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BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE NO. CCCXXVII. JANUARY 1843. VOL. LIII. CONTENTS GREAT BRITAIN AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 1843 LESURQUES; OR THE VICTIM OF JUDICIAL ERROR CALEB STUKELY PART X. IMAGINARY CONVERSATION. BY WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR TASSO AND CORNELIA THE WORLD OF LONDON SECOND SERIES PART I. THE DREAM OF LORD NITHSDALE TWO HOURS OF MYSTERY THE EAST AND SOUTH OF EUROPE THE CURSE OF GLENCOE. BY B. SIMMONS THE MARTYRS' MONUMENT. A MONOLOGUE TASTE AND MUSIC IN ENGLAND GREAT BRITAIN AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 1843. Great Britain at the present moment occupies a position of dignity of grandeur and of RESPONSIBILITY unparalleled in either her own history or that of any other nation ancient or modern. Let him who is inclined to doubt this assertion of whatever country he may be and whether friendly hostile or indifferent to England glance for a moment at a map of the world and having at length found out our little island (which perhaps he may consider a mere fragment chipped off as it were from the continent of Europe ) turn to our stupendous possessions in the east and in the west--in fact all over the world--and he may be apt to think of the fond speculative boast of the ancient geometrician "[Greek: Dos pou sto chai ton chosmon chinaeso] " and to paraphrase and apply it thus--"Give the genius of Great Britain but where she may place her foot--some mere point peeping above the waves of the sea--and she shall move the world." Is not this language warranted by recent facts? While our irritable but glorious neighbour France--_pace tantae gentis!_--is frittering away her warlike energies in Algeria and Russia is worried by her unsuccessful and unjust attempts upon Circassia behold the glorious monarch of this little island Queen Victoria roused by indignities and injuries offered to her most distant subjects in the East strike single-handed a blow there which shakes a vast and ancient empire to its very foundations and forces its haughty emperor from his throne to assume the attitude of a suppliant for peace yielding her peremptory but just demands even at the cannon's mouth and actually relinquishing to her a large portion of his dominions. Events these so astonishing that their true character and consequences have not yet been calmly considered and appreciated by either ourselves or other nations. Look again at recent occurrences in British India--that vast territory which only our prodigious enterprise and skill have acquired for us and nothing but profound sagacity can preserve to the British crown--and observe with mixed feelings two principal matters: a perilous but temporary error of overweening ambition on the part of Great Britain yet retrieved with power and dignity; and converted into an opportunity of displaying--where for the interests of Great Britain it was imperiously demanded--her irresistible valour her moderation her wisdom; exhibiting under circumstances the most adverse possible in its full splendour and majesty the force of that OPINION by which alone we can hold India. Passing swiftly over to the Western Continent gaze at our vast possessions _there_ also--in British North America--containing considerably upwards of four millions of square geographical miles of land; that is nearly a ninth part of the whole terrestrial surface of the globe![1]--besides nearly a million and a half miles of water--five hundred thousand of these square miles being capable and in rapid progress of profitable cultivation! at more than three thousand miles' distance from the mother country and in immediate juxtaposition to the territory of our distinguished but jealous descendants and rivals--a rising nation--the United States! Pausing here in the long catalogue of our foreign possessions let our fancied observer turn back his eye towards the little island that owns them; will he not be filled with wonder possibly with a conviction that Great Britain is destined by Almighty God to be the instrument of effecting His sublime but hidden purposes with reference to humanity? Assume however our observer to be actuated by a hostile and jealous spirit and to regard our foreign possessions and the national greatness derived from them as only nominal and apparent--to insinuate that we could not really hold them or vindicate our vaunted supremacy if powerfully challenged and resented. Let him then meditate upon the authentic intelligence which we have just received from the East: what must then be his real sentiments on this the 1st day of January 1843? Let us ask him in all manly calmness whether England has not _done_ what he doubted or denied her ability to do? whether she has not shown the world that she may indeed do what she pleases among the nations so long as her pleasure is regulated and supported by her accustomed sagacity and spirit? She has however recently had to pass through an awful ordeal principally occasioned by the brief ascendency of incompetent councils; and while expressing in terms of transport our conviction that "out of this nettle danger we have plucked the flower safety"--we cannot repress our feelings of indignation against those who precipitated us into that danger and of gratitude towards those who under Divine Providence have been instrumental in extricating us from it not only rapidly but with credit; not merely with credit but with glory. To appreciate our present position we must refer to that which we occupied some twelve or eighteen months ago; and that will necessarily involve a brief examination of the policy and proceedings of the late and of the present Government. We shall speak in an unreserved and independent spirit in giving utterance to the reflections which have occurred to us during a watchful attention paid to the course of public affairs both foreign and domestic in the interval alluded to; though feeling the task which we have undertaken both a delicate and a difficult one. [1] Malte Brun xi. 179. Alison x. 256. After a desperate tenacity in retaining office exhibited by the late Government which was utterly unexampled and most degrading to the character and position of public men engaged in carrying on the Queen's Government Sir Robert Peel was called to the head of affairs by her Majesty in accordance with the declared wishes of a triumphant majority of her subjects--of a perfectly overwhelming majority of the educated the thinking and the monied classes of society. When he first placed his foot upon the commanding eminence of the premiership the sight which presented itself to his quick and comprehensive glance must have been indeed one calculated to make --"the boldest hold his breath For a time." What appalling evidence in every direction of the ignorance and madness of his predecessors! An exchequer empty exactly at the moment when it ought to have been fullest in order to support our tremendous operations in the East and elsewhere: in fact a prospect of immediate national insolvency; all resources ordinary and extraordinary exhausted; all income anticipated: an average deficiency of revenue actual and estimated in the six years next preceding the 5th of January 1843 of L.10 072 000! Symptoms of social disorganization visible on the very surface of society: ruin bestriding our mercantile interests palsied every where by the long pressure of financial misrule: credit vanishing rapidly: the working-classes plunged daily deeper and deeper into misery and starvation ready to listen to the most desperate suggestions: and a Government bewildered with a consciousness of incompetency and of the swiftly approaching consequences of their misrule at the eleventh hour--on the eve of a general election-- suddenly resolving (in the language of their own leader) to stir society to its foundations by proposing a wild and ruinous alteration in the Corn-Laws declaring that it and it only would bring cheap bread to the doors of the very poorest in the land:--after the manner of giving out ardent spirits to an already infuriated mob. In Ireland crime and sedition fearfully in the ascendant; treasonable efforts made to separate her from us; threats even held out of her entering into a foreign alliance against us. So much for our domestic--now for our foreign condition and prospects. He would see Europe exhibiting serious symptoms of distrust and hostility: France irritated and trifled with on the verge of actual war with us: our criminally neglected differences with America fast ripening into the fatal bloom of war: the very existence of the Canadas at stake. In India the tenure by which we hold it in the very act of being loosened; our troops shedding their blood in vain in the prosecution of as mad and wicked an enterprise as ever was undertaken by a civilized nation; the glory of our hitherto invincible arms tarnished; the finances of India deranged and wasted away in securing only fresh accessions of disgraceful defeat. In China we were engaged in spite of the whisper of our guardian angel Wellington in a _little war_ and experiencing all its degrading and ruinous consequences to our commerce our military and naval reputation our statesmanship our honour. Did ever this great empire exhibit such a spectacle before as that which it thus presented to the anxious eye of the new Premier? Having concluded the disheartening and alarming survey he must have descended to his cabinet oppressed and desponding enquiring who is sufficient for these things? With no disposition to bestow an undue encomium on any one we cannot but say happy was Queen Victoria in having at such a moment such a man to call to the head of her distracted affairs as Sir Robert Peel. He was a man preeminently distinguished by caution sobriety and firmness of character--by remarkable clear-sightedness and strength of intellect--thoroughly practical in all things--of immense knowledge entirely at his command--of consummate tact and judgment in the conduct of public affairs--of indefatigable patience and perseverance--of imperturbable self-possession. He seemed formed by nature and habit to be the leader of a great deliberative assembly. Add to all this--a personal character of unsullied purity and a fortune so large as to place him beyond the reach of suspicion or temptation. Such was the man called upon by his sovereign and his country in a most serious crisis of her affairs. He was originally fortunate in being surrounded by political friends eminently qualified for office; from among whom he made with due deliberation a selection which satisfied the country the instant that their names were laid before it. We know not when a British sovereign has been surrounded by a more brilliant and powerful body of ministers than those who at this moment stand around Queen Victoria. They constitute the first real GOVERNMENT which this country has seen for the last twelve years; and they instantly addressed themselves to the discharge of the duties assigned to them with a practised skill and energy and system which were quickly felt in all departments of the State. In contenting himself with the general superintendance of the affairs of his government and devolving on another the harassing office of Chancellor of the Exchequer which till then had been conjoined with that of the First Lord of the Treasury Sir Robert Peel acted with his usual judgment and secured in particular one capital object--_unity of action._ As soon as the late Ministry and their adherents perceived that Sir Robert Peel's advent to power was inevitable they clamorously required of him a full preliminary statement of the policy he intended to adopt on being actually installed in office! By those who had floundered on session after session from blunder to blunder from folly to folly--each more glaring and destructive than the preceding one--he was modestly expected to commit himself _instanter_ to some scheme struck off to please them at a heat! A cut-and-dried exposition of his plans of domestic and foreign policy before it was even certain that he would ever be called on to frame or act on them; before he had had a glimpse of the authentic and official _data_ of which none but the actual adviser of the crown could be in possession. This was doubtless _their_ notion of statesmanship and faithfully acted on from first to last; but Sir Robert Peel and his friends had been brought up in another school whose maxim was--_priusquam incipias consulta--sed ubi consulueris mature facto opus est_. The Premier stood unmoved by the entreaties the coaxings and the threatenings of those wriggling before him in miserable discomfiture and restlessness on the abhorred benches of Opposition; calmly demonstrating to them the folly and injustice of which they were guilty. Yet the circumstances of the country made his adherence to this first determination exquisitely trying. He relied however on the cautious integrity of his purposes and the necessity of the case; and amidst the silent agitation of friends and the frenzied clamour of opponents and with a dreadful prospect before the country in the ensuing winter--maintained the silence he had imposed upon himself and with his companions entered forthwith on a searching and complete investigation of the affairs of the nation. Not seduced by the irrepressible eagerness of friends or dismayed by the dark threats and dismal predictions of enemies who even appealed direct to the throne against them Ministers pursued their course with calmness and determination till the legitimate moment had arrived for announcing to the country their thoroughly considered plans for the future. Sir Robert Peel is undoubtedly entitled to the credit of resuscitating and re-organizing the great party all but annihilated by the passing of the Reform Bill. It is under vast obligations to him; but so is he to it. What fortitude and fidelity have been theirs! How admirable their conduct on the occasion we are alluding to! And here let us also pay a just tribute of respect to the Conservative newspaper press both in the metropolis and in the country. To select particular instances would be vain and invidious; but while the whole country has daily opportunities of judging of the assistance afforded to the Conservative cause by the powerful and independent metropolitan press few are aware as we are of the very great ability generally displayed by the provincial Conservative press. Their resolute and persevering exposure of the dangerous false doctrines of our unscrupulous adversaries and eloquent advocacy of Conservative principles are above all praise and are appreciated in the highest quarters. The winter was at length nearly passed through when Parliament assembled. The distress which the people had suffered and continued to suffer no pen can adequately describe or do justice to the touching fortitude with which those sufferings were borne. It wrung the hearts of all who had opportunities of personally observing it. They resisted poor famishing souls! all the fiendish attempts that were systematically made to undermine their loyalty to seduce them into insubordination and rebellion. Let us by and by see how far the result has justified this implied confidence of theirs in the power the wisdom and the integrity of the new Government. After all the boasting of the Opposition--in spite of their vehement efforts during the recess to concert and mature what were given out as the most formidable system of tactics ever exhibited in parliament for the dislodgement of a Ministry denounced as equally hateful to the Queen and to the country the very first division utterly annihilated the Opposition. So overwhelming was the Ministerial majority that it astonished their friends as much as it dismayed their enemies: and to an accurate observer of what passed in the House of Commons it was plain that the legitimate energies of the Opposition were paralyzed thenceforth to the end of the session. Forthwith there sprung up however a sort of conspiracy to _annoy_ the triumphant Ministers to exhaust their energies to impede all legislation as far as those ends could be attained by the most wicked and _vulgar_ faction ever witnessed within the House of Commons! The precise seat of Sir Robert Peel's difficulty at home was that his immediate predecessors had (whether wilfully or otherwise signifies nothing for the present) raised expectations among the people which _no party_ could satisfy; while their measures has reduced the people to a state in which the disappointment of those expectations seemed to excuse if not justify even downright rebellion. They arrayed the agricultural and manufacturing interests in deadly hostility against each other; they sought to make the one responsible for the consequences springing only from the reckless misconduct of the other. The farmers must be run down and ruined in order to repair the effects of excessive credit and over-trading among the manufacturers; the corn-grower must smart for the sins of the cotton-spinner. Such were some of the fierce elements of discord in full action when the affairs of the nation were committed by her Majesty to her present Ministers on whom it lay to promote permanent domestic tranquillity amidst this conflict between interests which had been taught that they were irreconcilable with each other; to sustain the public credit at once without endangering our internal peace and safety or compromising the honour of the nation in its critical and embarrassing foreign relations. How were they to effect these apparently incompatible objects? "See " said the enemies of the Ministry "see by and by when parliament assembles a cruel specimen of _class legislation_--the unjust triumph of the landed interest--the legitimate working of the Chandos clause in the Reform Bill!" But bear witness parliamentary records how stood the fact! That the present Ministry are mainly indebted for their accession to power to the prodigious exertions of the agricultural interest during the last general election is we presume undeniable. It was talked of as their mere tool or puppet. Their first act is to lower the duties on the importation of foreign cattle! "We are ruined!" cried the farmers in dismay; and the Duke of Buckingham withdrew from the Cabinet. "This is a step in the right way " said the opponents of Ministers "but it will clearly cost Peel his place--then _we_ return and will go the rest of the journey and quickly arrive at the goal of free-trade in corn and every thing else except those particular articles in which _we_ deal and which must be protected for the benefit of the country against foreign competition." Then the Radical journals teemed with joyful paragraphs announcing that Sir Robert Peel's ministry was already crumbling to pieces! The farmers it would seem were every where up in arms; confusion (and something a vast deal worse!) was drunk at all their meetings to Peel! Nevertheless these happy things came not to pass; Sir Robert Peel's Ministry _would_ not fall to pieces; and the curses of the farmers came not so fast or loud as their eager disinterested friends could have wished! To be serious the alteration of the Corn-Laws was undoubtedly a very bold one but the result of most anxious and profound consideration. A moment's reflection of the character and circumstances of the Ministry who proposed it served first to arrest the apprehensions entertained by the agricultural interest; while the thorough discussions which took place in Parliament demonstrating the necessity of _some_ change--the moderation and caution of the one proposed--several undoubted and very great improvements in details and above all _a formal recognition of the principle of agricultural protection_ still further allayed the fears of the most timorous. To _us_ it appears that the simple principle of a scale of duties adapted to admit foreign corn when we want it and exclude it when we can grow sufficient ourselves is abundantly vindicated and will not be disturbed for many years to come if even then. Has this principle been surrendered by Sir Robert Peel? It has not; and we venture to express our confident belief that it never will. He cannot of course prevent the subject from being mooted during the ensuing session because there are persons unfortunately sent to Parliament for the very purpose; but while he is listening with a calm smile and apparently thoughtfully to the voluble tradesmen who are haranguing him upon the subject it is not improbable that he will be revolving in his mind matters much more personally interesting and important to them; viz. how he shall put a stop to the monstrous joint-stock banking system frauds as exhibited at this moment at Manchester in the Northern and Central Banking Company and other similar establishments blessed with the disinterested patronage of the chief member of the "Anti-Corn-Law League." The mention of that snug little speculation of two or three ingenious and enterprising Manchester manufacturers forces from us an observation or two viz. that the thing _will not do_ after all. There is much cry and little wool; very little corn and a great deal of cotton. They have a smart saying at Manchester to the effect that it is no use whistling against thunder; which we shall interpret to mean that all their "great meetings " speechifyings subscriptions and so forth will fail to kindle a single spark of real enthusiasm in their favour among those who are daily becoming more and more personally sensible first of the solid benefits conferred by the wise policy of the present Administration; secondly of the want of personal respectability among the leaders of the League; and lastly the necessity and vast advantage of supporting the agriculture of Old England. The recent discussions on the Corn-Laws in Parliament and elsewhere the masterly expositions of the true principles on which they are really based have thrown a flood of light on the subject now made visible and intelligible to the lowest capacity. That some further alteration may not erelong be made on the scale of duties no one can assert though we have no reason to believe that any such is at present contemplated; but that the principle of the "sliding scale " as it is called will be firmly adhered to we entertain no doubt whatever. The conduct of the agricultural interest with reference to subjects of such vital importance to them as the Corn-Law Bill and the Tariff has been characterized by signal forbearance and fortitude; nor let them rest assured will it be lost upon the Ministry or the country. The next step in Sir Robert Peel's bold and comprehensive policy was to devise some method of recruiting _forthwith_ its languishing vital energies--to rescue its financial concerns from the desperate condition in which he found them. With an immediate and perspective increase of expenditure that was perfectly frightful--in the meditation and actual prosecution of vast but useless enterprises--of foreign interference and aggrandizement to secure a little longer continuance of popular favour they deliberately destroyed a principal source of revenue by the reduction of the postage duties in defiance of the repeated protests and warnings of Sir Robert Peel when in Opposition. They had in fact brought matters to such a pitch as to render it almost impossible for even "a heaven-born minister" to conduct the affairs of the nation with safety and honour without inflicting grievous disappointment and sufferings and incurring thereby a degree of obloquy fatal to any Ministry. They seemed in fact to imagine as they went on that the day of reckoning could never arrive because they had resolved to stave it off from time to time however near it approached by a series of desperate expedients really destructive of the national prosperity but provocative of what served their purposes viz. temporary popular enthusiasm. What cruelty! what profligacy! what madness! And all under the flag on which were inscribed "_Peace! Retrenchment! Reform!