of the coaxial-probe (Fig. 5(b) ) for TM 01 -mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the coupling factor of the coaxial-probe (Fig. 5(b) ) for TM 01 -mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coupling factor of the coaxial-probe coupler lies between −34 dB and −31 dB for TM 02 -mode coupling ( Fig. 5(c) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The coupling factor of the coaxial-probe coupler lies between −34 dB and −31 dB for TM 02 -mode coupling ( Fig. 5(c) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the designed couplers have maximally flat response of coupling factor within 3 dB throughout the desired bandwidth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the designed couplers have maximally flat response of coupling factor within 3 dB throughout the desired bandwidth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, measured and simulated values of the coupling factor have agreed well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, measured and simulated values of the coupling factor have agreed well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cold tested couplers have been used to couple the microwave from the vircator (Table 1) for the measurement of frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cold tested couplers have been used to couple the microwave from the vircator (Table 1) for the measurement of frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measurement was carried out using heterodyne method, using Tektronix oscilloscope TDS 520D with 500 MHz bandwidth and 1 Gs/Sec sampling rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measurement was carried out using heterodyne method, using Tektronix oscilloscope TDS 520D with 500 MHz bandwidth and 1 Gs/Sec sampling rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The comparison of the measured frequency with the simulation is given in (Table 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The comparison of the measured frequency with the simulation is given in (Table 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measured frequencies match with MAFIA-simulated frequencies of the vircator within 12.9%, 8.1%, and 1.1% for the TM 01 , TM 02 , and TM 03 modes, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measured frequencies match with MAFIA-simulated frequencies of the vircator within 12.9%, 8.1%, and 1.1% for the TM 01 , TM 02 , and TM 03 modes, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, experimental as well as MAFIA-simulated values of the virtual cathode output frequencies are found to be close (i) to the limits 2.4 and 6.2 GHz set by the limits of the vircator oscillation frequency f oc lying between f p and 2.5f p , and (ii) to 6.95 GHz, the analytical value of the electron reflection frequency f r.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, experimental as well as MAFIA-simulated values of the virtual cathode output frequencies are found to be close (i) to the limits 2.4 and 6.2 GHz set by the limits of the vircator oscillation frequency f oc lying between f p and 2.5f p , and (ii) to 6.95 GHz, the analytical value of the electron reflection frequency f r [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The device generates a wide range of frequencies attributable to two different mechanisms of space-charge fluctuation arising from (i) the oscillation of electrons between the actual and virtual cathodes and (ii) the oscillation of the virtual cathode itself, in which the potential oscillates because of inherent instability of electron cloud in space and time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The device generates a wide range of frequencies attributable to two different mechanisms of space-charge fluctuation arising from (i) the oscillation of electrons between the actual and virtual cathodes and (ii) the oscillation of the virtual cathode itself, in which the potential oscillates because of inherent instability of electron cloud in space and time [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These oscillations produce microwaves at wide frequency band in TM 0n -modes, typically for the vircator configuration of axial-output extraction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These oscillations produce microwaves at wide frequency band in TM 0n -modes, typically for the vircator configuration of axial-output extraction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The frequency of the modes coupled to the cylindrical waveguide depends on the virtual cathode oscillation frequency (f oc ) and the electron reflection frequency (f r ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The frequency of the modes coupled to the cylindrical waveguide depends on the virtual cathode oscillation frequency (f oc ) and the electron reflection frequency (f r ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The oscillation frequency of the virtual cathode is related to the beam plasma frequency f p , and generally lies in the frequency range of f p ≤ f oc ≤ 2.5f p.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The oscillation frequency of the virtual cathode is related to the beam plasma frequency f p , and generally lies in the frequency range of f p ≤ f oc ≤ 2.5f p [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "VIRTUAL cathode oscillator (Vircator) is a widely preferred high power microwave source, as it is simple in construction, requiring no external magnetic field for its operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "VIRTUAL cathode oscillator (Vircator) is a widely preferred high power microwave source, as it is simple in construction, requiring no external magnetic field for its operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The electrons generated by a relativistic electron beam source are thrown through an anode foil or aperture into a drift space of a waveguide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electrons generated by a relativistic electron beam source are thrown through an anode foil or aperture into a drift space of a waveguide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A virtual cathode forms in the device when the beam current exceeds the space-charge limiting current that depends on the ratio of the beam to resonator wall radius.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A virtual cathode forms in the device when the beam current exceeds the space-charge limiting current that depends on the ratio of the beam to resonator wall radius.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microwave is generated due to bremsstrahlung of electrons as they oscillate between the actual and the virtual cathode.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Microwave is generated due to bremsstrahlung of electrons as they oscillate between the actual and the virtual cathode [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Government agencies are required to manage and preserve information as official records to enable reliable reuse of this information in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Government agencies are required to manage and preserve information as official records to enable reliable reuse of this information in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, research institutions and other organizations need to manage data and other scientific and technical information (STI) to preserve these valuable information assets for future access and use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, research institutions and other organizations need to manage data and other scientific and technical information (STI) to preserve these valuable information assets for future access and use (Anderson, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anderson, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Consistent with recent trends in the use of geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies, government agencies and other organizations have become increasingly dependent on geospatial data and related information in digital form.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consistent with recent trends in the use of geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies, government agencies and other organizations have become increasingly dependent on geospatial data and related information in digital form (Nelson, Beaverson, & Krumm,, 1998; Maguire, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nelson, Beaverson, & Krumm,, 1998; Maguire, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Geospatial data are used to create data products and maps, to support decision making and perform services, and to serve constituents and customers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Geospatial data are used to create data products and maps, to support decision making and perform services, and to serve constituents and customers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to their use by government agencies, decision makers and the public, GIS and geospatial data provide valuable research and teaching resources for faculty who work in various disciplines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to their use by government agencies, decision makers and the public, GIS and geospatial data provide valuable research and teaching resources for faculty who work in various disciplines (Borgman, Smart, Millwood, Finley, Champeny, Gilliland & Leazer , 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Borgman, Smart, Millwood, Finley, Champeny, Gilliland & Leazer , 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Conventions and practices for managing and preserving printed information as official records have evolved over the centuries, enabling organizations to adopt current practices that have been developed and tested within various organizational settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conventions and practices for managing and preserving printed information as official records have evolved over the centuries, enabling organizations to adopt current practices that have been developed and tested within various organizational settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the management and preservation of digital information have a much shorter history of practice and exhibit a high level of technological dependence on evolving hardware and software.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the management and preservation of digital information have a much shorter history of practice and exhibit a high level of technological dependence on evolving hardware and software.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The complexity of preserving digital information presents challenges for any organization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The complexity of preserving digital information presents challenges for any organization (Hart & Liu, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hart & Liu, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Slightly larger apparent diameters D were observed for the hollow samples than for the core/shell ones as shown in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Slightly larger apparent diameters D were observed for the hollow samples than for the core/shell ones as shown in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be due to deformation of the shell on removing the core.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be due to deformation of the shell on removing the core.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the hollow shell collapsed into a completely flat geometry, the observed width (apparent diameter) would be greater than the diameter of the original core/shell particle by a factor of π/2 ∼ = 1.57.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the hollow shell collapsed into a completely flat geometry, the observed width (apparent diameter) would be greater than the diameter of the original core/shell particle by a factor of π/2 ∼ = 1.57.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Table 1 shows much less increase in D for the hollow particles, suggesting that they are not completely flat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Table 1 shows much less increase in D for the hollow particles, suggesting that they are not completely flat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be confirmed by SEM images presented in Figure 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be confirmed by SEM images presented in Figure 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such appearance of the hollow particles indicates that the shell has some rigidity to retain the original shape of core/shell capsule to some extent in contrast to the hollow shells composed of other synthetic polyelectrolytes such as poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) system, of which the appearance looks like a deflated balloon with wrinkles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such appearance of the hollow particles indicates that the shell has some rigidity to retain the original shape of core/shell capsule to some extent in contrast to the hollow shells composed of other synthetic polyelectrolytes such as poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) system, of which the appearance looks like a deflated balloon with wrinkles [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "The rigid feature of this chitosan/chitosansulfate shell may be originated from the inherent rigidity of the polymer chain, that is, a polysaccharide chitosan has rather high chain rigidity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rigid feature of this chitosan/chitosansulfate shell may be originated from the inherent rigidity of the polymer chain, that is, a polysaccharide chitosan has rather high chain rigidity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, once the chitosan and chitosansulfate chains are deposited on the surface, no swelling with the medium may occur, thus, the vitrification of shell immediately occurs after the deposition, resulting in rigidity of the shell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, once the chitosan and chitosansulfate chains are deposited on the surface, no swelling with the medium may occur, thus, the vitrification of shell immediately occurs after the deposition, resulting in rigidity of the shell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Another cause for the less increase in D on removing the core could be shrinkage of the whole capsule.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another cause for the less increase in D on removing the core could be shrinkage of the whole capsule.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant shrinkage has been reported to occur for the polymer shells deposited to the BS-P whisker surface via emulsion polymerization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant shrinkage has been reported to occur for the polymer shells deposited to the BS-P whisker surface via emulsion polymerization [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "This is associated with a thickening of the shell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is associated with a thickening of the shell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Hollow particles were successfully obtained by the treatment with hydrochloric acid only for the higher molecular weight (M w ) chitosan/chitosansulfate (1.09 × 10 6 g · mol −1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hollow particles were successfully obtained by the treatment with hydrochloric acid only for the higher molecular weight (M w ) chitosan/chitosansulfate (1.09 × 10 6 g · mol −1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shell prepared from the lower M w chitosan/chitosansulfate (9.7 × 10 4 g · mol −1 ) was probably lost by dissolution into the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution during the core-removing process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shell prepared from the lower M w chitosan/chitosansulfate (9.7 × 10 4 g · mol −1 ) was probably lost by dissolution into the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution during the core-removing process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the unintentional hollow capsules mentioned above (yielded without the hydrochloric acid treatment) were partially obtained even for the lower M w material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the unintentional hollow capsules mentioned above (yielded without the hydrochloric acid treatment) were partially obtained even for the lower M w material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 shows the layer thickness l and diameter D of the obtained core/shell and hollow capsules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 shows the layer thickness l and diameter D of the obtained core/shell and hollow capsules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The values presented in this table were obtained by averaging over a few hundreds of sampling points in TEM micrographs obtained with higher magnifications as typically shown in Figure 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The values presented in this table were obtained by averaging over a few hundreds of sampling points in TEM micrographs obtained with higher magnifications as typically shown in Figure 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The standard deviations for l are fairly large: this is due to the ragged feature of the shell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard deviations for l are fairly large: this is due to the ragged feature of the shell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the large standard deviations for D are due to the original size distribution of BS-P as we reported previously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the large standard deviations for D are due to the original size distribution of BS-P as we reported previously [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Magnesium alloys have been the subject of many investigations because of their low density, good castability, high specific strength and stiffness combined with their reasonable cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Magnesium alloys have been the subject of many investigations because of their low density, good castability, high specific strength and stiffness combined with their reasonable cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite these advantages, Mg alloys suffer from poor room temperature formability because of the limited slip systems in their hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these advantages, Mg alloys suffer from poor room temperature formability because of the limited slip systems in their hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, there are limitations associated with heating simple magnesium alloys to high temperatures because the microstructures of fine-grained alloys tend to be unstable and exhibit extensive grain growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there are limitations associated with heating simple magnesium alloys to high temperatures because the microstructures of fine-grained alloys tend to be unstable and exhibit extensive grain growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attempts have been made to improve their thermal stability by the addition of different alloying elements and in this respect it was reported that the addition of gadolinium (Gd) and other rare earth (RE) elements leads to a remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties at high temperatures due to solution and precipitation hardening.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Attempts have been made to improve their thermal stability by the addition of different alloying elements and in this respect it was reported that the addition of gadolinium (Gd) and other rare earth (RE) elements leads to a remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties at high temperatures due to solution and precipitation hardening [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Wheel running may prevent the development of acute stress-induced escape deficits by constraining the activity of DRN 5-HT neurons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wheel running may prevent the development of acute stress-induced escape deficits by constraining the activity of DRN 5-HT neurons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, evidence from our lab suggests rats that engage in 6 wk (but not 3 wk) voluntary running display reduced expression of neural activity marker c-Fos in DRN 5-HT neurons during exposure to tail shocks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, evidence from our lab suggests rats that engage in 6 wk (but not 3 wk) voluntary running display reduced expression of neural activity marker c-Fos in DRN 5-HT neurons during exposure to tail shocks [10, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Reduced 5-HT neuron activity in wheel running rats is paralleled by an up regulation in 5-HT 1A R in the DRN.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reduced 5-HT neuron activity in wheel running rats is paralleled by an up regulation in 5-HT 1A R in the DRN [10, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 19]" ] }, { "text": "A potentially stronger 5-HT 1A R-mediated inhibition of DRN 5-HT neurons in running rats during acute stress may be sufficient to attenuate or eliminate the subsequent stress-induced sensitization of 5-HT activity in the dorsal striatum, thereby conferring protection against depression-like escape deficits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A potentially stronger 5-HT 1A R-mediated inhibition of DRN 5-HT neurons in running rats during acute stress may be sufficient to attenuate or eliminate the subsequent stress-induced sensitization of 5-HT activity in the dorsal striatum, thereby conferring protection against depression-like escape deficits [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is currently unknown if exercise prevents or attenuates stress-sensitized 5HT activity in the dorsal striatum following exposure to acute stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is currently unknown if exercise prevents or attenuates stress-sensitized 5HT activity in the dorsal striatum following exposure to acute stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Enhanced flow boiling performances and reduced instabilities can be achieved by controlling flow regime development without having large pressure drop penalties and introducing complex geometries as demonstrated in our previous studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Enhanced flow boiling performances and reduced instabilities can be achieved by controlling flow regime development without having large pressure drop penalties and introducing complex geometries as demonstrated in our previous studies [39] [40] [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39] [40] [41]" ] }, { "text": "A novel boiling surface with submicron pores formed by NW bundles and nanoscale pores created by individual NWs were developed by our team.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A novel boiling surface with submicron pores formed by NW bundles and nanoscale pores created by individual NWs were developed by our team [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "This silicon nanowire (SiNW) microchannels configuration reduced the transitional flow boiling regimes in plainwall microchannels to a single annular flow starting from onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) to critical heat flux (CHF) conditions by controlling the flow structure in two aspects: reducing bubble size and transforming the direction of the surface tension force from the cross-sectional plane to the inner-wall plane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This silicon nanowire (SiNW) microchannels configuration reduced the transitional flow boiling regimes in plainwall microchannels to a single annular flow starting from onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) to critical heat flux (CHF) conditions by controlling the flow structure in two aspects: reducing bubble size and transforming the direction of the surface tension force from the cross-sectional plane to the inner-wall plane [39] [40] [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39] [40] [41]" ] }, { "text": "An enhanced heat transfer, CHF and reduced pressure drop and instabilities were observed from these studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An enhanced heat transfer, CHF and reduced pressure drop and instabilities were observed from these studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Efforts have been made to understand the heat transfer mechanisms and other relevant problems including flow patterns, instabilities, and CHF etc on flow boiling occurring in SiNW microchannels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Efforts have been made to understand the heat transfer mechanisms and other relevant problems including flow patterns, instabilities, and CHF etc on flow boiling occurring in SiNW microchannels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there are still many unexplained physical phenomena underlying the observed behaviors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are still many unexplained physical phenomena underlying the observed behaviors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Culture influences timing, development, and shape of children's concept of death in general, and suicide in particular.