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color_overlap_squares | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['orange', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow'] | yellow | There are 3 squares which overlap each other in the image. The color of the squares are ['red', 'blue', '?']. The part where the first and second squares overlap is purple. The part where the second and third squares overlap is green. | We observe that the red and blue squares overlap to form purple. Hence, the pattern is that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors. | Based on the pattern that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors, the missing color of the part which overlaps with blue to form green should be yellow. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle', 'square'] | triangle | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['triangle', 'hexagon', 'pentagon']. In the bottom part there are ['?', 'hexagon', 'pentagon']. | We observe that the hexagon is reflected across the line as a hexagon. Similarly, the pentagon is reflected as a pentagon. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a triangle part should be a triangle. |
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color_overlap_squares | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'red'] | red | There are 3 squares which overlap each other in the image. The color of the squares are ['?', 'yellow', 'blue']. The part where the first and second squares overlap is orange. The part where the second and third squares overlap is green. | We observe that the yellow and blue squares overlap to form green. Hence, the pattern is that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors. | Based on the pattern that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors, the missing color of the part which overlaps with yellow to form orange should be red. |
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shape_morph | What is the missing shape of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['circle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle'] | hexagon | There are eight shapes arranged in a grid. The top left shape is a pentagon and the bottom right shape is a ?. The other shapes do not appear to regular shapes. | We observe that from the top left to bottom right direction, the shapes look like a pentagon but gradually change shape into something like a hexagon. Hence, the pattern is the the shapes are morphing between pentagon and hexagon shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes are morphing between pentagon and hexagon shapes, the missing shape at the bottom right should be a hexagon. |
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color_hexagon | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['purple', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow'] | blue | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['green', 'orange', '?', 'green', 'orange', 'blue'] in an anti-clockwise order. | We observe that a green part is opposite another green part, and a orange part is opposite another orange part. Thus, the pattern is that the colors in opposite parts are the same. | Based on the pattern that spatially opposite parts have the same color, the missing color of the part which is opposite a blue part should be blue. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['3', '8', '2', '9'] | 9 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [9, 2, 8]. The second row is ['?', 7, 3]. The third and last row is [8, 3, 8]. | We observe that [9, 2, 8] sums to 19, and [8, 3, 8] also sums to 19. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row ['?', 7, 3] should be 9. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['large', 'small', 'medium'] | small | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['large', '?', 'large'], the sizes in the second row are ['small', 'medium', 'small'], and the sizes in the third row are ['large', 'small', 'large']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are large size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are small size. Only the center circle is medium size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is adjacent to the center should be small. |
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color_size_circle | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['light red', 'dark green', 'light green', 'dark red'] | light green | There are circles of various sizes and colors in the image. The circles are ['small', 'medium', 'large', 'extra large'] size, and their colors are ['?', 'medium green', 'dark green', 'very dark green']. | We observe that the largest circle is very dark green color, and the smaller circles change color from dark green to medium green. Hence, the pattern is that the circles become lighter as they become smaller. | Based on the pattern that the circles become lighter as they become smaller, the missing color of the smallest circle denoted with a question mark should be light green. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['square', 'triangle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon'] | pentagon | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['pentagon', 'triangle', 'hexagon']. In the bottom part there are ['?', 'triangle', 'hexagon']. | We observe that the hexagon is reflected across the line as a hexagon. Similarly, the pentagon is reflected as a pentagon. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a pentagon part should be a pentagon. |
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color_hexagon | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['yellow', 'purple', 'orange', 'green'] | orange | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['?', 'red', 'blue', 'orange', 'red', 'blue'] in an anti-clockwise order. | We observe that a blue part is opposite another blue part, and a red part is opposite another red part. Thus, the pattern is that the colors in opposite parts are the same. | Based on the pattern that spatially opposite parts have the same color, the missing color of the part which is opposite a orange part should be orange. |
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rectangle_height_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['orange', 'red', 'blue', 'yellow'] | blue | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying colors and lengths. The lengths from left to right are ['medium', 'short', 'medium', 'long', 'long', 'short', 'medium']. The colors from left to right are ['blue', 'purple', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'purple', '?']. | We observe that the red rectangles are of long length and the purple rectangles are of short length. Hence, the pattern is that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark should be blue. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [3, 4, 1, 5] | 5 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number ['?', 3, 5, 4, 3, 4] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 5 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 3 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 5. |
