text
stringlengths
85
251k
But his mantra has always been, โ€˜If they can get her, they can have her.โ€™ "Our mantra throughout was always, this is a real world," Weiss said. It is a source of unease precisely because it seems so off in a society that preaches a mantra of equality of opportunity. The โ€œno proofโ€ thing became something of a mantra, a way of not dealing with a problem. Slaughter, in a serious black pantsuit and silver heels, emphasized a mantra. All these faults in the mantra rites are abolished by these excellent consecrations. A spell or mantra must have accompanied the tying, but this I was not privileged to learn. And one uniform Soul was the object of their meditation; and there was only one mantra (the Om), and there was one ordinance. Hence it is called the mantra Sdhan, to distinguish it from other sorts of Sdhans. Occasionally a mantra is infused with high religious fervour. 1808, "that part of the Vedas which contains hymns," from Sanskrit mantra-s "sacred message or text, charm, spell, counsel," literally "instrument of thought," related to manyate "thinks," from PIE root *men- "to think" (see mind (n.)). Sense of "special word used for meditation" is first recorded in English 1956.
Q. What is the difference between shaft, axial and spindle ? Ans. Shaft :- shaft is used for the transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the shaft by means of keys or splines. The shafts are usually cylindrical, but may be square or cross-shaped in section. They are solid in cross-section but sometimes hollow shafts are also used. Fig: 1. Shaft An axle, though similar in shape to the shaft, is a stationary machine element and is used for the transmission of bending moment only. It simply acts as a support for some rotating body such as hoisting drum, a car wheel or a rope sheave. Fig: 2. Axle A spindle is a short shaft that imparts motion either to a cutting tool (e.g. drill press spindles) or to a work piece (e.g. lathe spindles). Fig: 3. Spindle Written by: Abdul Sami Soomro, Mechanical Engineer from QUEST, Nawabshah
File Name: traffic characterization and quality of service .zip - What is Quality of Service? - Quality of Service for Voice over IP - Providing Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Environments, Volume 5 Skip to Main Content. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. A learning based mobile user traffic characterization for efficient resource management in cellular networks Abstract: With the evolution of various new types of application services for mobile devices, cellular operators have started providing multiple subscription plans to the mobile users. What is Quality of Service? Quality of service QoS is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitatively measure quality of service, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as packet loss , bit rate , throughput , transmission delay , availability , jitter , etc. In the field of computer networking and other packet-switched telecommunication networks, quality of service refers to traffic prioritization and resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the achieved service quality. Quality of service is the ability to provide different priorities to different applications, users, or data flows , or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow. Quality of service is particularly important for the transport of traffic with special requirements. In particular, developers have introduced Voice over IP technology to allow computer networks to become as useful as telephone networks for audio conversations, as well as supporting new applications with even stricter network performance requirements. In the field of telephony , quality of service was defined by the ITU in Quality of Service for Voice over IP Skip to Main Content. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. Quality of resilience QoR : NOBEL approach to the multi-service resilience characterization Abstract: With the spread of survivable network the existing quality of service QoS classes are required to be expanded with service availability and maintainability issues. By including them in the service level agreements SLAs new and more complex requirements of commercial applications can be guaranteed. Providing Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Environments, Volume 5 Unless otherwise stated, all rights belong to the author. You may download, display and print this publication for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited. This document also provides high-level examples showing how to deploy these features in different network environments. Quality of Service for Voice over IP contains the following sections:. For VoIP to be a realistic replacement for standard public switched telephone network PSTN telephony services, customers need to receive the same quality of voice transmission they receive with basic telephone servicesโ€”meaning consistently high-quality voice transmissions. Like other real-time applications, VoIP is extremely bandwidth- and delay-sensitive. For VoIP transmissions to be intelligible to the receiver, voice packets should not be dropped, excessively delayed, or suffer varying delay otherwise known as jitter. Garcia, A. Rachdi, O. Schneps-Schneppe, V. Donner, M. Skip to search form Skip to main content You are currently offline. This item appears in the following Collection(s) ะ•ะดะธะฝัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพะต, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะผะพะณะปะพ ะฑั‹ ะฒั‹ะทะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะทะฐั†ะธะบะปะธะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฟั€ะพั‚ัะถะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ัŒัŽ ะฒ ะฒะพัะตะผะฝะฐะดั†ะฐั‚ัŒ ั‡ะฐัะพะฒ, - ัั‚ะพ ะฒะธั€ัƒั. ะ‘ะพะปัŒัˆะต ะฝะตั‡ะตะผัƒ. - ะ’ะธั€ัƒั. - ะ”ะฐ, ะบะฐะบะพะน-ั‚ะพ ะฟะพะฒั‚ะพั€ััŽั‰ะธะนัั ั†ะธะบะป. ะงั‚ะพ-ั‚ะพ ะฟะพะฟะฐะปะพ ะฒ ะฟั€ะพั†ะตััะพั€, ัะพะทะดะฐะฒ ะทะฐะบะพะปะดะพะฒะฐะฝะฝั‹ะน ะบั€ัƒะณ, ะธ ะฟั€ะฐะบั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะฟะฐั€ะฐะปะธะทะพะฒะฐะปะพ ัะธัั‚ะตะผัƒ. ะšะพะผะผะฐะฝะดะตั€ ะฟะพัะปะฐะป ะตะต ะถะตะฝะธั…ะฐ, ะฟั€ะตะฟะพะดะฐะฒะฐั‚ะตะปั, ั ะทะฐะดะฐะฝะธะตะผ ะพั‚ ะะะ‘ ะธ ะดะฐะถะต ะฝะต ะฟะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะธะปัั ัะพะพะฑั‰ะธั‚ัŒ ะดะธั€ะตะบั‚ะพั€ัƒ ะพ ัะฐะผะพะผ ัะตั€ัŒะตะทะฝะพะผ ะบั€ะธะทะธัะต ะฒ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ ะฐะณะตะฝั‚ัั‚ะฒะฐ.
Government and society The Republic of Indonesia was declared in 1945, with a proclaimed jurisdiction over the present area from Sabang in Sumatra to Merauke in Papua, or the entire area of the former Dutch (or Netherlands) East Indies. Although the Netherlands retained possession of a large part of this region (including Papua), a provisional capital was established in Yogyakarta, the stronghold of the revolution. With the close of the struggle for independence in 1949, the Republic of the United States of Indonesia was established. The federal system did not last, however, and in 1950 the federated governments unanimously decided to return to a โ€œunitaryโ€โ€”or more centralizedโ€”form of government, as well as to the name Republic of Indonesia. After some difficulties, the constitution of 1945 was reinstated by presidential decree. This constitution has remained the basis of Indonesiaโ€™s government, although some significant amendments were made during a period of reformasi (reformation) around the turn of the 21st century. The 1945 constitution invests most of the power in the executive branch of the government, particularly in the president, who is assisted by a vice president and a cabinet. The constitution also provides for a body of presidential advisers, called the Supreme Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung)โ€”the advice of which is not legally binding, howeverโ€”as well as a presidentially appointed Supreme Audit Board (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan), which controls state finance. Until 2002 the president and vice president were elected every five years by the Peopleโ€™s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat; MPR), but in that year a new law decreed that beginning in 2004 both leaders were to be directly elected. In addition, legislation passed in 1999 limited the president to two five-year terms. Cabinet ministers are appointed by the president. Ministries manage broad areas, such as economic affairs, foreign affairs, defense, education, agriculture, information, and religious affairs. The number of ministers and the nature of their areas of assignment depend on the president. In addition to appointing the cabinet, the president is the supreme commander of the army, the navy, and the air force. The president also has the authority to introduce bills, issue regulations, implement acts, and make agreements with foreign countries. The MPR constitutes the legislative branch of Indonesiaโ€™s government; it is primarily responsible for interpreting the constitution and the broad lines of state policy. Formerly unicameral, the MPR has been a bicameral body since the elections of 2004, with the Council of the Peopleโ€™s Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat; DPR) as the lower house and the Council of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah; DPD) as the upper house. About four-fifths of the MPRโ€™s seats belong to the lower house. Members of the DPD are elected directly from a nationwide pool of nonpartisan candidates, and members of the DPR are directly elected through a province-based proportional system that allows voters to cast ballots for individuals as well as particular parties. All legislators serve five-year terms. Indonesia is divided into some 30 propinsi, or provinsi (provinces), plus the two daerah istimewa (special districts) of Yogyakarta in central Java and Aceh in northern Sumatra and the daerah khusus ibukota (special capital district) of metropolitan Jakarta, known as Jakarta Raya. On the smaller islands, most administrative regions were created to coincide with traditional regions, the boundaries of which were defined largely by natural geographic features; on the larger islands, by contrast, administrative boundaries were constructed to simplify complex traditional and cultural divisions. The province of Central Java (Jawa Tengah), for instance, spans not only the core of the island of Java but also the core of Javanese culture. Within the provinceโ€™s borders lie the semiautonomous special district of Yogyakarta and the city of Surakarta (Solo), both of which are historical court centres that maintain traditional rulers (albeit without real political power). Similarly, the provinces of West Java (Jawa Barat) and Banten, on the western part of the island, coincide with the geographic, cultural, and linguistic terrain of the Sundanese people. The number of first-order political subdivisions has changed since the end of the 20th century. East Timor (declared a province in 1976) gained its independence in 1999. In addition, largely as a result of the push to decentralize in the early 21st century, several new provinces were created out of the existing structure. The province of Banten (2000) was formed from the western tip of West Java. West Papua (Papua Barat; 2006) was created from the western end of Papua. North Kalimantan (Kalimantan Utara; 2012) was split off from East Kalimantan. New provinces in Celebes included Gorontalo (2000; government installed in 2001) on the northern peninsula and West Sulawesi (Sulawesi Barat; 2004) in the islandโ€™s west-central coastal region. The Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau; 2002; government installed in 2004) and Bangka Belitung (2000; government installed in 2001) were created from islands off Sumatraโ€™s eastern shore. Each of the more than 300 second-order subdivisions, kabupaten (regencies), is headed by a bupati (governor) and has a local legislature. More than 5,000 third-order divisions, kecamatan (districts), and several dozen kota (cities) have obtained autonomous status. Since 1999 district and city leaders have been chosen through direct local elections. Members of the Local Councils of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah), which deal more directly with the national legislature, also are selected through general election. Villages (kampung) and groups of villages (desa), which exist in both rural and urban areas, provide the link between the people and the central government on the district level. Kampung and desa heads are usually elected in rural areas and appointed in urban ones; they are all local government employees. Normally, a village has two levels of neighbourhood organization, a rukun warga (RW; community association) and rukun tetangga (RT; neighbourhood associations). These bodies elect their chairpersons. In Indonesiaโ€™s judicial system the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) in Jakarta is the final court of appeal; high courts, which are located in principal cities, deal with appeals from district courts. Supreme Court judges are chosen by the president, who selects from nominees presented by the Judicial Commission, a special body whose members are appointed by the upper house. The chief justice and his or her deputies are chosen from among the Supreme Court justices by the justices themselves. According to the original 1945 constitution, the Supreme Court does not have the power of judicial review. In 2003, however, the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) was established to review and to rule on cases involving charges against the president. Judges are members of the civil service and are managed by the Supreme Court, but they also are supervised by the Judicial Commission. The National Ombudsman Commission, established in 2000, deals with offenses committed by the state. Under the colonial administration, the law was a mixture of Dutch law and local customary lawโ€”adat. Since independence, criminal law has been codified for all of Indonesia. Civil law, however, has continued to be based largely on adat, which varies from one region and ethnic group to another. There are four judicial spheres (for general, religious, military, and administrative matters), each with its own courts. The religious, military, and administrative courts deal with special cases or particular groups of people, while the general courts handle both civil and criminal cases. Muslims may choose to use Islamic law in some civil cases; since the mid-1970s religious law has applied to all civil matters dealing with marriage. Indonesiaโ€™s political process is shaped by the countryโ€™s turbulent political history. The first election after independence was held in 1955. Almost 170 political parties and factions contested, and 4 major parties obtained the majority of the votes. The election was carried out with little disturbance, but the resulting government was beset by unforeseen political problems. Sukarnoโ€”Indonesiaโ€™s first national figure and first presidentโ€”dissolved the elected assembly, introduced a concept known as Guided Democracy, and reinstated the 1945 constitution in 1959. The period of Guided Democracy was marked by the creation of a plethora of ministries, by the rise of the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia; PKI) to a position of political dominance, and by the emergence of the army as a major anticommunist political force. The structure collapsed with an attempted coup dโ€™รฉtat in 1965, which led to the downfall of Sukarno. Under Suharto, Sukarnoโ€™s successor, Indonesia entered a new political era, officially called the New Order. After a period of stabilization and restructuring, in which the army played a major role, the second election of the DPR was held in 1971. Contesting this election were nine political parties and the Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya; Sekber Golkar, or Golkar), a government-sponsored organization of nonaffiliated groupsโ€”including nonparty associations of farmers, fishermen, civil servants, cooperatives, religious groups, students, the armed forces, and veteransโ€”that was allowed to participate in the electoral process on the same level as political parties. Backed by the power of the military, the bureaucracy, and a large budget, Golkar came out of the poll as a single majority. (Golkar went on to win every subsequent election until 1999, when for the first time in Indonesian history an independently monitored election took place.) In the early years of the Suharto presidency the political process was directed primarily by the government; as the New Order matured, however, power came to rest almost exclusively in the person of the president. After the 1971 election, the existing political parties were consolidated to form two officially recognized parties, the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan; PPP) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia; PDI). Technically, these parties were to base their political platforms on the national ideology of Pancasila (Five Principles)โ€”belief in one god, nationalism, democracy, humanitarianism, and social justiceโ€”also upheld by Golkar. Unlike Golkar, however, the political parties were prohibited from establishing chapters at the grassroots level. The end of the New Order and of the Suharto presidency in 1998 triggered a major transformation in Indonesiaโ€™s political process. New election laws allowed for independent monitoring of elections; restrictions on the creation of political parties were lifted at all levels; members of the bureaucracy were permitted to choose a party other than Golkar; and the military was forbidden from siding with any one political group. The 1999 election was both euphoric and peaceful, with the PDI (now adding โ€œPerjuanganโ€ [โ€œStruggleโ€] to its name to become the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle; PDIP), Golkar, and the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa; PKB) emerging as the top parties, with no single majority. These three parties have remained strong, although since the end of the 20th century several others have gained popularity alongside them. Among these are the Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat; PD), which became the presidential party in 2004, the National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional; PAN), and the Justice and Prosperity Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera; PKS). The election law states that all citizens who have reached the minimum age of 17 or who have married may vote in general elections. All those who have reached age 21 may stand for elections. Elections are direct and voting is by secret ballot. The Indonesian armed forces were founded shortly after the countryโ€™s declaration of independence in August 1945. The original forces were made up of soldiers who had been trained by the Dutch and Japanese armies as well as the armed militia groups that had fought a guerrilla war to wrest Indonesia permanently from Dutch control. Under the Sukarno and Suharto presidencies, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia; ABRI) comprised the army, the navy, the air force, and the police. Following the Suharto presidency, the armed forces returned to one of their pre-Sukarno names, the National Army of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia; TNI), and the police were split into a separate unit. The army, constituting more than three-fourths of the forces, has remained the largest segment of the TNI. Men must be at least 18 years old to join the armed forces; selective compulsory service requires a commitment of two years. The political role of the armed forces increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century, with the ABRI, and later the TNI, justifying their political involvement by citing the so-called dwi-fungsi (dual function) doctrine. This doctrine declared it both the right and the duty of the military to take part in most political decision-making processes in Indonesia. As the political power of the military grew, however, the allocation of state funds for defense development declined. The governmentโ€™s rationale in cutting its military spending was to promote peaceful relations with neighbouring countries; it meant to establish territorial control through political intervention, with the aid of a powerful intelligence network, rather than through the use of force. Its small budget ultimately forced the TNI to find other sources of income. Widespread corruption ensued as the military abused its associations with foundations and government firms. Finally, the TNI was removed from the political process with the reformation of the MPR in 2004: all seats in the legislature that were once reserved for the military were eliminated. Health and welfare Indonesia has a national health care network that offers treatment either free of charge or for a nominal cost through several types of medical facilities. District medical centres, the most comprehensive of which combine general medical clinics with maternal and child-health centres, provide services in family planning, school health, nutrition, communicable-disease control, health statistics, environmental health, health education, dental health, and public-health nursing. The district centres also supervise the community and village health centres (puskesmas), which are the primary health providers in rural areas. A third type of public medical facility is the posyandu, an integrated health-service post that is designed to serve those whose health is most at risk. These posts are more widely available than the village health centres and offer a variety of services to women and children in particular, ranging from immunizations and nutrition counseling to family planning. In general, the cost of specialized health care, as provided by private hospitals and doctors, is beyond the reach of Indonesians in both the low- and middle-income groups. A government-sponsored health insurance system for specialized care was introduced in the late 20th century, but has been slow to cover people working in small private companies or in the informal sector. Many companies provide medical assistance to employees, but there is no legal requirement to do so. Most of the major communicable diseases in Indonesia are well under control. Malaria and tuberculosis are no longer persistent health problems, but outbreaks of dengue and cholera still occur. Heart problems and strokes have become more common, owing at least in part to changes in diet that have accompanied economic growth since the 1970s. Cancer also has become more widespread. Drug addiction has increased notably, particularly among young people in the urban centres, and there has been a sharp rise in HIV infection and cases of AIDS, especially since the end of the 20th century. One of the most serious public health problems is the shortage of medical and paramedical personnel, mainly nurses and midwives. Although all new graduates of the governmentโ€™s medical schools are required to work for one year in rural areas, few doctors choose to stay in such regions after fulfilling their service obligation. Outside the major urban centres, many people use traditional healers, called dukun. An indigenous midwife (paraji or dukun beranak), often with limited training, assists many of the births in Indonesia; extensive training programs have been implemented to bring the paraji toward the standards of qualified midwives. Such programs contributed to a significant drop in the infant mortality rateโ€”from well above to well below the world averageโ€”from the mid-20th to the early 21st century. Another important public health issue, family planning (keluarga berancana; commonly called โ€œKBโ€), conceptually runs counter to traditional views, and there was much resistance to such programs when they were introduced. A massive attempt has been made to provide information on family planning to women of childbearing age, typically through clinics that are run by the Department of Health. This program has achieved considerable success, particularly in Java and Bali, and has come to be considered a model in Asia.
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืื ืžืฉื™ืง ืืช ืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ H&M ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืกื•ืงืก. ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืชืฉื•ื“ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ, ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืกืœื‘ืก ืžืจื™ื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืกืœื‘ืก ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012, 14:47 ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ื•ื•ืืฆืืค ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ ืื™ืžืื™ื™ืœ ืฉืชืฃ ื‘ general ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืกืงืกื™ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ, ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืงื”ืื, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืงื ื ื‘ืื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืฉืชืขืžื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” H&M. ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืจืก ืขื ืฉืฉ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช. ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืชืงืจื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืœืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืจืฉืช ื•- ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืกืœื‘ืก ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช (ืžืงื•ื“ื) ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื (ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืืชื›ื ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื) ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืžื˜ืขื TI SWIM ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ / ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ / ืžืขืฆื‘: "ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืคืจื™ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™", ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, "ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื” ื‘ื–ื”". ื”ื›ื™ ืชื ื•ื— ื•ืชืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื. ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงื”ืื ืžื“ื’ืžืŸ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจืชื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื• ืืžืจืื ื™.
ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Bow Valley - ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืขืžืง ื”ืงืฉืช) ื”ื•ื ืขืžืง ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืช ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืžืง ื–ื•ืจื ื ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ืื•. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืง "ื‘ื•ืื•" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉืชื•ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: "ื‘ื•ืื•" = ืงืฉืช) ืฉืขืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ืงื ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื 1 ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื 2 ืื’ืžื™ื 3 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 4 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืžืง ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืืจืงื™ื. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• (ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืื ืื ืืกืงื™ืก) ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื ืฃ. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงื ืžื•ืจ, ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืงื ืžื•ืจ[1]. ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ, ืžื—ื ืื•ืช, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืชื’ืจื™ ื•ืคื ืื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง. ืื’ืžื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื’ืžื™ื (ื”ืŸ ืื’ืžื™ื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืื’ืžื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื) ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื•: ืื’ื ื‘ื•ืื• ืื’ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื’ืžื™ ื•ืจืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื’ื ืœื•ืื™ื– ืื’ื ื’ืืค ืื’ื ืœืืง ื“ื– ืืจ ืื’ื ื’ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืืชืจ todocanada ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื•? ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ^ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื ืืœืง โ€ข ื‘ื•ืื• โ€ข ื‘ื•ืœ โ€ข ื‘ื™ื‘ืจืคื•ื˜ โ€ข ื‘ื™ื™ืจ โ€ข ื‘ืœื• โ€ข ื”ืืจื˜ โ€ข ื”ื™ื™ ืจื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช โ€ข ื”ื ืฉื™ื โ€ข ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€ข ื•ืืคื•ื˜ื™ืง โ€ข ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ โ€ข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืจื•ืก (ืจื›ืกื™ ืฆืœื‘ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”) โ€ข ื•ืจืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ื•ืจืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ โ€ข ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ืœื™ื–ืืจื“ โ€ข ืžืืกื™ื‘ โ€ข ืžื•ืกืงื•ื•ื โ€ข ืžื•ืจื™ืกื™ื™ โ€ข ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ โ€ข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ โ€ข ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ โ€ข ืกืื ื“ื ืก โ€ข ืกื•ืื•ื‘ืง โ€ข ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ โ€ข ืคืืœื™ืกืจ โ€ข ืคืืจืง โ€ข ืคื™ื™ืจื”ื•ืœื โ€ข ืคืœื˜ื”ื“ โ€ข ืงืื ืื ืืกืงื™ืก โ€ข ืงืจื•ืื•ื–ื ืกื˜ โ€ข ืจื ื”ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ืœื•ื โ€ข ืื•ืœื™ื‘ โ€ข ืื•ืจื•ืจื” โ€ข ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ โ€ข ืื™ื“ื™ืช' ืงืื•ื•ืœ โ€ข ืื™ื™ืžืจ โ€ข ืื™ื™ืคืœ โ€ข ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื” โ€ข ืืœื™ืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ืืœืŸ โ€ข ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” โ€ข ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ืื ื•ื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืืกื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ โ€ข ืืจืช'ื•ื–ื” โ€ข ืืชื‘ืกืงื” โ€ข ื‘ืื‘ืœ โ€ข ื‘ื•ืื•ืœืŸ โ€ข ื‘ื•ืœ โ€ข ื‘ื•ื ื˜ โ€ข ื‘ื•ืจื’'ื• โ€ข ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก โ€ข ื‘ื™ื“ืœ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื™ื‘ (ืจื›ืก ื‘ื•ืื•) โ€ข ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื™ื‘ (ืจื›ืก ื”ื™ื™ ืจื•ืง) โ€ข ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ โ€ข ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ โ€ข ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืจ โ€ข ื‘ืจื–ื• โ€ข ื‘ืจื˜ โ€ข ื‘ืจื™ื™ืก โ€ข ื’ื•ื ื’ โ€ข ื’'ื•ืคืจื” โ€ข ื’ืง โ€ข ื“ื™ืื“ื โ€ข ื“ืœืชืืคื•ืจื โ€ข ื”ืื ื’ืื‘ื™ โ€ข ื”ืืจื˜ โ€ข ื”ื•ื–ืžืจ โ€ข ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•ืง โ€ข ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ โ€ข ื•ืื™ื™ื˜ โ€ข ื•ืืคื•ื˜ื™ืง โ€ข ื•ื•ืœื™ โ€ข ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืŸ โ€ข ื•ื™ื™ืก โ€ข ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื•ืช' โ€ข ื•ื™ืžืคืจ โ€ข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” โ€ข ื•ื ืงืฆ'ืžื ื” โ€ข ื˜ื•ื–ื• โ€ข ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• โ€ข ื˜ื™ืจื™ื˜ โ€ข ื˜ืžืคืœ โ€ข ื™ื•ืœื™ืกืก โ€ข ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื’ โ€ข ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ืœื•ืžื™ืก โ€ข ืœื™ื˜ืœ โ€ข ืœื™ื™ืœ โ€ข ืœืคืจื•ื™ โ€ข ืžืืกื™ื‘ โ€ข ืžื™ืฆ'ื ืจ โ€ข ืžืงืืจืชื•ืจ โ€ข ืžืงืคื™ื™ืœ โ€ข ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ื ื•ืจืงื•ื•ื™ โ€ข ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ืง โ€ข ื ืœืกื•ืŸ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ืกืืœืคื•ืจ โ€ข ืกืืจื‘ืืง โ€ข ืกื˜ื•ืจื (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ืกื˜ื•ืจื (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ืกื˜ืื˜ืคื™ืœื“ โ€ข ืกื˜ื ืœื™ โ€ข ืกืžื™ื™ืช' (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ืกืžื™ื™ืช' (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ืกื ื˜ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก โ€ข ืกื ื˜ ืคื™ืจืืŸ โ€ข ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœ (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœ (ืจื›ืก ืื“ืืžืื ื˜) โ€ข ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœ (ืจื›ืกื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื ืงื”) โ€ข ืกืกืงืืฆ'ื•ืืŸ โ€ข ืคื•ืงืื˜ืจื” โ€ข ืคื•ืจื‘ืก โ€ข ืคื˜ื•ืœืžื™ โ€ข ืคื™ื˜ื• โ€ข ืคื™ื™ โ€ข ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ โ€ข ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื• โ€ข ืคื™ืœื“ โ€ข ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ โ€ข ืคืœื™ื ื˜ืก โ€ข ืคืจื•ืื• โ€ข ืคืจื™ื•ืจ โ€ข ืคืจืŸ โ€ข ืคืจื ื™ โ€ข ืฆ'ื™ืžื ื™ โ€ข ืงืืกืœ โ€ข ืงืืกืœื’ืืจื“ โ€ข ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื” โ€ข ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” โ€ข ืงื•ืœืžืŸ โ€ข ืงื•ืคืจ โ€ข ืงื•ืจื™ โ€ข ืงื™ื ื’ โ€ข ืงื™ืฆ'ื ืจ โ€ข ืงืœื“ืจื•ืŸ โ€ข ืงืœืžื ืกื• โ€ข ืงืกืงื™ื™ื“ โ€ข ืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ โ€ข ืจืื ื“ืœ โ€ข ืจื“ ืžืŸ โ€ข ืจื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ืจืกืคืคืœื ื“ื ื˜ โ€ข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) โ€ข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) โ€ข ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ื˜ โ€ข ืืœื‘ื• โ€ข ืืœืง โ€ข ืืชื‘ืกืงื” โ€ข ื‘ื•ืฉ โ€ข ื’'ืจื•ื•ื™ืก โ€ข ื”ื•ืื•ืก โ€ข ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ โ€ข ื•ืืคื™ื˜ื™ โ€ข ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืŸ โ€ข ื•ืจืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื˜ื•ื ืงื™ืŸ โ€ข ื™ืœื•ื”ื“ โ€ข ืžื ืฆ'ื• โ€ข ืžื ืงืžืŸ โ€ข ืกืืžื™ื˜ โ€ข ืกืื ื•ืืคื˜ื” โ€ข ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ืกื™ื ืงืœืจ โ€ข ืคืืœื™ืกืจ โ€ข ืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก โ€ข ืคื™ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืจ โ€ข ืงืื ืื ืืกืงื™ืก โ€ข ืงืื ืื ืืกืงื™ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ โ€ข ืงื™ืงื ื’ ื”ื•ืจืก โ€ข ืงืจื•ืื•ื–ื ืกื˜ ืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืื• โ€ข ืขืฉืจ ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงืจื— ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’'ืœ โ€ข ืืชื‘ืกืงื” โ€ข ื‘ื•ืื• โ€ข ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ โ€ข ื•ืœื˜ืฉืจ โ€ข ืคื™ื˜ื• โ€ข ืกืกืงืฆ'ื•ืืŸ โ€ข ืงืจื•ืื•ืคื•ื˜ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงืจื— ื•ืืคื˜ื” โ€ข ื•ืืคื•ื˜ื™ืง โ€ข ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืžืจืœื“ โ€ข ื‘ื•ืื• โ€ข ื™ื•ื”ื• โ€ข ื’'ื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ืคืืœื™ืกืจ โ€ข ืจื โ€ข ืฉื™ืค ืื’ืžื™ื ืื’ื ืก โ€ข ืื•ืคืื‘ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืื•ื”ืจื” โ€ข ืืžืจืœื“ โ€ข ื‘ืืจื™ื™ืจ โ€ข ื’ื•ืื•ืกื˜ โ€ข ื•ืืคื˜ื” โ€ข ื•ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื•ืจืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ€ข ืœื•ืื™ื– โ€ข ืžื™ื ื•ื•ื ืงื” โ€ข ืžื ืฆ'ื• โ€ข ืžืงืืจืชื•ืจ โ€ข ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉื” โ€ข ืคื™ื˜ื• โ€ข ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ โ€ข ืฉืจื‘ืจื•ืง ืžืคืœื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’'ืœืก ืกื˜ื™ื™ืจืงื™ื™ืก โ€ข ืืชื‘ืกืงื” โ€ข ื‘ื•ืื• โ€ข ื’'ื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื˜ืืงืืงื• โ€ข ืกืื ื•ืืคื˜ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื” ืื’ื ืื’ื ืก โ€ข ื‘ืงืชืช ื ื™ืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืืŸ โ€ข ื‘ืงืชืช ืคื™ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืง ืœื•ืื™ื– โ€ข ื‘ืื ืฃ โ€ข ืคื™ืœื“ โ€ข ืงื ืžื•ืจ โ€ข ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื ืก ืงื ื“ื™ โ€ข ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ืคืกื™ืคื™ืช โ€ข ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืื ืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฃ ืกื ื˜ืจ โ€ข ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืื ืฃ ืคืืจืงื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฃ โ€ข ื’'ืกืคืจ โ€ข ื’ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ โ€ข ื™ื•ื”ื• โ€ข ืงื•ื˜ื ื™ื™ โ€ข ืคืืจืง ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ื’ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื‘ืจ โ€ข ื”ืจ ืคืจื ื™ โ€ข ื”ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ืืกื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืชื‘ืกืงื” โ€ข ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืื•ืก โ€ข ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ืœื•ื”ื“ โ€ข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืงื™ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ืจืก ืคืืจืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืขืžืง ื‘ื•ืื• ืคืืจืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช) ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ืืžื‘ืจ ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "<url>ืขืžืง_ื‘ื•ืื•&oldid=24308006" ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื ืฃ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”: ืขืžืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช: ื“ืคื™ื ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื—ืกืจ: ืžืคืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื“ืฃ ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018, ื‘ืฉืขื” 20:19. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก-ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื” 3.0; ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืจ' ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื.
The grey squirrel lives throughout mainland England and Wales although it is still absent from much of Scotland. They live in woodland areas, in particular areas with conifers. It also lives in parks and gardens, wherever there are trees. Signs of a Squirrel problem: Grey squirrels are active in the daytime and are easily seen and identified Feeding signs include pine cones from which the wings have been stripped to get to the core. Split open nuts, tooth marks Squirrels also strip bark, particularly from deciduous trees Squirrel tracks are sometimes visible in mud and snow. WHAT DO THEY LOOK LIKE Squirrels have a winter coat, which is grey above with a white underside. The summer coat is shorter, sleeker and brownish grey above. They have sharp claws for gripping and a long bushy tail for balance. Grey squirrels breed twice a year. The litters being born in February/March and June/July with an average of 3-4 young. Gestation is about 45 days and the young are weaned at 10 weeks old. They build their nests (or dreys) of twigs and leaves in the forks of trees or tree hollows, known as dens. Dens are used for both shelter and for breeding. IMPLICATIONS OF HAVING SQUIRRELS Squirrels eat a wide range of nuts, fruit buds and shots, birdโ€™s eggs and nestlings. Squirrels can enter the roof spaces of houses and other buildings by climbing the walls or jumping from nearby trees. They chew woodwork and ceilings, strip insulation, electrical wiring, tearing up fibreglass and insulation. In the garden they can take fruit, such as strawberries, apples and plums. They frequently raid bird tables and feeders. In parks and woodland they damage trees, by stripping the bark. HOW DO WE GET RID OF SQUIRRELS? Prevention is in the form of netting, fencing and electric fencing, in attics, buildings, round trees, under and over ground as necessary. Killing the squirrels will only provide short term relief. Squirrels can be caught in baited cage traps and moved to other areas.
ืกืจืงื–ื (ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช: ืขื•ืงืฆื ื•ืช', ืœืขื’ ืžืจ) ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื™. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ (ืงืœืœื”), ืกืจืงื–ื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื "ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ" ืื• "ืœื—ื ืš" ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจืงื–ื ื”ื ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื• (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ), ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืกืงื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจืงื–ื ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช ืื• ืžืกืงื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ืกืจืงื–ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืขืœื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื’ื—ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ืช. ืืžืจื” ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš - ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”) ืื ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ื ืงืจื ื”ืกืจืงื–ื "ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื™ืจ" ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช "ืžืจื™ืจื”". ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช - ืกืจืงืกืžื•ืก . ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืกืจืงื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื", ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช. ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” (ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ), ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช (ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื) ื•ืกืจืงื–ื (ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื™ืจ). ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืื ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ ื”ื: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ - ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืืžื• ืืžืจื” ืœื• "ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“!". ื”ืื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื‘ื— ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื™) - ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื' ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื“ื ื‘' ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื˜ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ "ืœืžื” ืœื", ืื• "ืžื” ืขื•ื“" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”; ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืจืขื”ื•: "ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื”. ืœืžื” ืœื", ื›ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉื”. ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ืืžืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื›ืžื‘ื™ืš - ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืคืœืžื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ืจื’ื™ืฉ", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืจื—ืžื™ื, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืคืœืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ืœื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื—ื™ื›ื• (ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื). ืกืจืงื–ื ื•ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจืงื–ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ ืื• ืœื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืช ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜). ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ืช ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืžืจื•ืช ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื’ืจืกื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›ื–ื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืกืจืงื–ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ืื™ืžื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื“ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืจื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืœื•ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื™ืžื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื–ื”. ืกืจืงื–ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ืชืคืก ื›ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืชืคื™ืกืช-ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื™ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืจืงื–ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ืืฃ ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืื ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืžื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืจืงื–ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช (ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ). ืจืื• ื’ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ, โ€ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ืกืจืงื–ื? ืžืžืฉ..., ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ืข" ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื“ืขื™, 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016
ื ืืฉื ื›ื‘ืŸ 20 ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื›ื™ ืชืงืฃ ื•ืคืฆืข ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืคืฆื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘-5,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ facebook ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ twitter ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ telegram ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ whatsapp ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ email ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืคืจืช ืคื™ื ืง, ื’ื–ืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืŸ 20 ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ื™ื›ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื ืืฉื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘-5,000 ืฉืงืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื ืขืจ ื›ื‘ืŸ 18, ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืกืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”, ื•ื–ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื ืขืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื•ื ืขืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืขืฉื”, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ "ื™ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•". ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• "ื‘ื•ื ืชื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•, ื”ื ืืฉื, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ืืฉื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืœืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืขืช. ื ื”ื’ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื ืืœืฅ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื•ืก ื•ื›ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื”ืกืขื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืจืฅ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ื“ืคืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืืฉื, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื ื”ื’ ื”ื”ืกืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™. ื”ื ืืฉื, ื›ืš ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืœืงื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืืฉื ื ื•ืกืข ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ื ืืฉื ื—ืกื ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ. ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช. ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืชื•ืืจ ืขื•ื“, ืขืœื• ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืืฉื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืœื”. ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืืฉื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืืฉื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืืœื”. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื—ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื” ื•ืงืจื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” "ืขืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ืจื”". ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื—ืกื ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืขื–ืจื”. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื ื•ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืกืงื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืขื ืฉืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื ืืฉื. ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื ื’ื•ืจ, ื˜ืขืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืฉื ืคืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื•. ื”ื ืืฉื ืœื ื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืืœื ื ื’ืจืจ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•. ื”ื ืืฉื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืŸ. ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืขื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฉืขื”, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืคื™ื ืง ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉืขืช ื”ื ืืฉื, ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•, ื‘ื”ื ื ื ืงื˜ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžื•ืš, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื”, ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ืœืกื™ื•ืžื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฉืขื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ืืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช. "ืœื ื ืขืœื ืžืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ืจืฉืขื” ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืœืช ืฆื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ืืฉื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืืœื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื โ€“ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื, ื”ื’ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืžืžืฉื™. ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืืคื•ื, ืžืืกืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืืกืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™", ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืคื™ื ืง ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื”. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืืคืจืช ืคื™ื ืง ืขื•โ€ื“ ืงื™ืžื‘ืจืœื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘: ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ facebook ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ twitter ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ telegram ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ whatsapp ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ email ืงื•ื“ืื”ืงื•ื“ืื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: "ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืกืคื™ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•"ื”ื‘ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื, ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื•"ื“ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืขื•โ€ื“ ืงื™ืžื‘ืจืœื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืืฆืืค * ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜? ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ: ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ืœืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ <url> ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ <url> ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• <url> ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœื ื• <url> ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ืœืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœื ื• ืืชืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช obiter.co.il ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืœืืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื•. ืื•ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ืœื ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืื•ืœื™, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 27ื' ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืืชืจ <email>
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ืงืฉืจ ืžื’'ื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืืื•ื˜ืœื•ืง (ื”ื›ื ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ-ืžื™ื›ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ-ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื-ื™ื•ืกืคื” ืชื ืขืžื™- ืฉืžืข ืช"ื):
CBT ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ืงื ืชื” ืœื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ CBT ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• B, ื‘ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื C,ื•ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื ืข ืžื”ื“ื—ืงืช ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืจื’ืฉ ืกื•ืขืจืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ื”-CBT ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ LICBT โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื™ืฉืช CBT ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. LICBT ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืคืชื™ืจืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื , ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืจื“ื”,ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runnerโ€™s Knee) PFPS is a cause of knee pain that affects 25% of people at some point in their lives and is even more common in runners, hence being known as runnerโ€™s knee. It describes pain behind the kneecap (patella) because of damage to or irritation of the articular cartilage where the patella meets the thigh bone (femur). PFPS is considered to be an overuse injury caused by the irregular movement (tracking) and rubbing of the patella over the femur, while the knee is bending and straightening. It is the repetitive bending and straightening of the knees that makes this condition more prevalent in runners. Instead of gliding smoothly through a groove (called the trochlea) at the femur, the poor alignment of the knee means the patella can mistrack and instead rub against the femur itself. This causes irritation at the joint and damage to the underlying cartilage and bone. Other contributing factors include: Aside from running, PFPS typically is particularly prevalent in basketball, football, volleyball, netball, skiing and other running/jumping sports. Symptoms of PFPS often come on gradually during high-impact activities such as running, squatting and climbing stairs. Pain may continue on walking and in severe cases, may even be felt during rest. Symptoms can include: Initially, treatment will look at reducing the painful symptoms. Following the PRICE principles (protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation) can help reduce pain and swelling. Treatment will then focus on treating the cause and correcting any alignment issues that may cause the pain to recur in the future. This may involve: It is important to treat PFPS effectively to avoid any further damage to the knee joint and the articular cartilage. Because articular cartilage works to protect the bone ends and help them glide smoothly against each other, incurring damage to it can cause more pain and issues in the knees. Orthotics are an important component of treatment because very often, the abnormal knee function is due to the way the foot functions. A pronated foot type (flat feet) foot causes the lower leg to rotate slightly inward. This causes the patellar tendon to pull in an abnormal direction where it attaches in front of the knee causing damage to the tendon in this area. If this is the cause of the problem then orthotics can correct the underlying foot condition that is affecting the lower leg and knee. Orthotics will simultaneously function to address any other abnormalities issues you may be experiencing with the lower limbs to improve your overall performance.