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Culture influences timing, development, and shape of children's concept of death in general, and suicide in particular [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Despite a long standing research interest in the social correlates of suicide, the associations between attitudes and suicidal behaviour have been a topic of discussions and a growing research interest in the recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite a long standing research interest in the social correlates of suicide, the associations between attitudes and suicidal behaviour have been a topic of discussions and a growing research interest in the recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been marked, that suicide as a concept is more and more becoming a life norm and a suicidogenics atmosphere has widely set in our society.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been marked, that suicide as a concept is more and more becoming a life norm and a suicidogenics atmosphere has widely set in our society [30, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30, 31]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The importance of evaluating brand equity is clearly visible in recent merger and acquisition activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance of evaluating brand equity is clearly visible in recent merger and acquisition activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 2005 acquisition of Gillette Company by Proctor and Gamble illustrated this as the purchase price of $57 billion was 19 times Gillette\"s earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 2005 acquisition of Gillette Company by Proctor and Gamble illustrated this as the purchase price of $57 billion was 19 times Gillette\"s earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation (Byrnes 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Byrnes 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Why was the acquisition price so large?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Why was the acquisition price so large?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The value and perceived future earnings of the brands acquired in the deal -Gillette, Duracell, Braun and Oral-B played a large part in the determination of the purchase price.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The value and perceived future earnings of the brands acquired in the deal -Gillette, Duracell, Braun and Oral-B played a large part in the determination of the purchase price.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The basic 2-tier geo-spatial cognition entails landmark knowledge and layout, considering the content it expresses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic 2-tier geo-spatial cognition entails landmark knowledge and layout, considering the content it expresses [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "This progressive encapsulation method can be useful for DEM registration where-in the landmarks or key-feature-points and their subordinate-points may be used for depicting the three-tier architecture for making the registration process much robust as well as well-defined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This progressive encapsulation method can be useful for DEM registration where-in the landmarks or key-feature-points and their subordinate-points may be used for depicting the three-tier architecture for making the registration process much robust as well as well-defined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two paradigms of cognitive mapping exist: space-based approach, emphasizing on explicit extent of the environment under consideration, and object-based approach, emphasizing on the relationships between objects in the local environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two paradigms of cognitive mapping exist: space-based approach, emphasizing on explicit extent of the environment under consideration, and object-based approach, emphasizing on the relationships between objects in the local environment [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Such paradigms can be methodically integrated in this threearchitecture for DEM registration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such paradigms can be methodically integrated in this threearchitecture for DEM registration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, an attempt has been made to implement DEM-DEM registration based human spatial cognition method of way-finding and recollection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, an attempt has been made to implement DEM-DEM registration based human spatial cognition method of way-finding and recollection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may further be extended for DEM-to-topographic map and DEM-to-remote sensed image registration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may further be extended for DEM-to-topographic map and DEM-to-remote sensed image registration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also route finding using the landmarks have been attempted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also route finding using the landmarks have been attempted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Landmarks may be seen to belong to four categories in DEMs: flat -plain areas without much variation in the land heights; peak formation with gradual increase in height as compared to the flat areas; valley formation with gradual decrease in the height seen in DEM; ripples with very shallow crests and nadirs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Landmarks may be seen to belong to four categories in DEMs: flat -plain areas without much variation in the land heights; peak formation with gradual increase in height as compared to the flat areas; valley formation with gradual decrease in the height seen in DEM; ripples with very shallow crests and nadirs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The landmark type formation works on the assumption of certain threshold values used, the values of which may be changed if the number of landmarks found is not adequate for a given DEM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The landmark type formation works on the assumption of certain threshold values used, the values of which may be changed if the number of landmarks found is not adequate for a given DEM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DEM registration between two DEMs, say DEMA and DEMB has been implemented in a three fold algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DEM registration between two DEMs, say DEMA and DEMB has been implemented in a three fold algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly designating and storing the landmarks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly designating and storing the landmarks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These have been formed by using pyramid manner of calculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These have been formed by using pyramid manner of calculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Temperature limits the production and geographical distribution of fruit trees.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Temperature limits the production and geographical distribution of fruit trees.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the cool fruit-growing region of northern China, cold air movement from Baikal Lake and Siberia can cause rapid changes in air temperature in early spring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the cool fruit-growing region of northern China, cold air movement from Baikal Lake and Siberia can cause rapid changes in air temperature in early spring (Meng et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Meng et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Large fluctuations in temperature are detrimental to apple growth and development, damage apple blossoms in northern China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Large fluctuations in temperature are detrimental to apple growth and development, damage apple blossoms in northern China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Soil temperature has a significant effect on root function, which in turn affects the growth of the aerial part.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil temperature has a significant effect on root function, which in turn affects the growth of the aerial part (Nedlo et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nedlo et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "However, limited information is available on how rapid changes in temperature alter root function of apple trees.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, limited information is available on how rapid changes in temperature alter root function of apple trees.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "There is close relationship between N metabolism and respiration in plants and these two metabolic systems connect with each other via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is close relationship between N metabolism and respiration in plants and these two metabolic systems connect with each other via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nitrate (NO3 -) is converted to amino acids by nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitrate (NO3 -) is converted to amino acids by nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this process, respiration provides energy and C skeleton (2-oxoglutarate) for N metabolism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this process, respiration provides energy and C skeleton (2-oxoglutarate) for N metabolism (Foyer et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Foyer et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "The synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), one of the key enzymes in the TCA cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), one of the key enzymes in the TCA cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Very little is known on the interaction between N metabolism and respiration in roots in response to rapid changes in temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Very little is known on the interaction between N metabolism and respiration in roots in response to rapid changes in temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of the present investigation was to examine the sensitivity (i.e. the probability that someone with a diagnosis of PTSD will screen positive) and specificity (i.e. the probability that someone without a diagnosis of PTSD will screen negative) of the CRIES-13 and CRIES-8.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of the present investigation was to examine the sensitivity (i.e. the probability that someone with a diagnosis of PTSD will screen positive) and specificity (i.e. the probability that someone without a diagnosis of PTSD will screen negative) of the CRIES-13 and CRIES-8.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sensitivity and specificity are independent of the baserate of PTSD in the population sampled, allowing these properties of the screening measure to be compared across studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensitivity and specificity are independent of the baserate of PTSD in the population sampled, allowing these properties of the screening measure to be compared across studies (Brewin et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brewin et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "However, as the main objective of a large-scale screenings is to get help where it is most needed, it is important that those who screen positive actually have the disorder of interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, as the main objective of a large-scale screenings is to get help where it is most needed, it is important that those who screen positive actually have the disorder of interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ability of a screen to achieve this end is its Positive Predictive Value (PPV).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability of a screen to achieve this end is its Positive Predictive Value (PPV).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reverse, or the likelihood that someone who screens negative does not have the disorder, is the screen's Negative Predictive Value (NPV), and may also be of interest if there is a need to conserve precious resources (e.g., medicine, therapist time).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reverse, or the likelihood that someone who screens negative does not have the disorder, is the screen's Negative Predictive Value (NPV), and may also be of interest if there is a need to conserve precious resources (e.g., medicine, therapist time).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the PPV and NPV are baserate-sensitive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the PPV and NPV are baserate-sensitive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it is important to evaluate the utility of the screen in different at-risk (trauma-exposed) groups, with different expected PTSD base-rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it is important to evaluate the utility of the screen in different at-risk (trauma-exposed) groups, with different expected PTSD base-rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Since the performance is heavily dependent on the actual distribution of the non-zero elements, the observed performance may differ somewhat from this formal analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the performance is heavily dependent on the actual distribution of the non-zero elements, the observed performance may differ somewhat from this formal analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have conducted performance measurements using an Intel i5-2557 with 4 GB or RAM running Max OS X 10.7.5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have conducted performance measurements using an Intel i5-2557 with 4 GB or RAM running Max OS X 10.7.5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have used the first 23,149 documents with 47,236 terms of the Reuters Corpus Volume I, version 2, in the pre-vectorized form.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have used the first 23,149 documents with 47,236 terms of the Reuters Corpus Volume I, version 2, in the pre-vectorized form (Lewis et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lewis et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Biofuel cells convert chemical energy into current-using enzymes as biocatalysts and are promising devices for harvesting bioenergy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biofuel cells convert chemical energy into current-using enzymes as biocatalysts and are promising devices for harvesting bioenergy [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "The essential feature of enzymatic biofuel cells is that power can be produced from a fuel (i.e., glucose) present in the human body.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The essential feature of enzymatic biofuel cells is that power can be produced from a fuel (i.e., glucose) present in the human body [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "The main advantage of such fuel cells is their ability to operate under mild conditions at temperatures of 20-40°C and at approximately neutral pH values.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage of such fuel cells is their ability to operate under mild conditions at temperatures of 20-40°C and at approximately neutral pH values [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The peak current for the laccase-immobilized np-Au electrode with SAM increased during repeated CV cycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The peak current for the laccase-immobilized np-Au electrode with SAM increased during repeated CV cycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be perhaps due to the synergistic effect of electrochemical cleaning of Au electrode surface and orientation change during the CV cycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be perhaps due to the synergistic effect of electrochemical cleaning of Au electrode surface and orientation change during the CV cycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, laccase on the smooth Au surface (without nanoporous structure) exhibited a current decrease after 100 cycles, even when modified with the SAM (inset in Fig. 2b ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, laccase on the smooth Au surface (without nanoporous structure) exhibited a current decrease after 100 cycles, even when modified with the SAM (inset in Fig. 2b ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Laccase could not be fully stabilized on the smooth Au surface because of the lack of nanoporous structure to geometrically confine the enzyme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Laccase could not be fully stabilized on the smooth Au surface because of the lack of nanoporous structure to geometrically confine the enzyme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another reason for the decreased activity is that the SAM on the smooth Au surface had a weaker binding energy than that on nanostructured Au and was more readily desorbed during CV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another reason for the decreased activity is that the SAM on the smooth Au surface had a weaker binding energy than that on nanostructured Au and was more readily desorbed during CV [30, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30, 31]" ] }, { "text": "The nanoporous structure and SAM were responsible for the electrochemical stability of the immobilized enzyme as np-Au geometrically captured laccase which formed strong bonding with the SAM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nanoporous structure and SAM were responsible for the electrochemical stability of the immobilized enzyme as np-Au geometrically captured laccase which formed strong bonding with the SAM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, SAM itself promotes the direct electron transfer between gold and laccase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, SAM itself promotes the direct electron transfer between gold and laccase [20, 32, 33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 32, 33]" ] }, { "text": "Such high stability of enzyme and SAM may synergistically promote electron transfer through the enzyme-SAM electrode system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such high stability of enzyme and SAM may synergistically promote electron transfer through the enzyme-SAM electrode system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CV curves of GOx-immobilized np-Au electrodes with and without SAM-modification are shown in Fig. 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CV curves of GOx-immobilized np-Au electrodes with and without SAM-modification are shown in Fig. 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No redox peak was observed in CV curves of GOx-immobilized np-Au without a SAM (Fig. 3a) ; thus, this electrode exhibited no electron transfer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No redox peak was observed in CV curves of GOx-immobilized np-Au without a SAM (Fig. 3a) ; thus, this electrode exhibited no electron transfer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, SAM-modification of np-Au resulted in an obvious redox peak pair (midpoint potential of +0.55 V) in the CV curve (Fig. 3b) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, SAM-modification of np-Au resulted in an obvious redox peak pair (midpoint potential of +0.55 V) in the CV curve (Fig. 3b) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was accompanied by anodic prepeaks which have been related to fast second-order reactions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was accompanied by anodic prepeaks which have been related to fast second-order reactions [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "The 4-ATP SAM appeared to bridge the electronic gap between the enzyme and electrode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 4-ATP SAM appeared to bridge the electronic gap between the enzyme and electrode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been known that SAM with amine groups stabilizes GOx on Au electrode and enhances the electron transfer communication via covalent bonding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been known that SAM with amine groups stabilizes GOx on Au electrode and enhances the electron transfer communication via covalent bonding [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the SAM on the npAu electrodes effectively activated and stabilized GOx as well as laccase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the SAM on the npAu electrodes effectively activated and stabilized GOx as well as laccase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the detailed nature of the strong bonding between SAM and enzymes is currently unknown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the detailed nature of the strong bonding between SAM and enzymes is currently unknown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Raman and/or infrared spectroscopic elucidation may help in the understanding of the bonding state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Raman and/or infrared spectroscopic elucidation may help in the understanding of the bonding state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Ozone, a secondary pollutant, is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant, among such other oxidants as peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) and organic peroxides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ozone, a secondary pollutant, is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant, among such other oxidants as peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) and organic peroxides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stratospheric input of ozone takes place mainly in the middle and high latitudes, especially in early spring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stratospheric input of ozone takes place mainly in the middle and high latitudes, especially in early spring (Collins et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Collins et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "In lower latitudes photochemical generation is the dominant source of tropospheric ozone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In lower latitudes photochemical generation is the dominant source of tropospheric ozone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This ozone is formed from the primary precursors nitrogen oxides (NO x ), nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and, to a lesser extent, CO and methane in the presence of sunlight (UV radiation) through complex reactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This ozone is formed from the primary precursors nitrogen oxides (NO x ), nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and, to a lesser extent, CO and methane in the presence of sunlight (UV radiation) through complex reactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevated ozone level is associated with temperatures in excess of 208C and often with temperatures above 308C.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevated ozone level is associated with temperatures in excess of 208C and often with temperatures above 308C (Lollar, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lollar, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Diverse factors affecting ozone formation include, among others, the meteorological factors of atmospheric stagnation and synoptic circulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diverse factors affecting ozone formation include, among others, the meteorological factors of atmospheric stagnation and synoptic circulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The observed surface ozone is the result of a balance between production and removal processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The observed surface ozone is the result of a balance between production and removal processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Often, the production more than compensates for the losses that are due to NO scavenging or deposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Often, the production more than compensates for the losses that are due to NO scavenging or deposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "While there is growing concern over short-lived species including ozone regarding their near-term warming impact, temperature increases have been suggested to worsen the photochemical problem even if precursor emissions remain constant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While there is growing concern over short-lived species including ozone regarding their near-term warming impact, temperature increases have been suggested to worsen the photochemical problem even if precursor emissions remain constant (Bloomer et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bloomer et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "To follow up on this, the current study assesses the ozone trend in Hong Kong and the PRD region against a background of positive temperature anomalies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To follow up on this, the current study assesses the ozone trend in Hong Kong and the PRD region against a background of positive temperature anomalies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The year to year changes of sensitivity (in terms of correlation coefficients) of ozone with temperature rise is then investigated over the period of mid-1990s to 2010.