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polygon_sides_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['green', 'purple', 'yellow', 'blue'] | yellow | There are 6 colored polygons arranged in a triangle with color ['?'] in the top row, ['orange', 'blue'] in the middle row, and ['blue', 'orange', 'yellow'] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 5 sides is orange in color and the polygon with 6 sides is blue in color. Thus, the pattern is that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color, the missing color of the part with 9 sides should be yellow. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [3, 9, 7, 5] | 5 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [8] in the top row, ['?', 3] in the middle row, and [9, 6, 4] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 8 sides has the number 8, the polygon with 9 sides has the number 9, the polygon with 6 sides has the number 6, the polygon with 4 sides has the number 4, and the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 5 sides should be 5. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [4, 5, 8, 9] | 8 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [9] in the top row, [4, 7] in the middle row, and ['?', 6, 3] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 9 sides has the number 9, the polygon with 4 sides has the number 4, the polygon with 6 sides has the number 6, the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3, and the polygon with 7 sides has the number 7. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 8 sides should be 8. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [3, 6, 2, 4] | 4 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number [3, 1, 3, '?', 1, 4] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 4 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 1 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 4. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['hexagon', 'triangle', 'square', 'pentagon'] | square | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['hexagon', 'pentagon', 'square']. In the bottom part there are ['hexagon', 'pentagon', '?']. | We observe that the hexagon is reflected across the line as a hexagon. Similarly, the pentagon is reflected as a pentagon. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a square part should be a square. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [9, 4, 5, 6] | 4 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [3] in the top row, [5, 9] in the middle row, and ['?', 8, 7] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3, the polygon with 5 sides has the number 5, the polygon with 8 sides has the number 8, the polygon with 7 sides has the number 7, and the polygon with 9 sides has the number 9. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 4 sides should be 4. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['3', '1', '4', '9'] | 9 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers [6, 4, '?']. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 10. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 13. | We observe that the circles with 6 and 4 overlap to form the part 10, where 6 + 4 = 10. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 13 should be 9. |
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color_grid | What is the color of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['red', 'orange', 'purple', 'green'] | green | There are circles with different colors arranged with a grid formation in the image. The colors in the first row are ['green', 'purple', '?'], the colors in the second row are ['purple', 'blue', 'purple'], and the colors in the third row are ['green', 'purple', 'green']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are green, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are purple. Only the center circle is blue. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in color depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in color depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the missing color of the part that is at the corner should be green. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['small', 'large', 'medium'] | medium | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['small', 'medium', 'small'], the sizes in the second row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium'], and the sizes in the third row are ['small', '?', 'small']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are small size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are medium size. Only the center circle is large size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is adjacent to the center should be medium. |
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polygon_sides_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['orange', 'green', 'yellow', 'purple'] | purple | There are 6 colored polygons arranged in a triangle with color ['purple'] in the top row, ['?', 'blue'] in the middle row, and ['blue', 'red', 'red'] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 4 sides is blue in color and the polygon with 6 sides is red in color. Thus, the pattern is that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color, the missing color of the part with 7 sides should be purple. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['medium', 'small', 'large'] | medium | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['large', '?', 'large'], the sizes in the second row are ['medium', 'small', 'medium'], and the sizes in the third row are ['large', 'medium', 'large']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are large size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are medium size. Only the center circle is small size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is adjacent to the center should be medium. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['6', '4', '5', '2'] | 5 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers ['?', 8, 7]. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 13. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 15. | We observe that the circles with 8 and 7 overlap to form the part 15, where 8 + 7 = 15. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 13 should be 5. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '9', '7', '4'] | 4 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [4, 2, 7]. The second row is [5, '?', 4]. The third and last row is [5, 4, 4]. | We observe that [4, 2, 7] sums to 13, and [5, 4, 4] also sums to 13. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [5, '?', 4] should be 4. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['large', 'small', 'medium'] | medium | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium'], the sizes in the second row are ['large', 'small', 'large'], and the sizes in the third row are ['medium', 'large', '?']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are medium size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are large size. Only the center circle is small size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is at the corner should be medium. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['medium', 'large', 'small'] | small | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['large', 'small', 'large'], the sizes in the second row are ['?', 'medium', 'small'], and the sizes in the third row are ['large', 'small', 'large']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are large size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are small size. Only the center circle is medium size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is adjacent to the center should be small. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a hexagon? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | large | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing hexagon in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['square', 'triangle', 'hexagon', 'square', 'triangle', 'hexagon'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['small', 'medium', 'large', 'small', 'medium', 'large']. | We observe that the squares are small size, the triangles are medium size, and the hexagons are large size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing hexagon should be large. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a hexagon? | ['large', 'medium', 'small'] | small | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing hexagon in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['square', 'pentagon', 'hexagon', 'square', 'pentagon', 'hexagon'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['medium', 'large', 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'small']. | We observe that the squares are medium size, the pentagons are large size, and the hexagons are small size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing hexagon should be small. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [6, 2, 5, 1] | 5 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number [4, 6, 4, 6, '?', 5] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 6 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 4 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 5. |