_" Acting on the salutary maxim that the knowledge of the disease is half the cure Sir Robert Peel resolved to lay before the nation _the whole truth_ however appalling. Listen to the following pregnant sentences which he addressed to the House of Commons within a few moments after he had risen to develope his financial policy we mean on the 11th of March 1842:--"It is sometimes necessary on the occasion of financial statements of this kind to maintain great reserve and to speak with great caution. A due regard for the public interest may impose on a Minister the duty of only partially disclosing matters of importance. But I am hampered by no fetters of official duty. I mean to lay before you the truth--the unexaggerated truth but to conceal nothing. I do this because in great financial difficulties the first step towards improvement is to look those difficulties boldly in the face. This is true of individuals--it is true also of nations. There can be no hope of improvement or of recovery _if you consent to conceal from yourselves the real difficulties with which you have to contend_."[2] There was no gainsaying the facts which amidst an agitated and breathless silence he proceeded to detail with dreadful clearness and brevity; and out of which the question instantly sprung into the minds of every one--_are we not on the very verge of national insolvency_? He proceeded to demonstrate that his predecessors had exhausted every device which their financial ingenuity could suggest down to their last supposed master-stroke the addition of 10 per cent to the assessed taxes--thus adding very nearly the last straw which was to break the camel's back--the last peculiarly cruel pressure on the lower orders. [2] Hansard vol. lxi. col. 423. "Shall we persevere " he continued "in the system on which we have been acting for the last five years? Shall we in time of peace have recourse to the miserable expedient of continued loans? Shall we try issues of Exchequer bills? Shall we resort to Savings' banks?--in short to any of those expedients which _call_ them by what name you please are neither more nor less than a permanent addition to the public debt? We have a deficiency of nearly L.5 000 000 in the last two years: _is there a prospect of reduced expenditure?_ Without entering into details but looking at your extended empire at the demands which are made for the protection of your commerce and the general state of the world and calling to mind the intelligence which has lately reached us " [from Affghanistan ] "can you anticipate for the year after the next the possibility consistent with the honour and safety of this country of greatly reducing the public expenses? I am forced to say I cannot calculate on that.... Is the deficiency I have mentioned a casual deficiency? Sir it is not; it has existed for the last seven or eight years. At the close of 1838 the deficiency was L.1 428 000; of 1839 L.430 000; of 1840 L.1 457 000; of 1841 L.1 851 000. I estimate that the deficiency of 1842 will be L.2 334 030; and that of 1843 L.2 570 000; making an aggregate deficiency in six years of L.10 072 000! ... With this proof that it is not with an occasional or casual deficiency that we have to deal will you I ask have recourse to the miserable expedient of continued _loans_? It is impossible that I could be a party to a proceeding which I should think might perhaps have been justifiable at first _before you knew exactly the nature of your revenue and expenditure_; but with these facts before me I should think I were degrading the situation which I hold if I could consent to such a paltry expedient as this. I can hardly think that Parliament will adopt a different view. I can hardly think that you who inherit the debt contracted by your predecessors--when having a revenue they reduced the charges of the post-office and inserted in the preamble of the bill a declaration that the reduction of the revenue should be made good by increased taxation--will now refuse to make it good. The effort having been made but the effort having failed that pledge is still unredeemed. _I advised you not to give that pledge_; but if you regard the pledges of your predecessors it is for you now to redeem them.... I apprehend that with almost universal acquiescence I may abandon the idea of supplying the deficiency by the miserable desire of fresh loans of an issue of Exchequer bills. Shall I then if I must resort to taxation levy it _upon the articles of consumption_ which constitute in truth almost all the necessaries of life? _I cannot consent to any proposal for increasing taxation on the great articles of consumption by the labouring classes of society_." [Is it the friend or the enemy _of the people_ that is here speaking?] "I say moreover I can give you conclusive proofs that you have arrived at the limits of taxation on articles of consumption."[3] Sir Robert Peel then proceeded with calmness and dignity to encounter the possible if not even _probable_ fatal unpopularity of proposing that which he succeeded in convincing _Parliament_ was the only resource left a conscientious Minister--an INCOME TAX. [3] Hansard vol. lxi. col. 429 430 431. "I will now state what is the measure which I propose under a sense of public duty and a deep conviction that it is necessary for the public interest; and impressed at the same time with an equal conviction"-- [mark by the way the exquisite judgment with which this suggestion was _here_ thrown in!]--"that the present sacrifices which I call on you to make will be amply compensated ultimately in a pecuniary point of view and _much more_ than compensated by the effect which they will have in maintaining public credit and the ancient character of this country. Instead of looking to taxation on consumption--instead of reviving the taxes on salt or on sugar--it is my duty _to make an earnest appeal to the possessors of property_ for the purpose of repairing this mighty evil. I propose for a time at least (and I never had occasion to make a proposition with a more thorough conviction of its being one which the public interest of the country required)--I propose _that for a time to be limited the income of this country should be called on to contribute a certain sum for the purpose of remedying this mighty and growing evil_ ... should bear a charge not exceeding 7d. in the pound which will not amount to 3 per cent but speaking accurately L.2 18s. 4d. per cent--for the purpose of not only supplying the deficiency in the revenue but of enabling us with confidence and satisfaction to propose great commercial reforms which will afford a hope of reviving commerce and such an improvement in the manufacturing interests as will re-act on every other interest in the country; and by diminishing the prices of the articles of consumption and the cost of living will in a pecuniary point of view compensate you for your present sacrifices; whilst you will be at the same time relieved from the contemplation of a great public evil."[4] [4] Hansard vol lxi. col. 439. We have quoted the very words of Sir Robert Peel because they are every way memorable and worthy of permanent conspicuousness. In point for instance of mere oratorical skill observe the matchless tact of the speaker. Conscious that he was about to propose what would come like a clap of thunder on all present and on the country he prepares the way for its favourable reception by pointing out the almost necessarily _direct pecuniary benefit_ ultimately derivable from his unpalatable tax; and the instant that he has disclosed his proposal in the same breath carries our attention to a similar topic--an assurance calculated to arouse the self-interest and excite the approbation first of the commercial classes and then of all classes by the means this tax will give the Minister of proposing "great commercial reforms " and "reducing the cost of living." No power of description we possess can adequately set before the reader the effect produced on the House of Commons by the delivery of the passage above quoted and which was shared as the intelligence was communicated by the country at large. One thing was plain that the Minister disdaining personal considerations of unpopularity had satisfied the nation that a desperate disease had been detected which required a desperate remedy. It was--it is in vain to disguise that an income-tax has many disgusting and all but absolutely intolerable incidents and characteristics and which were instantly appreciated by all who heard or read of the proposal for its adoption and these topics were pounced upon by the late Ministers and their supporters with eager and desperate determinat

on to make the most of them. To give effect to their operations they secured an immediate and ample interval for exasperating popular feeling against Ministers and their abominable proposition! But it was all in vain. There was a bluff English frankness about the Minister that mightily pleased the country exciting a sympathy in every right-thinking Englishman. _Here was no humbug of any sort_ no obtaining of money under false pretences. At first hearing of it honest John Bull staggered back several paces with a face rueful and aghast; buttoned up his pockets and meditated violence even; but in a few moments albeit with a certain sulkiness he came back presently shook hands with the Minister and getting momentarily more satisfied of his honesty and of the necessity of the case only hoped that a little breathing-time might be given him and that the thing might be done as quietly and genteelly as possible! To be serious however. By whom let us ask had this Minister been brought into power? by whom most furiously and unscrupulously opposed? The former were those on whom he instantly imposed this very severe and harassing tax; the latter those whom he entirely exempted from it: the former those who _could_ with a little inconvenience make the effort requisite to protect themselves in the tranquil enjoyment of what they possessed the latter those who were already faint oppressed and crushed beneath _burdens they were unable to bear_. Was this justice or injustice? It then _must_ be very contradistinctive--was the Minister in this instance the poor man's friend or the rich man's friend? Was he exhibiting ingratitude and insanity or a truly wise and honest statesmanship? We need _not_ ""pause for a reply."" It has been sounding ever since in our ears in the accents of national concord and of admiration of the Minister who in his very zenith of popularity and success perilled all to obey the dictates of honour and conscience fearlessly proposed a measure which seemed levelled directly at those gifted and powerful classes by whom he had been so long and enthusiastically supported; of the Minister who in fine looked and made the country look a frightful danger full in the face--till it turned and fled. In spite of all that could be done by his bitter unscrupulous factious opponents in the House of Commons and of the eloquent and conscientious opposition of Lord Brougham in the House of Lords backed all the while by the immediate self-interest of those who were to smart under the tax Sir Robert Peel carried his great and salutary measure in triumph through both Houses without one single material alteration till it became the law of the land amidst the applause of the surrounding nations; for even those alas! too frequently bitter and jealous censors of English conduct and character the French ""owned that the English people had exhibited a signal and glorious instance of virtue of fortitude of self-denial and sagacity."" We have reason to believe that on quitting the House of Commons after hearing the speech of Sir Robert Peel from which we have been quoting Lord John Russell asked a gentleman of brilliant talent and independent character but of strong liberal opinions ""what he thought of Peel's financial scheme?"" The answer was ""It is so fine a thing that I only wish it had been prepared by Lord John Russell instead of Sir Robert Peel!"" On which unless we are mistaken Lord John shrugged his shoulders in silence. His opposition to the income-tax on going into and while the bill was in committee was temperate and even languid; and he stood in the dignified attitude worthy of his ancient name and of personal character far aloof from those who throughout the session pursued a line of conduct unprecedented in parliamentary history degrading to the House of Commons but possibly in keeping with all that might have been expected from them. We are vastly mistaken if Lord John does not regard them with secret scorn and experience a shudder of disgust from any momentary contact with them; and shall not be surprised if during the ensuing session he should be at no particular pains to conceal the state of his mind. One circumstance highly honourable to the national character in relation to the income-tax should not escape observation: that comparatively little or no real opposition certainly no clamorous opposition has been offered to the _principle_ of the tax and the policy of its imposition by those on whom its pressure falls heaviest namely the great capitalists and landed proprietors of the kingdom. ""The grasshopper "" said Mr Burke ""fills the whole field with the noise of its chirping while the stately ox browses in silence."" The clamour against the income-tax comes mainly from those who are unscathed by it; those who suffer most severely from it suffer in silence. The inferior machinery of the income-tax is unquestionably very far from attaining that degree of perfection which we had a right to look for from the able and practised hands which framed it. The outcry raised however against the income-tax on this score particularly on the ground of the heedlessness of subordinate functionaries is subsiding. There is evident as far as the Government itself is concerned an anxious desire to enforce the provisions of the act with the greatest possible degree of delicacy and forbearance consistent with the discharge of a painful but imperative duty. We repeat that the outcry in question however was principally occasioned by those who had least real cause on personal grounds to complain; who (unfortunately it may be for themselves) never yet approached nor have any prospect of infringing upon the fatal dividing point of L. 150 a-year in spite of their long and zealous literary services under the very best-conducted and _truly liberal_ Radical newspapers which they have filled with persevering ingenuity day after day with eloquent descriptions of the awful state of feeling in the country on this most atrocious subject. Where patriotic but most imaginative gentlemen! where have been the great meetings summoned to condemn the principle of the tax? The great landholders the great capitalists the great merchants are pouring their contributions into the exhausted Treasury with scarce a murmur at the temporary inconvenience it may occasion them!--thus nobly responding to the appeal so earnestly and nobly made to them by the Prime Minister. So moreover are the vast majority of those persons on whom the tax falls with peculiar severity--we allude to the occupants of schedule D--who must pay this tax out of an income alas! evanescent as the morning mist; which on the approach of sickness or of death is instantly annihilated. These also suffer with silent fortitude; and we think we have heard it upon sufficient authority that it was on these persons that Ministers felt the greatest reluctance in imposing the tax--at least to its present extent only under an absolute compulsion of state policy. The total or even partial exemption of this class of persons from the operation of the income-tax would have been attended with consequences that were not to be contemplated for a moment and into which it is impracticable here satisfactorily to enter. The tax undoubtedly pinches severely men of small and uncertain incomes who are striving on slender means to maintain a respectable station in society; the man who with a large family to be supported _and educated_ and who moves in a respectable sphere of society has to pay his L.9 or L.12 out of his precarious L.300 or L.400 a-year is an object of most earnest sympathy. Still let him not lose sight of the undoubted hardships borne by his wealthier brethren. Is it nothing for a man--say the Duke of Buccleuch the Marquis of Westminster the Duke of Sutherland or Lord Ashburton or Mr Rothschild--to have to pay down their L.3000 L.4000 or L.5000 clear per annum as the per-centage on their magnificent incomes in sudden and unexpected addition to the innumerable and imperative calls upon them already existing such as compulsory upholding of many great establishments in different parts of the country--various members of their families--married and single--to support in a style adequate to their rank and position in the country? It is needless however to pursue the matter further. The plain truth is there is no help for it; the burthen is one that must be borne and it is being borne bravely. _But why_ must this dreadful income-tax be borne? What has led to it? The vast majority of honest and thinking men in the nation have but one answer to give to the question. That the income-tax is the penalty the nation must pay for its weakness and folly in permitting a Whig Ministry to get into power and continue in power ""playing such fantastic tricks"" as theirs for the last ten years both at home and abroad as the nation _ought to have foreseen_ would be inevitably followed by some such grievous results as the present. This income-tax however let our opponents know will serve for many years to come long after it may have been removed as a memento to prevent the country from tolerating the return to power of men whose reluctant and compulsory exit from power after again doing enormous mischief will be followed by a similar result--will impose on their Conservative successors the bitter necessity of imposing another income-tax. ""The evil that they do "" does indeed ""live after them;"" and without any ""good interred with their bones!"" With the frightful deficit exhibited by Sir Robert Peel still staring us in the face; the war in the East yet to be paid for; faith to be kept with the public creditor both at home and abroad: a revenue of a _million a-year_ recklessly sacrificed in reducing the postage duties:[5] a deficiency in the last quarter's revenue that tells its own frightful story as to its cause and an all but certain heavy deficiency to be looked for we fear in the ensuing quarter: with all this before him will any _member or supporter of the late Government_--of all other persons--be found hardy enough to rise in his place next session and bait Sir Robert Peel about the repeal of the income-tax? The country will not tolerate such audacity. We shall not reason with _them_; but to those who like ourselves are smarting under the effects of the late Ministry's misconduct who have a right to complain loudly and indignantly and enquire with eager anxiety when their suddenly augmented pressure is to cease we feel compelled to express our opinion founded on a careful observation of our present financial position and prospects that we see no chance of being relieved from the burden of the income-tax before the period originally fixed by Sir Robert Peel. Till then we must submit with what fortitude and cheerfulness we may. Under however a year or two's steady and enlightened administration of public affairs matters may mend with unexpected rapidity; but it is not in the ordinary course of human affairs that evils the growth of many years can be remedied in a moment. A chronic disease of the body requires a patient course of abstinence and skilful treatment to afford a chance of the system's getting once again into a permanent state of health; even as with individuals so is it with nations. That the sudden cessation of the drain upon our resources from the East and the partial reimbursement we have already realized will sensibly lighten the burthens under which the Minister has hitherto laboured and make him with joy to realize the expectations which in proposing the income-tax he so distinctly yet cautiously held out as to the period of its duration we may consider as indisputable. Add to this the pacific policy which Sir Robert Peel and his Cabinet are bent upon maintaining as far as is consistent with a jealous regard to our national honour (and which our late resplendent successes are calculated to facilitate ) and the revival erelong of the revenue concurrently with that of trade and commerce which may be confidently anticipated under our present firm cautious and experienced councils and we may give to the winds our fears as to the continuance of the income-tax one instant after it can be prudently dispensed with. What however as a matter of _mere speculation_ if the nation should by and by when familiarized with the character and working of the income-tax become more reconciled to it and prefer its retention as a substitute for _the Assessed Taxes_ which at present press so heavily on all but particularly on the working-classes! But while Sir Robert Peel was remodelling the Corn-Laws and creating a new source of direct revenue he also undertook another task--a herculean task one utterly hopeless and beyond the reach or even conception of any but a Minister conscious of occupying an impregnable position in the confidence of the country: we allude to his reconstruction of our entire commercial system as represented by his _new Tariff_. What courage was requisite to grapple with this giant difficulty! What practical skill; what patience and resolution; what exact yet extensive acquaintance with mercantile affairs; what a comprehensive discernment of consequences; what firm impartiality in deciding between vast conflicting interests were here evinced! And observe--all these great measures effecting a complete revolution in our domestic economy and policy--the fruits of only a few months accession to office of a Conservative Ministry! All the while that the Radical press was assailing them on the ground of their insolent and cruel disregard of their duty and of the sufferings of the people they were engaged upon the united labours of enquiry and reflection on which alone can have been safely based the great measures which we have been briefly reviewing! ""But all these "" says some faithful mourner after the deceased Ministry ""they intended to have done and would have done _if they could_."" Ay to be sure. Admit it for the nonce; 'twas easy to _say_ it but the thing was _to do it_--quoth Mr Blewitt! That same _doing_ is what we are congratulating the present Ministry upon. Yes it has been done--the great experiment is being tried; may it prove as safe and successful as it is bold and well meant. It must be regarded however as only a part of the entire scheme proposed by Sir Robert Peel and judged of accordingly with reference also to the necessity of his position arising from the last acts of his predecessors--from the spirit and temper of the age. The long-continued languor and prostration of our commerce undoubtedly required some decisive but cautious and well-considered movement in the _direction_ of free-trade. How far we shall be met in the same spirit by France Germany Russia and America as has been long confidently predicted by those whose opinions have been perseveringly and vehemently urged upon the public now remains to be seen. _Felix faustumque sit!