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The year to year changes of sensitivity (in terms of correlation coefficients) of ozone with temperature rise is then investigated over the period of mid-1990s to 2010.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since any positive change in sensitivity is believed to further aggravate the photochemical problem, a possible association between this temperature sensitivity and ozone concentration is examined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since any positive change in sensitivity is believed to further aggravate the photochemical problem, a possible association between this temperature sensitivity and ozone concentration is examined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On account of the usually dominant role of the precursors, observed trends of NO x NO 2 , CO, isoprene and formaldehyde (the latter typically used as indicator of VOCs) are analysed for the Hong Kong/ PRD region, based on available ground and satellite data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On account of the usually dominant role of the precursors, observed trends of NO x NO 2 , CO, isoprene and formaldehyde (the latter typically used as indicator of VOCs) are analysed for the Hong Kong/ PRD region, based on available ground and satellite data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)'s ModelE2 and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Community Earth System Model (CESM)-Community Atmosphere Model are used to investigate future ozone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)'s ModelE2 and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Community Earth System Model (CESM)-Community Atmosphere Model are used to investigate future ozone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the same way, this work addresses block circulant matrices, block matrices where each row of blocks is rotated one element to the right relative to the previous row.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the same way, this work addresses block circulant matrices, block matrices where each row of blocks is rotated one element to the right relative to the previous row.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples of these matrices can be found in applications involving discretization aware of cylindrical or cyclical symmetries in the domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples of these matrices can be found in applications involving discretization aware of cylindrical or cyclical symmetries in the domain [4, 9, 13, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 9, 13, 20]" ] }, { "text": "Particularly in the context of CT scanners, mathematical descriptions based on polar coordinates take advantage of the rotational symmetries in the tomographic system, because it is easy to find an ordering of the unknowns so that projections share the same pattern of weights in the probability matrix, although shifted by a fixed number of columns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Particularly in the context of CT scanners, mathematical descriptions based on polar coordinates take advantage of the rotational symmetries in the tomographic system, because it is easy to find an ordering of the unknowns so that projections share the same pattern of weights in the probability matrix, although shifted by a fixed number of columns [19, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The probability matrix A constructed like this corresponds to a block circulant matrix, in which the rows associated to a projection form a row of blocks with the displacement being the number of columns in every block.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The probability matrix A constructed like this corresponds to a block circulant matrix, in which the rows associated to a projection form a row of blocks with the displacement being the number of columns in every block.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Implicit representations of A can save storage and speed up its construction by a factor of the number of projections, which is around 100 in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Implicit representations of A can save storage and speed up its construction by a factor of the number of projections, which is around 100 in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the cost of the associated SpMV product remains the same, in terms of the number of floating-point operations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the cost of the associated SpMV product remains the same, in terms of the number of floating-point operations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Soldiers in the Armed Forces (AF) regularly can embark on vigorous physical activities in a hot and humid training environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soldiers in the Armed Forces (AF) regularly can embark on vigorous physical activities in a hot and humid training environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The military canteen is an essential piece of equipment to contain fluid, which provides sufficient rehydration for each soldier during training and prevents the onset of heat-related injuries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The military canteen is an essential piece of equipment to contain fluid, which provides sufficient rehydration for each soldier during training and prevents the onset of heat-related injuries [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Heat injury is often a consequence of prolonged activity under hot and humid conditions, which is exacerbated by dehydration and failure to replenish lost bodily fluids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Heat injury is often a consequence of prolonged activity under hot and humid conditions, which is exacerbated by dehydration and failure to replenish lost bodily fluids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its severity ranges from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion and serious heat stroke, which is a medical emergency and can potentially be fatal if not treated immediately.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Its severity ranges from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion and serious heat stroke, which is a medical emergency and can potentially be fatal if not treated immediately [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "As the commercial thermal insulated bottles are not optimized for military applications in terms of thermal insulating properties, mechanical properties and cost consideration, another engineering solution is to develop a lightweight and cost-effective thermal jacket wrapped on the existing military canteens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the commercial thermal insulated bottles are not optimized for military applications in terms of thermal insulating properties, mechanical properties and cost consideration, another engineering solution is to develop a lightweight and cost-effective thermal jacket wrapped on the existing military canteens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beer Koozie utilizes a foam sleeve wrapped on bottles to provide thermal insulation and prevent condensation on the surface of the bottle, which can slow down heat transfer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Beer Koozie utilizes a foam sleeve wrapped on bottles to provide thermal insulation and prevent condensation on the surface of the bottle, which can slow down heat transfer [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The effect of condensation shows that the temperature changes of water inside the bottle in an environment with 40% and 85% relative humidity is 39 • C and 44 • C, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of condensation shows that the temperature changes of water inside the bottle in an environment with 40% and 85% relative humidity is 39 • C and 44 • C, respectively [1, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 7]" ] }, { "text": "So Koozie sleeves cannot keep the low temperature of the military canteen water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So Koozie sleeves cannot keep the low temperature of the military canteen water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The station, located in the extreme west of the region (St. 9), has been affected by both the Pabuç stream and to a large extent by the Danube river.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The station, located in the extreme west of the region (St. 9), has been affected by both the Pabuç stream and to a large extent by the Danube river.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significantly high lead concentrations were measured in sediments from this stream.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significantly high lead concentrations were measured in sediments from this stream.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The contribution of the Danube river to the lead pollution in the Black Sea has been studied by several authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The contribution of the Danube river to the lead pollution in the Black Sea has been studied by several authors (ZAITSEV, 1992 ; KUBILAY et al., 1995 ; TUNCER et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(ZAITSEV, 1992 ; KUBILAY et al., 1995 ; TUNCER et al., 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "We have previously shown in an experimental study that, in spite of significant weight gain and water retention, glitazones dissociate the blood pressure response to salt and decrease the blood pressure response to angiotensin II.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have previously shown in an experimental study that, in spite of significant weight gain and water retention, glitazones dissociate the blood pressure response to salt and decrease the blood pressure response to angiotensin II [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Human studies show that treatment with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone is either neutral or associated with a mild decrease in blood pressure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Human studies show that treatment with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone is either neutral or associated with a mild decrease in blood pressure [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "This study confirms for the first time that a sodium load during 1 week does not significantly change the blood pressure response in spite of increased sodium retention at the proximal level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study confirms for the first time that a sodium load during 1 week does not significantly change the blood pressure response in spite of increased sodium retention at the proximal level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings suggest that with pioglitazone, there are enough compensatory mechanisms-through vasodilation or increased release of natriuretic peptides-to compensate for the fluid retention and keep blood pressure low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings suggest that with pioglitazone, there are enough compensatory mechanisms-through vasodilation or increased release of natriuretic peptides-to compensate for the fluid retention and keep blood pressure low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, a subset of salt-sensitive individuals became salt resistant during the pioglitazone phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, a subset of salt-sensitive individuals became salt resistant during the pioglitazone phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relevance of these findings now needs to be confirmed in a larger study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relevance of these findings now needs to be confirmed in a larger study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Empirical information on the current HDI levels of countries is summarized in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Empirical information on the current HDI levels of countries is summarized in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rich countries do not differ much in their HDI values (0.87-0.94).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rich countries do not differ much in their HDI values (0.87-0.94).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Low-, medium-and high-HDI countries show a wider range: the lowest-ranked countries, which are in Sub-Saharan Africa, have an HDI value of 0.5, medium-ranked countries about 0.61 and high-ranked nations about 0.73.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Low-, medium-and high-HDI countries show a wider range: the lowest-ranked countries, which are in Sub-Saharan Africa, have an HDI value of 0.5, medium-ranked countries about 0.61 and high-ranked nations about 0.73 (UNDP, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(UNDP, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, the HDI tends to increase for most countries over time: by very little for rich countries, but by a much larger amount for poorer countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the HDI tends to increase for most countries over time: by very little for rich countries, but by a much larger amount for poorer countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "One way forwards may be to evaluate climate policy using a broad set of indicators, including the HDI, to provide additional relevant information about welfare implications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One way forwards may be to evaluate climate policy using a broad set of indicators, including the HDI, to provide additional relevant information about welfare implications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A credible alternative for GDP may facilitate a transition away from the GDP growth focus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A credible alternative for GDP may facilitate a transition away from the GDP growth focus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, although the HDI is better than GDP in this context, it is not a perfect welfare proxy either.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, although the HDI is better than GDP in this context, it is not a perfect welfare proxy either (Hicks, 1997; Neumayer, 2001; Noorbakhsh, 1998; Sagar & Najam, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hicks, 1997; Neumayer, 2001; Noorbakhsh, 1998; Sagar & Najam, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "One might thus want to use a more ideal welfare index.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One might thus want to use a more ideal welfare index (Botzen & van den Bergh, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Botzen & van den Bergh, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "However, there are no consistent country data available for any alternative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are no consistent country data available for any alternative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the foreseeable future, the HDI is as good as it gets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the foreseeable future, the HDI is as good as it gets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "William Kingdon Clifford created the geometric algebras in 1878.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "William Kingdon Clifford created the geometric algebras in 1878, [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "They usually contain continuous submanifolds of geometric square roots of minus one.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They usually contain continuous submanifolds of geometric square roots of minus one [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Each multivector has a natural geometric interpretation so the generalization of the Fourier transform to multivector valued functions in the geometric algebras is very reasonable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each multivector has a natural geometric interpretation so the generalization of the Fourier transform to multivector valued functions in the geometric algebras is very reasonable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It helps to interpret the transform, apply it in a target oriented way to the specific underlying problem and allows a new point of view on fluid mechanics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It helps to interpret the transform, apply it in a target oriented way to the specific underlying problem and allows a new point of view on fluid mechanics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A WSN system for the detection, location and monitoring of PD has previously been proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A WSN system for the detection, location and monitoring of PD has previously been proposed [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "The system is based around radiometric sensors that utilize a transistor-reset integrator (TRI), removing the requirement for high speed data conversion and data processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The system is based around radiometric sensors that utilize a transistor-reset integrator (TRI), removing the requirement for high speed data conversion and data processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whilst conversion speed is reduced, power consumption is still an issue if precision highspeed analogue IC-based circuitry is used to detect and measure the PD signal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whilst conversion speed is reduced, power consumption is still an issue if precision highspeed analogue IC-based circuitry is used to detect and measure the PD signal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The TRI requires a low offset voltage, wide bandwidth and high input impedance in order to operate correctly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The TRI requires a low offset voltage, wide bandwidth and high input impedance in order to operate correctly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the sensor nodes (and therefore the TRI) must be capable of operating in an outdoor environment over a temperature range of -10 to +40 ºC without significant errors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the sensor nodes (and therefore the TRI) must be capable of operating in an outdoor environment over a temperature range of -10 to +40 ºC without significant errors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A signal processing circuit based around a high-speed precision composite amplifier is proposed here that removes the requirement for high-speed direct conversion and highspeed signal processing whilst maintaining a large bandwidth and high precision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A signal processing circuit based around a high-speed precision composite amplifier is proposed here that removes the requirement for high-speed direct conversion and highspeed signal processing whilst maintaining a large bandwidth and high precision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quiescent current consumption of the proposed circuit is less than 10 mA, extending the time required between sensor node battery changes significantly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quiescent current consumption of the proposed circuit is less than 10 mA, extending the time required between sensor node battery changes significantly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Battery life is further extended by placing the node into standby mode in between measurements, significantly reducing the supply current of the sensor nodes and increasing sensor operating time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Battery life is further extended by placing the node into standby mode in between measurements, significantly reducing the supply current of the sensor nodes and increasing sensor operating time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Core genes in example traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Core genes in example traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of the best-understood examples of core genes come from studies of plasma lipid levels (LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels), which are important risk factors for heart disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the best-understood examples of core genes come from studies of plasma lipid levels (LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels), which are important risk factors for heart disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The genetics of lipid levels include both monogenic syndromes (collectively referred to as dyslipidemias) and a polygenic component, in which the latter drives most of the population-level variance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The genetics of lipid levels include both monogenic syndromes (collectively referred to as dyslipidemias) and a polygenic component, in which the latter drives most of the population-level variance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At least nine genes are currently implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, and additional genes cause other forms of dyslipidemia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At least nine genes are currently implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, and additional genes cause other forms of dyslipidemia [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "The monogenic syndrome genes are closely involved in aspects of lipid metabolism or regulation and should likely be considered core genes for these traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The monogenic syndrome genes are closely involved in aspects of lipid metabolism or regulation and should likely be considered core genes for these traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, APOB encodes Apolipoprotein B, the primary protein in LDL particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, APOB encodes Apolipoprotein B, the primary protein in LDL particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The LDL-R protein is a receptor for LDL particles, removing them from the bloodstream and transporting them into cells-thus reducing plasma levels of LDL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The LDL-R protein is a receptor for LDL particles, removing them from the bloodstream and transporting them into cells-thus reducing plasma levels of LDL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Presumably additional core genes have not yet been identified as such.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Presumably additional core genes have not yet been identified as such.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We recently argued that the data suggest that a large fraction of all genes expressed in relevant tissues can affect a phenotype, and that much of the trait variance is mediated through genes that are not tightly involved in the trait in question.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We recently argued that the data suggest that a large fraction of all genes expressed in relevant tissues can affect a phenotype, and that much of the trait variance is mediated through genes that are not tightly involved in the trait in question [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "These observations appear at odds with conventional ways of understanding the links from genotype to phenotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These observations appear at odds with conventional ways of understanding the links from genotype to phenotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Much of the progress in classical genetics has come from detailed molecular work to dissect the biological mechanisms of individual mutations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Much of the progress in classical genetics has come from detailed molecular work to dissect the biological mechanisms of individual mutations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That type of work is predicated on the expectation that there should be a relatively direct molecular pathway from genotype to phenotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That type of work is predicated on the expectation that there should be a relatively direct molecular pathway from genotype to phenotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet the situation for complex traits seems quite different, and thus it remains unclear how we should understand the molecular mapping from genotype to phenotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet the situation for complex traits seems quite different, and thus it remains unclear how we should understand the molecular mapping from genotype to phenotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The role of selective constraint in shaping the heritability landscape.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of selective constraint in shaping the heritability landscape.