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grid_number_color | What is the missing color if the part denoted with the question mark has the number 3? | ['red', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue'] | blue | There is a 3x3 colored grid of numbers. The first row has number-color pair [(2, 'red'), (4, 'yellow'), (6, 'green')], the second row is [(2, 'red'), (3, 'blue'), (6, 'green')], and the third and final row is [(4, 'yellow'), (3, '?'), (3, 'blue')]. | We observe that the grid cells with number 4 is yellow in color, the grid cells with number 2 is red in color, the grid cells with number 6 is green in color, and the grid cells with number 3 is blue in color. Thus, the pattern is that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color, the missing color of the part with 3 should be blue. |
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grid_number_color | What is the missing color if the part denoted with the question mark has the number 5? | ['orange', 'red', 'yellow', 'green'] | red | There is a 3x3 colored grid of numbers. The first row has number-color pair [(6, 'green'), (9, 'yellow'), (9, 'yellow')], the second row is [(1, 'orange'), (5, '?'), (5, 'red')], and the third and final row is [(6, 'green'), (5, 'red'), (1, 'orange')]. | We observe that the grid cells with number 6 is green in color, the grid cells with number 9 is yellow in color, the grid cells with number 1 is orange in color, and the grid cells with number 5 is red in color. Thus, the pattern is that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color, the missing color of the part with 5 should be red. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a pentagon? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | medium | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing pentagon in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['medium', 'large', 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'small']. | We observe that the pentagons are medium size, the hexagons are large size, and the triangles are small size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing pentagon should be medium. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['triangle', 'square', 'hexagon', 'pentagon'] | pentagon | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['square', 'hexagon', 'pentagon']. In the bottom part there are ['square', 'hexagon', '?']. | We observe that the hexagon is reflected across the line as a hexagon. Similarly, the pentagon is reflected as a pentagon. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a pentagon part should be a pentagon. |
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color_size_circle | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['light green', 'dark orange', 'dark green', 'dark blue'] | dark green | There are circles of various sizes and colors in the image. The circles are ['medium', 'small', 'extra large', 'large'] size, and their colors are ['medium green', '?', 'very light green', 'light green']. | We observe that the largest circle is very light green color, and the smaller circles change color from light green to medium green. Hence, the pattern is that the circles become darker as they become smaller. | Based on the pattern that the circles become darker as they become smaller, the missing color of the smallest circle denoted with a question mark should be dark green. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['large', 'medium', 'small'] | small | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['small', 'medium', 'small'], the sizes in the second row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium'], and the sizes in the third row are ['?', 'medium', 'small']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are small size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are medium size. Only the center circle is large size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is at the corner should be small. |
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rectangle_height_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['blue', 'purple', 'yellow', 'red'] | purple | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying colors and lengths. The lengths from left to right are ['medium', 'long', 'long', 'short', 'medium', 'short', 'long']. The colors from left to right are ['blue', 'purple', 'purple', 'orange', 'blue', 'orange', '?']. | We observe that the orange rectangles are of short length and the blue rectangles are of medium length. Hence, the pattern is that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark should be purple. |
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color_hexagon | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'red'] | blue | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['yellow', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', '?', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. | We observe that a green part is opposite another green part, and a yellow part is opposite another yellow part. Thus, the pattern is that the colors in opposite parts are the same. | Based on the pattern that spatially opposite parts have the same color, the missing color of the part which is opposite a blue part should be blue. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '9', '5', '7'] | 7 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [5, 7, 5]. The second row is [5, 5, 7]. The third and last row is [9, 1, '?']. | We observe that [5, 7, 5] sums to 17, and [5, 5, 7] also sums to 17. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [9, 1, '?'] should be 7. |
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polygon_sides_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['purple', 'red', 'blue', 'green'] | green | There are 6 colored polygons arranged in a triangle with color ['purple'] in the top row, ['green', 'blue'] in the middle row, and ['purple', 'blue', '?'] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 8 sides is purple in color and the polygon with 4 sides is blue in color. Thus, the pattern is that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color, the missing color of the part with 6 sides should be green. |
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rectangle_height_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['purple', 'green', 'yellow', 'orange'] | purple | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying colors and lengths. The lengths from left to right are ['long', 'short', 'long', 'medium', 'medium', 'short', 'medium']. The colors from left to right are ['green', 'orange', 'green', 'purple', 'purple', 'orange', '?']. | We observe that the orange rectangles are of short length and the green rectangles are of long length. Hence, the pattern is that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark should be purple. |
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grid_number_color | What is the missing color if the part denoted with the question mark has the number 4? | ['yellow', 'blue', 'green', 'orange'] | yellow | There is a 3x3 colored grid of numbers. The first row has number-color pair [(6, 'blue'), (3, 'orange'), (4, 'yellow')], the second row is [(4, 'yellow'), (8, 'green'), (8, 'green')], and the third and final row is [(4, '?'), (6, 'blue'), (3, 'orange')]. | We observe that the grid cells with number 6 is blue in color, the grid cells with number 3 is orange in color, the grid cells with number 8 is green in color, and the grid cells with number 4 is yellow in color. Thus, the pattern is that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color, the missing color of the part with 4 should be yellow. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['7', '3', '5', '1'] | 1 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [3, 9, 5]. The second row is ['?', 7, 9]. The third and last row is [7, 9, 1]. | We observe that [3, 9, 5] sums to 17, and [7, 9, 1] also sums to 17. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row ['?', 7, 9] should be 1. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['small', 'large', 'medium'] | small | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['small', 'large', 'small'], the sizes in the second row are ['large', 'medium', 'large'], and the sizes in the third row are ['?', 'large', 'small']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are small size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are large size. Only the center circle is medium size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is at the corner should be small. |