_ But at present at all events our example seems not likely to be followed by those on whom we most calculated and time alone can decide between our course and theirs--between the doctrines of the old and of the new school of political economy--as to which is the short-sighted and mischievous--which the sagacious and successful policy. The powerful protection afforded by the new Tariff to our colonial produce is one of its most interesting and satisfactory features. That however which has justly attracted to it incomparably the greatest share of public attention and discussion is the introduction of foreign cattle. This topic is one requiring to be spoken of in a diffident spirit and most guarded language. Whether it will effect its praiseworthy object of lowering the price of animal food without being overbalanced by its injurious effects upon our all-important agricultural interests we shall not for some considerable time be in a condition to determine. At present it would appear that the alarm of the farmers on this score was premature and excessive and is subsiding. The combined operation of this part of the new Tariff and of the reduction in the duties on the importation of foreign corn may ultimately have the effect of lowering the rent of the farmer and of stimulating him into a more energetic and scientific cultivation of the land; and generally of inducing very important modifications in the present arrangements between landlords and tenants. In some of the most recent agricultural meetings speeches have been made from which many journalists have inferred the existence of rapidly-increasing convictions on the part of the agricultural interest that a sweeping alteration in the Corn-Law is inevitable and immediate. They are however attaching far too much weight to a few sentences uttered amidst temporary excitement by a few country gentlemen in some eight or ten places only in the whole kingdom. Let them _pause_ at all events till they shall have more authentic _data_ viz. what the agricultural members of Parliament will say in their places in the ensuing session. Much of the sort of panic experienced by the country gentlemen alluded to may be referred to a recent paragraph in the _Globe_ newspaper confidently announcing the intention of Ministers to propose a fixed duty on corn. The glaring improbability that even _were_ such a project contemplated by Ministers they would (forgetting their characteristic caution and reserve) agitate the public mind on so critical a question and derange vast transactions and arrangements in the corn trade by its premature divulgement; and above all constitute the _Globe_ newspaper their confidential organ upon the occasion should alone have satisfied the most credulous of its unwarrantable and preposterous character. We acquit the _Globe_ newspaper of intentional mischief but charge it with great _thoughtlessness_ of consequences. To return however for a moment to that topic in the new Tariff most important to farmers. We believe that since the day (9th July 1842) in which the new Tariff became the law of the land the entire importation of cattle from the Continent has fallen far short of a single fortnight's sale at Smithfield; but whether this will be the state of things two years or even a twelvemonth hence is another matter. At present at all events the new Tariff has had the beneficial effect of really lowering the price of provisions and of other articles of consumption essentially conducing to the comforts of the labouring classes. May _this_ in any event be a _permanent_ result; and who could have brought it about except such a Ministry as that of Sir Robert Peel possessing their combined qualifications means and opportunities and equally bent upon using them promptly and honestly? [5] Year ending 5th January 1840 L.2 390 764!--1841 L.1 342 604!--1842 L.1 495 540!--(_Finance Accounts_ 1842 p. 2.) No sooner had that Parliament which had passed in its first session such a number of great measures having for their object the immediate benefit of the lower orders (and it may really be said almost wholly at the expense of the higher orders ) separated after its exhausting labours than there occurred those deplorable and alarming outrages in the principal manufacturing districts which so ill requited the benevolent exertions of the Legislature in their behalf. They exhibited some features of peculiar malignity--many glaring indications of the existence of a base and selfish hidden conspiracy against the cause of law of order and of good government. Who were the real originators and contrivers of that wicked movement and what their objects is a question which we shall not here discuss but leave in the hands of the present keen and vigilant Government and of the Parliament so soon to be assembled. If a single chance of bringing the really guilty parties to justice--of throwing light on the actors and machinery of that atrocious conspiracy shall be thrown away the public interests will have been grievously betrayed. On this subject however we have no apprehensions whatever and pass on heartily to congratulate the country on possessing a Government which acted on the trying occasion in question with such signal promptitude energy and prudence. Not one moment was lost in faltering indecision; never was the majesty of the law more quickly and completely vindicated never was there exhibited a more striking and gratifying instance of a temperate and discriminating exercise of the vast powers of the executive. The incessant attention of all functionaries from the very highest to the lowest by night and by day on that occasion at the Home-Office (including the Attorney and Solicitor-General ) would hardly be credited; _mercy to the misguided_ but instant vengeance upon the guilty instigators of rebellion was then from first to last the rule of action. The enemies of public tranquillity reckoned fearfully without their host in forgetting who presided at the Home-Office and who at the Horse Guards. Nothing could be better than the Government examination into the real causes of the outbreak instituted upon the spot the very moment it was over while evidence was fresh and accessible and of which the guilty parties concerned have a great deal yet to hear. The Special Commission for the trial of the rioters was also issued with salutary expedition. The prosecutions were carried on by the Attorney and Solicitor-General on the part of the Crown in a dignified spirit at once of forbearance and determination and with a just discrimination between the degree of culpability disclosed. The merciful spirit in which the prosecutions were conducted by the law-officers of the Crown was repeatedly pointed out to the misguided criminals by the Judges; who on many occasions intimated that the Government had chosen to indict for the minor offence only when the facts would have undoubtedly warranted an indictment for high treason with all its terrible consequences. Before quitting this incidental topic of legal proceedings let us add a word upon the substantial improvements effected in the administration of justice during the late session and of which the last volume of the statute-book affords abundant evidence principally under the heads of bankruptcy insolvency and lunacy. Great and salutary alterations have been effected in these departments as well as various others; the leading statutory changes being most ably carried into effect by the Lord Chancellor who continues to preside over his court and to discharge his high and multifarious duties with his accustomed dignity and sagacity. His recent bankruptcy appointments have certainly been canvassed by the Radical press with sufficient freedom but on very insufficient grounds. _No_ appointments could have been made against which unscrupulous faction might not have raised a clamour. That temporarily excited in the present instance has quite died away. The appointments in question have undoubtedly been made with a due regard to the public interest; but did the intelligent censors of the Radical press expect that those appointments of L.1500 a-year would be sought for or accepted by men at the bar already making their L.3000 L.5000 L.8000 or L.10 000 a-year and aspiring to the very highest honours of their profession? The gentlemen who have accepted these appointments are many of them personally known to us as very acute and able practical men who will be found to give the utmost satisfaction in the discharge of their duties to both the profession and the public. The two Vice-Chancellors Sir James L. Knight Bruce and Sir James Wigram are admirable appointments. Each must have resigned a practice very far exceeding--perhaps doubling or even trebling--their present salaries of office. The transference to the former without any additional salary of the office of Chief Judge in Bankruptcy (vacant by the recent death of Sir John Cross ) was a highly advantageous and economical arrangement for the public at the willing expense of Vice-Chancellor Knight Bruce. May we here be allowed to allude for an instant to a very delicate topic--the new Poor-Law--simply to call attention to the resolute support of it by the present Government (whether right or wrong) as at least a pretty decisive evidence of their uprightness and independence. On this sore subject we shall not dwell nor do we feel bound to offer any opinion of our own as to the alleged merits or demerits of the new Poor-Law; but it certainly looks as though Ministers had resolved to do what they _believed_ to be right _ruat cælum_. What other motive they can have is to us at least inconceivable. Let us again point with undisguised triumph to IRELAND as a very striking instance of the results of a sound and firmly-administered Conservative policy. The late Government misgoverned Ireland in order that they might be allowed to continue misgoverning England. Their memory will ever be execrated for their surrender of that fair portion of the empire into the hands of a political reprobate and impostor of whom we cannot trust ourselves to speak and the like of whom has never yet appeared and it is to be hoped never will again appear in British history. Immediately before and after their expulsion from office they pointed to this scene of their long misconduct and with a sort of heartless jocularity asked Sir Robert Peel ""What he meant to do with Ireland?""--adding that whatever else he might be able to do by the aid of intrigue and corruption ""he could _never_ govern Ireland."" How _now_ gentlemen? What will you find to lay to the charge of Ministers in the coming session? What has become of your late patron Mr O'Connel? Is ""his occupation gone?"" Is he spending the short remainder of his respectable old age at Darrynane even (begging pardon of the noble animal for the comparison) --""like a worn-out lion in a cave That goes not out to prey?"" What can you any longer do or affect to do old gentleman to earn your honourable wages? Is there not (as the lawyers would style it) a failure of consideration? If you go on any longer collecting ""the rent "" may you not be liable to an indictment for obtaining money under false pretences? Poor old soul! his cuckoo cry of Repeal grows feebler and feebler; yet he must keep it up or starve. _Tempus abire senex! satis clamasti!_ That Ireland is still subject to great evils recent occurrences painfully attest. Mr Pitt in 1799 (23d January ) pointed out what may still be regarded as their true source:--""I say that Ireland is subject to great and deplorable evils which have a deep root: for they lie in the nature of the country itself in the present character manners and habits of its people; in their want of intelligence or in other words in their ignorance; in the unavoidable separation of certain classes; in the state of property; in its religious distinctions; in the rancour which bigotry engenders and superstition rears and cherishes.""[6] How many of these roots of evil are still in existence! [6] Parliamentary History vol. xxxiv. p. 271. But consider what we have done even already for Ireland by giving her the blessings of a strong and honest Government; what a blow we have aimed at absenteeism in a particular provision of our income-tax! _Nil desperandum_ gentlemen give us a little time to unravel your long tissue of misgovernment; and in the mean time make haste and go about in quest of a _grievance_ if you can find one against the ensuing session. Depend upon it we will redress it! * * * * * The present aspect of foreign affairs is calculated to excite mixed feelings of pain and exultation in the breast of a thoughtful observer. The national character of Great Britain had unquestionably fallen in European estimation and lost much of the commanding influence of its mere name during the last few years preceding the accession to office of the present Government. That was an event--viz. the formation of a Cabinet at St James's containing Sir Robert Peel the Duke of Wellington Lord Aberdeen and Lord Stanley--which justly excited an instant and great sensation in all foreign courts regard being had to the critical circumstances of the times. Every one both at home and abroad knew well that if WAR was at hand here was a Government to conduct it on the part of Great Britain even under the most adverse circumstances imaginable with all our accustomed splendour and success. But all knew at the same time that imminent as was the danger if a profound statesmanship could avert it consistently with the preservation of the national honour that danger would promptly disappear. The new Cabinet instantly proclaimed themselves ""lovers of peace but not afraid of war;"" and an altered tone of feeling and policy was quickly observable on the Continent. The peculiar position and interests of Great Britain impose upon her one paramount obligation--to interfere as little as possible with the affairs of other nations especially in Europe--_never_ except upon compulsion--when bound by treaty or when the eye of a profound and watchful statesmanship has detected in existence unquestionable elements of danger to the general peace and welfare of the world. To be always scrutinizing the movements of foreign states with a view to convicting them of designs to destroy the balance of power (as it is called) in Europe and thereupon evincing a disposition to assume an offensively distrustful and hostile attitude requiring explanations and disclaimers and negotiations which every one knows the slightest miscarriage may convert into inevitable pretexts and provocatives of war--is really almost to court the destruction of our very national existence. If there was one principle of action possessed by the late Government to be regarded as of more importance than another it was that of maintaining peace and non-intervention in the affairs of other nations. This indeed was emblazoned upon the banner unfurled by Lord Grey on advancing to the head of affairs. Can it however be necessary to show how systematically--how perilously--this principle was set at nought by the late Government? As represented by Lord Palmerston Great Britain had got to be regarded as the most pestilent intrusive mischief-making of neighbours. A little longer and our name would have actually _stunk in the nostrils_ of Europe. Some began to hate us; others to despise us!! all to cease _dreading_ us. In the language of a powerful journalist (the _Spectator_ ) opposed on most points to the present Government ""the late Ministers commenced a career perilous in the extreme to all the best interests of the nation--demoralizing public opinion wasting public resources and entangling the country in quarrels alike endless and aimless; and all this with a labouring after melodramatic stage effect and a regardlessness of consequences perfectly unprecedented."" We were in the words of truth and soberness fast losing our moral ascendency in Europe--by a series of querulous petty officious needless undignified interpositions; by the exhibition of a vacillating and short-sighted policy; by appearing (novel position for Great Britain) ""willing to wound but yet afraid to strike;"" by conceiving and executing idle and preposterous schemes of aggrandizement and conquest. To go no further in Europe than our immediate neighbour France let us ask whether Lord Palmerston did not bring us to the very verge and keep us at it for many months of actual war with that power which is always unhappily eager to ""cry hurra and let slip the dogs of war;"" and with reference to _us_ to go out of their way to create occasions for misunderstanding and hostilities? Were we not really on the verge of war?--of a war which would have instantly kindled all over Europe a war of extermination? Not however to descend to the discussion of recent occurrences familiar to every body we shall very briefly advert to the state of our relations with America with China and of our affairs in British India when Sir Robert Peel assumed the direction of affairs. Lord Palmerston has never been sufficiently called to account for his long most disgraceful and perilous neglect of our serious differences with America; and which had brought us to within a hair's-breadth of a declaration of war which whatever might have been its issue (possibly not difficult to have foreseen ) would have been disastrous to both countries and to one of them utterly destructive. It is notorious that within the last eighteen or twenty months every arrival from the west was expected to bring intelligence of the actual commencement of hostilities. The state of public feeling towards us in America was being every hour more exasperated and malignant. The accession of the presen

Government opened however a bright and happy prospect of an adjustment of all difficulties; honourable to both parties. How long had they been in power before they had earned universal applause by their prompt and masterly move in dispatching Lord Ashburton to America on his delicate difficult and most responsible mission? Was ever man selected for a great public duty so peculiarly and consummately fitted for it? And how admirably has he discharged it! as our opponents may hear for themselves early in the ensuing session. Do Ministers deserve no credit for hitting on this critical device? Was it no just cause of congratulation to be able to find such a person amongst the ranks of their own immediate and most distinguished supporters? We are now happily at perfect peace with America; and notwithstanding some present untoward appearances trust that both countries will soon reap the advantages of it. Of what real _value_ that peace may be however with reference to their extensive commercial relations with us is another question dependent entirely on the character which they may vindicate to themselves for honour and fidelity in their pecuniary transactions. That rests with themselves alone: whether they will go forward in a career of improvement and greatness or sink into irretrievable disgrace and ruin REPUDIATED and scouted by all mankind. We cannot quit America without a very anxious allusion to late occurrences in Canada. We feel words inadequate to express our sense of the transcendent importance of preserving in their integrity our Canadian possessions. No declaration of her Majesty since her accession gave greater satisfaction to her subjects than that of her inflexible determination to preserve inviolate her possessions in Canada. We are of opinion that Lord Durham did incalculable and perhaps irreparable mischief there. We have no time however to enter into details concerning either his policy and proceedings or those of Lord Sydenham; and we are exceedingly anxious also to offer no observations on the recent movements of Sir Charles Bagot beyond a frank expression of the profound anxiety with which we await Ministerial explanations in the ensuing session. Before these pages shall have met the reader's eyes Sir Charles Bagot may be no longer numbered among men. We therefore withhold all comment on his late proceedings which we are satisfied have originated in an anxious desire to serve the best interests of his country. We confidently believe that Ministers will be able abundantly to satisfy the country upon this subject; and that in the event of the necessity arising they will choose a successor to Sir Charles Bagot every way qualified for his very responsible post thoroughly instructed as to the line of policy he is to adopt and capable of carrying it out with skill and energy. It is impossible to turn to India for the purpose of taking a necessarily rapid and general view of the course of recent events there without experiencing great emotion arising from conflicting causes. We have already said that our vast and glorious Indian empire is indeed the wonder of the world. Every one of our countrymen is aware of the means by which we originally acquired it and that have subsequently augmented and retained it by an almost inconceivable amount of expenditure and exertion--by the display of overwhelming civil and military genius. If moreover he has entered into Indian history with proper feeling and intelligence he will be able to appreciate the truth and force of the celebrated saying of one who contributed immensely to our ancient greatness in India viz.--that _we hold India by_ OPINION _only:_ the opinion which is there entertained of our greatness of national character intellectual and moral--of our wisdom our justice our power. If this fail us our downfall in India inevitably follows; and memorable and tremendous indeed will be such an event amongst all nations and at all future times till the name of England is blotted from the recollection of mankind. Therefore it is that we all regard the administration of affairs in India with profound anxiety justly requiring in those to whom it is entrusted an intimate practical acquaintance with Indian character and manners with Anglo-Indian history and a clear view of the policy to be ever kept in sight and ability and determination to carry it out to the uttermost. When Lord Auckland went to India under the Whig Government in 1836 he found both its foreign and domestic affairs in a satisfactory state--peaceful and prosperous--with upon the whole a sufficient military force notwithstanding the immense reduction of Lord William Bentinck. How did he leave it to his successor Lord Ellenborough in 1841? The prospect which awaited that successor was indeed dark troubled and bloody. An army alas! dreadfully defeated in one quarter and dangerously disaffected in another; a war of extermination in Affghanistan; probable hostilities with Burmah and Nepaul; an almost hopelessly involved foreign policy; and moreover under these desperate circumstances with a treasury _empty!