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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 3 new columns ({'authors', 'publication_year', 'doi'}) and 7 missing columns ({'seen', '12 - Coastal and marine Ecosystems', '12 - Rivers, lakes, and soil moisture', '12 - Human and managed', '12 - Terrestrial ES', '12 - Mountains, snow and ice', 'INCLUDE'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/dspoka/ccai-nlp-tutorial-1/openalex_data.csv (at revision 66fb9fb9b72605142c05d3e9c3713479cfcb0f1d)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2011, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 585, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2302, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2256, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
id: string
doi: string
title: string
publication_year: int64
abstract: string
authors: string
-- schema metadata --
pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 942
to
{'id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'abstract': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'title': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'seen': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), 'INCLUDE': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), '12 - Coastal and marine Ecosystems': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), '12 - Human and managed': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), '12 - Mountains, snow and ice': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), '12 - Rivers, lakes, and soil moisture': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), '12 - Terrestrial ES': Value(dtype='float64', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1321, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 935, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1027, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1122, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1882, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2013, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 3 new columns ({'authors', 'publication_year', 'doi'}) and 7 missing columns ({'seen', '12 - Coastal and marine Ecosystems', '12 - Rivers, lakes, and soil moisture', '12 - Human and managed', '12 - Terrestrial ES', '12 - Mountains, snow and ice', 'INCLUDE'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/dspoka/ccai-nlp-tutorial-1/openalex_data.csv (at revision 66fb9fb9b72605142c05d3e9c3713479cfcb0f1d)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id
int64 | abstract
string | title
string | seen
float64 | INCLUDE
float64 | 12 - Coastal and marine Ecosystems
float64 | 12 - Human and managed
float64 | 12 - Mountains, snow and ice
float64 | 12 - Rivers, lakes, and soil moisture
float64 | 12 - Terrestrial ES
float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,448,689 | The city of Bismarck, North Dakota has one of the highest numbers of West Nile Virus (WNV) cases per population in the U.S. Although the city conducts extensive mosquito surveillance, the mosquito abundance alone may not fully explain the occurrence of WNV. Here, we developed models to predict mosquito abundance and the number of WNV cases, independently, by statistically analyzing the most important climate and virus transmission factors. An analysis with the mosquito model indicated that the mosquito numbers increase during a warm and humid summer or after a severely cold winter. In addition, river flooding decreased the mosquito numbers. The number of WNV cases was best predicted by including the virus transmission rate, the mosquito numbers, and the mosquito feeding pattern. This virus transmission rate is a function of temperature and increases significantly above 20 degrees C. The correlation coefficients (r) were 0.910 with the mosquito-population model and 0.620 with the disease case model. Our findings confirmed the conclusions of other work on the importance of climatic variables in controlling the mosquito numbers and contributed new insights into disease dynamics, especially in relation to extreme flooding. It also suggested a new prevention strategy of initiating insecticides not only based on mosquito numbers but also 10-day forecasts of unusually hot weather. | Key Factors Influencing the Incidence of West Nile Virus in Burleigh County, North Dakota | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,281,128 | Changing precipitation regimes can profoundly affect plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, how changing precipitation, especially extreme precipitation events, alters plant diversity and community composition is still poorly understood. A 3-year field manipulative experiment with seven precipitation treatments, including - 60%, - 40%, - 20%, 0% (as a control), + 20%, + 40%, and + 60% of ambient growing-season precipitation, was conducted in a semi-arid steppe in the Mongolian Plateau. Results showed total plant community cover and forb cover were enhanced with increased precipitation and reduced under decreased precipitation, whereas grass cover was suppressed under the - 60% treatment only. Plant community and grass species richness were reduced by the - 60% treatment only. Moreover, our results demonstrated that total plant community cover was more sensitive to decreased than increased precipitation under normal and extreme precipitation change, and species richness was more sensitive to decreased than increased precipitation under extreme precipitation change. The community composition and low field water holding capacity may drive this asymmetric response. Accumulated changes in community cover may eventually lead to changes in species richness. However, compared to control, Shannon-Weiner index (H) did not respond to any precipitation treatment, and Pielou's evenness index (E) was reduced under the + 60% treatment across the 3 year, but not in each year. Thus, the findings suggest that plant biodiversity in the semi-arid steppe may have a strong resistance to precipitation pattern changes through adjusting its composition in a short term. | Asymmetric responses of plant community structure and composition to precipitation variabilities in a semi-arid steppe | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
900,708 | Climate influences forest structure through effects on both species demography (recruitment and mortality) and disturbance regimes. Here, I compare multi-century chronologies of regional fire years and tree recruitment from ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming to reconstructions of precipitation and global circulation indices. Regional fire years were affected by droughts and variations in both Pacific and Atlantic sea surface temperatures. Fires were synchronous with La Ninas, cool phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and warm phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). These quasi-periodic circulation features are associated with drought conditions over much of the western United States. The opposite pattern (El Nino, warm PDO, cool AMO) was associated with fewer fires than expected. Regional tree recruitment largely occurred during wet periods in precipitation reconstructions, with the most abundant recruitment coeval with an extended pluvial from the late 1700s to early 1800s. Widespread even-aged cohorts likely were not the result of large crown fires causing overstory mortality, but rather were caused by optimal climate conditions that contributed to synchronous regional recruitment and longer intervals between surface fires. Synchronous recruitment driven by climate is an example of the Moran effect. The presence of abundant fire-scarred trees in multi-aged stands supports a prevailing historical model for ponderosa pine forests in which recurrent surface fires affected heterogenous forest structure, although the Black Hills apparently had a greater range of fire behavior and resulting forest structure over multi-decadal time scales than ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest that burned more often. | Climate effects on fire regimes and tree recruitment in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3,234,419 | Climate change is likely to bring more, hotter and longer lasting heat waves in central Europe over the coming decades. Particularly, vulnerable groups are hit harder by heat waves. A gender-sensitive perspective has not been taken into account sufficiently in scientific studies on climate change and health. This study examined the health impact of extreme heat events from a gender-sensitive perspective and measured gender-specific individual behavioural adaptation and mitigation strategies. A cross-sectional population survey was done in Leipzig, Germany, from July to October 2014. The survey was used to determine the relationship between the influencing factors such as gender, adaptive and mitigation measures and the health burden resulting from extreme heat waves. Gender-specific differences were found for type of income, personal net income and individuals who are strongly affected by persistent heat. A significant gender difference was also found for headaches, cardiovascular diseases, different climate adaptation measures and types of mitigating behaviour. These findings confirm other study results and indicate the need for further studies on gender and diversity aspects which take into account sociodemographic, socioeconomic and climate ecological differences. Taking the public health approach, surveys for adaptation and mitigation measures are needed which explicitly consider gender and target groups? aspects. | Climate change adaptation and mitigation ? a hitherto neglected gender-sensitive public health perspective | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,090,028 | Aim The long-term stability of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and salt marshes depends upon the maintenance of soil elevations within the intertidal habitat as sea level changes. We examined the rates and processes of peat formation by mangroves of the Caribbean Region to better understand biological controls on habitat stability. Location Mangrove-dominated islands on the Caribbean coasts of Belize, Honduras and Panama were selected as study sites. Methods Biological processes controlling mangrove peat formation were manipulated (in Belize) by the addition of nutrients (nitrogen or phosphorus) to Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), and the effects on the dynamics of soil elevation were determined over a 3-year period using rod surface elevation tables (RSET) and marker horizons. Peat composition and geological accretion rates were determined at all sites using radiocarbon-dated cores. Results The addition of nutrients to mangroves caused significant changes in rates of mangrove root accumulation, which influenced both the rate and direction of change in elevation. Areas with low root input lost elevation and those with high rates gained elevation. These findings were consistent with peat analyses at multiple Caribbean sites showing that deposits (up to 10 m in depth) were composed primarily of mangrove root matter. Comparison of radiocarbon-dated cores at the study sites with a sea-level curve for the western Atlantic indicated a tight coupling between peat building in Caribbean mangroves and sea-level rise over the Holocene. Main conclusions Mangroves common to the Caribbean region have adjusted to changing sea level mainly through subsurface accumulation of refractory mangrove roots. Without root and other organic inputs, submergence of these tidal forests is inevitable due to peat decomposition, physical compaction and eustatic sea-level rise. These findings have relevance for predicting the effects of sea-level rise and biophysical processes on tropical mangrove ecosystems. | Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
574,391 | Climate change and habitat destruction have been linked to global declines in vertebrate biodiversity, including mammals, amphibians, birds, and fishes. However, invertebrates make up the vast majority of global species richness, and the combined effects of climate change and land use on invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here we present 35 years of data on 159 species of butterflies from 10 sites along an elevational gradient spanning 0-2,775 m in a biodiversity hotspot, the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Northern California. Species richness has declined at half of the sites, with the most severe reductions at the lowest elevations, where habitat destruction is greatest. At higher elevations, we observed clear upward shifts in the elevational ranges of species, consistent with the influence of global warming. Taken together, these long-term data reveal the interacting negative effects of human-induced changes on both the climate and habitat available to butterfly species in California. Furthermore, the decline of ruderal, disturbance-associated species indicates that the traditional focus of conservation efforts on more specialized and less dispersive species should be broadened to include entire faunas when estimating and predicting the effects of pervasive stressors. | Compounded effects of climate change and habitat alteration shift patterns of butterfly diversity | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
106,177 | BACKGROUND: Extreme hot weather conditions have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but risks are not evenly distributed throughout the population. Previously, a heat vulnerability index (HVI) was created to geographically locate populations with increased vulnerability to heat in metropolitan areas throughout the United States. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether areas with higher heat vulnerability, as characterized by the HVI, experienced higher rates of morbidity and mortality on abnormally hot days. METHODS: We used Poisson regression to model the interaction of HVI and deviant days (days whose deviation of maximum temperature from the 30-year normal maximum temperature is at or above the 95th percentile) on hospitalization and mortality counts in five states participating in the Environmental Public Health Tracking Network for the years 2000 through 2007. RESULTS: The HVI was associated with higher hospitalization and mortality rates in all states on both normal days and deviant days. However, associations were significantly stronger (interaction p-value < 0.05) on deviant days for heat-related illness, acute renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, and nephritis in California, heat-related illness in Washington, all-cause mortality in New Mexico, and respiratory hospitalizations in Massachusetts. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the HVI may be a marker of health vulnerability in general, although it may indicate greater vulnerability to heat in some cases. | Evaluation of a Heat Vulnerability Index on Abnormally Hot Days: An Environmental Public Health Tracking Study | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,359,692 | Calcium and dairy consumption are documented to be low among African Americans and have demonstrated benefits to bone growth, overall nutritional status, and health throughout the life cycle. There is also an emerging relationship to the prevention of obesity. This low consumption has been attributed to both cultural and community/environ mental barriers. Using a life course construct and an ecological model of health behavior, this paper will illustrate why nutrition education and food consumption behavior at one stage of the life cycle may influence health status at that stage as well as influence health and consumption of calcium and dairy products at subsequent stages. The life course construct recognizes that both past and present behavior and experiences (in this case food and nutrient intake) are shaped by the wider social, economic, and cultural context and therefore may provide clues to current patterns of health and disease. The ecological model, concerned with constructs of environmental change, behavior, and policies that may help people make choices in their daily life, complements the life course approach when examining the potential influence of nutrition education provided by federally funded food and nutrition programs on calcium and dairy consumption behavior across the life cycle. The "critical period model" within the life course construct is operative for calcium, a nutrient for which adequate intake is critically important during adolescence when peak bone density development, necessary for later protection against osteoporosis, is important. | Models for nutrition education to increase consumption of calcium and dairy products among African Americans | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
286,348 | Through the study of a late Holocene sample of small mammal remains from central Patagonia (Chubut province, Argentina) we document the regional extinction of four sigmodontines and one fossorial caviomorph rodent. This diversity loss is discussed in the light of two potential causes: Little Ice Age and human impact. We conclude that probably the latter was the main reason behind the current structure of small mammal communities. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Micromammal diversity loss in central-eastern Patagonia over the last 400 years | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,352,688 | Within the northern Mississippi embayment the ancestral Mississippi River flowed south through the Western Lowlands and the ancestral Ohio River flowed through the Eastern Lowlands for most of the Pleistocene. Previous investigators have mapped and dated the terraces of their respective braid belts. This current research investigates the three-dimensional aspect of the Quaternary alluvium north of Memphis, Tennessee, through the interpretation of 3374 geologic well logs that are 91.4 m (300 ft) deep. The braid belts are capped by a thin silt/clay horizon (Pleistocene loess) that overlies gravelly sand, which in turn overlies sandy gravel. The base of the Pleistocene alluvium beneath the Ash Hill (27.3-24.6 ka), Melville Ridge (41.6-34.5 ka), and Dudley (63.5-50.1 ka) terraces of the Western Lowland slope southerly by 0.275 m/km and all have an average basal elevation of 38 m. Near Beedeville, Arkansas, the bases of these terraces descend 20 m across a northeast-striking down-to-the-southeast fault that coincides with the western margin of the Cambrian Reelfoot rift. The maximum depth of flow (lowest elevation of base of alluvium) occurred in the Eastern Lowlands and appears to have been the downstream continuation of the ancestral Ohio River Cache valley course in southern Illinois. In traversing from west to east in the Eastern Lowlands, the Sikeston braid belt (19.7-17.8 ka) has a basal elevation averaging 7 m, the Kennett braid belt (16.1-14.4 ka) averages 13 m, the Morehouse (12 ka) braid belt averages 24 m, and the Holocene (<= 10 ka) Mississippi River floodplain has the highest average basal elevation at 37 m. Along this easterly traverse the base of the Quaternary alluvium rises and the age of alluvium decreases. The eastward thinning of the floodplain alluvium in the Eastern Lowlands appears to be caused by decreasing Mississippi River discharge as it transitioned from the Wisconsinan glacial maximum to the Holocene. The base of the Holocene Mississippi River floodplain averages 23 m higher in elevation than the Pleistocene floodplain bases in the Eastern Lowlands. This high suballuvial surface (platform) is bound by the tectonically uplifted Joiner ridge, Blytheville arch, Charleston uplift, and Bluff Line fault. The spatial relationship and similar histories of the platform and bounding structures suggest that Quaternary erosion and tectonics are related. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the central Mississippi River valley | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
232,384 | Permafrost borehole temperatures were measured in 1985, 1998, and 2004 on Barter Island near the village of Kaktovik and in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR) north of the Brooks Range. These measurements indicate that the century-long warming documented for the central and western Arctic has also occurred in the region near Barter Island and in the northern Arctic NWR. At Kaktovik, the warming occurred during the second quarter of the 20th century or earlier and its magnitude exceeded 0.8 degrees C. A more recent warming (since the mid to late 1980s) similar to that in the central and western Arctic is also occurring on Barter Island and in the northern Arctic NWR. Near Kaktovik, the permafrost warmed about 2 to 3 degrees C from 1985 to 2004. In the northern Arctic NWR, on a line extending southward from Tapkaurak Point, it warmed about 1.5 to 2 degrees C from 1985 to 1998. If air temperatures warm 5 degrees C over the next century, as predicted, some of the permafrost in the northern Arctic NWR would be expected to thaw. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Warming of permafrost in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2,348,899 | Local and global sensitivity and uncertainty methods are applied to a box model of the dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation cycle in the remote marine boundary layer in order to determine the key physical and chemical parameters and sources of uncertainty. The model considers 58 uncertain parameters, and simulates the diurnal gas-phase cycles of DMS, SO2, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and H2SO4 for clear-sky summertime conditions observed over the Southern Ocean. The results of this study depend on many underlying assumptions, including the DMS mechanism, simulation conditions, and probability distribution functions of the uncertain parameters. A local direct integration method is used to calculate first-order local sensitivity coefficients for infinitesimal perturbations about the parameter means. Key parameters identified by this analysis are related to DMS emissions, vertical mixing, heterogeneous removal, and the DMS+OH abstraction and addition reactions. MSA and H2SO4 are also sensitive to numerous rate constants, which limits the ability of using parameterized mechanisms to predict their concentrations. Of the chemistry, H2SO4 is highly sensitive to the rate constants for a set of nighttime reactions that lead to its production through a non-SO2 path initiated by the oxidation of DMS by NO3. For the global analysis, the probabilistic collocation method is used to propagate the uncertain parameters through the model. The concentrations of DMS and SO2 are uncertain (1-sigma) by factors of 3.5 and 2.5, respectively, while MSA and H2SO4 have uncertainty factors that range between 4.1 and 8.6. The main sources of uncertainty in the four species are from DMS emissions and heterogeneous scavenging, but the uncertain rate constants collectively account for up to 59% of the total uncertainty in MSA and 43% in H2SO4. Of the uncertain DMS chemistry, reactions that form and destroy CH3S(O)OO and CH3SO3 are identified as important targets for reducing the uncertainties. | Parametric sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of dimethylsulfide oxidation in the clear-sky remote marine boundary layer | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