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color_grid | What is the color of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['purple', 'green', 'blue', 'red'] | green | There are circles with different colors arranged with a grid formation in the image. The colors in the first row are ['green', 'red', 'green'], the colors in the second row are ['red', 'purple', 'red'], and the colors in the third row are ['?', 'red', 'green']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are green, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are red. Only the center circle is purple. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in color depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in color depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the missing color of the part that is at the corner should be green. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a pentagon? | ['medium', 'large', 'small'] | small | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing pentagon in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['triangle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle', 'pentagon', 'hexagon'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['medium', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'small', 'large']. | We observe that the triangles are medium size, the pentagons are small size, and the hexagons are large size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing pentagon should be small. |
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color_hexagon | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['green', 'yellow', 'orange', 'red'] | orange | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['purple', 'blue', '?', 'purple', 'blue', 'orange'] in an anti-clockwise order. | We observe that a blue part is opposite another blue part, and a purple part is opposite another purple part. Thus, the pattern is that the colors in opposite parts are the same. | Based on the pattern that spatially opposite parts have the same color, the missing color of the part which is opposite a orange part should be orange. |
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color_size_circle | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['dark red', 'light red', 'dark green', 'light green'] | dark green | There are circles of various sizes and colors in the image. The circles are ['large', 'extra large', 'medium', 'small'] size, and their colors are ['light green', 'very light green', 'medium green', '?']. | We observe that the largest circle is very light green color, and the smaller circles change color from light green to medium green. Hence, the pattern is that the circles become darker as they become smaller. | Based on the pattern that the circles become darker as they become smaller, the missing color of the smallest circle denoted with a question mark should be dark green. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['6', '4', '3', '7'] | 4 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers [6, 1, '?']. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 7. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 5. | We observe that the circles with 6 and 1 overlap to form the part 7, where 6 + 1 = 7. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 5 should be 4. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['7', '9', '5', '1'] | 1 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['yellow', 'yellow', 'purple', 'purple', 'green', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [4, 5, '?', 8, 2, 7] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the green parts add up to 9. Similarly, the numbers in the purple parts also add up to 9. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 9. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 9, the missing number of the purple part should be 1. |
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rectangle_height_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['orange', 'yellow', 'blue', 'purple'] | blue | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying colors and lengths. The lengths from left to right are ['long', 'long', 'medium', 'short', 'medium', 'short', 'medium']. The colors from left to right are ['yellow', 'yellow', 'blue', 'orange', 'blue', 'orange', '?']. | We observe that the orange rectangles are of short length and the yellow rectangles are of long length. Hence, the pattern is that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark should be blue. |
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shape_size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted by a question mark? | ['medium', 'small', 'large'] | medium | There are 9 shapes arranged in a grid with different sizes in the image, of which there is 1 missing shape. The first row is ['small pentagon', 'small hexagon', 'small square'], the second row is ['medium pentagon', '?', 'medium square'], and the third row is ['large pentagon', 'large hexagon', 'large square']. | We observe that the rows contain small shapes, medium shapes, and large shapes respectively. On the other hand, the columns contain pentagons, hexagons, and squares respectively. Hence, the pattern is that the shapes within each column are the same, while each row progresses the size of the shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes within each column are the same, while each row progresses the size of the shapes, the size of the missing hexagon should be medium. |
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polygon_sides_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['purple', 'blue', 'orange', 'yellow'] | orange | There are 6 colored polygons arranged in a triangle with color ['green'] in the top row, ['green', 'blue'] in the middle row, and ['orange', '?', 'blue'] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 8 sides is green in color and the polygon with 6 sides is blue in color. Thus, the pattern is that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the polygons with the same number of sides have the same color, the missing color of the part with 7 sides should be orange. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [6, 5, 8, 3] | 5 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [7] in the top row, [4, '?'] in the middle row, and [8, 3, 6] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 7 sides has the number 7, the polygon with 4 sides has the number 4, the polygon with 8 sides has the number 8, the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3, and the polygon with 6 sides has the number 6. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 5 sides should be 5. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['5', '0', '8', '4'] | 4 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['yellow', 'yellow', 'purple', 'green', 'purple', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [8, 3, 7, 7, 4, '?'] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the green parts add up to 11. Similarly, the numbers in the purple parts also add up to 11. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 11. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 11, the missing number of the green part should be 4. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['0', '9', '5', '1'] | 5 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['yellow', 'blue', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [6, '?', 4, 8, 3, 1] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the blue parts add up to 9. Similarly, the numbers in the green parts also add up to 9. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 9. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 9, the missing number of the blue part should be 5. |