ืกื™ื•ื•ื’: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื. 26 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช | ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืฉืจื•ืช | ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื | ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื | ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืช | ืื•ื“ื•ืช | ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื | ืžืคืช ื”ืืชืจ | ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ | ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืืชืจื™ื | ืชืงื ื•ืŸ | ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืจืฉื™ื | ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื | ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื | ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช | ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื | ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ื | ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™ื | ืื™ื˜ื•ื | ื“ื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ | ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžืก | ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ | ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื | ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืคื ืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ | ืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื | ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืก | ืžืคืœื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ | ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื | ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืชืจื™ื | ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื |
3. ืžื˜ืจืช ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืื• ืขื•ืกืง. 4. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื•. 5. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื›ืžืชืš ืœืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. 6. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ืš ื‘ืืชืจ, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืš ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ/ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. 7. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ื•ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. 8. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืจืฉืื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ, ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืื—ืจ, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ. 9. ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื”, ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืื• ืžื™ ืžื˜ืขืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืื• ืชืงืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืื•ืชื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. 10. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”. 11. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืจืฉืื™ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืคืง ื ื™ืžื•ืง, ืœื—ืกื•ื ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉ/ืช ืคืœื•ื ื™/ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืชืจ. 12. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื•/ืื• ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืชืงื‘ืขื ื”. 13. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœื ืชื•ืคืจืข, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš. 14. ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช. 15. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื•. 16. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ืš ืžืกื›ื™ื/ืžื” ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ืš ื ื“ืจืฉ/ืช ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ 17. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ืš ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘/ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”/ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: 17.1. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”, ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ื›ืœ ืงื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจ, ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ืก, ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•/ืื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. 17.2. ื”ืคืฆืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืื• ื”ืฆืคืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืื—ืจ. 17.3. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•/ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื”. 17.4 ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืืชืจ, ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืชืจ ืื—ืจ, ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. 17.5. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•/ืื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช 18. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœื ืชื™ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื•/ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœื ืชื™ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื”. 19. ื”ืืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจื™ื ืื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื“ืข. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื•/ืื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืกืจ ืกืคืง, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ 20. ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ/ืช ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘/ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ื ื–ืง, ื”ืคืกื“, ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจืช ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืœื• ื•/ืื• ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•/ืื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื•/ืื• ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื•/ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืชื•ืขืœื” ืข"ื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. 21. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ/ืช ืช/ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•/ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืจืฉื•/ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื "ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช 22. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืชืจ ("ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ"). 23. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฆืจืคื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•/ืื• ืกืคืงื™ื, ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•/ืื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ื”ืด (cookies) ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ/ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ/ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•/ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืจื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”-cookies ืื• ืฉื™ืชืจื™ืข ืขืœ cookies ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ื•/ื”. 24. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ โ€“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจืชื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•/ืื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื”, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. 25. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืš ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื• ื‘ืข"ืค, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆ"ื‘. ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืคื ื” ืืœื™ืš ื›ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ <email> ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ 26. ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื•. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืชืจ, ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืชืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืฉื ื”ืืชืจ. 27. ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ. 28. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืœืคืจืกื, ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ, ืœืฉื›ืคืœ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื“, ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•/ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชืจ ื•/ืื• ืžื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื•/ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืคืจื” ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ, ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช 29. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœืคื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ. 30. ืื ืื™ื ืš ืฉื‘ืข/ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืืชืจ ืื• ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชื ืื™ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘/ื™ ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื™ืชืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ืืฉืจ ื“ื—ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืขื ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืขื ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืื•ืคื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•: ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื: ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2021 ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” #ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช_ืžืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืชืคื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืชืคื• ื‘-Whatsapp ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื• ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืคื ื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื˜ืœ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช/ื”ืจืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฃ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืคืกืคืกืชื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืชืคื• ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืชืคื• ื‘-Whatsapp ืฉืชืคื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืš ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2020 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš? ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืช: ืœื™ืืช ืžืœื›ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” โ€“ ืœื”ืจื™ื/ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื™ืง, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”. "ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”", ืื•ืžืจืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ื”-29, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืขื ืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืงื ืื”. ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื”. ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื“ืช ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ืื•ืชื. ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”". "ืื ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช", ืžืกืคืจืช ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ืช ื”-30, "ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืœื™, ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืงื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” D85, ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืชื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื™. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืจืง ืขื ื’ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆืžื™. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื–ื” ืกืงืกื™". ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”? "ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื” "ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืš, ืชืฉื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš ืžืฉื”ื•. ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืฉื›ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ ืฉืœื™, ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืขื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ื™". ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืงืฆืช ืžืงื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืœื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื - ื”ืื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืš. ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ. ืœื ืœื‘ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”? ืืช ืžืคื•ื˜ืจืช! ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”? ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื ืจ ื–ื”ืจ, ื•ืœื™ืืช ืืงื™ืงื•ืก, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ื•ื”ืชืขืžืงื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช. "ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืงื ื˜ืจื ื™ืช ืื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช", ืื•ืžืจืช ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื ืจ ื–ื”ืจ, "ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืขืกื™ืง ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“". ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ โ€“ "ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื"? "ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืื ืื™ืฉื” ืื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืงื–'ื•ืืœ, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื ืื›ืฃ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืขื™ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ." ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื? "ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื’'ืื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื ืืกืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื’'ืื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืคืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ." "ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ืงืคื”, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืคืœื”, ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”". ืฆื™ืœื•ื: shutterstock ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™-ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช? ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ืœื™ืืช ืืงื™ืงื•ืก ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”: "ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื•ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืžื˜ืขืžื•, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื” ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ ื ืืžืจ ืœืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ - ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœื, ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืœืžื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช". ืื– ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”? "ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœืœ: "ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืช, ื•ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืื™ื ื ื” ืืกื•ืจื”. ืžืขืกื™ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืš ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื• ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ". ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• โ€“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง, ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง ื•ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข. ืœื˜ืขืžื™, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช". ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? "ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืื•ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืกืคื™ืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจืช ืืงื™ืงื•ืก. "ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชืงื ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ืœื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ, ื”ืชืงืฉื™"ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงื”ืœ "ื™ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื ื•ื ืงื™", ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ืื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื ืชื‘"ื’". ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืคื•. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื•, ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื— ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื ื“ืขืชื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื—ื” ืืชืŸ ืžื•ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืืคืœื™ื”, ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื–ื™ื™ื”, ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš? ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœืืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื ืžื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื ื—ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื—ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืขืœืชื ืืช ืงื•ืกืžื” ืœืกื˜ื•ืจื™? ื™ื•ืคื™! ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืฉื—ืจืจื•, ืกื™ื ื“ืจืœื” ืœื ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื ื™ (ืœื) ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืจื• โ€“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค 2.0 : ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืžืจื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืŸ ืืœ ืชื’ื™ื“ื• "ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื•": ืื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช? ืžืœืžืŸ, ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืขื ืช ืงื ื” ืจืฆื•ืฅ 61 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช: ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜? "ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ - ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช" ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืงื™ื ื”
ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ืžืื™ 2021 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ืžืจืฅ 2021 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2021 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2020 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2020 ืžืื™ 2020 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 ืžืจืฅ 2020 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ืžืื™ 2019 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019 ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2019 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2018 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2018 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2018 ืžืื™ 2018 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ืžืื™ 2017 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017 ืžืจืฅ 2017 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016 ืžืื™ 2016 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2016 ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2015 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015 ืžืื™ 2015 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015 ืžืจืฅ 2015 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ืžืื™ 2014 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014 ืžืจืฅ 2014 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2013 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013 ืžืื™ 2013 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ืžืจืฅ 2013 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 ืžืื™ 2012 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 ืžืจืฅ 2012 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2011 ืžืื™ 2011 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2011 ืžืจืฅ 2011 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2011 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2011 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2010 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010 ืžืื™ 2010 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ืžืจืฅ 2010 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2010 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2009 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2009 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ืžืื™ 2009 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009 ืžืจืฅ 2009 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2008 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2008 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2008 ืžืื™ 2008 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008 ืžืจืฅ 2008 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2007 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2007 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2007 ืžืื™ 2007 ืืคืจื™ืœ 2007 ืžืจืฅ 2007 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2007 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2007 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2006 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2006 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2006 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2006 0 ื›ื•ื— ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžื—ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืง. ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืœืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข: ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”"ืžืจื›ื–" ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืจ ืขืœ "ืคืกื•ืง ืœื™ ืคืกื•ืงืš" : ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืขื™ื ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื– ืœืชืžื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช (ื‘) ื™ืขืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”"ืžืจื›ื–" ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืกืœืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื“, ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื—ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ืง ืžืกื“ โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื“ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืคื™ 10? ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืก ืื—ืจ ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”"ืžืจื›ื–" ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ยป ยซ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช โ€“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ 7.10.21 0:18 ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืก. ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชืŸ ื™ืขืœื”, ื–ื›ืื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ืžืืช: ืง. ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืœืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืก ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 0.3% ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืฉืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื: "ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•"ืž ืœืฉื ืช 2022". ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ื•ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืœืฉื ื™ื 2023/2024. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืกืจ ื›ืกืฃ. ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืชืชืขืžืช ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืงืœื˜ ืžืก ื•ื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืก. ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ืขืœื”, ื–ื›ืื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช, ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ื—ืกื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2019 ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2020 ืขืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ ืฉืœ 100 ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืž-660 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช ืœ-850 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช, 100 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœื” ื‘-190 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช. 100 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 60% ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™. 100 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”-45 ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 10%, ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 19 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช. ืื ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืงืจื— ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• 85 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” 100 ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืก ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 0.3 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื, ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื•ืฉืฉื™ื. ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 12 ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื–ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจืช ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืกืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ื— ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื ื“ืคื™ื, ืฉืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉ/ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื›ื–ืจ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื’ื–ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืื– 1977. ืžืื– 1977, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”-99%. ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉืงืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจืชื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžื—ื” ืืจืœื™ืš, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ืขื™, ืžืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื” ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“, ืžืฉื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืฆื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืžืฅ ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืคื” ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืœื™ื” ืชื’ื™ื•ืช: 99%, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ-ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืกื•ื™, ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข 7 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช 7 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื ื‘ืื•ื : 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 15:15 ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.ืžืื– 1977 ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืฆืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ื ื•,ื“ื ื”-99$ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.ืžืื– 1977 ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืฆืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ื ื•,ื“ื ื”-99% ื”ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜. ืœื•ื ื™ : 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 22:43 ื˜ื•ื›ืœืกืงื™, ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืืช ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœื ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืืžืช. ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืžื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื ื‘ืื•ื : 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:08 ืœืœื•ื’ื™,ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™,ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื..........ืžื‘ืจื•ืง. ืง. ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืœืกืงื™ : 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:14 ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืžื ื ืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 13 ืœ-19 ืื—ื•ื–. ืืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืง ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืก ืœ-8%. ืœื•ื ื™ : 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:50 ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืœืกืงื™ โ€“ ืืชื” ืœื ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœ"ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื" ื•"ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื" ? ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื 40% ืœืขื•ืžืช 50% ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ืจืง "ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช" ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 14.93% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช 23% ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื•ืง ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืชืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืžืก ืฉืœ "ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื". ื”ืžืข"ืž ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ื (ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืžืก ื”ื•ืŸ) ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื "ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”" ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืืœื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื‘ 10% ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ (35 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช 25 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ืง. ื˜ื•ื›ื•ืœืกืงื™ : 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:18 ื—ื•ืง ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ืื ืืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืก ื”ืžืœื. ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœ-20% ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืœืžื• 20|% ืžืก ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื” ืžื”ืžืก. ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืก ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื•ื ื™, ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืก ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืืœืœื” ื‘ื•ื ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”. 18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 2021 ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:57 ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื . ืœืฆื‘ืจืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืงืœ ืฉื ืฉืื‘ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœืฆื‘ืจืจ ืžืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื ืžืฆืฆื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื•ืžื™ืœืื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ืžืงืœื˜ ืžืก ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืจืจ ืžืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ( ืฉืื ื• ืฉื™ืœืžื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื—ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืžื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ) ืœืฆื‘ืจืจ ืžืคื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืก ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืจืจ "ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื" ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ืœืœ @ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉืขื™ ื‘ื ืงืกื˜ืจื– ืขืฆื•ืžื” .ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืืคืก 0 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ! ื”ืฉืืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื“ื•ื"ืœ (ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’) ืืชืจ (ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”) ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื‘ืงืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื›ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ืชืงืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืชืจ ื ื•ืคืœ ื•ืงื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ+ืกื™) ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืชืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ ืื ื”ืืชืจ ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืชื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
1. ื‘ื’ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืงื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืื‘ืง ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื. 2. ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘- ABS, ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. ืืš ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ABS, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 'ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ', ืœืคืžืคื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœืœื ABS โ€“ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืคืžืคื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœืœื ABS ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื‘ืœื™ืžื” (ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืžืคื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”- ABS, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืฆื”). ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืจื•ื, ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื”. 3. ื‘ืขืช ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื ื”, ืขื 'ื’ื– ืงื‘ื•ืข'. ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื ื’ื– ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื›ื ื™ืกืช ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื˜, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืจื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืžื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข (ื ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ. 4. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข โ€“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืš ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื. 5. ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ื. 6. ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื”. 7. ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื–ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื›ื.
A truncated cone has a base radius 40 cm and 10 cm and a height of 25 cm. Calculate its surface area and volume. Leave us a comment of example and its solution (i.e. if it is still somewhat unclear...): Showing 0 comments: Be the first to comment! To solve this example are needed these knowledge from mathematics: Next similar examples: - Truncated cone Calculate the height of the rotating truncated cone with volume V = 1111 cm3 and a base radii r1 = 6.2 cm and r2 = 9.8 cm. Intersect between plane and a sphere is a circle with a radius of 60 mm. Cone whose base is this circle and whose apex is at the center of the sphere has a height of 34 mm. Calculate the surface area and volume of a sphere. - Bottles of juice How many 2-liter bottles of juice need to buy if you want to transfer juice to 50 pitchers rotary cone shape with a diameter of 24 cm and base side length of 1.5 dm. - Cone area and side Calculate the surface area and volume of a rotating cone with a height of 1.25 dm and 17,8dm side. - Surface area The volume of a cone is 1000 cm3 and the content area of the axis cut is 100 cm2. Calculate the surface area of the cone. - Ice cream in cone In the ice cream cone with a diameter of 5.2 cm is 1.3 dl of ice cream. Calculate the depth of the cone. - Cylinder surface area Volume of a cylinder whose height is equal to the radius of the base is 678.5 dm3. Calculate its surface area. - Cylinder - basics Cylinder with base radius r = 45 dm and height h=22 dm. Calculate: - Triangular prism Calculate the surface area and volume of a triangular prism, base right triangle if a = 3 cm, b = 4 cm, c = 5 cm and height of prism h=12 cm. - The cylinder base The cylinder with a base of 8 dm2 has a volume of 120 liters. From a cylinder fully filled with water, 40 liters of water was removed. At what height from the bottom /with precision to dm/ is the water level? - Cube volume The cube has a surface of 384 cm2. Calculate its volume. - Circular lawn Around a circular lawn area is 2 m wide sidewalk. The outer edge of the sidewalk is curb whose width is 2 m. Curbstone and the inner side of the sidewalk together form a concentric circles. Calculate the area of the circular lawn and the result round to 1 The length of segment AB is 24 cm and the point M and N divided it into thirds. Calculate the circumference and area of this shape. - Fit ball What is the size of the surface of Gymball (FIT - ball) with a diameter of 65 cm? - Garden pond Concrete garden pond has bottom shape of a semicircle with a diameter 1.7 m and is 79 cm deep. Daddy wants make it surface. How many liters of water is in pond if watel level is 28 cm? - Regular octagon Draw the regular octagon ABCDEFGH inscribed with the circle k (S; r = 2.5 cm). Select point S' so that |SS'| = 4.5 cm. Draw S (S '): ABCDEFGH - A'B'C'D'E'F'G'H'. A trained athlete is able to exhale after a deep breath still 500 ml of air. At normal inhalation and exhalation is breathing 500 ml of air. Within one minute, one breath and exhaled 14 times. What part of breathing air per day is one exhalation?
Some Common Reactions The combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine requires oxygen Burning of wood in a fireplace requires oxygen The reactions that break down food in your body and release energy use oxygen The oxide of hydrogen is water Charcoal oxidizes when it burn forming CO2 Bleaching stains in fabric is still oxidation even though it does not burn. Oxidation When methane burns in air, it oxidizes and forms oxides of carbon and hydrogen. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) When elemental iron turns to rust, it slowly oxidizes to compounds such as iron (III) oxide. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) Reduction Originally reduction meant a loss of oxygen from a compound 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) iron oxide carbon iron carbon dioxide Reduction of iron ore to metallic iron involves the removal of oxygen from iron (III) oxide. Involves heating the ore with carbon. Question What happens to magnesium and oxygen when they react to form magnesium oxide? +2 -2 2Mg + O2 2MgO magnesium oxygen magnesium oxide Magnesium loses electrons to form Mg2+ Oxygen gains electrons to form O2- Electron Shift in Redox Reactions The modern concept of oxidation and reduction have been extended to include many reactions that do not even involve oxygen. Oxygen is the most electronegative element (besides fluorine) When oxygen bonds with an atom of a different element (except fluorine), electrons from that atom shift toward oxygen. Redox Reactions Redox reactions are currently understood to involve any shift of electron between reactants. โ€ข Oxidation โ€“ a process that involves a complete or partial loss of electrons or a gain of oxygen. โ€ข Results in an increase in the oxidation number of an atom โ€ข Reduction โ€“ a process that involves a complete or partial gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen. โ€ข Results in a decrease in the oxidation number of an atom Redox Reactions Oxidation and reduction always occur simultaneously. The substance gaining oxygen or losing electrons is oxidized The substance losing oxygen or gaining electrons is reduced. Redox Reactions During a reaction between a metal and a nonmetal, electrons are transferred from atoms of the metal to atoms of the nonmetal. Mg + S Mg2+S2- magnesium sulfurmagnesium sulfide 2 electrons are transferred from a magnesium atom to a sulfur atom. Magnesium atoms become more stable by the loss of electrons. Sulfur atoms become more stable by the gain of electrons Redox Reactions Mg + S Mg2+S2- magnesium sulfurmagnesium sulfide Oxidation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e- (loss of electrons) Reduction: S + 2e- S2- (gain of electrons) Magnesium atom is said to be oxidized to a magnesium ion Sulfur atom is said to be reduced to a sulfide ion. Redox Reactions When a metal combines with oxygen, it loses electrons When oxygen is removed from the oxide of a metal, the metal gains electrons. This knowledge is what led to the broader definition of oxidation and reduction as an exchange of electrons. Redox Reactions Reducing agent โ€“ the substance that loses the electrons Mg + S MgS reducing agent oxidized Oxidizing agent โ€“ the substance that accepts electrons Mg + S MgS oxidizing agent reduced Sample Problem Silver nitrate reacts with copper to form copper nitrate and silver. From the equation below, determine what is oxidized and what is reduced. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. 2AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Rewrite the equation in ionic form 2Ag+ + 2NO3- + Cu Cu2+ + 2NO3- + 2Ag Sample Problem 2Ag+ + 2NO3- + Cu Cu2+ + 2NO3- + 2Ag Oxidation: 2 e- are lost from copper when it becomes a Cu2+ Reduction: 2e- are gained by two silver ions which become neutral silver atoms. 2Ag+ + 2NO3- + Cu Cu2+ + 2NO3- + 2Ag oxidizing reducing Agent agent reduced oxidized Sample Problem 2Na + S 2Na+ + S2- oxidized reduced reducing agent oxidizing agent 4Al + 3O2 4Al3+ + 3O2- Oxidized reduced Reducing agent oxidizing agent 2I- I2 + 2e- oxidation Zn2+ + 2e- Zn reduction Redox with Covalent Compounds Some reactions involve covalent compounds. In these compounds complete electron transfer does not occur. 2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) In each reactant hydrogen molecule, the bonding electrons are shared equally between the hydrogen atoms. In water, however, the bonding electrons are pulled toward oxygen because it is much more electronegative than hydrogen. Redox with Covalent Compounds 2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) There is a shift of bonding electrons away from hydrogen, even though there is not a complete transfer. Hydrogen is oxidized because it undergoes a partial loss of electrons. Redox with Covalent Compounds 2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) In oxygen, the bonding electrons are share equally between oxygen atoms in the reactant oxygen molecule. When oxygen bonds to hydrogen in the water molecule, there is a shift of electrons toward oxygen. Oxygen is thus reduced because it undergoes a partial gain of electrons. Redox with Covalent Compounds H H O O H O shift of bonding e- sharede- sharede- away from H equallyequally H and toward O H is reducing O is oxidizing agent agent Redox with Covalent Compounds โ€ข Some reactions involving covalent reactants or products, the partial electron shifts are less obvious. โ€ข General guideline for covalent reactants or products: โ€ข for carbon compounds, the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen is always oxidation Corrosion โ€ข Iron, often used in the โ€ข form of the alloy steel, โ€ข corrodes by being โ€ข oxidized to ions of iron โ€ข by oxygen. โ€ข 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O (l) 2Fe(OH)2(s) โ€ข 4Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O (l) 4Fe(OH)3(s) โ€ข Equations describe the corrosion of iron to iron hydroxides in moist conditions. Corrosion Water in the environment accelerates the rate of corrosion. Corrosion occurs more rapidly in the presence of salts and acids. Salts and acids produce electrically conducting solutions that make electron transfer easier. Resistance to Corrosion โ€ข Not all metals corrode easily. โ€ข Gold and platinum are called noble metals because they are very resistant to losing their e- by corrosion. โ€ข Other metals lose electrons easily but are protected from extensive corrosion by the oxide coating formed on their surface. โ€ข Aluminum oxidizes quickly in air to form a coating of very tightly packed aluminum oxide particles. Resistance to Corrosion โ€ข Iron also forms a coating when it corrodes โ€ข But the coating of iron oxide that forms is not tightly packed. โ€ข Water and air can penetrate the coating and attack the iron metal below it. โ€ข Corrosion continues until the iron object becomes only a pile of rust. Controlling Corrosion To prevent corrosion, the metal surface can be coated with oil, paint, plastic or another metal. Coatings exclude air and water from the surface, preventing corrosion. If coating is scratched or worn away, however, the exposed metal will begin to corrode. Controlling Corrosion Another method of corrosion control One metal is โ€œsacrificedโ€ or allowed to corrode, in order to save a second metal. To protect an iron object, a piece of magnesium (or other active metal) may be placed in electrical contact with the iron. When oxygen and water attack the iron object, the iron atoms lose electrons as the iron being to be oxidized. Controlling Corrosion Because magnesium is a better reducing agent than iron and is more easily oxidized the magnesium immediately transfers electrons to the iron, preventing their oxidation to iron ions. Magnesium is โ€œsacrificedโ€ by oxidation and protects the iron in the process. Controlling Corrosion Sacrificial zinc and magnesium blocks are sometimes attached to piers and ship hulls to prevent corrosion damage in areas submerged in water. Underground pipelines and storage tanks may be connected to magnesium block for protection It is easier and cheaper to replace a block of magnesium or zinc than to replace a bride or a pipeline. Question Can you identify the common chemical characteristic of all metal corrosion? The transfer of electrons from metals to oxidizing agents. Questions Define oxidation and reduction in terms of the gain or loss of oxygen. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen Reduction is the loss of oxygen Define oxidation and reduction in terms of the gain or loss of electrons. LEO the lion goes GER Loss of Electrons is Oxidation Gain of Electrons is Reduction Questions What happens to the atoms in an iron nail that corrodes? Iron atoms are oxidized when iron corrodes How do you identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in a redox reaction? The species reduced is the oxidizing agent. The species oxidized is the reducing agent. Questions Use electron transfer or electron shift to identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in each reaction. (use electronegativity values for molecular compounds) 2Na(s) + Br2(l) 2NaBr(s) Na oxidized, Br2 reduced H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) H2 oxidized, Cl2 reduced Questions Use electron transfer or electron shift to identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in each reaction. (use electronegativity values for molecular compounds) 2Li(s) + F2(g) 2LiF(s) Li oxidized, F2 reduced S(s) + Cl2(g) SCl2(g) S oxidized, Cl2 reduced Questions Use electron transfer or electron shift to identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in each reaction. (use electronegativity values for molecular compounds) N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(s) N2 oxidized, O2 reduced Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Mg oxidized, Cu reduced Questions Identify the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent for each reaction. 2Na(s) + Br2(l) 2NaBr(s) Na reducing agent, Br2 oxidizing agent H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) H2 reducing agent, Cl2 oxidizing agent Questions Identify the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent for each reaction. 2Li(s) + F2(g) 2LiF(s) Li reducing agent, F2 oxidizing agent S(s) + Cl2(g) SCl2(g) S reducing agent, Cl2 oxidizing agent Questions Identify the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent for each reaction. N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(s) N2 reducing agent, O2 oxidizing agent Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Mg reducing agent, Cu oxidizing agent Oxidation Numbers Oxidation number is a + or โ€“ number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction. General Rule A bonded atomโ€™s oxidation # is the charge that it would have if the e- in the bond were assigned to the atom of the more electronegative element. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers โ€ข The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is = in magnitude and sign to its ionic charge. โ€ข Bromide (Br1-) is -1Iron III (Fe3+) is+3 โ€ข The oxidation number of hydrogen in a compound is +1, except in metal hydrides, such as NaH, where it is -1 โ€ข The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is -2 except in peroxides, such as H2O2, where it is -1 and in compounds with the more electronegative fluorine, where it is positive. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers โ€ข The oxidation number of an atom in uncombined (elemental) form is 0. โ€ข Potassium metal (K) is 0Nitrogen Gas (N2) is0 โ€ข For any neutral compound, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in the compound must equal 0 โ€ข For polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the ionic charge of the ion. Some Thought Determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds is a way for chemists to keep track of electron transfer during redox reactions What are other examples where items are numbered to keep track of movement? The numbers on a sports playerโ€™s jersey The area codes assigned to telephone numbers in different regions Binary Ionic Compounds In binary ionic compounds, such as NaCl and CaCl2, the oxidation numbers of the atoms equal their ionic charges. Na1+ + Cl-1 NaCl oxidation # +1 -1 neutral Ca2+ + Cl-1 CaCl2 oxidation # +2 -1 neutral Note the sign I put before the oxidation number Molecular Compounds No ionic charges are associated with atoms of molecular compounds. However, oxygen is reduced in the formation of water for example. In water the two shared e- in the H โ€“ O bond are shifted toward the O and away from the H. Imagine the e- contributed by the two H atoms are completely transferred to the O. Molecular Compounds The charge that would result from the transfer are the oxidation numbers of the bonded elements. The oxidation number of O is -2 and the oxidation number of each hydrogen is +1 Oxidation numbers are often written above the chemical symbols in a formula. +1 -2 H2O Multiple Oxidation Numbers Many elements can have several different oxidation numbers. +1 +6 -2 K2CrO4 โ€“ Potassium Chromate +1 +12 -2 K2CrO7 โ€“ Potassium Dichromate Sample Problems What is the oxidation number of each kind of atom in the following ions and compounds? +4 -2 SO2 +4 -2 CO32- +1 +6 -2 Na2SO4 -3 +1 -2 (NH4)2S Sample Problems Determine the oxidation number of each element in the following. +3 -2 S2O3 +1 -1 Na2O2 +5 -2 P2O5 +5 -2 NO3- Sample Problems Determine the oxidation number of chlorine in each of the following substances. +1 +5 -2 KClO3 0 Cl2 +2 +7 -2 Ca(ClO4)2 +1 -2 Cl2O
ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคืกื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืœื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ
When you have an appointment at the clinic, a health-care provider often takes your vital signs. Vital signs generally refers to measurement of your body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, weight and height. From the weight and height, your BMI can be calculated. What is BMI and why does your physician monitor it? Catherine McNeal, MD, PhD, Internist, Pediatrician and specialist in lipid disorders, explains BMI and discusses why itโ€™s important. Every little bit you can lower your BMI is a step toward improving your health and lowering your risk of developing the diseases associated with obesity. BMI is your body mass index, which is your weight in kilograms (kg) divided by your height in meters squared (m2). โ€œThe BMI is a way to adjust your weight for your height. A short person will have a lower weight than a tall person, but he may have the same BMI,โ€ explains Dr. McNeal. BMI is a measure used by the medical community to define normal and abnormal weight adjusted for height. The definitions are: - Underweight: Below 18.5 kg/m2 - Normal: 18.5 โ€“ 24.9 kg/m2 - Overweight: 25.0 โ€“ 29.9 kg/m2 - Obese: 30.0 โ€“ 39.9 kg/m2 - Morbidly obese: 40.0+ kg/m2 According to the Centers of Disease Control, of U.S. adults: - More than two-thirds are overweight - More than one-third are obese - 4.7 percent are morbidly obese Normal and abnormal BMI values, Dr. McNeal says, are defined differently in children because they are growing and because BMI is different in boys and girls. Consequently, normal and abnormal values in children are based on percentile values โ€” that is, how they compare with other children their age and gender. Please see our blog on BMI in children. BMI as a Predictor of Health Risk The higher your BMI is the greater the risk is that you might develop other health-related problems. A BMI higher than 25 kg/m2 can increase the likelihood that you may develop a number of problems, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and an abnormal amount of fat in the blood. Each of these โ€œrisk factorsโ€ can increase the chance of developing cardiovascular disease (heart problems and stroke, for example) and/or other serious health issues, says Dr. McNeal. Tracking BMI is a way of monitoring your risk quickly and easily. A BMI in excess of 25 kg/m2, according to the CDC, can put you at greater risk of: - Heart disease - High blood pressure - Problems with blood sugar ranging from an impaired fasting blood sugar (i.e., a fasting blood sugar above 100 mg/dL but below 126 mg/dL) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (a fasting blood sugar above 126 mg/dL on at least two separate occasions) - Low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides - Early degenerative arthritis โ€“ from the increased weight stress on bones over time - Polycystic ovarian disease - Sleep apnea - Certain cancers, such as breast and colon - Difficulty with pregnancy What to Do? Every little bit you can lower your BMI, Dr. McNeal says, is a step toward improving your health and lowering your risk of developing the diseases associated with obesity. โ€œNot getting overweight in the first place is probably the easiest way. But if you are overweight,โ€ Dr. McNeal says, โ€œat least trying to make sure you donโ€™t continue to gain extra weight is the next best thing. Optimally and probably over an extended time gradual weight loss to reach a normal BMI will help to ensure better health as a person ages.โ€ Dr. McNealโ€™s advice: โ€œFind some small thing that you can change and start there. For example, a 30-minute walk at a normal walking pace probably burns off only the amount of calories in a slice of bread โ€” about 100 calories. Although this is only equal to about 1/35th of a pound, done consistently over time, this change can add up to a measurable loss in weight. Consistent exercise can also help to prevent loss of muscle mass or may even gradually increase muscle mass (depending on the type of activity), which well help to lose weight.โ€ Dr. McNeal suggests beginning with a slightly smaller portion sizes, eating fruit instead of drinking juice, reducing or eliminating other sugared beverages, and eating out less frequently or sharing an order when you do eat out.
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืืžื ื ืื™ื ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืš ื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื›ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืจ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ: ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžื–ื”ื”. ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—. ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฉืจ ื“ืจื›ื•ื ื• ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช: ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื–ืจ. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืจ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื•. ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœืกืคืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื. ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืืš ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืฉื ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื•ืš 21 ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™: ืžืขืกื™ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื›ืกื” ืจืง ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืขื ืง ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืœื ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง. ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืคืชื— ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื ื–ืงืง ืœืืฉืคื•ื–, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืก' ื”ืชื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืžื•. ื“ื™ื•ืจ: ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื ื• ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืื“ื, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื’ื 7 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 6 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“, ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืœื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 4 ืž"ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉื•. ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืกืงื” ื•ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืžืงืœื—ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ 6 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžืงืจืจ ื•ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื›ืœ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช. ื—ื•ื–ื”: ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืจ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžืขืกื™ืงื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืขืกืงื”: ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง, ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื. ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื•ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืชื ืื™ ืฉื›ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (gov.il ) ืงื‘ืœื• ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืื• ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื: ืฉื ืžืœื* ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ* ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืš ื ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชืš. ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ: ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืชืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ | ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื•"ื“ / ื™ืขื•ืฅ / ืฉืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™
ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกืคืง ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื›ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœื•. ื‘ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื ืฉืžื— ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘, ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืžืงื˜ืŸ ืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœื ืชื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื›ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช, ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื›ื ื”ืžืœื. ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™? ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื˜ืจื•ืืŸ ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื’ื•, ืจื ื• ืงื ื’ื•, ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื˜ืจื•ืืŸ ื’'ืžืคื™, ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืคืจื•ืื™ื™ืก, ืคื•ืจื“ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื• ืœืจื›ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ืื˜ ื“ื•ืงืื˜ื•, ืจื ื• ืžืืกื˜ืจ, ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืกืื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคืงืช. ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ืจืื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืš ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื™ื—ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”. ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชืื•ื ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืžืชื”ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื–ืงื• ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืœืงื™ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืžื“ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘? ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื’ืช ืกื“ืจ, ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ,MATRIX ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื“ืจ ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื’ื ืื ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื›ื ืจืง ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื”. ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ืœื ื• ืจืง ื ืฉืืจ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื•ืœืฉืงืฃ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืชื• ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืช โ€“ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘. ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, USAG, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœืš. ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื’ื ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืœื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื™ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“. ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ืขืžื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื—, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืื”ื‘ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ? ืชื ื• ืœื™ื™ืง ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ื”. ืžืื– ื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ืฉืœื” ื›ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช, ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” (ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช) ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฆื” ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ 7 ืฉื ื™ื 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื , ืžืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ , ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ mastershop.co.il ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื 4 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช , ืžืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ , ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจืŸ ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ื“, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื. ืœืคื ื™ 9 ืฉื ื™ื 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื , ืžืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ , ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื•ืžื ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ - ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื (ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ MATRIX) ืœืคื ื™ 1 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื 1 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช , ืžืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ , ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 1234567yyy ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ืื• ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช? ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื, ืงืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืœืคื ื™ 7 ืฉื ื™ื 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื , ืžืชื•ืš ืจื›ื‘ , ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ran1 ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ - ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื (ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ MATRIX)
ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืงืก ื“ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 250 ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœืขื“ ื“ื•ืื ื™ 14.06.20 ื›"ื‘ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉ"ืค ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื (ืฆื™ืœื•ื: gal mashiach/shutterstock) ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื: ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื“ ืœืื•: "ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืŸ" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืช: "ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: "ืงื•ืจืงื™ื ื˜ ืื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืืงื“ื— ื˜ืขื•ืŸ" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง: ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืืœื™ื›ื: ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื”: ืฆืขื™ืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื“ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”: "ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืจื”: ื ื›ื” ืฆื”''ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืงืก ื“ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 250 ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืœืžืฉืš 20 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื•ืคื ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืืคื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืงื˜ื™ืขืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื• ื˜ืงืก ื“ืชื™, ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ: "ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช - 50 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืœื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช".
ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื“ืฃ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื ื•ืงื“ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื ื•ืงื“ (ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื—ืกืจ) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฅ Steinsaltz ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ื–ื™ืจ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืžืขื™ืœื” ืงื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื” ื“ืฃ ื‘ ืข"ื ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื’ ืข"ื ื’ ืข"ื‘ ื“ ืข"ื ื“ ืข"ื‘ ื” ืข"ื ื” ืข"ื‘ ื• ืข"ื ื• ืข"ื‘ ื– ืข"ื ื– ืข"ื‘ ื— ืข"ื ื— ืข"ื‘ ื˜ ืข"ื ื˜ ืข"ื‘ ื™ ืข"ื ื™ ืข"ื‘ ื™ื ืข"ื ื™ื ืข"ื‘ ื™ื‘ ืข"ื ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื™ื’ ืข"ื ื™ื’ ืข"ื‘ ื™ื“ ืข"ื ื™ื“ ืข"ื‘ ื˜ื• ืข"ื ื˜ื• ืข"ื‘ ื˜ื– ืข"ื ื˜ื– ืข"ื‘ ื™ื– ืข"ื ื™ื– ืข"ื‘ ื™ื— ืข"ื ื™ื— ืข"ื‘ ื™ื˜ ืข"ื ื™ื˜ ืข"ื‘ ื› ืข"ื ื› ืข"ื‘ ื›ื ืข"ื ื›ื ืข"ื‘ ื›ื‘ ืข"ื ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื›ื’ ืข"ื ื›ื’ ืข"ื‘ ื›ื“ ืข"ื ื›ื“ ืข"ื‘ ื›ื” ืข"ื ื›ื” ืข"ื‘ ื›ื• ืข"ื ื›ื• ืข"ื‘ ื›ื– ืข"ื ื›ื– ืข"ื‘ ื›ื— ืข"ื ื›ื— ืข"ื‘ ื›ื˜ ืข"ื ื›ื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืœ ืข"ื ืœ ืข"ื‘ ืœื ืข"ื ืœื ืข"ื‘ ืœื‘ ืข"ื ืœื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืœื’ ืข"ื ืœื’ ืข"ื‘ ืœื“ ืข"ื ืœื“ ืข"ื‘ ืœื” ืข"ื ืœื” ืข"ื‘ ืœื• ืข"ื ืœื• ืข"ื‘ ืœื– ืข"ื ืœื– ืข"ื‘ ืœื— ืข"ื ืœื— ืข"ื‘ ืœื˜ ืข"ื ืœื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืž ืข"ื ืž ืข"ื‘ ืžื ืข"ื ืžื ืข"ื‘ ืžื‘ ืข"ื ืžื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืžื’ ืข"ื ืžื’ ืข"ื‘ ืžื“ ืข"ื ืžื“ ืข"ื‘ ืžื” ืข"ื ืžื” ืข"ื‘ ืžื• ืข"ื ืžื• ืข"ื‘ ืžื– ืข"ื ืžื– ืข"ื‘ ืžื— ืข"ื ืžื— ืข"ื‘ ืžื˜ ืข"ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื‘ ื  ืข"ื ื  ืข"ื‘ ื ื ืข"ื ื ื ืข"ื‘ ื ื‘ ืข"ื ื ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื ื’ ืข"ื ื ื’ ืข"ื‘ ื ื“ ืข"ื ื ื“ ืข"ื‘ ื ื” ืข"ื ื ื” ืข"ื‘ ื ื• ืข"ื ื ื• ืข"ื‘ ื ื– ืข"ื ื ื– ืข"ื‘ ื ื— ืข"ื ื ื— ืข"ื‘ ื ื˜ ืข"ื ื ื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืก ืข"ื ืก ืข"ื‘ ืกื ืข"ื ืกื ืข"ื‘ ืกื‘ ืข"ื ืกื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืกื’ ืข"ื ืกื’ ืข"ื‘ ืกื“ ืข"ื ืกื“ ืข"ื‘ ืกื” ืข"ื ืกื” ืข"ื‘ ืกื• ืข"ื ืกื• ืข"ื‘ ืกื– ืข"ื ืกื– ืข"ื‘ ืกื— ืข"ื ืกื— ืข"ื‘ ืกื˜ ืข"ื ืกื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืข ืข"ื ืข ืข"ื‘ ืขื ืข"ื ืขื ืข"ื‘ ืขื‘ ืข"ื ืขื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืขื’ ืข"ื ืขื’ ืข"ื‘ ืขื“ ืข"ื ืขื“ ืข"ื‘ ืขื” ืข"ื ืขื” ืข"ื‘ ืขื• ืข"ื ืขื• ืข"ื‘ ืขื– ืข"ื ืขื– ืข"ื‘ ืขื— ืข"ื ืขื— ืข"ื‘ ืขื˜ ืข"ื ืขื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืค ืข"ื ืค ืข"ื‘ ืคื ืข"ื ืคื ืข"ื‘ ืคื‘ ืข"ื ืคื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืคื’ ืข"ื ืคื’ ืข"ื‘ ืคื“ ืข"ื ืคื“ ืข"ื‘ ืคื” ืข"ื ืคื” ืข"ื‘ ืคื• ืข"ื ืคื• ืข"ื‘ ืคื– ืข"ื ืคื– ืข"ื‘ ืคื— ืข"ื ืคื— ืข"ื‘ ืคื˜ ืข"ื ืคื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืฆ ืข"ื ืฆ ืข"ื‘ ืฆื ืข"ื ืฆื ืข"ื‘ ืฆื‘ ืข"ื ืฆื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืฆื’ ืข"ื ืฆื’ ืข"ื‘ ืฆื“ ืข"ื ืฆื“ ืข"ื‘ ืฆื” ืข"ื ืฆื” ืข"ื‘ ืฆื• ืข"ื ืฆื• ืข"ื‘ ืฆื– ืข"ื ืฆื– ืข"ื‘ ืฆื— ืข"ื ืฆื— ืข"ื‘ ืฆื˜ ืข"ื ืฆื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืง ืข"ื ืง ืข"ื‘ ืงื ืข"ื ืงื ืข"ื‘ ืงื‘ ืข"ื ืงื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืงื’ ืข"ื ืงื’ ืข"ื‘ ืงื“ ืข"ื ืงื“ ืข"ื‘ ืงื” ืข"ื ืงื” ืข"ื‘ ืงื• ืข"ื ืงื• ืข"ื‘ ืงื– ืข"ื ืงื– ืข"ื‘ ืงื— ืข"ื ืงื— ืข"ื‘ ืงื˜ ืข"ื ืงื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืงื™ ืข"ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื“ืฃ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžื–ืงื ื™ ืขื“ื” ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ืžืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื“ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื” ืžืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ื’ืžืจื” ื“ืชื ื™ ืชื ื ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜-ื˜ื–} ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื˜ืขื•ื ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื”: ื•ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื•ื”ืืฉื”: ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื-ื“} ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ ืืฉืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื ืื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื” ืืžื™ื ื ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื“ืœืื• ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื• ืื™ืžื ืœืกืžื•ืš ื•ืื™ ืืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื ื™ ืชืจืชื™ ื“ืœืื• ื›ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ื“ืžื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืฉืชื• ื“ื›ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ื“ืžื™' ืื™ืžื ืชื™ืกืžืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื: ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื”: ืช''ืจ {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื-ื“} ื•ืกืžืš {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื-ื“} ื•ื ืจืฆื” ื•ื›ื™ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ื•ื”ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืืœื ื‘ื“ื ืฉื ืืžืจ {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื–-ื™ื} ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื™ื›ืคืจ ืืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืื ืขืฉืื” ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ืคืจ ื•ืชื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืคื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื“-ื›ื} ืœืชื ื•ืคื” ืœื›ืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ ืชื ื•ืคื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ื•ื”ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืืœื ื‘ื“ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื™ื›ืคืจ ืืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืื ืขืฉืื” ืœืชื ื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ืคืจ: ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ: ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืืจ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ ื“ืื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื“ ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ืฆื•ืืจ ื“ืœื ืงืื™ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื• ืื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ื• ื“ืงืื™ ืœื”ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื• ืื™ืžื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื ื•ืื™ ืืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื ื™ ืชืจื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ืื™ืชืจื‘ื™ ืœืชื ื•ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ื” ื“ืื™ืชืจื‘ื™ ืœืชื ื•ืคื” ืื™ืžื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื ืื™ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ื• ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืชื ืฉืžืข ื“ืชื ื™ื ืื‘ื ื‘ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืฅ ืชื ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื‘ื—: ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื: ืžื ื ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ื“ืืžืจ ืงืจื {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื–-ื›ื} ื•ืกืžืš ืื”ืจืŸ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื” ืื‘ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื™ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคืจื˜ ืœืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ืช ืื–ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืฉืžืข ืจ''ืœ ื•ืื™ืงืคื“ ื''ืœ ืื™ ืก''ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืชืจืชื™ ื ื™ื ื”ื• ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืœืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืงืฉื™ ืœื™ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื“' ื™ื“ื™ื• {ื•ื™ืงืจื ื–-ืœ} ื™ื“ื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ืื ื” {ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’-ื–} ื™ื“ื™ื• ืจื‘ ืœื• {ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื—-ื™ื“} ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืื™ืฉืชื™ืง ืœื‘ืชืจ ื“ื ื— ื“ืขืชื™ื” ื''ืœ ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืœื ืชื™ืžื ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื“ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืงืืžืจื™ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื ืžื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ {ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–-ื›ื’} ื•ื™ืกืžื•ืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื•ื”ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื“ื‘ื”ืžื” ืงืืžืจื™: ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืชื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”: ืžืื™ ืงืืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”: ืžืชื ื™' ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืžื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืžื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืกื•ืžืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืคื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื ืžื™ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“: ื“ื ื™ืŸ. ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืกืžืš ืžืคืจ ื”ืขืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืกืžื›ื• ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“): ืœื™ืžื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ ื“ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื™. ื•ื”ื ืš ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ืžื—ื“ ื™ื“ื• ืžืžืขื˜ื™: ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ื“ื’ืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืžื:) ืžืคืกื— ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื•ื’ื•': (ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื”. ืฉืื ืœื ืขืฉืื” ืœื ืžืขื›ื‘): ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ. ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื) ื•ืกืžืš ื•ื ืจืฆื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืคืจ ื“ื›ืคืจื” ื‘ื“ื ื”ื•ื: ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”: ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื‘: ื“ืงืื™ ืœื”ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื•ื” ื”ืจืืฉ ืื™ืžื ืœื ื ืžืขื˜: ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืŸ. ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื: ืžื”ื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉ: ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื•. ื—ืกืจ: ืืงืคื“. ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ืžืฉืžื• ื•ืืงืฉื™ ืœื™ื” ืื™ ืก''ื“ ื•ื›ื•' ืœืžื” ืœื™ ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื ืžื™ ืชืจื™: ื™ื“ื• ื“ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืงืืžืจื™. ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืชืจื™ ื•ื”ื ืœื ืืฉื›ื—ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืœื ื“ืกืžื™ื›ื”: ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื“ื‘ื”ืžื” ืงืืžืจื™. ื“ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื™ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืข ืชืจื™: (ืžืื™) ืงืืžืจ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœืืœืชืจ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจ (ืข''ื) ืžืื™ ืงืืžืจ ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืœื™ื” ื“ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืืจ ื ''ืœ: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉืขืช ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืฉื: ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื›''ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–''ืœ ืžืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ื’ืžืจื”. ื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ [ืกืžื™ื›ื”] ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœืช [ื ื“ื‘ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘] ื•ืกืžืš ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ [ืจืืฉ] ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื•ื™ืงืจื [ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”] ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ ืžื›ื ืžืฉืžืข [ืื ื™ืจืฆื”] ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘: ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืงื— ืœืš ืขื’ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืจ ืœื—ื˜ืืช ื•ืื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื” ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” [ืชืžื™ื:] ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืืข''ื’ ื“ืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืœ [ืงืจื‘ื ื•] ื•ืœื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื• ื“ืื™ ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื™ ืืžื™ื ื ื”ื™ื›ื [ืื™ืžืขื˜] ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื›ื [ื“ื”ืงืจื™ื‘] ื‘ืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื”: ืฉืœื•ื—ื•. ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•: ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื”. ืฉืœื ืกืžืš: ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืคืจ. ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ: ื•ื›ื™ืคืจ. ื›ืคืจื” ื›ืœ ื“ื”ื• ื“ื›ืคืจื” ื‘ื“ื: ื”ืฆื•ืืจ. ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ: ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”: ืจืืฉ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื—ื˜ืืช: ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•. [ืฉื™ืคื•ืข] ืจืืฉื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉื•: ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืŸ. ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ืžื”ื•: ื‘ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™: ืžื˜ืœื™ืช. ืื ื›ืจืš ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืกืžืš: ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ. ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืก' ื™ื•ืžื: ื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืœื ื™ื•''ื“: ืฉืžืข ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ. ื“ืœื ืืžืจื” ืžืฉืžื™ื”: ื•ืื•ืชื™ื‘ ืœื™ื”. ืื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื”: ืื™ ืก''ื“ ื™ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืข ืชืจื™: ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืœืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”: ืืงืฉื™ ืœื™ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข. ืืžืื™ ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื•: ื‘ืชืจ ื“ื ื— ื“ืขืชื™ื” ื''ืœ. ืื ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืœื— ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืชื™ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื [ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘] ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ื™ื™ืŸ: ืžืื™ ืงืืžืจ. ื“ืœืชื ื™ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื ื ื™ื“ืขื ื ื“ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืกืžืš ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ื˜: ืžืชื ื™' ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. [ืฉืจืฆื•] ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื›ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืค' ื”ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืกื›ื™ื [ื•ืื—ื“] ืžื ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืž': ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื–ื” ื•ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื: ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ื‘ืฉื™ ืขืฆืจืช: ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ื“ืฃ ื’.) ื•ื‘ืค' ื”ื ืฉืจืคื™ืŸ (ืกื ื”ื“' ืขื”:) ื''ืœ ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืžื™ ืืชื™ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื” ืืชื™ื ื–ืžื” ื–ืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื›ื“ืืฉื›ื—ืŸ ื‘ืค' ื›ื™ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืž:) ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืžื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื—ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ื›ื•' ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืค' ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” (ื‘''ื‘ ืคื–.) ืื™ื›ื ืชื ื ื“ืืชื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ืžื“ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ืก ื“ืืชื ื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ืœื ืœืž''ื“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื ื” ืœื• ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืจ''ืช ืžื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืื™ื” ืžืคืจืง ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงื™.) ื“ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืืžืจ ืื™ื›ื ืชื ื ื“ืืชื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ื›ื—ืœ ืื—ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืก ืฉื ื“ืืชื ื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื“ื”ื•ื ื“ืงืžื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ื›ื—ืœ ืžื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ืชื™ ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื“ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ืืฉื›ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื›ื.) ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื•: ืืชื™ื ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืžื–ืงื ื™. ืชื™ืžื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืขื™ ืžื ื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœืžืืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ืžืขื˜ ืกื•ืžื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ืคื˜ืจ ืœื™ื” ืžืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื• ื“ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืชื™ืคื•ืง ืœื™ ืžื”ื›ื: ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืืข''ื’ ื“ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื” ืžืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ื’ืžืจื” ื›ื“ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืžื˜:) ื“ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื’''ืฉ ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืชื ื’ื•ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืžืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจ ื’ืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ืžื ื“ืœื: ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ ืืฉืชื•. ืžื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœื ื ืคืงื ืืฉืชื• ื“ื”ื•ื” ืืžื™ื ื ืชืกืžื•ืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื” ื“ื›ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื” ื“ืžื™ื ื•ื''ืช ื•ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืงืจื ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืžื™ื›ื” ืชื™ืคื•ืง ืœื™ ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื ืื ืชื›ืฃ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื›ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืค' ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื’.) ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืžืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืชื›ืฃ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘' ื“ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื“ืฃ ื›:) ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืกืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื‘ื—ื›ื ื•ืื™ืชืงืฉ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ ื•ืกืžืš: ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ืคืจ. ื‘ืค''ืง ื“ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื (ื“ืฃ ื•.) ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืง ืžื”ื›ื ื“ืœื ืžื›ืคืจ ืืขืฉื” ื“ืœืื—ืจ. ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื“ืงืืžืจ ืžืื™ ืœืื• ื›ื™ืคืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืขืฉื” ื“ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ืขืฉื” ื“ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืงืืžืจืช ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ืœื ืฉื—ื˜ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืงืื™ ืื™ืžืช ืงื ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืขืฉื” ื“ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจ (ืจื‘ื™) ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืื™ืžื ื›ื™ืคืจ ื’ื‘ืจื ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ืงืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ืชื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื•' ื•ืชื™ืžื” ื“ืœื ืžื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืชื ื•ืคื” ื“ื”ื›ื ื“ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ืงืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืงืืžืจ ื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืชื ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืžื™ืชื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืืฉื ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืคื” ื—ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืชื ื•ืคื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื: ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืืจ. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื ืงืจื•ื™ ืฆื•ืืจ ื›ื“ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื™ื˜:) ืื“ื ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ยฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ | ืื•ื“ื•ืช | ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ | ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชื›ื ื™ื | ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืชืคื•ืฆื” | ื”ืงื“ืฉื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช | ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ | ืžืคืช ื”ืืชืจ
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ ืจืื” ืืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืคืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื™ืžืœื™ื›ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืช ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืขืช ืžืœื›ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื•'. ืจ"ืœ ืžืฉืžืœืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืœื ื—ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื: ืคืกื•ืง ื™ ื•ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ืจ"ืœ ืœืขืช ืฉื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื— ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืื– ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• (ืื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื•ื”ืžืœื›ืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช) ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืืœื™ื• ืžืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ืช. ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”' ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืื—ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื: ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื‘ ืžืคื™ ื”'. ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื‘ื ืœื• ืžืคื™ ื”': ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื’ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ืขืจืคื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื›ืืœื• ื ืชืงืฉื” ืขืจืคื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื”ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ื‘ ืคื ื™ื• ืืœ ื”': ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื—. ืฉืœื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื—. ืฉืœื— ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื—ืžืœ. ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื”ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื—ืจื‘: ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื– ื•ืžืชืขืชืขื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื•. ืจ"ืœ ืืžืจื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืžื” ืชื•ืขื™ื ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืื• ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ ื›ืžื• ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžืชืขืชืข (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื•) ื•ืจ"ืœ ื›ืžืœืขื™ื’ ื•ืžืชืขื” ืขื“ ืœืื™ืŸ ืžืจืคื. ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื›ืคืจ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืจืคื ืœื• (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื•): ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื– ื•ื™ืขืœ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ ืžืœืš ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•. ื”' ืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ: ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช. ืฉื‘ืจื• ื•ืงืœืงืœื• ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชื: ืคืกื•ืง ื› ื”ืฉืืจื™ืช. ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืœื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืžืœื•ืš ื•ื’ื•'. ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืžืœืš ืคืจืก ืืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืœืš ื‘ื”: ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื ืœืžืœืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'. ืจ"ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืชืจืฆื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ืชื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืชืงื ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื”. ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืžื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืžืœืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”. ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื• ื•ื›ืž"ืฉ ืจื–"ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจื: ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืช. ืœืขืช ื›ืœื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ื‘ืคื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืขืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฉื ื• ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ
Twenty five centuries ago in India, Siddhฤrtha Gautama searched for a way to transcend the human condition of duhkha, which means difficulty, frustration, or suffering. He awakened to the underlying truths of existence: - All things are impermanent - We are all interconnected - Duhkha arises from our denial of these truths - Liberation means to become one with these truths With this realization he became ลšฤkyamuni Buddha, an awakened human being. His teachings spread throughout Asia in three great streams called Theravฤda, Mahฤyฤna, and Vajrayฤna. Japanese Buddhism includes various traditions within the Mahฤyฤna stream, one of which is Jลdo Shinshลซ, the tradition followed at Orange Country Buddhist Church. The Japanese word for Buddhism is Bukkyล, literally Buddha-teachings. Bukkyล has two aspects: - Teaching given by the Buddha - Teaching of how to become Buddha Our lifeโ€™s task is learning what it means to become Buddha. To walk the Jลdo Shinshลซ path is to ask โ€œwhat am I?โ€ through listening to the teachings. In doing so, we come to doubt the ego self, and to realize the self that is impermanent and is interconnected with all life forms.
How Can Vegetarians Meet Their Nutritional Needs? Every vegetarian is asked this question at some point, โ€œBut how do you get your protein?โ€ The truth is, there are all kinds of rich vegetarian protein sources that make it easy to meet or exceed daily protein requirements. Whatโ€™s often forgotten about in addition to protein is a number of other vegetarian nutritional needs. Before we explore the specific nutritional concerns related to vegetarianism, letโ€™s first discuss the different kinds of vegetarian diets. Types of Vegetarian Diets The most common association with vegetarianism is simply someone who doesnโ€™t consume meat, poultry, or fish. However, there are actually several different diets that fall under the category of โ€œvegetarian.โ€ - Lacto-vegetarian: Meat, fish, poultry, and eggs are not part of this diet, but dairy products are. - Ovo-vegetarian: This diet excludes meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy products, but allows for eggs. - Lacto-ovo vegetarian: This is what most people think of when they hear โ€œvegetarian.โ€ This type of vegetarianism excludes meat, fish and poultry, but allows for consumption of dairy products and eggs. - Pescatarian: Generally speaking, a pescatarian is someone who does not eat meat or poultry, but does consume fish and other seafood. This diet may also include dairy and eggs, but it depends on the person. - Vegan: Contrary to popular belief, vegan is not the same as vegetarian. While traditional vegetarians consume dairy and eggs, vegans do not. Now that weโ€™ve covered the basics of vegetarian diets, letโ€™s move on to nutritional considerations for vegetarians. (Are you trying to get the whole family on board with a new diet? Take a look at this post for tips to help you out) Nutritional Considerations for Vegetarians Depending on the type of vegetarian diet, nutritional needs vary. For example, a lacto-vegetarian may not need to consume calcium supplements while an ovo-vegetarian might. In addition to calcium, here are some of the key nutrients to be sure youโ€™re consuming adequately if youโ€™re a vegetarian. Additionally, weโ€™ll include sources of these nutrients that are appropriate for vegetarian diets. Vitamin D: fortified foods (including cereal), egg yolks, cheese, fortified orange juice, mushrooms Vitamin B-12: Eggs and dairy products, nutritional yeast, fortified breakfast cereals, fortified non-dairy milk Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Chia seeds, flaxseeds, walnuts, brussel sprouts, seaweed Iron: Pumpkin seeds (pepitas), spinach, beans, iron-fortified cereals, bread, and pasta Zinc: Chickpeas, dairy, eggs, nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes Iodine: Dairy, iodized salt, eggs, seaweed, prunes, lima beans, enriched bread For some vegetarians, the draw of packaged, processed foods is too much to resist. It seems easier to grab a frozen meal rather than make something fresh. But without a specific focus on cooking and eating a variety of fresh plant-based foods, theyโ€™re more likely to end up with nutritional deficiencies. Regardless of your diet, it can be helpful to speak with your doctor about ordering blood tests to determine where you stand on a nutritional front. Then, you can make any necessary changes depending on what your results say. Fitness and Nutritional Guidance for Vegetarians Whether youโ€™re new to vegetarianism, curious to learn more, or just need nutritional guidance, we can help. Our fitness and nutrition services are tailored to your specific diet, whether thatโ€™s vegetarian, vegan, or carnivore. Ready to learn more? Click here to read about the packages we offer and the services that are included.
โ€œMemorial Day was officially proclaimed May 5, 1868, by Gen. John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, in his General Order No. 11, and was first observed May 30, 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. The first state to officially recognize the holiday was New York in 1873. By 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. The South refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after World War I (when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the Civil War to honoring Americans who died fighting in any war). It is now celebrated in almost every state on the last Monday in May (passed by Congress with the National Holiday Act of 1971 (P.L. 90 โ€“ 363) to ensure a three-day weekend for federal holidays), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the Confederate war dead: Jan. 19 in Texas, April 26 in Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi; May 10 in South Carolina; and June 3 (Jefferson Davisโ€™ birthday) in Louisiana and Tennessee.โ€(Source: http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html) * * * Itโ€™s summer fun for the whole family! Join one of our Summer Reading Clubs for children, teens, and adults for a fun-filled summer. Registration is now through June 15. You will read books that you like; attend fun and educational events; and get rewarded for your efforts. Events include: a Kick-Off Party complete with games and Blue Bell ice cream; a Hunger Games Party; a Rocks & Minerals Show; Daryl Sprout with his 17 different snakes; Geocaching with Aaron Friar; Julian Franklinโ€™s Simple Machines Show; Archeologist, George Avery; a Lufkin Zoo presentation with animals; Movie Days; Teen Craft Day; a Water Slide; Teen Movie Day; David McCullough with balloons and magic; and awards parties for all three groups. Itโ€™s fun and, itโ€™s all free. Donโ€™t get bored this summer; come to the Library and join in the excitement! * * * Enter the third annual Cookie Baking Contest at your library. Registration ends June 3. Entry forms may be picked up at the library or submitted on the libraryโ€™s web site at www.tlltemplememoriallibrary.org. All forms must be submitted or returned to the library on or before 5 p.m. June 3. The contest is open to all men, women, young adults, and junior bakers who live and work in the surrounding areas. Baking divisions are: Junior bakers ages 6-11; Young adult bakers 12-17; and Senior bakers 18 and over. Commercial, industrial, and professional bakers are not eligible to enter. No boxed, packaged, frozen or commercially-made cookie dough may be used. Judging will take place on Thursday, June 6. All of the extra cookies will be used as part of the refreshments for the Childrenโ€™s Summer Reading Club 2013. * * * Do you crochet, knit, or do any kind of portable craft? Join us for โ€œTangled Threadsโ€ on Tuesday, June 11, from 9:30 to 11 a.m. Bring your own project to work on while you chat and share tips with each other. * * * Help your community while you enjoy fun for the whole family at Movie Day at the library on Friday, May 24, at 6 p.m. Our theme is hunger, so we are asking you to bring one canned meat (spam, tuna, salmon, chicken, etc) per family for admission to be donated to Diboll Christian Outreach. Popcorn will be available. We encourage you to bring your own snacks and drinks to add to your fun. You may also bring pillows and blankets and sit on the floor to watch the movie. Come bring the family and join in the fun! Our movie license will not allow us to publicize the movie title so please call us for more information at 936-829-5497. Children under 12 must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. * * * New Large Print Books: โ€œFirefly Island,โ€ by Lisa Wingate โ€“ Mallory Haleโ€™s life quickly veers off course when she falls hopelessly in love with Daniel Everson and his little boy, Nick. After a whirlwind romance, Mallory finds herself leaving the bustle and action of Capitol Hill for the remote town of Moses Lake, Texas โ€“ with husband, stepson, and U-Haul in tow. A sweet, mishap-filled journey into marriage, motherhood, and ranch living ensues, and Mallory is filled with both the wonderment of love and the insecurities of change. What she canโ€™t shake is the unease she feels around her husbandโ€™s new boss, Jack West. Jackโ€™s presence โ€“ and his mysterious past โ€“ set her on edge. When hints of a scandal emerge, Mallory finds herself seeking answers and she comes to realize that the middle-of-nowhere home she wasnโ€™t sure she wanted is the very place sheโ€™ll risk everything to save. โ€œThe Two Medicine River,โ€ by Richard S. Wheeler โ€“ Down the Eastern slopes of the Rockies, out upon the Great Plains, and into the heart of Blackfoot country flows the Two Medicine River. To This wild and beautiful land come a pair of young wanders โ€“ half-breeds born of two worlds, but belonging to neither. Marie Therese de Paris, driven by the ancestral fires in her spirit, sets out on a vision quest. She is hoping to save the Blackfoot Indians from their cruel fate. Peter Kipp, bold and ambitious, chooses to follow his father into the American Fur Company, determined to prove himself in the white manโ€™s world. Bound by love and torn by their loyalties, Peter and Marie Therese share a single destiny โ€“ a destiny about to unfold on the banks of the Two Medicine River. Library Closing: The Library will be closed May 25 โ€“ May 27 for Memorial Day. Beginning June 3 the Library will close at 5:30 every weekday through the summer. Summer Library Hours: Monday 9:00-5:30 p.m.; Tuesday โ€“ Friday 9:00 a.m. โ€“ 5:30 p.m.; and Saturday 10:00 a.m. โ€“ 2:00 p.m. Have a great week!
Rolls-Royce and UK Space Agency pursue nuclear-powered space exploration Rolls-Royce and the UK Space Agency have signed an agreement to study the application of nuclear energy in space exploration. The first contract between the two organizations, the project will examine how nuclear energy can both power spacecraft and be used for deep-space propulsion. As humanity becomes more of a spacefaring species, there is a growing need for power systems and propulsion engines that are closer in scale to their terrestrial counterparts. There's a limit to what can be done with chemical rockets and small robotic spacecraft operating in low-Earth orbit, and these limits are being very rapidly reached. With a number of nations around the world taking a greater interest in ambitious deep-space missions, including sending astronauts back to the Moon and on to Mars, the problem of energy becomes critical. Using chemical rockets, payloads are very limited and very expensive to send into orbit, much less beyond that into deep space. In addition, chemical rockets mean that travel times are very slow โ€“ often involving complex slingshot maneuvers that can take years for a spacecraft to reach its destination. Meanwhile, solar arrays are only practical in the inner solar system. Although solar-powered probes have been sent as far as Jupiter, anywhere farther out must rely on something else. From a power point of view, nuclear systems have already proven themselves, with the Voyager 2 probe still operating after 44 years and expected to continue working into 2025. As to propulsion, nuclear rocket engines are estimated to be as much as twice as efficient as their chemical counterparts, which means that a crewed mission to Mars could take as little three months rather than six to eight. This would not only mean fewer consumables would need to be carried, but it would also reduce the amount of harmful cosmic radiation astronauts would be exposed to and minimize the effects of prolonged weightlessness. For those who associate Rolls-Royce with jet engines, it's easy to forget that the company has been building small nuclear reactors for the Royal Navy's submarines on an entirely self-sufficient basis since 1965 and has developed three generations of such systems. The company is therefore a logical choice to study British nuclear space applications. In addition to its use in space, the two partners see the emerging nuclear technology to have applications Earthside for both the commercial and defense markets. "We are excited to be working with the UK Space Agency on this pioneering project to define future nuclear power technologies for space," says Dave Gordon, UK Senior Vice President, Rolls-Royce Defence.. "We believe there is a real niche UK capability in this area and this initiative can build on the strong UK nuclear network and supply chain. "We look forward to developing this and other exciting space projects in the future as we continue to develop the power to protect our planet, secure our world and explore our universe"
The British Department of Energy and Climate Change (and boy, does that sound up-to-date) has released its list of 11 sites for new nuclear plant deployment. You can guess why theyโ€™re doing this: U.K. utilities are vying to build reactors, backed by Prime Minister Gordon Brown as a way to combat climate change and replace older stations. Atomic plants may generate power more cheaply than coal-fed units, in part because they arenโ€™t required to buy emission permits for carbon dioxide. Weโ€™d say definitely, at least within the projected time for these plants to start up. If clean coal technology catches up, fine, but that probably wonโ€™t happen by 2020, so expect some sour times for coal in Britain. (And as weโ€™ll see, coalโ€™s not the problem in this story.) Most of the plants sites are in England, with one over in Wales; moreover, most are on sites that are hosting or have hosted reactors โ€“ that should keep various environmental and other reviews fairly contained. We wonโ€™t list all the sites for you. Go here for a map showing them and another story. Britain may have dithered around this issue a little too long: Dr. [Craig] Lowrey, [head of energy markets at EIC, an independent consultancy], said that the Governmentโ€™s failure to take firm early action meant that it was now inevitable that the gap would be filled by new, easy-to-build gas-fired power stations. However, the depletion of North Sea gas means that Britain will be forced to import more and more raw fuel from countries such as Russia, Algeria and Qatar, while consumers will be left increasingly exposed to fluctuations in the wholesale price of gas. That may sound an overly Cassandra-like note. If Britain really gets these nuclear plants rolling, then keeping older coal-fired and gas plants around as placeholders seems feasible enough. But the warning is well-taken โ€“ the country leans on gas quite a lot. Official figures show that the share of Britainโ€™s electricity produced by burning gas has risen from 2 per cent in 1992 to 35 per cent today. It is expected to rise further, with gas-fired plants under construction at Pembroke in Wales, the Isle of Grain in Kent and Langage, near Plymouth. So thatโ€™s where dithering brings you. And in the uncanny spirit of the the unknown purple, here comes FOE, not in Britain (that we can find), but Ireland: Friends of the Earth Director Oisรญn Coghlan said nuclear power is not the solution and โ€œoffers too little, too late, at too high a price and too high a risk.โ€ And a little more: Irish CND [Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament] chairman, Dr David Hutchinson Edgar also criticised the plan and said the new sites increase the risk of a terrorist attack on a nuclear installation. He said: โ€œIn the event of either an accident at a nuclear site, or a deliberate terrorist attack, Ireland, and our coastal waters, could not escape the impact of the fallout. We couldnโ€™t find these kinds of comments in British coverage of the story. Perhaps a difference in the way the Brits and Irish cover things. We looked around for an Irish editorial about this news to see if FOE is tapping a national feeling, but no love: it might still be a little early. In our hunt, we came across this: Putting developersโ€™ heads on spikes is no business of the asset management agency, writes John Waters. Uh, we agree? The plant at Sellafield. This is one of the sites proposed for a new unit.
|The proper collection of a specimen for culture is the most important step in the recovery of pathogenic organisms responsible for infectious disease. A poorly collected specimen may lead to failure in isolating the causative organism(s) and/or result in the recovery of contaminating organisms Basic Concepts for Specimen Collection - Collect the specimen from the actual site of infection, avoiding contamination from adjacent tissues or secretions. - Collect the specimen at optimal times (for example, early morning sputum for AFB culture). - Collect a sufficient quantity of material. Use appropriate collection devices: sterile, leak-proof specimen containers. Use appropriate transport media (anaerobe transport vials, Culturette for bacterial culture, Cary-Blair for stool culture, M4RT for viral and Chlamydia cultures). Check expiration date before inoculating collection device. - Whenever possible, collect specimens prior to administration of antimicrobials. - Properly label the specimen and complete the test request form. The specific source of specimen is required. Example: wound, left leg. - Minimize transport time. Maintain an appropriate environment between collection of specimens and delivery to the laboratory. Microbiology Reference Guides Microbiology Culture Collection Instructions
โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™โ€, ืื•ืžืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื”, ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ โ€œื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸโ€ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืช ื™ื ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช: ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ) ื—ืฉืคื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2022 ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ 284 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื™ื—ืชื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022. ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ โ€œื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ (ืขื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) ืžืชื™ื™ืชืจื•ืชโ€. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื (ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, 3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ). ืื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš. โ€œืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืืžื• ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืฉื‘. ื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื ื™ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ื ื•ืกโ€. ืœื“ืขืชืš, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”? โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคื”. ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืœื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ืช ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ ืืจื ื•ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ืงื ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืช ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.4-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื” 120,000 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืขืœื. ืœื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™โ€.
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื: ืื”ื‘ื” | ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ ืืฉืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ | ืฉืœื•ื | ืื•ืจ | ืฉืžื—ื” | ื—ื›ืžื” | ื—ื›ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” | ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ | ื™ื•ื‘ืœ | ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ืš: ืกื•ืก ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข | ืืžืจื™ | ืžืขื™ืŸ | ื›ืื™ืœ ืชืขืจื•ื’ ืขืœ ืืคื™ืงื™ ืžื™ื | ืื•ืจื™ | ืžืฉืคืข ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” | ื‘ืจื›ื” | "ืฉื‘ืช" | ืขื“ื™ | ืื™ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื’ืคื ื• ื•ืชื—ืช ืชืื ืชื• | ื–ื™ืช | ื–ื•ื ื” | ื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ | ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ | ื—ืกื“ | ืขืžื™ืช* | ืžืจื™ื | ืืจื™ื” | ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ | ืื™ืชืžืจ | ืฉื™ืจ | ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ | ืœื‘ื™ื | ืืจื“ืคื™ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืืฉื™ื’ื ื•ืœื ืืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืชื | ืฉื™ | ื‘ืจ-ืžืฆื•ื•ื” | ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื– | ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื | ืชืžืจ* | ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ ืืฉืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ | ืชืžืจ | ื‘ื’ื• | ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ | ืื‘ื™ื‘ | ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชื•ืจื” ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื’ | ืงื•ืœ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื” | *ื’ืคืŸ | ืฆื“ืงื” | ืงื•ืœ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืœ ื—ืชืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื” | ื›ืคื™ืจ | ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” | ื™ื”ืœ | ืฉืžืฉ | ืขื“ืŸ | ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ | ื’ืœืขื“ | ืžื•ืจ | ื ื˜ืข* | ื—ืฉืžืœ | ื›ืœื‘ | ื•ื™ื—ืจ | ื™ืขืจื” | ืžืฉื” | ื”ืงื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ืš ื”ืฉื›ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื• | ืื—ื™ื ืขื | ืื™ืฉื” ื™ืคื” | ืืกืฃ | ื’ืฉื | ืชื‘ืœ | ื™ื•ื ื” | ืฉืจื™ื” | ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขื ื•ื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ | ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื | ืืฉ ืืฉ ืจืข ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืŸ | ื“ื•ื“ | ืฆื“ื™ืง | ืžื™ื›ืœ | ื•ื™ืš | ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื— ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื– | ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขืจืœื™ื | ื’ื™ืœ* | ืื‘ื™ืขื“ | ื ืขื | ืืฉืจื™ | ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ | ืกืคื™ืจ* | ืืžื™ืจ | ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• | ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ืš | ื›ื ืจืช | ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ | ื’ืœ | ืขื ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื | ื”ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชื’ืœ | ืขื™ืœื | ืžืจื‘ | ืืœื™ืกืฃ | ืคืจืง ืžื“ " ืœืžื ืฆื— ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ. ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืคืขืœ ืคืขืœืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื. ืืชื” ื™ื“ืš ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื•ืชื˜ืขื ืชืจืข ืœืืžื™ื ื•ืชืฉืœื—ื. ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื ื™ืจืฉื• ืืจืฅ ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ืœืžื• ื›ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืš ื•ื–ืจื•ืขืš ื•ืื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื. ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘. ื‘ืš ืฆืจื™ื ื• ื ื ื’ื— ื‘ืฉืžืš ื ื‘ื•ืก ืงืžื™ื ื•. ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื—ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืชื•ืฉื™ืขื ื™. ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืขืชื ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื• ื•ืžืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ืœืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ื” ืกืœื”. ืืฃ ื–ื ื—ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืžื ื• ื•ืœื ืชืฆื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืชืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืื—ื•ืจ ืžื ื™ ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืกื• ืœืžื•. ืชืชื ื ื• ื›ืฆืืŸ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ื–ืจื™ืชื ื•. ืชืžื›ืจ ืขืžืš ื‘ืœื ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื”ื. ืชืฉื™ืžื ื• ื—ืจืคื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ืœืขื’ ื•ืงืœืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืชืฉื™ืžื ื• ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ืžื ื•ื“ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืœ ืืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืœืžืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคื ื™ ื›ืกืชื ื™. ืžืงื•ืœ ืžื—ืจืฃ ื•ืžื’ื“ืฃ ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืชื ืงื. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืชื ื• ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื ืฉืงืจื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชืš. ืœื ื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืชื˜ ืืฉืจื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ ืืจื—ืš. ื›ื™ ื“ื›ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื ื™ื ื•ืชื›ืก ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ื›ืคื™ื ื• ืœืืœ ื–ืจ. ื”ืœื ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืงืจ ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืœื‘. ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืจื’ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ืฆืืŸ ื˜ื‘ื—ื”. ืขื•ืจื” ืœืžื” ืชื™ืฉืŸ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื” ืืœ ืชื–ื ื— ืœื ืฆื—. ืœืžื” ืคื ื™ืš ืชืกืชื™ืจ ืชืฉื›ื— ืขื ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื—ืฆื ื•. ื›ื™ ืฉื—ื” ืœืขืคืจ ื ืคืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืงื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื˜ื ื ื•. ืงื•ืžื” ืขื–ืจืชื” ืœื ื• ื•ืคื“ื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ืกื“ืš. "
John Webber (1683 โ€“ 1740) As it turnโ€™s out John is not a direct ancestor and is not in the Shaw line. Some sources say that Johnโ€™s son John Jr was the father of Charles WEBBER (1741 โ€“ 1819) and John Jr was the one who married Mary Lewis. John Webber was born in 1683 in York, Maine. His parents were Samuel WEBBER and Deborah LITTLEFIELD. John married Magdalene Hilton on 1 Mar 1709 in York ME. After Magdalene died, he married Elizabeth Boothby , on 21 May 1726/27 in York, York. Maine. John died in 1748 in Wells, Maine. Magdalene Hilton was born Apr 1695 in York, Maine. Her parents were Mainwaring Hilton and Mary Moulton. She first married 1691 in York, York, Maine to Nathaniel Adams (b. 1660 in York โ€“ d. 1692 in York) On 24 Jan 1691/92 Nathaniel was killed and Magdalene was captured by Indians. She was redeemed in 1695, and next married Apr 1697 in York, York, Maine. to Elias Weare (b. 5 Apr 1672 in York โ€“ d. 10 Aug 1707 in York) The next attack occurred about two years later, August 10, 1707, was a Sabbath evening. Sergeant Smith and Elias Weare, returning from evening service together with Mrs. Elizabeth (Hilton) Littlefield and her young son, were slain by the Indians between York Harbor and Cape Neddick. Joshua Hilton, brother of Mrs. Littlefield was taken captive. John Webber was her third husband. Magdalene died on 4 Feb 1725/26 in York, Maine. Elizabeth Gypson was born 1687 in York, York, Maine. Elizabeth died 20 Jun 1775 โ€“ Wells, York, Maine. Children of John and Magdalene: |1.||Edmund Webber||1710 York, Maine||Deborah Parcher 12 Jan 1732 |2.||Hannah Webber||18 Sep 1711 |North Yarmouth, Cumberland Maine| |3.||Josiah Webber||4 Aug 1713 19 Jan 1737 York |5.||Mary (Molly) Webber||Abt 1722 York||Lazarus Rowe |27 Jun 1829 Limington, York, ME| Elizabeth Boothby was born ca. 1700 in Mog-Water, Ireland. Her parents were Henry Boothby and [__?__]. Elizabeth died ca. 1776 in York, Maine. Alternatively, Elizabethโ€™s maiden name was Gypson. Children of John and Elizabeth: |6.||Deborah Webber||c. 1726/ 1727 in York||Abraham Stover 2 Jan 1749 |20 May 1740 |7.||Lydia Webber||9 Dec 1729 York||John McLucas 1 Oct 1748 at the First Congregational Church in Biddeford, York Co. ME |29 May 1814 Buxton, York, Maine |8.||Elizabeth Webber||ca. 1731 in York||Richard Banks 7 Nov 1755 |9.||Thankful Webber||Ephraim Blaisdell 3 May 1742 York, John Webber was a housewright. History of York by Banks; page 302 [list of people captured by Indians] Adams, Magdalen Daughter of Mainwaring and Mary (Moulton) Hilton and wife of Nathaniel Adams who was killed at the massacre. She was redeemed in 1695, and after her return married twice (1)Elias We 316: The next attack occurred about two years later, August 10, 1707, was a Sabbath evening. Sergeant Smith and Elias Weare, returning from evening service together with Mrs. Elizabeth (Hilton) Littlefield and her young son, were slain by the Indians between York Harbor and Cape Neddick. Joshua Hilton, brother of Mrs. Littlefield was taken captiveโ€ฆeare; (2)John Webber. The author [Banks] is one of her descendants. Page 316: The next attack occurred about two years later, August 10, 1707, was a Sabbath evening. Sergeant Smith and Elias Weare, returning from evening service together with Mrs. Elizabeth (Hilton) Littlefield and her young son, were slain by the Indians between York Harbor and Cape Neddick. Joshua Hilton, brother of Mrs. Littlefield was taken captiveโ€ฆ 1. Edmund Webber Edmundโ€™s wife Deborah Parcher was born 1717 in New Hampshire. Her parents were Elias Parcher and Grace Allard. Deborah died in 1790 2. Hannah Webber Hannahโ€™s husband George Colesworthhy was born 1709 in North Yarmouth, Maine. He first married 8 Dec 1726 to Judith Hunt (b. 29 Dec 1707 in Boston, Mass -d. 23 Apr 1729) 3. Josiah Webber Josiahโ€™s wife Hannah Harmon was born 19 Feb 1716 in York, Maine. Her parents were Johnson Harmon and Mary Moulton. Hannah died 1 Mar 1747 in York, York, Maine. 4. John Webber Jr. John was born 1715 York, ME. (Spouse Unknown). 5. Mary (Molly) Webber Mollyโ€™s husband Lazarus Rowe was born Jan 1725 in Greenland, Rockingham, New Hampshire. His parents were Anthony Rowe and Joanna Rouse. Lazarus died 14 Sep 1829 in Nlimington, Maine. 6. Deborah Webber Deborahโ€™s husband Abraham Stover was born 30 May 1718 in Cape Neddick, Maine. His parents were George Stover (1668 โ€“ 1748) and Abigail Elwell (1676 โ€“ 1741). Abraham died in 1802 in York, Maine. 7. Lydia Webber Lydiaโ€™s husband John McLucas was born 20 Mar 1727 in York, York, Maine. His parents were John McLucas and Mary Cole. John died in 1795 in York, Maine. 8. Elizabeth Webber Elizabethโ€™s husabnd Richard Banks was born 9 Sep 1731 in York, Maine. His parents were Job Banks and Elizabeth Winchester Card. Richard died 11 Jan 1819 โ€“ Hartford, Oxford, Maine. 9. Thankful Webber Thankfulโ€™s husband Ephraim Blaisdell was born 23 Sep 1717. His parents were Ebenezer Blaisdell and Abigail Ingersoll. Ephraim died 11 Jul 1802 โ€“ Lebanon, York, Maine. For additional information on Mainwaring Hilton based on primary sources see: Noyes, S., Libby, C. and Davis, W. (1972) Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire, Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc., p. 333.
ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื โ€“ ื˜ืคืกื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืจืช, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืขืกืงื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืขื ืœืงื•ื—. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข? ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ืžื ื ื•ืžืจืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ืขืกืง, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•โ€ื‘. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื™ืฉืงื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื• ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื”ืขืกืงื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืกื’ืจืช. ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืชืžืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ iSign ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืœ ืžืกืžืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืœืงื•ื—, ืกืคืง ืื• ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืœื—ื™ืชื•ื ืงืœ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืžื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก, ืœืกืจื•ืง ืื• ืœืคืงืกืก. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืœ: ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืš ืœืœืงื•ื— ื‘ืงืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืžืกืžืš, ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืกืจื™ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืื• ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื/ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœืช: ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื• ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืชื ืœืœืงื•ื—. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืžื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืกืžืš ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืืฃ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืขืกืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื—ืชืžืช. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืกื’ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืขืกืงื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืžืขืจื›ืช iSign ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืขืงื‘ ืงืœ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืชื™ืžื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืœืงื•ื— ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช. ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืชืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ iSign. ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืงื•>> ื”ืขืกืงื” ื ืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืงืฆื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืื• ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื“ืคืกืช ืื• ืœืคืงืก, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื”. ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืชืžืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืกืจื•ืŸ (SMS) ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ืโ€ืœ, ื•ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช iSign ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืงืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ื—ืชื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช, ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ืชื”ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืชืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ iSign ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจ ื”ืืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœื›ื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง โ€“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™, ื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืœืื™ ืœืžื“ืคืกืช ื•ื›ื™ื•โ€ื‘. ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืชืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ iSign. ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืงื•>> ืื”ื‘ืชื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื”? ืฉืชืคื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ facebook ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ twitter ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ whatsapp ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ email ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืขืกืงื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืกืง: 4 ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืืชื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœื›ื ืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ยป ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืชื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช? ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง. ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
WHO, WHAT, WHY? The Magazine answers... Thunderbolts and lightning can be very frightening, but how best to stay safe when a storm breaks? The recent hot weather has led to thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are short, sharp and shocking - for some literally. For if you can hear the clouds rumbling, chances are the storm is close enough to for you to be struck by lightning - it can strike up to 10 miles away from the centre of a storm. Count the seconds between seeing lightning and hearing thunder - if it's less than 30 seconds, there's a threat. If thunderstorms are forecast, postpone or cancel outdoor activities - especially golf and rod fishing. If a storm is approaching, take cover inside or in a car with the windows wound up - sheds, isolated trees and convertibles do not afford sufficient protection. Boaters and swimmers should get to shore as quickly as possible, as water conducts electricity. So too do metal pipes and phone lines. Only make calls in an emergency, and best put off baths, showers and dish washing, in case lightning strikes the house and sends a jolt of electricity through the metal plumbing. What not to do The Met Office also advises unplugging appliances, as lightning can cause power surges. If the lights go out, use a torch, rather than the naked flame of a candle. For this would pose quite a nasty fire risk. If caught outside in a thunderstorm, find a low spot away from trees, fences, and poles. If your skin tingles and hair stands on end, lightning is about to strike. Crouch down, balancing on the balls of your feet, placing hands on knees with head between them. This makes you into the smallest target possible, and minimises contact with the ground. Do not put up an umbrella or use a mobile phone - the metal directs the current into the body. The British Medical Journal last month illustrated the dangers with the case of a 15-year-old struck while using her mobile - she suffered a cardiac arrest, burst eardrum and a year on she has to use a wheelchair. WHO, WHAT, WHY? A feature to the BBC News Magazine - aiming to answer some of the questions behind the headlines If someone has been hit by lightning, call for help as they'll need urgent medical attention. It's safe to touch them - people struck by lightning carry no electrical charge that can shock other people. Check for a pulse and for breathing - if you know first aid, begin artificial respiration and CPR if necessary. If they're breathing, check for other possible injuries. Lightning strike victims have burns in two places - where the electric shock entered and then left the body, usually the soles of the feet. They may have broken bones or loss of hearing or sight. Be wary of venturing out too soon - the BBC Weather Centre advises waiting 30 minutes after the last flash, as over half of lightning deaths occur after the thunderstorm has passed. While the forecast storms will bring much-needed rain to the parched South-East, the sudden dump of water poses the risk of flash flooding. If waters start to rise, head for higher ground. Don't try to drive to safety, as most flash flood deaths occur in vehicles. And one final tip - it's a myth that lightning never strikes the same place twice. Now be careful out there. Add your comments using the form below You forgot a bit of advice. Really clever scientists are able to fly kites during thunderstorms without coming to any harm. Ordinary people should not though. John Airey, Peterborough, UK What are the odds of being struck by lightning compared to winning the lottery. OK, don't climb the nearest church steeple with an umbrella, but the rest? We are so risk averse, let's live a little. The number of people I counted on the way to work carrying large golf umbrellas (with a big metal spike on the top) is pretty disturbing! Fantastic advice. I've been struck twice and now do not venture out when there is a storm brewing. I work in the forestry commission and have seem some very nasty strikes. I must admit I never felt a tingle or my hair stand up before the strike. That's just poppycock. Barney Mo, UK I lived in two different houses in the last ten years and had my TV aerials stuck by lightning and blow up the TV equipment. The storms are amazing but very dangerous. Paul, Basildon, Essex Why not enjoy the experience? Tune a radio to an empty section in the AM band, and listen to the electromagnetic disturbances. You will hear a lot more going on than you can actually see in terms of lightning strikes. Don't worry your radio won't get struck unless you are very, very unlucky. Al Jackson, Bristol As the author Terry Pratchett once put it, "not a time to play golf wearing copper trousers and shouting all gods are bastards". Stewart Shaw, Sheffield Thanks for the advice! I feel quite silly now as it didn't dawn on me that the sea would be a very dangerous place to be in an electrical storm! A bit like holding a plugged in toaster over the bath you're in and gambling to see if you drop it ...! Rebecca, Wakefield UK In Germany, every building has to have a lightning conductor (Blitzableiter). I've hardly seen it here in the UK. Holger, Bristol, UK Anxiety, anxiety -- risk of lightening - risk of over heating in the sun -- what has happened to common sense ???? I suppose the experts would then be out of work. Brian Kneller, Haxey - UK Very enlightening advice! So don't use a mobile in a storm eh?. So this lightning has come the best part of a mile in order to locate your phone?. Really|?. tony sayer, Cambridge We get some huge thunderstorms in Colorado. A couple of weeks ago, a guy on a motorcycle was hit by lightning on a major highway near Denver. I was on a bus at the time just behind it. I heard the thunder at the same time as the lightning struck, and a couple of seconds later all the traffic stopped due to the accident. The poor guy was clearly dead, and the lightning had blown a 4 inch deep hole in the road, damaging some cars with debris. Nasty. Steve, Denver, Colorado Never mess with lightning. I was at school in a part of South Africa where we had a lot of electrical storms. Two lads were sheltering from rain under a cluster of trees when lightning stuck they tree they were under. It split the tree in two and the two lads were tragically killed. Some other useful advice: avoid large puddles of water (if it has been raining). Also, avoid being near metal fence posts or barbed wire fences when out walking walking. Every year in SA, farmers in high ground strike areas have stock losses due to animals herding next to fences during thunder storms. I would also re-iterate the advice about unplugging electrical devices (esp. TV's phones and computers) - we lost a TV and a telephone in Johannesburg due to lightning strikes1 I am terrified of thunder and lightening. You mentioned to stay indoors or in a car. Is it true the safest place is in your car & would you be affected if lightening struck the car you are in? "The Met Office also advises unplugging appliances, as lightning can cause power surges. If the lights go out, use a torch, rather than the naked flame of a candle. For this would pose quite a nasty fire risk." Thank you, Nanny. D Clark, Wolverhampton "she suffered a cardiac arrest, burst eardrum and a year on she has to use a wheelchair." So, to her as to many of the rest of us physically disabled folks, next time there's a thunderstorm we'll be surrounded by metal, unable to move very fast, and as for crouching on the ground, head between knees, balancing on the balls of our feet... oh well. Mary, Midlands, UK I buy standing in open space holding long metal objects as a piece of sensible advice on what not to do in a storm - but has there ever been a recorded incident of someone being electrocuted by their dish water? It is probably more likely that you would accidentally slip, knock yourself unconscious and die by drowning head first in the sink A REgan, London I was once struck by lightning and physically glowed for 3 minutes. Since then I have developed a fear of lightning. But not thunder!!! Is this normal? John Petticoat, Brighton In response to Barney from the UK, I have particularly long hair, and although I've never felt a tingle, my hair has indeed started to rise when outside during a thunderstorm. It might not be common, but it does happen! David Glover, Oxford, UK I was struck when I was a teenager returning home from school - I was carrying an umbrella. I don't recall the actual strike, but my sister says that I ran really fast across the road and back again. I had a black top lip and a burn where I was holding the umbrella. Weird - there was no pain and I carried on walking home! (in tears - must have been a shock!- no pun intended). We laugh about it now - but at the time it was really scary! I often read the Scandinavian newspapers on-line. Last year I read an article about a girl in Denmark who was struck badly by lightning because she had a ring ornament attached to her nose!! philippa despard, Rome, Italy I noted with interest the warning about rods. A few years ago when I was on holiday at the coast I saw an ambulance rushing to the aid a local fisherman who had been struck and killed by lightning. The carbon fibre rod in his hand served as a conductor that contributed to his death. S Harrap, Peterborough Do we need all this advice from the nanny state , after all it is only common sense and most people do take precautions , the metal does not cause the charge to go into the body, in reality it does the opposite. Also the rubber sneakers do nothing to protect you. michael utley, west yarmouth, ma, usa A car is a very safe place to ride out (as it were) an electrical storm, as long as all four wheels remain on solid ground. And we always unplug both computer and telephone, having blown up modem and motherboard in two separate incidents. The BBC may edit your comments and not all emails will be published. Your comments may be published on any BBC media worldwide.
Third Grade Life Cycle Sorting Cards Want a fun way to have students practice and compare life cycles of different organisms? Students can sort the cards and make models of the life cycle of a bunch of different organisms. Just print on cardstock and cut. Great for NGSS standards for third grade: NGSS 3-LS1-1 Develop models to describe that organisms have unique and diverse life cycles but all have in common birth, growth, reproduction, and death.
27,234 SCHULZ members around the world Stay informed about SCHULZ Family online & offline events! See our recent family gatherings SCHULZ Family HistoryThis is a surname deriving from the Middle High German for ?headman? of the village/community; the root word is from ?sculd?, or ?debt?, from which the modern German word ?schuld?, with transferred meaning of debt in the sense of ?guilt?. The full word would be ?schultheize?; the person so named would be responsible for the collection of debts from those living on the local lord?s land. Variant spellings are: Schulze, Schultz, Schultze &c The surname is also found in Scandinavia, and among German Jews (Ashkenazic), and it is possible that it was used as a sobriquet for ?rabbi?. Frequently found in Prussia, the Brandenburg and Berlin areas, as well as in Niedersachsen, Hannover and Hamburg, as well as Nordrhein-Westfallen and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern &c. Schulz is the 9th most popular surname in Germany. Schulz emigrants landed in the U.S.A. from the early 18th century in New York and Philadelphia. By the time of the 1920 U.S. Federal Census, the majority were found in the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania. In the U.S.A. the surname stands at 1,374th with a population of 23,676, according to U.S. Social Security figures. The variant Schulze is ranked 3,863rd with a population of 8,444. Two Famous bearers of Schulz Karl Friedrich "Fritz" Wilhelm Schulz (1897 ? 1976) born in Silesia, was a General in the Wehrmacht in World War 11. He was a recipient of the Iron Cross in 1916, in World War 1. For his courageous leadership in the 2nd World War, he was awarded the Knight?s Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Charles M. Schulz (1922-2000) born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was creator of the comic strip ?Peanuts?, which was published daily in 75 countries, and in 27 languages. Like his hero, Charley Brown, Schulz?s father was a barber, and his mother a housewife. The dog ?Snoopy? has become a modern icon, as has his master ?Charley Brown?. Who have we missed? Tell us about any famous SCHULZ (or surname variant) you think we should add here. We will get our genealogists to check them out and add them to the list. Thanks! Join the conversation with the SCHULZ tribe - Find your SCHULZ ancestor - Tell us about your SCHULZ Family - Tell us about your SCHULZ ancestors - Ask a question about the SCHULZ history - Leave a message for SCHULZ family members Invite more SCHULZ family members! Write an email address and click 'Invite' to share this page with more members of the SCHULZ tribe. Family Coat of Arms Generator Why not see what your family crest could look like based on your own family characteristics?Create Crest
ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ PR ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช Blonde 2.0 (ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ 2.0) ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื“ ืื™ื™ืœืช ื ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืคืืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื”, ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืฉืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ 2.0 ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค, ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ. ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื›-70 ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื“ ื•ื•ื ืฆืณืจืก; ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืงื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช; ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื˜ื™ืจื™ืืœืก; ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ืงืจืœื•ืก ืกืœื™ื; ืกื˜ื•ืจื“ื•ื˜, ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœ-2015 ืขืดื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก, ื•ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช Yo, ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ืกืขืจื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2014. "ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•" ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืคืืจ, ืžื ื›ืดืœ-ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. "ืžื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื". ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง / ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื / ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค? ื”ืงืœื™ืงื• ื›ืืŸ 3 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืกื˜ 3 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืื‘ื• ื“ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช! ื”ื’ื™ื‘: 8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:46 ื™ืืœืœื” ืžื‘ืจื•ืง ื”ื’ื‘ The fans from Sekindo ื”ื’ื™ื‘: 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ื‘ืฉืขื” 16:44 ื”ื’ื‘ ื“ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘: 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ื‘ืฉืขื” 13:48 ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”! ื”ื’ื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืฆื’ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื Blonde 2.0, ืื™ื™ืœืช ื ื•ืฃ, ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ 2.0, ื‘ืจื ื–'ื”, ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื ืง, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื™ื—"ืฆ, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืคืืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ PR, ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื—"ืฆ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื—"ืฆ ืœืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ ืคืจืกื•ื, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื™ื—"ืฆ, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ PR, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื—"ืฆ, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค, ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืค, ืคืจืกื•ื, ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ "ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง โ€“ TikTok ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืจืกื” ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืกืžื” ืืช ื™ื•ืชื ื–ืžืจื™ ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ื™ 'ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช' ื”ื•ืกืจ ืข"ื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืกืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงืคืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืื˜ื” ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืค ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืื˜ื” ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืค ยฉ 2006- ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืค | 2021 ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื‘ 2 ืžืฆื ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืื˜ื” ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืค ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืื˜ื” ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืค ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” MUST READ snaps ืื“ื•ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืื•ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืืชื ืฉืœื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื’ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”ืงื• ื”ื—ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืœื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื™ืกื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื“ืคื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืžืชืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืงื™ื ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืขื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ืœืจ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืจืฉืช ืกืคืื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืกืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืง ืื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ืจืฉืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืงื“"ืž ืงื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืงื•ืคื™-ืงื˜ ืงื•ืคื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืกื™ื ืชื™ืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืชืงื“ื™ืŸ (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™)
ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื” ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืจื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื” ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืจื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื” ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืขืœืื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื— ืžื”ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ ืจื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืจืฆื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคื” ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ...
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื™ ืœื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืคืงื•, ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื—, ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข, ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ืžื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช: "ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื", ื›ืชื‘. "ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื˜ืจืืžืคื™ื–ื. ื–ื• ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืคืจื• ืื ืจื›ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื". ืื™ืœื ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื˜ืื•ื ื–, ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ืขื ืื™ืžื•ื’'ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžืขื•ืช. ืื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. "ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช!", ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, "ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืฉื”". ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžื”, ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. "ื ื•, ื‘ืืžืช. ืจืง ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืืœ ืชืชืจื’ืฉื™. ืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืชื—ืจื˜. ื ื•ื— ืฉื". ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืžืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืฉืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. "ืืชื ื“ืคื•ืงื™ื? ืืชื ื“ื‘ื™ืœื™ื?", ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืืชื ื™ืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœื›ื โ€“ ืฉื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืคืกื™ื“, ืื• ืฉื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ. ืื ืจื›ื™ื”. ื ื• ื“ื™. ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื™ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืืœื™ื›ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืคื•ื™ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช". ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช. ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ืืœื˜ืœื ื”, ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื˜ืจืœื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื—. ื ืชื—ื™ืœ: โ€ข ืื—ื“. ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช. ืื—ื“. ืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื’ืืœ ื ื”ืจื’ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื‘ืŸ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช โ€“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื 2020 ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืžืœื‘ื“ื•, ื ืคืœื• ืขื•ื“ 27 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช, "ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข" ืื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืคืฉื. ื—ื“ืฉ: ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ืชื•ืคืขื”: ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช!) ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื โ€ข ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ืื•ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืกืชืจ ื”ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื ืจืฆื—ื” ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื˜ืœ ืžื ืฉื”. ื–ื• ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขื 20 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. โ€ข 115 ืืœืฃ. ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ืฉืœื— ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืคืงื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื”"ืื™ื ื“ื™ืคื ื“ื ื˜", ืฉืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžืชื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื›-360 ืืœืฃ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื, ื›-77 ืืœืฃ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉ-115 ืืœืฃ ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. "ืžื” ืฉืžื–ืขื–ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช", ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืคื•ืคืงื•. "ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื”, 115 ืืœืฃ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". โ€ข ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืจืกืžื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืœ-2020. ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ืžืกื™ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2019 ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช "ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”". ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ื™. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ืกื’ืจ, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืžืคื™ืฅ ืขืœ, ืžืงื“ื ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” R โ€“ ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื. โ€ข ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ืœื’ืœืฆ ื”ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื’ืœืฆ. ืžื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื’ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืคืก ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ. ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜, ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœืฆ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื "ืฉืœืžื™ื" ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘. ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืช, ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœื™ืค ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืœื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืงื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช. ืจืง ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื•, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ืืช ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžืชืคืœืœืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืช". ืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืขื” ืฉื•ืžืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืคืจืฉืช "ืฉืžื•ืช", ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืก ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื–: "ืชื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”, ื•ืืœ ื™ืฉืขื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ". ื”ืขื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื– ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกืคืก ื›ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื”. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืืจื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืชื ื” โ€“ ื–ืžืŸ. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื“ืกื”, ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื ื— ืฉืคื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืขื™ืœืžื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ื ืขืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-2,500 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืกื’ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ืœื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ, ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืกื’ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ โ€“ ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•? ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื•? ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™: "ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืœื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืง ืžื” ืงืจื” ืืœื ืœืžื”. ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”" (ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื–"ืœ) ืื”ื‘ืช? ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ? ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ facebook ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ twitter ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ whatsapp ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ email ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ print ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื”ื‘-ืžืื™ืจ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื”ื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืืฉืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžืจืฆื”. ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืื™ืžื ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
ื‘ืื‘ื•-ื˜ื•ืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืงืขื”, 4 ื—ื“ืจื™ื + 2 ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ, ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืจืชื™, ืžืขืœื™ืช, ืžืจืคืกืช ืœื ื•ืฃ, ื“ื™ืจื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืืจืช. ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื ื ืžืœื/ื™ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืš ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ/ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืกื›ื™ื/ื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
ืืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื“ืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ "ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ" - ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช - ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื’ืŸ - ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื—ื™ืชื•ืš HTML, ื‘ื ื™ืช ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช - ื ื™ื™ื“ <phone> ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื’ืŸ โ€“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื—ื™ืชื•ืš HTML, ื‘ื ื™ืช ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื ื™ื™ื“ <phone> ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœื™ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”: ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืชืจ ืชื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืชืจื™ ื’'ื•ืžืœื” ืืชืจื™ ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก ืืชืจื™ื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก ื“ืคื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื—ื™ืชื•ืš PSD ืœ-HTML ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืชืจื™ื ืืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื“ืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ "ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ" โ€“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช "ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ" ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืืชืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืž-0 ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—. ืื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืฉื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืชื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื“ืคื™ HTML ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืืชืจ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ืืชืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืกืœ ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจื›ื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื’ืŸ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื•ื— ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืขืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืžื™ื˜ื“ื™ โ€“ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
This article discusses two new studies that looked at corn and vegetables, concluding that there is a rising risk of food shocks and malnutrition with unchecked global warming. Climate change will increase the risk of simultaneous crop failures across the worldโ€™s biggest corn-growing regions and lead to less of the nutritionally critical vegetables that health experts say people arenโ€™t getting enough of already, scientists warn. Two new studies published Monday in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences look at different aspects of the global food supply but arrive at similarly worrisome conclusions that reiterate the prospects of food shocks and malnutrition with unchecked global warming. While developing tropical countries would likely be hardest hit, the destabilizing financial effects could reach all corners of the globe, the authors say. One paper analyzed cornโ€”or maizeโ€”the worldโ€™s most produced and traded crop, to project how climate change will affect it across the major producing regions. Much of the worldโ€™s corn goes into feeding livestock and making biofuels, and swings in production can ripple through global markets, leading to price spikes and food shortages, particularly for the 800 million people living in extreme poverty. The second study published Monday looked at how environmental changes brought on by climate change could impact the production and quality of vegetables and legumesโ€”foods that government nutrition guidelines and nutritionists urge people to eat more of.
Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and nations make choices about how to allocate resources. The building blocks of economics are the studies of labor and trade. What is the economics? Economics is about making choices. We make all kinds of choices every day. How much should I spend on gas? Whatโ€™s the best route to work? Where should we go for dinner? Which job or career should I go for? What are the pros and cons of finishing college versus taking a job or inventing the next, best Internet startup? Which roommate should take care of washing the dishes? Can I get that dog as a pet? Should I get married, have children, and if so, when? Which politician should I vote for when they all claim they can improve the economy or make my life better? What is โ€œthe economy,โ€ anyway? What if my personal or religious principles conflict with what people tells me is in my best economic interest? - Economics is the study of how people allocate scarce resources for production, distribution, and consumption, both individually and collectively. - Two major types of economics are microeconomics, which focuses on the behavior of individual consumers and producers, and macroeconomics, which examine overall economies on a regional, national, or international scale. - Economics is especially concerned with efficiency in production and exchange and uses models and assumptions to understand how to create incentives and policies that will maximize efficiency. - Economists formulate and publish numerous economic indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). - Capitalism, socialism, and communism are types of economic systems. Types of Economic Systems Societies have organized their resources in many different ways through history, deciding how to use available means to achieve individual and common ends. This economic system is defined by very little division of labor and resulting low productivity, a high degree of vertical integration of production processes within the household or village for what goods are produced, and relationship based reciprocal exchange within and between families or tribes rather than market transactions. In such a primitive society, the concepts of private property and decision-making over resources often apply at a more collective level of familial or tribal ownership of productive resources and wealth in common. Later, as civilizations developed, economies based on production by social class emerged, such as feudalism and slavery. Slavery involved production by enslaved individuals who lacked personal freedom or rights and were treated as the property of their owner. Capitalism emerged with the advent of industrialization. Capitalism is defined as a system of production whereby business owners (entrepreneurs or capitalists) organize productive resources including tools, workers, and raw materials to produce goods for sale in order to make a profit and not for personal consumption. Socialism is a form of cooperative production economy. Economic socialism is a system of production where there is limited or hybrid private ownership of the means of production (or other types of productive property) and a system of prices, profits, and losses is not the sole determinant used to establish who engages in production, what to produce and how to produce it. Segments of society band together to share these functions. Communism is a form of command economy, whereby nearly all economic activity is centralized, and through the coordination of state-sponsored central planners. A societyโ€™s theoretical economic strength can be marshaled to the benefit of the society at large. Executing this in reality is far more difficult than in theory, in that it requires no conflicting or competing entities within the society to challenge the allocation of resources. Note that instances of economic communism in the modern era have also been coupled with an authoritarian form of government, although this need not be the case in theory. Economic indicators are reports that detail a countryโ€™s economic performance in a specific area. These reports are usually published periodically by governmental agencies or private organizations, and they often have a considerable effect on stocks, fixed income, and forex markets when they are released. They can also be very useful for investors to judge how economic conditions will move markets and to guide investment decisions. Below are some of the major U.S. economic reports and indicators used for fundamental analysis. - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Retail Sales - Industrial Production - Employment Data - Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Nine Inch Nails ืื• NIN (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: "ืžืกืžืจื™ ืชืฉืข ืื™ื ืฅ'", ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื "ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฅ' ื ื™ื™ืœื–") ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืจื™ืืœ ืžื˜ืืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืžืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“, ืื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืจื–ื ื•ืจ. ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืคื™ืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื–ืžืจ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืจืืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืช ืœื”ืงืชื• ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื‘-5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžืœื. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืกื™ ื’ืจืืžื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื” ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืื—ื“ ืž-25 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื". RIAA ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื›ืจื” ื›-10 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืกืง ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื˜ ืงื•ืกื˜ืจ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช "Right Track Studios" ื‘ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“. ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืงื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืœื ืžืฆื ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืœื”ืงืชื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช "TVT Records" ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ื™ืฆื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: "Pretty Hate Machine". ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื•, ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืจื–ื ื•ืจ. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘-Right Track Studios ื•ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืคืœื”. ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ". ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฅ' ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื” ืคืœื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ื ื– ืื“ื™ืงืฉืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ื™ืฆืื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืขืžื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ I'm Afraid of Americans ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” Earthling. ืจื–ื ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืคืง | Ohad Shpak ยป ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ยป ื‘ื’"ืฆ ืžืงืคื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื—"ืฉ / ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืืœื” ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืคืง ืžืจืฅ 19, 2020 ืขื•"ื“ ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืคืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• - ื‘ื’"ืฆ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืขืžื•ืชืช ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฆ ื‘ื™ื•ื 13.02.2020 ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ื—ื ื”, ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื. ื–ืืช, ืžืื•ืชื ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ืคื•ืง ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช. ื‘ืขืชื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื’ื ืฆื•-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ื™ื•ื 24.02.2020 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื’"ืฆ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืจื” ืขืžื•ืชืช ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืจืงืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื’"ืฆ โ€“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื” โ€“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก โ€“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ. ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฆ โ€“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ. ื”ืฉืืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื“ืœโ€ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ : ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ 34. ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ: ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ 7 (ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ โ€“ ืงื•ืžื” 33). ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ื“ืžื™ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš โ€“ ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” 2.1 ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช "ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ" ืœืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ืžื—ืกืŸ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืฉื ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืž"ื 38 ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื•ืช, ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื”ืขืกื™ืกื™, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื ื’ื•ืก ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืคืขื ื‘... ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืชื•ืง. ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜- ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš, ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืชื ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”. ืื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืคื ืง ื•ืœืขื ื’ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื•ืืช ื ืคืฉื™. ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”- ืคืขื ื‘... ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ VIP ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™. ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช "ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื™". ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขื ืคื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืืช ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™. ื”ืืžืช? ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืžืคื ืงืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืžืœืื”, ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื•ืคืจื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืจื–ื”, ื“ืงื” ื•ืงืฆืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื ืขืจืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื‘. ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™. ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืชื ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื. ื›ื™ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช- ืื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ืŸ ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™. ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื™ื ืœืื’ื•. ืžื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•? ื™ืฉ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžืœื™ื. ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืืœ ืกื™ื‘ืช- ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ืขื™ื. ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื™, ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™, ืœื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืš ืกืขืจืช ื”ืœื‘ื” ื”ื ืฉืคื›ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™. ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืœื?
ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื” ืงืจืื•ืก ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืงืจืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ,ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื. ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืชืขืžืงืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ืขื•"ืก ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื–ื™ืงื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. Centaur (2 syl.). A huntsman. The Thessalian centaurs were half-horses, half-men. They were invited to a marriage feast, and, being intoxicated, behaved with great rudeness to the women. The Lapithรฆ took the womens part, fell on the centaurs, and drove them out of the country.
ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืงืฆื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืขืก ืืฆืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืคื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”: "ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช" ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš: 13.4.20 13:21 ืžืืช: ื˜ืœ ืกืจื•ืกื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืจืžื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ืงื” ื™ื•ืขืชืง ืœืกื•ืฃ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืžื”ืœืš, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืคื’ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™, ืœืฆื“ ืขื•ืžืกื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืชืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ื•ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื™ืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื”. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืžื”ืœืš: "ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืคื’ืข ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืคื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืงื ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื", ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘: "ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื•, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจ ืจืžื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ ืœื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืงืฆื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื". ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื”? ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชื’ืจื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื. "ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืงืฆื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืงืฆื• ื›-16 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืคื™ 3 ืžื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ) ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฆืง, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืข ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืคื™ื— ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืจืขืฉ, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 471, ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช". ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ืชื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื’ื ืœืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ. "ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ" ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช". ืžืœืฉื›ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื ืžืกืจ: "ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืืœื™ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ. ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืกื•ืฃ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 471, ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืคื’ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช". ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื”? ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช "ืžืœืื‘ืก" ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช "ืžืœืื‘ืก" ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ "ืžืœืื‘ืก" ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ "ืžืœืื‘ืก" ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืช: ื’ืœื™ืช ืื•ืจืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ "ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืœืžืž"ื“": ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ื’ืŸ ื ืžืืก ืžื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ | ืฆืคื• ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: "ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘". ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”: "ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืช" ื“ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืขื˜ื• ื‘ื•: ืคื•ืขื ื—ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืืจื‘ื• ืœืฆืขื™ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื’ ื–"ืœ | ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืืช: ืžืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ืžืืžื ื™ื, ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื’ื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื’. ืžืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื’ืจื ืœื• ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ืฆื•ืช: ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ืžืคืคืจ ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืคืช ืขืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืช 13 ื ืคื’ืขื” ืžืจื›ื‘ ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืคื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืžืืช: ืื™ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื ืขืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ืจืขื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ ืžืืช: ืื™ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืขื” ื—ืžืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคื’ืข ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื™ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ื•ืจื’ืœ ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืคืฆืขื• ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืคื’ืข ื•ื‘ืจื— ืžืืช: ืื™ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืคื’ืข ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 6 ื•-8 ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ืฉื ืžืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ 60 ืฉื ื”: ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ, ืืžื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ: "ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”" ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ: ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ? ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื: ืื™ืคื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื™ืคื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ื“ื™ืจืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘-2.19 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืคืงื“ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชืื™: "ืกื•ืœืœืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืœื”" ืžืืช: ืžื•ืจ ื’ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื” ืื• ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ืžืืช: ืื™ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช 5 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 at 15:15 ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืจืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจ ืจืžื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™,ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื "ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื,ื™ื•ืงืฆื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืžื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื•? ืขื ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ,ืžืชื ืก,ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืœ ืืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื. ืžื™ื›ืœ 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 at 19:17 ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื’ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื“ 19 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 at 0:33 ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื•, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”! ื”ืงืžืช ืžืชื—ื (ืžื™ื ื™) ืชื—ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืคื’ืข ืจืขืฉ ื ื•ืจืื™ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืœื™ื”ื• 21 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 at 11:18 ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ื›ืฅ ืชืคืกืงื• ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ืขืชื ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœื™ื“ื›ื™ื ื’ืœ 22 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 at 12:41 ืื•ืช ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื‘: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื™ืฆืื ื•: ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืจื’ืข, ืจื’ืข, ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง? ื›ืฉืืœื–ื”, ืงื•ืคื™ืงื•, ื“ื•ืจื” ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืจืคืืช ื ื•ื•ื” ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉืขืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื? ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ืืชื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื! ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืขื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ: ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
ืžืชื™ ื ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 2021 ืžืชื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื’ ืฉืžื— ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื ื”! ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืกื™ื•ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื- ืžืชื™ ื ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 2021 ืžืชื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš [...] ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2, 2020 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“! ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืฆืคื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืžืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 2021 ืชืฉืค"ื‘? ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”ื” 2021 ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื›ื•' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•, 30/11/2021. ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” [...]