128,629 | Global warming is causing changes in temperature at a rate unmatched by any temperature change over the last 50 million years. Crop cultivars have been selected for optimal performance under the current climatic conditions. With global warming, characterized by shifts in weather patterns and increases in frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, new ideotypes will be required with a different set of physiological traits. Severe pressure has been placed on breeders to produce new crop cultivars for a future, rapidly-changing environment that can only be predicted with a great degree of uncertainty and is not available in the present day for direct experiments or field trials. Mathematical modelling, therefore, in conjunction with crop genetics, represents a powerful tool to assist in the breeding process. In this review, drought and high temperature are considered as key stress factors with a high potential impact on crop yield that are associated with global warming, focusing on their effects on wheat. Modelling techniques are described which can help to quantify future threats to wheat growth under climate change and simple component traits that are amenable to genetic analysis are identified. This approach could be used to support breeding programmes for new wheat cultivars suitable for future environments brought about by the changing climate. | Identifying target traits and molecular mechanisms for wheat breeding under a changing climate | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
690,856 | Evidence is strong that the changes observed in the Earth's globally averaged temperature over the past half-century are caused to a large degree by human activities. Efforts to document accompanying precipitation changes in observations have met with limited success, and have been primarily focussed on large-scale regions in order to reduce the relative impact of the natural variability of precipitation as compared to any potential forced change. Studies have not been able to identify statistically significant changes in observed precipitation on small spatial scales. General circulation climate models offer the possibility to extend the analysis of precipitation changes into the future, to determine when simulated changes may emerge from the simulated variability locally as well as regionally. Here we estimate the global temperature increase needed for the precipitation "signal" to emerge from the "noise" of interannual variability within various climatic regions during their wet season. The climatic regions are defined based on cluster analysis. The dry season is not included due to poor model performance as compared to measurements during the observational period. We find that at least a 1.4 degrees C warmer climate compared with the early 20th century is needed for precipitation changes to become statistically significant in any of the analysed climate regions. By the end of this century, it is likely that many land regions will experience statistically significant mean precipitation changes during wet season relative to the early 20th century based on an A1B scenario. Citation: Mahlstein, I., R. W. Portmann, J. S. Daniel, S. Solomon, and R. Knutti (2012), Perceptible changes in regional precipitation in a future climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05701, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050738. | Perceptible changes in regional precipitation in a future climate | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,309,910 | Purpose of Review Recognizing health effects of changes in temperature caused by climate change and changes in air pollution affected by temperature changes on human health, predicting the health effects of both future temperature changes and air quality changes caused by climate change is critical to adopting a range of measures to respond to future climate change. The purpose of this review is to summarize studies on the health effects of temperature and air quality changes affected by climate change directly or indirectly, and to summarize the limitations of these studies. Recent Findings After summarizing the main methods and results, we conclude that past temperature changes and air pollution caused by climate change directly or indirectly have a serious impact on the mortality or morbidity of human diseases, and climate change does impact human health and will exacerbate these effects. Moreover, it may have spatial and socioeconomic differences in the world. Nonetheless, these studies also indicate that policies about climate change and emission reduction can reduce these effects. Summary The evaluation focuses on the interaction between temperature change and air quality caused by climate change and assesses the impact of both on human health. There are still some uncertainties in existing research, and future health predictions related to climate change should focus on quantitative exploration of temperature and air pollution changes, eliminate interference caused by factors such as industrialization, and demographic changes, while the choice of meteorological conditions should be further extended, not just limited to the temperature and air quality. | Health Effects of Climate Change Through Temperature and Air Pollution | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
674,383 | A warming trend has become pronounced since the 1980s in China and is projected to accelerate in the future. Concerns about the vulnerability of agricultural production to climate change are increasing. The impact of future climate change on crop production has been widely predicted by using crop models and climate change scenarios, but little evidence of the observed impacts of climate change on crop production has been reported. In this study, we synthesized crop and climate data from representative stations across China during 1981-2000 to investigate whether there were significant trends in changes of climate variables in different regions, and whether theses changes have had significant impact on the development and production of the staple crops (i.e. rice, wheat, and maize). Our results showed that significant warming trends were observed at most of the investigated stations, and the changes in temperature have shifted crop phenology and affected crop yields during the two decades. The observed climate change patterns, as well their impacts on crop phenology and yields are spatially diverse across China. Our study also highlights the need for further investigations of the combined impacts of temperature and CO2 concentration on physiological processes and mechanisms governing crop growth and production. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Climate changes and trends in phenology and yields of field crops in China, 1981-2000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
411,770 | The Arctic is currently undergoing rapid social and environmental changes, and while the peoples of the north have a long history of adapting, the current changes in climate pose unprecedented challenges to the marine mammal-human interactions in the Arctic regions. Arctic marine mammals have been and remain an important resource for many of the indigenous and nonindigenous people of the north. Changes in climate are likely to bring about profound changes to the environment in which these animals live and subsequently to the hunting practices and livelihoods of the people who hunt them. Climate change will lead to reduction in the sea ice extent and thickness and will likely increase shipping through the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage and oil and. gas activities in Arctic areas previously inaccessible. Such activities will lead to more frequent interactions between humans and marine mammals. These activities may also change the distribution of marine mammals, affecting the hunters. This paper has three parts. First, an overview of marine mammal harvesting activities in the different circumpolar regions provides a snapshot of current practices and conditions. Second case studies of selected Arctic regions, indigenous groups, and species provide insight into the manner in which climate change is already impacting marine mammal harvesting activities in the Arctic. Third, we describe how climate change is likely to affect shipping and oil and gas exploration and production activities in the Arctic and describe the possible implications of these changes for the marine mammal populations. We conclude that many of the consequences of climate change are likely to be negative for marine mammal hunters and for marine mammals. Lack of adequate baseline data, however, makes it difficult to identify specific causal mechanisms and thus to develop appropriate conservation measures. Nonetheless, the future of Arctic marine mammals and human uses of them depends on addressing this challenge successfully. | Marine mammal harvests and other interactions with humans | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,328,049 | The Indian Ocean is warming faster than any of the global oceans and its climate is uniquely driven by the presence of a landmass at low latitudes, which causes monsoonal winds and reversing currents. The food, water, and energy security in the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands are intrinsically tied to its climate, with marine environmental goods and services, as well as trade within the basin, underpinning their economies. Hence, there are a range of societal needs for Indian Ocean observation arising from the influence of regional phenomena and climate change on, for instance, marine ecosystems, monsoon rains, and sea-level. The Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS), is a sustained observing system that monitors basin-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions, while providing flexibility in terms of emerging technologies and scientific and societal needs, and a framework for more regional and coastal monitoring. This paper reviews the societal and scientific motivations, current status, and future directions of IndOOS, while also discussing the need for enhanced coastal, shelf, and regional observations. The challenges of sustainability and implementation are also addressed, including capacity building, best practices, and integration of resources. The utility of IndOOS ultimately depends on the identification of, and engagement with, end-users and decision-makers and on the practical accessibility and transparency of data for a range of products and for decision-making processes. Therefore we highlight current progress, issues and challenges related to end user engagement with IndOOS, as well as the needs of the data assimilation and modeling communities. Knowledge of the status of the Indian Ocean climate and ecosystems and predictability of its future, depends on a wide range of socio-economic and environmental data, a significant part of which is provided by IndOOS. | A Sustained Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean for Climate Related Scientific Knowledge and Societal Needs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
555,036 | No data are available on whether rising carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] or increased air temperature can alter the establishment and persistence of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) within a plant community following soil disturbance. To determine ragweed longevity, we exposed disturbed soil with a common seed bank population to an in situ temperature and [CO2] gradient along an urban-rural transect beginning in early 2002. No other consistent differences in meteorological variables (e.g. wind speed, humidity, PAR, tropospheric ozone) as a function of urbanization were documented over the course of the study (2002-2005). Above-ground measurements of biomass over this period demonstrated that ragweed along the transect responded to urban induced increases in [CO2]/temperature with peak biomass being observed at this location by the end of 2003. However, by the Fall of 2004, and continuing through 2005, urban ragweed populations had dwindled to a few plants. The temporal decline in ragweed populations was not associated with increased disease, herbivory or auto-allelopathy, but was part of a demographic reduction in the total number of annual plant species observed for the urban location. In a separate experiment, we showed that such a demographic shift is consistent with CO2/temperature induced increases in biomass and litter accumulation, with a subsequent reduction in germination/survival of annual plant species. Overall, these data indicate that [CO2]/temperature differences associated with urbanization may increase initial ragweed productivity and pollen production, but suggest that long-term, multi-year persistence of ragweed in the urban macro-environment may be dependent on other factors. | Establishment and persistence of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in disturbed soil as a function of an urban-rural macro-environment | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3,895,202 | This paper is designed to present the challenges and obstacles faced in the use of a new technology for the plugging and de oiling of sections of unpiggable flowlines prior to decommissioning. Conventional methods of decommissioning subsea pipeline infrastructure are inherently very expensive with the mobilization and operation of DSV (Dive Support Vessel), equipment and personnel. In this case the only other viable option was to mobilise a DSV to hot tap the flowlines and circulate fluid from the platform before filling the line with cement. This operation would have incurred considerable expenditure so the operator sought a more cost effective solution. The solution deployed utilised an ultra lightweight, minaturised coiled tubing system which was deployable from the platform lower decks with minimal laydown area required. The system had the ability to traverse multiple bends (360° total), de-oil the line and deliver an expandable cement to plug the pipeline in a single operation. This paper will outline this new approach and will identify how this new technology can positively impact project economics as well as environmental and safety implications. It will also highlight the engineering problems encountered and resolved during this project. The innovative, unconventional approach to this project in the North Sea provides an alternative solution for operators to consider when planning pipeline decommissiong. The result of the operation will be outlined as well as the future of this new technology within the decommissioning sector. Cost reduction is an important topic in the current economic climate and this paper will conclude that this technology provided a suitable solution to the operator and at a reduced cost when compared to conventional solutions. It will also demonstrate how collaboration between companies within the industry has paid dividends to all involved during this project in line with Oil & Gas UK Economic Report 2014. © Copyright 2015, Society of Petroleum Engineers. | Cost reducing pipeline decommissioning technology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10,758 | Long-term trends of temperature variations across the southern Andes (37 - 55degrees S) are examined using a combination of instrumental and tree-ring records. A critical appraisal of surface air temperature from station records is presented for southern South America during the 20th century. For the interval 1930 - 1990, three major patterns in temperature trends are identified. Stations along the Pacific coast between 37 and 43degreesS are characterized by negative trends in mean annual temperature with a marked cooling period from 1950 to the mid-1970s. A clear warming trend is observed in the southern stations (south of 46degreesS), which intensifies at higher latitudes. No temperature trends are detected for the stations on the Atlantic coast north of 45degreesS. In contrast to higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere where annual changes in temperature are dominated by winter trends, both positive and negative trends in southern South America are due to mostly changes in summer ( December to February) temperatures. Changes in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) around 1976 are felt in summer temperatures at most stations in the Pacific domain, starting a period with increased temperature across the southern Andes and at higher latitudes. Tree-ring records from upper-treeline were used to reconstruct past temperature fluctuations for the two dominant patterns over the southern Andes. These reconstructions extend back to 1640 and are based on composite tree-ring chronologies that were processed to retain as much low-frequency variance as possible. The resulting reconstructions for the northern and southern sectors of the southern Andes explain 55% and 45% of the temperature variance over the interval 1930 - 1989, respectively. Cross-spectral analysis of actual and reconstructed temperatures over the common interval 1930 - 1989, indicates that most of the explained variance is at periods >10 years in length. At periods >15 years, the squared coherency between actual and reconstructed temperatures ranges between 0.6 and 0.95 for both reconstructions. Consequently, these reconstructions are especially useful for studying multi-decennial temperature variations in the South American sector of the Southern Hemisphere over the past 360 years. As a result, it is possible to show that the temperatures during the 20th century have been anomalously warm across the southern Andes. The mean annual temperatures for the northern and southern sectors during the interval 1900 - 1990 are 0.53degreesC and 0.86degreesC above the 1640 - 1899 means, respectively. These findings placed the current warming in a longer historical perspective, and add new support for the existence of unprecedented 20th century warming over much of the globe. The rate of temperature increase from 1850 to 1920 was the highest over the past 360 years, a common feature observed in several proxy records from higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Local temperature regimes are affected by changes in planetary circulation, with in turn are linked to global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Therefore, we explored how temperature variations in the southern Andes since 1856 are related to large-scale SSTs on the South Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans. Spatial correlation patterns between the reconstructions and SSTs show that temperature variations in the northern sector of the southern Andes are strongly connected with SST anomalies in the tropical and subtropical Pacific. This spatial correlation pattern resembles the spatial signature of the PDO mode of SST variability over the South Pacific and is connected with the Pacific-South American (PSA) atmospheric pattern in the Southern Hemisphere. In contrast, temperature variations in the southern sector of the southern Andes are significantly correlated with SST anomalies over most of the South Atlantic, and in less degree, over the subtropical Pacific. This spatial correlation field regressed against SST resembles the 'Global Warming' mode of SST variability, which in turn, is linked to the leading mode of circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. Certainly, part of the temperature signal present in the reconstructions can be expressed as a linear combination of four orthogonal modes of SST variability. Rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis, performed on SST across the South Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans, indicate that four discrete modes of SST variability explain a third, approximately, of total variance in temperature fluctuations across the southern Andes. | Large-scale temperature changes across the southern Andes: 20th-century variations in the context of the past 400 years | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1,469,518 | Climate extremes, such as drought and floods, are increasing and should be considered in ecosystem management plans. The effects of an extreme drought were studied in two estuaries of the Iberian coast, Minho and Mondego, by exploring fish recruitment, growth and production over four years. The two estuaries are located within an area with transitional climate, and differ considerably in size, availability of freshwater wetlands and freshwater inflow. Fishes from the Minho estuary, at higher latitude, generally had lower growth rates and later timing of recruitment. During the drought, freshwater inflow was severely reduced in both estuaries. The overall fish assemblage production in the Minho estuary decreased considerably, whereas in the Mondego estuary it showed an increase. However, the drought effects seemed highly species-specific and dependent on local geomorphology; the increase in the Mondego estuary was a result of an increase in a single species, whereas other species decreased or maintained similar production levels. Decreases in production in both estuaries were attributed to direct and indirect effects of changes in the freshwater inflow during the study period. This parameter should therefore be considered when undertaking management plans for transitional waters. | Multi-year comparisons of fish recruitment, growth and production in two drought-affected Iberian estuaries | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