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our main goal in this paper has been to understand how existing human genetic variation combines with gene regulatory architecture to produce the observed distribution of heritability across the genome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our main goal in this paper has been to understand how existing human genetic variation combines with gene regulatory architecture to produce the observed distribution of heritability across the genome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But it is important to note that the landscape itself is an evolved property that has been strongly shaped by the action of purifying selection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But it is important to note that the landscape itself is an evolved property that has been strongly shaped by the action of purifying selection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strength of purifying selection against a causal variant increases rapidly with its effect sizes, both on the trait in question and through pleiotropic effects of that variant on other traits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The strength of purifying selection against a causal variant increases rapidly with its effect sizes, both on the trait in question and through pleiotropic effects of that variant on other traits [67] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF66" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[67]" ] }, { "text": "This means that the allele frequencies for trait-associated variants tend to be inversely related to their effect sizes, and that larger-effect size variants generally contribute little to heritability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that the allele frequencies for trait-associated variants tend to be inversely related to their effect sizes, and that larger-effect size variants generally contribute little to heritability [68] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF67" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[68]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The COO image is also found to be associated with brand awareness/ association (β = 0.404, p<0.01).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The COO image is also found to be associated with brand awareness/ association (β = 0.404, p<0.01).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apparently, this supports the idea that country of origin serves as informational stimulus used by consumers to infer beliefs about product attributes as well as associating a product with status, authenticity, and exoticness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently, this supports the idea that country of origin serves as informational stimulus used by consumers to infer beliefs about product attributes as well as associating a product with status, authenticity, and exoticness (Verlegh, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Verlegh, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The COO image in consumers' mind, as well as beliefs associated with the country, may become part of brand awareness/association activated in consumers' mind.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The COO image in consumers' mind, as well as beliefs associated with the country, may become part of brand awareness/association activated in consumers' mind.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Knowledge syntheses are comprehensive and reproducible evidence reviews that summarise all relevant studies on a question.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge syntheses are comprehensive and reproducible evidence reviews that summarise all relevant studies on a question [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "They can include traditional systematic reviews and scoping reviews, amongst others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can include traditional systematic reviews and scoping reviews, amongst others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowledge translation (KT) focusing on the results of individual studies may be misleading due to bias in their conduct or random variations in findings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge translation (KT) focusing on the results of individual studies may be misleading due to bias in their conduct or random variations in findings [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Knowledge syntheses that interpret the results of individual studies within the context of global evidence should be considered as the foundational unit of KT, as they interpret the results of individual studies within the context of the totality of evidence and are less susceptible to bias than single studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge syntheses that interpret the results of individual studies within the context of global evidence should be considered as the foundational unit of KT, as they interpret the results of individual studies within the context of the totality of evidence and are less susceptible to bias than single studies [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Knowledge syntheses, such as systematic reviews, provide the evidence base for implementation vehicles, such as patient decision aids and clinical decision aids clinical practice guidelines and policy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge syntheses, such as systematic reviews, provide the evidence base for implementation vehicles, such as patient decision aids and clinical decision aids clinical practice guidelines and policy [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "For example, our research team conducts knowledge syntheses for the nationally funded Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network whereby we complete knowledge synthesis to answer questions posed by our provincial and national policy makers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, our research team conducts knowledge syntheses for the nationally funded Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network whereby we complete knowledge synthesis to answer questions posed by our provincial and national policy makers [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Nutrients, Dissolved Iron, and Flow Cytometry at Station ALOHA Depth profiles of macronutrient concentrations, Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, heterotrophic bacteria, and photosynthetic picoeukaryote cell abundances were typical of summer conditions at Station ALOHA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nutrients, Dissolved Iron, and Flow Cytometry at Station ALOHA Depth profiles of macronutrient concentrations, Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, heterotrophic bacteria, and photosynthetic picoeukaryote cell abundances were typical of summer conditions at Station ALOHA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nitrate (equal to nitrate+nitrite) varied 10-fold from ∼0.1 µmol L −1 in surface waters, to 1 µmol L −1 in the nitracline at 300 m (Figure 1; Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitrate (equal to nitrate+nitrite) varied 10-fold from ∼0.1 µmol L −1 in surface waters, to 1 µmol L −1 in the nitracline at 300 m (Figure 1; Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Phosphate also increased to ∼0.1 µmol L −1 from our detection limit in surface waters, while silicate concentrations remained relatively constant at ∼1.2 µmol L −1 to 400 m (Figure 1) Table 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Phosphate also increased to ∼0.1 µmol L −1 from our detection limit in surface waters, while silicate concentrations remained relatively constant at ∼1.2 µmol L −1 to 400 m (Figure 1) Table 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Flow cytometry counts also showed typical conditions at Station ALOHA, with a dominance of Prochlorococcus in surface waters (1.14 × 10 5 cell mL −1 , Table 1 ), as well as elevated Synechococcus (Figure 1 ; Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Flow cytometry counts also showed typical conditions at Station ALOHA, with a dominance of Prochlorococcus in surface waters (1.14 × 10 5 cell mL −1 , Table 1 ), as well as elevated Synechococcus (Figure 1 ; Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cell counts decreased throughout the water column, and Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and other phototrophic picoeukaryotes were non-detectable below 200 m (Figure 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cell counts decreased throughout the water column, and Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and other phototrophic picoeukaryotes were non-detectable below 200 m (Figure 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Heterotrophic bacteria were also abundant in surface waters, with numbers ranging from 2 to 6 × 10 5 cells mL −1 in the upper 125 m, and dropping to 5 × 10 4 cells mL −1 at 400 m. These cell numbers are also typical for heterotrophic bacteria at Station ALOHA during summer months.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Heterotrophic bacteria were also abundant in surface waters, with numbers ranging from 2 to 6 × 10 5 cells mL −1 in the upper 125 m, and dropping to 5 × 10 4 cells mL −1 at 400 m. These cell numbers are also typical for heterotrophic bacteria at Station ALOHA during summer months (Campbell and Vaulot, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Campbell and Vaulot, 1993)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "To answer this question, we begin with some findings on the silk cocoon, which exhibits a superb oxygen and water vapor diffusion performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To answer this question, we begin with some findings on the silk cocoon, which exhibits a superb oxygen and water vapor diffusion performance [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Wild cocoon at seaside should have also been evolved into protection to seawater.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wild cocoon at seaside should have also been evolved into protection to seawater.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these properties can be explained by osmosis theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All these properties can be explained by osmosis theory [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Osmosis is ionic movement through a nano/micro membrane due to solution concentration difference.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Osmosis is ionic movement through a nano/micro membrane due to solution concentration difference [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Silk cocoon of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has special hierarchical microstructures, which enable the cocoon to have almost same property of a nanomembrane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Silk cocoon of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has special hierarchical microstructures, which enable the cocoon to have almost same property of a nanomembrane [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "When the cocoon is exposed to water vapor, the Na, Cl, and K ion concentrations through SCM changes, this is the reason for generation of the electronic current.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the cocoon is exposed to water vapor, the Na, Cl, and K ion concentrations through SCM changes, this is the reason for generation of the electronic current.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The world's first osmotic power station was opened in Norway in 2009, where the power is produced by osmosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The world's first osmotic power station was opened in Norway in 2009, where the power is produced by osmosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The liver is one of the main sites of drug metabolism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The liver is one of the main sites of drug metabolism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the presence of liver dysfunction, alterations in drug clearance may be expected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the presence of liver dysfunction, alterations in drug clearance may be expected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there are several different and separate factors that interplay with each other: liver flood flow, liver microsomal enzyme activity and protein and tissue binding of drugs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are several different and separate factors that interplay with each other: liver flood flow, liver microsomal enzyme activity and protein and tissue binding of drugs [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Thus the increased free fraction in liver dysfunction may counterbalance the decrease in mixed function oxygenase activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the increased free fraction in liver dysfunction may counterbalance the decrease in mixed function oxygenase activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our present data indicate that alterations in drug disposition and elimination in patients with hepatic disease may be dependent (at least in part) on the aetiology of the liver dysfunction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our present data indicate that alterations in drug disposition and elimination in patients with hepatic disease may be dependent (at least in part) on the aetiology of the liver dysfunction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This article presents a cohesive and holistic process for digitisation of manual manufacturing task knowledge based on the proposed human-workpiece interaction theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article presents a cohesive and holistic process for digitisation of manual manufacturing task knowledge based on the proposed human-workpiece interaction theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this work, innovative informatics methods using gaming technology, such as the Microsoft Kinect, and using machine learning such as Hidden Markov Modelling are used to capture and digitise important constituents of manufacturing knowledge embedded within any manual task involving a human and a workpiece, which in this study is the manual composite layup task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work, innovative informatics methods using gaming technology, such as the Microsoft Kinect, and using machine learning such as Hidden Markov Modelling are used to capture and digitise important constituents of manufacturing knowledge embedded within any manual task involving a human and a workpiece, which in this study is the manual composite layup task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Kinect is used because it provides a robust and low-cost way of obtaining human motion capture as well as object recognition and tracking from infra-red (depth) and colour imaging.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Kinect is used because it provides a robust and low-cost way of obtaining human motion capture as well as object recognition and tracking from infra-red (depth) and colour imaging [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "This work is organized in the following way: In Section 2 we perform a canonical analysis of the action proposed by Kostelecký.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This work is organized in the following way: In Section 2 we perform a canonical analysis of the action proposed by Kostelecký [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In section 3 we find an alternative action to such system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3 we find an alternative action to such system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4 we study the case where the perturbation is stronger that the usual term.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4 we study the case where the perturbation is stronger that the usual term.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 5 we recover the Lorentz symmetry and we establish a relationship between this system and the two time physics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 5 we recover the Lorentz symmetry and we establish a relationship between this system and the two time physics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the Section 6, we show that in order to recover the Poincaré symmetry we obtain the relativistic string.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Section 6, we show that in order to recover the Poincaré symmetry we obtain the relativistic string.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally we summarize our results in Section 7.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally we summarize our results in Section 7.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "People around the world have gradually realized that carbon dioxide emission has become a global environmental and energy issue as discussed in the World Climate Conference held in 2009 in Copenhagen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "People around the world have gradually realized that carbon dioxide emission has become a global environmental and energy issue as discussed in the World Climate Conference held in 2009 in Copenhagen [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "To cut carbon emission into certain levels, governments in many countries put forward emission reduction targets confronting pressure both from internationally and domestically environmental concerns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To cut carbon emission into certain levels, governments in many countries put forward emission reduction targets confronting pressure both from internationally and domestically environmental concerns [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, governments have designed a series of carbon abatement policies to serve these carbon emission reduction purposes, say mandatory cap, carbon and trade, carbon tax, and carbon offset policies in the report of Congress of the United States.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, governments have designed a series of carbon abatement policies to serve these carbon emission reduction purposes, say mandatory cap, carbon and trade, carbon tax, and carbon offset policies in the report of Congress of the United States [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Apparently, a variety of manufacturing industries as one of the main bodies emitting carbon dioxide are definitely subject to those emission reduction regulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently, a variety of manufacturing industries as one of the main bodies emitting carbon dioxide are definitely subject to those emission reduction regulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "On the way to confront the carbon emission regulations, firms over a great range of industries have to take a series of actions on reducing their own carbon emission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the way to confront the carbon emission regulations, firms over a great range of industries have to take a series of actions on reducing their own carbon emission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For firms' response to carbon emission regulations, we can observe from practice or reports that their common actions are often reflected in the replacement of energy-saving equipment, adoption of low-carbon technology for new product development, substitution of fossil fuels and saving in consumption of electricity power, and so forth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For firms' response to carbon emission regulations, we can observe from practice or reports that their common actions are often reflected in the replacement of energy-saving equipment, adoption of low-carbon technology for new product development, substitution of fossil fuels and saving in consumption of electricity power, and so forth [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "For example, manufacturers can renew their old machine with high emission by turning to low-carbon emitted equipments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, manufacturers can renew their old machine with high emission by turning to low-carbon emitted equipments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Object Instance Segmentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Object Instance Segmentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Object instance segmentation is the problem of segmenting every object instance in an image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Object instance segmentation is the problem of segmenting every object instance in an image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many approaches for this problem involve top-down solutions that combine segmentation with object proposals in the form of bounding boxes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many approaches for this problem involve top-down solutions that combine segmentation with object proposals in the form of bounding boxes [6, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 12]" ] }, { "text": "However, when the bounding boxes contain multiple objects (e.g. heavy clutter in robot manipulation setups), the true segmentation mask is ambiguous and these methods struggle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, when the bounding boxes contain multiple objects (e.g. heavy clutter in robot manipulation setups), the true segmentation mask is ambiguous and these methods struggle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More recently, a few methods have investigated bottom-up methods which assign pixels to object instances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, a few methods have investigated bottom-up methods which assign pixels to object instances [13, 14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "Most of these algorithms provide instance masks with category-level semantic labels, which do not generalize to unseen objects in novel categories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these algorithms provide instance masks with category-level semantic labels, which do not generalize to unseen objects in novel categories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Eventual purpose of consuming every beauty care product is to obtain an appended fairness and beauty by every female so beauty is also considered as an economic, cultural and social series of affective process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Eventual purpose of consuming every beauty care product is to obtain an appended fairness and beauty by every female so beauty is also considered as an economic, cultural and social series of affective process (Coleman and Figueroa, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Coleman and Figueroa, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Since in Pakistan region, weather touches its extreme at least two times in a year so females are certainly concern about their skin tones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since in Pakistan region, weather touches its extreme at least two times in a year so females are certainly concern about their skin tones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tagged fairness is considered to be a great symbol of beauty and females adopt it as a common social trend and start using beauty care products from their teen age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tagged fairness is considered to be a great symbol of beauty and females adopt it as a common social trend and start using beauty care products from their teen age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regardless of social class and age brackets, rarely or frequently all females use beauty care products in one form or the other also they designate their satisfaction in their own personalized manners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regardless of social class and age brackets, rarely or frequently all females use beauty care products in one form or the other also they designate their satisfaction in their own personalized manners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although marketers are always involved to launch new and enhanced products in beauty care industry but due attention is given to only those products which serve their users in multifunctional ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although marketers are always involved to launch new and enhanced products in beauty care industry but due attention is given to only those products which serve their users in multifunctional ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Females also relate beauty care products as antiaging agents so they always demand a perfect beauty image from a single product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Females also relate beauty care products as antiaging agents so they always demand a perfect beauty image from a single product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Marketers even use females as symbol to promote enhanced features of their products as firm believe is, higher is the satisfaction from any brand, greater is the economic return associated with that brand.