_ We shall confine ourselves to one topic the war in Affghanistan--which we fearlessly and with deep indignation pronounce to have inflicted almost irreparable injury on the British nation--an almost indelible stain on the British character--and to have shaken the whole of our Eastern possessions. Lord Auckland in listening and his superiors at home in instructing him to listen to the representations of Shah Soojah and to be persuaded by him to embark in the late disastrous and disgraceful campaign were guilty either of an incredible weakness and ignorance of the nature of the cause they were espousing together with an inconceivable degree of short-sightedness as to the most obvious consequences of it or of infamous hypocrisy in making the restoration of Shah Soojah only the pretext and stepping-stone to the conquest of Affghanistan in the most criminal and reckless spirit of imaginary aggrandizement and extension of territory that ever has actuated the rules of India. Will they pretend that it was really designed and necessarily so solely for the purpose of defeating subtle and dangerous intrigues on the part of Russia and Persia? Listen to the language of one of the responsible authors of the policy since followed by such fearful consequences Sir John Hobhouse--who on the 11th July 1840 on the occasion of a dinner given to their richly and prematurely rewarded hero Lord Keane thus poured forth his insane exulting avowal of the real object they had had in view:-- ""The gallant officer had alluded to the late addition made to the vast territory of the East India Company. _It was just possible_ that that territory had _at that moment_ received a further and important increase. _It is just possible _ that since he (Sir John Hobhouse) last met the Directors at the festive board--now about six months since--the Government of India _has been enabled to make an addition to its territory the vast consequences of which could scarcely be imagined in the wildest dream of fancy_ and which for centuries would be of advantage to the empire!!! In the history of the world there was no instance of yearly sovereigns (as the Directors of the Company were) having conquered so vast a territory as that of India. There was no instance of such successive success. To them the happiness belonged of giving to the vast country under their control the blessing of education. It was owing to God's ministering hand by which successive Directions had sprung up to spread the benefits of light and knowledge in India and among a people enshrouded in darkness and idolatry. It was scarcely a hundred years ago since the power of the East India Company was felt in India; their banners were now flying from the Indus to the Burrampooter. He would say emphatically go on in the great work of extending the religion civilization and education of India; for the wishes of the good are with you--go on in your great work for the sake of India and Great Britain itself."" What must _now_ be the feelings of Sir John Hobhouse and his brother ex-Ministers on this paragraph catching his eyes; when they reflect on the frightful sacrifice of life British and Affghan--the defeat of our arms while engaged in a shameful and wicked cause--with its perilous effects upon the stability of our tenure of India--which have directly resulted from the measures thus vaingloriously vaunted of! A thousand reflections here occur to us upon the subject of the insane (or guilty) conduct of the late Government in India; but the extent to which this article has already reached compels us to suppress them. We the less regret this circumstance however because there really seems but one opinion upon this topic among well-informed persons. After the last intelligence from India it is idle it is needless to attempt reasoning on the subject; to ask how we should have strengthened ourselves by the destruction of a powerful and (according to authentic intelligence) a really friendly chief in Dost Mahommed; how we could even have _occupied_ Affghanistan without a ruinous expenditure continual alarm and danger from a perpetual series of treachery and insurrection; and to what purpose after all of solid advantage! The whole policy of Lord Auckland was incontestably one of mad encroachment conquest and aggrandizement in utter ignorance of the character and exigencies of the times; the Duke of Wellington's memorable prediction is now far more than fulfilled! ""_It will not be till Lord Auckland's policy has reached the zenith of apparent success that its difficulties will begin to develope themselves._"" Begin to develope themselves! What would have become of us had the councils originating that policy still been in the ascendant we tremble to contemplate. The exulting French press on hearing of our recent disasters thus expressed themselves:[7] ""_England is rich and energetic. She may re-establish her dominion in India for some time longer; but the term of her Indian empire is marked it will conclude before the quarter of a century._"" Such has been the anticipated--such would have been the inevitable result of the policy which Sir Robert Peel's Government guided by the profound sagacity of the Duke of Wellington made it their first business _totally to reverse_; not however till they had completely re-established the old terror of our arms convincing the natives of India that what we were of yore we still are; that our punishment of treachery is instant and tremendous; that we can act with irresistible vigour and complete success at one and the same moment both in India and in China. In their minds may the splendour of our recent victories efface the recollection of our previous bloody and disgraceful defeats! And if we cannot make them _forget_ the wickedness--the folly--the madness which originally dictated our invasion of Affghanistan at least we have shown them how calmly and magnanimously we can obey the dictates of justice and of prudence _in the very moment of fierce and exciting military triumph_. May indeed such be the effect of all that has recently occurred whether adverse or prosperous in India! For the former the guilty councils of the late Government are alone answerable; for the latter we are exclusively indebted to the vigour and sagacity of our present Government. The proclamation in which Lord Ellenborough announces our abandonment of Affghanistan will probably excite great discussion and possibly (on the part of the late Government) furious objurgation in the ensuing session of Parliament. We are so delighted at the achievement which was the subject of that proclamation that even were there valid grounds of objection to its taste and policy we should entirely overlook them. If even Lord Ellenborough in the excitement of the glorious moment in which he penned the proclamation departed from the style of all previous state documents of that character was it not very excusable? But we are disposed to vindicate the propriety of the step he took. It may be said that it was highly impolitic to make so frank an avowal to the natives of India that a mere change of Ministry at home may be attended with a total and instant revolution in our native policy to place on record a formal and humiliating confession of our errors and misconduct. But let it be borne in mind how potent and glaring was already that error that misconduct with all its alarming consequences; and that one so intimately acquainted as Lord Ellenborough with the Indian character may have seen _then and there_ reasons to recommend the course he has adopted which may not occur to us at home. That document will truly purport in all time to come to have been issued in a spirit of remarkable wisdom and justice at the very moment of our having achieved the proudest triumph we could have desired for our arms. But above all what does that striking document tell but _the truth_ and nothing but _the truth_? Let us however now confidently rely on the vast advantages which we cannot but derive from a prudent and vigorous administration of the affairs of India. We trust that Lord Ellenborough will persevere in the admirable line of conduct which he has hitherto adopted turning neither to the right hand nor the left disturbed by no sinister hopes or fears. Let his grand object be by every legitimate means at his command _to Anglicize India_; to encourage the adoption of English habits of thought the practical appreciation of English principles of government; in short thoroughly to identify the people of India with the people of England in all their partialities and prejudices and interests. Every thing he has hitherto done in India we rejoice to observe tends this way. Let him but persevere and he will acquire imperishable renown and reflect permanent splendour on the Government which appointed him. In a confident and well-founded reliance upon his fitness for his post upon his capacity for thoroughly carrying out the policy of a strong and enlightened Conservative government which has entrusted to him the management of such vast and splendid national interests--the nation now looks with a bright untroubled eye towards India. [7] The _Siècle_. (See No. cccxxi. p. 112.) --""Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer! And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths Our bruisèd arms hung up for monuments Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings Our dreadful marches to delightful measures!"" Our allotted space is well-nigh exhausted and we have only now reached the confines of CHINA!--a topic on which we had prepared ourselves for a very full expression of our opinions. We are compelled however now to content ourselves with a mere outline of our intended observations on a subject--our victory over the Emperor of China--which is pregnant with matter for long and profound reflection. Abstractly our triumphant assault on these distant and vast dominions affords matter for national pride and exultation as far as concerns our naval and military renown; and the names of Parker and Gough will never be forgotten in British history. The submission of the Emperor of China to our arms is an event calculated of itself to distinguish the reign of our glorious sovereign Queen Victoria far beyond those of most of her predecessors. It is an event that concerns and affects the prospects and interests of the whole world and though it is at this moment occupying the thoughts of all the statesmen of Europe with reference to its contingent effects upon their respective countries not the most experienced and sagacious of them can predict with safety what will be its effects within even the next year or two. As for ourselves our present prevalent feeling seems to be in accordance with our daring military character which would say merely-- ""Why then _China's_ our oyster Which we with sword have open'd."" But to those in England who are accustomed to regard occurrences with reference to their probable consequences the recent events in China afford matter for the most anxious reflection of which thinking men are capable--whether in the character of philosophers of statesmen of warriors or of merchants. Were we justified in our attack upon the Emperor of China? We have no hesitation whatever in expressing our opinion after having had our attention for some years directed to the subject of our relation with China in the affirmative. From the moment of our first intercourse with that people we have had to submit to a series of indignities sufficient to kindle into fury the feelings of any one who merely reads any authentic account of those indignities. The Chinese have long derived an immense revenue together with other great advantages from us; encouraging us to embark a vast capital in our trade with them and to form great permanent establishments dependent upon it. Language cannot describe the degrading circumstances under which we have been forced to carry on our commercial intercourse with the Chinese; our long submission to such conduct having of course insured its continual aggravation. The Opium trade perhaps beneficially brought matters to a crisis. It was alleged on behalf of the Emperor that we were surreptitiously and from motives of gain corrupting and destroying his people by supplying them with opium; but it is easily demonstrable that this was only a pretence for endeavouring to effect a change in the medium of our dealings with them vastly beneficial to the Emperor and disadvantageous to us. We might have been permitted to quadruple our supply of opium to his subjects if we would have been content to be paid _not in bullion_ but by taking Chinese goods in exchange; in a word to change the basis of our dealings from _sale_ to _barter_; and all this from a totally groundless notion of the Emperor and his advisers that we were draining his kingdom of silver --in their own words ""causing the Sycee silver to ooze out of the dominions of the Brother of the Sun and the Moon."" Their desperate anxiety to carry this point led them to take the decisive step of seizing a vast quantity of our opium under circumstances perfectly familiar to every body; constituting a crowning indignity and injury which without reference to the original legality or illegality of the opium trade gave us an unquestionable cause for war against the Emperor. He seized the person of her Majesty's representative and those of many of her principal subjects in China; and under the threat of inflicting death upon them extorted a delivery of an enormous amount of property belonging to her Majesty's subjects. If this was not a cause of war with any nation whether civilized or uncivilized there never was one; and without going into further detail we have stated sufficient to justify beyond all doubt our commencement of hostilities against China. But this occurred so long ago as the month of March 1839; yet to the eternal scandal of the then existing Government no effectual warlike demonstration was made to redress this flagrant unparalleled outrage on the British nation till better councils those of the present Government were had recourse to by her Majesty; and which led to the quick triumphant result with which the world is now ringing. Till the present vigorous Government took the affair in hand we were _pottering_ about the extremities of the empire month after month even year after year at a ruinous expense in a way justly calculated to excite the derision of even the Chinese--of the whole world who had heard of our mode of procedure. It will be in vain for the late Government to endeavour meanly to make Captain Elliot their scapegoat. Let them if they can satisfy the nation that in all he appears to have done so ineffectually and disgracefully he did not act according to the strict orders of the late Government; that in all he would have done and wished to have done viz. to carry hostilities at once with an adequate force to the right point of attack he was not either positively overruled or left without advice and authority. Owing to their own want of forethought of energy and of practical knowledge and their financial mismanagement even if they had contemplated the plan of operations which led ultimately to the successful enterprize on which we are now justly congratulating ourselves they _could_ not they _did not_ act upon them. No it was left for the present Government under the auspices of him who told us that ""England _could_ not carry on a little war "" amidst all the embarrassments and dangers which they had just inherited from their predecessors to send out the peremptory instructions which have been so ably acted upon; and _above all_ a naval and military force fully adequate for the occasion. This done China succumbed; and we understand that poor Lord Palmerston is pluming himself on being able to produce next session a despatch which he issued to Sir Henry Pottinger chalking out the very line of operations which was adopted with such supreme success. We of course cannot officially know that such is the fact: but even admitting it why did not Lord Palmerston do this far earlier? What excuse can be offered for this vacillation and procrastination in an affair of such vast urgency? ""We had not the means to equip a sufficient force "" his lordship may reply in his usual strain of bitter flippancy. And why had he not the means? The extravagance and profligacy of his Government had deprived him of them; his exchequer was empty; and had he or they the boldness or the virtue to propose what has been demonstrated to have been the only mode of meeting the exigency an income-tax? In vain therefore may his lordship and his friends declaim in the ensuing session and with our bombardment of China in his ears say ""that is _my_ thunder."" They will be only laughed at and despised. No no Lord Palmerston; _palmam qui meruit ferat._ Let the nation decide. The late military and naval proceedings against China reflect permanent glory upon the arms of England naval and military and we earnestly hope--we confidently believe--that those concerned in them will soon receive substantial and enduring marks of national gratitude. But what is the real value what will be the consequences of our victory? We are very anxious to take the earliest opportunity of placing on record our views upon this all-important subject with a view of moderating the expectations and allaying the excitement which prevails upon the subject of the commercial advantages anticipated to follow immediately on the final ratification of the treaty. Let us take a sober and common-sense view of the affair and reason thus:-- First of all we must bear in mind the long-cherished hatred borne by the Emperor and his court to all barbarians particularly towards us; exasperated now doubtless to a pitch of extreme intensity and malignity by the signal humiliation and injury we have inflicted upon him. Can we expect that this will be suddenly and permanently altered? It is not in human nature which is the same every where. With the thunder of our cannon in his ears the supplies of his whole empire at our immediate mercy his armies scattered like dust and his forts and walled cities crumbling to pieces under our artillery the necessity of his position forced him to buy peace on almost any terms. We have exacted from him what is at variance with the fixed Chinese policy of ages. The more he by and by reflects upon it in the absence of our awe-inspiring military and naval forces the more galling and intolerable will become the contemplation of what he has been compelled to concede and sacrifice. Who knows what artful falsehoods may not be perseveringly poured into his ear day after day month after month year after year to our disadvantage and disparagement in his estimation? He may not dare perhaps to resort to open hostility directly to provoke our tremendous vengeance; but those best acquainted with China know what countless facilities exist for his doing indirectly what he dares not or may choose not to do openly. We are not without fear from our knowledge of the Chinese character and of their long-established mode of procedure that every chicane and evasion will be resorted to in order to neutralize and nullify as far as possible the commercial advantages which we have at the cannon's mouth extorted from them. A great deal at all events will depend on the skill firmness and vigilance of the consuls to be appointed at the five opened ports of China. We rely also greatly on the unquestionable eagerness of the _Chinese_ people to enter into trading relations with us. The Emperor however and those by whose counsels he is guided are Tartars between whom and the Chinese there is a long-cherished and bitter hostility which may eventually operate in our favour. Adverting for a moment to the proceedings of Sir Henry Pottinger we feel very great doubt indeed whether our forces should not either with or without the consent of the Chinese have gone on to Pekin and insisted on the negotiations being carried on _there_. What a prodigious effect would not thereby have been produced not only on the mind of the Emperor but of the whole nation! The painful but salutary truth of their own weakness and our power would have been thus ""brought home to their businesses and bosoms ""--there could never afterwards have been any pretence for his or their saying that they had been deceived in any part of the proceedings. Doubtless however Sir Henry Pottinger acted advisedly in abstaining from penetrating to Pekin and also from stipulating for the residence of a British ambassador at Pekin. How such a proposal would have been received--or how if adopted and carried into effect it would have answered our expectations--it is difficult to say; but we have several letters lying before us from peculiarly well-informed persons on the spot in all of which the absence of this stipulation from the treaty is very greatly regretted. ""I am afraid "" says one ""we shall be again left to the tender mercies of the local mandarins and that their old habits of arrogance and deceit and extortion will be resumed. For what are _consuls?_ They have no power of communicating even with the provincial officers: or if this should now be conceded they have none with the government at Pekin: and may we not fear that the Chinese will continue to force away gradually by effectual but invisible obstacles the trade from the ports now ostensibly opened to us?"" The gentleman from whose long and very able letter we have quoted this paragraph takes a somewhat disheartening view of the treaty and its probable observance and consequences. He is on the spot and has access to the best sources of knowledge; but we confess that for our own part we do not share his apprehensions. Whatever disposition to do so the Emperor or his people may entertain we believe they will neither dare at all to offend or injure us openly or persevere long in attempting to do so indirectly. It may be a work of time but as soon as they perceive the steady benefits derivable from a prudently-conducted course of dealing with them we think it likely that a sense of self-interest will lead them to encourage our intercourse and augment our dealings. On one thing we regret to feel certain that we must calculate--namely on an enormous overstocking of the Chinese market with articles of British merchandize long before any sensible or at least important demand for them shall have been created; which will of course lead to serious loss on the part of the adventurers. We must also expect Hong-Kong and the five open ports to be forthwith flooded with commercial adventurers. To all such we would earnestly say--""pause. Consider the circumstances of China--how capricious and perfidious its people are by nature--the _possibility_ at all events of their acting on the hostile policy we have above alluded to and discouraging your trade; or if not so still do not imagine that the vast empire of China is standing agape for any sort of goods you may send or take out."" We must however pass on to allude briefly to a subject both important and difficult--the opium trade with China. This is a subject imperatively demanding the best consideration of the Government. A careful examination of the subject in all its bearings induces us with due diffidence to express an opinion that the Government sale of opium in India should cease. We cannot of course prevent the poppy's being grown in India--nor on the other hand should a great source of revenue be easily parted with. Let their opium be produced and sold as before and subject to such a tax as may appear expedient to the Government. With reference to the policy and propriety of our continuing to supply opium to the Chinese we have already expressed our opinion as to the true ground of objection to it by the Emperor of China namely simply a financial not a moral or religious one. We have reason to believe that Sir Henry Pottinger most strenuously and in our opinion most judiciously urged upon the imperial commissioners the expediency of the raising a revenue from opium by legalizing its importation. To this they replied however ""that they did not dare _at present_ to bring the painful subject to the Emperor's notice."" We are notwithstanding very strongly of opinion that the opium trade will at no distant period be legalized as soon as the Emperor can be made to understand the great profit he will derive from it. In any event it will be obviously nugatory for the Government directly to prohibit British subjects from importing opium into China. The only effect of such a measure would be that they could carry on the trade through the intervention of foreigners. Many other topics such as the opportunity now afforded for the introduction of the Christian religion into China the extent to which we shall be permitted to acquire a knowledge of the habits the economy the literature and the science of China; the exertions which may be expected from other nations to share in the advantages which we have by our own unassisted efforts secured--we must pass over as inconsistent with the limits assigned us or indeed the scope of this article. Whatever may be the ultimate effects of the blow we have struck in China there can be no doubt that it has prodigiously extended the reputation and augmented the influence of Great Britain especially coupled as it is with our contemporaneous brilliant successes in India and our satisfactory adjustment of our differences with America. We are now thank God at peace with all the world to whose counsels soever it is to be attributed. Let us now endeavour to make the most of the blessings which the Divine favour vouchsafes to us. Let us cultivate virtue--let us cherish religion. Let us as a nation give up all idle and dangerous dreams of foreign conquest satisfied that we already possess as much as it is possible for us to hold with safety and advantage. Let us _honour all men_. At home let us bear with cheerfulness the burthens necessarily imposed to support the state and each do all that lies in us to extinguish party animosities; generously and cordially co-operating with and supporting those whom we believe honestly striving to carry on the government of this great country at a very critical conjuncture of affairs with dignity and prudence. Let us discourage faction and each in our several spheres exert ourselves to ameliorate the condition of the inferior classes of society. May the ensuing session of Parliament commence its labours auspiciously and in due course bring them to a peaceful and happy close in a spirit of good will towards all men of loyalty to our Queen and piety towards God! * * * * * LESURQUES; OR THE VICTIM OF JUDICIAL ERROR. [Many as are the frightful cases of error recorded in the annals of every judiciary court there are few more striking of the uncertainty of evidence respecting personal identity and of the serious errors based upon it than are to be read in the curious trial we are about to relate; and which has for forty years been the subject of parliamentary appeals in the country where it took place. The recent death of the widow of the unhappy sufferer excites a fresh interest in her wrongs so strangely left unredressed by the very government that was the unwitting cause of them.] I.--THE FOUR GUESTS. On the 4th Floréal of the 4th year of the Republic one and indivisible (23d April 1796 ) four young men were seated at a splendid breakfast in the Rue des