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triangle | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '4', '5', '3'] | 3 | There are three groups of numbers with a triangle arrangement in the image. The first group is [9, 6, 54], the second group is [2, 4, 8], and the third group is ['?', 1, 3]. | We observe that the number 54 is the product of 6 and 9. Similarly, the number 8 is the product of 4 and 2. Hence, the pattern is that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers. | Based on the pattern that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers, the missing number of the group ['?', 1, 3] should be 3. |
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shape_morph | What is the missing shape of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['pentagon', 'hexagon', 'square', 'triangle'] | hexagon | There are eight shapes arranged in a grid. The top left shape is a circle and the bottom right shape is a ?. The other shapes do not appear to regular shapes. | We observe that from the top left to bottom right direction, the shapes look like a circle but gradually change shape into something like a hexagon. Hence, the pattern is the the shapes are morphing between circle and hexagon shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes are morphing between circle and hexagon shapes, the missing shape at the bottom right should be a hexagon. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '0', '5', '1'] | 1 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers ['?', 7, 3]. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 8. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 10. | We observe that the circles with 7 and 3 overlap to form the part 10, where 7 + 3 = 10. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 8 should be 1. |
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shape_size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted by a question mark? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | small | There are 9 shapes arranged in a grid with different sizes in the image, of which there is 1 missing shape. The first row is ['large triangle', 'medium triangle', 'small triangle'], the second row is ['large pentagon', 'medium pentagon', '?'], and the third row is ['large square', 'medium square', 'small square']. | We observe that the columns contain large shapes, medium shapes, and small shapes respectively. On the other hand, the rows contain triangles, pentagons, and squares respectively. Hence, the pattern is that the shapes within each row are the same, while each column progresses the size of the shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes within each row are the same, while each column progresses the size of the shapes, the size of the missing pentagon should be small. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['2', '3', '5', '7'] | 5 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['yellow', 'blue', 'blue', 'yellow', 'green', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [5, 2, 8, '?', 4, 6] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the blue parts add up to 10. Similarly, the numbers in the green parts also add up to 10. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 10. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 10, the missing number of the yellow part should be 5. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['6', '1', '3', '8'] | 8 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [6, 3, 1]. The second row is [1, 1, 8]. The third and last row is [1, '?', 1]. | We observe that [6, 3, 1] sums to 10, and [1, 1, 8] also sums to 10. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [1, '?', 1] should be 8. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [4, 6, 2, 5] | 2 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number ['?', 6, 5, 6, 2, 5] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 6 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 2 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 2. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['medium', 'small', 'large'] | medium | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['medium', 'large', '?'], the sizes in the second row are ['large', 'small', 'large'], and the sizes in the third row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are medium size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are large size. Only the center circle is small size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is at the corner should be medium. |
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color_size_circle | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['dark orange', 'dark red', 'dark blue', 'light orange'] | light orange | There are circles of various sizes and colors in the image. The circles are ['medium', 'extra large', 'large', 'small'] size, and their colors are ['medium orange', 'very dark orange', 'dark orange', '?']. | We observe that the largest circle is very dark orange color, and the smaller circles change color from dark orange to medium orange. Hence, the pattern is that the circles become lighter as they become smaller. | Based on the pattern that the circles become lighter as they become smaller, the missing color of the smallest circle denoted with a question mark should be light orange. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['2', '1', '3', '7'] | 7 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is ['?', 1, 1]. The second row is [2, 4, 3]. The third and last row is [3, 2, 4]. | We observe that [2, 4, 3] sums to 9, and [3, 2, 4] also sums to 9. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row ['?', 1, 1] should be 7. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '6', '9', '3'] | 3 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [6, 6, 3]. The second row is [1, 6, 8]. The third and last row is [6, '?', 6]. | We observe that [6, 6, 3] sums to 15, and [1, 6, 8] also sums to 15. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [6, '?', 6] should be 3. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['square', 'pentagon', 'triangle', 'hexagon'] | triangle | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['pentagon', 'hexagon', '?']. In the bottom part there are ['pentagon', 'hexagon', 'triangle']. | We observe that the hexagon is reflected across the line as a hexagon. Similarly, the pentagon is reflected as a pentagon. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a triangle part should be a triangle. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a triangle? | ['medium', 'large', 'small'] | medium | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing triangle in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['hexagon', 'triangle', 'square', 'hexagon', 'triangle', 'square'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['small', 'medium', 'large', 'small', 'medium', 'large']. | We observe that the hexagons are small size, the triangles are medium size, and the squares are large size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing triangle should be medium. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a square? | ['small', 'large', 'medium'] | large | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing square in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['square', 'triangle', 'hexagon', 'square', 'triangle', 'hexagon'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['large', 'medium', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'small']. | We observe that the squares are large size, the triangles are medium size, and the hexagons are small size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing square should be large. |
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shape_size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted by a question mark? | ['medium', 'small', 'large'] | small | There are 9 shapes arranged in a grid with different sizes in the image, of which there is 1 missing shape. The first row is ['small square', 'medium square', 'large square'], the second row is ['small pentagon', 'medium pentagon', 'large pentagon'], and the third row is ['?', 'medium hexagon', 'large hexagon']. | We observe that the columns contain small shapes, medium shapes, and large shapes respectively. On the other hand, the rows contain squares, pentagons, and hexagons respectively. Hence, the pattern is that the shapes within each row are the same, while each column progresses the size of the shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes within each row are the same, while each column progresses the size of the shapes, the size of the missing hexagon should be small. |