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Marketers even use females as symbol to promote enhanced features of their products as firm believe is, higher is the satisfaction from any brand, greater is the economic return associated with that brand (Yu, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yu, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Despite from the fact that beauty care products manufacturing firms are trying to catch female customers through rigorous campaigns even then females are now educated enough that they select their products very consciously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite from the fact that beauty care products manufacturing firms are trying to catch female customers through rigorous campaigns even then females are now educated enough that they select their products very consciously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They show their conscious in the manners that they prefer to listen about their selected products from their family members, age fellows or from friends instead of believing on media campaigns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They show their conscious in the manners that they prefer to listen about their selected products from their family members, age fellows or from friends instead of believing on media campaigns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A Japanese study shows, although presented ad campaigns present beauty care products in best possible manners but females select these products with due consciousness and even after consulting with their fellows especially when they are going to select any product first time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A Japanese study shows, although presented ad campaigns present beauty care products in best possible manners but females select these products with due consciousness and even after consulting with their fellows especially when they are going to select any product first time (Barnes and Yamamoto, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barnes and Yamamoto, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "A current study conducted by Pakistani scholars also shows, media is playing its vital role while giving consciousness and awareness to the females of all age groups in order to select their best suited brands in order to enhance their body image.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A current study conducted by Pakistani scholars also shows, media is playing its vital role while giving consciousness and awareness to the females of all age groups in order to select their best suited brands in order to enhance their body image (Ali and Shahwar, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ali and Shahwar, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Females also select their beauty care products with due consciousness because they feel emotional attachment with the product if they are satisfied with it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Females also select their beauty care products with due consciousness because they feel emotional attachment with the product if they are satisfied with it (Ashmore et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ashmore et al., 1996)" ] }, { "text": "In Pakistan territory, females are facing two very common skin related issues including acne and hyper pigmentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Pakistan territory, females are facing two very common skin related issues including acne and hyper pigmentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Women is covering more than 50% population in Pakistan whereas 70% from total female's population is consisted on the ones who are below 30 years out of which almost half are facing acne and hyper pigmentation problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Women is covering more than 50% population in Pakistan whereas 70% from total female's population is consisted on the ones who are below 30 years out of which almost half are facing acne and hyper pigmentation problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So females always strive to select their beauty care products very consciously in order to get multiple benefits while saving their skin from these two issues along with desired fairness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So females always strive to select their beauty care products very consciously in order to get multiple benefits while saving their skin from these two issues along with desired fairness (Barry, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barry, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "To bring \"uniqueness\" in personality by using beauty care products is another purpose to use beauty care products by many females.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To bring \"uniqueness\" in personality by using beauty care products is another purpose to use beauty care products by many females.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Human body acts as a social symbol while exposing the image of self-identity so in females view point, to what extent they have to expose to the society, up to that extent they need to enhance their physical personality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Human body acts as a social symbol while exposing the image of self-identity so in females view point, to what extent they have to expose to the society, up to that extent they need to enhance their physical personality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Behavioral aspects of female's personalities are also become enrich after due enhancement in their personality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Behavioral aspects of female's personalities are also become enrich after due enhancement in their personality (Thompson and Hirschman, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thompson and Hirschman, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Every female is lean towards improvement in her personality both in body and face so they adhere towards the use of various cosmetics specified for this function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every female is lean towards improvement in her personality both in body and face so they adhere towards the use of various cosmetics specified for this function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beauty care products manufacturing firms promise to cater females such needs perfectly and as a result they earn good profits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Beauty care products manufacturing firms promise to cater females such needs perfectly and as a result they earn good profits (Askegaard et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Askegaard et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Once females are indulged in use of a specified beauty care product they establish emotional attachment with that product and they strive for having continuous innovativeness in that chosen product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Once females are indulged in use of a specified beauty care product they establish emotional attachment with that product and they strive for having continuous innovativeness in that chosen product (Tzou and Lu, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tzou and Lu, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This study reveals how working and non-working segments of Pakistani females perceive about beauty care products available in Pakistan in this current era.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study reveals how working and non-working segments of Pakistani females perceive about beauty care products available in Pakistan in this current era.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since start of twenty first century, skin and body care products are abundantly used by all Pakistani females owing to successive media spread.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since start of twenty first century, skin and body care products are abundantly used by all Pakistani females owing to successive media spread.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Pakistan, prices of these products are categorized into two prominent price tiers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Pakistan, prices of these products are categorized into two prominent price tiers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First tier is covering all beauty care products of \"mass fairness\" and their average price is PKR 1.25/mL. The second tier is covering \"mass premium fairness\" with price range of PKR 4.00/mL and above.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First tier is covering all beauty care products of \"mass fairness\" and their average price is PKR 1.25/mL. The second tier is covering \"mass premium fairness\" with price range of PKR 4.00/mL and above (Manto, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Manto, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Currently, both local as well as international players are playing in this market and presenting their products in above said categories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, both local as well as international players are playing in this market and presenting their products in above said categories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In former category, English Fairness Cream, Care Beauty Cream and Honey Lotion, Bio Nikhar, Tibbat Snowwhite Cream and Fair & Lovely Pakistan and many more are available whereas in later category, Olay international, Pond's White beauty, Revlon Honey Lotion, L'Oreal Whiting, Garner and few others are available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In former category, English Fairness Cream, Care Beauty Cream and Honey Lotion, Bio Nikhar, Tibbat Snowwhite Cream and Fair & Lovely Pakistan and many more are available whereas in later category, Olay international, Pond's White beauty, Revlon Honey Lotion, L'Oreal Whiting, Garner and few others are available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both categories have their own settled markets and serving well while gaining their due market share.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both categories have their own settled markets and serving well while gaining their due market share.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Along with many locally owned companies, top six global entities are offering their beauty care products in Pakistan like Avon, P&G, Unilever, L'Oreal, Beiersdorf and Colgate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Along with many locally owned companies, top six global entities are offering their beauty care products in Pakistan like Avon, P&G, Unilever, L'Oreal, Beiersdorf and Colgate (Manto, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Manto, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Females have always showed tendency to use beauty care products when they exposed themselves in society.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Females have always showed tendency to use beauty care products when they exposed themselves in society.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various studies has depicted that females have this perception that attractive personalities are greeted in more good manners than unattractive ones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various studies has depicted that females have this perception that attractive personalities are greeted in more good manners than unattractive ones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Same is linked with professional as well as personal status of individuals as well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Same is linked with professional as well as personal status of individuals as well (Godoy et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Godoy et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In Pakistani territory, here also females use beauty care products while having some defined purposes in their mind like to minimize aging effect, to make their skin fresh and shine, to give smoothness to their skin or sometimes as part of their makeover.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Pakistani territory, here also females use beauty care products while having some defined purposes in their mind like to minimize aging effect, to make their skin fresh and shine, to give smoothness to their skin or sometimes as part of their makeover (Syed et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Syed et al., 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Again here female's thinking is to enhance overall personality image after enhancing their physical attractiveness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Again here female's thinking is to enhance overall personality image after enhancing their physical attractiveness (Dion et al., 1972) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dion et al., 1972)" ] }, { "text": "One more deeply observed psychological aspect to use beauty care products is that physical attractiveness also enhances interactive characteristics of individuals which uplift their sociability, ecstasy, intelligence and elation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One more deeply observed psychological aspect to use beauty care products is that physical attractiveness also enhances interactive characteristics of individuals which uplift their sociability, ecstasy, intelligence and elation (Miller, 1970) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Miller, 1970)" ] }, { "text": "This influence of transcendent beauty is pervasive enough that it is right away considered as \"what-is-beautiful-is-good\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This influence of transcendent beauty is pervasive enough that it is right away considered as \"what-is-beautiful-is-good\" (Eagly et al., 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eagly et al., 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Females also feel that self-confidence and selfpreservation can also be enhanced with attractive personality so the use of beauty care products is obvious.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Females also feel that self-confidence and selfpreservation can also be enhanced with attractive personality so the use of beauty care products is obvious (Featherstone, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Featherstone, 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We found no effect of increased temperature on direct predation of juvenile Chinook salmon, contrary to the expectation that predation would increase in the warmer experimental treatment because of increased metabolic demand nearer the thermal preferences (approximately 30°C) for smallmouth bass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We found no effect of increased temperature on direct predation of juvenile Chinook salmon, contrary to the expectation that predation would increase in the warmer experimental treatment because of increased metabolic demand nearer the thermal preferences (approximately 30°C) for smallmouth bass (Johnson and Kelsch 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnson and Kelsch 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Predation on Chinook salmon during the 48 h experimental periods was low to moderate, with a maximum of 25% (or five juvenile salmon) consumed in any trial.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predation on Chinook salmon during the 48 h experimental periods was low to moderate, with a maximum of 25% (or five juvenile salmon) consumed in any trial.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in our study we used smallmouth bass larger than the most abundant size class (150 -199 mm), which has also been shown to demonstrate the highest levels of predation on juvenile salmon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in our study we used smallmouth bass larger than the most abundant size class (150 -199 mm), which has also been shown to demonstrate the highest levels of predation on juvenile salmon (Fritts and Pearsons 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fritts and Pearsons 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Our salmon prey, hatchery-raised spring-run Chinook, were larger than many populations vulnerable to bass predation in the wild, such as outmigrating fall Chinook salmon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our salmon prey, hatchery-raised spring-run Chinook, were larger than many populations vulnerable to bass predation in the wild, such as outmigrating fall Chinook salmon (Fritts and Pearsons 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fritts and Pearsons 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Further, predation rates were considerably higher in preliminary trials where prey fish were smaller, and bass were (presumably) less habituated to laboratory feeding and were also not solitary (L. Kuehne, unpublished data).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, predation rates were considerably higher in preliminary trials where prey fish were smaller, and bass were (presumably) less habituated to laboratory feeding and were also not solitary (L. Kuehne, unpublished data).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These observations and results suggest that future thermal predation studies may benefit from testing specific predator-prey size and density ratios of interest, as well as incorporating field-based experiments where predators would be less influenced by laboratory habituation or stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These observations and results suggest that future thermal predation studies may benefit from testing specific predator-prey size and density ratios of interest, as well as incorporating field-based experiments where predators would be less influenced by laboratory habituation or stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In more realistic predation scenarios (e.g., multiple predators in natural environments over longer time periods), thermalmetabolic predictions of increased consumption with warmer temperatures might be manifested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In more realistic predation scenarios (e.g., multiple predators in natural environments over longer time periods), thermalmetabolic predictions of increased consumption with warmer temperatures might be manifested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Two main advantages of fuzzy systems for the control and modeling applications are: (i) fuzzy systems are useful for uncertain or approximate reasoning, especially for the system with a mathematical model that is difficult to derive, and (ii) fuzzy logic allows decision making with the estimated values under incomplete or uncertain information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two main advantages of fuzzy systems for the control and modeling applications are: (i) fuzzy systems are useful for uncertain or approximate reasoning, especially for the system with a mathematical model that is difficult to derive, and (ii) fuzzy logic allows decision making with the estimated values under incomplete or uncertain information [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Fuzzy controllers are rule-based nonlinear controllers, therefore their main application should be the control of nonlinear systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fuzzy controllers are rule-based nonlinear controllers, therefore their main application should be the control of nonlinear systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, since linear systems are good approximations of nonlinear systems around the operating points, it is of interest to study fuzzy control of linear systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, since linear systems are good approximations of nonlinear systems around the operating points, it is of interest to study fuzzy control of linear systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, fuzzy controllers due to their nonlinear nature may be more robust than linear controllers even if the plant is linear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, fuzzy controllers due to their nonlinear nature may be more robust than linear controllers even if the plant is linear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, fuzzy controllers designed for linear systems may be used as initial controllers for nonlinear adaptive fuzzy control systems where on-line turning is employed to improve the controller performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, fuzzy controllers designed for linear systems may be used as initial controllers for nonlinear adaptive fuzzy control systems where on-line turning is employed to improve the controller performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a systematic fuzzy controllers for linear systems is of theoretical and practical interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a systematic fuzzy controllers for linear systems is of theoretical and practical interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stability and optimality are the most important requirements in any control system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stability and optimality are the most important requirements in any control system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stable fuzzy control of linear systems has been studied by a number of researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stable fuzzy control of linear systems has been studied by a number of researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well-known that nowadays that fuzzy controllers are universal nonlinear controllers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well-known that nowadays that fuzzy controllers are universal nonlinear controllers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these studies are preliminary in nature and deeper studies can be done.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these studies are preliminary in nature and deeper studies can be done.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For optimality, it seems that the field of optimal fuzzy control is totally open.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For optimality, it seems that the field of optimal fuzzy control is totally open.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Ants are able to find their way efficiently from their nest to food sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ants are able to find their way efficiently from their nest to food sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While searching for food, ants initially explore the area surrounding their nest in a random manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While searching for food, ants initially explore the area surrounding their nest in a random manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As soon as an ant finds a food source, it evaluates the quantity and the quality of the food and carries some of it back to the nest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As soon as an ant finds a food source, it evaluates the quantity and the quality of the food and carries some of it back to the nest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the return trip, the ant deposits a chemical pheromone trial on the ground.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the return trip, the ant deposits a chemical pheromone trial on the ground.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quantity of pheromone deposited which may depend on the quantity and quality of the food, will guide other ants to the food source.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quantity of pheromone deposited which may depend on the quantity and quality of the food, will guide other ants to the food source.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If an ant has a choice of trails to follow, the preferred route is the trail with the highest deposit of pheromone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If an ant has a choice of trails to follow, the preferred route is the trail with the highest deposit of pheromone [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "This behavior helps the ants to find the optimal route without any need for direct communication or central control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This behavior helps the ants to find the optimal route without any need for direct communication or central control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore the artificial ants used in the ACP have some features taken from the behavior of real ants, for example: (a) artificial ants move in a random fashion, (b) choice of a route of an artificial ant depends on the amount of pheromone, (c) artificial ants co-operate in order to achieve the best result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore the artificial ants used in the ACP have some features taken from the behavior of real ants, for example: (a) artificial ants move in a random fashion, (b) choice of a route of an artificial ant depends on the amount of pheromone, (c) artificial ants co-operate in order to achieve the best result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Ant colony programming is a metaheuristic approach that is inspired by the behavior of real ant colonies, to find a good enough solution to the given problem in a reasonable amount of computation time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ant colony programming is a metaheuristic approach that is inspired by the behavior of real ant colonies, to find a good enough solution to the given problem in a reasonable amount of computation time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It allows the programmer to avoid the tedious task of creating a program to solve a well-defined problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It allows the programmer to avoid the tedious task of creating a program to solve a well-defined problem [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "ACP is a stochastic search technique that is carried out on a space graph where the nodes represent functions, variables and constants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ACP is a stochastic search technique that is carried out on a space graph where the nodes represent functions, variables and constants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Functions are usually defined mathematically in terms of arithmetic operators, operands and boolean functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Functions are usually defined mathematically in terms of arithmetic operators, operands and boolean functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The set of functions defining a given problem is called a function set F and the collection of variables and constants to be used are known as the terminal set T.