Boucheries at Paris. They were all dressed in the costume of the _Incroyables_ of the period; their hair _coiffés en cadenettes_ and _en oreilles de chien_ according to the fantastic custom of the day; they had all top-boots with silver spurs large eyeglasses various watch-chains and other articles of _bijouterie_; carrying also the little cane of about a foot and a half in length without which no dandy was complete. The breakfast was given by a M. Guesno a van-proprietor of Douai who was anxious to celebrate the arrival at Paris of his compatriot Lesurques who had recently established himself with his family in the busy capital. ""Yes _mon cher_ Guesno "" said Lesurques ""I have quitted for ever our good old town of Douai; or if not for ever at least until I have completed in Paris the education of my children. I am now thirty-three years of age. I have paid my debt to my country by serving in the regiment of Auvergne with some distinction. On leaving the ranks I was fortunate enough to make my services of some slight use by fulfilling gratuitously the functions of _chef de bureau_ of the district. At present thanks to my patrimony and the dowery of my wife I have an income of fifteen thousand francs (L.600) a-year am without ambition have three children and my only care is to educate them well. The few days that I have been at Paris have not been wasted; I have a pretty apartment Rue Montmartre where I expect to be furnished and ready to receive you in my turn with as much comfort as heartiness."" ""Wisely conceived "" interrupted one of the guests who till this moment had maintained a profound silence; ""but who can count upon the morrow in such times as these? May your projects of peace and retirement Monsieur be realized: if so you will then be the happiest man in the Republic; for during the last five or six years there has been no _citoyen_ high or low who could predict what the next week would decide for him."" The speaker uttered this with a tone of bitterness and discouragement which contrasted strangely with the flaunting splendour of his toilet and the appetite with which he had done honour to the breakfast. He was young and would have been remarkably handsome had not his dark eyes and shaggy brows given an expression of fierceness and dissimulation to his countenance which he vainly endeavoured to hide by never looking his interlocutor in the face. His name was Couriol. His presence at this breakfast was purely accidental. He had come to see M. Richard (the proprietor of the house where M. Guesno alighted on his journey to Paris and who was also one of the guests ) just as they were about to sit down to table and was invited to join them without ceremony. The breakfast passed off gaily in spite of the sombre Couriol; and after two hours' conviviality they adjourned to the Palais Royal where after taking their café at the _Rotonde du Caveau_ they separated. II.--THE FOUR HORSEMEN. A few days afterwards on the 8th Floréal four men mounted on dashing looking horses which however bore the unequivocal signs of being hired for the day rode gaily out of Paris by the barrier of Charenton; talking and laughing loudly caracoling with great enjoyment and apparently with nothing but the idea of passing as joyously as possible a day devoted to pleasure. An attentive observer however who did not confine his examination to their careless exteriors might have remarked that beneath their long _lévites _ (a peculiar cloak then in fashion ) they carried each a sabre suspended at the waist the presence of which was betrayed from time to time by a slight clanking as the horses stumbled or changed their paces. He might have further remarked a sinister pre-occupation and a brooding fierceness in the countenance of one whose dark eyes peeped out furtively beneath two thick brows. He took but little share in the boisterous gaiety of the other three and that little was forced; his laugh was hollow and convulsive. It was Couriol. Between twelve and one the four horsemen arrived at the pretty village of Mongeron on the road to Melun. One of them had preceded them at a hand-gallop to order dinner at the _Hôtel de la Poste_ kept by the Sieur Evrard. After the dinner to which they did all honour they called for pipes and tobacco--(cigars were then almost unknown)--and two of them smoked. Having paid their bill they proceeded to the Cassino where they took their café. At three o'clock they remounted their horses and following the road shaded by stately elms which leads from Mongeron to the forest of Lénart they reached Lieursaint; where they again halted. One of their horses had cast a shoe and one of the men had broken the little chain which then fastened the spur to the boot. The horseman to whom this accident had happened stopped at the entrance of the village at Madame Châtelain's a _limonadière_ whom he begged to serve him some café and at the same time to give him a needleful of strong thread to mend the chain of his spur. She did so but observing the traveller to be rather awkward in his use of the needle she called her servant _la femme_ Grossetète who fixed the chain for him and helped him to place it on his boot. The other three travellers had during this time alighted at the inn kept by the Sieur Champeaux where they drank some wine; while the landlord himself accompanied the traveller and his unshod horse to the farrier's the Sieur Motteau. This finished the four met at Madame Châtelain's where they played at billiards. At half-past seven after a parting cup with the Sieur Champeaux whither they returned to re-saddle their horses they set off again in the direction of Melun. The landlord stood at his door watching the travellers till out of sight and then turning into his house again he saw on the table a sabre which one of his guests had forgotten to fasten to his belt; he dispatched one of his stable-boys after them but they were out of sight. It was not till an hour afterwards that the traveller who had had his spur-chain mended returned at full gallop to claim his sabre. He drank a glass of brandy and having fastened his weapon securely departed at furious speed in the direction taken by his comrades. III.--THE ROBBERY AND MURDER. At the same time that the horseman left Lieursaint for Paris the Lyons mail arrived there from Paris and changed horses. It was about half-past eight and the night had been obscure for some time. The courier having charged horses and taken a fresh postilion set forth to traverse the long forest of Senart. The mail at this epoch was very different from what it is at present. It was a simple post-chaise with a raised box behind in which were placed the despatches. Only one place by the side of the courier was reserved for travellers and that was obtained with difficulty. On the night in question this seat was occupied by a man of about thirty who had that morning taken it for Lyons under the name of Laborde a silk-merchant; his real name was Durochat; his object may be guessed. At nine o'clock the carriage having descended a declivity with great speed now slackened its course to mount a steep hill which faced it; at this moment four horsemen bounded into the road--two of them seizing the horses' heads the two other attacked the postilion who fell lifeless at their feet his skull split open by a sabre-cut. At the same instant--before he had time to utter a word--the wretched courier was stabbed to the heart by the false Laborde who sat beside him. They ransacked the mail of a sum of seventy-five thousand francs (L.3000) in money _assignats_ and bank-notes. They then took the postilion's horse from the chaise and Durochat mounting it they galloped to Paris which they entered between four and five in the morning by the Barrier de Rambouillet. IV.--THE ARREST. This double murder committed with such audacity on the most frequented route of France could not but produce an immense sensation even at that epoch so fertile in brigandage of every sort where the exploits of _la Chouannerie_ and the ferocious expeditions of the _Chauffeurs_ [8] daily filled them with alarm. The police were at once in pursuit. The post-horse ridden by Durochat and abandoned by him on the Boulevard was found wandering about the Palais Royale. It was known that four horses covered with foam had been conducted at about five in the morning to the stables of a certain Muiron _Rue des Fossé's Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois_ by two men who had hired them the day before: these men were Bernard and Couriol; the former of whom was immediately arrested the second had with the other accomplices taken flight. [8] An atrocious gang of thieves who adopted the unnecessary brutality of burning the unfortunate victims they intended to rob. The research was pursued with great activity at Paris as well as at the scene of the crime and along the route which the assassins had twice travelled. The information obtained showed that there were five culprits. The description of the four horsemen who rode from Paris stopping at Mongeron and Lieursaint was furnished with as much precision as concordance by the various witnesses who had seen and spoken to them on the road and in the inns and cafés. The description of the traveller who under the name of Laborde had taken the seat beside the courier was furnished with equal exactitude by the clerks from whom he had retained the place and by those who saw him mount. Couriol recognized as having with Bernard conducted back the horses to Muiron after the crime had left Paris for Château-Thierry where he was lodged in the house of Citoyen Bruer where also Guesno had gone on some business. The police followed Couriol and arrested him. They found upon him a sum in money and assignats nearly equivalent to a fifth share of what the courier had been robbed. Guesno and Bruer were also arrested and had their papers seized; but they so completely established their _alibi_ that they were at once dismissed on their arrival at Paris. At the epoch of which we write the examination of judicial affairs followed a very different course from the one now traced by the French code. It was to the Citoyen Daubenton justice of the peace of the division of Pont Neuf and officer of the _police judiciare_ that the Central Bureau confided the examination of this affair. This magistrate having ordered the dismissal of Guesno told him that he might present himself at his _cabinet_ on the morrow for the papers which had been seized at Château-Thierry; at the same time he ordered an officer Hendon to start at once for Mangeron and Lieursaint and to bring back the witnesses whose names he gave him so that they might all be collected the next day at the Bureau for examination. Guesno desirous of having his papers as soon as possible went out early and directed his steps towards the Central Bureau which he had just reached when he encountered his compatriot Lesurques; having explained to him the motive that called him to the Bureau he proposed to him that they should go together. Lesurques accepted and the Citizen Daubenton not having yet arrived they sat down in the antechamber in order to see him as he passed and thus expedite the matter. About ten o'clock the judge who had entered his cabinet by a back door was interrupted in his examination of the documents previous to interrogating the witnesses by the officer Hendon who demanded leave to make an important communication. ""Amongst the witnesses "" said he ""now waiting in the antechamber are two women--one _la femme_ Santon servant to Evrard the innkeeper at Mongeron--the other _la fille_ Grossetète servant to Madame Châtelain the _limonadière_ at Lieursaint who assert in the most positive manner that two of the assassins are there waiting like them to be admitted. These women declare that they cannot deceive themselves for one of them served the four travellers at Mongeron and the other spoke to them at Lieursaint and stayed an hour in the billiard-room while they were playing."" The judge could not admit the probability of two of the assassins thus voluntarily placing themselves within the grasp of the law yet he ordered the women to be shown into his presence. On interrogation they persisted in their statements declaring that it was impossible they could deceive themselves. Guesno was then introduced to the judge's presence the women being continued to examine him strictly before finally pronouncing as to his identity. ""What brings you to the Central Bureau?"" demanded the judge. ""I come to receive my papers "" replied Guesno ""as you promised me yesterday that I should have them on application."" ""Are you alone?"" ""I have a compatriot with me one Joseph Lesurques whom I met on the way here."" The judge then ordered the second individual designated by the women to be introduced. It was Lesurques. He spoke to Lesurques and to Guesno for a few minutes and then begged them to return into the antechamber where their papers would be sent to them. An order was given however to the officer Hendon not to lose sight of them. On their leaving the room M. Daubenton again demanded of the women if they persisted in their declarations as to the identity of these men with the criminals they were in search of. They replied without hesitation that they were certain of it; that they could not be deceived. The magistrate was then forced to receive their depositions in writing and to order the arrest of Guesno and Lesurques. From the moment of their arrest the examination proceeded with great rapidity. Guesno and Lesurques were confronted with the witnesses brought from Mongeron and Lieursaint and were recognised by all of them! _La femme_ Santon deposed that Lesurques was the one who after the dinner at Mongeron wanted to pay in _assignats_ but that the big dark man (Couriol) paid in money. She was positive as to Lesurques being the man. Champeaux and his wife who kept the inn at Lieursaint were equally positive as to Lesurques being the one whose spur wanted mending and who came back to fetch the sabre which he had forgotten. Lafolie groom at Mongeron and _la femme_ Alfroy also recognised him; and Laurent Charbaut labourer who dined in the same room with the four horsemen recognised Lesurques as the one who had silver spurs fastened by little chains to his top-boots. This combination of testimony respecting one whom they had seen but a few days before was sufficient to leave little doubt in the mind of any one. The trial was therefore fixed on. The day of his arrest Lesurques wrote the following letter to one of his friends which was intercepted and joined to the documentary evidence to be examined on the trial:-- ""My dear Friend --I have met with nothing but unpleasantries since my arrival at Paris but I did not--I could not anticipate the misfortune which has befallen me to-day. You know me--and you know whether I am capable of sullying myself with a crime--yet the most atrocious crime is imputed to me. The mere thought of it makes me tremble. I find myself implicated in the murder of the Lyons' courier. Three women and two men whom I know not--whose residence I know not--(for you well know that I have not left Paris)--have had the impudence to swear that they recognise me and that I was the first of the four who presented himself at their houses on horseback. You know also that I have not crossed a horse's back since my arrival in Paris. You may understand the importance of such an accusation which tends at nothing less than my judicial assassination. Oblige me by lending me the assistance of your memory and endeavour to recollect where I was and what persons I saw at Paris on the day when they impudently assert they saw me out of Paris (I believe it was the 7th or 8th ) in order that I may confound these infamous calumniators and make them suffer the penalty of the law."" In a postscript he enumerates the persons he saw on that day: Citoyen Tixier General Cambrai 'Demoiselle Eugénie Citoyen Hilaire Ledru his wife's hairdresser the workmen in his apartments and the porter of the house. V.--THE TRIAL AND THE BLINDNESS OF ZEAL. MM. Lesurques Guesno Couriol Bernard Richard and Bruer were summoned before the tribunal of justice; the three first as authors or accomplices of the murder and robbery--Bernard as having furnished the horses--Richard as having concealed at his house Couriol--and his mistress Madelaine Breban as having received and concealed part of the stolen goods--and Bruer as having given Couriol refuge at Château-Thierry. The witnesses persisted in their declarations as to the identity of Guesno and Lesurques. But Guesno established beyond all doubt the fact of his _alibi_; and Bruer easily refuted every charge that concerned himself. Lesurques had cited fifteen witnesses--all respectable men--and presented himself at the bar with a calmness and confidence which produced a favourable impression. Against the positive testimony of the six witnesses who asserted him to have been at Mongeron and Lieursaint on the 8th Floréal he had brought a mass of testimony to prove an _alibi._ Citoyen Legrand a rich jeweller and goldsmith compatriot of Lesurques was first examined. He deposed that on the 8th Floréal--the day on which the crime had been committed--Lesurques had passed a portion of the morning with him. Aldenof a jeweller Hilaire Ledru and Chausfer deposed that on that day they dined with Lesurques in the _Rue Montorgueil;_ that after dinner they went to a café took some liqueur and went home with him. Beudart a painter deposed that he was invited to the dinner with Lesurques and his friends but that as one of the national guard he was that day on service and so was prevented attending; but that he had gone to Lesurques that very evening in his uniform and had seen him go to bed. In support of his deposition he produced his _billet de garde_ dated the 8th. Finally the workmen employed in the apartment that Lesurques was having fitted up deposed that they saw him at various times during the 8th and 9th Floréal. No further doubt of his innocence now remained; the _alibi_ was so distinctly proved and on such unquestionable testimony that the jury showed in their manner that they were ready to acquit him when a fatal circumstance suddenly changed the whole face of the matter. The jeweller Legrand who had manifested such zeal in the establishment of his friend's innocence had with an anxiety to avail himself of every trifle declared that to prove the sincerity of his declaration he would cite a fact which prevented his being mistaken. On the 8th Floréal he had made before dinner an exchange of jewellery with the witness Aldenof. He proposed that his ledger should be sent for as its entry there would serve to fix all recollections. As a matter of form the ledger was sent for. At the first glance however it was evident that the _date_ of the transaction mentioned by Legrand had been _altered!_ The exchange had taken place on the 9th and an alteration badly dissimulated by an erasure had substituted the figure 8 for the original figure 9. Murmurs of surprise and indignation followed this discovery and the President pressing Legrand with questions and unable to obtain from him any satisfactory answer ordered his arrest. Legrand then trembling and terrified retracted his former deposition and declared that he was not certain he had seen Lesurques on the 8th Floréal but that he had altered his book in order to give more probability to the declaration he had determined to make in his friend's favour--of whose innocence he was so assured that it was only the conviction that he was accused erroneously which made him perjure himself to save that innocent head. From this moment the jury received the depositions in favour of Lesurques with extreme prejudice--those already heard seemed little better than connivance and those yet to be heard were listened to with such suspicion as to have no effect. The conviction of his guilt was fixed in every mind. Lesurques despairing to get over such fatal appearances ceased his energetic denials and awaited his sentence in gloomy silence. The jury retired. At this moment a woman agitated with the most violent emotions demanded to speak to the President. She said that she was moved by the voice of conscience and wished to save the criminal tribunal from a dreadful error. It was Madelaine Breban the mistress of Couriol. Brought before the President she declared that she knew positively Lesurques was innocent and that the witnesses deceived by an inexplicable resemblance had confounded him with the real culprit who was called Dubosq. Prejudiced as they were against Lesurques and suspicious of all testimony after the perjury they had already detected the tribunal scarcely listened to Madelaine Breban; and the jury returned with their verdict in consequence of which Couriol Lesurques and Bernard were condemned to death; Richard to four-and-twenty years' imprisonment; Guesno and Bruer were acquitted. No sooner was the sentence passed than Lesurques rose calmly and addressing the Judges said ""I am innocent of the crime of which I am accused. Ah! citoyens if it is horrible to murder on the high-road it is not less so to murder by the law!"" Couriol condemned to death rose and said ""Yes I am guilty--I avow it. But Lesurques is innocent and Bernard did not participate in the murder."" Four times he reiterated this declaration; and on entering his prison he wrote to the judge a letter full of sorrow and repentance in which he said ""I have never known Lesurques; my accomplices are Vidal Rossi Durochat and Dubosq. The resemblance of Lesurques to Dubosq has deceived the witnesses."" To this declaration of Couriol was joined that of Madelaine Breban who after the judgment returned to renew her protestation accompanied by two individuals who swore that before the trial she had told them Lesurques had never had any relations with the culprits; but that he was a victim of his fatal likeness to Dubosq. These testimonies threw doubt in the minds of the magistrates who hastened to demand a reprieve from the Directory which terrified at the idea of seeing an innocent man perish through a judicial error had recourse to the _Corps Législatif;_ for every other resource was exhausted. The message of the Directory to the Five Hundred was pressing; its aim was to demand a reprieve and a decision as to what course to pursue. It ended thus: ""Must Lesurques perish on the scaffold because he resembles a villain?"" The _Corps Législatif_ passed to the order of the day as every condition had been legally fulfilled that a particular case could not justify an infraction of decreed laws; and that too on such indications to do away with a condemnation legally pronounced by a jury would be to overset all ideas of justice and equality before the law. The right of pardon had been abolished; and Lesurques had neither resources nor hope. He bore his fate with firmness and resignation and wrote on the day of his execution this note to his wife:-- ""_Ma bonne Amie_ --There is no eluding ones destiny I was fated to be judicially murdered. I shall at least bear it with proper courage. I send you my locks of hair; when our children are grown up you will divide it among them; it is the only heritage I can leave them."" He addressed also a letter to Dubosq through the newspapers. ""You in whose place I am about to perish content yourself with the sacrifice of my life. Should you ever be brought to justice remember my three children covered with opprobrium--remember my wife reduced to despair and do not longer prolong their misfortunes."" VI.--THE EXECUTION. The 10th March 1797 Lesurques was led to the scaffold. He wished to be dressed completely in white as a symbol of his innocence. He wore pantaloons and frock-coat of white cotton and his shirt-collar turned down over his shoulders. It was the day before Good Friday and he expressed regret that he had not to die on the morrow. In passing from the prison _de la Conciergerie_ to the _Place de la Grève_ where the execution took place Couriol placed beside Lesurques in the cart cried out to the people in a loud voice ""Citoyens I am guilty! I am guilty! but Lesurques is innocent."" On arriving at the platform of the guillotine already stained with the blood of Bernard Lesurques exclaimed ""I pardon my judges; I pardon the witnesses through whose error I die; and I pardon Legrand who has not a little contributed to my judicial assassination. I die protesting my innocence."" In another instant he was no more. Couriol continued his declarations of Lesurques's innocence to the foot of the scaffold; and after a final appeal he too delivered himself to the executioner. The drop fell on a guilty neck having before been stained with the blood of two innocent men. The crowd retired with a general conviction that Lesurques had perished guiltless; and several of the judges were seriously troubled by the doubts which this day had raised in their minds. Many of the jury began to repent having relied so on the affirmations of the witnesses from Mongeron and Lieursaint precise as they had been. M. Daubenton the magistrate who had first ordered the arrest went home a thoughtful man and determined to lose no opportunity of getting at the truth which the arrest of the three accomplices mentioned by Couriol could alone bring to light. VII.