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shape_size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted by a question mark? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | small | There are 9 shapes arranged in a grid with different sizes in the image, of which there is 1 missing shape. The first row is ['small pentagon', '?', 'small triangle'], the second row is ['medium pentagon', 'medium square', 'medium triangle'], and the third row is ['large pentagon', 'large square', 'large triangle']. | We observe that the rows contain small shapes, medium shapes, and large shapes respectively. On the other hand, the columns contain pentagons, squares, and triangles respectively. Hence, the pattern is that the shapes within each column are the same, while each row progresses the size of the shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes within each column are the same, while each row progresses the size of the shapes, the size of the missing square should be small. |
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shape_morph | What is the missing shape of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['circle', 'pentagon', 'square', 'triangle'] | circle | There are eight shapes arranged in a grid. The top left shape is a ? and the bottom right shape is a hexagon. The other shapes do not appear to regular shapes. | We observe that from the bottom right to top left direction, the shapes look like a hexagon but gradually change shape into something like a circle. Hence, the pattern is the the shapes are morphing between hexagon and circle shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes are morphing between hexagon and circle shapes, the missing shape at the top left should be a circle. |
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grid_number_color | What is the missing color if the part denoted with the question mark has the number 5? | ['purple', 'blue', 'red', 'yellow'] | red | There is a 3x3 colored grid of numbers. The first row has number-color pair [(9, 'yellow'), (9, 'yellow'), (5, 'red')], the second row is [(5, 'red'), (2, 'blue'), (2, 'blue')], and the third and final row is [(7, 'purple'), (7, 'purple'), (5, '?')]. | We observe that the grid cells with number 9 is yellow in color, the grid cells with number 2 is blue in color, the grid cells with number 7 is purple in color, and the grid cells with number 5 is red in color. Thus, the pattern is that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color, the missing color of the part with 5 should be red. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [7, 8, 6, 3] | 6 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [5] in the top row, ['?', 9] in the middle row, and [8, 7, 3] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 5 sides has the number 5, the polygon with 8 sides has the number 8, the polygon with 7 sides has the number 7, the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3, and the polygon with 9 sides has the number 9. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 6 sides should be 6. |
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shape_morph | What is the missing shape of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['hexagon', 'triangle', 'pentagon', 'square'] | triangle | There are eight shapes arranged in a grid. The top left shape is a square and the bottom right shape is a ?. The other shapes do not appear to regular shapes. | We observe that from the top left to bottom right direction, the shapes look like a square but gradually change shape into something like a triangle. Hence, the pattern is the the shapes are morphing between square and triangle shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes are morphing between square and triangle shapes, the missing shape at the bottom right should be a triangle. |
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polygon_sides_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [6, 9, 8, 3] | 9 | There are 6 numbered polygons arranged in a triangle with number [6] in the top row, [3, '?'] in the middle row, and [7, 8, 5] in the bottom row. | We observe that the polygon with 6 sides has the number 6, the polygon with 3 sides has the number 3, the polygon with 7 sides has the number 7, the polygon with 8 sides has the number 8, and the polygon with 5 sides has the number 5. Thus, the pattern is that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides the polygon has. | Based on the pattern that the number inside the polygon represents the number of sides of the polygon, the missing number of the polygon with 9 sides should be 9. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['0', '9', '1', '3'] | 1 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers ['?', 3, 5]. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 4. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 8. | We observe that the circles with 3 and 5 overlap to form the part 8, where 3 + 5 = 8. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 4 should be 1. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['2', '7', '9', '6'] | 6 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [9, 4, 2]. The second row is [6, 3, '?']. The third and last row is [2, 9, 4]. | We observe that [9, 4, 2] sums to 15, and [2, 9, 4] also sums to 15. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [6, 3, '?'] should be 6. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [3, 1, 5, 4] | 3 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number [6, 3, 6, '?', 2, 2] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 6 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 2 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 3. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | large | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium'], the sizes in the second row are ['large', 'small', '?'], and the sizes in the third row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are medium size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are large size. Only the center circle is small size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is adjacent to the center should be large. |
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shape_morph | What is the missing shape of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['triangle', 'square', 'hexagon', 'circle'] | hexagon | There are eight shapes arranged in a grid. The top left shape is a square and the bottom right shape is a ?. The other shapes do not appear to regular shapes. | We observe that from the top left to bottom right direction, the shapes look like a square but gradually change shape into something like a hexagon. Hence, the pattern is the the shapes are morphing between square and hexagon shapes. | Based on the pattern that the shapes are morphing between square and hexagon shapes, the missing shape at the bottom right should be a hexagon. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a triangle? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | large | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing triangle in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['pentagon', 'triangle', 'square', 'pentagon', 'triangle', 'square'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['small', 'large', 'medium', 'small', 'large', 'medium']. | We observe that the pentagons are small size, the triangles are large size, and the squares are medium size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing triangle should be large. |
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venn | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['5', '0', '7', '3'] | 7 | There are 3 overlapping circles containing the numbers ['?', 9, 8]. The overlapping part between the first and second circle contains the number 16. The overlapping part between the second and third circle contains the number 17. | We observe that the circles with 9 and 8 overlap to form the part 17, where 9 + 8 = 17. Hence, the pattern is most likely that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the overlapping parts are the sum of the numbers in the corresponding circles, the missing number of the circle where the overlapping part is 16 should be 7. |