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The set of functions defining a given problem is called a function set F and the collection of variables and constants to be used are known as the terminal set T.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The strength of intellectual property rights is critical to our story and merits further comment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strength of intellectual property rights is critical to our story and merits further comment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If patent, copyright, and trade secret law could fully protect all economically important inventions, circumvention and possible infringement would be of secondary importance to the management of IP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If patent, copyright, and trade secret law could fully protect all economically important inventions, circumvention and possible infringement would be of secondary importance to the management of IP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But clearly this is not the case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But clearly this is not the case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surveys suggest that firms in a majority of industries do not see patents as providing strong appropriability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Surveys suggest that firms in a majority of industries do not see patents as providing strong appropriability (Levin et al., 1987; Cohen, Nelson, and Walsh, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Levin et al., 1987; Cohen, Nelson, and Walsh, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Some reasons for these results include the ease with which some patents can be circumvented, the possibility that a patent will be invalidated if challenged, and the sometimes modest damages awarded in successful infringement suits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some reasons for these results include the ease with which some patents can be circumvented, the possibility that a patent will be invalidated if challenged, and the sometimes modest damages awarded in successful infringement suits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Especially for process innovations, lack of appropriability may also simply result from the difficulty of detecting infringement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Especially for process innovations, lack of appropriability may also simply result from the difficulty of detecting infringement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Most of the existing levitation systems use permanent magnets (PM) on one part and type II superconductor bulks on the other part.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the existing levitation systems use permanent magnets (PM) on one part and type II superconductor bulks on the other part.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Frictionless rotating bearings are sub-divided onto horizontal axis rotating systems in which the levitation forces are radial and vertical axis rotating systems in which the levitation forces are axial to a vertical axis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Frictionless rotating bearings are sub-divided onto horizontal axis rotating systems in which the levitation forces are radial and vertical axis rotating systems in which the levitation forces are axial to a vertical axis [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Some horizontal or vertical axis rotating systems based on levitation forces are shown in Table I.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some horizontal or vertical axis rotating systems based on levitation forces are shown in Table I [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In some applications, such as hierarchical encryption systems, the users in different levels will use private keys with different lengths.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some applications, such as hierarchical encryption systems, the users in different levels will use private keys with different lengths [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "They will retrieve their private key from their domain PKG, who has previously requested their domain secret key from the root PKG.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They will retrieve their private key from their domain PKG, who has previously requested their domain secret key from the root PKG.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In traditional encryptions, the PKG must save all security parameters and public parameters related to the different lengths of keys for the users in different domains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In traditional encryptions, the PKG must save all security parameters and public parameters related to the different lengths of keys for the users in different domains [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "So how to construct a flexible encryption scheme to bring a balance between the security and efficiency requirements is an open problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So how to construct a flexible encryption scheme to bring a balance between the security and efficiency requirements is an open problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The frozen food market and retail/consumption is reported to be on the increase during the last decade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The frozen food market and retail/consumption is reported to be on the increase during the last decade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The global market was valued at USD 241.72 billion in 2014 and is projected to USD 307.33 billion by 2020.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The global market was valued at USD 241.72 billion in 2014 and is projected to USD 307.33 billion by 2020.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is due to increasing standard of living and lifestyle changes with less time to cook.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to increasing standard of living and lifestyle changes with less time to cook.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Europe was the largest regional frozen food market in 2013 and accounted for 38.9% of total market revenue.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Europe was the largest regional frozen food market in 2013 and accounted for 38.9% of total market revenue [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In the USA, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and women and the second leading cause of cancer-specific death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the USA, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and women and the second leading cause of cancer-specific death [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Since 2002, the US Preventive Services Task Force has recommended CRC screening as an essential prevention tool to decrease the incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates of CRC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since 2002, the US Preventive Services Task Force has recommended CRC screening as an essential prevention tool to decrease the incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates of CRC [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Despite evidence that early detection of invasive disease via colonoscopy reduces mortality, a majority of US adults do not receive regular risk-appropriate screening, or have never been screened.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite evidence that early detection of invasive disease via colonoscopy reduces mortality, a majority of US adults do not receive regular risk-appropriate screening, or have never been screened [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "At the population level, lack of health insurance and awareness of the importance of CRC screening have been identified as primary barriers to CRC screening.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the population level, lack of health insurance and awareness of the importance of CRC screening have been identified as primary barriers to CRC screening [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The trend toward miniaturization that has been driven by advances in fabrication processes derived from microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) and other microsystem technologies has led to microfluidic devices for use in numerous chemical, biological and medical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The trend toward miniaturization that has been driven by advances in fabrication processes derived from microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) and other microsystem technologies has led to microfluidic devices for use in numerous chemical, biological and medical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microfluidics refers to devices for accommodating and controlling flow through microchannels with cross-sectional scales of 10 -100 microns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microfluidics refers to devices for accommodating and controlling flow through microchannels with cross-sectional scales of 10 -100 microns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For many traditional applications, microchannels are fabricated on silicon or quartz substrates using photolithographic methods derived directly from MEMs processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For many traditional applications, microchannels are fabricated on silicon or quartz substrates using photolithographic methods derived directly from MEMs processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whitesides and coworkers extended these \"hard\" microfabrication techniques into the novel realm of soft lithography to create microchannels and other microfluidic devices in elastomeric materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), principally with advantages in biological and biomedical applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whitesides and coworkers extended these \"hard\" microfabrication techniques into the novel realm of soft lithography to create microchannels and other microfluidic devices in elastomeric materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), principally with advantages in biological and biomedical applications [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The processes underlying hard and soft microfabrication allow for different microchannel shapes tailored to specific applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The processes underlying hard and soft microfabrication allow for different microchannel shapes tailored to specific applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While rectangular microchannels are ubiquitous, the second most common microchannel geometry may be the semi-circular profile, which occurs naturally in hard micromachining with isotropic etching in the photolithographic steps.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While rectangular microchannels are ubiquitous, the second most common microchannel geometry may be the semi-circular profile, which occurs naturally in hard micromachining with isotropic etching in the photolithographic steps [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In soft lithography, plasma etching can also be tailored to provide rounded corners to silicon negative masters, that then yield elastomeric microchannels with semi-circular profiles after spin coating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In soft lithography, plasma etching can also be tailored to provide rounded corners to silicon negative masters, that then yield elastomeric microchannels with semi-circular profiles after spin coating [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "The rounded edges of semicircular profiles help promote cell seeding and proliferation in microfluidic devices developed for tissue engineering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rounded edges of semicircular profiles help promote cell seeding and proliferation in microfluidic devices developed for tissue engineering [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Related to the fragmentation is the ambiguity surrounding who is responsible when an investor outsources the management of its assets, especially if both asset manager and investor have their own, potentially conflicting policies about dealing with water sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Related to the fragmentation is the ambiguity surrounding who is responsible when an investor outsources the management of its assets, especially if both asset manager and investor have their own, potentially conflicting policies about dealing with water sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar confusion arises when an investor is a subsidiary of a larger holding company, with similarly potential discrepancies in individual policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar confusion arises when an investor is a subsidiary of a larger holding company, with similarly potential discrepancies in individual policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even in absence of such institutional difficulties, is was often unclear which documents should be leading, if fragmented documents contradicted each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even in absence of such institutional difficulties, is was often unclear which documents should be leading, if fragmented documents contradicted each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a rule, scores were assigned based on the most favourable documents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a rule, scores were assigned based on the most favourable documents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That being said, some investors have dedicated 'green' or special focus funds with stricter policies than the parent company or other funds held by the investor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That being said, some investors have dedicated 'green' or special focus funds with stricter policies than the parent company or other funds held by the investor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such cases, we let the policy representative of the majority of the investors' activities be guiding in assigning scores.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such cases, we let the policy representative of the majority of the investors' activities be guiding in assigning scores.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In any case, the complexity of the investors' organizational set-up should not inhibit sustainable water practice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In any case, the complexity of the investors' organizational set-up should not inhibit sustainable water practice (Lagoarde-Segot and Paranque, 2018) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lagoarde-Segot and Paranque, 2018)" ] }, { "text": "Some investors include water aspects in their policy not assessed by our framework, such as flooding, sea level rise, biodiversity and hydroelectricity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some investors include water aspects in their policy not assessed by our framework, such as flooding, sea level rise, biodiversity and hydroelectricity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These were not the focus of our resources-based assessment, but relevant nonetheless to different sustainability contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These were not the focus of our resources-based assessment, but relevant nonetheless to different sustainability contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The reduction of ilmenite by carbon and aluminum in argon atmosphere proceeds in three main stages: reduction of ilmenite to iron and rutile, reduction of rutile to phases of the general form Ti x O y , and reduction of Ti x O y to the cubic phase (TiC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduction of ilmenite by carbon and aluminum in argon atmosphere proceeds in three main stages: reduction of ilmenite to iron and rutile, reduction of rutile to phases of the general form Ti x O y , and reduction of Ti x O y to the cubic phase (TiC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At each step, Al 2 O 3 can occur from titanium oxides or directly from ilmenite, and the amount of Al 2 O 3 increases with the raise of temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At each step, Al 2 O 3 can occur from titanium oxides or directly from ilmenite, and the amount of Al 2 O 3 increases with the raise of temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cubic phase is formed at the beginning of the third reaction step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cubic phase is formed at the beginning of the third reaction step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reaction sequence is ilmenite-TiO 2 -Ti x O y (Ti 3 O 5 and Ti 7 O 4 )-TiC. Before the formation of TiC, TiCO firstly occurs and finally changes to TiC with the further increase of reaction temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reaction sequence is ilmenite-TiO 2 -Ti x O y (Ti 3 O 5 and Ti 7 O 4 )-TiC. Before the formation of TiC, TiCO firstly occurs and finally changes to TiC with the further increase of reaction temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In nitrogen atmosphere, TiN firstly occurs and finally changes to TiCN, which is agreed with the previous investigators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In nitrogen atmosphere, TiN firstly occurs and finally changes to TiCN, which is agreed with the previous investigators [29] [30] [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31]" ] }, { "text": "The present results show that the transition from TiN to TiCN is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the amount of both carbon and titanium oxide, which suggests that carbon involvement in the reaction begins at a high temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present results show that the transition from TiN to TiCN is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the amount of both carbon and titanium oxide, which suggests that carbon involvement in the reaction begins at a high temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the increase of temperature and time, the C content in TiCN increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the increase of temperature and time, the C content in TiCN increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the result, the peak position of XRD patterns for TiCN moves from right to left, which is caused by the increase of lattice parameters of TiCN.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the result, the peak position of XRD patterns for TiCN moves from right to left, which is caused by the increase of lattice parameters of TiCN.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "From its inception, the UVTPC integrated program evaluation into their work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From its inception, the UVTPC integrated program evaluation into their work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They hired professional evaluators to guide and execute a shared evaluation and research agenda, and to provide critical, supportive insight into the Collaborative's direction and operations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They hired professional evaluators to guide and execute a shared evaluation and research agenda, and to provide critical, supportive insight into the Collaborative's direction and operations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Collaborative's commitment to evaluation was notable given that the EE community is still at the beginning stages of embracing evaluation into its culture as a capacity-building tool for reflection and growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Collaborative's commitment to evaluation was notable given that the EE community is still at the beginning stages of embracing evaluation into its culture as a capacity-building tool for reflection and growth [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A review of empirical evidence reveals three categories of factors that influence the innovation process including firm characteristics factors for example, firm size and R&D intensity; the institutional background factors such as trade share of GDP and networking and industry specific factors like spillover effects of agglomerations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A review of empirical evidence reveals three categories of factors that influence the innovation process including firm characteristics factors for example, firm size and R&D intensity; the institutional background factors such as trade share of GDP and networking and industry specific factors like spillover effects of agglomerations (Vivarelli, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vivarelli, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Determining factors analysed by various studies depends on the scope and quality of the dataset used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Determining factors analysed by various studies depends on the scope and quality of the dataset used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is enormous empirical literature examining the determinants and intensity of innovation in the developed economies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is enormous empirical literature examining the determinants and intensity of innovation in the developed economies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, empirical evidence from developing and least developed nations is still scanty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, empirical evidence from developing and least developed nations is still scanty (Khan & Roy, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Khan & Roy, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The waiting time distribution for this more general problem is computed through finite Markov chain imbedding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The waiting time distribution for this more general problem is computed through finite Markov chain imbedding [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "This provides a theoretically rigorous environment whilst also enabling the development of easy computational algorithms for practical implementation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This provides a theoretically rigorous environment whilst also enabling the development of easy computational algorithms for practical implementation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the framework allows for easy derivation of the limiting probabilities of absorption in one of the various states corresponding to a particular pattern being the first to occur its prescribed number of times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the framework allows for easy derivation of the limiting probabilities of absorption in one of the various states corresponding to a particular pattern being the first to occur its prescribed number of times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For this we first determine all isomorphism classes of such curves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this we first determine all isomorphism classes of such curves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For any hyperelliptic curve X over C the automorphism group G is an extension of degree 2 of a finite subgroup G of PGL 2 (C), called the reduced automorphism group of X. The classification proceeds by going through all possibilities forḠ, using a criterion of Wolfart.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For any hyperelliptic curve X over C the automorphism group G is an extension of degree 2 of a finite subgroup G of PGL 2 (C), called the reduced automorphism group of X. The classification proceeds by going through all possibilities forḠ, using a criterion of Wolfart [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The result is that the isomorphism classes of hyperelliptic curves with many automorphisms fall into three infinite families withḠ cyclic or dihedral and 15 further curves withḠ ∼ = A 4 , S 4 , A 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The result is that the isomorphism classes of hyperelliptic curves with many automorphisms fall into three infinite families withḠ cyclic or dihedral and 15 further curves withḠ ∼ = A 4 , S 4 , A 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The European Galileo system will use the E5 band to transmit one of the widest signals in the GNSS spectrum using an Alternative Binary Offset Carrier [AltBOC(15, 10) ] modulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Galileo system will use the E5 band to transmit one of the widest signals in the GNSS spectrum using an Alternative Binary Offset Carrier [AltBOC(15, 10) ] modulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the introduction of this signal, the design of Galileo compatible receivers is made even more challenging and complex.