442,432 | Rapid climate change is happening worldwide and is affecting ecosystems processes as well as plant and animal abundances and distribution. However, the large climate variability observed in and and semi-arid regions often impairs the statistical detection of long-term trends using standard statistical methods, especially if one is primarily interested in specific components of the climate changes. Here we highlight how quantile regression overcomes some of the confounding effects of large climate variability in long-term rainfall data. For instance, we show how quantile regressions revealed that droughts worsened in Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe) during the course of the 20th century, a change that would not have been detected using simple linear regression. We briefly discuss the implications of our findings for the management of the park. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Detecting climate changes of concern in highly variable environments: Quantile regressions reveal that droughts worsen in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
2,348,732 | Seagrasses are one of the most important coastal ecosystems since they promote organic matter flow, nutrient cycling, food availability and refuge. Until now, reports on damages caused by storms and hurricanes on seagrass beds are uncommon and highly variable. The seagrass meadows of the East end of Jardines de la Reina archipelago were surveyed from Nov. 29th to Dec. 5th of 2008, in order to determinate the effects from the passing of Hurricane Paloma: a category three storm on the Saffir-Simpsom scale. A rapid field assessment of the affected areas was carried out using the manta tow technique. In six sites, seagrass was quantitatively evaluated using a 15cm diameter core (four sampling units per site) and shoot density was calculated. Remote sensing techniques were used to estimate seagrass cover. To estimate the percentage of affected areas, a Region of Interest (ROI) was first created over a Landsat image. The percentage of seagrass affected within the ROI was estimated through direct georeferentiation of the contours of the damaged area and with a comparison to the total seagrass extension. To find possible explanations for damages, a false colour image was created using the near infrared band, to highlight the differences between emerged and submerged zones. The direction of winds was estimated using ArcGis 9.2 creating circular buffers, from the centre of the hurricane and generating lines tangent to the buffers. Seagrass in the region was dominated by the angiosperm Thalassia testudinum. Regional mean density was 1 321 +/- 721 shoots/m(2), a value regarded as high for the Caribbean area. Seagrass meadows were partly affected by sediment accumulation on the shoots of T testudinum and uprooting rhizomes. The 7.6km(2) disturbed area represented 1% of the total seagrass area. Other sites, closer to the centre of the hurricane, did not show any damages on the marine vegetation. The keys location with respect to the hurricane track was the most likely cause of the effects. To the North of the affected area there is an opening among the keys where the generation of waves, currents and turbulence could have occurred. Three years after the hurricane event, both vegetation cover loss and silt re-colonization by macroalgae species were observed within the affected area, by showing a patchily-vegetated landscape. This site is currently undergoing a temporal succession whose assessment demands a monitoring scheme, that will provide interesting information to document its future evolution and responsiveness against upcoming natural or anthropogenic events. | Hurricane Paloma's effects on seagrasses along Jardines de la Reina archipelago, Cuba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
239,691 | The objectives of this paper are to summarise: (1) observed 20th-century and projected 21st-century changes in key components of the Arctic climate system and (2) probable impacts on the Arctic marine environment, with emphasis on the vulnerabilities of marine and sea ice-based ecosystems. Multi-decadal to century-scale observational data sets of surface air temperature (SAT) and sea ice indicate that the two pronounced 20th-century warming events, both amplified in the Arctic, were linked to sea-ice variability. Arctic sea-ice coverage has decreased similar to 8% in the past quarter century, with record- and near-record low summer ice in observed recent years. A set of coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean global model simulations quantifies the expected changes in Arctic temperature and sea ice through the twenty-first century. Projected are polar-amplified increases in SAT and reductions in sea ice, with a predominantly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer projected before the end of this century. A range of potential consequences of Arctic warming and a shrinking ice cover are foreseen. First, exposure of vast areas of the Arctic Ocean would greatly alter the coastal and shelf marine environment. Second, broad changes in the marine and sea ice-based ecosystem-e.g. changes in plankton due to less ice and greater inflow of melt water-could negatively impact Arctic and sub-Arctic marine biodiversity, not least the vulnerable ice-based mammals such as polar bears. Third, there would be a larger open area for potential Arctic fisheries, as well as increased offshore activities and marine transportation, including the Northern Sea Route north of Siberia. Changes in the physical environment of the Arctic Ocean are thus expected to be dramatic, and although projecting ecosystem changes several decades into twenty-first century is challenging, the impact of diminishing sea ice on Arctic marine and sea ice-based ecosystems will certainly be transformative. | Critical vulnerabilities of marine and sea ice-based ecosystems in the high Arctic | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
746,615 | Climate change impacts may drive affected populations to migrate. However, migration decisions in response to climate change could have broader effects on population dynamics in affected regions. Here, I model the effect of climate change on fertility rates, income inequality, and human capital accumulation in developing countries, focusing on the instrumental role of migration as a key adaptation mechanism. In particular, I investigate how climate-induced migration in developing countries will affect those who do not migrate. I find that holding all else constant, climate change raises the return on acquiring skills, because skilled individuals have greater migration opportunities than unskilled individuals. In response to this change in incentives, parents may choose to invest more in education and have fewer children. This may ultimately reduce local income inequality, partially offsetting some of the damages of climate change for low-income individuals who do not migrate. | Outward migration may alter population dynamics and income inequality | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,361,918 | The influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the north Indian temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) change patterns were evaluated during the monsoon season across the last century. Trends and shifts in 146 districts were assessed using nonparametric statistical tests. To quantify their temporal variation, the concept of apportionment entropy was applied to both the annual and seasonal scales. Results suggest that the El Nino years played a greater role in causing hydro-climatological changes compared to the La Nina or neutral years. El Nino was more influential in causing shifts compared to trends. For certain districts, a phase change in ENSO reversed the trend/shift direction. The century-wide analysis suggested that the vast majority of the districts experienced significant decreasing trends/shifts in temperature and PET. However, precipitation experienced both increasing and decreasing trends/shifts based on the location of the districts. Entropy results suggested a lower apportionment of precipitation compared to the other variables, indicating an intermittent deviation of precipitation pattern from the generic trend. The findings may help understand the effects of ENSO on the hydro-climatological variables during the monsoon season. Practitioners may find the results useful as monsoon is the most important season for India causing climate extremes. | Effects of ENSO on Temperature, Precipitation, and Potential Evapotranspiration of North India's Monsoon: An Analysis of Trend and Entropy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
417,536 | The World Health Organisation estimates that the warming and precipitation trends due to anthropogenic climate change of the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually. Many prevalent human diseases are linked to climate fluctuations, from cardiovascular mortality and respiratory illnesses due to heatwaves, to altered transmission of infectious diseases and malnutrition from crop failures. Uncertainty remains in attributing the expansion or resurgence of diseases to climate change, owing to lack of long-term, high-quality data sets as well as the large influence of socio-economic factors and changes in immunity and drug resistance. Here we review the growing evidence that climate-health relationships pose increasing health risks under future projections of climate change and that the warming trend over recent decades has already contributed to increased morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. Potentially vulnerable regions include the temperate latitudes, which are projected to warm disproportionately, the regions around the Pacific and Indian oceans that are currently subjected to large rainfall variability due to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation sub-Saharan Africa and sprawling cities where the urban heat island effect could intensify extreme climatic events. | Impact of regional climate change on human health | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
633,462 | The spatiotemporal changes in 21 indices of extreme temperature and precipitation for the Mongolian Plateau from 1951 to 2012 were investigated on the basis of daily temperature and precipitation data from 70 meteorological stations. Changes in catastrophic events, such as droughts, floods, and snowstorms, were also investigated for the same period. The correlations between catastrophic events and the extreme indices were examined. The results show that the Mongolian Plateau experienced an asymmetric warming trend. Both the cold extremes and warm extremes showed greater warming at night than in the daytime. The spatial changes in significant trends showed a good homogeneity and consistency in Inner Mongolia. Changes in the precipitation extremes were not as obvious as those in the temperature extremes. The spatial distributions in changes of precipitation extremes were complex. Adecreasing trend was shown for total precipitation from west to east as based on the spatial distribution of decadal trends. Drought was the most serious extreme disaster, and prolonged drought for longer than 3 yr occurred about every 7-11 yr. An increasing trend in the disaster area was apparent for flood events from 1951 to 2012. A decreasing trend was observed for the maximum depth of snowfall from 1951 to 2012, with a decreased average maximum depth of 10 mm from the 1990s. | Changes in Climate Extremes and Catastrophic Events in the Mongolian Plateau from 1951 to 2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1,516,156 | Among the key problems in atmospheric and hydrologic sciences are the modeling of the interaction between the atmosphere and land surface hydrology while also quantifying the surface/subsurface hydrologic flow processes both in vertical and lateral directions, and modeling the heterogeneity in surface and subsurface hydrologic processes. Meanwhile, in standard water resources engineering practice, the planning and management of the water resources is performed over the geographical region of a watershed. To address these issues, a model of coupled atmospheric-hydrologic processes at the watershed scale, the Watershed Environmental Hydrology Hydro-Climate Model (WEHY-HCM), has been developed. The atmospheric model PSU/NCAR MM5 (Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model) was coupled to the watershed hydrology model WEHY through the atmospheric boundary layer to form the WEHY-HCM. The WEHY-HCM is especially useful for producing nonexistent atmospheric data as input to the modeling of surface and subsurface hydrologic processes at sparsely gauged or ungauged watersheds. The continuously changing state of the atmospheric boundary layer may be essential information in the computation of evapotranspiration (ET) rates and other land surface fluxes. Because such land surface fluxes are the result of the interaction of land surface hydrologic processes with atmospheric processes, their realistic estimation necessitates the coupled modeling of these processes, as is done in the WEHY-HCM. The model is also useful at watersheds that have heterogeneous topography and land use/cover because the main model components are based on areally averaged, scalable conservation equations and parameters in order to quantify and account for the effect of heterogeneity within watersheds. In this paper, the modeling of an integrated system of atmospheric processes aloft coupled with atmospheric boundary layer processes, land surface processes, and surface and subsurface hydrologic processes is described at the scale of a watershed within the framework of WEHY-HCM. | WEHY-HCM for Modeling Interactive Atmospheric-Hydrologic Processes at Watershed Scale. I: Model Description | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
326,016 | Water scarcity is one of the most challenging issues in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Yellow River basin, rapid growth of population, urbanization, and industrialization have caused ever-increasing competition for water. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on mean annual runoff in the Yellow River basin under different climate change scenarios projected by the Hadley Centre's third-generation general circulation model (HadCM3) using an evaporation ratio function of the aridity index. The results showed that annual runoff was more sensitive to change in precipitation than to change in evaporation. Simulations using HadCM3 scenarios A2 and B2 indicated that the changes in annual runoff compared to 30-year average runoff for each region, which varied from region to region, ranged from -34.1% to 49.6%. In general, the potential changes in annual runoff were greater in the middle and down reaches of the Yellow River basin. For the Yellow River basin as a whole, the mean annual runoff increased up to 2.2%, 12.3%, and 11.4% for scenario A2, and the changes were 8.4%, -0.1%, and 5.3% for scenario B2 by the years 2020, 2050, and 2080, respectively. However, the increase in future annual runoff will be insufficient to meet projected water demands of the Yellow River Basin. Proper water management and water conservation technologies will need to be considered for the coming century to avoid water shortages. The expected increases in runoff require that more attention will be given to soil and water conservation practices such as vegetation and check-dam construction. | Potential effects of climate change on runoff in the Yellow River basin of China | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
2,361,782 | In an era of coral reef degradation, our knowledge of ecological patterns in reefs is biased towards large conspicuous organisms. The majority of biodiversity, however, inhabits small cryptic spaces within the framework of the reef. To assess this biodiverse community, which we term the 'reef cryptobiome', we deployed 87 autonomous reef monitoring structures (ARMS), on 22 reefs across 16 degrees latitude of the Red Sea. Combining ARMS with metabarcoding of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, we reveal a rich community, including the identification of 14 metazoan phyla within 10 416 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). While mobile and sessile subsets were similarly structured along the basin, the main environmental driver was different (particulate organic matter and sea surface temperature, respectively). Distribution patterns of OTUs showed that only 1.5% were present in all reefs, while over half were present in a single reef. On both local and regional scales, the majority of OTUs were rare. The high heterogeneity in community patterns of the reef cryptobiome has implications for reef conservation. Understanding the biodiversity patterns of this critical component of reef functioning will enable a sound knowledge of how coral reefs will respond to future anthropogenic impacts. | Beyond the visual: using metabarcoding to characterize the hidden reef cryptobiome | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
556,294 | The relationship between climatic, hydrological and water quality parameters of the lower Mekong River flowing through four different countries (Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam) was studied. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) secondary data of climatic and hydrological parameters included precipitation, evaporation, average air temperatures, mean water level and discharge flow. Water quality parameters consisted of TSS, NO3-, PO43-, DO, pH, conductivity, Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, Cl, SO42-, Fe, TP, Si and COD. Pearson's correlation was used to determine their relationship. The results reveal that the correlations of climatic, hydrological and water quality parameters in those four countries located along the lower Mekong River had the same trend. Precipitation had fair positive correlations with mean water level (ranging 0.375-0.661), discharge flow (ranging 0.526-0.659) and mean air temperature (ranging 0.515-0.621), however had weak negative correlation with evaporation (ranging 0.169-0.468). Concerning relationship with water quality, the results show that TSS, NO3-, PO43-, TP and COD had weak to fair positive correlations with precipitation, mean water level, discharge flow. However, DO, pH, conductivity, Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, Cl, SO42- and Si had fair to strong negative correlations with all hydrological parameters. Finally, TSS, alkalinity and conductivity were proposed as sensitive water quality parameters for monitoring impacts of changing climate in the lower Mekong River. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
513,639 | Simulated daily discharge derived front a relatively high-resolution (approximately 1.1-degree) general Circulation model was used to investigate Future projections of extremes in river discharge Under global warming. The frequency of floods was projected to increase over many regions, except those including North America and central to western Eurasia. The drought frequency was projected to increase globally, while regions such as northern high latitudes, eastern Australia, and eastern Eurasia showed a decrease or no significant changes. Changes in flood and drought are not explained simply by changes in annual precipitation, heavy precipitation, or differences between precipitation and evapotranspiration. Several regions were projected to have increases in both flood frequency and drought frequency. Such regions show a decrease in the number of precipitation days, but an increase in days with heavy rain. Several regions show shifts in the flood season from springtime snowmelt to the summer period of heavy precipitation. | Global projections of changing risks of floods and droughts in a changing climate | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5,570 | The south-eastern coast of Australia is recognised as a climate-change hotspot; warming over the past 50 years has exceeded the global average. The marine fauna in the region is responding to this warming with several subtidal species showing a pole-ward range expansion. We provide the first evidence for a similar response in intertidal invertebrates, on the basis of surveys from the eastern coast of Tasmania in 2007-2008 that replicated a set from the 1950s. Of 29 species used in the analysis, 55% were detected further south than in the 1950s. The average minimum movement of the southern (pole-ward) range edges was 116 km (range 20-250 km), representing a rate of similar to 29 km per decade for a warming rate of 0.22 degrees C per decade. Barnacles and gastropods showed the greatest range extensions, with one species absent from Tasmania in the 1950s, the giant rock barnacle, Austromegabalanus nigrescens, now recorded widely along the eastern coast of Tasmania. The distance that the southern (pole-ward) range limit moved south for each species was not related to a qualitative dispersal potential index. Local extinction of some species in north-eastern Tasmania may also occur in the coming decades. | Climate-driven range changes in Tasmanian intertidal fauna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