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rectangle_height_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [3, 2, 4, 1] | 3 | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying lengths and numbers inside them. The numbers from left to right are [3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, '?']. The lengths from left to right are ['long', 'short', 'long', 'short', 'medium', 'medium', 'long']. | We observe that the short rectangles are denoted as 1, the medium rectangles are denoted as 2, and the long rectangles are denoted as 3. Hence, the pattern is that the number in each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the number in each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing number of the rectangle with a question mark should be 3. |
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color_overlap_squares | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['red', 'orange', 'green', 'yellow'] | red | There are 3 squares which overlap each other in the image. The color of the squares are ['?', 'yellow', 'blue']. The part where the first and second squares overlap is orange. The part where the second and third squares overlap is green. | We observe that the yellow and blue squares overlap to form green. Hence, the pattern is that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors. | Based on the pattern that the color of the part where two squares overlap is determined by mixing the two colors, the missing color of the part which overlaps with yellow to form orange should be red. |
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rectangle_height_color | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['yellow', 'blue', 'green', 'red'] | yellow | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying colors and lengths. The lengths from left to right are ['medium', 'medium', 'short', 'long', 'long', 'short', 'short']. The colors from left to right are ['green', 'green', 'yellow', 'red', 'red', 'yellow', '?']. | We observe that the green rectangles are of medium length and the red rectangles are of long length. Hence, the pattern is that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the color of each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark should be yellow. |
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circle_size_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [1, 5, 3, 2] | 2 | There are 6 numbered circles with varying sizes arranged in a ring with number [6, 6, 1, 1, 2, '?'] in a clockwise order. | We observe that the size of the circle is related to the number in the circle. The circle with the largest value 6 seems to be the biggest and the circle with the smallest value 1 seems to be the smallest. Thus, the pattern is that the larger the number the larger the circle. | Based on the pattern that the larger the number the larger the circle, the missing number of the circle denoted with a question mark should be 2. |
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rectangle_height_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | [4, 3, 2, 1] | 1 | There are 7 rectangles in the image with varying lengths and numbers inside them. The numbers from left to right are [1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, '?']. The lengths from left to right are ['short', 'short', 'medium', 'long', 'medium', 'long', 'short']. | We observe that the short rectangles are denoted as 1, the medium rectangles are denoted as 2, and the long rectangles are denoted as 3. Hence, the pattern is that the number in each rectangle corresponds to its length. | Based on the pattern that the number in each rectangle corresponds to its length, the missing number of the rectangle with a question mark should be 1. |
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grid_number | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['7', '5', '3', '4'] | 4 | There is a 3x3 grid of numbers. The first row is [7, 2, 3]. The second row is [4, 3, 5]. The third and last row is [5, '?', 3]. | We observe that [7, 2, 3] sums to 12, and [4, 3, 5] also sums to 12. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in each row add up to the same value. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in each row add up to the same value, the missing number of the row [5, '?', 3] should be 4. |
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color_hexagon | What is the missing color of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['green', 'blue', 'red', 'purple'] | blue | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['red', 'blue', 'yellow', 'red', '?', 'yellow'] in an anti-clockwise order. | We observe that a red part is opposite another red part, and a yellow part is opposite another yellow part. Thus, the pattern is that the colors in opposite parts are the same. | Based on the pattern that spatially opposite parts have the same color, the missing color of the part which is opposite a blue part should be blue. |
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triangle | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['6', '5', '1', '3'] | 6 | There are three groups of numbers with a triangle arrangement in the image. The first group is [2, '?', 12], the second group is [3, 9, 27], and the third group is [8, 1, 8]. | We observe that the number 27 is the product of 9 and 3. Similarly, the number 8 is the product of 1 and 8. Hence, the pattern is that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers. | Based on the pattern that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers, the missing number of the group [2, '?', 12] should be 6. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a square? | ['small', 'medium', 'large'] | large | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing square in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['hexagon', 'triangle', 'square', 'hexagon', 'triangle', 'square'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['small', 'medium', 'large', 'small', 'medium', 'large']. | We observe that the hexagons are small size, the triangles are medium size, and the squares are large size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing square should be large. |
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size_grid | What is the size of the missing part denoted with a question mark? | ['large', 'medium', 'small'] | medium | There are circles arranged in a grid formation with varying sizes in the image. The sizes in the first row are ['medium', 'large', 'medium'], the sizes in the second row are ['large', 'small', 'large'], and the sizes in the third row are ['?', 'large', 'medium']. | We observe that the circles at the corners are medium size, while the circles directly adjacent to the center are large size. Only the center circle is small size. Hence, the pattern is that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center. | Based on the pattern that the circles alternate in size depending on if they are at the corner or adjacent to the center, the size of the missing part that is at the corner should be medium. |
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triangle | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['9', '8', '1', '3'] | 9 | There are three groups of numbers with a triangle arrangement in the image. The first group is ['?', 6, 54], the second group is [3, 8, 24], and the third group is [7, 2, 14]. | We observe that the number 24 is the product of 8 and 3. Similarly, the number 14 is the product of 2 and 7. Hence, the pattern is that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers. | Based on the pattern that the rightmost number in each group is the product of the other two numbers, the missing number of the group ['?', 6, 54] should be 9. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['8', '4', '3', '1'] | 4 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['red', 'green', 'red', 'yellow', 'yellow', 'green'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [6, '?', 1, 5, 2, 3] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the green parts add up to 7. Similarly, the numbers in the red parts also add up to 7. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 7. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 7, the missing number of the green part should be 4. |