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the introduction of this signal, the design of Galileo compatible receivers is made even more challenging and complex (Gerein 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gerein 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In fact, the AltBOC(15,10) is one of the most advanced and promising GNSS signals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the AltBOC(15,10) is one of the most advanced and promising GNSS signals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is characterized by a very wide bandwidth, a sharp autocorrelation function, and four complex channels modulated by four different pseudorandom-noise (PRN) codes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is characterized by a very wide bandwidth, a sharp autocorrelation function, and four complex channels modulated by four different pseudorandom-noise (PRN) codes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The four PRN's allow transmission of the four channels E5a-I, E5a-Q, E5b-I, and E5b-Q. E5a-I and E5b-I are called data channels, since they carry navigation data, whereas E5a-Q and E5b-Q are called pilot channels since they are not data modulated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The four PRN's allow transmission of the four channels E5a-I, E5a-Q, E5b-I, and E5b-Q. E5a-I and E5b-I are called data channels, since they carry navigation data, whereas E5a-Q and E5b-Q are called pilot channels since they are not data modulated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these characteristics make the post-processing of this signal very challenging and complicated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these characteristics make the post-processing of this signal very challenging and complicated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Our next result analyzes actions of the group T(Φ) on the circle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our next result analyzes actions of the group T(Φ) on the circle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recall that every group of homeomorphisms of the circle either has a finite orbit, or its action is semi-conjugate to a unique minimal action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recall that every group of homeomorphisms of the circle either has a finite orbit, or its action is semi-conjugate to a unique minimal action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After semi-conjugacy, the second case further splits into two: either the action is equicontinuous (and in this case it factors through an abelian group of rotations), or after taking the quotient by a finite center the action is proximal (that is, any two proper intervals can be mapped one into the other).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After semi-conjugacy, the second case further splits into two: either the action is equicontinuous (and in this case it factors through an abelian group of rotations), or after taking the quotient by a finite center the action is proximal (that is, any two proper intervals can be mapped one into the other) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "If one wants to prove that a given group Γ can not act on the circle, these three cases have very different nature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If one wants to prove that a given group Γ can not act on the circle, these three cases have very different nature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The equicontinuous case is ruled out by the non-existence of infinite abelian quotients of Γ. Deep obstructions are known to the existence of proximal actions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The equicontinuous case is ruled out by the non-existence of infinite abelian quotients of Γ. Deep obstructions are known to the existence of proximal actions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considerably less tools are available to rule out the existence of actions with a finite orbit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considerably less tools are available to rule out the existence of actions with a finite orbit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Upon passing to a finite index subgroup the problem reduces to study actions on the real line, namely to rule out the existence of an infinite left-orderable quotient of Γ (conversely every left-orderable group acts on the circle, seen as the one-point compactification of R).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Upon passing to a finite index subgroup the problem reduces to study actions on the real line, namely to rule out the existence of an infinite left-orderable quotient of Γ (conversely every left-orderable group acts on the circle, seen as the one-point compactification of R).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This work examines the application of ventilative cooling in cold climates through simulations of an already existing kindergarten in Norway (Solstad).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This work examines the application of ventilative cooling in cold climates through simulations of an already existing kindergarten in Norway (Solstad).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has a mixed-mode ventilation system integrating mechanically balanced ventilation with motor controlled windows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This has a mixed-mode ventilation system integrating mechanically balanced ventilation with motor controlled windows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Natural ventilation is considered one of the most effective techniques for cooling whenever outdoor temperatures are lower than indoor, or when adaptive comfort criteria can be applied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural ventilation is considered one of the most effective techniques for cooling whenever outdoor temperatures are lower than indoor, or when adaptive comfort criteria can be applied [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Through the use of intelligent control strategies, the studied kindergarten aims to switch between mechanical and natural ventilation to reduce energy consumption while preserving satisfactory indoor climate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through the use of intelligent control strategies, the studied kindergarten aims to switch between mechanical and natural ventilation to reduce energy consumption while preserving satisfactory indoor climate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Tumor invasion is one of the major causes of poor clinical outcome in patients suffering from cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tumor invasion is one of the major causes of poor clinical outcome in patients suffering from cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of malignant tumors is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and dysregulated cell migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of malignant tumors is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and dysregulated cell migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A prominent medical paradigm of highly invasive tumors are malignant gliomas (known as Glioblastoma Multiforme).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A prominent medical paradigm of highly invasive tumors are malignant gliomas (known as Glioblastoma Multiforme).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gliomas consist of a highly proliferative core mass surrounded by an invasive zone where cells with increased motility (invasive cells) infiltrate adjacent brain tissue.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gliomas consist of a highly proliferative core mass surrounded by an invasive zone where cells with increased motility (invasive cells) infiltrate adjacent brain tissue [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The further this invasive zone expands, the more diffuse the extent of the tumor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The further this invasive zone expands, the more diffuse the extent of the tumor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the surgical removal of the tumor and adjuvant treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy have limited efficacy and cannot generally prevent glioma recurrence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the surgical removal of the tumor and adjuvant treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy have limited efficacy and cannot generally prevent glioma recurrence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The understanding of mechanisms that govern glioma invasion are thus of high clinical importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The understanding of mechanisms that govern glioma invasion are thus of high clinical importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The SACCON baseline configuration, without control surfaces, was subject of extensive experimental and numerical research as part of the DLR internal project UCAV-2010 and the international research group RTO/AVT-161.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The SACCON baseline configuration, without control surfaces, was subject of extensive experimental and numerical research as part of the DLR internal project UCAV-2010 and the international research group RTO/AVT-161 [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "For this research, two wind tunnel models had been built, the low speed wind tunnel model of same name, and a high speed model, the DLR-F17E.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this research, two wind tunnel models had been built, the low speed wind tunnel model of same name, and a high speed model, the DLR-F17E [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "One of the main objectives of these two projects was to improve the ability to accurately predict both static and dynamic stability for these kinds of configurations using RANS 3 methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the main objectives of these two projects was to improve the ability to accurately predict both static and dynamic stability for these kinds of configurations using RANS 3 methods [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The conducted experiments were used to establish a highly accurate experimental database for code validation purposes of existent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conducted experiments were used to establish a highly accurate experimental database for code validation purposes of existent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Although there are no existing syntheses of process data focused specifically on school-based interventions that integrate health and academic education, those examining the delivery of school-based health promotion interventions more generally can be found in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there are no existing syntheses of process data focused specifically on school-based interventions that integrate health and academic education, those examining the delivery of school-based health promotion interventions more generally can be found in the literature [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "These identify constraining and facilitating factors operating at the school and class level, including the acceptability of the intervention to school staff and the adequacy of support for delivery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These identify constraining and facilitating factors operating at the school and class level, including the acceptability of the intervention to school staff and the adequacy of support for delivery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these factors are inconsistently defined and explored, making synthesis across studies challenging.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these factors are inconsistently defined and explored, making synthesis across studies challenging [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Theoretical frameworks also offer some suggestions as to what factors are likely to determine successful implementation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Theoretical frameworks also offer some suggestions as to what factors are likely to determine successful implementation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, May and Finch present normalisation process theory as a framework for understanding the sustainability of intervention implementation, suggesting a number of key factors: intervention coherence (people can make sense of a new practice), cognitive participation (people are willing to participate in a new practice), collective action (people are willing to take on the work required for the new practice) and reflexive monitoring (people are prepared to monitor the practice).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, May and Finch present normalisation process theory as a framework for understanding the sustainability of intervention implementation, suggesting a number of key factors: intervention coherence (people can make sense of a new practice), cognitive participation (people are willing to participate in a new practice), collective action (people are willing to take on the work required for the new practice) and reflexive monitoring (people are prepared to monitor the practice) [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "If current trends in human population growth and fossil fuel consumption continue into the future, projections for tomorrow's nutritional needs are not encouraging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If current trends in human population growth and fossil fuel consumption continue into the future, projections for tomorrow's nutritional needs are not encouraging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet, if humans heed warning signs of the present and take steps to address these issues, then the future holds promise of adequate food for all.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, if humans heed warning signs of the present and take steps to address these issues, then the future holds promise of adequate food for all [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Achieving such an adequate food supply requires worldwide cooperation and dedication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Achieving such an adequate food supply requires worldwide cooperation and dedication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only with a worldwide commitment to improve economic and environmental policies, increase political stability, and stabilize the world population will we achieve an agricultural system that will both sustain a healthy human population and maintain the vital ecological integrity of the earth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only with a worldwide commitment to improve economic and environmental policies, increase political stability, and stabilize the world population will we achieve an agricultural system that will both sustain a healthy human population and maintain the vital ecological integrity of the earth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Unlike previous studies, our study focused on L2 English development in a SA context where English was used as a lingua franca, not as an official language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike previous studies, our study focused on L2 English development in a SA context where English was used as a lingua franca, not as an official language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One might predict that this context would offer students a different quality and quantity of L2 English input and interaction from one where English was the official language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One might predict that this context would offer students a different quality and quantity of L2 English input and interaction from one where English was the official language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is difficult in the present study to specify exactly how each of the participants used L2 English during their SA.They came from a variety of academic degree progammes and the activities they undertook during their SA varied from completing their final thesis to attending courses and engaging in collaborative project work with other students and tutors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is difficult in the present study to specify exactly how each of the participants used L2 English during their SA.They came from a variety of academic degree progammes and the activities they undertook during their SA varied from completing their final thesis to attending courses and engaging in collaborative project work with other students and tutors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The type of instruction received at the host university may also have influenced students' results, especially considering that this study focuses on the development of writing skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The type of instruction received at the host university may also have influenced students' results, especially considering that this study focuses on the development of writing skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some students may have been required to produce formal written assignments or may have received formal instruction in writing, while others may have not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some students may have been required to produce formal written assignments or may have received formal instruction in writing, while others may have not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results reported above indicate that there was indeed significant improvement in overall English language proficiency, according to OPT scores, which is in line with research that has found overall language proficiency improvement as a result of SA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results reported above indicate that there was indeed significant improvement in overall English language proficiency, according to OPT scores, which is in line with research that has found overall language proficiency improvement as a result of SA (Brecht and Robinson 1995; Lapkin, Hart and Swain 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brecht and Robinson 1995; Lapkin, Hart and Swain 1995)" ] }, { "text": "This result points to the beneficial nature of SA on L2 English even if this SA takes place in non-English speaking countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result points to the beneficial nature of SA on L2 English even if this SA takes place in non-English speaking countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, detailed analysis of the OPT results also showed that proficiency gains were not uniform across students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, detailed analysis of the OPT results also showed that proficiency gains were not uniform across students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This might be explained by students' varied levels of English proficiency prior to SA as well as by the potential diversity of experience at the host university, as mentioned above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This might be explained by students' varied levels of English proficiency prior to SA as well as by the potential diversity of experience at the host university, as mentioned above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "SLA research has distinguished three contexts where L2 learning takes place.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SLA research has distinguished three contexts where L2 learning takes place (Collentine 2009; Collentine and Freed 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Collentine 2009; Collentine and Freed 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The foreign-language instructed (FI) setting or at home (AH) context refers to L1 local settings, where students learn the L2 within L1 educational settings, typically for around 2-4 hours a week.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The foreign-language instructed (FI) setting or at home (AH) context refers to L1 local settings, where students learn the L2 within L1 educational settings, typically for around 2-4 hours a week.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The intensive domestic immersion (IM) setting is where language programmes in the L1 setting offer more intensive contact with the L2 (i.e. 25 hours a week or more).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The intensive domestic immersion (IM) setting is where language programmes in the L1 setting offer more intensive contact with the L2 (i.e. 25 hours a week or more) (Serrano, Llanes and Tragant 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Serrano, Llanes and Tragant 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Such an immersion setting obviously provides students with more opportunities to use the L2 for functional purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such an immersion setting obviously provides students with more opportunities to use the L2 for functional purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the study abroad (SA) setting refers to contexts where the L2 is institutionally, socially, and functionally implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the study abroad (SA) setting refers to contexts where the L2 is institutionally, socially, and functionally implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All three contexts are compared in the section below which reviews the research on language gains in SA contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All three contexts are compared in the section below which reviews the research on language gains in SA contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Regulation is society's means to make companies run according to its values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regulation is society's means to make companies run according to its values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regulation is therefore a counterforce against competitive forces that can lead, for example, to worker exploitation and unsafe working conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Regulation is therefore a counterforce against competitive forces that can lead, for example, to worker exploitation and unsafe working conditions (Bhattacharya 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bhattacharya 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Since the 1990s, the introduction of self-regulation and functional requirements has been a key strategy to improve safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the 1990s, the introduction of self-regulation and functional requirements has been a key strategy to improve safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In maritime transportation, one of the world's oldest, high-risk industries, this is formalized in the International Safety Management code.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In maritime transportation, one of the world's oldest, high-risk industries, this is formalized in the International Safety Management code.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "However, the logic of raising the minimum level and compliance stands in contrast to the ISM code's intentions for companies to be 'self-regulated' and 'selfthinking'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the logic of raising the minimum level and compliance stands in contrast to the ISM code's intentions for companies to be 'self-regulated' and 'selfthinking'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many interviewees want the regulators to demand higher safety levels from the companies, but when the ISM code requests 'procedures to ensure safe operation of ships', the companies are expected to decide what is safe enough.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many interviewees want the regulators to demand higher safety levels from the companies, but when the ISM code requests 'procedures to ensure safe operation of ships', the companies are expected to decide what is safe enough.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Still, most of the initiatives in practice lie with the regulator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Still, most of the initiatives in practice lie with the regulator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The regulators know of measures to pursue the safety priority but cannot act on them due to a lack of support from trade-focused government and interest organizations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The regulators know of measures to pursue the safety priority but cannot act on them due to a lack of support from trade-focused government and interest organizations (Størkersen 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Størkersen 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Our study indicates that the move from regulator responsibility to companies taking total safety responsibility has not yet been fully achieved in maritime transportation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study indicates that the move from regulator responsibility to companies taking total safety responsibility has not yet been fully achieved in maritime transportation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is discussed further in the next section about the bureaucratization of safety management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is discussed further in the next section about the bureaucratization of safety management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) data of the Ag nanorods is exhibited in Figure 2 (c).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) data of the Ag nanorods is exhibited in Figure 2 (c).