163,856 | Aims: An analysis of Climate data between 1950 and 2006 in the Herault department, situated in the Mediterranean of France is presented. Methods and results: Data presented include the evolution of mean annual and seasonal temperatures. the Huglin index, total solar radiation. night freshness index the distribution and efficiency of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (pET). Results showed an increase in mean annual temperatures of +1.3 degrees C between 1980 and 2006 and an increase in the mean PET which was 900 mm/year since 1999. Also, harvest dates advanced by up to three weeks and sugar concentrations at harvest increased by up to 1.5% potential alcohol. Conclusion: The indicawi show that ill this area certain climatic parameter, have evolved over the period studied. Changes are observable in some of the parameters (notably temperature) for the last 30 years whereas others have evolved only in the past few years (e.g. pET). Therefore it is necessary to be circumspect in drawing conclusions on climate change in the area, particularly as regards the possible consequences for viticulture. However, at the plot level, it is clear that irrigation of the vines is becoming increasingly necessary in this region. Significance and impact of study: Climate is a major factor in vine cultivation and in the understanding of viticultural terroirs and wine typicality. The climate trends observed over a 50-year period are discussed in the viticultural context of a Mediterranean re,,ion. However, the interaction between climate change and technical progress in viticulture and oenology complicate the analysis over the time frame under consideration. | Climate trends in a specific Mediterranean viticultural area between 1950 and 2006 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
435,257 | We explore the large spatial variation in the relationship between population density and burned area, using continental-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) based on 13 years of satellite-derived burned area maps from the global fire emissions database (GFED) and the human population density from the gridded population of the world (GPW 2005). Significant relationships are observed over 51.5% of the global land area, and the area affected varies from continent to continent: population density has a significant impact on fire over most of Asia and Africa but is important in explaining fire over < 22% of Europe and Australia. Increasing population density is associated with both increased and decreased in fire. The nature of the relationship depends on land-use: increasing population density is associated with increased burned are in rangelands but with decreased burned area in croplands. Overall, the relationship between population density and burned area is non-monotonic: burned area initially increases with population density and then decreases when population density exceeds a threshold. These thresholds vary regionally. Our study contributes to improved understanding of how human activities relate to burned area, and should contribute to a better estimate of atmospheric emissions from biomass burning. | Relationships between Human Population Density and Burned Area at Continental and Global Scales | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
628,457 | Projections of changes in climate extremes are critical to assessing the potential impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Modeling advances now provide the opportunity of utilizing global general circulation models (GCMs) for projections of extreme temperature and precipitation indicators. We analyze historical and future simulations of ten such indicators as derived from an ensemble of 9 GCMs contributing to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4), under a range of emissions scenarios. Our focus is on the consensus from the GCM ensemble, in terms of direction and significance of the changes, at the global average and geographical scale. The climate extremes described by the ten indices range from heat-wave frequency to frost-day occurrence, from dry-spell length to heavy rainfall amounts. Historical trends generally agree with previous observational studies, providing a basic sense of reliability for the GCM simulations. Individual model projections for the 21st century across the three scenarios examined are in agreement in showing greater temperature extremes consistent with a warmer climate. For any specific temperature index, minor differences appear in the spatial distribution of the changes across models and across scenarios, while substantial differences appear in the relative magnitude of the trends under different emissions rates. Depictions of a wetter world and greater precipitation intensity emerge unequivocally in the global averages of most of the precipitation indices. However, consensus and significance are less strong when regional patterns are considered. This analysis provides a first overview of projected changes in climate extremes from the IPCC-AR4 model ensemble, and has significant implications with regard to climate projections for impact assessments. | Going to the extremes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
790,804 | Recent studies have revealed that the effect of temperature on mortality has changed over time. One of the major contributors to the changes is adaptation. We aimed to understand the relationship between elderly mortality and temperature anomaly using the temperature deviation index (TDI), which considers exposure history. Summertime (May to September) mortality data from 1996 to 2014 and meteorological data from 1971 to 2014 were obtained for 16 regions covering South Korea. The TDI was defined as the target day's temperature abnormality compared to previous 25 years' apparent temperature (AT). The relationship between the TDI and elderly mortality for each region was examined by generalized linear modeling with Poisson distribution. Pooled estimates were computed to yield a national effect estimate. Stratified analyses were performed using the percentiles of AT and TDI. Most regions showed positive linear associations, and the associations ranged from 0.4 to 4.3% increase per unit increase of the TDI. In the pooled analyses, a unit increase of the TDI was associated with a 1.4% increase (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.87) in elderly mortality. In the stratified analysis, the relationship between the TDI and elderly mortality was significant at or above the 75th percentile of AT (1.32% increase; 95% CI 0.47-2.22). We suggest a positive association between the TDI and elderly mortality in South Korea. The association observed particularly in the highest percentile of AT in the stratified analysis suggests independent effects of temperature anomaly in addition to those of absolute AT. | Estimation of abnormal temperature effects on elderly mortality in South Korea using the temperature deviation index | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
286,662 | The relationship between climate change and water resources in the Tarim River was analyzed by combining the temperature, precipitation and streamflow data from 1957 to 2007 from the four headstreams of the Tarim River (Aksu, Hotan, Yarkant and Kaidu rivers) in the study area. The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature, precipitation and streamflow were studied using correlation analysis and partial correlations analysis. Holt double exponential smoothing was used to fit the trends between streamflow and the two climatic factors of Aksu River, Hotan River and Yarkant River. The streamflow of the main stream was forecasted by Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) modeling by the method of time series analysis. The results show that the temperature experienced a trend of monotonic rising. The precipitation and runoff of the four headstreams of the Tarim River increased, while the inflow to the headstreams increased and the inflow into the Tarim River decreased. Changes of temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on runoff into the four headstreams of the Tarim River: the precipitation had a positive impact on water flow in the Aksu River, Hotan River and Kaidu River, while the temperature had a positive impact on water flow in the Yarkant River. The results of Holt double exponential smoothing showed that the correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable was relatively close after the model was fitted to the headstreams, of which only the runoff and temperature values of Hotan River showed a significant negative correlation. The forecasts by the ARIMA model for 50 years of annual runoff at the Allar station followed the pattern of the measured data for the same years. The short-term forecasts beyond the observed series adequately captured the pattern in the data and showed a decreasing tendency in the Tarim River flow of 3.07% every ten years. The results showed that global warming accelerated the water recharge process of the headstreams. The special hydrological characteristics of the arid area determined the significant association between streamflow and the two climatic factors studied. Strong glacier retreat is likely to bring a series of flood disasters within the study area. | Impacts of temperature and precipitation on runoff in the Tarim River during the past 50 years | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1,061,617 | We propose a non-parametric procedure for estimating systemic co-jumps and independent idiosyncratic jumps for 35 stock markets, and study news associated with these jumps as reported in Factiva and Bloomberg from 1988 to 2014. Our results suggest that it is important to distinguish between systemic co-jumps and idiosyncratic jumps. We find both types of jumps have important implications for home-bias investors, while idiosyncratic jumps have economically significant impact on portfolio weights for emerging markets. Our news analysis suggests systemic jumps are typically caused by currency crises, sectoral failure, liquidity issues, and deteriorating economic climate, while idiosyncratic jumps are usually caused by political unrest, currency instability, and large firm effects on small economies. In fact, many of the idiosyncratic jumps share the same origin although different stock markets experienced the impact differently at different times. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | The reality of stock market jumps diversification | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
90,613 | Severe flood events have occurred in many Swiss catchments; in the last decade. Have flood frequencies changed over the last 150 years in Switzerland? And is the high frequency observed recently a nationwide phenomenon? To answer these questions, we analysed streamflow data from 83 stations with a record length of up to 105 years, complemented with data from historical floods dating back to 1850. Multiple trend analysis of the annual flood series showed only few negative trends. The number of stations with positive trends was especially high, when the period of 2001-2007 was included into the analysis. The temporal and spatial distribution of flood events with return periods larger than 10 years, and the large scale flood events of the last 150 years were analysed as well. Periods rich in floods alternated with periods poor in floods, showing large regional differences especially between northern and southern Switzerland. The second half of the 19th century was rich in floods, both in northern as well as in southern Switzerland. In southern Switzerland and the northern Grisons, flood frequency was high again between 1940 and 1960, a period poor in floods in northern Switzerland. Here flood frequencies increased again only after 1968. The recent increase in flood frequency and discharge has been most pronounced along the central and western northern flank of the Alps. Our data suggest that, since 1900, periods with many floods in northern Switzerland have corresponded to periods with few floods in southern Switzerland and vice versa. The differences also suggest that changes in large scale atmospheric circulation might be responsible for the fluctuations in flood frequency. The fluctuations in flood frequency should be considered in defining design floods for flood protection measures. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. | More frequent flooding? Changes in flood frequency in Switzerland since 1850 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1,421,513 | Understanding what drives the geographic variation of species richness across the globe is a fundamental goal of ecology and biogeography. Environmental variables have been considered as drivers of global diversity patterns but there is no consensus among ecologists on what environmental variables are primary drivers of the geographic variation of species richness. Here, I examine the relationship of woody plant species richness at a regional scale in China with sixteen environmental variables representing energy availability, water availability, energy-water balance, seasonality, and habitat heterogeneity. I found that temperature seasonality is the best predictor of woody species richness in China. Other important environmental variables include annual precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, and potential evapotranspiration. The best model explains 85% of the variation in woody plant species richness at the regional scale in China. | Environmental Determinants of Woody Plant Diversity at a Regional Scale in China | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5,655 | Anthropogenic climate change has altered many ecosystem processes in the Arctic tundra and may have resulted in unprecedented fire activity. Evaluating the significance of recent fires requires knowledge from the paleofire record because observational data in the Arctic span only several decades, much shorter than the natural fire rotation in Arctic tundra regions. Here we report results of charcoal analysis on lake sediments from four Alaskan lakes to infer the broad spatial and temporal patterns of tundra-fire occurrence over the past 35 000 years. Background charcoal accumulation rates are low in all records (range is 0-0.05 pieces cm(-2) yr(-1)), suggesting minimal biomass burning across our study areas. Charcoal peak analysis reveals that the mean fire-return interval (FRI; years between consecutive fire events) ranged from ca. 1650 to 6050 years at our sites, and that the most recent fire events occurred from ca. 880 to 7030 years ago, except for the CE 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire. These mean FRI estimates are longer than the fire rotation periods estimated for the past 63 years in the areas surrounding three of the four study lakes. This result suggests that the frequency of tundra burning was higher over the recent past compared to the late Quaternary in some tundra regions. However, the ranges of FRI estimates from our paleofire records overlap with the expected values based on fire-rotation-period estimates from the observational fire data, and the differences are statistically insignificant. Together with previous tundra-fire reconstructions, these data suggest that the rate of tundra burning was spatially variable and that fires were extremely rare in our study areas throughout the late Quaternary. Given the rarity of tundra burning over multiple millennia in our study areas and the pronounced effects of fire on tundra ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling, dramatic tundra ecosystem changes are expected if anthropogenic climate change leads to more frequent tundra fires. | Spatiotemporal patterns of tundra fires: late-Quaternary charcoal records from Alaska | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
693,073 | Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge of mangrove Vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, of all the climate change outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be the greatest threat to mangroves. Most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with sea-level rise, although longer term studies from a larger number of regions are needed. Rising sea-level will have the greatest impact oil mangroves experiencing net lowering in sediment elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands mangroves have been demonstrated to be at high risk of substantial reductions. There is less certainly over other climate change outcomes and mangrove responses. More research is needed on assessment methods and standard indicators of change in response to effects from climate change, while regional monitoring networks are needed to observe these responses to enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated mangrove losses and improve resistance and resilience to climate change. Coastal planning can adapt to facilitate mangrove migration with sea-level rise. Management of activities within the catchment that affect long-term trends in the mangrove sediment elevation, better management of other stressors oil mangroves, rehabilitation of degraded mangrove areas, and increases in systems of strategically designed protected area networks that include mangroves and functionally linked ecosystems through representation, replication and refugia, are additional adaptation options. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
573,597 | Tropical dry forests are among the world's most imperiled biomes, and most long-lived and large-bodied animals that inhabit tropical dry forests persist in small, fragmented populations. Long-term monitoring is necessary for understanding the extent to which such populations can cope with changing climate conditions and recover after the elimination of human disturbances. We investigated how conservation measures, local rainfall patterns, and large-scale climate oscillations have affected the population dynamics of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest over a 42-year period after the elimination of most human disturbances. The population's rapid initial growth and later stabilization suggests that it was below the habitat's carrying capacity at the time of the conservation area's establishment. Management practices, such as aggressive fire suppression, may have played an important role in promoting this growth. Rainfall patterns were strongly coupled with phases and intensity conditions of the El Milo Southern Oscillation. The population experienced two distinct growth phases after the conservation area's establishment, a period of rapid growth through the 1980s and 1990s and a subsequent period of stability from about 2000 to the present. El Nifio-like conditions in the three years preceding a census year were associated with declines in reproductive output and/or offspring mortality during the rapid growth phase. The sensitivity of this ecosystem to global climatic phenomena suggests that some animals will be negatively affected if drought years become more common as the global climate warms. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Climate oscillations and conservation measures regulate white-faced capuchin population growth and demography in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Costa Rica | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
442,911 | Climate change raises particular challenges for under-performing water and sewerage utilities. A recent review for the World Bank explored some of the likely impacts of climate change on utilities in the Eastern Europe and Central Asian region. Climate change is likely to have serious implications for the region's water resources particularly because of the increasing incidence of severe precipitation events (floods and droughts). However the review found that the investment requirements needed simply to sustain service levels and reach remaining unserved customers may be a more pressing challenge. This finding is likely to be equally relevant in many other regions. The review concluded that: future investments should focus on systems which are as flexible and decentralized as possible; ongoing efforts to strengthen utility operations should not be abandoned; and greater investment should be made in technical training and capacity building to meet the challenges of the future. © 2009 Practical Action Publishing. | Do under-performing water utilities need to adapt to climate change? Experience from Eastern Europe and Central Asia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