--THE PROOFS Two years passed on without affording any clue to the conscientious magistrate. One day however he heard that a certain Durochat was arrested for a recent robbery and was confined in the Sainte Pelagie; and remembering that Durochat was the name of the one designated by Couriol as having taken the place beside the courier under the false name of Laborde. At the epoch of the trial of Lesurques it came out that several persons amongst them an inspector of the _administration des postes_ had seen the false Laborde at the moment that he was awaiting the mail and had preserved a distinct recollection of his person. M. Daubenton on ascertaining the day of Durochat's approaching trial for robbery went to the _administration des postes_ and obtained through the _Chef_ the permission to send for the inspector who had seen the false Laborde and who was no longer in Paris. The _juges du tribunal_ had also been warned of the suspicions which rested on Durochat. The day of trial arrived and he was condemned to fourteen years' imprisonment and was about being led from the court when the inspector arrived and declared that Durochat was the man whom he had seen on the 8th Floréal mount beside the courier under the false name of Laborde. Durochat only opposed feeble denials to this declaration and was consequently taken to the _Conciergerie_. On the morrow Durochat was transferred to Versailles where he was to be judged. Daubenton and a huissier departed with the prisoner and four gendarmes. As they reached the village of Grosbois he demanded some breakfast for he had eaten nothing since the preceding day. They stopped at the first _auberge_ and there Durochat manifested a desire to speak to the magistrate in private. Daubenton ordered the gendarmes to leave them together and even the huissier though he made him understand by a sign the danger of being alone with so desperate a villain was begged to retire. A breakfast was ordered for the two. It was brought--but by order of the huissier only _one_ knife was placed on the table. Daubenton took it up and began carelessly to break an egg with it. Durochat looked at him fixedly for a moment and said ""Monsieur le juge you are afraid?"" ""Afraid!"" replied he calmly ""and of whom?"" ""Of me "" said Durochat. ""Folly!"" continued the other breaking his egg. ""You are. You arm yourself with a knife "" said he sarcastically. ""Bah!"" replied Daubenton presenting him the knife ""cut me a piece of bread and tell me what you have to communicate to me respecting the murder of the courier of Lyons."" There is something in the collected courage of a brave man more impressive than any menace; and courage is a thing which acts upon all natures however vile. Strongly moved by the calm audacity of the magistrate the ruffian who had seized the knife with menacing vivacity now set it down upon the table and with a faltering voice said ""_Vous êtes un brave citoyen_!"" then after a pause ""I am a lost man--it's all up with me; but you shall know all."" He then detailed the circumstances of the crime as we have related them above and confirmed all Couriol's declarations naming Couriol Rossi Vidal and Dubosq as his accomplices. Before the tribunal he repeated this account adding ""that he had heard an individual named Lesurques had been condemned for the crime but that he had neither seen him at the time of the deed nor subsequently. He did not know him."" He added that it was Dubosq whose spur had been broken and was mended where they had dined; for he had heard them talk about it and that he had lost it in the scuffle. He had seen the other spur in his hand and heard him say that he intended throwing it in the river. He further gave a description of Dubosq's person and added that on that day he wore a flaxen peruke. Towards the end of the year 8--four years after the murder of the courier of Lyons--Dubosq was arrested for robbery; and was transferred to Versailles there to be judged by the _Tribunal Correctionnel_. The president ordered that he should wear a flaxen peruke and be confronted with the witnesses from Mongeron and Lieursaint who now unanimously declared that he was the man they had seen. This coupled with the declarations of Couriol Durochat and Madelaine Breban sufficed to prove the identity; and he did not deny his acquaintance with the other culprits. He was therefore condemned and perished on the scaffold for the crime. Vidal was also arrested and executed though persisting in his innocence; and finally Rossi was shortly after discovered and condemned. He exhibited profound repentance and demanded the succours of religion. To his confessor he left this declaration--""I assert that Lesurques is innocent; but this must only be made public six months after my death."" Thus ends this strange drama; thus were the proofs of Lesurques's innocence furnished beyond a shadow of doubt; and thus we may add were seven men executed for a crime committed by five men; two therefore were innocent--were victims of the law. VIII.--THE WAY IN WHICH FRANCE RECTIFIES AN ERROR. It is now forty years since the innocence of Lesurques has been established and little has been done towards the rehabilitation of his memory the protection of his children and the restitution of his confiscated goods! Forty years and his wretched widow has only recently died having failed in the object of her life! Forty years has the government been silent. M. Daubenton who took so honourable and active a part in the detection of the real criminals consecrated a great part of his life and fortune to the cause of the unfortunate widow and her children. The declaration he addressed to the Minister of Justice commenced thus:-- ""The error on which was founded the condemnation of Lesurques arose neither with the judges nor the jury. The jury convinced by the depositions of the witnesses manifested that conviction judicially; and the judges after the declaration of the jury pronounced according to the law. ""The error of his condemnation arose from the mistake of the witnesses--from the fatal resemblance to one of the culprits not apprehended. Nothing gave reason to suspect at that time the cause of the error in which the witnesses had fallen."" We beg to observe that the whole trial was conducted in a slovenly and shameful manner. A man is condemned on the deposition of witnesses;--witnesses be it observed of such dulness of perception and such confidence in their notions that they persisted in declaring Guesno to be one of the culprits as well as Lesurques. Yet the _alibi_ of Guesno was proved beyond a doubt. How then could the jury with this instance of mistake before their eyes and which they themselves had condemned as a mistake by acquitting Guesno--how could they place such firm reliance on those self-same testimonies when applied to Lesurques? If they could convict Lesurques upon such evidence why not also convict Guesno on it? Guesno proved an _alibi_--so did Lesurques; but because one foolish friend perjured himself to serve Lesurques the jury hastily set down all his friends as perjurers; they had no evidence of this; it was a mere indignant reaction of feeling and as such a violation of their office. The case ought to have b

en sifted. It was shuffled over hastily. A verdict passed in anger was executed though at the time a strong doubt existed in the minds of the judges as to its propriety! Neither the Directory nor the Consulate neither the Empire nor the Restoration paid attention to the widow's supplications for a revision of the sentence that her husband's name might be cleared and his property restored. In vain did M. Salgues devote ten years to the defence of the injured family; in vain did M. Merilhou in an important _procès_ warmly espouse the cause; the different governments believed themselves incapable of answering these solicitations. Since 1830 the widow again supplicated the _Tribune des Chambres_. Few sessions have passed without some members particularly from the _dèpartment du Nord_ calling attention to the subject. All that has been obtained is a restitution of part of the property seized by the _fisc_ at the period of the execution. Madame Lesurques has died unsuccessful because a judicial error cannot be acknowledged or rectified owing to the insufficiency of the Code. A French journal announces that the son and daughter of Lesurques still living pledged themselves on the death-bed of their mother to continue the endeavour which had occupied her forty long years--an endeavour to make the law comprehend that nothing is more tyrannous than the strict fulfilment of its letter--an endeavour to make the world at large more keenly feel the questionable nature of evidence as to personal identity in cases where the witnesses are ignorant and where the evidence against their testimony is presumptive. * * * * * CALEB STUKELY. PART X. THE REVULSION. ""_The companion of the wise shall be wise_."" A six months' residence with the religious and self-renouncing minister could not be without its effect on the character and disposition of the disciple newly released from sin and care and worldly calamity. The bright example of a good man is much--that of a good and _beloved_ man is more. I was bound to Mr Clayton by every tie that can endear a man to man and rivet the ready heart of youth in truthful and confiding love. I regarded my preserver with a higher feeling than a fond son may bear towards the mere author and maintainer of his existence. For Mr Clayton whose smallest praise it was that he had restored to me my life in addition to a filial love I had all the reverence that surpassing virtue claims and lowly piety constrains. Months passed over our head and I was still without occupation though still encouraged by my kind friend to look for a speedy termination to my state of dependence. Painful as the thought of separation had become to Mr Clayton my situation was far from satisfactory to myself. I knew not another individual with whom I could have established myself under similar circumstances. The sense of obligation would have been oppressive the conviction that I was doing wrong intolerable to sustain; but the simplicity the truth the affectionate warmth of my benevolent host lightened my load day after day until I became at last insensible to the burthen. At this period of my career the character of Mr Clayton appeared to me bright and fixed as a spotless star. He seemed the pattern of a man pure and perfect. The dazzling light of pious fervour consumed within him the little selfishness that nature to stamp an angel with humanity had of necessity implanted there. He was swallowed up in holiness--his thoughts were of heaven--his daily conduct tinged and illumined with a heavenly hue. Nothing could surpass the intense devotedness of the child of God except perhaps the self-devotion the self-renunciation and the profound humility which distinguished him in the world and in his conversation amongst men. ""_The companion of the wise shall be wise_."" I observed my benefactor and listened to his eloquence; I pondered on his habitual piety until roused to enthusiasm by the contemplation of the matchless being I burned to follow in his glorious course to revolve in the same celestial orbit the most distant and the meanest of his satellites. The hand of Providence was traceable in every act which in due course and step by step had brought me to the minister. It could not be without a lofty purpose that I had been plucked a brand as it were from the burning; it was not an aimless love that snatched me from death to life--from darkness to mid-day light--from the depths of despondency to the heights of serenity and joy. It was that I might glorify the hand that had been outstretched on my behalf that I might carry His name abroad proclaim His wondrous works sing aloud His praises and in the face of men give honour to the everlasting Giver of all good. It was for this and these that I had been selected from mankind and made the especial object of a Father's grace. I believed it in all the simplicity and ingenuousness of a mind awakened to a sense of religion and human responsibility. I could not do otherwise. From the moment that I was convinced of the obligation under which I had been brought that I could feel the force of the silent compact which had been effected between the unseen Power and my own soul it would have been as easy for me to annihilate thought to prevent its miraculous presence in the mind as to withstand the urgent prickings of my conscience. I believed in my divine summons and I was at once ready vehement and impatient to obey it. Had I followed the dictates of my will I would have walked through the land and preached aloud the wonderful mercies of God imploring my fellow-creatures to repentance and directing them to the fount of all their blessings and all their happiness. I would have called upon men to turn from error and dangerous apathy before their very strongholds. Powerful in the possession of truth I would have thundered the saving words before their marketplaces and exchanges--at the very fortresses in which the world deems itself chiefly secure with Mammon at its head Satan's chief lieutenant. I would have called around me the neglected and the poor and in the highways and in the fields disclosed to them the tenderness and loving-kindness that I had found that they might feel in all their fulness if they would turn from sin and place their trust in heaven. It was pain and anguish to be silent. Not for my own sake did I yearn to speak. Oh no! There was nothing less than a love of self in the panting desire that I felt to break the selfish silence. It was the love of souls that pressed me forward and the confidence that the good news which it was my privilege to impart would find in every bosom a welcome as warm and ready as it would prove to be effectual. To walk abroad in silence feeling myself to be the depositary of a celestial revelation and believing that to communicate it to mankind would be to ensure their participation in its benefits was hardly to be borne. There was not a man whom I encountered in the street to whom I did not secretly wish to turn and to pour into his ear the accents of peace and consolation; not one whom I did not regard as a witness against me on that great day of trial when every man shall be judged according to his opportunities. I spoke to Mr Clayton. He encouraged the feeling by which I was actuated but he dissuaded me from the manifestation of it in the form which I proposed. ""There was no doubt "" he said ""that every place was consecrated where truth was spoken and the Spirit made itself apparent. No one could deny it. Much fruit he did believe might follow the sowing of the seed whose hand soever scattered it. Still there were other and nearer roads to the point I aimed at. There were the sick and the needy around us-- many of his own congregation--with whom I might reciprocate sweet comfort and at whose bedside I might administer the balm that should serve them in the hardest hour of their extremity. It should be his office to conduct me to their humble habitations: it would be unspeakable joy to him to behold me well and usefully employed."" And it was with eagerness that I accepted the touching invitation. I was not loth or slow to take advantage of it. To serve mankind to evince my gratitude for mercies great and undeserved was all I asked. To know that I had gratified my wish was peace itself. Highly as I had estimated the character of Mr Clayton I had yet to learn his real value. I had yet to behold him the dispenser of comfort and contentment in the hovels of the wretched and the stricken--to see the leaden eye of disease grow bright at his approach and the scowl of discontent and envious repining dissolve into equanimity or mould itself in smiles. I had yet to see him the kind and patient companion of the friendless and the slighted--slighted because poor; the untired listener to long tales of misery--so miserable that they who told them could not track their dim beginnings or fix the time in distant childhood when wretchedness was not. I had yet to find him standing at the beggar's pallet giving encouragement inciting hope and adding to the counsel of a guide the solid evidences of a brother's love. With what a zeal did I attempt to follow in my patron's steps--with what enthusiasm did I begin the course which his sanction had legalized and rendered holy--and how without a doubt as to my title or a reflection on the propriety of the step impelled by religious fervour did I assume the tone and authority of a teacher and arrogate to myself the right of determining the designs of the Omnipotent and of appointing the degree of holy warmth below which no believer could be sure of forgiveness and salvation! In no transaction of my life have I ever been more sincere--have I acted with a more decided assurance of the justice and necessity of the task than at this critical moment of my career. If Divine goodness had not been specially vouchsafed to me it was not that the conviction of my appointment was not as clear and firm as the liveliest impressions of the inmost heart could make it. To labour for the souls of the poor--to teach them their obligations--to point out to them the way of safety--it was this view of my delegated office that raised me to ecstasy and compelled from me the strangest ebullitions of passion. I pronounced the change in my habits of thought to be ""the dawning of the day and the sudden rising of the day-star in my heart;"" and dwelling with intensity on my future labours I could exclaim with trembling emotion --""Oh the exceeding excellency and glory and sweetness of the work! The smile of heaven is upon it--the emphatic testimony of my own conscience approves and hallows it."" I reflect at this moment with wonder upon the almost supernatural ardour and devotion by which I was elevated and abased when I first became thoroughly convinced of my mission and declared aloud that my only business now upon earth was that of the lowest and readiest of servants whose joy consists in the pleasure of their Master. The strangeness the excitement that accompanied the adoption of my new character had nearly overthrown me. Wild with gladness before I visited a human being I took a journey of some twenty miles from the metropolis. I do not remember now the name of the village at which I stopped from which I hurried and whose fields I scoured with the design of finding some covert unfrequented spot where I might unmolested and unobserved pour forth the prayers and hymns of praise with which my surcharged heart was teeming. Until nightfall I remained there nor did I leave the place until calmly and deliberately I begged permission to devote myself to the glory and honour of Him whose favoured child I was. I walked a few miles on my return homeward. I passed a church that in the stillness of night reared its dark form and seemed solemnly and pensively like a thing of life to stand before me. The moon rose at its full over the venerable wall and scattered its bright cool light across the tall and moss-grown windows. Oh! every thing in life that wondrous night stirred up my soul to pious resolutions and gave a wing to thought that could not find repose but in the silent and eternal sky. The impetuosity with which I entered upon my scheme of usefulness forbade preparation of any kind had I not believed that any previous qualification was not essential to my purpose; or if essential had been miraculously implanted in me. I was soon called upon to make my first visitation. Never will it be forgotten. It was to the work-house. Mr Clayton had been called thither by an old communicant of whom he had not heard before for years. ""He was ill and he desired to speak with his still beloved minister."" Such was the message which reached my friend at the moment of his quitting his abode on an errand of still greater urgency. ""Go Caleb "" said Mr Clayton ""visit and comfort the poor sufferer; and may grace accompany your first labour of love."" I proceeded to the place and arriving there was ushered into a small close room--to recoil at once from the scene of misery which was there presented. Lying with his hat and clothes upon the bed dying was the man himself; his wife was busy in the room cleaning it quietly and indifferently as though the sleep of healthy life had closed her partner's eye and nothing worse. On the threshold was a girl the daughter of them both twenty years of age or more _an idiot_ for she laughed outright when I approached her. I had come to the house with my heart full of precious counsel and yearning to communicate the message with which I knew myself to be charged. But in a moment I was brought to earth shocked by the sight which I beheld wounded in my nature and I had not a word to say. The hardened woman looked at me for a moment and calling me to myself by the act I mentioned the name of Mr Clayton and was again silent. ""What! can't he come sir?"" asked the beldame. ""Well it don't much matter. It's all over with 'un I fear. Come Jessie can't you speak to the gentleman? What can you make of her sir?"" The daughter looked at me again and sickened me with her unmeaning laughter. I remembered the object of my visit and struggled for composure. Had I become a recreant so quickly? Had I not a word to say for my Master? Nothing to offer the needy creatures perishing perhaps of spiritual want? Alarmed at my own apathy and eager to throw it off I turned to the poor girl and spoke to her. I asked her many questions before I could command attention. She could only look at me wildly blush laugh and make strange motions to her mother. At length I said-- ""Tell me Jesse tell your friend who came into the world to save sinners?"" ""Him him him "" she answered hastily and gabbled as before. ""Ah "" said the mother ""the poor cretur does sometimes talk about religion but it's very seldom and uncertain like and I can't help her either."" ""Let me read to _you_ "" said I. ""Lor' bless you sir "" she answered ""it wouldn't do me no good. I am too old for that. Now get out of the way there--do you simpleton "" she added turning to the idiot; ""just let me pass--don't you see I am wanting to fetch up water."" She left the room immediately and her daughter ran after her screaming a wild and piercing note. I moved to the dying man. He was insensible to anything I could say. Fretted and ashamed of myself I hurried from the house and returning home rushed to my room fell upon my knees and implored my Father to inflict at once the punishment due to lukewarmness and apostasy. How vain had been all my previous desire to distinguish myself--how arrogant my pretensions--how inefficient my weak attempts! I was not worthy of the commission with which I had been invested and I besought heaven to degrade the wretch who could not speak at the seasonable moment and to bestow it upon one worthier of its love and abler to perform his duty. I passed a miserable night of remorse and bitter self-accusation and in the morning was distracted by the battling feelings that were marshalled against each other in my soul. Now a sense of my unworthiness was victorious over every other thought and I resolved to resign my trust and think of it no more; then the belief in my election the animating thought that I was chosen and must still go forward or stand condemned hated by myself rejected by my God;--this gained the mastery next and I was torn by sore perplexity. I appealed to my benefactor. As usual balm was on his lips and I found encouragement and support. ""I was yet young in the faith "" he said ""and the abundance of heavenly grace was not yet manifested. It would come in due time; and in the mean while I must persevere and a blessing would unquestionably