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A main peak of silver and a weak oxygen signal can be observed on the spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A main peak of silver and a weak oxygen signal can be observed on the spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the ratio of weight between Ag and oxygen, most of the peaks were Ag, and these were initially identified as pure Ag nanorods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the ratio of weight between Ag and oxygen, most of the peaks were Ag, and these were initially identified as pure Ag nanorods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inset of Figure 2 (c) is a cross section view of the Ag nanorods using a focused ion beam and most of the Ag nanorods aligned to the substrate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inset of Figure 2 (c) is a cross section view of the Ag nanorods using a focused ion beam and most of the Ag nanorods aligned to the substrate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A silver buffer layer existed beneath the Ag nanorods, and this result is consistent with previous reports (not the present growth method) that one-dimensional aligned nanostructures also require the same material layer to grow due to the lattice match.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A silver buffer layer existed beneath the Ag nanorods, and this result is consistent with previous reports (not the present growth method) that one-dimensional aligned nanostructures also require the same material layer to grow due to the lattice match [30] [31] [32] [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30] [31] [32] [33]" ] }, { "text": "The thickness of the present Ag buffer layer was about 45 nm, and the length of the Ag nanorods was from 250 to 300 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thickness of the present Ag buffer layer was about 45 nm, and the length of the Ag nanorods was from 250 to 300 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This study has demonstrated an oxidation reduction growth (ORG) technique with mixed-gas sputtering to create Ag nanorod arrays without any chemical solutions or contamination from aqueous solution via oxide-assisted growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This study has demonstrated an oxidation reduction growth (ORG) technique with mixed-gas sputtering to create Ag nanorod arrays without any chemical solutions or contamination from aqueous solution via oxide-assisted growth [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The ORG methodology is used to deposit an Ag buffer layer with silver oxide nanoclusters to obtain Ag nanorods arrays using a two-step mixed gaseous process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ORG methodology is used to deposit an Ag buffer layer with silver oxide nanoclusters to obtain Ag nanorods arrays using a two-step mixed gaseous process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The success of the technique provides support for the oxidation reduction growth (ORG) mechanism and proves suitable for fabrication of Ag nanorods in the semiconductor industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The success of the technique provides support for the oxidation reduction growth (ORG) mechanism and proves suitable for fabrication of Ag nanorods in the semiconductor industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The use of true seed of shallot (TSS) as planting materials for shallot production has been promoted by the government of Indonesia due to potentially higher productivity and it would minimize the problems associated with bulb-transmitted diseases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of true seed of shallot (TSS) as planting materials for shallot production has been promoted by the government of Indonesia due to potentially higher productivity and it would minimize the problems associated with bulb-transmitted diseases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using TSS as planting material significantly increases productivity and was reported to reach twice as much of the use of shallot set, thus increased the farmer's income up to 70 million rupiahs from a single planting season.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using TSS as planting material significantly increases productivity and was reported to reach twice as much of the use of shallot set, thus increased the farmer's income up to 70 million rupiahs from a single planting season (Basuki, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Basuki, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "As a consequence the demand for TSS has been increasing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence the demand for TSS has been increasing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite government's effort to encourage the use of TSS as planting material, the seed supply has been inadequate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite government's effort to encourage the use of TSS as planting material, the seed supply has been inadequate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Involvement of the aorta (aortitis) and its branches has been also observed in a subset of patients with GCA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Involvement of the aorta (aortitis) and its branches has been also observed in a subset of patients with GCA [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Aortitis is the term used to define inflammation of one or more layers of the aortic wall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aortitis is the term used to define inflammation of one or more layers of the aortic wall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it has been suggested that there are two variants of GCA: the typical pattern responsible for temporal arteritis and an atypical variant involving the aorta.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it has been suggested that there are two variants of GCA: the typical pattern responsible for temporal arteritis and an atypical variant involving the aorta [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, GCA has been associated with a markedly increased risk of aortic aneurysm particularly thoracic aortic aneurysm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, GCA has been associated with a markedly increased risk of aortic aneurysm particularly thoracic aortic aneurysm [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For new, sharp-edged ballast, a 5 42°; for used ballast, a 5 39°.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For new, sharp-edged ballast, a 5 42°; for used ballast, a 5 39° ( Lichtberger 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "( Lichtberger 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In other literature, for new, sharp-edged ballast, a 5 45°.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other literature, for new, sharp-edged ballast, a 5 45° (Agarwal 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Agarwal 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Ballast loses elasticity with contamination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ballast loses elasticity with contamination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For contaminated ballast, a 5 30°.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For contaminated ballast, a 5 30° (Lichtberger 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lichtberger 2005)" ] }, { "text": "The optimum ballast thickness is given by Eq. (2).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The optimum ballast thickness is given by Eq. (2).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is optimum because the thickness ensures the overlap of load-dispersion lines between two ties equal to the extent of the bottom width of the tie (w).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is optimum because the thickness ensures the overlap of load-dispersion lines between two ties equal to the extent of the bottom width of the tie (w).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pressure-distribution lines should intersect; otherwise, the subballast would be pressed up between the ties into heaps.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pressure-distribution lines should intersect; otherwise, the subballast would be pressed up between the ties into heaps (Lichtberger 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lichtberger 2005)" ] }, { "text": "If tie spacing increases by the width of the tie (w) or ballast thickness decreases by w=ð2 × tan aÞ from the optimum values shown in Fig. 1 , the pressure on the formation would remain uniform, according to Fig. 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If tie spacing increases by the width of the tie (w) or ballast thickness decreases by w=ð2 × tan aÞ from the optimum values shown in Fig. 1 , the pressure on the formation would remain uniform, according to Fig. 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Excess speed is probably the most widely spread violation of Traffic Rules today.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Excess speed is probably the most widely spread violation of Traffic Rules today.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on data of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 40-50% of drivers on the average drives faster than the posted speed limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on data of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 40-50% of drivers on the average drives faster than the posted speed limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High speeds have negative effects on the safety of road users, the efficiency of the traffic system and the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High speeds have negative effects on the safety of road users, the efficiency of the traffic system and the environment (Siegrist, Roskova 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Siegrist, Roskova 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The driving speed influences both the chance to be involved in a crash and the severity of the injuries when a crash occurs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The driving speed influences both the chance to be involved in a crash and the severity of the injuries when a crash occurs (Elvik et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Elvik et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems that identify tagged objects via near/far-field wireless communications to realize ubiquitous computing are drawing much attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems that identify tagged objects via near/far-field wireless communications to realize ubiquitous computing are drawing much attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The operation of RFID systems often involves a situation in which numerous tags are simultaneously placed in the interrogation zone of a single reader.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The operation of RFID systems often involves a situation in which numerous tags are simultaneously placed in the interrogation zone of a single reader.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tags may collide with each other, leading to retransmission of tag data that brings about a waste of bandwidth and an increase in the total delay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tags may collide with each other, leading to retransmission of tag data that brings about a waste of bandwidth and an increase in the total delay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To resolve the tag collision problem, a number of tag anti-collision algorithms have been proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To resolve the tag collision problem, a number of tag anti-collision algorithms have been proposed [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The primary concern in the algorithms is how to read multiple tags as fast and as reliably as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary concern in the algorithms is how to read multiple tags as fast and as reliably as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Increasing pressures on marine ecosystems have been observed worldwide as a result of multiple natural and/or anthropogenic stressors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing pressures on marine ecosystems have been observed worldwide as a result of multiple natural and/or anthropogenic stressors (Dauvin, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dauvin, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The need for scientific advice and legislation on ecosystem-based approaches to protect, conserve and manage the marine environment has never been greater.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The need for scientific advice and legislation on ecosystem-based approaches to protect, conserve and manage the marine environment has never been greater (Schratzberger, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schratzberger, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "It is essential that policy and decisionmakers can effectively interpret the results of applied research, meeting the requirements of society for more comprehensive information regarding environmental issues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is essential that policy and decisionmakers can effectively interpret the results of applied research, meeting the requirements of society for more comprehensive information regarding environmental issues (Lubchenco, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lubchenco, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A random sample of 385 BRs was systematically drawn from a population of more than 182,000 bug reports opened over a five year period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A random sample of 385 BRs was systematically drawn from a population of more than 182,000 bug reports opened over a five year period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The bug report is the primary unit of analysis in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bug report is the primary unit of analysis in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sample size was determined using an approach reported by Powell(p.75).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sample size was determined using an approach reported by Powell [10] (p.75).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "A conservative sample size was suitable here because we did not have complete information about the variability of all characteristics of the bug reports at the time the sample was drawn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A conservative sample size was suitable here because we did not have complete information about the variability of all characteristics of the bug reports at the time the sample was drawn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The concept of a layered bed for a cyclic adsorption process is not new.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of a layered bed for a cyclic adsorption process is not new.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A layered bed becomes of interest when components of very different adsorptivity need to be adsorbed from a feed stream.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A layered bed becomes of interest when components of very different adsorptivity need to be adsorbed from a feed stream [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The basic principle is to use a weak adsorbent at the inlet followed by stronger adsorbents to maximize the use of each adsorbent and to minimize the adsorber size.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic principle is to use a weak adsorbent at the inlet followed by stronger adsorbents to maximize the use of each adsorbent and to minimize the adsorber size [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Reducing the amount of inoculum in early season is paramount to good scab control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reducing the amount of inoculum in early season is paramount to good scab control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, the main focus of forecast programmes, designed to aid effective application of chemical control in spring, is ascospore release.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the main focus of forecast programmes, designed to aid effective application of chemical control in spring, is ascospore release.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, even with perfect elimination of leaf debris, scab control in the early season is still essential as, based on the present study, overwintered conidia are likely to be a source of primary inoculum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, even with perfect elimination of leaf debris, scab control in the early season is still essential as, based on the present study, overwintered conidia are likely to be a source of primary inoculum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consideration of release of overwintered conidia should be incorporated into spray guidance programmes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consideration of release of overwintered conidia should be incorporated into spray guidance programmes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, it may also be useful to spray when buds are forming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, it may also be useful to spray when buds are forming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar strategy is currently being evaluated for reducing overwintering of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) in apple buds at East Malling, while dormant season sprays for powdery mildew have shown some success.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar strategy is currently being evaluated for reducing overwintering of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) in apple buds at East Malling, while dormant season sprays for powdery mildew have shown some success (Frick & Burchill, 1972; Hislop & Clifford, 1976) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Frick & Burchill, 1972; Hislop & Clifford, 1976)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In static terrestrial WSNs (all node locations are fixed), the sensor nodes which are located around sink node consume more energy than others and become disabled quickly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In static terrestrial WSNs (all node locations are fixed), the sensor nodes which are located around sink node consume more energy than others and become disabled quickly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The uneven energy consumption causes energy hole problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The uneven energy consumption causes energy hole problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The problem will split the network and block the data transmission to sink nodes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem will split the network and block the data transmission to sink nodes [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "In underwater WSNs, DGs (designated gateways) real-timely gather data of underwater sensor nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In underwater WSNs, DGs (designated gateways) real-timely gather data of underwater sensor nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, underwater WSNs also have energy hole problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, underwater WSNs also have energy hole problem [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually have a large number of sensor nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually have a large number of sensor nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sensor nodes gather data in the monitoring area and transmit the data to sink node for further processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensor nodes gather data in the monitoring area and transmit the data to sink node for further processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are usually applied to monitor the indoor and outdoor environment, factory and process automation, earthquake, and so forth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are usually applied to monitor the indoor and outdoor environment, factory and process automation, earthquake, and so forth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are also applied to trace animals, humans, vehicles, and other targets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are also applied to trace animals, humans, vehicles, and other targets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WSNs have received more and more attention from industry and academia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "WSNs have received more and more attention from industry and academia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They have great potentiality in enhancing and changing people's interaction with the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have great potentiality in enhancing and changing people's interaction with the world [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In WSNs, sensor nodes are distributed densely in unattended or even harsh environment and have large quantity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In WSNs, sensor nodes are distributed densely in unattended or even harsh environment and have large quantity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The batteries of sensor nodes are not available to recharge or replace battery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The batteries of sensor nodes are not available to recharge or replace battery [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Basic function realization of data gathering and transmission and other function realizations of safety, multimedia, and QoS security in wired and wireless networks are based on network normal operation and sufficient node energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Basic function realization of data gathering and transmission and other function realizations of safety, multimedia, and QoS security in wired and wireless networks are based on network normal operation and sufficient node energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, network lifetime is the most important indicator of network performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, network lifetime is the most important indicator of network performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The algorithms of WSNs should consider energy saving and maximize the network lifetime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The algorithms of WSNs should consider energy saving and maximize the network lifetime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can cut down the enormous spending of WSNs redeployment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can cut down the enormous spending of WSNs redeployment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Although numts are generally considered to be nonfunctional and therefore unexpressed, we provide strong evidence that the arvicoline cytochrome-b numt is expressed at low levels in cardiac tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although numts are generally considered to be nonfunctional and therefore unexpressed, we provide strong evidence that the arvicoline cytochrome-b numt is expressed at low levels in cardiac tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reverse-transcriptase PCR products from cardiac tissue provided insufficient template for direct sequencing, but the results were repeatable and can clearly be seen in Fig. 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reverse-transcriptase PCR products from cardiac tissue provided insufficient template for direct sequencing, but the results were repeatable and can clearly be seen in Fig. 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite this unexpected and potentially misleading result, we still endorse gene expression assays as a means for identifying numt sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite this unexpected and potentially misleading result, we still endorse gene expression assays as a means for identifying numt sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PCR amplifications of mtDNA transcripts were consistently more robust than the numt transcripts, were found in more than 1 tissue type, and were easily sequenced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PCR amplifications of mtDNA transcripts were consistently more robust than the numt transcripts, were found in more than 1 tissue type, and were easily sequenced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We cannot overlook the possibility of genomic DNA contamination in our mRNA extract despite our efforts to eliminate DNA from our samples using DNase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We cannot overlook the possibility of genomic DNA contamination in our mRNA extract despite our efforts to eliminate DNA from our samples using DNase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The elimination of genomic DNA is an optional step in cDNA library construction, but for numt avoidance we consider it a critical component.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The elimination of genomic DNA is an optional step in cDNA library construction, but for numt avoidance we consider it a critical component.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further investigation of numt pseudogene transcription seems to be warranted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further investigation of numt pseudogene transcription seems to be warranted (Blanchard and Schmidt 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Blanchard and Schmidt 1996)" ] } ]