ITHACA, N.Y. -- Scientists have found the gene that sends a signal through plant immune systems, saying, in effect: "Take two aspirin and call out the troops โ€“ we're under attack!" Discovery of the salicylic acid-binding protein 2 (SABP2) gene, by scientists at Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (BTI) at Cornell University, is being called an important step toward new strategies to boost plants' natural defenses against disease and for reducing the need for agricultural pesticides. Salicylic acid, the chemical compound found naturally in most plants (as well as in the most-used medication, aspirin), is a plant hormone produced at elevated levels in response to attack by microbial pathogens. According to a report on the Web today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS Early Edition, week of Dec. 7, 2003) by BTI's Dhirendra Kumar and Daniel F. Klessig, the aspirin-like hormone is perceived by the SABP2 protein and a message is transmitted, via a lipid-based signal, to activate the plant's defense arsenal. Says Klessig, "Now that we know a key signaling protein in plant immune systems, we can work on ways to enhance the signal and help plants fight disease without using potentially harmful pesticides." The PNAS authors say SABP2 plays an important role in restricting infections by inducing host cells at the site of infection to undergo programmed cell death and sacrifice themselves for the benefit of the rest of the plant. SABP2 also plays a critical role in activating the innate immune system in other parts of the plant to guard against further attack or spread by the same pathogen โ€“ and even against unrelated pathogens. (Innate immune systems, which mount an immediate defense against infections, are found in all plants and animals. But only vertebrates, including humans and other mammals, have additional levels of defense โ€“ the antibody-producing B cell and T cell-mediated acquired immunity for a delayed response that can take weeks to develop.) The Klessig laboratory discovered the presence of the SABP2 protein in plants in 1997. But it took five years to purify the protein, which occurs naturally in "excruciatingly small amounts," then to clone the gene that encodes it, and finally to assess the role of SABP2 in disease resistance. The PNAS article tells how the researchers proved that SABP2 is a key player in innate immunity by silencing the SABP2 gene and watching the plant immune system fail. Although the salicylic acid-signaling experiments were done with tobacco plants โ€“ because tobacco is a well-known plant species for studying disease resistance โ€“ similar salicylic acid-binding proteins are found in other plant species, the BTI researchers say, making their results applicable to other crop plants. And the finding might even help immunologists understand evolutionarily related signaling pathways in vertebrates, including humans, according to another BTI researcher and professor of plant pathology at Cornell, Gregory B. Martin. In a 2001 research article, he suggested that some molecular mechanisms involved in innate immunity in mammalian and insect systems "are remarkably similar to the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease-resistance responses." Innate immunity in all kinds of living things, Martin and his co-authors added, "might be an evolutionarily ancient system of host defense." When tobacco mosaic virus attacks a tobacco plant, the PNAS authors report, the immediate visible effect of SABP2 is to enable salicylic acid to induce the so-called hypersensitive resistance response. "We see programmed cell death at the site of the attack as plant cells sacrifice themselves for the overall survival of the plant," Klessig explains. "We believe programmed cell death helps restrict the infection to a small part of the plant. Something similar happens in animal systems, when virus-infected cells or cells with defective growth control that could become cancerous undergo programmed cell death," he says, noting that aspirin has been found to have a protective effect against cancer. Even as the infection is being contained, the plant begins to signal other parts of itself that it is undergoing attack. "This leads to long-lasting, broad-spectrum systemic resistance to infections against the initial attacking pathogen and also against other viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens," Klessig says. "Systemic acquired resistance can last throughout most of the life of an annual plant." Earlier this year the Klessig research group announced (in the May 16, 2003, issue of the journal Cell) their discovery of a plant gene for nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that rapidly produces nitric oxide (NO) after infection. This is one of the earliest responses to pathogen attack. "With nitric oxide synthase and now with SABP2, as well as other defense-signaling pathway components that have already or are sure to be discovered, we are beginning to see some effective and sustainable alternatives to pesticides," Klessig says, suggesting two possible strategies: Genetic manipulation could enhance a crop plant's ability to make more of a scarce defense-signaling compound or a limiting receptor needed to transmit this signaling compound. Alternatively, crops could be treated with a functional mimic of the signaling compound itself when plant disease is anticipated. "Either way, we are utilizing and enhancing a plant's own natural defenses," Klessig says. "That should be a better way, both because it will be much more difficult for pathogenic organisms to develop resistance and because we can avoid contaminating the environment." He adds that an attack by a plant pathogen "marks the start of a war. If the plant can recognize the pathogen and activate its defense arsenal in time, the plant usually wins. But if the pathogen circumvents detection or the defenses themselves, the plant is in trouble. The more we learn about plant immune systems, the better are the chances we can help important crop plants win their war โ€“ without the collateral damage from chemical pesticides." Klessig is president of BTI, an independent, not-for-profit organization located on the Cornell campus, and an adjunct professor of plant pathology; Kumar is a BTI research associate. The salicylic acid-binding protein research was supported by the National Science Foundation and by a plants and human health grant from the Triad Foundation. Cite This Page:
ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื "ืจืง ื™ื’ืข ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืคื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื \ ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ื™ืคืœื• \ ื™ืฉื‘ืจื• ืœื™" ... ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจ' ืชื’ืจื™ "ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื" - "ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”". ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื• ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื? ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืคืื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ืืžืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืžืชืจืคืื™ ื”ืžืจืคืื”. ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืจืคืื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžืคืชื— ื“"ืจ ืชื’ืจื™ ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื•. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืคืจืช ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื - ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ - ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืื”. ืื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืง ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•. ื“"ืจ ืื™ื™ืœ ืชื’ืจื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื! ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™! ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืื• ืงืฆืจ) ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ืคื” "ื—ื“ืฉื™ื". ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื, ืœื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ. ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื“ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ + ื™ื“ืข ืขืฆื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื“"ืจ ืชื’ืจื™. ืจื•ืคื ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ื•ื‘ื ืื“ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืžืœื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ! ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื... ืืœ! ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช. ืชื•ื ื ืงืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื“"ืจ ืชื’ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื• ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืื™ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจืฉืžื” ืžืžื ื• ืžืื“. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืคื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืงืคื“ืŸ- ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื "ืกืชื" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคื”- ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื, ืืœื ื’ื ืฆื™ืœื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจื•ืฆื”! ืชื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™! ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืคื ื” ื•ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื“ื ื˜ืœื™. ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื ื™ ืจื’ื•ืขื”. ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื! ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื“"ืจ ืชื’ืจื™ ืขื ืžืงืจื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•"ื“. ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืฉ ื ื“ื™ืจ, ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืืžืคืชื™. ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•"ื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ื“"ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงืจื”. ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื›ื—. ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ืจื™ืก ื˜ืœ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ืžืจืคืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืคื” ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช. ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื—ื ื™ื”. ืชื’ืจื™ ืจื•ืคื ื—ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™, ืžืงืกื™ื ื•ืื“ื™ื‘, ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืฆืœื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ืจื—ื‘!
ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืจืฉื•ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ 200 ืžื˜ืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ื’ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื–ื“ื” ืฉืฉ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ "ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ื˜ื• ืžื–ื“ื” 6 ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœ...
ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืจื™ื” ืจื’ื‘, ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ: "ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘" ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘"ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘" ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืื, ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจื™ื, ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืชืขืชื•ืขื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืงืžื™ืœื”, ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื—ืžืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ืขื ื•ืจื’ืขื™ ื—ืกื“, ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื ืฉื’ื‘, ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืคื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ: "... ืืœื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื“ืžืžื”". ืฆืขื“ ืืžื™ืฅ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืœืžื™ ืฉืชืจื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœืืœืคื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื-ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•- ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื” ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื "ืœ) ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช , ืื™ืจื— ื‘ืืจืฅ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืจื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืฆื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืžืจืฆื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2019 ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงืคืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-2018, ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘, ืฉื™ืฆื ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืคื ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื”ื ื—ืจื“ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ืขืฉ ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืื•ื˜ื™, ื›ืฉื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืขืœื• ืืจืฆื” ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื‘ืžื ื•ืกื” ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื™ืžื• ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉื ื•ื ืกืคื•, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืกืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืคืจืกื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ืจื ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื“ ืกืคืจื™ื•. ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” โ€“ ืงืคืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2018 ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ: "ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืงืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืงื™ื ืคืจื, ื ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช". "ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช", ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืขืจื›ื” ื’ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืชื”: "ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืœ ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช, ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืจืคื”". "ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘" ืžืืช ืืจื™ื” ืจื’ื‘. ืขื•ืจื›ืช: ืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ. "ืกืคืจื โ€“ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ". 105 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืจ 45 โ‚ช. ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืคืฅ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื’ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืชื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ: <email> ื•/ืื• ืœืกืœื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” <phone> ื•ื™ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ (ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—).
Stradivarius Violins Get Their Distinctive Sound By Mimicking the Human Voice Italian violinist Francesco Geminiani once wrote that a violin's tone should "rival the most perfect human voice." Nearly three centuries later, scientists have confirmed that some of the world's oldest violins do in fact mimic aspects of the human singing voice, a finding which scientists believe proves "the characteristic brilliance of Stradivari violins." Using speech analysis software, scientists in Taiwan compared the sound produced by 15 antique instruments with recordings of 16 male and female vocalists singing English vowel sounds, The Guardian reports. They discovered that violins made by Andrea Amati and Antonio Stradivari, the pioneers of the instrument, produce similar "formant features" as the singers. The resonance frequencies were similar between Amati violins and bass and baritone singers, while the higher-frequency tones produced by Stradivari instruments were comparable to tenors and contraltos. Andrea Amati, born in 1505, was the first known violin maker. His design was improved over 100 years later by Antonio Stradivari, whose instruments now sell for several million dollars. "Some Stradivari violins clearly possess female singing qualities, which may contribute to their perceived sweetness and brilliance," Hwan-Ching Tai, an author of the study, told The Guardian. Their findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. A 2013 study by Dr. Joseph Nagyvary, a professor emeritus at Texas A&M University, also pointed to a link between the sounds produced by 250-year-old violins and those of a female soprano singer. According to Vox, a blind test revealed that professional violinists couldn't reliably tell the difference between old violins like "Strads" and modern ones, with most even expressing a preference for the newer instruments. However, the value of these antique instruments can be chalked up to their rarity and history, and many violinists still swear by their exceptional quality. [h/t The Guardian]
It has been a widespread misconception that ancient Indians, though cultivated Philosophy and Literature from a very early period and excelled almost all the ancient civilized nations in respect of those two departments of knowledge, but utterly neglected the search for truth in the world of matter, and hence made no considerable progress in field of physical sciences. It is needless to say that the above misconception is partly due to ignorance, sometimes deliberate too and partly to utter negligence of India's scientific literature by modern Indologists in home and abroad. Proofs to establish the fact that Indians occupied, till the 12th century A.D. the foremost place in the field of Mathematics the exact science and its logical corollary Astronomy, are not far to seek. In spite of very many endeavours to prove that Indians received their preliminary lessons in Mathematics and astronomy from foreign preceptors, it is now not much difficult to prove that Indian Mathematics and Astronomy had a thoroughly indigenous origin. The foregoing statement is made with no pretention to deny the foreign influences, especially that of ancient Greece on later systems, and that influence may unhesitatingly be admitted as a result of normal give and take which was quite possible when two great culture as came closer to each other. Unfortunately very few definite and decisive records have come down to us to show the origin and development of the earlier phase of Indian Mathematics and Astronomy but the ancient tradition is conspicuously present in later works. In course of time, several schools of Astronomers rose to prominence, as early as 4th-5th Centuries A.D, a few of which were directy influenced ;by and indebted to foreign thinkers, others strictly followed the ancient tradition, Five of such schools are much as Paitamaha, Vasistha, Paulisa, Romaka and Gaura. There was, of course, much conflict of thought among the different schools and some of the eminent authors unfortunately indulged in criticizing and refuting other schools, much more than they laboured to expound their own way of calculation. Under this state of things Varahmihira, the celebrated astronomer of India commands and unique place as he was able to offer in the present work Pancasiddhantika an impartial and scientific exposition of all the more important forms of astronomical doctrines which were current in his time, and at the same time, he was quite capable of taking purely intellectual interest in examining the various more or less perfect methods which may be applied to the solution of scientific problems. The above importance of the Pancasiddhantika in the study of Indian Astronomy led Dr. G. Thibaut to whom every educated Indian should be grateful for the strainous work he performed to restore and elucidate many technical texts of ancient Indian literature, to publish an edition of the said work. This edition containing the well-edited text, a Sanskrit Commentary by Mm. Saudhakar Dvivedi, English Translation and exhaustive Introduction embodies the products of both German Industry and the thoroughness of Indian Brain in the Field of learning and research. The present generation of scholars is almost deprived of the opportunity of having even a cursory glance over the aforesaid beautiful edition of such important a text, due to its extreme unavailability over the half of a century, and hence, we considered it to be a part of our solemn duty i.e. service to the cause of Indian learning, to reproduce it in its accurate form before the interested reading public. It is fervently hoped that this new publication will enjoy the same patronization in the hands of the scholars, as the previous volume in the series did. There is some reason to fear that the feeling of anyone who may examine in detail this edition and translation of Varaha Mihira's astronomi- cal work will, in the first place, be wonder at the boldness of the editors. I am indeed fully conscious that on the imperfect materials at our disposal an edition in the strict sense of the word cannot be based, and that what we are able to offer at present deserves no other name but that of a first attempt to give a general idea of the contents of the Panchasiddhsntika, It would, in these circumstances, possibly have been wiser to delay an edition of the work until more correct Manuscripts have been discovered. Two consider- ations, however, in the end induced us no longer to keep back the results, however imperfect, of our long continued endeavours to restore and elucidate the text of the Panchasiddhantika. In the first place we were encourageo by the consideration that texts of purely mathematical or astronomical con- tents may, without great disadvantages, be submitted to a much rougher and bolder treatment than texts of other kinds. What interests us in these works, is almost exclusively their matter, not either their general style or the parti- cular words employed, and the peculiar nature of the subject often enables us to restore with nearly absolute certainty the general meaning of passages the single words of which are past trustworthy emendation. And, in the second place, we feel convinced that even from that part of the Pancha- siddhantika. which we are able to explain more is to be learned about the early history of Sanskrit Astronomy than from any other work which has come down to our time. Imperfect and fragmentary as text and translation are, we may assert at any rate that, in our endeavours to overcome the quite unusual obstacles; which the corrupt and bare text of the Panchasiddbantika opposes to the interpreter, we have spared no trouble. The time and thought, devoted to the present volume, would; I may say without exaggeration, have amply sufficed for the editing and explaining of twenty times the amount of text presenting only normal difficulties. This I mention, not of course in order to extol what we have been able to do, but only as an excuse for what we see ourselves obliged to leave undone. Next to the lamentable state of the text as appearing in the two Manu- scripts at our disposal, the greatest disadvantage under which we laboured was the absence of a Commentary. Commentaries can be hardly done with- out in the case of any Sanskrit astronomical work; much less so, when the text, as that of the Panchasiddhantika, describes many mathematical proceases more or less diverging from those commonly employed. Commentarie probably . existed formerly, and possibly exist even now; but we have failed to procure any. The Commentary published in the present volume is an entirely original composition by my Collaborator. A mere translation of the text with notes would, indeed, have sufficed for the European reader; we however, wished to make the results of our labour accessible to Paedits also, who understand no English. And a full tika giving full demonstrations in the ordinary Hiudu style will, in many cases, be useful to the European student also. The right hand' columns of the text give the emended text; the left hand columns. the text of the better one of our two Manuscripts which We thought advisable to exhibit in extenso. Some remarks on the Manuscripts and the mode of emendation of the text will he found at the end of the Introduction. As this preface is signed hy myself only, I may, I think, here acknowledge-in a somewhat more explicit way than the mere association ot names on the title page is capable of doing-the great obligations under which I am to my collaborator Pandit Mahamohopadhyaya Sudhakara Dvived. His constant assistance was altogether indispensable to me, and all the more welcome as among the Jyautishas of my acquaintance I know of no other, fully equal to work of this kind and at the same time equally ready to devote himself to a task which in certain aspects is so entirely unremunerative. I may express the hope that the Pandit, who is already so well known for his efforts to spread a knowledge of modern higher Mathematics among his countrymen, will continue to devote a part at least of his learning and talents to the elucidation of the ancient history of science in this country. I further wish to express my best thanks to the Bombay Government and to Professor R. G. Bhandarkar, who with great liberality have allowed me the use, for lengthened periods of time, of all those Manuscripts in their charge which I required for the present edition. Nor must I omit to record my obligations to Professor G. Buehler to whose activity, when in charge of the search for Sanskrit Manuscripts in parts of the Bombay Presidency, we are indebted for the discovery of the two Manuscripts on which this edition is based. Your email address will not be published * Send as free online greeting card Email a Friend
Danish researchers Krogh and colleagues randomly 115 assigned depressed people to one of two exercise programs. One was a strenuous aerobic workout โ€“ cycling for 30 minutes, 3 times per week, for 3 months. The other was various stretching exercises. The idea was that stretching was a kind of placebo control group on the grounds that, while it is an intervention, itโ€™s not the kind of exercise that gets you fit. It doesnโ€™t burn many calories, it doesnโ€™t improve your cardiovascular system, etc. Aerobic exercise is the kind thatโ€™s most commonly been proposed as having an antidepressant effect. So what happened? Not much. Both groups got less depressed but there was zero difference between the two conditions. The cyclists did get physically fitter than the stretchers, losing more weight and improving on other measures. But they didnโ€™t feel any better. If this is true, it might mean that the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise are psychological rather than physical โ€“ itโ€™s about the idea of โ€˜exercisingโ€™, not the process of becoming fitter. While many trials have found modest beneficial effects of exercise vs a โ€œcontrol conditionโ€, the control condition was often just doing nothing much โ€“ such as being put on a waiting-list. So the placebo effect or the motivational benefits of โ€˜doing somethingโ€™, rather than the effects of exercise per se, could be behind it. In the current study though the stretching avoided that problem. As I said in a post about a previous paper, I said that Exercise and Depression: Itโ€™s Complicated The idea that exercise is a useful treatment for depression: itโ€™s got something for everyone. For doctors, itโ€™s attractive because it means they can recommend exercise โ€“ which is free, quick, and easy, at least for them โ€“ instead of spending the time and money on drugs or therapy. Governments like it for the same reason, and because itโ€™s another way of improving the nationโ€™s fitness. For people who donโ€™t like psychiatry, exercise offers a lovely alternative to psych drugs โ€“ why take those nasty antidepressants if exercise will do just as well? But this doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s true. This was a moderate sized study, and one study by itself doesnโ€™t prove much โ€“ any more than one single political poll does. From personal experience I think thereโ€™s a good chance strenuous aerobic exercise can boost moodโ€ฆ but this is a reminder that the picture on exercise and depression is not quite as clear as the recent enthusiasm for it suggestsโ€ฆ Krogh J, Videbech P, Thomsen C, Gluud C, & Nordentoft M (2012). DEMO-II Trial. Aerobic Exercise versus Stretching Exercise in Patients with Major Depression-A Randomised Clinical Trial. PloS one, 7 (10) PMID: 23118981
In Focus Option 2 MOCKUP 3. A new school year can be a daunting experience for students, families, and educators at the best of times, but no one was prepared for what 2020 would bring. As the national conversation unfolds around how, when, or if to reopen schools, leaders across the education sector are increasingly recognizing what many Black, Indigenous and people of color (BIPOC) and marginalized communities have known for years: change is needed, and long overdue. It is time to answer tough questions about who our education systems are designed to benefit and how we can set all students up for success. In this first installment of In Focus, a new multimedia series that tackles societyโ€™s greatest challenges, Aspen Institute staff, advocates, program participants and partners examine the structural inequities in our education system, how the COVID-19 pandemic and national reckoning on race have exacerbated them, and where we go from here.
Crowdsourcing: Shaping the Future of Everything Crowdsourcing, a word that is first heard in 2006 in Wired Magazine in โ€œThe Rise of Crowdsourcingโ€ by Jeff Howe. This term is made with two word, crowd and Outsourcing. This simplifies its meaning. People outsourced in bulk to practice sharing of knowledge and experience with each other. This technology will help in taking decision more precisely. It provide more ideas and more experience in less time. Letโ€™s know about it in brief. What is Crowdsourcing? As the term says it is gathering of resources and information from a group of people. It helps in raising ideas and money for business, organizations and individuals. Founder of Crowdsourcing Week, Epi Ludvik says it is about resources facilitated by high technology platform. Also thanks to our new technologies making it easy to share idea and stay connected from the farther distance. It challenges the conventional process of working in a company. The future is human-centric same way this technology is. Related: How to Select a Recruitment Agency Bringing Changes in Today Crowdsourcing was introduced when everything was centralized and now it is challenging those models. There was a time when Crowdsourcing introduced a word crowd currency. That thing is now recognized as ICO (Initial Coin Offering) or cryptocurrency. Now decentralization is happening across many platforms. Due to this decentralization and cryptocurrency itโ€™s now easy to innovate, micro-tasking and co-creation and sharing economy faster than ever. Business, Politics and Culture Implications It has massive implication on these sectors of todayโ€™s world. No one is fully aware of what this technology is capable of. But we humans are living in a world of mixed realities. This causes some problem here for private and public sectors. It is hard for them to adapt this that is a massive challenge. Our old economy is being compared with new economy but they have different origin. This difference causes here some tension. Crowdsourcing in Normal Peopleโ€™s Life It is said to be the new DNA of the society, not just physically but also digitally. Our society is still is living with the old mindset. The global economy we are seeing today is based on the scarcity and fear that is lethal for society. Crowdsourcing is a big help in moving the every human future to better being. Crowdsourcing provide new and complicated problems to participant. This helps them in improvising and finding new way to the problem. This exposure to different problems, enhance their problem solving ability. It is always about talent, passion, skills and tangible resource. This technique can improvise your rough ideas and polish them. It can be the answer everyone is looking for in next decade.
ืืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื ืฉืžืจื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืืชื• ืืจืฆื”. ื‘ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ื ืฆืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืคืœื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจืกืงื• ืืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืžืขื˜ 3,000 ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™, ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ (53) ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื’ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืื•ืดื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. 19 ืฉื ื™ื ืืคืกืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ. ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืกื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-15 ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืจืื•ืช: "19 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื". ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ืž"ืค ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื’ื•ื™ืก ืืœื•ืŸ ืœืื’ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. 20 ืฉื ื” ืœืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื™ืจืข ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1993. ืจื›ื‘ ืชื•ืคืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืจื’ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื–ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืืฆืœื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืฉื’ืจื”. ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ืชื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ 'ื”ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ' ื•ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืงื—ื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื•ืคืขืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช." ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืืจืฆื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื. ื‘-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1995 ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื”ืœืœ. ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื’ืจ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ืชื•. "ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื™ื•ืงื ืขื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, 'ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื›ื™ืœื•ื‘, ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจ'. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืจื™ื’, ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ. ื˜ืกืชื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช". ื”ื™ื• ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ, ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื. ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช. "ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•". ื‘-1998 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืืœื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ืชื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื‘"ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•"ื: "ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช." ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืชื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ืจื–. ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ื‘ืฉืขื” 8:38 ืืœื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื™ืจื‘, ืจื– ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. "ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš, ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืจืขื• ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง (ื›ืžื• ืงืจืงืก ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช). ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืžื™ื™ืง ืžืงืืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉ'ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ืžื™ื'. ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™, ื ืจืื” ืคืฆืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขืœื” ืขืฉืŸ, ืžืจื•ื— ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ืกืคืจืชื™ ืืช 'ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช' ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ 50 ืขืœ 70 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ 'ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื ื–ืง'. ื”ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ." ื‘-9:03 ื ืจืื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื— ื•ืžืชืจืกืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืจืฅ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. "ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื–ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืฆื ืจื™ื• ื›ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ืœ. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืœื”." "ืจืฆืชื™ ื•ื—ืœืคืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืžืžื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ืœื ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื’ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืจืง ืฉืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื 500 ืื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื” ืœื’ืŸ, ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืจื– ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืกืคืงืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื” ืฉืชืงื ื” ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื™ืœืืง ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”." ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชืจืกืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืžืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื. "ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข". ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื›-5 ืง"ืž ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•"ื. ื”ืชืคืชื— ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืืจืฅ. "ืคื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ืœืฆืืช. ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืขื“ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช 'ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™'." ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื”ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื, ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงื•ืจืงืขื• ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžืกื•ืงื™ื. "ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืงื ื™ื, ืื™ืฉืจื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืกืคืงื”." ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื’ืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืœื›ืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ืคืขืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื–ื—, ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ. ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืืœื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช, 'ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืชืฆืœื. ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื'. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆืœื ืฉื. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืœื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข, ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ืง. "ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžืงื•ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืง ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืคืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืงืจืก ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืจื™ื— ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ืจื•ืš, ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื•ืคืžืœื™ื™ืชื•. ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื ื—ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘." ื”ืคืขื ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื”, ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืืฉืคื”, ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ืขืžื•ื“, ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื™ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื“, ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข, ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื”, ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืค"ืง ื”ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื—, ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื™, ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฃ ื“ื’ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ื ืชืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช." ืืœื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืจื‘ ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœืงื— ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืžื’ืจืื•ื ื“ ื–ื™ืจื•, ื”ืžืกื›ื” ืฉืงื‘ืœ ืฉื, ื•ื’ื–ืจื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืกืคื” ืžื™ืจื‘, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ืคืกื”. ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืชื ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื’ืœ, ื ืฉืืจื” ืกื’ื•ืจื”. ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื’ืจ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื•, ื’ื ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืจื‘ ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ืช, ืคืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื›ื”, ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืงืจื ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. "ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื. ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืฉืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืื™ืจืข ื”ืืกื•ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช." ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 36 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืกื™ื™ื ืืœื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืขื ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข, ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช | ืืœื‘ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืงื• ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื, ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืื’ื™ื‘. ืืจื™ืง ื ื—ืžืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื•ืคืช ืœืื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉ ืืจื™ืง ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื: ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืš ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืจื™ืง ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช 2 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื’ืœ, ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื™ืจ-ื‘ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ืœื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืคืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื’ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื’ืœ ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจ-ืืœ 6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื™ื ื‘ ืืœื™ืขื– ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืืœื•ืŸ ืฆืžื— ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื“ื ื•ืื“ืžื”". ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืžืจ ืคืœื“ ืขืžื™ืขื“ 7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืคืก ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื’ืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื’ืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก? ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช 3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ื ื•: ื›ื ืก ื”ื—ืง"ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื) ื›ื ืก ื”ื—ืง"ืคื™ื (ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื) ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื›ื ืจืช ื•ื™ืืจื— ืืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื–ื›"ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื ื™ื, ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ, ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืขื•"ื“. ื›ื ืก ื‘ืœื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืชืžื™ื. ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” (ืื• ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื•ืชื”) ื›ื ืก ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื ืก ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื›ื™ื ืจืช, ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื“ืœื•ืžื™ 2 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจ ืชื•ืจื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžื–ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจ ืชื•ืจื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืžื“ืข ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืฉืคื–ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื. ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืฉืคื–ืชื™ ืฉื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืขื“ื™, ืขื•ืจื›ืช "ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ", ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจ 4 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืœืคืจื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื 2 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื“ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ 100 ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื 4 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ื“ื•ื“ (ื“ื“ื”) ืขื™ื ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืคื, ืชื™ืขื“ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืœื 2 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉืชืœืช "ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื" ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ: <phone> ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื“ืžื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช: ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืงื• ืœืžื•ืฉื‘, ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื, ื”ืจืคืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘.
A new research from UBC reveals, rogue fishing vessels including those with an international record of illegal activities are able to attain insurance. Unlawful fishing, responsible for disappearance of tonnes of fish from the oceans, siphons an estimated $10 to 20 billion annually from the global economy. This is a huge problem that destroys habitats and makes fishing challenging for law-abiding fishers. โ€œRestricting access to insurance could play a major role in ending illegal fishing, and right now, itโ€™s a largely overlooked method,โ€ said lead author Dana Miller, who studied illegal fishing and insurance while she was a postdoctoral fellow at UBC. Insurance is financially beneficial for fishers in the case of an accident since it eliminates the risk of large financial loss. In order to prevent illegal fishers from obtaining insurance, researchers suggest insurance companies check lists of illegal vessels before issuing insurances. The lists are as follows: regional fisheries management organizationsโ€™ Illegal, Ureported, and Unregulated (IUU) vessel lists, and the list of vessels that INTERPOL has issued Purple Notices for. โ€œThis approach is a much less expensive way to prevent illegal fishing than traditional methods,โ€ said co-author Rashid Sumaila, the project director of OceanCanada and a professor in the UBC Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries. Traditionally, fighting illegal fishing often involves monitoring and surveillance, through the use of satellite tracking and inspections. The power of including the insurance companies in the discussion has been underestimated. By refusing insurance to unlawful vessels, insurance companies can have a major impact on the numbers of illegal vessels. Miller and her colleagues at the Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries investigated insurance information for 94 IUU fishing vessels and 837 legal vessels that were required, by international law, to have insurance because of their size. They identified the insurers of 48 per cent of the illegal vessels and 58 per cent of the legal vessels and often the same companies provided insurance to both illegal and legal fishing vessels. Some of the most infamous fishing vessels were found to have insurance coverage. One example is the Bandit 6, a fleet of six fishing vessels, wanted for illegally transporting Patagonian tooth fish from southern waters. Although the vessels were on internationally recognized lists like the European Unionโ€™s IUU vessel list for years they were recently caught in different parts of the world. โ€œIt was shocking when we found that out,โ€ said Miller. โ€œInsurers should take the simple step of consulting IUU fishing vessel lists to make sure that these notorious and well-known ships are refused insurance.โ€ The authors recommend insurers mandate all vessels over a certain size to be assigned an international Maritime Organization ship identification number, and operate automatic identification vessel tracking technology . They added these these measures would increase transparency and tighten regulations.
General Jean-Pierre Piat, Staunch Bonapartist Jean-Pierre Piat features in Napoleon in America because of his involvement in a Bonapartist plot against the government of Louis XVIII of France. In real life Piat was a courageous French soldier and devoted Bonapartist who was viewed with suspicion by the Bourbon regime. Late in his life Piat helped Napoleonโ€™s nephew, Louis-Napoleon, rise to power after the 1848 French Revolution. A brave soldier Jean-Pierre Piat was born in Paris on June 6, 1774. By January 1792 he was a sub-lieutenant in a French infantry regiment. He started out with the Army of the North and quickly earned a reputation for bravery. Piat subsequently fought in Italy and in Egypt, where he was shot in the face during the siege of Cairo and received another ball to his right knee during the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. Piat returned to France, then served in Italy, Spain and Germany, rising through the ranks and suffering a number of wounds. After Piatโ€™s skilled performance at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, Napoleon made him a Baron of the Empire. Piat fought in the Russian campaign, and then in Saxony. In April 1813 he was promoted to the rank of general. Put on inactive service during the First Restoration, Piat rejoined the Army of the North in March 1815, after Napoleonโ€™s return to Paris. At the Battle of Ligny, on June 16, 1815, General Piat was badly wounded when his horse was killed underneath him. Conspiring against the Bourbons Following Napoleonโ€™s 1815 abdication, Jean-Pierre Piat was again placed on inactive service (see my post about the demi-soldes). A known Bonapartist, he was under close surveillance by the Bourbon regime. In March 1823, Piat was arrested with two companions on his way from Bayonne to Bordeaux on suspicion of being the ringleader of a plot to subvert French soldiers on the Spanish frontier. He was released and no further action was taken against him. In April 1824 he retired from the army. In August 1825, the police reported that Jean-Pierre Piat lived in Champigny-sur-Marne and often received old Napoleonic soldiers, including General Bertrand Clausel (who had operated a general store in Alabama with Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes), Colonel Jean-Marie Varlet (a wealthy Bonapartist involved in an 1820 conspiracy against the Bourbons) and Captain Barthรฉlemy Bacheville. Piat was said to be recruiting for the Spanish liberals. The police believed that he retired to the country to avoid surveillance, and noted that he often came to Paris incognito. He was said to have a mediocre fortune. They also noted that Piat had to look after his aged mother and father, as well as a sister who had mental problems. (1) The July 1830 Paris Revolution, which ejected Charles X from the French throne and brought Louis-Philippe to power, marked a change in Piatโ€™s fortune. In March 1831 he was taken out of retirement and given command of the subdivisions in the department of Var. Two years later he moved to a similar post in the department of Hautes-Alpes. In 1837 Piat retired, apparently due to his age. He moved to Nogent-en-Marne. The French Revolution of 1848 gave the then 74-year-old Piat yet another chance to serve the Bonapartes. [T]he partisans of the empire, the friends of Louis Napoleon, those of his family, and some old followers of the emperor, grouped themselves around General Piat. This devoted adherent, at the first news of the abdication [of Louis-Philippe], had run to the Hotel de Ville to defend the rights of the imperial family; but instead of making himself heard, he had been almost torn to pieces by the furious republicans, who dreaded the influence which the great name still possessed over the popular mind. (2) Piat was one of the organizers of the Society of December 10, which advanced the cause of Louis-Napoleon (son of Napoleonโ€™s brother Louis), who was elected president of the Republic of France on December 10, 1848. Piat helped to found newspapers, including Le Napolรฉonien, designed to spread Louis-Napoleonโ€™s ideas and increase his popularity. Louis-Napoleon, who became Napoleon III, rewarded Piat by making him a senator on March 27, 1852. Jean-Pierre Piat served in the Senate until his death on April 12, 1862, at the age of 87. He is buried in the cemetery of Saint-Maurice (formerly Charenton-Saint-Maurice), which is now part of the southeastern suburbs of Paris. You might also enjoy: - Guy Delavau and M. Franchet, Le Livre Noir de Messieurs Delavau et Franchet, Vol. III (Paris, 1829), pp. 349-351. - Edward Roth, Life of Napoleon III (Boston, 1856), p. 333. This devoted adherent, at the first news of the abdication [of Louis Philippe], had run to the Hotel de Ville to defend the rights of the imperial family; but instead of making himself heard, he had been almost torn to pieces by the furious republicans, who dreaded the influence which the great name still possessed over the popular mind.
ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื™ื–ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื”, ืืœื ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื? ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ...? ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื’ื ืžื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืจื“, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฉืžื• ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืื ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื“ื’ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื’ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืฉ... ืื• ืฉื”ืœื—ื ื”ืžืœื ืฉืงื ื™ืชื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืœื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืœื ื—ืœืงื™ืช). ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืกื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื’ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœื ื• ืœืื•ื›ืœ. ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื: ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื โ€“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ. ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ โ€“ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ. ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ืžื• ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C) ื•ื—ืœืงื ืคื—ื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื (ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื) ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื- ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืกืœืง ื•ืคืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืžืฉืœ), ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜. ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ: ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืฆืง ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืงืจืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจ/ื™ืช ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื. ืžืชื—ืœื‘ื™ื- ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžืจืงื ื ืขื™ื (ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื). ื”ืžืชื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืจืงื ื—ืœืง ืื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘: ื’ืœื™ื“ื•ืช, ืจื˜ื‘ื™ื, ืžื™ื•ื ื–, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืชื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ืืจ ื’ื ื•ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ. ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ื‘ื—ืœืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืฉืžืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™) ื•ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืžืฉืคืจื™ ืืคื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืืคื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืง ืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืคื” ื•ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•. ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื”ืืคื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื›ืจ (ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื™ื), ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C (ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืžืจ), ืชื•ืกืคืช ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ (ืžืฉืคืจ ื ืคื— ื•ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฆืง) ื•ืขืžื™ืœืื– (ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื= ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžืืคื”). ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื ื™ื‘ ืžืืคื” ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื“ืฃ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ื ืžืงืžื— ืžืœื ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืœื—ื ืžืงืžื— ืžืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืคื™ื? ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืจืง ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ื ืฆืจื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืคื™ื.