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shape_reflect | What is the missing shape denoted by a question mark? | ['square', 'hexagon', 'pentagon', 'triangle'] | triangle | There are six shapes in the image separated by a line. In the top part there are ['triangle', 'pentagon', 'square']. In the bottom part there are ['?', 'pentagon', 'square']. | We observe that the pentagon is reflected across the line as a pentagon. Similarly, the square is reflected as a square. Hence, the pattern is that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part. | Based on the pattern that each shape in the top part is reflected in the bottom part, the missing shape which is reflected from a triangle part should be a triangle. |
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shape_size_hexagon | What is the size of the missing shape denoted with a question mark if it is a triangle? | ['large', 'small', 'medium'] | medium | There are 7 shapes with different sizes in the image, of which there is a missing triangle in the center. The other shapes are arranged around the center, which are ['square', 'triangle', 'pentagon', 'square', 'triangle', 'pentagon'] in anti-clockwise order. Their corresponding sizes are ['large', 'medium', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'small']. | We observe that the squares are large size, the triangles are medium size, and the pentagons are small size. Hence, the pattern is that each shape appears with a distinct size. | Based on the pattern that each shape appears with a distinct size, the size of the missing triangle should be medium. |
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color_number_hexagon | What is the missing number of the part denoted with a question mark? | ['6', '8', '7', '1'] | 6 | There is a hexagon split into six parts with the colors ['red', 'red', 'blue', 'green', 'green', 'blue'] in an anti-clockwise order. The parts are denoted with the numbers [5, 5, 6, 4, '?', 4] respectively. | We observe that the numbers in the blue parts add up to 10. Similarly, the numbers in the green parts also add up to 10. Thus, the pattern is that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 10. | Based on the pattern that the numbers in the parts of the same color add up to 10, the missing number of the green part should be 6. |
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grid_number_color | What is the missing color if the part denoted with the question mark has the number 7? | ['blue', 'purple', 'yellow', 'orange'] | yellow | There is a 3x3 colored grid of numbers. The first row has number-color pair [(7, '?'), (3, 'orange'), (7, 'yellow')], the second row is [(7, 'yellow'), (5, 'blue'), (5, 'blue')], and the third and final row is [(1, 'purple'), (3, 'orange'), (1, 'purple')]. | We observe that the grid cells with number 3 is orange in color, the grid cells with number 1 is purple in color, the grid cells with number 5 is blue in color, and the grid cells with number 7 is yellow in color. Thus, the pattern is that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color. | Based on the pattern that the grid cell with the same number will have the same color, the missing color of the part with 7 should be yellow. |
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About
Large multimodal models extend the impressive capabilities of large language models by integrating multimodal understanding abilities. However, it is not clear how they can emulate the general intelligence and reasoning ability of humans. As recognizing patterns and abstracting concepts are key to general intelligence, we introduce PuzzleVQA, a collection of puzzles based on abstract patterns. With this dataset, we evaluate large multimodal models with abstract patterns based on fundamental concepts, including colors, numbers, sizes, and shapes. Through our experiments on state-of-the-art large multimodal models, we find that they are not able to generalize well to simple abstract patterns. Notably, even GPT-4V cannot solve more than half of the puzzles. To diagnose the reasoning challenges in large multimodal models, we progressively guide the models with our ground truth reasoning explanations for visual perception, inductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. Our systematic analysis finds that the main bottlenecks of GPT-4V are weaker visual perception and inductive reasoning abilities. Through this work, we hope to shed light on the limitations of large multimodal models and how they can better emulate human cognitive processes in the future.
Example Puzzle
The figure below shows an example question which involves the color concept in PuzzleVQA, and an incorrect answer from GPT-4V. There are generally three stages that can be observed in the solving process: visual perception (blue), inductive reasoning (green), and deductive reasoning (red). Here, the visual perception was incomplete, causing a mistake during deductive reasoning.
Puzzle Components
The figure below shows an illustration example of components (top) and reasoning explanations (bottom) for abstract puzzles in PuzzleVQA. To construct each puzzle instance, we first define the layout and pattern of a multimodal template, and populate the template with suitable objects that demonstrate the underlying pattern. For interpretability, we also construct ground truth reasoning explanations to interpret the puzzle and explain the general solution stages.
Puzzle Taxonomy
The figure below shows the taxonomy of abstract puzzles in PuzzleVQA with sample questions, based on fundamental concepts such as colors and size. To enhance diversity, we design both single-concept and dual-concept puzzles.
Evaluation Results
We report the main evaluation results on single-concept and dual-concept puzzles in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The evaluation results for single-concept puzzles, as shown in Table 1 reveal notable differences in performance among the open-source and closed-source models. GPT-4V stands out with the highest average score of 46.4, demonstrating superior abstract pattern reasoning on single-concept puzzles such as numbers, colors, and size. It particularly excels in the "Numbers" category with a score of 67.5, far surpassing other models, which may be due to its advantage in math reasoning tasks (Yang et al., 2023). Claude 3 Opus follows with an overall average of 39.4, showing its strength in the "Shapes" category with a top score of 44.5. The other models, including Gemini Pro and LLaVA-13B trail behind with averages of 34.5 and 27.5 respectively, performing similarly to the random baseline on several categories.
In the evaluation on dual-concept puzzles, as shown in Table 2, GPT-4V stands out again with the highest average score of 45.5. It performed particularly well in categories such as "Colors & Numbers" and "Colors & Size" with a score of 56.0 and 55.0 respectively. Claude 3 Opus closely follows with an average of 43.7, showing strong performance in " Numbers & Size" with the highest score of 34.0. Interestingly, LLaVA-13B, despite its lower overall average of 31.1, scores the highest in the "Size & Shapes" category at 39.0. Gemini Pro, on the other hand, has a more balanced performance across categories but with a slightly lower overall average of 30.1. Overall, we find that models perform similarly on average for single-concept and dual-concept patterns, which suggests that they are able to relate multiple concepts such as colors and numbers together.
Citation
If our work inspires your research, please cite us:
@article{chia2024puzzlevqa,
title={PuzzleVQA: Diagnosing Multimodal Reasoning Challenges of Language Models with Abstract Visual Patterns},
author={Yew Ken Chia and Vernon Toh Yan Han and Deepanway Ghosal and Lidong Bing and Soujanya Poria},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13315},
year={2024}
}
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