561,073 | Taking the source region of the Yellow River as a study area and based on the data from Madoi Meteorological Station and Huangheyan Hydrological Station covering the period 1955-2005, this paper analyses the changing trends of surface water resources, climate and frozen ground and reveals their causes. Results show that there exist frequent fluctuations from high to low water flow in the 51-year period. In general, the discharge has shown a declining trend in the 51 years especially since the 1990s. The annual distribution shows one peak which, year on year is getting smaller. (1) Precipitation has a significant and sustained influence on discharge. (2) A sharp rise of temperature resulted in the increase of evaporation and the decrease of discharge, which has a greater effect than on ice-snow melting. (3) Frozen ground tends to be degraded markedly. There is a significant positive correlation between the permafrost thickness and the discharge. (4) Evaporation rates are significantly increasing, leading to the decrease of discharge. 70% of the discharge reduction resulted from climate change, and the remaining 30% may have been caused by human activities. | Influencing factors of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1,496,410 | During the February 1981 cruise FIBEX MD-25 between 30-50 degrees E and 61-64 degrees S, hydrography showed the presence of two gyres, confirmed by the geostrophic circulation relative to 1000 m from Levitus climatology, at the borders of these gyres concentrations of highly morphologically differentiated krill were found. Gaussian component analysis of krill samples, pooled by sectors, showed three cohorts of Euphausia superba in the western sector and one in the eastern sector. Across the sampling area, Thysanoessa mactura and E. superba occurred at separate stations. Analysis of cohorts in T macrura separated two size groups in both the western and the eastern sectors. The use of a Differentiation Index (D.I.) [Farber-Lorda, J., 1990. Somatic length relationships and ontogenetic morphometric differentiation of Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura of the southwest Indian Ocean during summer (February 1981). Deep-Sea Res. 37,1135-1143.], based on somatic lengths, allows studying certain morphological differences within the populations sampled. Morphologically different and bigger males 11 (D.I. from 2.8 to 3.5) were present only in the southern transect while smaller males I (D.I. from 3.5 to 5.0) were present over the entire area. Biochemical composition of both species showed significant differences among stations for protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. A significant difference in lipid content was found between males I, and males II. For T macrura, percentage of lipid content in mature animals was much higher than that in E. superba. The D.I. size distribution showed that when populations of E. superba were highly differentiated (corresponding to mature animals) in morphology, lipid content was high, and they were located near a gyre. Differences in morphometry can influence distribution of the species, because different developing stages have different swimming capacities. It is shown that, together with hydrography and trophic conditions, lipid content and morphometry of krill populations, are different but complementary aspects that help to understand krill ecology and distribution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Morphological and biochemical differentiation in Antarctic krill | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
345,768 | In this study a regional climate model is employed to expand on modeling experiments of future climate change to address issues of 1) the timing and length of the growing season and 2) the frequency and intensity of extreme temperatures and precipitation. The study focuses on California as a climatically complex region that is vulnerable to changes in water supply and delivery. Statistically significant increases in daily minimum and maximum temperatures occur with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Increases in daily temperatures lead to increases in prolonged heat waves and length of the growing season. Changes in total and extreme precipitation vary depending upon geographic location. | Regional changes in extreme climatic events: A future climate scenario | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,956,994 | Experimental studies of the catalytic ignition of hydrogen-oxygen were performed. A spherical platinum of 1.5 mm in diameter was used for catalyst and the atmospheric pressure was 0.1 MPa. The parameters were equivalence ratio and dilution ratio. Dilution ratio is mole fraction of nitrogen. The surface temperature was measured with thermocouple and the time histories of surface temperature show an inflection point. The catalytic ignition temperature is defined as the temperature at the inflection point. The catalytic ignition temperature was increased with dilution ratio when equivalence ratio was constant. The effect of dilution ratio was explained well with adsorption rate of reactants. If equivalence ratio was less than 0.1, the catalytic ignition temperature was decreased with equivalence ratio increase, and was increased with equivalence ratio if equivalence ratio was more than 0.2. The desorption of adsorbed hydrogen should be considered to explain the effect of equivalence ratio. | The effects of dilution ratio and equivalence ratio on catalytic ignition of hydrogen-oxygen over platinum catalyst | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21,611 | Future changes in runoff can have important implications for water resources and flooding. In this study, runoff projections from ISI-MIP (Inter-sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project) simulations forced with HadGEM2-ES bias-corrected climate data under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 have been analysed for differences between impact models. Projections of change from a baseline period (1981-2010) to the future (2070-2099) from 12 impacts models which contributed to the hydrological and biomes sectors of ISI-MIP were studied. The biome models differed from the hydrological models by the inclusion of CO2 impacts and most also included a dynamic vegetation distribution. The biome and hydrological models agreed on the sign of runoff change for most regions of the world. However, in West Africa, the hydrological models projected drying, and the biome models a moistening. The biome models tended to produce larger increases and smaller decreases in regionally averaged runoff than the hydrological models, although there is large inter-model spread. The timing of runoff change was similar, but there were differences in magnitude, particularly at peak runoff. The impact of vegetation distribution change was much smaller than the projected change over time, while elevated CO2 had an effect as large as the magnitude of change over time projected by some models in some regions. The effect of CO2 on runoff was not consistent across the models, with two models showing increases and two decreases. There was also more spread in projections from the runs with elevated CO2 than with constant CO2. The biome models which gave increased runoff from elevated CO2 were also those which differed most from the hydrological models. Spatially, regions with most difference between model types tended to be projected to have most effect from elevated CO2, and seasonal differences were also similar, so elevated CO2 can partly explain the differences between hydrological and biome model runoff change projections. Therefore, this shows that a range of impact models should be considered to give the full range of uncertainty in impacts studies. | Comparing projections of future changes in runoff from hydrological and biome models in ISI-MIP | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1,283,301 | The impact of climate change on mountain ecosystems has been in the spotlight for the past three decades. Climate change is generally considered to be a threat to ecosystem health in mountain regions. Vegetation indices can be used to detect shifts in ecosystem phenology and climate change in mountain regions while satellite imagery can play an important role in this process. However, what has remained problematic is determining the extent to which ecosystem phenology is affected by climate change under increasingly warming conditions. In this paper, we use climate and vegetation indices that were derived from satellite data to investigate the link between ecosystem phenology and climate change in the Namahadi Catchment Area of the Drakensberg Mountain Region of South Africa. The time series for climate indices as well as those for gridded precipitation and temperature data were analyzed in order to determine climate shifts, and concomitant changes in vegetation health were assessed in the resultant epochs using vegetation indices. The results indicate that vegetation indices should only be used to assess trends in climate change under relatively pristine conditions, where human influence is limited. This knowledge is important for designing climate change monitoring strategies that are based on ecosystem phenology and vegetation health. | Spatiotemporal analysis of the effect of climate change on vegetation health in the Drakensberg Mountain Region of South Africa | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
774,284 | Ectothermic species are strongly affected by thermal changes. To assess the viability of these species under climate change constraints, we need to quantify the sensitivity of their life history traits to temperature. The loggerhead marine turtle (Caretta caretta) nests regularly in the Oriental Basin of the Mediterranean Sea. The different populations are separated because of time (< 12,000 yrs) and very different thermal habitats; it is hotter on the southern coast (Libya) than on the northern ones (Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey). Patterns of embryo growth response to incubation temperatures have been searched for these 2 populations. We found that both populations have similar thermal reaction norms for embryonic growth rate. This highlights that 12,000 yrs is not enough time for this species to adapt to specific thermal habitats and raises the question of the persistence of these populations in the context of rapid climate change. | Embryonic Growth Rate Thermal Reaction Norm of Mediterranean Caretta caretta Embryos from Two Different Thermal Habitats, Turkey and Libya | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
796,679 | Food security and climate change are two pressing issues shaping the future of tropical land use. Brazil, home to abundant land that is rich in carbon, water, and biodiversity and often cleared for agropastoral and renewable energy purposes, is the ideal location for studying socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs of land use dynamics. Here, I use recent (2000-2016) land-use land-cover change dynamics in the established agricultural states of Mato Grosso and Goias to demonstrate how incentivizing intensive agricultural practices and improving degraded pastures may be a means by which Brazil can increase agricultural production while conserving the remainder of the Cerrado. I then discuss these outcomes with regard to agricultural expansion in the agricultural frontier region of Matopiba and briefly highlight contextual elements that need to be considered by other developing tropical countries looking toward Brazil as a model for agricultural and economic development. | Agricultural Intensification Can Preserve the Brazilian Cerrado: Applying Lessons From Mato Grosso and Goias to Brazil's Last Agricultural Frontier | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,629,449 | Mortality and physiological responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta) were studied during spring snow melt in six streams in northern Sweden that differed in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH declines. Data from these streams were used to create an empirical model for predicting fish responses (mortality and physiological disturbances) in DOC-rich streams using readily accessible water chemistry parameters. The results suggest that fish in these systems can tolerate higher acidity and inorganic aluminium levels than fish in low DOC streams. But even with the relatively low contemporary deposition load, anthropogenic deposition can cause fish mortality in the most acid-sensitive surface waters in northern Sweden during spring flood. However, the results suggests that it is only in streams with high levels of organically complexed aluminium in combination with a natural pH decline to below 5.0 during the spring where current sulphur deposition can cause irreversible damage to brown trout in the region. This study support earlier studies suggesting that DOC has an ameliorating effect on physiological disturbances in humic waters but the study also shows that surviving fish recover physiologically when the water quality returns to less toxic conditions following a toxic high flow period. The physiological response under natural, pre-industrial conditions was also estimated. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Survival of brown trout during spring flood in DOC-rich streams in northern Sweden: the effect of present acid deposition and modelled pre-industrial water quality | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
310,405 | The relationship between regional precipitation change and warming is an important open issue in climate change physical science. Because precipitation in China has strong sensitivity to warming, quantitative assessment and projection on the responses of precipitation and its extremes in a warming world are crucial for better understanding of regional climate change and helpful for regional adaption to climate change. For this reason, based on simulations of 24 models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), this study assesses the ability of the models in simulating the responses of annual mean precipitation and its extremes to warming over China and its subregions, and then projects their change under the RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 scenarios that represent respectively a medium-low and high radiative forcing. The annual mean precipitation is defined as the total amount of precipitation from January to December. The precipitation extremes are measured by the R95p (very wet days) and R99p (extremely wet days) indices, which are defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). According to the definition of ETCCDI, the R95p and R99p refer to annual total precipitation when the daily precipitation exceeds the 95th and the 99th percentile of the wet day precipitation, respectively. Eight subregions determined by administrative boundaries and societal and geographical conditions, i. e., NEC(Northeast China), NC(North China), EC (East China), CC (Central China), SC (South China), SWC1 (Tibetan Plateau), SWC2(Southwest China), and NWC(Northwest China), are used in this study. The model performance is validated through the comparison for the time period from 1961 to 2005 between the historical simulation and the gridding observation dataset with a horizontal resolution of 0. 25 degrees X 0. 25 degrees in latitude and longitude. Quantitative analysis shows that the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble (MME) can generally capture the spatial features of the temperature, mean precipitation and precipitation extremes as well as the relationship of precipitation and its extremes with temperature over China. However, it underestimates the response of mean precipitation while overestimates the response of precipitation extremes over China region in historical period. The CMIP5 MME also has some abilities in reproducing the responses of the mean precipitation and its extremes to the warming over the subregions of China, and better performance can be found for the precipitation extremes. Under the RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 scenarios, concurrent with the temperature rising, the mean precipitation and precipitation extremes are projected to increase consistently over China. As the regional mean temperature rises by 1 degrees C, the mean precipitation will increase by 3. 5% and 2. 4%, and the R95p will increase by 8. 0% and 11., respectively. The response of R99p is much more sensitive, respectively with an increase of 15. 3% and 21. 6%. For the subregions of China, they all show positive response and the regional difference will decrease in the future. Moreover, the sensitivity of the precipitation extremes to the warming is higher than that of the mean precipitation. The stronger the precipitation extreme is, the higher sensitivity it will have. Besides, the response of the mean precipitation to the warming is larger in Northern China than in Southern China. The largest increases in R95p and R99p are projected in the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China, indicating an increasing risk of heavy rainfall and floods. | Response of precipitation and its extremes over China to warming: CMIP5 simulation and projection | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2,502,972 | Several studies have examined the relationship of high and low air temperatures to cardiovascular mortality in the Czech Republic. Much less is understood about heat-/cold-related cardiovascular morbidity and possible regional differences. This paper compares the effects of warm and cold days on excess mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the city of Prague and a rural region of southern Bohemia during 1994-2009. Population size and age structure are similar in the two regions. The results are evaluated for selected population groups (men and women). Excess mortality (number of deaths) and morbidity (number of hospital admissions) were determined as differences between observed and expected daily values, the latter being adjusted for long-term changes, annual and weekly cycles, and epidemics of influenza/acute respiratory infections. Generally higher relative excess CVD mortality on warm days than on cold days was identified in both regions. In contrast to mortality, weak excess CVD morbidity was observed for both warm and cold days. Different responses of individual CVDs to heat versus cold stress may be caused by the different nature of each CVD and different physiological processes induced by heat or cold stress. The slight differences between Prague and southern Bohemia in response to heat versus cold stress suggest the possible influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors such as the effects of urban heat island and exposure to air pollution, lifestyle differences, and divergence in population structure, which may result in differing vulnerability of urban versus rural population to temperature extremes. | Heat- and cold-stress effects on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity among urban and rural populations in the Czech Republic | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
795,562 | Mangrove forests are highly productive tidal saline wetland ecosystems found along sheltered tropical and subtropical coasts. Ecologists have long assumed that climatic drivers (i.e., temperature and rainfall regimes) govern the global distribution, structure, and function of mangrove forests. However, data constraints have hindered the quantification of direct climate-mangrove linkages in many parts of the world. Recently, the quality and availability of global-scale climate and mangrove data have been improving. Here, we used these data to better understand the influence of air temperature and rainfall regimes upon the distribution, abundance, and species richness of mangrove forests. Although our analyses identify global-scale relationships and thresholds, we show that the influence of climatic drivers is best characterized via regional range-limit-specific analyses. We quantified climatic controls across targeted gradients in temperature and/or rainfall within 14 mangrove distributional range limits. Climatic thresholds for mangrove presence, abundance, and species richness differed among the 14 studied range limits. We identified minimum temperature-based thresholds for range limits in eastern North America, eastern Australia, New Zealand, eastern Asia, eastern South America, and southeast Africa. We identified rainfall-based thresholds for range limits in western North America, western Gulf of Mexico, western South America, western Australia, Middle East, northwest Africa, east central Africa, and west-central Africa. Our results show that in certain range limits (e.g., eastern North America, western Gulf of Mexico, eastern Asia), winter air temperature extremes play an especially important role. We conclude that rainfall and temperature regimes are both important in western North America, western Gulf of Mexico, and western Australia. With climate change, alterations in temperature and rainfall regimes will affect the global distribution, abundance, and diversity of mangrove forests. In general, warmer winter temperatures are expected to allow mangroves to expand poleward at the expense of salt marshes. However, dispersal and habitat availability constraints may hinder expansion near certain range limits. Along arid and semiarid coasts, decreases or increases in rainfall are expected to lead to mangrove contraction or expansion, respectively. Collectively, our analyses quantify climate-mangrove linkages and improve our understanding of the -expected global-and regional-scale effects of climate change upon mangrove forests. | Climatic controls on the global distribution, abundance, and species richness of mangrove forests | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2,344,552 | This paper investigates the effect of pavement irregularities on the dynamic response of single span bridges. The irregularities in the bridge deck exist due to several factors such as the braking actions by heavy trucks, the artificial barriers at certain locations to reduce the vehicles speed, the misalignment at the expansion joints, and the climatic variations effects on the pavement materials. The irregularities in the bridge deck are modeled in this paper as either a continuous sinusoidal profile or as an individual hump of rectangular or sinusoidal shape located at certain points on the bridge. The bridge is modeled as a single span beam with simple supports. The dynamic response of the bridge represented by the maximum deflection and acceleration is compared with the response of an ideal smooth deck bridge for several parameters of the type of pavement irregularities. | Impact effect due to pavement irregularities on the dynamic response of bridges | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