If itโ€™s possible, pick the piece of wood up and get a sense of its weight, and compare it to other known wood species. Try gouging the edge with your fingernail to get a sense of its hardness. If you have a scale, you can take measurements of the length, width, and thickness of the wood, and combine them to find the density of the wood. This can be helpful to compare to other density readings found in the database. Wood from freshly felled trees, or wood that has been stored in an extremely humid environment will have very high moisture contents. In some freshly sawn pieces, moisture could account for over half of the woodโ€™s total weight! Likewise, wood that has been stored in extremely dry conditions of less than 25% relative humidity will most likely feel lighter than average. Taking into account the size of the board, how does its weight compare to other benchmark woods? Is it heavier than Oak? Is it lighter than Pine? Look at the weight numbers for a few wood species that are close to yours, and get a ballpark estimate of its weight. If there is even a chance that the color isnโ€™t natural, the odds are increased that the entire effort of identifying the wood will be in vain. Many woods, when left outside in the elements, tend to turn a bland gray color. Also, even interior wood also takes on a patina as it ages: some woods get darker, or redder, and some even get lighter or lose their color; but for the most part, wood tends to darken with age. The most predictable baseline to use when identifying wood is in a freshly sanded state. This eliminates the chances of a stain or natural aging skewing the color diagnosis of the wood. Most softwoods will be almost perfectly smooth with no grain indentations, while many common hardwoods have an open pore structure, such as Oak or Mahogany; though there are some hardwoods that are also smooth to the touch, such as Maple. By observing the grain patterns, many times you can tell how the board was cut from the tree. Some wood species have dramatically different grain patterns from plainsawn to quartersawn surfaces. For instance, on their quartersawn surfaces, Lacewood has large lace patterns, Oak has flecks, and Maple has the characteristic โ€œbutcher blockโ€ appearance. Some species of wood have figure that is much more common than in other species: for example, curly figure is fairly common in Soft Maple, and the curls are usually well-pronounced and close together. Yet when Birch or Cherry has a curly grain, it is more often much less pronounced, and the curls are spaced farther apart. We'll share our best home improvement projects, budget ideas, material recommendations, and remodeling advice to get your home improvement project started on the right foot. Learn how to remodel, how to budget for home remodeling costs, how to plan a home addition, how to poke the picture served and update your home's exterior, how to add architecture to your home, and more. Poke the picture and try new interior and exterior paint colors for free with our virtual Color Finder tool, and take our countertop and floor finder quizzes to discover your perfect material matches. Find home improvement inspiration to create bathrooms, kitchens, garages, home offices, decks, patios, and entryways you'll love. We also have weekend home improvement project ideas, home plans, kitchen and bath planning guides, and storage solutions. ยฉ 2015-2018 ismosis.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved. Theme By Ismosis Themes Division
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื’'ื™ื ืœื“ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืกืจื˜: ื–ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจ. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช - ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื - ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™. ื ืขืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืจื”'ื‘, ืžืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืฆื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•. ืžืฉื, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื‘ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืกืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื, ื•ืื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื• - ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžื—ื”. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื ืจื•ืช , ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ , ืžื“ืข ืžื•ื–ืจ , ื™ืคื” ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ , ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืก ื‘ื™ืœืจ ื”ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80 ื›ืžื• Reaganomics. ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืืจื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื. ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืจืฆื”. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘- 9 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1990, ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ ื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืข , ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืคืœื™ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ืžื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ืœืœื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -90 ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 6 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -90. ื–ื” ื‘ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืกืคื™ื™ืง ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช; ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช blaxploitation ืฉืœ Keenen Ivory Wayans, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืช ืœืš ืกื•ืงื” , ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988; ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื˜ืื•ื ืกื ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื“ืฉื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987; ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆ'ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช , ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœืžืฉืš ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืจืฆื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช , ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ [ืจื’'ื™] ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ื” ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•: 'ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ', ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”? ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื™ื“ ืจื™ื“, ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช: ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืจืฃ ืžืขืœ 26 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช New Line Cinema, ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืœืื•ืœืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืขืœืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืงื™ื“ ืื ื“ ืคืœื™ื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—. ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืงืžืคื‘ืœ. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื ืก. AJ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ. ื“ืจื™ืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ. ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืก ื–'ืœ, ืฉืžืช ืžื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 36 ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืช'ืจืกืคื•ืŸ ื–'ืœ . ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื’ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืื™ ืคืขื - ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -20, ืกืจื˜ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืงืœืืกื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื–ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืชืจ ื•ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืก ืž -1982 ื™ืœื“ ืจืข / ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขืœื” ืขื ืงืœื™ืค ื‘ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: 'ืœื, ื–ื” ื ืกืจื˜ . โ€™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืจืข / ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื”ืจื•ืคืคืช ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืกื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ืก, ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ 20 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ ืืœืจื™ืง ื ื‘ื”ืจื“ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ืงื ื™ื ื’ื”ื. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืœื™ ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื“ืืฉ, ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืื” ืืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช . ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืœื•, ืื– ืžื ื”ืœืช ื–ื•ื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ืœื ื” ืื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืจื’'ื™, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ืื•ืžืจ ื’ืจื™ืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™ ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืคืฅ ืžื”ืžืกืš ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ. ืงืฆืช ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืงืจื”, ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, 'ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื”? ' ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช? ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืจื˜ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. '- ืจื’'ื™ื ืœื“ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืขื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข New Line ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1988 ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื, ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช? ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืจื˜ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ. 'ื’ืจื™ืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“. ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื• ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคืฆื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” - ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื”, ื›ืกืจื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื” ืกื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ New Line Cinema. ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื•. ื’ืจื™ืœื•, ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975 ืงื•ืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ , ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”. ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื•ืžืจ ื’ืจื™ืœื•. ื‘ื—ื ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื’ื ื’ืกื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื - ื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ-ืขืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืฉืžื”! ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืฉืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื•ื'ืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื. ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ (ื ื“ืจืฉ) ื‘ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืืชื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื›ืžื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ , ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืœืžืคื•ืŸ , ื• ืขืกืง ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ , ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–, ืืš ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื’ืจืกืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, 'ืื”, ืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?' ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, 'ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”', ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืจืื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืื•ื“. ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืค ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื–'ืื ืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80, ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื›ืžื• 1983 ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืข , 1984 ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ , ื•- 1985 ืงืจื•ืฉ ื’ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืช, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื“ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื’ืจื™ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืค ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืกืขื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก. ื”ื ื ืกืขื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืงืกื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช ืฉืœื— ื’ืจื™ืœื• ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ืชืง ืžืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก. ื”ื’ื™ืžื™ืง ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืงืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช . ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื™ื”ื•ืง ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืจื˜, ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืกืžื™ืช 'ื•ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ื’'ืื–ื™ ื’'ืฃ - ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ [ืกืžื™ืช 'ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื˜ืจื™, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, 'ืกื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™' ื’ืจื™ืœื• ื ื–ื›ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช: ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืœื ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ืจืฆื” ืืช ืกืžื™ืช 'ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืงืจืืชื™. - ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจื™ื“ (ืงื™ื“) ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80, ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ Uptown Records (ื‘ื™ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื“ืกื™ ื•ืžืจื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื’ ') ืืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• Heavy D ื•ื”- Boyz. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืื ื“ืจื” ื”ืืจืœ, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื’ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ 'ืฆ'ื™ืœ (ื“ืจื™ืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ื’'ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืืœืŸ ื•ื“ื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืืœ ื‘ืœืืœ ืžื™ืœืจ), ืื•ืชื ืฉืงืœ ืœืฉืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื, ืื– ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืคื™, ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ - ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื ืก, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชืงืœื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื™ืœืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืืœ; ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืœืืœ ื”ื ืจื’ื– ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ; ื‘ืœืืœ ืฆื•ืขืง ืขืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืœื™ื˜ - ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ 'ืฆ'ื™ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืจื˜. ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ - ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ. ื•ืื– ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืงื™ื“ ืื ื“ ืคืœื™ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989, ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ Kid 'n Play, 2 ื”ื™ื™ืค , ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืœืฆืžื“, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจื™ื“ ื•ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื ืจื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื“ ืื ื“ ืคืœื™ื™. ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• , ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค, ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืกื’ื ื•ื ื, ืงืกื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืงืจืืชื™. Kid 'n Play ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ืื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื•ืžื ื™ืข ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื”. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืืค ืงื™ื ื’ืคื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• Run-DMC ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืฉื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจ , ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื•, 'ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?' ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืงืจื” - ืจื™ื“ ื ื›ื ืก, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืื’ ืื–ื•ืจ. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™, ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ncaa 2017 ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื. ืงืžืคื‘ืœ - ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986 ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื• -1988 ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื“ืื– ื•ืžื™ ืœื•ื”ืง ืœืกื™ื“ื ื™ (ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืงื™ื“) - ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื›ืจ. AJ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืœื•ื”ืง ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื“, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื•ืจื ืก, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•!! ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ , ื”ืจืฉื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืืค ืฉืœื•. ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืจื™ืก (ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ 1992) ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื” , ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืก ), ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ ื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” ืขื ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื—ืจื ืžื“ื‘ืจ . ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ืืจื™ืก. ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•, 'ืื”, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื”ืง ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ', ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. 'ืื”, ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™? ืื•ื™ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•! ' ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืช'ืจืกืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืช ืœืš ืกื•ืงื” , ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื“ืฉื“ื•ืฉ , ื• ืžื•ืคืข ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคืจื™ื•ืจ . ื•ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜-ืคื•ื ืงืœื“ื™ืง, ื›ืชื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ - ืœืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืคืื ืง ื™ืฉ ืงืžื™ืข ื›ืชืงืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ื™ - ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ื•ื— ืžืœื, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžื›ื” ื• ืœื™ืกื” ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืงืืœื˜ ื’'ืื , ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•, ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชืœืชืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• Full Force , ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืœื’'ื• ืœื• ื’'ื•ืจื’ ', ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืืช ืคื™-ื•ื•ื™. ื›ื•ื— ืžืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื , ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ) ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ืชืงืœื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™-ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ื•ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืœ ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ ื’ืจื•ืฉ ืงืจื•ืฉ . ืืžืจืชื™ ืชืจืื”, ืื [ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ] ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ - ืžืฉืขืžื ื•ืกืชืžื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“. . ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื. ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืงื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื’'ื™ ื™ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, 'ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื‘ืงื•ืœืš, 'ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืก ืงืืจื˜ ื‘ืœืื ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืกืจื˜, ื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืคืขื•ืœื”!' ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื [ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”] ืืœ ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืก ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื–ืจื™ืงื”, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง. ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืืจื™ืก. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœืงื™ื“'ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™, ืื•ืžืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’ '. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžืœื ื”ื™ื” 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ืžื ื™' ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜. ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“. ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฆ'ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืกืฆื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื–ื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ืœืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืกืฆื ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ ืืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื•ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืฉืžื” - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื–ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืœื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื”. ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื•ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ. (ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ืœื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.) ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”- A ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืฆื ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ืข - ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื” - ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื ื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ. ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืื‘ืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื’ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–'ืื ืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืฆื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื ืขื ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืชื” ืกืฆื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ ืื• ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ ืž ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืฉื , ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื. ืจื™ื“ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื”: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืจื•ืš. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ืฉื™ืœืžื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ?!' ื–ื” ืจืžื– ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืžืœื ื‘ื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ื™ืœื“ ืจืข / ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜. ื™ืฉ ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจืืค ืื™ืคื” ืงื™ื“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื–ืจื•ื—, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ื“ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ (ืจื’'ื™ ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™, 'ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ืฆื—, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช', ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ). ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœ- Always and Forever ืฉืœ Heatwave. ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ ืจืืค ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ , ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœื• (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ). ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืฃ Ain't My Type of Hype. ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ Full Force ืžืฉื ืช 1989, Smoove , ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , 'Ain't My Type of Hype' ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื, ืื•ืžืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’ '. ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™. ืœื•ืจื ืก ืคื™ืฉื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืฆื™ืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™ ; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ื“, ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ. ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืกื™ืœื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืกื˜ืืœื•ืŸ - ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”. ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• 'ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ืกื˜ืืœื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื”. ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื”, ื“ื ื–ืœ [ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ] ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืœืงื— ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื” - ื•ืื– ืงืฆืช. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœืชื” ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช, ื›ืจืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืก ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืžื’ืจืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช . ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืกืื ื“ื ืก, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืก. ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ื‘ื ืื“ื, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”!' ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœืš. ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืž- New Line. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”.' ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžืืง ื”ื”ืจื•ืก ืžืื– ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื ืžื›ืจ ืžื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื–ื•ื– ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•. ื•ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืžืกืš ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื•, ' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ... ' ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™. ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ืจื ื’ 'ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•,' ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉืœื™, 'ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. 'ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.' ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืกืจื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืจื’ ืžื–ื”. - ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจื™ื“ (ืงื™ื“) ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืกืจื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“. ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืจื’ ืžื–ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืœื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฉืขืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืจื˜. ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช - ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื™ื™ื - ืฉื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืก ื‘ื™ืœืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ื ื•ืขืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื– ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื•ื•ื˜. ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื—ืจื ื”ื•ื ืžืงืกื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืจื’'ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ืื• ืงืฉื”. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืžืจืคื™. 1992 ื‘ื•ืžืจื ื’ , ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก 131 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 42 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืž ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืœื”ืงืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘: ืœื•ืจื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ืช'ืจืกืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืง, ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื•ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ. ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ืชื‘ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” (ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืื–) ืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื (ืœื•ืจื ืก ื•ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืก. ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช , ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992). ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš - ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื• ื‘ืงื™ื“'ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™, ืฉื’ื ืื‘ื˜ื— ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” NBC ืงืฆืจืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990 ื• ืกื“ืจืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื• ื›ื™ืชืช ืžืฉื—ืง . ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช , ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ GIF ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืฆื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜. ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ื“ืžืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช , ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื“ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืจื™ื“ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืชืขืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืกืจื˜. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• 6, ืจืฆื” ืขืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, 'ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื•ื•ืคื•ืค' ืžื”ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœืš. 'ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื•,' ืื™ืš ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ื•ืคื•ืค 'ืžื”ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœื™?' ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, 'ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.' ื”ื ' ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืœื“ืงืœื ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•. ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, ' ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœืš , ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ื’ืื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, ' ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœืš , 'ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. - ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืœื’'ื™ ืœื• ื’'ื•ืจื’ ' ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื“ืขื•ืš. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018, ืœื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืฉืœ SpringHill Entertainment ืžืื‘ืจื™ืง ืงืจื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขื ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื’'ืžืืœ ืื•ืœื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ FX ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” . ื’ื ืจื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืš. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื, ืื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื“. ืื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ื” ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ 1990 . ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ Boyz n the Hood , ืžืจื™ื• ื•ืืŸ ืคื™ื‘ืœืก ื ื™ื• ื’'ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™ , ื“ืืฉ'ืก ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืง , ืฉืœ ืœื™ ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ , ื˜ืื•ื ืกื ื“ ื—ืžืฉืช ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ , ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ืขื ื‘ื”ืืจืœื , ืฉืœ ืžืื˜ื™ ืจื™ืฅ ' ื™ืฉืจ ืžื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ , ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’ 'ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืื’ ืžืง'ื ืจื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช 2 , ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื›ืžื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื , ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ืžืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจื™ ื’'ื ืงื™ื ืก, ืื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื ืื™, ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื’ืœืจ, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” (ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ) ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ื’ืจื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•. ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืืจื ื•. ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืงื™ืžื‘ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก , ื”ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ , ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—ื™ื , GQ , ืฉืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช , ืงืœืฉื•ืŸ , ื”ืคื™ื™ื“ืจ , SB ื”ืื•ืžื” , ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื.
"ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืœื”, ืื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืœื” ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื–ืขื–ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืชืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ. ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืœ"ื’. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช 33. ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื”. ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืฉืžืขื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืจื—ืฉื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื: ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืœืžื“ ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžืจืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก โ€“ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื”: 'ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืฉื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืฉืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื›ืš ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”'. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื•ืชื™. ืจืง ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•". ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื - ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืขืช. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœื˜ืคืœ, ืœื—ื–ืง, ืœื ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ. ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช? "ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื•", ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ: ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจืกืง. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ื—ื‘ ืžืฉื ื›ื‘ื“. ืื ื”ืžืฉื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ โ€“ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืคืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืชืคื–ืจ โ€“ ื’ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื•. ืžื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื”? ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื•ืœืืชืจ ืกื“ืงื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจื™ื. ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืคืฉ, ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื•ืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“.
How can I trigger altitude sickness 1 Altitude sickness Indications Acute altitude sickness can occur with a rapid ascent to over 2500 meters (โ€œtoo high, too fastโ€). The most common symptoms include headache, nausea, loss of appetite, insomnia, tiredness, fatigue, vomiting and dizziness. Pulmonary and cerebral edema are serious and possibly fatal complications at high altitude. For prevention, certain rules of conduct should be followed (slow ascent, taking breaks, acclimatization). Acetazolamide, dexamethasone and ginkgo, among others, are used for drug prevention. Painkillers, antiemetics, dexamethasone, acetazolamide and oxygen are used for treatment. synonymous: mountain sickness, high mountain sickness, acute mountain sickness (AMS)Symptoms The symptoms of altitude sickness are non-specific and usually appear 6-10 hours after the ascent. But they can also occur after an hour: - to cough - Shortness of breath even at rest - Chest tightness - Blue discoloration of the skin - Coughing up blood (pulmonary edema) - Loss of consciousness, confusion (brain edema) Complications: End stage of altitude sickness, especially at high altitude, possibly with fatal outcome: cerebral edema, swelling of the brain, loss of consciousness, pulmonary edema.causes One of the most important factors is the lower oxygen supply (hypoxia) at high altitudes with low pressure. Altitude sickness usually only occurs from 2500 meters, but there are strong individual differences. From 2000 to 4000 meters it can be compensated by reactions of the organism. Above 4000 meters there can be considerable disturbances without acclimatization, from 7000 meters it can lead to death (decompensation).Risk factors - Individual disposition - Low-lying residential area (<900 m above sea level) - Younger people The symptoms of altitude sickness are relatively unspecific. A variety of conditions and diseases can trigger similar complaints. Correct diagnosis is therefore not easy.prevention - Acclimatization: When staying at an altitude, the body can get used to the conditions a little (e.g. increased formation of erythrocytes). - Slow ascent, take breaks - Drink a lot, do not consume alcohol - Avoid high altitudes if you are predisposed - Physical fitness has no influence - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide (Diamoxยฎ) appears to have a preventive effect and is approved in Switzerland for this indication. The possible undesirable effects represent a problem. - Dexamethasone can also be taken prophylactically, but is used more therapeutically. - Herbal alternative: possibly ginkgo The medication should be taken 1-5 days before the ascent, depending on the recommendation. Acetazolamide tolerance should be tested prior to the ascent. - Do not hike or climb any further and quickly return to lower altitudes if you have severe problems. A descent of 500 to 1000 meters can eliminate all symptoms. - Portable hyperbaric chamber Painkiller against headaches: Antiemetics against nausea and vomiting: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Substances that restrict breathing, e.g. opioid antitussives and analgesics such as morphine and codeine, as well as benzodiazepines are contraindicated. Acetazolamide and not benzodiazepines should be taken for sleep disorders.see also - Medicinal product information (CH) - Bailey D.M. Acute mountain sickness: the "poison of the pass". West J Med, 2000, 172 (6), 399-400 Pubmed - Clarke C. Acute mountain sickness: medical problems associated with acute and subacute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Postgrad Med J, 2006, 82 (973), 748-53 Pubmed - Hackett P.H., Roach R.C. High-altitude illness. NEJM, 2001, 345 (2), 107-114 Pubmed - Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000133.htm - Roach R.C., Hackett P.H. Frontiers of hypoxia research: acute mountain sickness. J Exp Biol, 2001, 204 (Pt 18), 3161-70 Pubmed Conflicts of Interest: None / Independent. The author has no relationships with the manufacturers and is not involved in the sale of the products mentioned. Support PharmaWiki with a donation! ยฉ PharmaWiki 2007-2021 - PharmaWiki provides independent and reliable information about medication and health. This article was last changed on 11/10/2018. Imprint and data protection declaration Show products for this page - What is a city - What is a democratic-socialist nationalist - Deepika Padukone is a Danish citizen - What are just laws - What is an HDMI cable with ethernet - How can I learn first aid quickly - Would the support of Trump harm an acting career - What are some muslim travel hacks - What is your most notable programming mistake - Is there internet censorship in Singapore? - Which is the best app for website downloading - Are Hazaras and Kalashas foreigners in Pakistan - What causes a white eye - Which is the best luxury gift website - What is an essay on Article 370 - Can a mechanical engineer learn astrophysics? - Quora questions ever go viral - How was propaganda used in World War II - Suffering causes sin - Bhakti is the meaning of life - Will any state in the US break away? - Your doctor does a great bedside manner - Was life better before political correctness - How do you become a producer - Could humans revive the woolly mammoth - Will science and religion ever work together? - Where do I report military fraud - Traditional Chinese medicine will fade away - Airlines own the planes that they fly - How do you throw a birthday party - Narendra Modi is a Terrorist Elected - What should be packed for TCS ILP - What is the opposite word of withdrawal
Hesperian Health Guides Protecting and Restoring Watersheds The Healthwiki provides free information to 20,000 people every day. This is made possible by donors like you! Make a gift to support this essential health information people depend on. The land in a watershed is usually owned by many different people. It can be difficult to get everyone's cooperation to restore and improve a watershed. But because the watershed includes everyone, it is important for as many people as possible to support and participate in efforts to protect the watershed. Sustainable development protects watersheds Some changes to watersheds, such as building roads, damming a river to provide irrigation or electricity, or draining wetlands to reduce breeding grounds for insects, are made in the hope of improving people's lives. But if these changes are made without considering how water naturally moves through the watershed, they may cause more harm than good. There are many ways to make improvements to living conditions that will not damage the watershed, helping it to remain healthy for people now and in the future. - Make sure water supply and sanitation projects are well managed for the benefit of local communities and the environment. - Work to keep the forests healthy. - Plant crops using sustainable methods to keep farmland rich and fertile. - Get rid of waste safely and create less of it (see Chapter 18: Solid Waste and Chapter 19: Health Care Waste). - Build houses, roads, and settlements so as not to change the natural flow of water through a watershed or cause erosion, and so they are protected from seasonal flooding. Benefits of protecting a watershed Protecting a watershed often involves settling disputes over land, marking clear boundaries, developing plans for the flow of water, making agreements among neighbors about the use of land and water, and gathering and sharing the resources necessary to do the work. In many communities, these are not easy projects. Local and regional governments may become involved in settling disputes โ€” sometimes for better, sometimes for worse. But if people can work together to protect the watershed, it will mean having more water. Since water scarcity causes or worsens conflicts, having more water will improve relations among people as well as protect community health. |When communities work to protect their | watersheds, there is more water for everyone. Some benefits of protecting a watershed are: - more and cleaner water in wells and springs. - better crop yields, even during dry times. - healthier livestock. With more water, more crops are produced. This increases peopleโ€™s incomes, making them less likely to leave their homes in search of work. The story "Watershed damage in the Aguan River Valley" continues here. Improving health in the Aguan River Valley The hurricane that hit Honduras affected everyone in the Aguan River watershed, so everyone was willing to work together to recover. People from towns and villages all over the valley began to meet. There had been landslides everywhere and many people were without homes. With help from the Catholic church, they began talking about how to fix their problems in a lasting way. As they rebuilt their communities, they learned that the way they farmed could either damage or protect the land. Farmers could improve the soil and prevent erosion by planting in rows across the hillsides instead of up and down. And drainage ditches, stone walls, and other barriers they made could protect their hillsides. The farmers were glad to learn new ways to protect their lands. But they also knew that the people doing the most harm were the cattle ranchers and plantation owners. Villagers and farmers began visiting families who had large banana plantations or ranches with many cattle. The villagers spoke with the large landowners about the importance of protecting the water for everyone. โ€œIt is not only the poor who suffer from the effects of damaged land and contaminated water,โ€ they said. โ€œIt is all of us.โ€Over time, even the richest landowners in the valley began to help in the recovery effort. Some agreed to fence the creeks and springs to keep cattle out. Others, who owned land in the hills, let the villagers who had land below plant trees on their hillsides. Farmers from the valley approached landowners near the hilltops and offered to trade some of their land for permission to fence and protect the lands above. After the hurricane, villagers in the Aguan River Valley began to have good relations among people who once had rarely spoken to each other. They learned that by protecting their watershed, they and their children would have cleaner water and safer homes. This is good for the watershed and good for the community. Planning a community watershed project The watershed team of the Aguan River Valley followed these steps in beginning to protect their watershed: - Find out the condition of the watershed As a group, with community leaders, teachers and other people, visit places important to the health of the watershed. Depending on the size of the watershed, this may take 1 day or several weeks. Visit the main waterways, and note where they connect with one another. Make notes about who lives in which parts of the watershed, and how land and resources are used in different areas. Visit the places where people collect water, places where water may become contaminated (such as near factories, pastures, and places where trash collects) and other areas of concern. Speak with people about the changes they have noticed over time. Hunters and people who fish know where the animals are, and where they used to be, at different times of the year. Your community is full of experts about your watershed. - Make a map or drawing of the watershed After these visits, discuss what you have learned and how to best share the information with the whole community. Discuss what things can cause harm to the land and water. It can help to make a map of the watershed and mark the places of concern. Elders can help by making maps of how things used to be and how they have changed. - Organize a community meeting Organize a meeting of people from all the communities in the watershed. It is especially important to invite health workers, people responsible for water and sanitation, landowners, business owners, and people who collect water. Use your map or drawing to explain the problems you found. Encourage people to share their concerns about health and discuss how problems might be caused by water contamination, deforestation, soil erosion, and other watershed issues. Remember to talk about both surface water and groundwater. The goal of this discussion is to begin moving from identifying problems to the process of solving them. As each issue is raised, ask: How could we start solving this problem right now? Will we need technical support, money, or other resources? Who needs to be involved? - Build partnerships Meetings and watershed walks are ways to build partnerships among people in a watershed. Organize meetings with people who live in the downstream parts of the watershed, and other meetings with those who live upstream. Then organize meetings with representatives from the different groups. Identify common goals and find ways of working toward them so everyone benefits. Partnerships can sometimes be difficult to build, especially in a large watershed. You may have to coordinate among different local groups and also also city or legal committees. Different groups or communities will often have their own ideas of what should happen in the watershed and may have difficulty understanding or accepting the needs and ideas of others. Differences in power, resources and influence can cause serious conflicts. But when everyoneโ€™s needs and contributions are respected, not simply those of people with wealth or status, strong partnerships can develop. Openness and honesty in working relationships will help create trust. And if all partners are expected to contribute to the partnership, they should also benefit from it. Think about some of the deals made in the Aguan River Valley. One group planted trees on other people's land. Wealthy ranchers agreed to fence creeks and springs. Some people even traded land. Determination, patience, and benefits of more and cleaner water allowed partnerships to grow and succeed. - Make an action plan Set clear goals and make an action plan. One goal may be to have trees growing near all water sources in 5 years. Another goal may be to protect a river so that in 50 years it will be safe to drink. The action plan could include the protection of some land by not using it at all, especially near streams or on hilltops. Post "Watershed Preserve: Do Not Use" signs or mark trees with paint. The first to benefit from watershed protection are usually people at the bottom of the watershed (by having more water and improved soil). Make an action plan that includes the needs of those at the top of the watershed who will only benefit later. When everyone in the community works together, the plan is more likely to succeed. Aguan River Valley Watershed Action Plan - Do not cut vegetation near water sources. - Help young trees grow, and reforest areas that have few trees, especially close to water sources. - Start community nurseries to grow plants for reforestation. - Organize groups to prevent and fight forest fires. Educate local farmers not to burn their fields, or how to do safe, controlled fires. - Fence the area around water sources and post "Protected Area" signs. - Encourage farmers to conserve soil by using green manures, recycling crop wastes, building retaining walls, and planting on contour lines. - Discourage the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. - Work with the local government and water commissions to move toilets, sewer systems, and washing areas away from water sources. - Organize community trash collection, and prevent trash from washing into streams and rivers. - Move cattle away from water sources, and mark areas where no cattle should graze. - Make sure people who have just moved to the community and new businesses learn about the watershed and how they can help care for it. These steps can be a model for any community's watershed protection project. The most important part of the project is to involve as many people as possible in agreements that will benefit everyone in the long term.
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืขื“ ื”ืฉื ื”: ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ: ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืžืจืฅ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”: ืกืžื ื• ืืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื• ืขืœ Enter ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”. ืžืงืจื: (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช) = ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, (ืงื•ื“ืžืช) = ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืž = ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื ื™. (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 18:20, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019โ€ ืžื™ื›ืœ (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ ืž . . (1,681 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+58)โ€ . . (ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 04:39, 30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,623 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+4)โ€ (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 18:51, 25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015โ€ ืžื™ื›ืœ (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ ืž . . (1,619 ื‘ืชื™ื) (-1)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 02:03, 16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,620 ื‘ืชื™ื) (-1)โ€ (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 02:23, 17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,621 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+41)โ€ . . (ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:59, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,580 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+172)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื: ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:53, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,408 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+26)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:53, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,382 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+19)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื: ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:19, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,363 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+9)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:18, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,354 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+3)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:18, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,351 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+99)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:17, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,252 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+37)โ€ . . (โ†โ€ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:17, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,215 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+19)โ€ . . (ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืจื™ื›ื”) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 08:15, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ ื—ื•ื” (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,196 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+119)โ€ . . (ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืงืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช) (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 07:31, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ Hannytal c (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (1,077 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+97)โ€ (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 07:28, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ Hannytal c (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (980 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+340)โ€ (ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช | ืงื•ื“ืžืช) 07:24, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011โ€ Hannytal c (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช)โ€ . . (640 ื‘ืชื™ื) (+640)โ€ . . (ื“ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ: '''ื˜ื™ืจื’ื• ื–'ื™ืื•''' ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื’ื•ืจื–', ืื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ...)
"ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื”, ื›ืขืก, ื‘ื•ื–, ืชื™ืขื•ื‘, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื... ". [1] ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ืื•ืžืจื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ: <url> ==ื”ืขืจื•ืช== [1] ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืœืงื— ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื. ืž. ืื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื‘: "ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช" ืžืชืืจื™ืš 10.3.2014, ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืคืจื•ื–ื‘ื˜ื”" ืฆืจืคืช. Aรฏvanhov, O. M., Pensรฉes quotidiennes 2015 (10 march), Prosveta, 2014.
Shop / resources The Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Brain Tumours and Pituitary Tumours Heart and Mind Introduction People with Brain Tumours and Pituitary Tumours may sometimes experience emotional problems and changes in thinking abilities. This booklet is aimed at people who have been diagnosed with a brain tumours or pituitary tumour to increase understanding of the changes that may occur in how the person feels emotionally. We also explain how such tumours sometimes affect thinking processes such as memory, language and concentration. As well we will discuss in more detail later, these changes in thinking and emotions may be caused by the tumour itself, the effect of certain treatments or simply by changes to your everyday life. This booklet offers some practical advice as to how to manage some emotional and cognitive thinking difficulties associated with such tumours. It is important to remember that everyone is different and that the problems described in this booklet may not apply to you. On the other hand you may find that you can relate to several of the scenarios described. Finally, we decided to include both brain tumours and pituitary tumours in the same booklet as some of the practical advice on how to cope with emotional and cognitive problems applies to both diagnoses. To read more and download the rest of the booklet please click here.
The Alzheimerโ€™s Association publishes an annual report detailing the complications and costs of the disease to caregivers and the healthcare system. June is dedicated to 1. Half of adults aged 85 and over have Alzheimerโ€™s. According to the Alzheimerโ€™s Associationโ€™s Facts and Figures report, an estimated 45% of American seniors 85 and older suffer from Alzheimerโ€™s, and 1 in 10 people aged 65 and over (10%) has Alzheimerโ€™s disease. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. 2. More than half of the 5.4 million Americans with the disease may not know they have it. In part because of the difficulty with detecting early-stage Alzheimerโ€™s or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many of those with the disease remain undiagnosed. With research and time, our ability to detect early-stage Alzheimerโ€™s continues to improve, though it will increase the overall number of people known to have the disease. 3. More women have Alzheimerโ€™s. The Alzheimerโ€™s Association reports that nearly two-thirds of Americans suffering from Alzheimerโ€™s are women. However, it is important to note that this does not mean there is a gender-based predisposition for the disease; the primary reason for this statistic is that women generally live longer than men. 4. Symptoms of the disease can develop in people as young as age 30. We may think of Alzheimerโ€™s as a disease of the elderly, but up to 5% of Americans with Alzheimerโ€™s (around 200,000) have the early-onset variety, which can start to show symptoms as early as oneโ€™s 30s. Though the cause still isnโ€™t well understood, some of these cases have a genetic component. 5. The incidence of Alzheimerโ€™s will increase to every 33 seconds by 2050. The rate at which Alzheimerโ€™s occurs โ€” every 65 seconds in the U.S. โ€” is projected to double by 2050 because of the growing population of people over age 65. The number of people who live into their 80s and 90s is also expected to grow, and the likelihood of Alzheimerโ€™s increases with more advanced age. 6. The disease is the 6th-leading cause of death in the U.S. โ€œAlzheimerโ€™s is becoming a more common cause of death as the populations of the U.S. and other countries age,โ€ reports the Alzheimerโ€™s Association. In part, this is because we are experiencing more success in reducing the rate of death from other causes such as heart disease, while the rate of death from Alzheimerโ€™s continues to increase. 7. There are over 16 million American caregivers for someone with Alzheimerโ€™s or another form of dementia. Family caregivers of Alzheimerโ€™s patients provide a whopping 80% of the care at home, while a mere 10% of seniors receive all their care from paid health professionals. According to the Alzheimerโ€™s Association, most (70%) of those caregivers are women. 8. There is an increased likelihood of depression, emotional stress and financial problems among caregivers for those with the disease. The communication difficulties and personality changes of Alzheimerโ€™s can place an incredible strain on caregivers. โ€œThe close relationship between the caregiver and the impaired person โ€” a relationship involving shared emotions, experiences and memories โ€” may particularly place caregivers at risk for psychological and physical illness,โ€ reports the Alzheimerโ€™s Association. Social and therapeutic support are shown to reduce this risk. 9. The total cost of health and long-term care services for Alzheimerโ€™s is $277 billion. Over $102 billion of that amount was paid out of pocket. About $175 billion, or roughly 70%, was paid by Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid coverage is particularly important for those Medicare beneficiaries who have very low assets and income but who need long-term care or skilled nursing. 10. There are an estimated 800,000 Americans with the disease living alone. For all of the Alzheimerโ€™s sufferers who are receiving support from family caregivers or who are living in an Alzheimerโ€™s or dementia care community, as many as 15% of people with the disease still live alone. Many of those have no identified caregiver, a situation which puts them at greater risk of medical emergencies, poor self-care, social isolation and a range of other issues. Full and original Article: https://www.aplaceformom.com/blog/2013-02-28-scary-facts-about-alzheimers-disease/
โ€œืจื•ืงืกืคืœื™ื˜โ€ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ืขื ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืื”. ื”ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื”ืงื™ืงืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื’ืื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืจืง 20 ืงโ€ืž ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช. ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ ื”ื ื ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืš ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื™ื“ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืืจืืงื™ & ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื ื–ืœืก ืžืจื˜ื™ ืžืืช ืงื•ืžื˜ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 115 ืžโ€ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื ืžืจืžื–, ื‘ื™ืช โ€œืจื•ืงืกืคืœื™ื˜โ€ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช-ื ื•ืฃ ืžืงื™ืฃ. ืืš ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืคืœืกื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืœืขืžืง ืคื•ื™ืก ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช โ€œKotountoโ€ ืฉื™ืžืฉื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœืœ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื— ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช: ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืชืช ืจืฆืคืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’. ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืฆื•ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืชืช ืจืฆืคืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™. ื”ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘. ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื. ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ, ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื ืงืกื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ: ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื’ื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืœื“ื”: ื•ื™ืœื” ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ืกืคื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืคืจื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืขื ื—ื–ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช โ€“ Casa G ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ืืœื™ ืขื ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืขื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ยซ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืืคืจืกืง ยป ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื™ื•ื’ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” 76', ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืœืœื ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ 22.02.2012, 09:38 | ืืกืฃ ืจื•ืชื ื ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’'ืจืžื™ ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื ื™ืงืก - ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื“ืขืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื›ืจืžืœื• ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืงื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช - ื”ื ื™ืงืก ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” 76', ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืกืคื™ืง ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื ื“ืื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื• ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืกืฆื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื“ืžืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื - ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืงื•ืžืงืืกื˜ ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื”ืืจื™ืก, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ/ื–ืžืจ/ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืกืžื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ื’ืชื• ื’'ื™ื™ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงื˜ ืกืžื™ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืžืงืืกื˜ ืžื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ืžืคื’ืจืช ืื—ืจ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืขื™ืจ - ื”ืื™ื’ืœื– ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื– ืžื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืจืก ืžื”ื”ื•ืงื™ - ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ืฉืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ืžืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื–/ืงืœืข/ืคืจื™ืžื“ื•ื ื” ืืœืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ึพ154 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืฃ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžืื–. ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืกืžื™ืช'. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืื ืกื™ ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘? ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘? ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืงื•ืžืงืืกื˜ ื™ืคื•ื’ ืจืง ื‘ึพ2029, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืง ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืชื• ื”ืœื™ื™ืงืจืก ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ100 ืขื“ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื. ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ืขื™ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื“ื™ืจื”, ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืŸ. ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืื•ื”ื“ื™ื - ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื‘ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ: ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื– ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ึพ30% ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœ 50% ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืžืขืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืœื™ื™ืื•ืฃ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืกื” ืขืœ 72% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื, ืฉื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื•. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื“ื ืืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” "ืกืขืจืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืช" ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช - ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื—ืง, ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ืกื‘ื ื˜ื™ืกื™ืงืจืก ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ20 (ืžืชื•ืš 30) ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืกืช ื”ืื•ืœื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื›ืจื” 80% ืžื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ, ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืืžืŸ,ื“ืื’ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ื–ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืงื™ืคื”. ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ26 (ืžืชื•ืš 30) ืขื 93 ืคื•ื–ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉ 100 ืคื•ื–ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื’ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืœื•ืข, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”, ื•ืžืจืฉื” ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืง 87.2 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช, ื”ืกื™ืงืกืจืก ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”: ื”ืงืœืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื– ืœื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก ืขื 16 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ื–ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ - ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” - ืื ื“ืจื” ืื™ื’ื•ื•ืื“ืœื”, ืื• ืื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื. ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ืื™ื’ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื•ืœืกื˜ืืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ MVP, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืช ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืชืื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชืŸ - ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืžืขื˜ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื ื“ื™ื, ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœื: ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœืข ืจืง 12.4 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืŸ 6.5 ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง, 5.6 ืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉืงืœืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ื–ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ื’ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”. ื“ืื’ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก, ืžืืžืŸ ื”-76'. ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช | ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืื™ื™ ืคื™ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืคืœื™ื™ืื•ืฃ, ื•ืฉื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืืžื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœืข ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”. ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ึพNBA ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื - ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืœื•ืคื” - ืืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืœืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืคื™ืœื™ ื•ื“ื ื‘ืจ, ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื”. ืชื’ื™ื•ืช NBAื“ืื’ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืกืกืคื•ื ืกืจืฉื™ืคืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” 76'ื—ืกื•ืชื•ื•ื™ืœ ืกืžื™ืช'ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ื”ืืจื™ืกืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืคื™ืœื™ื–ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ื’ืœื–ืื“ื ืืจื•ืŸื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกืื ื“ืจื” ืื™ื’ื•ื•ืื“ืœื”ื’'ืจืžื™ ืœื™ืŸ 5 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื’ื•ื•ืื“ืœื” ื” SF ื”ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”? ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื”? ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ? ืœื•ืืœ ื“ืื ื’? ื ืจืื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืœื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื™ ื•ื“ื ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื—ืฆื™ ื’ืžืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืŸ ืกืชื ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ืช... ืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื? ื’ืœ | 23.02.12 (ืœ"ืช) ืื—ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื (ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื). ืจื•ื— ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื’ืื” ื‘ืกืžืœื™ ืขื‘ืจ.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, (born July 1 [June 21, Old Style], 1646, Leipzig [Germany]โ€”died November 14, 1716, Hannover, Hanover), German philosopher, mathematician, and political adviser, important both as a metaphysician and as a logician and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. Early life and education Leibniz was born into a pious Lutheran family near the end of the Thirty Yearsโ€™ War, which had laid Germany in ruins. As a child, he was educated in the Nicolai School but was largely self-taught in the library of his father, who had died in 1652. At Easter time in 1661, he entered the University of Leipzig as a law student; there he came into contact with the thought of men who had revolutionized science and philosophyโ€”men such as Galileo, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, and Renรฉ Descartes. Leibniz dreamed of reconcilingโ€”a verb that he did not hesitate to use time and again throughout his careerโ€”these modern thinkers with the Aristotle of the Scholastics. His baccalaureate thesis, De Principio Individui (โ€œOn the Principle of the Individualโ€), which appeared in May 1663, was inspired partly by Lutheran nominalism (the theory that universals have no reality but are mere names) and emphasized the existential value of the individual, who is not to be explained either by matter alone or by form alone but rather by his whole being (entitate tota). This notion was the first germ of the future โ€œmonad.โ€ In 1666 he wrote De Arte Combinatoria (โ€œOn the Art of Combinationโ€), in which he formulated a model that is the theoretical ancestor of some modern computers: all reasoning, all discovery, verbal or not, is reducible to an ordered combination of elements, such as numbers, words, sounds, or colours. After completing his legal studies in 1666, Leibniz applied for the degree of doctor of law. He was refused because of his age and consequently left his native city forever. At Altdorfโ€”the university town of the free city of Nรผrnbergโ€”his dissertation De Casibus Perplexis (โ€œOn Perplexing Casesโ€) procured him the doctorโ€™s degree at once, as well as the immediate offer of a professorโ€™s chair, which, however, he declined. During his stay in Nรผrnberg, he met Johann Christian, Freiherr von Boyneburg, one of the most distinguished German statesmen of the day. Boyneburg took him into his service and introduced him to the court of the prince elector, the archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schรถnborn, where he was concerned with questions of law and politics. King Louis XIV of France was a growing threat to the German Holy Roman Empire. To ward off this danger and divert the Kingโ€™s interests elsewhere, the Archbishop hoped to propose to Louis a project for an expedition into Egypt; because he was using religion as a pretext, he expressed the hope that the project would promote the reunion of the church. Leibniz, with a view toward this reunion, worked on the Demonstrationes Catholicae. His research led him to situate the soul in a pointโ€”this was new progress toward the monadโ€”and to develop the principle of sufficient reason (nothing occurs without a reason). His meditations on the difficult theory of the point were related to problems encountered in optics, space, and movement; they were published in 1671 under the general title Hypothesis Physica Nova (โ€œNew Physical Hypothesisโ€). He asserted that movement depends, as in the theory of the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, on the action of a spirit (God). In 1672 the Elector sent the young jurist on a mission to Paris, where he arrived at the end of March. In September, Leibniz met with Antoine Arnauld, a Jansenist theologian (Jansenism was a nonorthodox Roman Catholic movement that spawned a rigoristic form of morality) known for his writings against the Jesuits. Leibniz sought Arnauldโ€™s help for the reunion of the church. He was soon left without protectors by the deaths of Freiherr von Boyneburg in December 1672 and of the Elector of Mainz in February 1673; he was now, however, free to pursue his scientific studies. In search of financial support, he constructed a calculating machine and presented it to the Royal Society during his first journey to London, in 1673. Late in 1675 Leibniz laid the foundations of both integral and differential calculus. With this discovery, he ceased to consider time and space as substancesโ€”another step closer to monadology. He began to develop the notion that the concepts of extension and motion contained an element of the imaginary, so that the basic laws of motion could not be discovered merely from a study of their nature. Nevertheless, he continued to hold that extension and motion could provide a means for explaining and predicting the course of phenomena. Thus, contrary to Descartes, Leibniz held that it would not be contradictory to posit that this world is a well-related dream. If visible movement depends on the imaginary element found in the concept of extension, it can no longer be defined by simple local movement; it must be the result of a force. In criticizing the Cartesian formulation of the laws of motion, known as mechanics, Leibniz became, in 1676, the founder of a new formulation, known as dynamics, which substituted kinetic energy for the conservation of movement. At the same time, beginning with the principle that light follows the path of least resistance, he believed that he could demonstrate the ordering of nature toward a final goal or cause. The Hanoverian period Leibniz continued his work but was still without an income-producing position. By October 1676, however, he had accepted a position in the employment of John Frederick, the duke of Braunschweig-Lรผneburg. John Frederick, a convert to Catholicism from Lutheranism in 1651, had become duke of Hanover in 1665. He appointed Leibniz librarian, but, beginning in February 1677, Leibniz solicited the post of councillor, which he was finally granted in 1678. Trying to make himself useful in all ways, Leibniz proposed that education be made more practical, that academies be founded; he worked on hydraulic presses, windmills, lamps, submarines, clocks, and a wide variety of mechanical devices; he devised a means of perfecting carriages and experimented with phosphorus. He also developed a water pump run by windmills, which ameliorated the exploitation of the mines of the Harz Mountains, and he worked in these mines as an engineer frequently from 1680 to 1685. Leibniz is considered to be among the creators of geology because of the observations he compiled there, including the hypothesis that the Earth was at first molten. These many occupations did not stop his work in mathematics: In March 1679 he perfected the binary system of numeration (i.e., using two as a base), and at the end of the same year he proposed the basis for analysis situs, now known as general topology, a branch of mathematics that deals with selected properties of collections of related physical or abstract elements. He was also working on his dynamics and his philosophy, which was becoming increasingly anti-Cartesian. At this point, Duke John Frederick died on January 7, 1680, and his brother, Ernest Augustus I, succeeded him. France was growing more intolerant at homeโ€”from 1680 to 1682 there were harsh persecutions of the Protestants that paved the way for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes on October 18, 1685โ€”and increasingly menacing on its frontiers, for as early as 1681, despite the reigning peace, Louis XIV took Strasbourg and laid claim to 10 cities in Alsace. France was thus becoming a real danger to the empire, which had already been shaken on the east by a Hungarian revolt and by the advance of the Turks, who had been stopped only by the victory of John III Sobieski, king of Poland, at the siege of Vienna in 1683. Leibniz served both his prince and the empire as a patriot. He suggested to his prince a means of increasing the production of linen and proposed a process for the desalinization of water; he recommended classifying the archives and wrote, in both French and Latin, a violent pamphlet against Louis XIV. During this same period Leibniz continued to perfect his metaphysical system through research into the notion of a universal cause of all being, attempting to arrive at a starting point that would reduce reasoning to an algebra of thought. He also continued his developments in mathematics; in 1681 he was concerned with the proportion between a circle and a circumscribed square and, in 1684, with the resistance of solids. In the latter year he published Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis (โ€œNew Method for the Greatest and the Leastโ€), which was an exposition of his differential calculus. Leibnizโ€™s noted Meditationes de Cognitione, Veritate et Ideis (Reflections on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas) appeared at this time and defined his theory of knowledge: things are not seen in Godโ€”as Nicolas Malebranche suggestedโ€”but rather there is an analogy, a strict relation, between Godโ€™s ideas and manโ€™s, an identity between Godโ€™s logic and manโ€™s. It was also in this work that Leibniz criticized Descartesโ€™s version of the ontological argument for Godโ€™s existence and provided a version of his own. In February 1686 Leibniz wrote his Discours de mรฉtaphysique (Discourse on Metaphysics), which contains the first explicit formulation of his principle of the identity of indiscernibles (it is impossible for two numerically distinct objects to have all of the same properties). In the March publication of Acta, he disclosed his dynamics in a piece entitled Brevis Demonstratio Erroris Memorabilis Cartesii et Aliorum Circa Legem Naturae (โ€œBrief Demonstration of the Memorable Error of Descartes and Others About the Law of Natureโ€). A further development of Leibnizโ€™s views, revealed in a text written in 1686 but long unpublished, was his generalization concerning propositions that in every true affirmative proposition, whether necessary or contingent, the predicate is contained in the notion of the subject. This notion seemed to imply determinism and thus to undermine human freedomโ€”as did Leibnizโ€™s conception of monads, the soul-like individual substances that make up the universe, as in a sense โ€œcontainingโ€ all of their pasts and futures. Leibnizโ€™s solution was to argue that, even though each monad already contains all of its future actions, God can create those actions as โ€œfree.โ€ In 1685 Leibniz was named historian for the House of Brunswick and, on this occasion, Hofrat (โ€œcourt adviserโ€). His job was to prove, by means of genealogy, that the princely house had its origins in the House of Este, an Italian princely family, which would allow Hanover to lay claim to a ninth electorate. In search of these documents, Leibniz began travelling in November 1687. Going by way of southern Germany, he arrived in Austria, where he learned that Louis XIV had once again declared a state of war; in Vienna, he was well received by the Emperor; he then went to Italy. Everywhere he went, he met scientists and continued his scholarly work, publishing essays on the movement of celestial bodies and on the duration of things. He returned to Hanover in mid-July 1690. His efforts had not been in vain. In October 1692 Ernest Augustus obtained the electoral investiture. Until the end of his life, Leibniz continued his duties as historian. He did not, however, restrict himself to a genealogy of the House of Brunswick; he enlarged his goal to a history of the Earth, which included such matters as geological events and descriptions of fossils. He searched by way of monuments and linguistics for the origins and migrations of peoples; then for the birth and progress of the sciences, ethics, and politics; and, finally, for the elements of a historia sacra. In this project of a universal history, Leibniz never lost sight of the fact that everything interlocks. Even though he did not succeed in writing this history, his effort was influential because he devised new combinations of old ideas and invented totally new ones. In 1691 Leibniz was named librarian at Wolfenbรผttel and propagated his discoveries by means of articles in scientific journals. In 1695 he explained a portion of his dynamic theory of motion in the Systรจme nouveau (โ€œNew Systemโ€), which treated the relationship of substances and the preestablished harmony between the soul and the body: God does not need to bring about manโ€™s action by means of his thoughts, as Malebranche asserted, or to wind some sort of watch in order to reconcile the two; rather, the Supreme Watchmaker has so exactly matched body and soul that they correspondโ€”they give meaning to each otherโ€”from the beginning. In 1697 De Rerum Originatione (On the Ultimate Origin of Things) developed a cosmological argument for the existence of God, attempting to prove that the ultimate origin of things can be none other than God. In 1698 De Ipsa Natura (โ€œOn Nature Itselfโ€) explained the internal activity of nature in terms of Leibnizโ€™s theory of dynamics. All of these writings opposed Cartesianism, which was judged to be damaging to faith. Plans for the creation of German academies followed in rapid succession. With the help of the electress Sophia Charlotte, daughter of Ernest Augustus and soon to become the first queen of Prussia (January 1701), the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin was founded on July 11, 1700. On January 23, 1698, Ernest Augustus died, and his son, George Louis, succeeded him. Leibniz found himself confronted with an uneducated, boorish prince, a reveller who kept him in the background. Leibniz took advantage of every pretext to leave Hanover; he was constantly on the move; his only comfort lay in his friendship with Sophia Charlotte and her mother, Princess Sophia. Once again, he set to work on the reunion of the church: in Berlin, it was a question of uniting the Lutherans and the Calvinists; in Paris, he had to subdue Bishop Bรฉnigne Bossuetโ€™s opposition; in Vienna (to which Leibniz returned in 1700) he enlisted the support of the Emperor, which carried great weight; in England, it was the Anglicans who needed convincing. The death in England of William, duke of Gloucester, in 1700 made George Louis, great-grandson of James I, a possible heir to the throne. It fell to Leibniz, jurist and historian, to develop his arguments concerning the rights of the House of Braunschweig-Lรผneburg with respect to this succession. The War of the Spanish Succession began in March 1701 and did not come to a close until September 1714, with the Treaty of Baden. Leibniz followed its episodes as a patriot hostile to Louis XIV. His fame as a philosopher and scientist had by this time spread all over Europe; he was named a foreign member by the Academy of Sciences of Paris in 1700 and was in correspondence with most of the important European scholars of the day. If he was publishing little at this point, it was because he was writing Thรฉodicรฉe (Theodicy), which was published in 1710. In this work he set down his ideas on divine justice, particularly on the problem of evil, arguing that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds that God could have createdโ€”a view famously mocked in Voltaireโ€™s satirical novel Candide (1759). Leibniz was impressed with the qualities of the Russian tsar Peter the Great, and in October 1711 the ruler received him for the first time. Following this, he stayed in Vienna until September 1714, and during this time the Emperor promoted him to the post of Reichhofrat (โ€œadviser to the empireโ€) and gave him the title of Freiherr (โ€œbaronโ€). About this time he wrote the Principes de la nature et de la Grรขce fondรฉs en raison, which inaugurated a kind of preestablished harmony between these two orders. Further, in 1714 he wrote the Monadologia, which synthesized the philosophy of the Thรฉodicรฉe. In August 1714, the death of Queen Anne brought George Louis to the English throne under the name of George I. Returning to Hanover, where he was virtually placed under house arrest, Leibniz set to work once again on the Annales Imperii Occidentis Brunsvicenses (1843โ€“46; โ€œBraunschweig Annals of the Western Empireโ€). At Bad-Pyrmont, he met with Peter the Great for the last time in June 1716. From that point on, he suffered greatly from gout and was confined to his bed until his death. Leibniz was a man of medium height with a stoop, broad-shouldered but bandy-legged, as capable of thinking for several days sitting in the same chair as of travelling the roads of Europe summer and winter. He was an indefatigable worker, a universal letter writer (he had more than 600 correspondents), a patriot and cosmopolitan, a great scientist, and one of the most powerful spirits of Western civilization.
ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฆืจื” ื•ืขื™ื›ื‘ื” 12 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืš, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืกืจื•ื’ื™ื26.07.20 08:16 ื”' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืค ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื: ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืกื™/ืคืœืืฉ 90 ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื ืขืฆืจื• ื•ืขื•ื›ื‘ื• 12 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืฉืชืงืคื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื™ืชืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืŸ 27 ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ืื™ืชืจื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืื‘ื•ืงื”, ืชืจืกื™ืก ื’ื– ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื›ืกื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ืขืจื•ืฅ 12: ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืจื•ื’ื™ื > ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ื™ ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืจื•ืกืก ื’ื– ืคืœืคืœ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืžื—ืื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžื—ืืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื™ื– ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื–ื”, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžื›ืช"ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื™ื–, ื ืžืกืจ: "ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื—ืื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ืžืจืฆื•ื ื, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื•ืžืฅ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคื–ืจื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช". "ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ืื”, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืชืืคืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™". ืžืฆืืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื”? ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืคืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืš? ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื”? ื“ื•ื•ื—/ื™ ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžืขื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืกืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” * ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืืกื•ืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืชื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื ืคื’ืขืช ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื”? ื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื ื• ืฉืœื— 6 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช - 3 ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื... ืฉืืœื” | 26-<phone> 8:20 ื”ืื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ื ื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกืชื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืžืจื•ืงืื™? ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื–.... ืคื™ื™ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” | 26-<phone> 13:43 ื”ื›ืœ ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ื ื™ืงื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืœื”-ืคืžื™ืœื™ื”, ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ื ืจืฆื—, ืืžื™ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืœื ื ืจืฆื— ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืจืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืชื™ื ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ื’ื ื‘. ื›ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืžืชืขืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ืืœื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืกืกืกืกืžื•ืœ. ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ ื ืจื™ื” | 26-<phone> 8:22 ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื•ืœื•. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ: ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ืง ืืžืžืžืžืž | 26-<phone> 10:13 ืœืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ: ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ืง. ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2015. ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘. ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• - ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ื• ื•ืื ื’ื ืฅ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ื•ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ | 26-<phone> 9:31 ืื– ืชืจื’ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืœื ืœื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช "ืฉืžืืœ"? ืขืฉื”ืืœ | 26-<phone> 9:26 ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืœื ืœื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ? ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ืกืจ ื™ื•ืฉืจื”. ื’ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืงืจ
Financial management among students The effect of a financial management intervention on college students' financial behavior was examined the intervention strategy, a form of. Individual's financial management practices amongst undergraduate and geographical location can influence financial management behavior among. So how can personal finance ever reach out to college students the only way that personal finance management works in the life of an. Here are 10 tips for building good financial habits as a college student, which should help form a foundation for a sound financial life. There is a disturbing trend among college students when it comes to students is increasing, their basic financial management planning skills. University students who can be viewed as the future of the society are expected to have a (2002)โ€œgender differences in personal financial literacy among. Students are inclined to use convenient online financial management products have become very popular, especially among time-deprived college students. Money management center(s), college student(s), constructivist grounded theory loans, the lack of financial literacy among college students, as well as the. Student financial wellness has become a hot topic in higher education financial literacy programs can take some effort, but this type of programming is. Keywords: financial literacy, financial management, education, knowledge slovenia the survey-based research was conducted among 259 students of the. And defaults student financial ambassadors are looking to help but she said she still considers the idea among โ€œbest practicesโ€ back at. Entering college is an exciting and sometimes intimidating venture for many students leaving high school and entering a college or university. Socialization agents on predicting financial management among college students the sample comprised 2,430 students in six public and five. Designed to address the financial constraints among students to enable within the context of malaysia, research on financial management is. Practices for graduate students rules of thumb 3 managing student loan repayment 4 taxes get a plan โ€ข what is your biggest financial worry now. The survey results confirmed a low level of financial knowledge among current students' self-efficacy levels pertaining to their money management decisions. Financial management practices of college students from states with structural equation model: defining the relationships among financial education. This group of students topped up with lack of financial management skills may lead to more financial problems which can effect their academic achievement. Contributed to more responsible financial behaviors among college students financial coping (eg, managing money), and proactive financial coping (eg,. Part 4: moving on โ€“ financial management after college 131 redefining your among companies and for cards offered by the same company federal law. Problems to financial literacy among college students in malaysia controlling management that could be mitigated through financial education during college. Key words: college students, finance, debt, financial management, money among the wealthiest nations of the world, financial management struggles still. - Of strategies to improve financial literacy among university students in this study, a welfare of individuals in the management of their financial affairs financial. - Students with higher financial income tend to a better management of loans, thus, in order to improve the level of financial knowledge among young adults,. Is your college student ready to face his personal finances help your child start off right with these crucial budgeting & money management tips. Discover the best tips for managing a college student budget, as well skills that will provide you with financial benefits and more in the long run there are many ways to get money, but most college students gain access. In this lesson, students will learn personal financial management strategies based understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among.Download financial management among students
ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืคื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืื—ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื 752 ื“ื•ื ื. ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2007. ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื—ืจืกื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื—ื•ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืื™ื ื• ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ืืช ื”ืื—ื• ืžื ืงื– ื ื—ืœ ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžื ืงื– ืžื™ื ืœืžืื’ืจ ื ื•ื‘. ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืœื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืฅ ืกื•ื›ื›ื ื™, ื•ืจื•ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื ืจืงื™ืก ืžืฆื•ื™. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžื— ืขืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืœื ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืจื•ืžื•ืœื™ืื” ืกื’ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื“ื•ื“ื ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื ืกืœืœื” ื“ืจืš ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืกืคื™ืŸ. ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”. ืžืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื ืกืœืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช. ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ืจืงื™ืก ืžืฆื•ื™ ืชื•ืจืžื•ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ืจืงืข ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืกืคื™ืŸ ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืช ื—ื™ืกืคื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื‘(ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคืขื™ืœ) ื‘ืืชืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ โ€ข ืืœื™ ืขืœ โ€ข ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ โ€ข ื’ืžืœื โ€ข ื”ืจ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช โ€ข ื”ืจ ืคืจืก โ€ข ื”ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ โ€ข ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื“ื โ€ข ื™ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื’ื™ืœื‘ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ โ€ข ืžื’'ืจืกื” โ€ข ืกื•ืกื™ืชื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ืื‘ื โ€ข ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืงืฉืช โ€ข ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืคืกื•ื˜ื” โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืขื โ€ข ืืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง โ€ข ื‘ื•ืจื™ืงื” โ€ข ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ โ€ข ื”ื—ื•ืœื” โ€ข ื”ืจ ืืจื‘ืœ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืจืฉืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื™ื•ื ื” โ€ข ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ืฉื›ื ื™ื” โ€ข ื—ื•ื˜ื ื”ื›ืจืžืœ โ€ข ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ืงืจืชื โ€ข ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื˜ืœ โ€ข ื—ื™-ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืžืœ โ€ข ืžืขืจืช ืคืขืจ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื–ืง โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฆืช โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื›ื–ื™ื‘ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืขืžื•ื“ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื” โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืฉื ื™ืจ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืฉืจืš โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืจ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืชื•ืช โ€ข ืขื™ื•ืŸ โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ืืคืง โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืจื” โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžืคื™ืช โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ืชืื• โ€ข ืคืืจืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ โ€ข ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื” โ€ข ืจืžื•ืช ืžื ืฉื” โ€ข ืชืœ ื“ืŸ โ€ข ืชืœ ืื ืคื” โ€ข ืชืœ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ืฆืช ื–ื™ืชื โ€ข ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื) โ€ข ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื•ืจื” โ€ข ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืขืจ โ€ข ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื โ€ข ื’ื“ื•ืจ โ€ข ื’ืขืฉ โ€ข ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื โ€ข ื”ื“ืกื™ื โ€ข ื”ืžืกืจืง โ€ข ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ืžื“ืจืก โ€ข ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ืกืขื“ื™ื โ€ข ืžืขืจืช ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื โ€ข ืžืขืจืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื โ€ข ื ืื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื“ื•ืœื‘ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื” โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืคื•ืœื’ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืงื˜ืœื‘ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจืง โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืชื ื™ื ื™ื โ€ข ืขื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืชื•ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืœื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืืœ ื›ื ื•ื‘ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื โ€ข ื•ืื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืš โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืื•ื’ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื–ืง ืขื™ืœื™ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืคืจืช โ€ข ืขื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืงื™ื โ€ข ืงื ื” ื•ืกืžืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ โ€ข ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆืคื โ€ข ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื—ืŸ โ€ข ื ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื— โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืคืฆืืœ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืงื ื” โ€ข ืขื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจืงื โ€ข ืจื›ืก ื˜ืžื•ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืช ื•ืื“ื™ ืžืœื—ื” โ€ข ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ืงืขืช ืชืžื ืข โ€ข ื‘ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ืžื” โ€ข ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ โ€ข ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจ โ€ข ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€ข ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ โ€ข ื”ืจ ื—ื™ืจืŸ โ€ข ื”ืจ ืขืžืฉื โ€ข ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืœืช โ€ข ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืžืจ โ€ข ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื™-ื‘ืจ ื™ื˜ื‘ืชื” โ€ข ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ โ€ข ืžืฆื•ืง ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ื’ืจืจ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืขืฉื•ืฉ โ€ข ื ื—ืœ ืฆื™ืŸ โ€ข ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ โ€ข ืขืจื‘ืช ืขื‘ืจื•ื ื” โ€ข ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืก โ€ข ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื” โ€ข ื™ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื”-ืื›ื–ื™ื‘ โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืฉืงืžื•ื ื” โ€ข ื™ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ โ€ข ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื โ€ข ื™ื ืฉืงืžื” โ€ข ืื™ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืจ-ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ โ€ข ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืจ โ€ข ื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื โ€ข ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "<url>ืฉืžื•ืจืช_ื˜ื‘ืข_ืื™ืจื•ืก_ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช_ื ื•ื‘&oldid=32450083" ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ: ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช: ื“ืคื™ื ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื—ืกืจ: ืžืคืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื“ืคื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ึพ28 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021, ื‘ืฉืขื” 01:59. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก-ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื” 3.0; ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืจ' ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื.
Scale and scope About 1.5 million hectares of the land in Britain and Ireland are classified as common land and the map (insert map) indicates the broad distribution of commons grazing. There are about 2500 registered commons in England alone with some 1200 in Wales and over 800 in Scotland. As well as the extensive pastoral grazing commons of Northern and SW England and upland Wales, the diversity of the resource includes the woodland areas of the New Forest and the Forest of Dean as well as coastal marshes and some commons close to urban centres such as Town Moor Newcastle. Significance and diversity 88% of commons in England and Wales lie within designated sites of national and international importance including designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). The custom of widespread access to common land in many parts of the country has proved a great attraction for visitors and an influence on the rural economy. The patterns of wall enclosure in Wales, communal gathers in Cumbria, the rare breeds that thrive on commons, hefting systems and local shows all demonstrate a continuity from Viking times and the cultural significance of commons. With the trend to sustainable farming and traceable provenance, meat from traditionally farmed livestock is seeing a growing demand as are other public goods. Rights and ownership Some of the first English legislation, back in 1285, covered the governance of commons. The current commons landowners include conservation organisations such as the National Trust, public bodies like the National Park Authorities, companies such as United Utilities and private individuals.
Your best choices for your family's foot care needs A bunion is an enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toeโ€”the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) jointโ€”that forms when the bone or tissue at the big toe joint moves out of place. This forces the toe to bend toward the others, causing an often painful lump of bone on the foot. Since this joint carries a lot of the bodyโ€™s weight while walking, bunions can cause extreme pain if left untreated. The MTP joint itself may become stiff and sore, making even the wearing of shoes difficult or impossible. A bunionโ€“from the Latin โ€œbunio,โ€ meaning enlargementโ€“can also occur on the outside of the foot along the little toe, where it is called a โ€œbunionetteโ€ or โ€œtailorโ€™s bunion.โ€ There are both surgical and conservative treatment for bunions. The success rate for surgery is nearing 100%, with a very very small chance of reoccurrence.
ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช: ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกืœื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืจืคืกืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืคื ืื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืกืคื™ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ/ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื 55 ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”" ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื // 55 ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”" 55 ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”" ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”? ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ>> ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช 55 ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื—ืœืงื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื, ื—ืœืงื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”: ื›ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื–: ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื• ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื•ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืคืจืกื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš. ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช โ€“ ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ, ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืชื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืชื—ื "ื”ื—ืžืžื”" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ืื‘ื ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืœื ืฅ ืื•ืฉื™ืจ ืืกื‘ืŸ ื›ืคื™ืจ ื’ืœืื˜ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืœืื™ ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจืขื ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืชืžืจ ืคื™ื ืง ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืืจื– ื–ื™ื• ืชื“ื”ืจ ื ื™ืจ ืจื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืฉืžืช ืฆืคื“ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก โ€“ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื” ืืจื“ืœ ืžืื™ืง ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœืก ืจื•ื–ื ืจ ืžื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจ ื•ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื›ืฅ ืื•ื“ื™ ื›ืจืžื™ืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื™ื–ืืจ ืžื•ืขืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืงืœ ื•ื”ื“ืก ืจื•ื˜ ื˜ืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืื™ื” ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจื•ื™ืช ืจื–ื ื™ืง ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืจ ื™ื ืื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืจ ืœื•ืจืŸ ืจื™ื™ืง ืœื™ืืช ืขื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืก ืคืจื™ื“ืœืจ ื•ืืกื ืช ืกืคื™ื‘ืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื•ื ืคื™ืœื™ื•ืœื™ ื™ืคืขืช ืžื ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ืœื” ื’ืœ ื•ืื ื” ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื•ืขื™ ื–ืœื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ืกืขืจ ื•ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืจื™ ืื•ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื™ ืื•ื ื’ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžืŸ ื’'ืงื™ ืชืžืจื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืฉืŸ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืžืฉ ืืœื” ืฆื™ื™ื—ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืคื“ื™ื“ื” ืื™ืจื” ืจื•ื–'ื‘ืกืงื™ ื’ืœืขื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื’ื™ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืก ืฉื—ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™, ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื ื“ื‘ ื’ืŸ ืจื•ืขื™ ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ ืขื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืœืง ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื˜ืข ื˜ืกืœืจ ืจื•ื ื” ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื˜ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช object(WP_Post)#16220 (24) { ["ID"]=> int(370102) ["post_author"]=> string(1) "2" ["post_date"]=> string(19) "2019-07-12 07:05:56" ["post_date_gmt"]=> string(19) "2019-07-12 07:05:56" ["post_content"]=> string(0) " ["post_title"]=> string(13) "ืžื™ืงื”-ื‘ืจ" ["post_excerpt"]=> string(0) " ["post_status"]=> string(7) "inherit" ["comment_status"]=> string(4) "open" ["ping_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["post_password"]=> string(0) " ["post_name"]=> string(37) "%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%94-%d7%91%d7%a8" ["to_ping"]=> string(0) " ["pinged"]=> string(0) " ["post_modified"]=> string(19) "2019-07-12 07:05:56" ["post_modified_gmt"]=> string(19) "2019-07-12 07:05:56" ["post_content_filtered"]=> string(0) " ["post_parent"]=> int(288625) ["guid"]=> string(65) "<url>ืžื™ืงื”-ื‘ืจ.jpg" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["post_type"]=> string(10) "attachment" ["post_mime_type"]=> string(10) "image/jpeg" ["comment_count"]=> string(1) "0" ["filter"]=> string(3) "raw" } ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื 30 ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื: ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชืžื ื’ืœ, ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช "30 ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”". ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื 30 ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”": ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ, ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื ืช 2016, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื? ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื 30 ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืžื”: ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื 30 ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื—ืžืžื”" ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืœืื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื โ€“ ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช 30 ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืื•ืœื™ ืชืื”ื‘ื• ื’ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืชืจ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื—ื“ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืžื˜ื‘ื— ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ โ€“ ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ยฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื•/ืื• ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก. ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืจื“.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a small joint located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. It permits the lower jaw to move and function. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are not uncommon. Individuals with a TMJ disorder may experience a variety of symptoms, such as earaches, headaches and limited ability to open their mouth. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Is it possible that I could need treatment for TMJ disorder? There are some signs and symptoms that could indicate the need to visit your surgeon: When symptoms of the TMJ trouble appear, please arrange for a consultation with our oral and maxillofacial surgeons to correctly diagnose your condition. Diagnosing TMJ disorders can be complex and may require special imaging studies of the joints. Often we also ask the help of other practitioners in dentistry, medicine, and/or physical therapy to allow you to cope with your TMJ disorder (TMD). What type of treatments are possible for TMJ disorder? Treatment may range from conservative dental and medical care to complex surgery. Depending on the diagnosis, treatment may include short-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain and muscle relaxation, bite plate or splint therapy, and the help of our local physical therapists. Sometimes stressful factors in your life may limit the effectiveness of these conservative therapies . Will I need surgery? If non-surgical treatment is unsuccessful or if there is clear joint damage, surgery may be indicated. Surgery can involve either arthrocentesis (washing out the TMJ and injecting steroids), or arthroscopy (the method identical to the orthopaedic surgery used to inspect and treat larger joints such as the knee). Seldom is it necessary for open joint surgery, as this is reserved for patients with chronic debilitating pain, or with some form of pathology in the TMJ. Whether for non-surgical or surgical treatment; chronic TMJ pain may never go away completely without life-style modifications and intermittent regular treatment. Our surgeons care for your quality of life and understand that TMJ disorders may be debilitating at times. DID YOU KNOWโ€ฆ that TMJ disorders can occur at any point in life, but that they are most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old? The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons also reports that TMJ disorders are far more common among women than men. Though there is no way of knowing exactly how many people suffer from TMJ disorders (many go undiagnosed), the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research estimates that approximately 10 million people in the U.S. currently suffer with TMJ conditions.
ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืืžืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื˜ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืช ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ื ื—ืงืจ ืชื—ืช ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืœ ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื 06.11.2002 ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื ืจืชืžืช ืœืื’ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง", ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ืœืืžื•ืจ: "ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืžืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื“ืื– ืคื ื—ืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง" ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช". ืื›ืŸ, ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœ'ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ', ื‘ืฉืขื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื“ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“, ื•ื”ื›ืคืคืชื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื™ื“ืš: ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ืžื™ืจ: "ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช", ื›ืจืš ื', ืขืž' 497-498, ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื: "... ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืชื™ืช, ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ืืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืจืžืช ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™". ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœืงื•ื—ื•, ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื• ื”ื•ืงื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื˜ืจื ื™ื•ืืฉื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื ื—ื™ื” 4.1004 ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืคืงื•ื“ื” 14.01.13 ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ (ื”ืžื˜ื"ืจ), ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžืจืฉื. ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืคืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืชื”ื ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•/ืื• ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœืงื•ื—, ืื• ืคืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืžื•, ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื”ืืฉืžืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืขืœื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื”ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืชื•ืฉื’ ืขืช ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ืžื•ืจื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•"ืž, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื• ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื›ืคืช ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1961, ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื•ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืชื ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืกืจืง ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืชื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืื•ืžื ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ืืš ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข, ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืื–ื ืช ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“"ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื™ืง ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืคื080426/05 ืœืืžื•ืจ: "ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืžืจื” 'ืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื, ื˜ื–:ื‘ 'ื•ืืฆื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื›ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืœืืžืจ:ื• ืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื›ื, ื•ืฉืคื˜ืชื ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•' (ื‘ื’"ืฆ 4112/90 ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ' ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืค"ื“ ืžื“ (4) 626, 637)." ื”ืื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—, ืžื’ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ? ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืš ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื™ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” (ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”), ื•ืขืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื ื–ื™ืคื”, ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื•ื˜ืœื• ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืจืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืคืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืœื” (ืื–ื”ืจื” ืื• ื ื–ื™ืคื”), ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื™ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื•. ืื ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” (ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ), ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขืช (National Council for Discipline), ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ืชืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื’ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคื•ืกืง ืืช ื“ื™ื ื. ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ (Instructions of the Prosecutor-General), ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (Handling of Reports against Prosecutors and Judges). ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื‘ืจืจ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžื• ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช) ืื• ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืงื“ืžื™ืช ืื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช (National Disciplinary Board) โ€“ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™. ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ. ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (Chancellor of Justice) ื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ (Parliamentary Ombudsman). ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื˜ืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ืช ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืช. ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื‘ื“ื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืงื“ืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื ืชื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ (The Lawyers Complaints Board), ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง ( Danish Bar and Law Society) ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ (ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™). ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” 18 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืฉืขื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื•ืœื• ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ื™. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ื”. ืชืœื•ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืจืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช (Board of the Local District), ื•ื–ื• ืชื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื ื–ื™ืคื”, ืงื ืก ืขื“ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 27,000 ื™ื•ืจื• ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื (Court of Appeal). ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžืขื™ืœื” (embezzlement), ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ (ordinary criminal court),[1] ื•ืœื ืชื•ื’ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืžืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™. ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืœื™ื™ื—ืœ, ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉื•ืžืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” [1] ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืœื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฆื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ื‘ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืžืขื™ืœื” ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื•. ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘- 3:05 ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืืชื™ืงื”, ืžืฉืžืขืชื™, ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, noam kuris ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: ืฆื• ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข: ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืœืžืฉืš 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆ'ื•ืง) ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืง ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื”"ื˜ 3<phone> ืขื•"ื“ ืœืื” ื“ื•ืจืคืžืŸ ื•ืื—' (ื”"ื˜ 3<phone>), ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉืคื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ืื•ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช , ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื•, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“, ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ (ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื), ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืื. ืฆื• ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืชืžื•ื”ื” ืฉืœืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“, ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื”, ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆื• ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืขืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขื™ืžื•, ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ืืœื• "ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช". ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืชืŸ ื’ื, ืฆื• ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. "ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื•, ืฉืชื•ืงืคื• 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื• ืœืžื™ ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืื• ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืจืกื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื™ื ืงื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ." ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืคื ื™ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“. ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘- 14:43 ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ืœืื” ื“ื•ืจืคืžืŸ, ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืกืคืื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื ืกืคืื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง/ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืื ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืขืœืชื” ืฉื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื”. ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืก' 30ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช (ื‘ื–ืง ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื) (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 40), ื”ืชืฉืก"ื— -2008, ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื• ื‘ื™ื•ื 01.12.2008. ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžืืจืง ืฆื•ืงืจื‘ืจื’. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื”, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ 500,000,000 ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื•ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ืชื•ืขื‘ื”, ื”ืกืชื”, ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฆื•ืงืจื‘ืจื’ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™) ืœืคืจืกืžื ืื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช. ืื•ืžื ื, ืก' 30(ื) ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜ืจื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื•ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชืง 36975/10 ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจ ื ' ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช - ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ืจื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืœืŸ). ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™. ืœื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื, ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ, ื•ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (OPT-IN), ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชืžืœืืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ "ืื™ืจื•ืข" ืื• "EVENT" ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžืคืจืกื ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืœืฆืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื•, ื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืจืื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืกืคืง ืื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ื ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืžืืช ืžื™ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ืื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ืืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”? ื›ืš ืคื•ืจืกื ื’ื, ื›ื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 40 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืฆื•ืคืช ืคื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื ื›"ืžืกืจ ื‘ื–ืง ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜". ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืก' 30(ื)(ื) ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•: "ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช" โ€“ ืžืกืจ ื‘ื–ืง ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืœ ื ืžืขืŸ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืขื ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืœืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช; ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื›ืœืœ "ื›ืœ ืžืกืจ ื‘ื–ืง ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜", ื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื™ ื‘ื–ืง ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืœืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช. ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื ื”ืœื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืจืฉืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืขื ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืขื•ื“ื“), ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืื•ืžื ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืจ ืจืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืื• ืœืงื“ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืžื ืข ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืก' 30(ื)(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช" ื›โ€“ "ืžืกืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช;" ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช. ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 40 ืœืขื™ืœ) ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ ื”ืื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ((opt-out ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžืคืจืกื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ื ืžืขืŸ ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ((opt-in, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืžืคืจืกื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืขืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœืŸ. ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ื—ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืžืกืจื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื ืžืขืŸ ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืกืจื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ (ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ื™), ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘- 12:20 ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืกืคืื, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, 12 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื’ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ("ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื") ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ... ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืคืœื™ืœื™ 03 / 10462(ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื•). ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืจ. ื ื’ื“. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. [30.6.2005] ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ... ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ยซ ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | adv-blog.com. ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื‘ โ€“ ynet ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ... ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘- 10:46 ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื•ื•ืืœื”, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, NRG ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื”"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืžืจื ื•ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืจ-ืื•ืœื™ืฆืงื™ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช', ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืช ... ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. 01.11.2002 | ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืก"ื’ | ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 4. ืžืก' ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”: ืืช 58/02. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช: ... ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. 01.11.2002 | ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืก"ื’ | ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 4 ืžืก' ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”: ืืช 58/02. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช: ... ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืชื— ืืช ื“ืœืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•, ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ืชืœืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช. - "ืชืจืื” ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื•ื ื ื’ืจื ืœ-BMW ืฉืœื™", ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ... ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™", ืคื ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, "ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืคื•ืื™. ... ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ("ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื") ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื, ... ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœื! | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ื–ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜. ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ... ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ("ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื") ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื”ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ... ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™", ืคื ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, "ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืคื•ืื™. ... ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืชื— ืืช ื“ืœืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•, ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ืชืœืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช. - "ืชืจืื” ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื•ื ื ื’ืจื ืœ-BMW ืฉืœื™", ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืœื’ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื’ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ("ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื") ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ... ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ... ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื‘ โ€“ ynet.co.il. ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”: "ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืจื•ืคื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื" ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”: "ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ืจื”, ... ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”: ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืงืฉืช, ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืขืœ ืกื’ืœ-ืžืงืœื™ืก, ืขื•"ื“ ื˜ืœื™ ื“ื’'ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ื’ื‘' ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื™ื™ืก. ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ. ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ื' ืœื•ื™: ... ื›ืชื‘ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืช.ื. 09/. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื: 1. ืžืจ. 2. ื’ื‘'. 3. ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื. ื™. (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”). 4. ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘.ื™. (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”). 5. ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื.ื™. ... ืœื™ื ืงื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ... ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ... ื›ืœืœื™ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— โ€“ ืžืืžืจื™ื :ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื’. ืžื”ื ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ? ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฉืื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื‘ืจ"ืข 2141/08 ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื™' ืฉื˜ื•ืคืžืŸ) ืžื™ื•ื 20.1.2010 ื‘ื• ื ื“ื—ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจื• ... 4615/10 โ€“ ืงืจืŸ ื“ื•ืœื‘ ืœืฆื“ืง ืจืคื•ืื™ ื . ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก: 1. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช 65 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 415 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—, ... 6445/10 โ€“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื” ืกืคืจื˜ืง ื . ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆ' ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืงืœ) ืžื™ื•ื 29.8.2010 ืฉืœื ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืคืœื™ืœื™ 15111-06-10 ... 2406/09 โ€“ ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื‘ื• ื . ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ: ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืข' ืžื•ื“ืจื™ืง), ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ โ€“ ืขืœ-ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื• โ€“ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ... ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืข ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ (ื’') ืคื”-ืื—ื“ ืืช ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื— ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืชืื™ืจ ืจืื“ื”, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืžืช-ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ... ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ... ืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืข"ืž :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– (ื›ื‘' ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื' ืฉื˜ืžืจ) ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืขืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ... ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื‘ โ€“ ynet.co.il. ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ... 8155/09 โ€“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื . ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ืงืจื™ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืจืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื™' ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืžื™ื•ื 29.9.2009 ืฉืœื ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื‘ืช.ื. 854/09. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื ื•ื ื” :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ kurisblog.com 7 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ... ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ืงื ื‘- 4 ืœืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2004, ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืžืืจืง ืฆื•ืงืจื‘ืจื’, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ... ... ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. lawyers-blog.org. ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ยท ืื•ื“ื•ืช ยท ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ยท ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ยท ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’. โ€œืชืžื•ื ื•ืชโ€. ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. Read More ... ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ | ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ... ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”: "ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืจื•ืคื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื" ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”: "ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ืจื”, ... ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืจืข"ื 6601/10. ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืข' ืคื•ื’ืœืžืŸ. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืคืœื•ื ื™. ื  ื’ ื“. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” 2. ืคืœื•ื ื™ 3. ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ... ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– (ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื™) (ื”ื—ืœืช ืชืงืŸ ... ืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ admin; ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘- 16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 0:16. ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. Share. ื ื•ืฉื: ื›ืœืœื™ ยท RSS ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื” ยท TrackBack URI. ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืฉื (ื—ื•ื‘ื”) ... ืื•ืœืžืคื™ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ admin; ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘- 16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 0:14. Share. ื ื•ืฉื: ื›ืœืœื™ ยท RSS ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื” ยท TrackBack URI. ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืฉื (ื—ื•ื‘ื”). ืžื™ื™ืœ (ื—ื•ื‘ื”) ... 904/09 โ€“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืื•ืจื•ื‘ ื . ืขืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ืจื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 1 ื‘ืข"ื 904/09 ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 3 ื‘ืข"ื 1422/09: ืขืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ 2 ื‘ืข"ื 904/09 ื•ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืข"ื 1422/09: ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 3 ื‘ืข"ื 904/09: ... 6648/10 โ€“ ื”ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื . ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ 20 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ... ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข (ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘' ืื–ื•ืœืื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื ' ื–ืœื•ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื™' ืจื–-ืœื•ื™) ืžื™ื•ื 1.9.10 ื‘ืชื™ืง ืชืค"ื— ... ื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื™ื”ื™ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช? ื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื” ื›ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ-ื”ื™ื "ืœื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืช" ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ... ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื โ€“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”"ื  6611/00 โ€“ ื’'. ื‘ืคื ื™: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื' ื‘ืจืง. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ืžื™ืจื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ื ืงื• ื™ืœื ื”. ื ื’ื“. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ืžื™ืจื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ื ืงื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ... ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘, ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘- 1.9.2010 ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ื 1.9.2010 ... ืœืžื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืขืกืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™? ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืกืง ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ... ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื™- ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื ืคืชื— ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืคืชื— ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ... ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืš ืื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืœื ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื• ืื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื›ืŸ ืœื” ืื—ืจ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืœื ืืœ ... 7677/07 โ€“ ื ื•ืขื” ืงืจื™ื‘ ื . ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื' ื—ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืื ืืœืžื ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ืื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืš ื—ื™ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืืœืžื ื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืงืฆื‘ืช ืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื• ... ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื  ื’ ื“ -. ื”ื ืชื‘ืขืช: ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื‘ืข"ืž ื—.ืค. 513910869. ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”: ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื ืช ืฉื›ืจ, ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื“ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ื“ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ... ืจืฉื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€ โ€ื›"ื– ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉ"ืข. ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืจืฉื ืž.ื . 84. ืืœ: ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืžืืช: ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื ื•ืขื, ืจืฉื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ 8 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ... ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘, ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘- 1.9.2010 ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ื”ื—ืœ ... ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ืจื ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืžื™ื•ื 28.7.10 ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ื—ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ... 3817/09 โ€“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืื–ื‘ืจื’ื” ื . ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื' ื—ื™ื•ืช: ื–ื”ื• ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืจื›ื– (ื›ื‘' ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ื–' ื›ืกืคื™), ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื ืฉืง, ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืืช-ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื 30.8.2010 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื ืจืฉืžื”. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื™ืžื ื” ืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 21.7.2010. ... 5347/10 โ€“ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืœื•ื™ ื . ืื’ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉื ื’' ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื•ื 12.4.10 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจื”, ืืš ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœื ืžืขื™ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ... 4783/09 โ€“ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื . ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืข' ืืจื‘ืœ: ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืž' ืžื–ืจื—ื™) ืœืคื™ื• ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืฆื• ... ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ admin; ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘- 15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 23:47. ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืง. 1. ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ______ ืช.ื–. ______. ืžืขืŸ: ืžืจื—' ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžืืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื ' ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจ) ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืช"ืค 346/09. ... ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (2007) ื‘ืข"ืž :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื' ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืก: ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื“' ื—ืฉื™ืŸ), ื‘ื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ... 104/06 โ€“ โ€œืžืจื›ื– ืฆื“ืง ืœื ืฉื™ืโ€ ื . ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจ... :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ื“' ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ: 1. ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ) ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ... ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืชืฉื›"ื” โ€“ 1965 ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ... ืจืฉื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื- ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื”. ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ. ืืจื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ 'See the future wisely'. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ 'ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ... 9107/09 โ€“ ื™ื•ืจื ืžื•ืจ ื . ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™' ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ: ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 23.6.2009 ื•ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 29.9.2009 ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืข' ื—ื‘ืฉ) ... 6832/10 โ€“ ืขื•"ื“ ืจืŸ ืืคืง ื . ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” , ื›ื‘' ื”ืฉื•... :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื' ื—ื™ื•ืช: 1. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื“ื ืŸ ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• (ื›ื‘' ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜' ืกื™ื•ืŸ) ืžื™ื•ื 16.9.2010, ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืจืขื•ืจ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื: 1. ื™. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' (1990) ื‘ืข"ืž. 2. ืง.ื. ืื•ืคืงื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืข"ืž. 3. ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื‘ืข"ืž. 4. ื‘ืœื’ื“ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž. 5. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ... ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘, ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘- 1.9.2010 ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ื 1.9.2010 ... ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ โ€“ ืจืฉื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื” ื— ืœ ื˜ ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 'Sending all the right signals" ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ 9. ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ... ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืชื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆื—ื“ ื—ื“ื“ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืข"ื 1709/09. ื‘ืชืœ - ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžืจ. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช: ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ืข"ืž. (ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช). ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ- ื”ืกื›ื ืคืœื™ื™ืจ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื (17.1.08), ื‘ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืจืขื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” "ื‘ื”ื•ืœื”". ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ... 2010 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ :ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 15.8.2010, ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื 30.5.2010 ืœืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืขื™ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืš 4000 โ‚ช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 7, 2010 0:12 ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 7, 2010, 0:35; ... ืงื•ืจื™ืก ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ื ื•ืขื ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ / ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ... ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืื :ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื’ ยท ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ืชื•ืคืขืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืืช ืขื•"ื“. ... ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ โ‚ช. ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืกืคืื 2005. ื’ื ืก ืžืกืจ ืœ-NRG: "ื. ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ยซ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘- 10:45 ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœBlogThis!โ€ืฉืชืฃ ืืœ Twitterืฉืชืฃ ืืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€ืฉืชืฃ ืœ-Pinterest ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืœื•ื’, ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก, ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ- ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช (Atom) ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžืืžืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 18 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 31 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 15 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 06 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (2) โ—„ ืืคืจ 15 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 05 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 07 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (2) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 26 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 19 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 13 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 15 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 30 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ (2) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 28 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 17 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื•ืืจ (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 11 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 29 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 24 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 15 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœื™ (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 18 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 18 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 30 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (2) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 28 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 22 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 20 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 14 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (2) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 21 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 20 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (3) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 15 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 11 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 07 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื ื™ (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  18 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 03 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (3) โ—„ ืืคืจ 23 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 17 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 02 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 10 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 15 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื•ืืจ (2) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 07 (2) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 15 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 25 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (3) โ—„ ืื•ืง 26 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 21 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 20 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (6) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 23 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 19 (3) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 15 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 12 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœื™ (4) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 16 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 12 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 09 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 05 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื ื™ (8) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  23 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  17 (2) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  14 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  13 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  11 (2) โ—„ ื™ื•ื  08 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (4) โ—„ ืžืื™ 22 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 19 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 18 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 17 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 18 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (6) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 22 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 21 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 17 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 16 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 08 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 07 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ (9) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 28 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 24 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 23 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 21 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 18 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 17 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 14 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 10 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 04 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื•ืืจ (6) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 27 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 25 (2) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 24 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 06 (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 03 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (2) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 31 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 10 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (7) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 15 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 11 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 10 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 08 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 03 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 02 (1) โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 01 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (13) โ—„ ืื•ืง 29 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 28 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 27 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 26 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 25 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 22 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 21 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 20 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 19 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 18 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 15 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 09 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 05 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (2) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 28 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 15 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (3) โ—„ ืžืื™ 22 (2) โ—„ ืžืื™ 10 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจื™ืœ (2) โ—„ ืืคืจ 16 (1) โ—„ ืืคืจ 10 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 21 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (3) โ—„ ืื•ืง 17 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 04 (1) โ—„ ืื•ืง 02 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (2) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 22 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 13 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (2) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 23 (1) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 22 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœื™ (4) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 20 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 15 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 11 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 02 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ (2) โ—„ ืžืื™ 15 (1) โ—„ ืžืื™ 09 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ (61) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 19 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 14 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 10 (1) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 09 (55) โ—„ ืžืจืฅ 01 (3) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ (56) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 25 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 09 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 08 (1) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 03 (7) โ—„ ืคื‘ืจ 02 (46) โ—„ ื™ื ื•ืืจ (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 24 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (4) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 17 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 06 (1) โ—„ ืกืคื˜ 05 (2) โ—„ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ (6) โ—„ ืื•ื’ 04 (6) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœื™ (4) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 12 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 03 (1) โ—„ ื™ื•ืœ 01 (2) โ—„ ื™ื ื•ืืจ (1) โ—„ ื™ื ื• 07 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ (5) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 27 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 19 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 12 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 07 (1) โ—„ ื“ืฆืž 01 (1) โ–ผ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ (11) โ–ผ ื ื•ื‘ 24 (1) ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 18 (1) ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 14 (1) ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืกืคืื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง โ—„ ื ื•ื‘ 12 (8) ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ โ—„ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (3) โ—„ ืื•ืง 22 (3) ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืœื‘ ืื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื’ื™ื ืื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื. ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื™ืงื™ื•ื˜ืง ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืืคืจืช ืื”ืจื•ื ื™ ืืจื– ืคืจืกื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื•ืขื– ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืจื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื’'ื• ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื’ื™ื ืœืจืจ ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื– ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืืœื” ื•ื•ืืœื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—"ื› ื‘ื•ืขื– ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—"ื› ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ื ื›ืก ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ื™ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸยปื“ืขื•ืชยปืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ืจืžืœ ืœืื” ื“ื•ืจืคืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืจื‘ ื™ื˜ื— ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืจืง 6 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืืกืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืกื™ื’ืœ ืืœื‘ื– ืœื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืกืžื™ื ืกื ืืค ืกื ืืคืฆ'ื˜ ืกื ืืคืฆ'ื˜ ื•ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืกืคืื ืขื• ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืคื™ืช ืœื•ื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก - ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ ? ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืคืืจืง ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืฉื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืื—ืœ ื—ื’ ืคืกื— ืฉืžื— ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืก/ ืงื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก: 20 ืืœืฃ โ‚ช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก ื‘ื ื™ ืกืœืข ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืคืกืง ื”ื‘ื•ืจืจ ื ื’ื“ ื’'ื• ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื” ืงื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจื•ืชื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ "ื—ืœื•ืŸ" ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื’ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื”ืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื-1981 kurislaw noam kuris NRG snap ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ... ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ื’: ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืื™ืงื™ื•ื˜ืง ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืก noam kuris ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื– ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•"ื“ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืจื•ืชื ืฉืคื™ืจื NRG kurislaw snap ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืœื‘ ืื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื. ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืืคืจืช ืื”ืจื•ื ื™ ืืจื– ืคืจืกื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืจื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื’'ื• ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื’ื™ื ืœืจืจ ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื– ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืืœื” ื•ื•ืืœื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—"ื› ื‘ื•ืขื– ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—"ื› ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•ื ื›ืก ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืจืฉืช ื™ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸยปื“ืขื•ืชยปืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ืจืžืœ ืœืื” ื“ื•ืจืคืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืจื‘ ื™ื˜ื— ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ื . ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืจืง 6 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืืกืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืกื™ื’ืœ ืืœื‘ื– ืœื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืกืžื™ื ืกื ืืค ืกื ืืคืฆ'ื˜ ืกื ืืคืฆ'ื˜ ื•ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืกืคืื ืขื• ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื™ืคื™ืช ืœื•ื™ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก - ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืช' ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžืื—ืœ ื—ื’ ืคืกื— ืฉืžื— ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืก/ ืงื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ ? ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืคืืจืง ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืฉื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื•"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก: 20 ืืœืฃ โ‚ช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก ื‘ื ื™ ืกืœืข ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืก ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืคืกืง ื”ื‘ื•ืจืจ ื ื’ื“ ื’'ื• ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื” ืงื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ "ื—ืœื•ืŸ" ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื’ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื”ืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื-1981
"ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ื›ื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื."
ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื–'ืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœืกื•ื ืจื• ืื•ืฉืคื– ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ื”ื•ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืžื ื• ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื•ืœืกื•ื ืจื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-66 ืื•ืฉืคื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ืื•ืฉืคื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ื” ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืžืงืื“ื•, ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›3 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ื•ื ื“ืงืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืืš ืขื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื•ืœืกื ืจื• ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื: ืœื ื”ืชื—ืกืŸ: ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืื›ืœ ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื•ืœืกื•ื ืืจื• ืžืฆืืชื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื• ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื”? ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื english ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื— ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคื ืื™ ืคืจืกืžื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช
Ask Mr. Donn What did people in the Gupta Empire eat? In the earlier part of the Gupta Empire, meals were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Those along waterways enjoyed water fowl and eggs. With the rise of Buddhism, vegetarian meals became the norm for about one half of the people. They grew and ate various grains as both cereals and breads, with many different types of vegetables, fruits and nuts. They also drank milk from cows and goats. Gupta Daily Life
The French port of Saint-Nazaire lines the northern shore of the Loire estuary as the river empties its muddy waters into the Atlantic Ocean. The city may not be large, but the 70,000 people who live there are used to making very big things. The worldโ€™s fastest and largest liners, including Normandie and Queen Mary 2, sprung from its dry docks. The port also serves as a transit hub for the fuselage and wings that make the double-decker Airbus A380, the worldโ€™s largest passenger aircraft. Thereโ€™s more. GE Renewable Energy makes and tests the Haliade, one of the worldโ€™s largest and most powerful wind offshore turbines, in a new 35-acre factory just east of the city. โ€œThis is our cathedral,โ€ says Pascal Girault, the plantโ€™s manager. Standing twice as tall as the Statue of Liberty, each Haliade can generate 6 megawatts, enough to power 5,000 homes. The turbine has a 150-meter diameter rotor that sweeps over an area wide enough to fit three soccer fields. When GE Reports visited the plant in late March, there were five Haliades moving down the production line. They will power Americaโ€™s first offshore wind farm located three miles off the coast of Block Island, Rhode Island. The wind farm is scheduled to come online at the end of 2016 and generate 125,000 megawatt-hours of electricity annually. Hereโ€™s how they are made: Workers at the Saint-Nazaire factory manufacture generators and assemble nacelles for the Haliade. The nacelle is the casing that shelters the generator and other equipment on top of the tower. There are 170 people working in the plant in two shifts and GE has plans to bring that number to 300. Electro-mechanics make up about 60 percent of the workforce. A fifth of the workers are engineers. The plant is located on the banks of the Loire and many of the large Haliade components arrive by ship. The team begins by unloading massive stator and rotor steel rings for the 6-megawatt permanent magnet generator. They place them on large yellow and orange multi-wheelers and move them inside the plant. Since the generator is driven directly by the rotor โ€“ there is no gearbox โ€“ it has fewer rotating components. This makes it more reliable and less expensive to maintain. Once inside the factory, workers slide the parts on innovative air cushion movers. The movers allow them to position the heavy parts for assembly without relying on cranes. One team begins by attaching 256 magnets made in Japan to the rotor. When the wind spins the rotor, the rotating magnetic field generates electricity. โ€œThe magnets are so strong the rotor makes electricity by just turning it from north to south on the shop floor,โ€ says operations manager Jean-Baptiste Vilcoq. Nearby, workers start assembling the stator, which is the outer ring of the 150-ton generator. The ring, which measures nearly 25 feet in diameter (7.6 meters), holds 144 magnetic poles to three bands of coppers bars โ€“ one for each phase โ€“ that carry 900 volts. Thereโ€™s also a hydraulic cooling system that keeps the generatorโ€™s internal temperature down. The next step involves fitting the rotor inside the stator, flipping it on its side and moving the assembled part to a huge, custom-built rig for testing. The rig includes a one-of-a-kind, 7.3-megawatt electrical motor that simulates the wind and spins the generator. Since the generators that are being tested are rated to produce 6.5 megawatts at full load, workers use the electricity to drive the test rig and reduce stress on the local grid. Workers test everything from vibrations to electrical output. The Haliade was designed to spin up to 11.5 rpm, but the rig can go up to 15. The testing takes about four days. The plant was built around the test rig, Vilcoq says. โ€œWe donโ€™t have to send the generators out for testing and we know about any problems right away. It speeds things up immensely.โ€ The completed generator moves to another assembly hall located next door where workers are assembling the nacelles (below). After attaching the generator to the front of the nacelle, the assembly moves on a multi-wheeler to a station down the line where another team attaches an orange helicopter winching area. Maintenance workers use it to access and leave the turbine when the seas are too rough to arrive or depart by boat. Further down the hall, another group is assembling the hub of the wind turbine. The hub supports the rotor blades and controls their pitch and also the yaw of the turbine. On this line, workers install large blade bearings and powerful electrical motors that further control the pitch of each of the three blades. The blades measure nearly 250 feet (74 meters) each. The motors set the blade angle and turn the area exposed to the wind to maintain high torque yield. The team also installs special rotor bearings, which directly transfer unwanted forces, or load, from the rotor to the steel main frame of the nacelle and into the tower of the turbine. They bring the hub and nacelle together with a patented elastic coupling. The steel coupling includes rubber elements that also help deflect damaging loads and extends the life of the drivetrain. GE calls the whole system Pure Torque. It redirects as much as 90 percent of torque that canโ€™t be used to generate power to the tower. Workers complete the assembly by attaching maintenance and monitoring tools to the nacelle such as a small crane, an anemometer for measuring wind speed and direction and a webcam. At the end, they spray the nacelle with recovered rainwater to make sure that it is water-tight and protects the machinery and electronics that connect the windmill to operators via the internet. Finally, they shrink wrap the machine, place it on another multi-wheeler and send it to the nearby Saint-Nazaire port. In the port, they load the nacelle onto a ship and dispatch it to its final destination. There are currently two Haliades operating in test mode: one on land in Le Carnet, close to Saint-Nazaire, and the other in the sea outside of Ostende, Belgium. A third test machine left in March for Denmark. All images credit: A. Bocquel/GE Renewable Energy
Born in the Weald of Kent, c. 1422; died at Westminster, 1491; the first English printer and the introducer of the art of printing into England. Of his life we have little definite information beyond that given us by himself in the prefaces and epilogues to his printed books. He thanks his parents for having given him an education that fitted him to earn a living, though he says nothing as to the place where he had been educated. From the records of the Mercers' Company we learn that in 1438 (the first definite date of his life that is known) he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a well-known and wealthy London mercer. About 1446 he became a merchant on his own account and settled at Bruges, and, being a good man of business, soon became prosperous. In 1453 he went to England for his formal admittance to the Mercers' Company, and in 1465 he was appointed governor for Bruges of the Merchant Adventurers, an association of English merchants. This important position involved delicate and responsible commercial negotiations, and Caxton seems to have fulfilled his duties honourably and with success. About 1470 a change took place in his life. He gave up his connexion with commerce, and entered the service of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV. It is not known why he did this, but it may well be that he wished for greater freedom for literary work. He had already begun his first translation from the French, the "Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye", and this he finished in 1471, dedicating it to his patroness, the Duchess of Burgundy. It was this piece of work which led him to turn his attention to the art of printing. The book in manuscript was much sought after, and the labour of copying was too heavy and too slow to meet the demand. Therefore, he says, "I have practysed & lerned at my grete charge & dispense to ordeyne this said book in prynteโ€ฆthat every man may have them attones." There is some evidence to show that Caxton first learned printing at Cologne, where other famous printers had learned it, but the question is still under debate. His first book, the "Recuyell", was undoubtedly printed at Bruges in 1474, at the press of Colard Mansion, an illuminator of manuscripts, who had set up a press in that city in 1473. Caxton's second book, the "Game & Pleye of Chess", another translation from the French, came, it is almost certain, from the same press in 1475. The highest point of interest in Caxton's life is reached when in 1476, returning to England, he set up a printing press of his own at Westminster. The first dated book issued from this press was the "Dictes and sayings of the Philosophers " and bears the imprint 1477. From this date to the end of his life he issued ninety-six books from the Westminster press, including, amongst others, the works of Chaucer and Gower, Sir Thomas Malory's "Morte d'Arthur", and various translations of more or less classical works from French, Latin, and Dutch, together with a number of smaller books, a good many of which are religious. His industry was very great, and he died in the midst of his work. He was not only a skilful master printer and publisher of books, but to some extent a man of lettersโ€“editor, author, translatorโ€“with a certain style of his own and a true enthusiasm for literature. His work as writer and translator helped to fix the literary language of England in the sixteenth century. Specimens of his printed books exist in various public and private libraries. The British Museum possesses eighty-three Caxton volumes, twenty-five of which are duplicates. The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. Copyright ยฉ Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright ยฉ Catholic Online
Villa Le Barone (8.9/10 ืžืชื•ืš 86 ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช), La Pensione di Vignamaggio (9.3/10 ืžืชื•ืš 321 ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช), ื•ื’ื Rosso Del Chianti (8.8/10 ืžืชื•ืš 140 ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช) ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘Panzano.
A truck is a large and highly complicated machine with many different systemsโ€”all of which work together to make the machine able to move over 40 US tons on a single load. Trucks move over eleven billion tons of goods in the United States alone each year and are indispensable to manufacturing and construction. One of the requirements of owning and operating such a machine is keeping it in safe working order. Maintenance for a truck is not the same as for a passenger vehicle. There are many systems that need special attention, such as: Tires. Under-inflation or over-inflation can cause tires to fail if they get too hot. Tires need to be carefully inspected for tread depth, pressure, and damage because even minor variations on a tire can quickly cause failures or accidents. Batteries. Heat can corrode battery leads, and sulfite crystals will build more easily in warm weather. Corrosion causes voltage to degrade over time, and should be cleaned with a brush from the battery leads. Engine Cooling System. The bigger the engine, the more important it is to keep cool, since bigger engines generate more heat. The cooling module needs to be washed from the side that faces the engine, so that debris and residue are flushed out of the front. While painstaking, ever effort to clean the entire unit should be made to ensure the cooling system works as intended. Any failure in cooling is potentially catastrophic for the whole engine. Air Conditioning System. Leaks and residue buildup in filters can cause the A/C to fail. A non-functioning or even a partially-functioning air conditioning system makes a driverโ€™s job much more difficult. Hoses, filters, and belts need to be checked and the blower motor replaced if failing. Electronics. In a truck, everything from the alternator to the wiring can comprise the electrical system. These should be checked for fraying or punctures whenever the engine is worked on, since these fragile parts are easy to damage when performing other maintenance. Any frayed wires, corroded leads or pierced shielding should be fixed as soon as possible to reduce electrical failure risk. Belts and hoses. Checking the engine belts is usually easy. Do a visual inspection for cracks and proper tension, or use an automatic tensioner if available. Checking the hoses is a little more difficult; since they degrade from the inside out, squeeze them at their ends to determine if there is any deterioration. If the end feels spongy, it probably needs replacing. Also look for seepage or leaks around connections, and also chaffing against other objects. Overall, itโ€™s important to remember that the summerโ€™s higher temperatures make an engine more susceptible to wear. Heat is energy, and even the sturdiest components have their limits. Pay special attention to your cooling system and your tires while remembering to inspect everything elseโ€”and you should have smooth riding until the leaves change once again. Veltri strives to make sure every load has an experienced driver and well-maintained equipment to keep your freight moving, and transportation made easy.
ื–ื›ื™ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืื—ืœ ืœืงืจืืช ืžืื•ืจืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืžื—? ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืชืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘-100% ืืช ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื? ื–ืจ โ€œืžืื” ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ืโ€ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืื” ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ืžืžืชืง ืžืœืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ! ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ื - ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืง ืขื 100 ืคืจืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืœืกืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ืจ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ืžืชื ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื”, ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ 80 ืคืจืœื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืจื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืชื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื›-20 ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ืื” ืžืจืื”. ืžืชื ื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช, ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•!
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื” ืฉื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’, ื•ืชืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ืจืกืก ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ", ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช: ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ื•ื˜ื•ื“ ืกืจื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื“ืจื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื” ื–ืจ ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืœืกื“ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’. ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืกื˜: ื”ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘'ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ' - ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ? ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ึพK-pop ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžืขืจื™ื›ื”: ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืชืชืจื•ื 900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข, ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ืจ ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื. 4 ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ (ืฆื™ืœื•ื: Netflix) ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื™ืกื ื™+ ื ื™ืคืงื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ืกืคื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื” ืฉื’ื”, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื–ื”: ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘-16.3% ืœ-7.48 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืงื™ ื–ื™ื ืง ื‘-84.4% ืœ-1.45 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื•ื‘ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 9.4% ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘-2020 (4.38 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ), ืœ-213.56 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ. ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืจืฉื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืกื™ื”-ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง ืœืฆื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื•ืฆื‘ืจื” ืชืื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืจื’ืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืชื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืงื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœื”. 4 ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก (ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก) "ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•", ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ืขื ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”. "ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื• ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™-ืคืขื, ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-142 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. "ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื; ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-94 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื—ื“ืจื” ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื’ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืŸ ื‘-Saturday Night Live, ื•ืœืžืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-42 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื". 4 ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ? ื›ื™ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืขื ืžืœืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืชื—ืคื•ืฉื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืœืื™ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื’. ืื ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ืชืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ, ื”ื™ื ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื–ืจืžื• ืœื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื (ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืขืœ ืžืจืฆ'ื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืฉืžื›ืจื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื). ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืจืกืก ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ" ืœืžื” ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“? ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืคื™ืงื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื—ืจืจ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื•-ืกืคืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื ืชื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืขืจืš ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื. 4 ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก (ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื’'ืก) ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืจืกืก ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ". ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคืกืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืคืขื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™+, ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืืฉ. ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ื›ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื•ืžื” ื™ื—ืžื™ืฅ. ืžื” ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜, ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ? ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื ื—ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจ. ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ืจืฉืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืžื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขืจืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื“ืจื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ืื“ื™ืจ, ืœื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ'ื ื“ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืฉื™ืžื ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืชืคื•ืก ื•ืžื” ื™ืชืจืกืง, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ืจืฉืžื”, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ื™ืกื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืขืจื›ืช ืืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื-ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ืืœื• ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืชื•ืคืก ื•ืื– ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืงืœ.
ืœื›ื•ืœ ืื—ื“.ืช ืžืืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื•ืœ ืื—ื“.ืช ืžืืชื ื• ืžืกืคืจ.ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•.ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื•. ื›ื•ืœ ืื—ื“.ืช ืžืืชื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•.ื”, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•.ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•.ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืจื›ืฉืช. ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ื•ื, ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื.ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื.ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื.ืŸ ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืืฆืœืš ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช? ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘. ืขื“ ืื–, ื ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืืช ื”ื–ืงื .ื” ื”ื—ื›ืž.ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืฉืจืง ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ, ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ืื ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื”.ืชื” ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ.ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืœื˜ ืืฆืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืกื“ื ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื? ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืฆืœื™ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ.ื” ืืฆืœื™ ืกื“ื ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ.ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืคื™ืชื—.ื” ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื, ืื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.ืช ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื–ืืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื.ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืื• ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืœืกืคืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื›ื.ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืื ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื? ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื. ืื ื™ ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื•ืžืชื™ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื—.ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืง, ืื• โ€“ ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ.ื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืกื•ืคืจ. ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืช ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื•ืืช ืจืขื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืื ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืง ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ? ืžื” ืคืชืื•ื. ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ื•ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื–'ืื ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืฆืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช/ื“ืจืžื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืกื“ื ื”, ืจืง ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืืชื•. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืจืก ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ? ื›ืŸ, ืจืง ืื ืืช.ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื›ื•ืชื‘.ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ. ืชื’ื™ื“, ืื™ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœ ื–ื”? ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืจื”, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ? ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืงืคื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ื“ืคื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•. ืคื•ืกื˜, ืฉื™ืจ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืคืจืง ืžืกืคืจ. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืื– ืœื™ื“ืชื ืขื ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืืช.
ืžืชื ืขืจ ืžื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ("ืœื ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ืจื?"), ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ: ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื-ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจืงื˜ ืœืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช 50 ืฉื ื” ืœื’'ื˜ืจื• ื˜ืืœ: ืกื•ืœืŸ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืœื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื’'ื˜ืจื• ื˜ืืœ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 50 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื”. ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”
Ahad Ha'Am St 14, Architecture, Architektur, Bauhaus, beton, boredom, Bรผros, central Tel Aviv, concrete, destroy, die weiรŸe Stadt, documentary photographer, Dokumentarfotograf, Fenster, Gleichheit, Heiliges Land, Herzel Str., high rise, hochhaus, holy land, Israel, Langeweile, modern architecture, moderne architektur, offices, Rothschild, Rothschild Boulevard, sameness, Stahl, steel, Stefanie Pietschmann, Tel Aviv, the white city, tower, Turm, windows, <url>, zentral Tel Aviv, zerstรถrt, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื 14, ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ืืจืฅ, ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก, ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื”ื”ืจืก, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื’ื“ืœ, ืžืจื›ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืฆ'ืžืŸ, ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชโ€Ž, ืฆืœืžืช ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช, ืจื‘ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ. ืื ื™ ืืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื” ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ. ืืฉืžื— ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืชื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžืœืžื“, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื”ื ื”.
Huge, Harmful Pipeline Nixed to Save Threatened Species In a victory for endangered fish and other river species, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has -- for a second time -- rejected a permit for a massive, controversial pipeline that would be a disaster for the Colorado and Green rivers. The Flaming Gorge pipeline would suck an astonishing 81 billion gallons of water from the Green per year, dealing a potentially fatal blow to one of the West's last great rivers -- as well as to razorback suckers and Colorado pikeminnows. After legal intervention in the pipeline's permit process by the Center for Biological Diversity and allies, represented by Earthjustice, the commission said the project was poorly defined and that its proponent, Wyco Power and Water, Inc., was dismally unprepared to get all the authorizations needed to build it. That means this outrageous attempt to deplete two rivers should be dead in the water. Read our press release and learn about saving the razorback sucker. Two California Plants Closer to Recovery In the same week that the Center for Biological Diversity released our report proving the success of the Endangered Species Act, two plants offered a prime example of that success. Last Tuesday, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to reclassify the San Clemente Island lotus and San Clemente Island paintbrush as "threatened" under the Act -- a welcome step forward from their former "endangered" status. Both plants declined dramatically when nonnative goats and pigs trampled their island home. But after federal protection in the 1970s, the U.S. Navy -- which owns and trains on San Clemente Island -- stepped up to remove those animals and made a plan to protect the plants. The beautiful, yellow-flowered lotus and hairy-leaved paintbrush were just two of the 110 species studied in the Center's report On Time, On Target: How the Endangered Species Act Is Saving America's Wildlife. A full 90 percent of the protected plants and animals we reviewed are on pace to meet recovery goals. Read our plant press release and check out our 110-species report, plus a cool interactive map to help you find protected species in your region. Suit Launched to Save Arizona Condors From Lead Poisoning -- Take Action The Center for Biological Diversity and allies are preparing to sue the U.S. Forest Service for failing to protect Arizona's endangered California condors from lead poisoning, which is affecting 95 percent of the birds and often kills them. When these sensitive, broad-winged birds scavenge carcasses shot with lead bullets that are left behind by hunters, they ingest the toxin, too -- which enters their bloodstream and can cause painful death. Officials in California -- after many years of work by the Center and allies -- mandated the use of only nonlead ammunition in the state's condor range. Unfortunately in Arizona the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service still allows lead bullets in the Kaibab National Forest, which is home for the Arizona condor population. These amazing birds, whose wings can span 10 feet and which can live 60 years, were once so endangered that by the mid-1980s only 22 were left in the world; the Endangered Species Act brought them back from the brink. Still, with only about 400 condors in the wild and in breeding programs, the birds continue to need our help. Check out our lawsuit press release and read about condors' population boost in the Oregonian. Then learn about saving condors and take action to defend them from the National Rifle Association. Lawsuit Looming to Defend 25 Reptiles, Amphibians The Center for Biological Diversity filed a notice of intent to sue the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Tuesday for the agency's failure to move forward on protecting 25 reptiles and amphibians headed toward extinction in the Southeast. Our notice should speed Endangered Species Act safeguards for nine turtles, two snakes, 13 salamanders and one skink -- the Florida Keys mole skink, a tiny lizard that burrows into sand and can lose and regrow its tail like a gecko. We petitioned for these creatures (plus hundreds of other Southeast aquatic species) with our allies in 2010, but though the Service said the species "may warrant" protections, it missed its deadline to propose them. Scores of U.S. reptiles and amphibians are threatened with extinction, but they make up only 58 of the 1,400 federally protected U.S. species. The Center -- boasting the only attorney in the world devoted to defending these animals -- is determined to change that. Get more from The Miami Herald, and then read this piece by our own Collette Adkins Giese in the latest issue of FrogLog about the importance of protecting reptiles and amphibians under the Endangered Species Act. Forest Service Awards Agency Insiders Massive Tree-cutting Contract The U.S. Forest Service has awarded one of the largest-ever tree-cutting contracts in the history of the national forest system to a timber company represented by a retired Forest Service official. The contract, awarded last week, calls for timber cutting on approximately 300,000 acres of ponderosa pine in northern Arizona as part of the Four Forests Restoration Initiative, a showcase forest restoration project for the Obama administration under what's known as "the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Act." The Forest Service chose Pioneer Forest Products, a company represented by a retired agency official who, in his years with the Forest Service, tried to loosen logging limits, acted as the liaison for Pioneer, and then began representing the company within a year of retiring from the Forest Service. Importantly, the agency didn't choose a company that has collaborated with conservation groups, that doesn't want to log larger-diameter trees, and that actually offered the Forest Service $10 million more than Pioneer did -- including money for monitoring imperiled species. "The decision stinks of cronyism," said Taylor McKinnon, with the Center for Biological Diversity. Read our press release and learn more about the Center's long work for forests. Water Grab Threatens Mojave -- Help Stop It In the Mojave desert, a politically connected company called Cadiz Inc. is trying to steal water from a place where every drop counts -- to local people, as well as to desert tortoises, bighorn sheep, Mojave fringe-toed lizards and other rare species in the region that need that water to survive. The project would drain a 14-million acre-foot aquifer underlying eastern San Bernardino County and pump the groundwater 200 miles away to suburban Orange County. The water-grab site is just 15 miles away from the Mojave National Preserve, precious protected public land. San Bernardino County was required to lead environmental review for the project, but let a water district nearly 200 miles away do it instead. Worse, in early May the county also exempted the project from its own groundwater law, replacing it with an unenforceable agreement that, among other things, forces the county to wait a decade before even learning of damage to the aquifer. The Center and allies submitted 80 pages of comments opposing the project, and we're demanding that San Bernardino County take control and stop this dangerous water grab. Check out our brand-new Cadiz project web page, take action by writing letters and see our own Ileene Anderson's letter to the editor in the Los Angeles Times. Suit Seeks Release of Crucial Bat Documents -- Act to Save Bats As the deadly bat disease white-nose syndrome spreads west like wildfire, one of the U.S. Forest Service's regions is withholding documents on cave closures and other steps that could help slow the spread of white-nose in Idaho and Montana. To get those documents where they need to be -- in the hands of those who care about helping bats, like us -- the Center for Biological Diversity has sued the northern region of the agency. White-nose syndrome has wiped out as many as 7 million bats since 2006. Earlier this spring, the Center called on the White House to launch a nationwide effort to stem the spread of the disease, which has already hit 19 states and four Canadian provinces. One of the best steps is to close caves on public lands to nonessential human travel, because the disease can be transported on cave visitors' clothing and gear. Unfortunately, some land managers, especially in the West, have been slow to take this important action. But if we're going to save America's bats from this epidemic, we need to use every tool available. Read more in the Chicago Tribune, visit the Save Our Bats Web page and take action to help bats now. Biodiversity Briefing: The Endangered Species Act's Success In the Center for Biological Diversity's latest phone "Biodiversity Briefing" with key supporters, Executive Director Kierรกn Suckling discussed the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act, including giving a special sneak peek at the new On Time, On Target report we released last week. The call focused on the success of the Endangered Species Act, attacks on the Act and the Center's multifaceted work to win legal safeguards for wildlife and wildlands. Kierรกn discussed the results of the new report -- which showed that 90 percent of the 110 protected species we analyzed are recovering right on time with their federal recovery plans. He predicted that several species, from the northern red-bellied cooter (a northeastern turtle) to the Inyo California towhee (a subtly colored songbird in Inyo County, Calif.), will be "downlisted" or recovered in the next few years. Listen to the first part of Kierรกn's briefing. These personal phone briefings, Web presentations and Q&As with Center staff are only open to members of the Center's Leadership Circle and Legacy Society. For information on how to join and be invited to participate live when the calls happen, email Major Gifts Associate Julie Ragland or call her toll-free at (866) 357-3349 x 304. Wild & Weird: Gila Monster Spit -- Lifesaving Cure for Vice? Some people are afraid of Gila monsters; these big, black-and-bright-orange Southwest lizards have poisonous bites, and their striking appearance can be intimidating. (It doesn't help that their common name includes the word monster.) But here's a good reason to love North America's largest lizards: Their saliva saves lives. For years, patients suffering from type 2 diabetes have had the option to control their blood sugar by taking Exenatide, a synthetic drug modeled after exendin-4, obtained from the spittle of the mighty Gila monster. A new study published in the Journal of Neuroscience finds that exendin-4 also positively affects the brain mechanisms that control addictive behaviors, especially compulsive eating. According to Swedish researchers, it reduces craving for chocolate and, potentially, booze -- at least in rats. Read more in Science Daily. Photo credits: Gila monster (c) Robin Silver; razorback sucker by Mark Fuller, USFWS; San Clemente island paintbrush courtesy USFWS Pacific Southwest Region; California condor courtesy Flickr Commons/Jim Bahn; seepage salamander courtesy Flickr Commons/aposematic_herpetologist; tree-cutting at Kaibab National Forest courtesy Flickr Commons/USFS Southwest Region; desert tortoise courtesy Flickr Commons/sandman; northern long-eared bat courtesy USFWS; northern red-bellied cooter by John White, Virginia Herpetological Society; Gila monster courtesy Flickr Commons/Carla Kishinami. This message was sent to . The Center for Biological Diversity sends newsletters and action alerts through DemocracyinAction.org. Let us know if you'd like to change your email list preferences or stop receiving action alerts and newsletters from us.
Avoid those Winter Blues! By: Alere Staff Seasonal Affective Disorder (also known as โ€œSADโ€ and โ€œWinter Depressionโ€) is a type of depression that occurs most commonly in the winter months. SAD can begin during teen years or adulthood and, as with most forms of depression, is more common in women than men. People that live in areas that have very long, dark winter nights have a greater incidence of SAD than people who live in areas with an abundance of sunshine. Symptoms of SAD usually come on gradually in the late autumn or winter months. They are similar to the symptoms seen in other types of depression and can include feelings of hopelessness, irritability, low energy, excessive sleep, increased appetite and weight gain, loss of interest in activities and unhappiness. While there is no test for SAD, a doctor can diagnose it by asking questions about a personโ€™s history of symptoms. Healthy lifestyle habits such as getting plenty of sleep regularly, eating a balanced, healthy diet, exercising more often, taking all medications as prescribed and finding activities that one enjoys can help manage symptoms of SAD. It can also be helpful to be around people who are caring, positive and trusted. Just as they are for other forms of depression, antidepressant medications and talk therapy can be effective. As with any medication or change in lifestyle, always talk to your doctor and keep them informed.