follow."" Much more he added to reconcile me to the previous day's defeat and to animate me to new trials. Never did I so much need incentive and upholding never before had I esteemed the value of a spiritual counsellor and friend. In a small cottage distant about three miles from the residence of Mr Clayton there lodged at this time an old man with his sister a blind woman about seventy years of age. He had communicated with Mr Clayton's church for many years. He was now poor and had retired from the metropolis to the hut for the advantage of purer air and in the hope of prolonging the short span within which his earthly life had been brought. To this humble habitation I was directed by Mr Clayton. ""The woman "" said the minister ""is without any comfortable hope; but the prospects of the brother are satisfactory and most cheering. Go to the benighted woman. Her's is a melancholy case. Satan has a secure footing in her heart and defeats every effort and every motive that I have brought to bear against it. May you be more fortunate--may her self-deceived and hardened spirit melt before the force and earnestness of your appeals!"" I ventured for a second time on sacred and interdicted ground and visited the cottage. The unhappy woman to whom I had specially come was smitten indeed. She was blind and paralyzed and on the extreme verge of eternity. Yet afflicted as she was and as near to death as the living may be she enjoyed the tranquillity and the gentleness of a child ignorant of sin and in virtue of her infancy confident of her inheritance. I could discover no evidence of a creature alarmed with a sense of guilt loathing itself conscious of its worthlessness. Her nature in truth seemed to have usurped a sweetness and placidity the possession of which as Mr Clayton afterwards observed was justifiable only in those who could find nothing but vileness and depravity in every thought and purpose of their hearts. It was a beautiful day in summer and Margaret was sitting before the cottage porch feeling the sun's benevolent warmth and tempering with the closed lid the hot rays that were directed to her sightless orbs. She had no power to move and was happy in the still enjoyment of the lingering and lovely day. She might have been a statue for her quietness--but there were curves and lines in the decrepit frame that art could never borrow. Little there seemed about her to induce a love of life and yet a countenance more bright with cheerfulness and mild content I never met. The healthy and the young might read a lesson on her blanched and wrinkled cheek. Full of my errand I did not hesitate at once to engage her mind on heavenly and holy topics. She did not or she would not understand me. I spoke to her of the degradation of humanity our fallen nature and the impossibility of thinking any thing but sin--and a stone could not be more senseless than the aged listener. ""Was I sure of it?"" she asked. ""Did my Bible say it? Much she doubted it for she had sometimes especially since her blindness clear and beautiful thoughts of heaven that could not be sinful they rendered her so happy and took away from her all fear. It was so shocking too "" she thought ""to think so ill of men--our fellow-creatures and the creatures of a perfect Father. She loved her brother--he was so simple-minded and so kind to her too; how _could_ she call him wicked and depraved!"" ""Do you feel no load upon your conscience?"" I enquired. ""Bless the good man's heart!"" she answered ""why what cares have I? If I can hear his friendly voice and know he is not heavy-burthened I am happy. Brother is all to me. Though now and then I'm not well pleased if the young children keep away who play about me sometimes as if they did not need a playfellow more gay than poor blind Margaret."" ""Have you no fear of death?"" said I. ""Why should I have?"" she answered quietly; ""I never injured another in my life."" ""Can that take off the sting?"" I asked. ""And I have tried "" continued she ""as far as I was able to please the God who made me."" ""Did you never think yourself the vilest of the vile?"" ""Bless you! never sir. How could I? If I had been you may be sure Mr Clayton and the visiting ladies would never have been so kind to me and Thomas as they have--and how could we expect it? I was only thinking sir before you came up that if I had been wicked when I was young I would never have been so easy under blindness. Now it doesn't give me one unquiet hour."" ""Margaret I would you were more anxious."" ""It wouldn't do sir for the blind to be anxious "" she replied. ""They must do nothing sir but wait with patience. Besides Thomas and I need no anxiety at all. God gives us more than we require and it would be very wicked to be restless and unquiet."" ""Margaret "" I said impressively ""there is heaven!"" ""Yes "" she answered quickly ""that I'm sure of. I read of it before I lost my eyes; and since my blindness I have seen it often. God is very good to the afflicted and none but the afflicted know how He makes up for what He takes away. I have seen heaven sir though I have not sight enough to know your face. Do you play dominoes Mr--what did you say your name was sir?"" ""You trifle Margaret."" ""Oh no indeed sir. But how wonderful and quick my touch has got and how kind is heaven there sir! I can see the dominoes with my fingers--touch is just as good as sight. Just think how many hours a poor blind creature has that must be filled up some way or another! I like to keep to myself and think and think; but not always--and sometimes I want Thomas to read to me; and when that's over I feel a want of something else. I'll tell you what it is--my eyes they want to open. When that's the case I always play at dominoes and then the feeling goes away. Thomas can tell you that for he plays with me."" I continued the conversation for an hour and with the same result. I grew annoyed and irritated--not with the deluded sinner as I deemed her but with myself the feeble and unequal instrument. For a second time I had attempted to comply with the instructions of my master and for a second time had I been foiled and driven back in melancholy discomfiture. The imperturbability and easy replies of the woman harassed and tormented me in the extreme. I had been too recent a pupil to be thoroughly versed in all the subtleties and mysteries of my office. Silence was painful to me and reply only accumulated difficulty and vexation. She seemed so happy too; in the midst of all her heresy and error there existed an unaffected tranquillity and repose which I would have purchased at any cost or sacrifice. I blushed and grew ashamed and for a moment forgot that the bereaved creature was unable to behold the confusion with which defeat and exposure had covered me. At length I spoke imperfectly loosely and at random. The woman detected me in an untenable position--checked me--and in her artless manner laid bare the fallacy of an inconsiderate assertion. In an instant I was aware of my conviction I retracted my expression and involved myself immediately in fresh dilemma. Again and as gently as before she made the unsoundness of a principle evident and glaring. How I closed the argument--the conversation and the interview--and escaped from her I know not. Burning with shame despising myself and desirous of burying both my disgrace and self deep in the earth where both might be forgotten I was sensible of hurrying homeward. I reached it in despair satisfied that I had become a coward and a renegade and that I was lost hopelessly and utterly here upon earth and eternally in heaven! I had resolved upon the day succeeding this adventure to restore to my benefactor the credentials with which be had been pleased to entrust me. Satisfied of the truth of my commission I could only deplore my inability to execute it faithfully. In spite of what had passed at the cottage-door the doctrines which I had advocated there lost none of their character and influence upon my own mind. Falling from the lips of others they dropped with conviction into my _own_ soul. Nothing could shake my _own_ unbounded reliance on their saving efficacy and heavenly origin. It was only when _I_ spoke of them when _I_ attempted to expound and teach them that clouds came over the celestial truths and the sun's disk was dimmed and troubled. The moment that I ceased to speak light unimpaired and bright effulgence were restored. It was enough that I could feel this. Grace and a miracle had made the startling fact palpable and evident. This assurance followed easily. No oral communication could have satisfied me more fully of the importance and necessity of an immediate resignation of my trust. It was a punishment for my presumption. I should have rested grateful for the interposition which had rescued me from the jaws of hell and left to others worthy of the transcendent honour the glorious task of saving souls. What was I steeped in sin as I had been up to the very moment of my conversion--what was I insolent pretending worm that I should raise my grovelling head and presume upon the unmerited favour that had been showered so graciously upon me? It remained for those--purest and best of men whose lives from childhood onward had been a lucid exposition of the word of truth--whose deeds had given to the world an assurance of their solemn embassy; it was for them to feel the strength the countenance and support of heaven and to behold with gratitude and joy their labours crowned with a triumphant issue and success. This was the new train of feeling suggested by new circumstances. I resigned myself to its operation as quickly as I had adopted my previous sentiments; and a few days before I was not more anxious to commence my sacred course than I was now miserable and uneasy until I turned from it once and for ever. Mr Clayton had placed in my hands a list of individuals whom he transferred to my care. It was oppressive to know that I possessed it and my first step was to place it again at his disposal. The interview which I obtained for this purpose was an important one--important in itself--marvellous and astounding in its consequences. Mr Clayton spent many hours daily in a small room called _a study_. It was a chamber sacred to the occupation followed there. I had not access to it--nor had any stranger with the exception of two ill-favoured men whom I had found for weeks together constant attendants upon my benefactor. For a month at a time not a single day elapsed during which they were not closeted for a considerable period with the divine. A three weeks' interval of absence would then take place; Mr Clayton prosecuted his studies alone and undisturbed and no strange foot would cross the threshold until the ill-looking men returned and passed some five weeks in the small sanctuary as before. Who could they be? I had never directly asked the question curious as I had been to know their history and the purpose of their visits. Had I not learned from Mr Clayton the impropriety and sinfulness of judging humanity by its looks I should have formed a most uncharitable opinion of their characters. They were hard-featured men sallow of complexion rigid in their looks. I knew that attached to the church of Mr Clayton were two missionaries--men of rare piety and some of humble origin--small boot-makers in fact; sometimes I believed that the visiters and they were the same individuals. Circumstances however unfavourable to this idea arose and I turned from one conjecture to another until I reposed at length in the belief that they were sinners--sinners of the deepest dye--such as their ill-omened looks betrayed--and that they sought the kind and ever-ready minister to obtain his counsel and to share his prayers. At all events this was a subject upon which I received no enlightening from their confidant. Once I took occasion to make mention of it; but in an instant I perceived that my enquiry was not deemed proper to be answered. It was to this forbidden closet--the scene of so much mystery--that to my great surprize I found myself invited by my benefactor when I implored him to release me from the obligation in which I had too hastily involved myself. ""Be seated Caleb "" said Mr Clayton as we entered the room in company. ""Be seated and be tranquil. You are excited now."" I was in truth and not more so than deeply mortified and humbled. ""You alarm me dear young friend "" continued the good minister. ""You alarm and grieve me. I tremble for you when I behold your versatility. Tell me how is this? Can you not trust yourself? Can I trust you?"" I did not answer. ""I have been careful in not thwarting your own good purposes. I have been most anxious to give your feelings their full bent. Has your conversion been too sudden to endure? Have you so soon regretted the abandonment of the great world and all its pleasures--such as they were to you? Has a life of usefulness and peace no charms? Alas! I had hoped otherwise."" I assured my friend that he had mistaken the motive which had compelled me to forsake at least for the present the intention that I had entertained honestly--though I felt erroneously--for the last few days. Nothing was further from my thoughts than a desire to mix again in a world of sinfulness and trouble. His precepts and bright example had won me from it; and I prayed only to be established in the principles in the true knowledge of which I knew my happiness to consist. I was not equal to the task which I had proposed to myself and he had kindly permitted me to assume. I wished to be his meanest disciple--to acquire wisdom from his tuition--and by the labour of years to prepare myself finally for that reward which he had so often announced to me as the peculiar inheritance of the faithful and the righteous. I ceased. My auditor did not answer me immediately. He sat for some minutes in silence and closed his eyes as if absorbed in thought. At length he said to me-- ""You do not surprize me Caleb. I am prepared for this. I perceived your difficulties from afar. It was inevitable. Self-confidence has placed you where you are. Be happy and rejoice in your weakness--but turn now to the strong for strength. The work that has begun in your heart must be completed. It shall be so--do not doubt it."" The minister hesitated looked hard at me and endeavoured as I imagined to find in the expression of my countenance an index to my thoughts. I said nothing and he proceeded. ""There are the appointed means. His way is in the sanctuary. He shall feed his flock like a shepherd. There is but one refuge for the outcast. I have but one alleviation to offer you. It is all and every thing. Are you prepared to accept it?"" ""You are my friend my guardian and my father "" I replied. ""You have wandered long in the wilderness "" continued the minister. ""You have fed with the swine and the goats. You have found no nourishment there. All was bleak and barren and desolate there. The living waters were dried up and the bread of life was denied to the starving wayfarer."" ""What must be done sir?"" ""You MUST ENTER THE FOLD--and have communion with the chosen people of the Lord. Are you content to do it?"" ""Oh am I worthy "" I exclaimed ""to be reckoned in the number of those holy men?"" ""I cannot doubt it; but your own spirit shall bear witness to your state. To-morrow is our next church-meeting. There if it be your wish I will propose you; messengers will be appointed to converse with you. They will come to you and gather from your experience the evidences of your renewed regenerated character."" ""What shall I say sir?"" I asked in all simplicity. ""What says the drowning man to the hand that brings him to the shore? Your beating heart will be too ready to acknowledge the mighty work that has been already done on your behalf. Have you forgotten the way you have been led? Point it out to them. Have you been plucked as a brand from the burning? Acknowledge it to them in strai

s of liveliest gratitude. Does not your soul at this moment overflow at the vivid recollection of all the Lord has done for it and you? Will it not yearn to sing aloud His praise when strangers come to listen to the song? Then speak aloud to them. Do you not feel have not a hundred circumstances all concurred to prove that you exist a vessel chosen to show forth His praise? Show it to them and let them carry back the certain proofs of your redemption--let them convey the sweet intelligence of a brother's safety--and let them bid the church prepare to welcome him with hymns of praise into her loving bosom."" Within a week of the above conversation two respectable individuals called upon me at Mr Clayton's house--the accredited messengers of the church in which my eternal safety was about to be secured. One was a thickset man with large black whiskers and corresponding eyebrows. His countenance had a stern expression--the eye especially which lay couched like a tiger beneath its rugged overhanging brow. You did not like to look at it and you could not meet it without unpleasantness and awe. The gentleman was very tall and sturdy--evidently a hairy person; he was unshaven and looked muscular. Acting under the feeling which led him to despise all earthly grandeur and distinction and which no doubt influenced his conduct throughout life he was remarkable for a carelessness and uncleanness of attire as powerful and striking as the odour which exhaled from his broad person and which explained the profession of the gentleman to be--a working blacksmith. His companion was thin and neat and dapper. There was an air about _him_ that could not have been acquired except by frequent intercourse with the polished and the rich. He was delicacy itself incapable of a strong expression and happier far when he could hint and not express his sentiments. Had I been subject only to his examination my ordeal would not have been severe. It was the blacksmith whom I found hard and unimpressible as his own anvil dark as his forge and as unpitying as its flames. The thin examiner held the high office of deacon of the church. Whether it was the particularly dirty face of his friend that set him off to such advantage or whether he had inherent claims to my respect I cannot tell; well I know throughout the scrutiny that soon took place many times I should have fallen beneath the blacksmith's hammer but for the support and mild encouragement that I found in him. He was most becomingly dressed. He wore a white cravat and no collar. He had light hair closely cut and his face was as smooth as a woman's. His shirt was whiter than any shirt I have ever seen before or since and it was made of very fine material. He carried an agreeable smirk upon his countenance and he disinterred now and then some very long and extraordinary word from the dictionary when he was particularly desirous either to make himself understood or conceal his meaning. I had almost omitted to add that he was a ladies' haberdasher. I received the deputation with a trembling and apprehensive heart. I knew my faith to be sincere and I believed it to be correct according to the views of the church of which my revered friend was the minister and organ. Still I could not be insensible to the importance of the step which I was about to take and to the high tone of piety which the true believers demanded from all who joined their ranks and partook of their exclusive privileges. It will not be necessary to repeat in detail the course of my examination. At the close of two hours it was concluded and I am at this moment willing to confess that it was upon the whole satisfactory. I mean to myself--for by my questioners and by the little haberdasher more particularly the conference was pronounced most gratifying and comforting in every way. I say _upon the whole_ for I could not even at that early period of my initiation and with all my excitement and enthusiasm prevent the intrusion of some disturbing thoughts--some painful impressions that were not in harmony with the general tenor of my feelings. I had prepared myself to meet and deal with the appointed delegates of heaven and I had encountered _men_ yes and men not entitled to my reverence and regard except as the chosen ambassadors of the church. One was low ignorant and vulgar. He took no pains to conceal the fact; he rather gloried in his native and offensive coarseness. The other was a smoother man scarcely less destitute of knowledge or worthier of respect. Looking back at this distance of time upon this strange interview I am indeed shocked and grieved at the part which I then and there permitted myself to undertake. The scene has lost the colours which gave it a false and superficial lustre and I gaze on the melancholy reality chidden and let me say instructed by the sight. I can now better appreciate and understand the self-confident tone which pronounced upon my state in the eye of heaven--the canting expressions of brotherly love--the irreverent familiarity with which Scripture was quoted garbled and tortured to justify dissent and render disobedience holy--the daring assumption of inquisitorial privileges and the scorn the illiberality and self-righteousness with which my angry bigoted and vulgar questioners decided on the merits of every institution that eschewed their fanciful vagaries and most audacious claims. I do not wonder that overtaken in a career of misery the consequence of my own imprudence I should have been arrested by the voice and smitten by the eloquence of Mr Clayton. I do not wonder that I listened to his arguments and observed his conduct until I was reduced to passiveness and my mind was willing to be moulded to his purposes. But I do wonder and lament that any obscuration of my judgment any luxuriance of feeling should have permitted my youthful understanding for an instant to believe that to such men as my examiners the keys of heaven were entrusted and that on them and on their voice depended the reception of a broken-hearted penitent at the mercy-seat of God. A few words from the haberdasher-deacon at the breaking up of the convocation or whatever else it might be termed were satisfactory in so far as they showed that my temporal prospects were not entirely neglected by those who had become so deeply interested in my spiritual welfare. The blacksmith had hardly brought to a close a somewhat lengthy and very ungrammatical exhortation that wound up the day's proceedings when the dapper Jehu Tomkins jumping at once from the carnival to the revel shook me cordially by the hand and most kindly suggested to me that under the patronage of so important and religious a connexion as that into which I was about to enter I could not fail to succeed whatever might be the plan which I had laid down for my future support. ""I have heard all about you "" added Jehu ""from our respected minister and you'll soon get into something now. It's a good congregation sir-- wealthy and influential. I should say we have richer people in our connexion than in any about London. Mr Clayton is a very popular man sir--very good and speaks the truth."" ""He is good indeed "" I answered. ""Sir grace is sure to follow you now. It is fifteen years since I first sat under Mr Clayton! Ah I remember the night I was converted as if it were yesterday. I always felt up to that very time the need of something better than I had got. Business had gone wrong ever since I opened shop and my mind was quite unsettled. Satan tried very hard at me but it wouldn't do. Sometimes when my boy had gone home and shop was shut up the Tempter would whisper in my ears words like these--'Jehu you're insured over and over again for your stock; let a spark fall on the shavings and your fortune's made.' Well sir once or twice--will you believe it?--the Devil had nearly got it all his own way; but grace prevented and I was saved. I owe it all to Mr Clayton. I was told by one or two of my customers to go and hear him but somehow or other I never did. Satan kept me back. At last the gentleman as was the deacon--him as built the chapel--Mrs Jehu Tomkin's father--comes to my shop with his daughter Mrs Jehu as is now and spoke to me about the minister. Well I heard the old gentleman was very rich and pious and I went the next Sabbath-day as was with his family into his pew. I never went any where else after that. He seemed to hit the nail just on the head and I was convinced--oh quite wonderful!