279,146 | A synthesis of glaciological Studies carried out in Chile during recent decades is presented, including inventories and records of glacier variations, fluctuations of which are related to regional climate change and their contribution to eustatic sea-level rise. Based upon satellite imagery, aerial photographs and historical records, new data for 20 glaciers are presented. These new data are combined with previous records to cover the historical variations of 95 Chilean glaciers. Of these glaciers, only 6% show a net advance during the study period, 6% show no significant change, while 88% have retreated. The contribution of Chilean glaciers to eustatic sea-level rise has been estimated to be approximately 8.2% of the worldwide contribution of small glaciers on Earth during the last 51 years. Most of the glacier variations are thought to have been driven by a temperature increase, which has been documented by several stations in Chile. Anomalies in rainfall, and the decreasing trend in annual precipitation shown at a few stations, have probably also contributed to glacier recession. Based on observed climatic trends, it is expected that the glacier retreat will continue, that the mass balance will continue to show a negative trend and that thinning rates will increase. All of these changes will ultimately affect the availability of water resources in Chile that depend on glacierized basins. | Use of remotely sensed and field data to estimate the contribution of Chilean glaciers to eustatic sea-level rise | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
711,959 | Significant changes in plant phenology have been observed in response to increases in mean global temperatures. There are concerns that accelerated phenologies can negatively impact plant populations. However, the fitness consequence of changes in phenology in response to elevated temperature is not well understood, particularly under field conditions. We address this issue by exposing a set of recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana to a simulated global warming treatment in the field. We find that plants exposed to elevated temperatures flower earlier, as predicted by photothermal models. However, contrary to life-history trade-off expectations, they also flower at a larger vegetative size, suggesting that warming probably causes acceleration in vegetative development. Although warming increases mean fitness (fruit production) by ca. 25%, there is a significant genotype-by-environment interaction. Changes in fitness rank indicate that imminent climate change can cause populations to be maladapted in their new environment, if adaptive evolution is limited. Thus, changes in the genetic composition of populations are likely, depending on the species' generation time and the speed of temperature change. Interestingly, genotypes that show stronger phenological responses have higher fitness under elevated temperatures, suggesting that phenological sensitivity might be a good indicator of success under elevated temperature at the genotypic level as well as at the species level. | Plant responses to elevated temperatures: a field study on phenological sensitivity and fitness responses to simulated climate warming | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1,322,285 | The internal development of the tropical West Pacific Warm Pool and its interaction with high latitude ocean regions on geological timescales is only poorly constrained. Based on two newly recovered sediment cores from the southeastern margin of the West Pacific Warm Pool (northern and southern Manihiki Plateau), we provide new aspects on the dynamically interacting ocean circulation at surface, subsurface, thermocline, and deep thermocline levels during the Pleistocene (similar to 2.5-0.5 Ma). Notably, the variability of thermocline and deep thermocline (similar to 150-400 m water depth) foraminiferal Mg/Ca-based temperatures with up to similar to 6 degrees C amplitude variations exceeds those at shallower depths (down to similar to 120 m) with only similar to 2-3 degrees C temperature variations. A major gradual reorganization of the West Pacific Warm Pool oceanography occurred during the transitional time period of similar to 1.7-1.35 Ma. Prior to similar to 1.7 Ma, pronounced meridional and latitudinal gradients in sea-surface to subsurface ocean properties point to the eastward displacement of the West Pacific Warm Pool boundaries, with the South Pacific Convergence Zone being shifted further northeastward across Manihiki Plateau. Simultaneously, the low amplitude variations of thermocline and deep thermocline temperatures refer to an overall deep and stable thermocline. The meridional and zonal gradients in sea-surface and subsurface ocean properties within the West Pacific Warm Pool reveal a pronounced change after 1.5 Ma, leading to a more southward position of the warm South Pacific Convergence Zone between similar to 1.35-0.9 Ma and similar to 0.75-0.5 Ma. Synchronous to the changes in the upper ocean, the deeper water masses experienced high amplitude variations in temperature, most prominently since similar to 1.5 Ma. This and the dynamically changing thermocline were most likely associated to the impact of southern -sourced mode waters, which might have developed coincidently with the emergence of the East Pacific Cold Tongue and high latitude sea-surface cooling. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Southeastern marginal West Pacific Warm Pool sea-surface and thermocline dynamics during the Pleistocene (2.5-0.5 Ma) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
358,149 | No other drug used in anaesthesia has stood so long a test of time as nitrous oxide. For the atmosphere, N2O in fact is harmful, but its impact on the greenhouse effect is small. For our environment as a whole, alternatives to N2O have not been proven their innocence. The small risk for the OT personnel, which N2O shares with other gaseous pollutants, can be excluded by appropriate technical and behavioral measures, The armamentarium of anesthesiology is full of powerful drugs, only to mention neuromuscular blockers, malignant hyperthermia-triggering substances, opioids, and halogenated vapors. All these drugs exhibit severe side effects even if used in the correct manner (and are much more dangerous if handled incorrectly). An experienced anaesthetist will not invariably use propofol or an opioid or succinylcholine in each and every patient. Identically, an experienced anaesthetist is well aware of the potential risks and drawbacks of N 2O and will carefully select the drug of choice; often enough, it will be nitrous oxide. | Nitrous oxide - 200 years of history, a splendid present, doubtful future? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
587,669 | Climate changes in the Mediterranean region, related to a significant increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns, can potentially affect local economies. Agriculture and tourism are undoubtedly the most important economic sources for Greece and these may be more strongly affected by changing future climate conditions. Climate change and their various negative impacts on human life are also detected in their environment; hence this study deals with implications, caused by changing climate, in urban and forest areas. Potential changes for the mid-twenty-first century (2021-2050) are analysed using a high-resolution regional climate model. This paper presents relevant climatic indices, indicative for potential implications which may jeopardise vital economic/environmental sectors of the country. The results provide insights into particular regions of the Greek territory that may undergo substantial impacts due to climate change. It is concluded that the duration of dry days is expected to increase in most of the studied agricultural regions. Winter precipitation generally decreases, whereas an increase in autumn precipitation is projected in most areas. Changing climate conditions associated with increased minimum temperatures (approximately 1.3A degrees C) and decreased winter precipitation by 15% on average suggest that the risk for forest fires is intensified in the future. In urban areas, unpleasantly high temperatures during day and night will increase the feeling of discomfort in the citizens, while flash floods events are expected to occur more frequently. Another impact of climate change in urban regions is the increasing energy demand for cooling in summer. Finally, it was found that continental tourist areas of the Greek mainland will more often face heatwave episodes. In coastal regions, increased temperatures especially at night in combination with high levels of relative humidity can lead to conditions that are nothing less than uncomfortable for foreigners and the local population. In general, projected changes associated with temperature have a higher degree of confidence than those associated with precipitation. | An integrated assessment of climate change impacts for Greece in the near future | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,392,285 | 1. To assess low temperature limits of root growth in woody plants from periodically cold climates, we exposed seedlings of broadleaved and conifer taxa to contrasting soil temperature gradients under unlimited nutrient supply. 2. Five of the six species tested (Alnus viridis, Alnus glutinosa, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus cembra) produced hardly any (< 3%) new roots at temperatures below 6 degrees C, while Betula pendula did produce a few roots. Across all species, 85% of all new roots in the cold profile were confined to the rooting zone above 9 degrees C. Total root production in the gradual 16 to 2 degrees C temperature profile was only 40% of that obtained at a constant temperature of 16 degrees C. 3. New shoot growth (21-23 degrees C) was unaffected by these soil temperature differences. Neither specific root length nor root width responded to treatments. Low and high elevation taxa did not differ in any of the traits or responses tested. 4. Given that shoots were experiencing optimal conditions, the root data suggest a direct growth (sink) limitation by low temperatures during spring at low elevation, and potentially year-round limitation at the high-elevation climatic treeline. The critical temperature for significant root growth is approximate to 6 degrees C, which is close to the worldwide mean soil temperature at climatic treelines. | Low temperature limits of root growth in deciduous and evergreen temperate tree species | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,357,930 | A method of model evaluation is presented which utilises a comparison with a benchmark model. The proposed benchmarking concept is one that can be applied to many hydrological models but, in this instance, is implemented in the context of an in-stream water quality model. The benchmark model is defined in such a way that it is easily implemented within the framework of the test model, i.e. the approach relies on two applications of the same model code rather than the application of two separate model codes. This is illustrated using two case studies from the UK, the Rivers Aire and Ouse, with the objective of simulating a water quality classification, general quality assessment (GQA), which is based on dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonium. Comparisons between the benchmark and test models are made based on GQA, as well as a step-wise assessment against the components required in its derivation. The benchmarking process yields a great deal of important information about the performance of the test model and raises issues about a priori definition of the assessment criteria. | Towards benchmarking an in-stream water quality model | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
27,405 | The disappearing glaciers of Kilimanjaro are attracting broad interest. Less conspicuous but ecologically far more significant is the associated increase of frequency and intensity of fires on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, which leads to a downward shift of the upper forest line by several hundred meters as a result of a drier (warmer) climate since the last century. In contrast to common belief, global warming does not necessarily cause upward migration of plants and animals. Here, it is shown that on Kilimanjaro the opposite trend is under way, with consequences more harmful than those due to the loss of the showy ice cap of Africa's highest mountain. | Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1,532,306 | The middle Carboniferous was an interval of global change when the climate was transitioning from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Field collections of paleotropical brachiopod assemblages across the Mississippian/Pennsylvanian boundary reveal a taxonomic turnover event in which the overall diversity structure is conserved, despite an apparent regional extinction of 63% of latest Mississippian genera and an apparent regional origination of 50% of earliest Pennsylvanian. An analysis of the global ranges of the brachiopods encountered in the field reveals that turnover was driven primarily by extirpation and immigration rather than true extinctions and originations. Taxonomic richness and evenness are indistinguishable between the latest Mississippian and earliest Pennsylvanian stages. Additive diversity partitioning shows that the within-collection, between-collections (i.e., within-bed), and between-bed diversity components do not change across the Mississippian/Pennsylvanian boundary for richness or evenness. Rank-abundance plots of genera show the same distribution for both stages, but with no correlation between the Mississippian abundances of range-through genera and their abundance in the Pennsylvanian. Detrended correspondence analysis shows a major change in taxonomic composition across that Mississippian/Pennsylvanian boundary and consistency in the general gradient along which genera were distributed. An estimation of spatio-temporal heterogeneity of taxonomic composition within each stage reveals that the earliest Pennsylvanian was significantly more homogeneous. These results suggest that middle Carboniferous brachiopod assemblages from tropical shallow-water carbonate platform settings were organized by some factor that was independent of the specific taxa present. Furthermore, the increased homogeneity in taxonomic composition in the Morrowan did not affect the overall diversity structure. Strong competitive interactions among taxa do not appear to be important in determining the taxonomic compositions and abundances of brachiopod stage-level assemblages. | Stability of regional brachiopod diversity structure across the Mississippian/Pennsylvanian boundary | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,549,378 | New estimates of changes in the duration of the navigation period for the Northern Sea Route (NSR) are obtained based on calculations with the current generation of global climate models under moderate anthropogenic impacts in the 21st century. In order to obtain more reliable estimates, it was analyzed whether or not the present climate models can simulate both the average conditions of sea ice and their interannual variation and tendencies to change in the Arctic basin, in particular on the NSR, as compared to the satellite data for recent decades. | New model estimates of changes in the duration of the navigation period for the Northern Sea Route in the 21st century | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
95,927 | The tropical Pacific variability has experienced changes in its characteristics over the last decades. In particular, there is some evidence of an increased occurrence of El Nino events in the central Pacific (a.k.a. 'Central Pacific El Nino' (CP El Nino) or 'El Nino Modoki'), in contrast with the cold tongue or Eastern Pacific (EP) El Nino which develops in the eastern Pacific. Here we show that the different flavours of El Nino imply a contrasted Equatorial Kelvin Wave (EKW) characteristic and that their rectification on the mean upwelling condition off Peru through oceanic teleconnection is changed when the CP El Nino frequency of occurrence increases. The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis product is first used to document the seasonal evolution of the EKW during CP and EP El Nino. It is shown that the strong positive asymmetry of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) is mostly reflected into the EKW activity of the EP El Nino whereas during CP El Nino, the EKW is negatively skewed in the eastern Pacific. Along with slightly cooler conditions off Peru (shallow thermocline) during CP El Nino, this is favourable for the accumulation of cooler SST anomalies along the coast by the remotely forced coastal Kelvin wave. Such a process is observed in a high-resolution regional model of the Humboldt Current system using the SODA outputs as boundary conditions. In particular the model simulates a cooling trend of the SST off Peru although the wind stress forcing has no trend. The model is further used to document the vertical structure along the coast during the two types of El Nino. It is suggested that the increased occurrence of the CP El Nino may also lead to a reduction of mesoscale activity off Peru. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Change in El Nino flavours over 1958-2008: Implications for the long-term trend of the upwelling off Peru | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,620,022 | The eco-epidemiology of Triatominae and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission has been little studied in the Argentinean Monte ecoregion. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of domestic and intrusive triatomines to evaluate the risk of reinfestation of rural dwellings. Triatoma infestans, T. patagonica, T. garciabesi and T. eratyrusiformis were collected by active searches or light traps. None were infected with T. cruzi. One T. infestans male was collected at 1.3 km from the nearest infested house. The finding of intrusive and domestic triatomines in sylvatic foci emphasizes the need of implementing an effective vector surveillance system. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. | Occurrence of domestic and intrusive triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)in sylvatic habitats of the temperate Monte Desert ecoregion of Argentina | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
426,542 | Soil fertility declines constrain crop productivity on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa. Government and non-government organizations promote the use of mineral fertilizer and improved seed varieties to redress nutrient depletion and increase crop yields. Similarly, rotational cropping with nitrogen (N)-fixing legume cover crops or trees is promoted to improve soil fertility and crop yields. We examined maize grain yields and partial N balances on 24 smallholder maize farms in western Kenya, where interventions have increased access to agricultural inputs and rotational legume technologies. On these farms, mineral fertilizer inputs ranged from 0 to 161 kg N ha(-1) (mean = 48 kg N ha(-1)), and maize grain yields ranged from 1 to 7 t ha(-1) (mean = 3.4 t ha(-1)). Partial N balances ranged from large losses (-112 kg N ha(-1)) to large gains (93 kg N ha(-1)) with a mean of -3 kg N ha(-1). Maize grain yields increased significantly with N inputs (from fertilizer and legumes) in 2012 but not in 2013 when rainfall was lower. Nitrogen inputs of 40 kg N ha(-1) were required to produce 3 t of maize per hectare. N balances varied both among farms and between years, highlighting the importance of tracking inputs and outputs on multiple farms over multiple years before drawing conclusions about nutrient management, soil fertility outcomes and food security. The addition of N from legume rotations was a strong predictor of grain yields and positive N balances in lower-yielding farms in both years. This suggested that legume rotations may be particularly important for buffering yields from climate variability and maintaining N balances in low rainfall years. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | The effect of mineral and organic nutrient input on yields and nitrogen balances in western Kenya | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
271,283 | More than 2.4 billion people around the world in the rural community depend on biomass fuel (wood, charcoal animal dung, and crop residue). Incomplete combustion of this fuel has led to increased amounts of indoor pollution and raise in global warming; this has further led to the increase in the incidence of diseases. Therefore, interventions to reduce biomass fuel related emission by alternative fuels and improved combustion efficiency can improve health, add to socioeconomic development. The area selected for sampling was the Uchalli Wetlands Complex which in the Northwest of Khushab district in Pakistan which houses three saline lakes surrounded by forest and villages. A questionnaire was designed with questions regarding the household fuel use and techniques to improve livelihood and to create awareness and locals from the age of 19-95 were interviewed with a majority of males, houses in the area were mainly of stone blocks and majority males in the area worked in the city. Combined family system was prevalent in the area (80%) with about 42% of the population having no formal education. A wide variety of stoves were observed in the area with wives having a major decision (69%) in fuel choice which mainly depended on the cheapness and availability of the fuel. The cooking being mostly done (79.8%) outside in summers and indoors in winters. Majority of the respondents (94.7%) were aware that liquid petroleum gas and natural gas are better ways of reducing pollution and decreasing the incidence of diseases which included using dry wood, proper ventilation and many others. | LOCAL PERCEPTION OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION WITH USE OF BIOFUEL IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF UCHALLI WETLANDS COMPLEX, SALT RANGE PAKISTAN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,849,279 | The study, which was conducted in Klein-Altendorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany, simulated the effect of temperature and solar radiation on the yield of winter wheat from 1991 to 2004 by using LINTUL 2 model. The parameters of temperature and radiation were modified to check the sensitivity of the model with regard to the two variables. Furthermore, it has been discussed how to maintain the original yield under a condition with variable radiation and temperature by changing species with different temperature sum and light use efficiency. The results showed that: under the same radiation value, the temperature increment was linearly negatively correlated with crop yield. The yield decreased with increasing temperature. Under the same temperature, the correlation between solar radiation and crop yield was positive linear. The yield increased with increasing radiation. The effect of radiation factor on crop yield was more sensitive than the effect of temperature. In worse conditions with increased temperature or decreased radiation, man can keep the original yield by changing the cultivars with different temperature sum and light use efficiency (LUE). | The Influence of Climate Factor on the Yield of Winter Wheat in Germany based on LINTUL 2 Model | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
267,671 | Recent studies on climate responses in ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates have been few in number and focussed on phenology rather than morphology. According to Bergmann's rule, endothermic (warm-blooded) vertebrates from cooler climates tend to be larger than congeners from warmer regions. Although amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates, weather and climatic conditions may also impact on their morphology, and thereby affect their survival rates and population dynamics. In this paper, we show, in a unique long-term study during the period 1963-2003 in an agricultural landscape in western Poland, that the body length of two water frog parental species (males of both Rana ridibunda and R. lessonae) increased significantly. However, their hybridogenetic hybrid R. esculenta did not show similar changes. A significant relationship with a large-scale climatic factor, the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index, was found positive for R. ridibunda males and R. lessonae females, and negative for R. esculenta females. Our findings, the first for amphibians, are consistent with other studies reporting that recent climate change has affected the morphology of animals. However, we also show that changes in amphibian phenotype linked to climate may vary independently between (even very similar) species. | Is body size of the water frog Rana esculenta complex responding to climate change? | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3,291,232 | Hot summers with several intensive heat waves lead to strong heat-related mortality in Central and Southeast European cities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate association between maximum temaprature and mortality during the summer period in 2015 and to contribute to the future long-term assessment of heat-related mortality in urban population. The daily number of deaths of all causes and cause-specific mortality for the population of Novi Sad were used, as well as hourly air temperature data from the Novi Sad urban network (NSUNET) system. Four heat waves were detected using the Huth and Kysely methods. Three heat wave periods lasted longer than ten days. In July and August, 45% of days had a maximum temperature above 30 degrees C, and more than 70% of days had a maximum temperature above 25 degrees C. The average number of deaths was higher during the heat wave days. Significant association was found between Tmax and all-cause, cardiorespiratory, non-cardiorespiratory in total population, all-cause and cardiorespiratory mortality in the age group 65 and over. This study demonstrates a high magnitude of relation between mortality and temperature. Finally, the results show that population in urban areas is highly vulnerable during heat waves. | Heat-related Mortality as an Indicator of Population Vulnerability in a Mid-sized Central European City (Novi Sad, Serbia, summer 2015) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,959,268 | The semiarid regions (SARs) are characterized by extreme temperature changes, low and unevenly distributed precipitation, hazardous torrential rains, and frequent early spring droughts. Barley is the most highly adapted cereal in SARs, but durum wheat is the most widely cultivated. The area in cereals varies considerably from year to year, and yields are low. Tillage practices are used to conserve both soil and moisture and to prepare the seed bed. However, improved fertilizer use and weed control practices are not being used. Without development of needed cultural and tillage practice systems, the genetic potential of today's varieties cannot be realized. Planting depth and rate, row spacing, fertilizer application, and weed control were investigated under conventional tillage and reduced tillage systems. In on-farm trials, reduced tillage did not significantly affect durum wheat yield but slightly increased barley yield compared with traditional practices. Optimum planting depth for both wheat and barley was 7 cm. Higher seeding rates increased the yield of both crops. Highest yields were obtained at planting rates of 140 kg/ha for wheat and 100 kg/ha for barley. At these rates, maximum yields were achieved at row spacings of 30 cm for barley and 20 cm for durum wheat. Use of fertilizer and weed control increased yields substantially. Sustained and increased production in SARs can be achieved with a "package of practices" approach that incorporates these cultural and tillage practices. | Effect of cultural practices on barley and durum wheat yields in semiarid regions of Tunisia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,262,688 | Rising sea surface temperatures are expected to lead to the loss of phytoplankton biodiversity. However, we currently understand very little about the interactions between warming, loss of phytoplankton diversity and its impact on the oceans' primary production. We experimentally manipulated the species richness of marine phytoplankton communities under a range of warming scenarios, and found that ecosystem production declined more abruptly with species loss in communities exposed to higher temperatures. Species contributing positively to ecosystem production in the warmed treatments were those that had the highest optimal temperatures for photosynthesis, implying that the synergistic impacts of warming and biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning were mediated by thermal trait variability. As species were lost from the communities, the probability of taxa remaining that could tolerate warming diminished, resulting in abrupt declines in ecosystem production. Our results highlight the potential for synergistic effects of warming and biodiversity loss on marine primary production. | Abrupt declines in marine phytoplankton production driven by warming and biodiversity loss in a microcosm experiment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
203,206 | Variations of phenology and distribution have been recently highlighted in numerous insect species and attributed to climate change, particularly the increase of temperature and atmospheric CO2. Both have been shown to have direct and indirect effects on insect species of various ecosystems, though the responses are often species-specific. The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) is an important pest of conifers in the Mediterranean region, and has been recently shown to expand its altitudinal range in the Alps, including the mountain pine Pinus mugo as a novel host. We had the opportunity to transplant colonies of the pine processionary moth to a high elevation site well outside of the current range of the insect (Stillberg, Davos, Switzerland, 2180 m), where trees of the mountain pine have been grown for five years under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (ca. 570 ppm). The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of first instar larvae to extreme conditions of temperature and to an altered performance induced by the change of host metabolism under elevated CO2. Larval mortality and relative growth rate did not differ between host trees grown in ambient or elevated CO2. As extended snow cover may be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on the dwarf trees of mountain pine, we tested the survival of colonies transplanted at two extreme sites of Eastern Alps. The snow cover extended over more than one month proved to be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on mountain pine. We concluded that the first instar larvae of the pine processionary moth are not concerned by unusually low temperature and CO2 increase whereas they can be later strongly affected by snow accumulation. The decrease of snow cover observed in the last decades, however, may reduce such a risk. | Performances of an expanding insect under elevated CO2 and snow cover in the Alps | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2,364,535 | Study region: The Gila River, New Mexico, is characterized by two peaks in streamflow: one in the winter spring (December May), and summer (August September). The region is influenced both by Pacific SST variability as well as the North American Monsoon. Study focus: The mechanisms responsible for the variability of the winter spring and summer streamflow peaks are investigated by correlation of streamflow with precipitation and sea surface temperature for 1928-2012. Decadal variability in the flow record is examined for a longer term perspective on Gila River streamflow using tree ring-based reconstructions of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). New hydrological insights for the region: Results indicate a strong influence of winter spring precipitation and Pacific SST anomalies on the winter spring streamflow, with El Nitio conditions in the Pacific causing increased precipitation and streamflow. Decadal Pacific variability helps explain the transition from high winter flow in the late 20th century to lower flows in the most recent decade. The summer streamflow has a somewhat weaker correlation with precipitation and Pacific SST than the winter spring streamflow. Its variability is more likely influenced by local North American Monsoon precipitation variability. PDSI and SPI reconstructions indicate much more severe and extended periods of droughts and pluvials in past centuries as well as periods of concurrent winter and summer drought. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. | Causes of interannual to decadal variability of Gila River streamflow over the past century | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
3,315,288 | Drought is a natural hazard due to adverse effects in climate change in earth's environment. Drought assessment is very important to manage water resources in lean period. In the present study, drought years and degree of deficit of annual rainfall are determined by use of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-3 to 12 Months), and Percentage Departure from mean (PD) methods. For this study, monthly rainfall data of 102 years (1901-2002), of Banaskantha District, were used. The months of January, February, March, April, May, November, and December have been identified 68, 73, 78, 71, 68, 81, and 79 times as drought months, respectively, in the twentieth century, indicating that these months must be provided with assured Irrigation. From the annual rainfall departure analysis, the drought years have been identified and it is observed that 1901, 1904, 1911,1915,1923,1939,1969,1987, and 2002 are affected by severe drought and 1974 is affected by extreme drought condition. The study also reveals that 6, 15, and 15% of extreme dry years, severe dry years, and moderate dry years occur among drought years considered, which means 36% years are categorized into moderate to extreme drought years out of the total drought years. | Categorization of Drought During Twentieth Century Using Precipitation in Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
348,061 | Phytoplankton seasonal succession has been linked to a variety of serial environmental changes, especially weather- and climate-induced physical forcing. This study compared spring phytoplankton dynamics after winters of different severity (cold, normal, and warm) in Lake Erken, Sweden. The spring diatom bloom was dominated by different functional groups: group A (centric diatoms 5-10 mu m) after cold winters, B (centric diatoms > 15 mu m) after normal winters, and P (Aulacoseira granulata, Fragilaria crotonensis) after warm winters. Our results suggest that weather-related processes were the primary external drivers accounting for differences in spring phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Erken. Spring phytoplankton are influenced by overwintering species from the last autumn that can initiate the following spring bloom. Average taxonomic distinctness of the spring community was assessed using a new biodiversity measurement that incorporates taxonomic relatedness information. This value was lower than expected after warm and cold winters, which had winter air temperature 1A degrees C deviation from an average value calculated over 21 years. Such winters increased the level of disturbance or stress to the lake, resulting in a spring with less diverse phytoplankton by narrowing the niche for species with various ecological requirements. | Effects of winter severity on spring phytoplankton development in a temperate lake (Lake Erken, Sweden) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
899,127 | Migration in response to climatic hazards or changes in climatic conditions can unfold in a variety of ways, ranging from barely observable, incremental changes in pre-existing migration flows to abrupt, non-linear population movements. The adoption of migration instead of in situ adaptation responses, and the high degree of variability in potential migration outcomes, in part reflects the presence of thresholds or tipping points within the processes of human-environment interaction through which climate adaptation and migration take place. This article reviews and makes linkages between existing research in climate adaptation, migration system dynamics, residential preferences, and risk perception to identify and explore the functioning and importance of thresholds. Parochial examples from the author's published research on climate adaptation and migration in rural North America are used to illustrate. Six types of thresholds in response to climate hazards are identified: (1) Adaptation becomes necessary; (2) Adaptation becomes ineffective; (3) Substantive changes in land use/livelihoods become necessary; (4) In situ adaptation fails, migration ensues; (5) Migration rates become non-linear; and (6) Migration rates cease to be non-linear. Movement across thresholds is driven by context-specific characteristics of climate events, natural systems, and/or human systems. Transition from incremental to non-linear migration can be accelerated by people's perceptions, by actions of influential individuals or groups, and by changes in key infrastructure, services, or other community assets. Non-linear climate migration events already occur at local and sub-regional scales. The potential for global scale, non-linear population movements later this century depends heavily on future greenhouse gas emission trends. The ability to identify and avoid thresholds that tip climate migration into a non-linear state will be of growing concern to policy makers and planners at all levels in coming decades. This article forms part of a special issue of this journal dedicated to the late Graeme Hugo, and the author draws heavily on past research by Professor Hugo and colleagues. | Thresholds in climate migration | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,965,935 | As corporate globalization is restricted through changes in macro-environments, firms traditionally reliant on global talent pools are suffering. This is particularly true for high-tech firms' seeking to source high-skilled STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) talent. The aim of this study, in line with the special issue, is to explore the impact of macro-level trends in national government policy and political climates on high-tech firms seeking to source high-skilled STEM talent. By applying coevolutionary reasoning, we develop propositions that link the macro environment with corporate strategizing. A multi-respondent, qualitative research design is adopted, involving interviews and focus groups with 40 practitioners and industry experts. Through qualitative data analysis, we identify emergent adaptations to corporate talent sourcing activities for dealing with increasing STEM shortages linked to deglobalization. As the data highlight, the adaptations are a consequence of both internal strategic factors as well as external institutional forces and the interplay between the two. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. | Deglobalization and talent sourcing: Cross-national evidence from high-tech firms | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
476,456 | Distributional change, expressed as range expansion or contraction , has been observed in many marine populations and related to changes in the environment. The extent of such distributional changes is also expected to increase in response to future climate change. The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) which adjoins the south-western coast of Africa is a global marine hotspot with long-term warming occurring over a large area. The area is also an important centre of marine food production for three countries-South Africa, Namibia and Angola and is considered to be vulnerable to future climate change or increased climate variability. In this study we analysed change in distribution and range size of several demersal fish species in the BCLME over the period 1985-2010, including both commercial and non-commercial fish populations. Some of the observed changes in distribution and range size correspond to what is expected with increased warming whereas others appear to the contrary. Overall the results of the study highlight the complex nature of the response of fish population to climate change. | Assessing changes in the distribution and range size of demersal fish populations in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,487,075 | Background: Fluctuations in temperature occur naturally during plant growth and reproduction. However, in the hot summers this variation may become stressful and damaging for the molecular mechanisms involved in proper cell growth, impairing thus plant development and particularly fruit-set in many crop plants. Tolerance to such a stress can be achieved by constitutive gene expression or by rapid changes in gene expression, which ultimately leads to protection against thermal damage. We have used cDNA-AFLP and microarray analyses to compare the early response of the tomato meiotic anther transcriptome to moderate heat stress conditions (32 degrees C) in a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype. In the light of the expected global temperature increases, elucidating such protective mechanisms and identifying candidate tolerance genes can be used to improve breeding strategies for crop tolerance to heat stress. Results: The cDNA-AFLP analysis shows that 30 h of moderate heat stress (MHS) alter the expression of approximately 1% of the studied transcript-derived fragments in a heat-sensitive genotype. The major effect is gene down-regulation after the first 2 h of stress. The microarray analysis subsequently applied to elucidate early responses of a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype, also shows about 1% of the genes having significant changes in expression after the 2 h of stress. The tolerant genotype not only reacts with moderate transcriptomic changes but also exhibits constitutively higher expression levels of genes involved in protection and thermotolerance. Conclusion: In contrast to the heat-sensitive genotype, the heat-tolerant genotype exhibits moderate transcriptional changes under moderate heat stress. Moreover, the heat-tolerant genotype also shows a different constitutive gene expression profile compared to the heat-sensitive genotype, indicating genetic differences in adaptation to increased temperatures. In the heat-tolerant genotype, the majority of changes in gene expression is represented by up-regulation, while in the heat-sensitive genotype there is a general trend to down-regulate gene expression upon MHS. The putative functions associated with the genes identified by cDNA-AFLP or microarray indicate the involvement of heat shock, metabolism, antioxidant and development pathways. Based on the observed differences in response to MHS and on literature sources, we identified a number of candidate transcripts involved in heat-tolerance. | Temperature stress differentially modulates transcription in meiotic anthers of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive tomato plants | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,946,689 | Environmental factors affecting speed of germination and survival of naturally occurring seed of the legume Stylosanthes humilis and the grass Digitaria ciliaris were studied. Previous studies on the seedbed environment had shown that germination speed, defined as the proportion of seeds capable of germinating in the first 12 h period, was likely to be the most relevant laboratory measurement. Ten studies were conducted to compare species performance and to devise a standard technique for the measurement of germination speed under laboratory conditions. For S. humilis, the level and duration of submergence in water in the germination test had a large effect on germination speed (from 0–70% in 12 h). The absence of light delayed germination (7% in 12 h compared to 52% under light), but did not prevent complete germination over 7 days. Optimum temperature was 25°C with a decrease to 0% at 30°C. A standard technique was developed for measuring potential germination speed which gave reproducible results allowing differences in seed lots to be described. D. ciliaris seeds sampled just prior to field germination in the early storm period were less sensitive to environmental control. Temperature optimum for germination decreased from 40 to 30°C with the duration of the germination test. Seeds sampled at the time of seed dispersal (early dry season) had a high fraction (80%) requiring light for germination but this requirement had been lost by the early storm period. Investigations on the role of leaching (water movement) showed that long periods of water movement (12–18 h) increased the speed of germination of both species and in the case of S. humilis overcame environmental blocks to rapid germination (absence of light or 30°C temperature). Root elongation rates in S. humilis were not greatly affected by temperature over the range of seedbed temperatures when moisture is available (25–40°C) in the field. However, D. ciliaris was delayed in development at 25°C, the most likely overnight surface soil temperature. D. ciliaris was more susceptible to death by desiccation once germination had occurred compared to S. humilis. In both species seedling death due to desiccation increased with stage of development. The better relative performance of S. humilis in the germination‐establishment phase of the life cycle, which had been observed in a previous study, could be explained by a qualitative comparison of the species' attributes. This suggested that D. ciliaris was more likely to germinate at rainfall events following which there was a greater chance of seedling death Copyright © 1985, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved | Pasture seed dynamics in a dry monsoonal climate, II The effect of water availability, light and temperature on germination speed and seedling survival of Stylosanthes humilis and Digitaria ciliaris | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,374,589 | Temperature and rainfall are important drivers of mosquito abundance and have been used in previous studies as the basis for predictive models. To elucidate patterns of mosquito population dynamics in urban environments, the variation in mosquito abundance over a year and its association with climatic variables were analyzed. The Akaike information criterion was used to analyze the correlations between abundance and climate variables in mosquito populations collected in 2 urban parks: Alfredo Volpi Park and Burle Marx Park. Our findings suggest that both climatic and density-dependent variations may have an important impact on fluctuations in mosquito abundance, modulating population dynamics in urban parks. | MOSQUITO POPULATION DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE PATTERNS IN TWO PARKS IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