--all on a sudden. I was married to Mrs Jehu before that day twelvemonth. So you see grace followed me throughout as it will you my dear brother if you only mind what you are about and don't be a backslider."" ""Mr Clayton "" said I ""has kindly promised to procure employment for me."" ""Ah! and he'll do it if he says so "" rejoined Mr Tomkins. ""That's your man. You stick to him and you won't hurt. He's a chosen vessel if ever there was one. What do you say brother Buster?"" Brother Buster simply groaned his assent and scowled. He had been for some time anxious to depart and he now took his leave without further ceremony. ""You wouldn't think that man was a saint to look at him would you?"" asked the deacon as soon as his friend was gone. ""He is though. He is riper in spiritual matters than any man I know. Ah! the Establishment would give something for a few like him. He'll be taken from us I fear. We make a idol of him and that's sure to be punished. It's wonderful what he knows; and how it has come to him we can't tell."" I received a pressing invitation from Mr Tomkins to visit his ""small and 'appy family "" as he was pleased to call it on any evening after eight o'clock which was his latest business hour. ""Mrs Jehu "" I was assured ""was just like her father and his four small Jehus as exactly like their grandfather and he wished to say no more for them. After business his family enjoyed invariably a little spiritual refreshment and that and a hymn made the time pass very agreeably till supper-time at nine when he had a 'ot collation at which he should be most proud to see me."" To all the charges that have been at various times with more or less virulence and disinterestedness brought against the Church of England that of assuming to itself the divine attribute of searching the secret heart of many has I believe never been superadded. It has remained for men very far advanced indeed in spiritual knowledge and perfection to assert the bold prerogative and to venture unappalled beneath the frown of heaven. The close scrutiny on the part of Mr Buster proper as it was as a step preliminary was by no means sufficient to procure for me an easy and unquestioned admission into the church which the blacksmith had so ably represented. There was yet another trial to ensue and another jury to pronounce upon the merits of the anxious candidate. He had yet to prove to the perfect satisfaction of the self-constituted junto that styled itself a _church_ how God had mercifully dealt with him--to detail with historic accuracy the method and procedure of his regeneration and to find evidence of a spiritual change that carried on its front the proof of his conversion and his accepted state. All this was to be done before I could be _entitled_ to the privileges which Messrs Buster Tomkins and the rest had it in their power to bestow. The manner in which this delicate investigation was carried on its indecorum and profaneness I never can forget; nor can I in truth remember it without humiliation and deep sorrow. Against the indiscreet illegal exhibition I set off my ignorance simplicity and desire of serving heaven; and in these I place my hope of pardon for the share I had in such proceedings. I received in due form a requisition to appear before the body of the _church_ at its general meeting. I appeared. The chapel was thronged the majority of members being women. In the hands of nearly every third person was a printed paper. I was not then aware of its contents; if I had been the ceremony would in all probability have concluded with my entrance. Will it be believed that this paper contained a printed formula of the questions which were to test the quality of my faith and to pronounce upon the vitality and worth of my spiritual pretensions! Any person present was at liberty to address me and to form his own opinion of my case from the manner and the matter which their ingenuity elicited. At the suggestion of Mr Tomkins who in his capacity of deacon was remarkably active on this occasion it was deemed proper that I should enter upon my ""experience"" at once. My heart fluttered as I rose to comply with the demand and the chapel was hushed. It will be sufficient to say that I repeated my entire history and secured the attention of my auditory until I had spoken my last word. There were parts of the narrative which I could with a glance perceive to be peculiarly _piquant_ and acceptable. As these occurred a rustling and a murmur expressed the subdued applause. When for instance I mentioned the disgust which I had conceived for the University upon losing the scholarship and the uneasiness which I afterwards felt as long as I continued a member of that community a few of the most acute looked at one another and shrugged mysteriously as who should say ""How wondrous are the ways of Providence!"" and when I arrived at the point of my deliverance by the hand of their own minister there would have been I thought no end to the gesticulations expressions of gratitude and joy that burst from the ""church "" in spite of the praiseworthy efforts of the minister to control and keep them down. When I had concluded and whilst the half-suppressed rejoicing still buzzed in the chapel the stern Buster rose and presented to me the unmitigated force of his unpleasant eye. Silence prevailed immediately. ""Now sir "" said my old friend ""what makes you think yourself a child of grace? Speak out if you please; I'm rather deaf."" ""The loathing that I feel of what I was."" ""Good!"" said Jehu Tomkins with strong emphasis and loud enough to be heard by every one. ""When did you feel the fetters fust busting from your spirit?"" ""Not till I heard the minister's kind voice "" was the reply. ""Do you always feel as strong upon the subject? Do you feel your spirit always willing?"" ""Oh no "" I answered; ""there are dreadful fluctuations and there is nothing so uncertain as self-dependence. I have dark and bitter moments when I feel in all its power the melancholy truth--'When I would do good evil is present with me.'"" ""Capital sign!--capital sign!"" exclaimed Jehu Tomkins again; ""quite sufficient!--quite sufficient!"" Yes it was so. A few questions were put to me by individuals rather for the sake of gratifying an impertinent curiosity than that of elucidating further proof of my proficiency and the ceremony was finished by my formal reception into the body of the church. A prayer was offered an address delivered a hymn sung--the eyes of many ladies were turned with smiling interest upon me--and the meeting separated. Jehu Tomkins was the first to congratulate me upon the happy issue of my trial. ""You are a made man sir depend upon it "" said he with his first salutation. ""You can't fail. There--do you see that fat man that's just going out--him as has got on the Indy 'ankycher?--I sold him that--he came on purpose to hear you and if he found you up to the mark he's going to provide for you. He belongs to all our societies and just does what he pleases. His word's a law. We've a boiled leg of mutton at nine to-night. Suppose you come to us and finish the day there? Bless me what a full meeting we've had! Here's a squeezing!"" There was certainly some difficulty in our egression. The people had gathered into a crowd at the small doorway and men jostled and made their way without regard to others in their vicinity. Lost as I was in the indiscriminate host a few observations fell upon my ear that were not I presume especially intended for it. ""Well "" said a greasy youth not many yards distant from me ""I doubt his having had a call. There wasn't life enough in it for me. I shouldn't be surprised if he's a black sheep after all. I wish I had put a question or two to him. I think I could have shown Satan in his heart pretty quick."" ""Now you say it "" replied the person addressed ""I did think him very backward and lukewarm. I didn't like his tone altogether. Ah! what a thing experimental religion is! You know what it is and so do I; but I werry much fear that delooded young man is as carnal-minded as my mother was that went to hell though I say it as contented and unconcerned as if she was going to the saints in glory."" The information conveyed to me by Mr Tomkins as we issued from the chapel was not unfounded. The very day subsequent to my admittance into the bosom of the church I was requested to attend the minister in the _sanctum_ already referred to. Upon reaching it I discovered the fat gentleman of the preceding evening dressed as he was on the previous occasion and still adorned with Jehu's India handkerchief. Both he and Mr Clayton were seated at table and writing materials were before them. The moment I entered the apartment the fat gentleman held out his hand and shook mine with much stateliness. My friend however addressed me. ""Caleb "" said he ""we are at length able to fulfil our promise. It is my pleasure to announce to you that a situation is procured for you suitable to your talents and agreeable to your feelings. We are both of us indebted to this good gentleman. In your name I have already thanked him and in your name I have accepted the office which he has been at some pains to obtain for you."" I looked towards the stout gentleman and bowed in grateful acknowledgment. ""Tell him the duties Clayton "" requested my new-found influential friend. ""Mr Bombasty "" proceeded the minister ""feels a warm interest in your welfare. The happy result of yesterday's trial has secured for you a friendship which it will be your duty and study to deserve. There is established in connexion with our church a Christian instruction society of which Mr Bombasty is the esteemed and worthy president. The appointment of a travelling secretary rests with him and he has this very day nominated you to that distinguished office. I have tendered your thanks. You can now repeat them."" ""Tell him the salary "" interrupted the president. ""You will receive one hundred and fifty pounds per annum "" continued Mr Clayton ""in addition to your travelling charges; apartments likewise I believe""--He hesitated as if uncertain and looked towards the president. ""Yes "" replied that gentleman ""go on--coals and candles. You answer for him Clayton--eh?"" ""As I told you sir "" said my friend ""I will pledge myself for his trustiness and probity."" The remembrance of Mr Chaser's cold-hearted cruelty occured to my mind as my benefactor spoke and tears of gratitude trembled in my eyes. The fat gentleman remarked the expression of feeling and brought the interview to a close. ""Well Clayton "" said he ""you can talk to him. I've twenty places to go to yet. Get the paper signed and he may begin at once. Let a lawyer draw it up. Just make yourself security for a thousand pounds--I don't suppose he'll ever have more than half that at a time in his possession--and that'll be all the society will require. He can come to me to-morrow. Now I'm off. Good-bye my friend--'morning young man."" The last adieu was accompanied with a patronizing nod of the head which with the greeting on my first appearance constituted the whole of the intercourse that passed between me and my future principal. The moment that he departed I turned to Mr Clayton and thanked him warmly and sincerely for all that he had accomplished for me. ""I shall leave you sir "" I added ""with mingled feelings of regret and satisfaction--regret in separating from the purest and the best of men my friend my counsellor and father--but joy because I cease to be a burden upon your charity and good nature. I carry into the world with me the example of your daily life and my own sense of your dignified and exalted character. Both will afford me encouragement and support in the vicissitudes which yet await me. Tell me how I may better evince my gratitude and let me gratify the one longing desire of my overflowing heart."" ""Caleb "" replied the minister with solemnity ""it is true that I have been permitted to protect and serve you. It is true that but for me at this moment you would be beyond the reach of help and man's regard. I have brought you from the grave to life. I have led you to the waters of life of which you may drink freely and through which you will be made partaker with the saints of glory everlasting. This I have done for you. Do I speak in pride? Would I rob Heaven and give the praise and honour to the creature? God forbid. _I_ have accomplished little. _I_ have done nothing good and praiseworthy but as the instrument of Him whose servant and whose minister I am. Not for myself but for my Master's sake I demand your friendship and fidelity. If I have been accounted worthy to save your soul I am not unworthy of your loyalty and love."" ""They are yours sir. It is my happiness to offer them."" ""Caleb "" continued my friend in the same tone ""you have lived with me many months. Mine is a life of privacy and retirement compared with that of other men. I strive to be useful to my fellow-creatures and am happy if I succeed. If any one may claim immunity from slander and reproach it is I who have avoided diligently all appearance of offence. Yet I have not succeeded. You are about to mix again with men. You have joined the church and you will not fail to hear me spoken of harshly and injuriously."" ""Impossible!"" I exclaimed. ""Yes it would seem so and it would _be_ if justice in this world accompanied men's acts. I tell you "" continued Mr Clayton flushing as he raised his voice ""there are men living now whom I have raised from beggary and want--men indebted to me for the air they breathe who calumniate and defame me through the world and who will not cease to do so till I or they are sleeping in the dust. They owed me every thing like you--their gratitude was unbounded even as yours. What assurance have I that you will not deal as hardly by your friend as they have done and still do?"" ""Mr Clayton "" I answered eagerly ""I would lay down my life to serve you."" ""I believe you to be frank and honest Caleb. I should believe it; for I am about to pledge a heavy sum upon your integrity--and indeed I can but ill spare it. You ask me how I would have you show your thankfulness for what I have accomplished for you. I answer by giving me your _friendship_. It is a holy word and comprehends more than is supposed. A friend believes not ill that is spoken of him to whom he is united by mutual communion and interest; he is faithful to the end through good report and evil and falls if need be with the man to whom he has engaged his troth and given his heart."" ""I am unworthy sir "" I said ""to stand in this relation with one so good so holy as yourself. I have but a word to say--trust and confide in me. I will never deceive you."" ""Let us pray "" said Mr Clayton after a long pause sighing as he spoke and speaking very softly--and immediately he fell upon his knees and I according to a practice which I had acquired at the chapel leaned upon a chair and turned my face to the window. It was about a month after my installation into my new office that business connected with the society carried me to the village of Highgate. It was late in the evening when my commission was completed and I was enabled after a day of excessive fatigue to direct my steps once more homeward. The stage-coach which set out from the village for London twice during the day luckily for me was appointed to make its last journey about half an hour after my engagements had set me at liberty. A mile across fields intervened between me and the coach-office. Short as the distance was it was any thing but an agreeable task to get over it with the rain spitting into my face the boisterous wind beating me back and the darkness of a November night confounding me at every turn. In good time however I reached the inn. Providence favoured me. There were but two seats unoccupied in the coach; one was already engaged by a gentleman who had requested to be taken up a mile forward; the other had just been given up by a lady who had been frightened by the storm and had postponed her return to London to the following day. This seat I immediately secured and in a few minutes afterwards we were on our way towards Babylon. We made but little progress. The breed of coach horses has been much improved since the period of which I write and a journey from Highgate to London was a much more important event than a railway conductor of the present day would suppose. My companions were all men. Their conversation turned upon the topics of the day. A monetary crisis had taken place in the mercantile world and for many days I had heard nothing spoken of but the vast losses which houses and individuals of high character and standing had incurred and the bankruptcy with which the community had become suddenly threatened. The subject had grown stale and wearisome to me. It had little interest in fact for one whose humble salary of one hundred and fifty pounds per annum depended so little upon the great fluctuations of commerce and I accordingly disposed myself for sleep as soon as the words _bills_ _money_ and _bankruptcy_ became the staple matter of discourse. I had scarcely established a comfortable doze before the coach stopped suddenly and awoke me. It had halted for the last inside. A gentleman apparently stout and well wrapped up--it was impossible to speak positively on the subject the night was so very dark--trod his way into the vehicle over the toes of his fellow-passengers and took his seat. The coach was once more moving towards the metropolis and again I endeavoured to lull myself to sleep. The same expressions proceeded from the lips of the travellers and they were growing more and more indistinct and shadowy when I was startled all on a sudden by one of the most palpable sounds that had ever disturbed and confounded a dreamer. I sat up and listened coughed to convince myself that I was certainly awake and the sounds were repeated as clear and as audible as before. I would have sworn that Mr Clayton was the gentleman whom we had last picked up--that he was now in the coach with me--and was now talking if the words which fell from the traveller had not been such as he would never have used and the subject on which he spoke had not been one upon which Mr Clayton I believed was as ignorant as a child. The resemblance between the voices was so great that I pronounced the phenomenon the most extraordinary that had ever occurred to me; and growing quite wakeful from the incident I continued to listen to the accents of the speaker until once or twice I had almost thought it my duty to acquaint him with the remarkable fact which he was now living to illustrate. But I held my peace and the conversation proceeded without interruption. ""You may depend upon it "" said one gentleman ""things must get worse before they'll mend. Half the mischief isn't done yet. There's a report to-day that ---- cannot hold out much longer. It will be a queer thing if they smash. Many petty tradesmen bank with that house who will be ruined if they go. Things are certainly in a very sweet state."" ""You do not mean "" said _the voice_ trembling with emotion or alarm ""that the house of ---- threatens to give way? I have been in the city to-day and did not hear a syllable of this. I think you must he mistaken. Good God how frightful!"" Well it was really wonderful! I could have sworn that Mr Clayton was the speaker. Had he not concluded with the ejaculation my doubt would certainly have ceased. That exclamation of course removed the supposition entirely. ""You'll find I'm right sir "" was the reply of the traveller who spoke first. ""At least I fear you will. I hope I may be wrong. If you have any thing in their hands you would find it worth your while I think to pay them an early visit to-morrow morning. If there's a run upon them nothing in the world can save them."" ""And is it true "" asked _the voice_ ""that ---- stopped payment on Tuesday? I came to town from Warwickshire only yesterday and this is the first news that I heard."" ""Oh there's no doubt about that "" answered a third person; ""but that surprized nobody. The only wonder is how he managed to keep afloat so long. He has been up to the chin for the last twelvemonth and more. I hope you don't lose there sir?"" ""Mine has been the devil's luck this year "" continued _the voice_ in a bitter savage tone that never belonged to Mr Clayton. ""Yes gentlemen I lose heavily by them both. But never mind never mind _one_ shall wince for it if he has been playing ducks and drakes with my good money. He shall feel the scourge depend upon it. I'll never leave him till he has paid me back in groans. Heaven what a sum!"" _The voice_ said no more during the journey. The other gentlemen having lost nothing by the various failures discussed matters with philosophy and praiseworthy decorum. Sometimes indeed ""the third person"" grew slightly facetious and jocose when he represented to himself what he termed ""the queer cut"" that some old friend would display on presenting his cheque for payment at the rickety counter of Messrs ---- & Co.; but no deeper expression of feeling escaped one of those who spoke so long and volubly on what concerned themselves so very little. I was puzzled and disturbed. The stranger had returned from Warwickshire the day before. Twice during my residence with the minister business of importance had carried him to that county. It was certainly a curious coincidence but coincidences more curious pass by us every day unheeded. It would have been absurd to conclude from that the identity of the stranger; yet the fact coupled with _the voice_ staggered and confounded me. I said nothing but determined as soon as we reached the public streets to call to my aid the light--feeble as it was--of the dimly-burning lamps which at the time I speak of were placed at a considerable distance from each other along the principal streets of London scattering no light and looking like oil lamps in the last stage of a lingering consumption. These afforded me little help. The weakest effort of illumination imaginable strayed across the coach window as we passed a burner about as serviceable as the long interval of darkness that ensued and far more tantalizing. We were driving through the city. I was still brooding over the singular occurrence when the coach stopped. The stranger alighted. I endeavoured to obtain sight of him but he was so wrapped and clothed that I did not succeed. The coach was on its way again and I had just opportunity enough to discover that we had halted at the corner of the street in which Mr Clayton resided. I had been so intent upon scanning the figure of the traveller that the fact had escaped me. Had I been aware of it I would certainly have followed the man and seen him at all events safely beyond the door of the minister. Now it was too late. I could not repress the desire which I felt to visit Mr Clayton on the following morning. I went to him at an early hour. If he and the stranger were one and the same person I should be made aware of it at a glance. The cause that had affected him so deeply in the stage-coach existed still and his manner must betray him. My suspicions were thank Heaven instantly removed. I found my friend tranquil as ever busy at his old occupation and welcoming me with his usual smile of benevolence. He was paler than usual I thought; but this impression only convinced me how difficult it is to be charitable and just when bias and prejudice once take possession of us. My friend was if any thing kinder and more affectionate than ever. He spoke to me about my new employment gave me his advice on points of difficulty and bade me consult him always and without hesitation when doubt might lead me into danger. He could not tell me how happy he had been made by having secured a competency for me; and he hoped sincerely that no act of mine would ever cause him to regret the step that he had taken. ""Indeed "" said he ""I have great confidence in you Caleb. I do not know another person in the world upon whose character I would have staked so large a sum. In truth I should not have

"een justified. A thousand pounds is a heavy venture for one so straitened as I am. But you are wort(...TRUNCATED)

"o clue to what he designed. I should judge from what I saw of the truth of his communications. Alas(...TRUNCATED)

"e could and did love me! Unchanged must ever be the blessed one who has leaned in fond security on (...TRUNCATED)

" only to lay down in disgust \"\"NOTORIETY OR FASHIONABLES UNVEILED \"\" \"\"PAVILION OR A MONTH AT(...TRUNCATED)