371,632 | Background: Globally, coral bleaching has been responsible for a significant decline in both coral cover and diversity over the past two decades. During the summer of 2010-11, anomalous large-scale ocean warming induced unprecedented levels of coral bleaching accompanied by substantial storminess across more than 12 degrees of latitude and 1200 kilometers of coastline in Western Australia (WA). Methodology/Principal Findings: Extreme La-Nina conditions caused extensive warming of waters and drove considerable storminess and cyclonic activity across WA from October 2010 to May 2011. Satellite-derived sea surface temperature measurements recorded anomalies of up to 5 degrees C above long-term averages. Benthic surveys quantified the extent of bleaching at 10 locations across four regions from tropical to temperate waters. Bleaching was recorded in all locations across regions and ranged between 17% (+/- 5.5) in the temperate Perth region, to 95% (+/- 3.5) in the Exmouth Gulf of the tropical Ningaloo region. Coincident with high levels of bleaching, three cyclones passed in close proximity to study locations around the time of peak temperatures. Follow-up surveys revealed spatial heterogeneity in coral cover change with four of ten locations recording significant loss of coral cover. Relative decreases ranged between 22%-83.9% of total coral cover, with the greatest losses in the Exmouth Gulf. Conclusions/Significance: The anomalous thermal stress of 2010-11 induced mass bleaching of corals along central and southern WA coral reefs. Significant coral bleaching was observed at multiple locations across the tropical-temperate divide spanning more than 1200 km of coastline. Resultant spatially patchy loss of coral cover under widespread and high levels of bleaching and cyclonic activity, suggests a degree of resilience for WA coral communities. However, the spatial extent of bleaching casts some doubt over hypotheses suggesting that future impacts to coral reefs under forecast warming regimes may in part be mitigated by southern thermal refugia. | Unprecedented Mass Bleaching and Loss of Coral across 12 degrees of Latitude in Western Australia in 2010-11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
320,559 | Rainfall over West Africa shows strong interannual variability related to changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Nevertheless, this relationship seem to be non-stationary. A particular turning point is the decade of the 1970s, which witnessed a number of changes in the climatic system, including the climate shift of the late 1970s. The first aim of this study is to explore the change in the interannual variability of West African rainfall after this shift. The analysis indicates that the dipolar features of the rainfall variability over this region, related to changes in the Atlantic SST, disappear after this period. Also, the Pacific SST variability has a higher correlation with Guinean rainfall in the recent period. The results suggest that the current relationship between the Atlantic and Pacific El Nio phenomena is the principal responsible for these changes. A fundamental goal of climate research is the development of models simulating a realistic current climate. For this reason, the second aim of this work is to test the performance of Atmospheric General Circulation models in simulating rainfall variability over West Africa. The models have been run with observed SSTs for the common period 1957-1998 as part of an intercomparison exercise. The results show that the models are able to reproduce Guinean interannual variability, which is strongly related to SST variability in the Equatorial Atlantic. Nevertheless, problems in the simulation of the Sahelian interannual variability appear: not all models are able to reproduce the observed negative link between rainfall over the Sahel and El Nio-like anomalies in the Pacific, neither the positive correlation between Mediterranean SSTs and Sahelian rainfall. | Changes in the interannual SST-forced signals on West African rainfall. AGCM intercomparison | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3,908,993 | Various extraction characteristics of oil from Hevea brasiliensis seed has been studied with different solvents like hexane, petroleum ether and tetrahydrofuran. Parameters affecting the extraction process were evaluated for temperature, extraction time and particle size. These parameters significantly influence the oil extraction process to obtain maximum yield. From the results, it was observed that maximum yield of 49.94wt% oil was obtained withhexane for the optimized condition 0.35 mm particle size, 60°C extraction temperature and 180 min extraction time. Oil yield increases with increase in temperature and time, but decreases with increase in particle size. Physicochemical properties of rubber seed oil were investigated using standard techniques. © 2018 EM International. All rights reserved. | Optimization and characterization of oil Extraction from Hevea brasiliensis Seed | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
364,345 | Natural ecosystems have developed within ranges of conditions that can serve as references for setting conservation targets or assessing the current ecological integrity of managed ecosystems. Because of their climate determinism, forest fires are likely to have consequences that could exacerbate biophysical and socioeconomical vulnerabilities in the context of climate change. We evaluated future trends in fire activity under climate change in the eastern Canadian boreal forest and investigated whether these changes were included in the variability observed during the last 7000 years from sedimentary charcoal records from three lakes. Prediction of future annual area burned was made using simulated Monthly Drought Code data collected from an ensemble of 19 global climate model experiments. The increase in burn rate that is predicted for the end of the 21st century (0.45% year(-1) with 95% confidence interval (0.32, 0.59) falls well within the long-term past variability (0.37 to 0.90% year(-1)). Although our results suggest that the predicted change in burn rates per se will not move this ecosystem to new conditions, the effects of increasing fire incidence cumulated with current rates of clear-cutting or other low-retention types of harvesting, which still prevail in this region, remain preoccupying. | Will climate change drive 21st century burn rates in Canadian boreal forest outside of its natural variability: collating global climate model experiments with sedimentary charcoal data | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
2,660,336 | Water shortages in Pakistan are among the most severe in the world, and its water resources are decreasing significantly due to the prevailing hydro-meteorological conditions. We assessed variations in meteorological and hydrological variables using innovative trend analysis (ITA) and traditional trend analysis methods at a practical significance level, which is also of practical interest. We developed threshold levels of hydrological variables and developed a non-parametric climate-sensitivity model of the high-altitude catchment of the western Himalayas. The runoff of Zone I decreased, while the temperature increased and the precipitation increased significantly. In Zone II, the runoff and temperature increased but the precipitation decreased. A two-dimensional visualization of the Parde coefficient showed extreme drought events, and indicated greater sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature than to precipitation. The threshold levels of runoff for Zones I and II were 320 and 363 mm using the Q(80) fixed method, while the mean runoff amounts were estimated to be 79.95 and 55.61 mm, respectively. The transient threshold levels varied by month, and the duration of droughts in Zones I and II ranged from 26.39 to 78.98 days. The sensitivity of the hydrological regime was estimated based on a modified climate-elasticity model (epsilon(p) = 0.11-0.23, epsilon(t) = -0.04-2.39) for Zones I and II, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature, which influences the melting process. However, it is important to establish thresholds for hydrological variables and understand the climate sensitivity of the hydrological regime of the entire basin, so that policy makers and water managers can make sustainable water-resource-management decisions for this region. | Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,790,086 | Climate change over five provinces of southwest China including Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing are simulated by a regional climate model(RegCM3) using the output of a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model(ECHAM5/MPI-OM) as lateral and boundary conditions. Two sets of 15-year simulations at 20 km gird spacing for present day (1986-2000) and future (2011-2025, IPCC SRES A1B scenario) are conducted with surface air temperature and precipitation as a focal area in analysis. Results show that (1) RegCM3 can reproduce well the spatial disturbution of surface air temperature in soutwest China, while the simulated value is lower than observation. The spatial distribution of precipitation increase from northwest to southeast can also be simulated by RegCM3. Precipitation simulation for the annual mean and in summer is much better than that in winter. The simulaed value in winter is highter than observation. (2) During 2010-2025, there may be a remarkably warming either in annual or seasons. The temperature change in north is larger than that in south. The daily maximum, minimum temperature change in winter is larger than that in summer. (3) Precipitation increase in annual, autumn and winter is agreenment, while precipitation increase is signifcantly in winter. Precipictation decrease in spring and summer isn't obviously. Overall, temperature increase and precipitation decrease in spring and summer might bring on the risk of high temperature and drought in some regions. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. | Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of Regional Climate Change in Southwest China by a Regional Climate Model | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1,300,064 | There has been a growing concern on temporal variations on drought characteristics due to climate change. This study compares meteorological drought characteristics for two different periods to quantify the temporal changes in seasonal droughts of 18 weather stations of the country. Fifty-five years rainfall and temperature data are divided into two different thirty-year periods, 1961-1990 and 1985-2014 and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for those periods are calculated to assess the changes. Four seasons in this study are selected as two major crop growing seasons namely, Rabi (November to April) and Kharif (May to October) and two critical periods for crop growth in term of water supply namely critical Rabi (March-April) and critical Kharif (May). Results show that moderate, extreme, and severe Rabi droughts has increased in 11, 9, and 4 stations out of 18 stations, respectively, and Kharif severe and extreme droughts has increased in 8 and 9 stations, respectively, In addition, the frequency analysis shows that the return periods have decreased during 1985-2014 at the stations where it was high during 1961-1990 and vice versa. This has made the spatial distribution of return periods of droughts more uniform over the country for most of the seasons. Increased return period of droughts in highly drought prone north and northwest Bangladesh has caused decrease in average frequency of droughts. Consequently, this result corresponds that Bangladesh experiences fewer droughts in recent years. Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data reveals that significant increase of mean temperature and no significant change in rainfall in almost all months have increased the frequency of droughts in the regions where droughts were less frequent. | Changing Pattern of Droughts during Cropping Seasons of Bangladesh | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
794,814 | Arctic sea ice has been shrinking at unprecedented rates over the past three decades. These cryospheric changes have coincided with greater incidence of global extreme weather conditions, including increased severity and frequency of summer heatwaves and extreme rainfall events. Recent studies identify potential physical mechanisms related to Rossby wave and resonance theories that may attribute the observed changes in extreme summer weather patterns to Arctic sea ice decline. This study explores the linkages between summer Arctic sea ice variability and hydroclimate of the north-central United States (US) during the 1979 to 2013 period. Since 1979, summers with low sea ice conditions have coincided with significant increases in mean, minimum, maximum, and dew point air temperatures. Also apparent are increases in seasonal precipitation, the number of wet days, heavy (>95th percentile) precipitation days, and accumulated precipitation over the region. These moisture changes coincide with atmospheric patterns typically observed during anomalously wet summers, known to prompt flooding across the Upper Mississippi River Valley (UMRV) region. Low sea ice summers have coincided with (1) enhanced southerly air flow and increased activity of the Great Plains Low Level Jet (GPLLJ) over the study area, (2) increased occurrence of moist tropical air masses over the UMRV region, and (3) amplified 500 hPa flow over the Pacific-North American region with a ridge situated over the central-eastern portions of the North American continent emanating from Greenland and the central Arctic basin. The results suggest summer Arctic sea ice variability has been associated with recent hydroclimate anomalies of the north-central United States and the UMRV region and add to our growing knowledge of the connections between a changing Arctic environment and concurrent mid-latitude climate variability. | Connections between north-central United States summer hydroclimatology and Arctic sea ice variability | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
606,210 | In this study we estimate the radiative impact of wildfires in Alaska during the record wildfire season of 2004 by integrating model simulations and satellite observations of the top of the atmosphere ( TOA) radiative fluxes and aerosol optical depth. We compare results for the summer of 2004 to results for the summer of 2000 when fire activity in the boreal zone was low. Both observations and model show a decrease in TOA clear-sky fluxes over the Alaska fire region during summer 2004 of -7 +/- 6 W m(-2) and -10 +/- 4 W m(-2), respectively. About two thirds of the change occurs in the longwave, and one third in the shortwave, spectral range. On the bases of detailed model analysis we estimate that the changes in the longwave flux are predominantly explained by a higher surface temperature in summer 2004 compared to 2000. The change in the shortwave flux is largely caused by scattering of solar radiation on organic carbon aerosols emitted from the 2004 fires. This cooling is somewhat mitigated by the warming effect due to absorbing black carbon aerosols emitted from the fires and to a lesser extent by ozone and other greenhouse gases produced and released from the fires. Sensitivity studies with varying aerosol emission scenarios indicate that the ratio of black to organic carbon aerosol emissions of the boreal fires used in this study needs to be increased considerably to match both observations of aerosol optical depth and TOA radiation fluxes, or the biomass burning aerosols must be considerably more absorbing than parameterized in the model. While this study cannot resolve the cause of this discrepancy, it presents a powerful methodology to constrain aerosol emissions. This methodology will benefit from future improvements in measurements and modeling techniques. | Impact of the summer 2004 Alaska fires on top of the atmosphere clear-sky radiation fluxes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
548,751 | Choosing appropriate management strategies and effective conservation actions requires information about the future consequences of current conservation actions; however, this crucial information is rarely available to conservation planners. This study applies scenario planning and agent-based modelling (ABM) to assess the potential impact of alternative management strategies on future suitability and functional connectivity of Cross River gorilla (CRG) habitat in the Nigeria-Cameroon border region. The CRG population is small and fragmented, with many subpopulations and migration corridors located outside protected areas. This study used ABM to simulate human land use in the study area over a period of 15 years under different management scenarios and assessed the impact on future suitability and functional connectivity of CRG habitat. The simulations showed that a landscape approach with greater focus on interventions to change human behaviour towards conserving gorillas and sustainable forest use would result in greater improvement in habitat suitability and functional connectivity compared to focusing on improving law enforcement within existing protected areas. However, the best scenarios were when both law enforcement and behaviour change increased. The results highlight the importance of human behaviour change to conservation in human-dominated landscapes and can inform conservation planning and management of other species and in similar landscapes. | Evaluating the potential effectiveness of alternative management scenarios in ape habitat | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
232,772 | Understanding whether tree growth is limited by carbon gain (source limitation) or by the direct effect of environmental factors such as water deficit or temperature (sink limitation) is crucial for improving projections of the effects of climate change on forest productivity. We studied the relationships between tree basal area (BA) variations, eddy covariance carbon fluxes, predawn water potential ((pd)) and temperature at different timescales using an 8-yr dataset and a rainfall exclusion experiment in a Quercus ilex Mediterranean coppice. At the daily timescale, during periods of low temperature (<5 degrees C) and high water deficit (<-1.1MPa), gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity remained positive whereas the stem increment was nil. Thus, stem increment appeared limited by drought and temperature rather than by carbon input. Annual growth was accurately predicted by the duration of BA increment during spring (t(t0-t1)). The onset of growth (t(0)) was related to winter temperatures and the summer interruption of growth (t(1)) to a threshold (pd) value of -1.1MPa. We suggest that using environmental drivers (i.e. drought and temperature) to predict stem growth phenology can contribute to an improvement in vegetation models and may change the current projections of Mediterranean forest productivity under climate change scenarios. | Growth duration is a better predictor of stem increment than carbon supply in a Mediterranean oak forest: implications for assessing forest productivity under climate change | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
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