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The present invention relates to the provision of firm three-dimensional expanded enclosures from essentially two-dimensional collapsed structures. There are many times when one wishes to have an enclosure at a remote site and, rather than transport it to such site, one transports it in some collapsed form. Thus, a tent is folded up, transported and erected where needed. A canvas tent, however has no rigidity and it therefore is necessary to utilize tent poles, pegs and much rope to give the tent some degree of permanence. In addition it must be set on a reasonably firm sub-surface. Pneumatically inflatable plastic enclosures are another form of simple enclosure but again there is much need for preparation, tie lines, etc. For children's playhouses or other similar insubstantial structures it is desirable to produce a three-dimensional enclosure which has some rigidity without the need for a firm substrate and/or extensive rigid tie lines. It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide an essentially two dimensional collapsed structure which can easily be reversibly expanded, erected or deployed to provide a three dimensional enclosure of moderate rigidity. These and other objects and advantages are realized in accordance with the present invention pursuant to which there is provided a collapsed but expandable structure which is essentially two-dimensional and which is made up of a plurality of elements comprising an essentially planar four sided central zone and a pair of substantially triangular flaps hingedly connected to two opposite sides of said central zone, whereby the elements are joined to one another flap to flap and central zone to central zone. Advantageously, the central zone is essentially a parallelogram, the flaps being hinged to a pair of short opposite sides. Each flap is preferably essentially a 45°, 45°, 90° triangle hingedly connected along its hypotenuse to a pair of short sides of the central zone, which make angles of about 45° and 135° with a pair of longer sides. A multiplicity of such elements are interconnected through their flaps in collapsed state form a plurality of adjacent interconnected stacks of elements, the stacks being essentially accordion pleated. When a pulling force is applied to try to separate the stacks from one another there is elongation in the plane of the stacks but at the same time the elements in each stack seperate perpendicularly to the plane, thereby creating the third dimension. The elements can be formed of any material although some stiffness is preferable. Thus even cardboard is useful but plastic, metal or wood sheets are even better. Each can be as thin as permissible for the desired resistance to puncture. The elements may be interspersed with slightly different elements where the four sided central zones deviate from a parallelogram and the angles of the flaps vary, to impart curvature to the expanded structure, e.g. to give a generally spherical, hemispherical, cylindrical or elliptical outer surface. It is possible to join two or more essentially parallel stacks of elements so that upon expansion each stack forms a three-dimensional structure while two essentially parallel stacks also define between them honeycomb-like chambers suitable for holding objects such as wine bottles, or even people. In addition, when two or more surfaces are joined in this manner, the structure is imparted increased rigidity and better synchronicity and smoothness during expansion. The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES FIG. 1 is a plan view of a single element of one form of the invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1 in its collapsed position; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of FIG. 1 in its deployed state; FIGS. 4 and 5 show two laterally joined elements of the invention; FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show two longitudinally joined elements; FIG. 9 shows a plan view of one form of the invention consisting of a 4×4 matrix of elements; FIGS. 10 and 11 show FIG. 9 in a deployed and collapsed state respectively; FIG. 12 shows a plan view of a single element of a curved form of the invention; FIGS. 13 and 14 show FIG. 12 in its collapsed and deployed state respectively; FIG. 15 shows two laterally connected elements; FIGS. 16 and 17 show a curved form of the invention in its deployed and collapsed states respectively; FIGS. 18-21 illustrate a modification of the invention to obtain increased strength and synchronicity of deployment; FIGS. 22-24 illustrate a modification of the invention for curved forms; FIGS. 25-27 illustrate an alternative method for obtaining increased strength and ease of deployment; FIGS. 28-31 illustrate a form of the invention with curvature in two dimensions; FIGS. 32-37 illustrate a method of constructing the invention out of thick materials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now more particularly to the drawings in FIG. 1 there is shown an element 100 which is essentially rectangular and comprises a planar central zone 102 hingedly connected along fold lines 104, 106 with triangular flaps 108, 110. In this form of the invention, zone 102 is a parallelogram where the short sides make angles of 45° and 135° with the long sides. Flaps 108, 110 are 45°, 45°, 90° triangles. In FIG. 2 the flap 108 is folded down over the face of zone 102 while flap 110 is folded rearwardly behind zone 102. In FIG. 3 it can be seen that in an erected, deployed state the flaps 108, 110 do not rest against the zone 102 but make angles therewith so as to cover or encompass a three-dimensional space 112 indicated by the dotted line. In FIG. 4 there are shown two elements 100 and 200, which in this case are mirror images, which are laterally joined to one another along fold line 114 and its continuation 116. In FIG. 5 the unit 100-200 is shown in deployed state wherein lines 114 and 116 form an angle therebetween while central zones 102, 202 also form an angle therebetween. The space encompassed thereby comprises space 112 plus 212. However, when elements 100 and 200 are folded together, they stack, and their profile is identical to FIG. 2. In FIG. 6 there are shown two elements 100 and 500 which are joined longitudinally, where zones 108 and 508 are joined so as to be integral and planar. In FIG. 7 the unit 100-500 is shown in deployed state where the space encompassed by unit 100-500 is space 112, plus 512. In FIG. 8 the flaps 108, 508 are folded against central zones 102, 502 respectively while the flaps 110, 510 are folded rearwardly behind zones 102, 502. In FIG. 9 there is shown a 4×4 grid of sixteen elements consisting of four rows of elements joined central zone to central zone and flap to flap. For example one row consists of elements 100, 200, 300, 400 joined laterally to one another in the same manner as the elements in FIG. 4. Seen in an alternative fashion, the grid consists of four columns of longitudinally joined elements. One such column consists of elements 100, 500, 900, 1300 joined to one another in the same manner as FIG. 6. FIG. 10 shows the grid of elements in its deployed state which is corrugated or pleated in two different dimensions. FIG. 11 shows the matrix in its collapsed state which is stacked compactly. In FIG. 12 there is shown an element 150 consisting of a four sided planar tapered central zone 152, with two non-parallel sides 164, 170 hingedly connected along fold lines 154, 156 with flaps 158, 160. In FIG. 13 the flap 158 is folded down over the central zone 152 while flap 160 is folded rearwardly behind zone 152. In FIG. 14 the element 150 is shown in its deployed state encompassing the three dimensional triangular space 172 indicated by the dotted line. In FIG. 15 there are shown two elements 150 and 250, again mirror images, which are laterally joined along fold lines 164, 166. The encompassed space indicated by dotted lines is comprised of 172 plus 272. FIG. 16 shows a matrix consisting of four rows of sixteen elements each joined in the same manner as those in FIG. 15. By employing elements with central zones that are not parallelograms, the encompassed space will be essentially cylindrical in shape. In FIG. 17 is shown the matrix in its collapsed folded state. In FIG. 18 are shown two sets of pairs of individual elements in a deployed state, pair 200, 300 and pair 350, 450. Pair 200, 300 are longitudinally joined where zones 208 and 308 are joined so as to be integral and planar. Also shown is pair 350, 450 longitudinally joined by zones 358, 458. Element 300 is joined to element 350 along the hinged flap line 304. FIG. 19 shows the unit 200, 300, 350, 450 in a collapsed state. In FIG. 20 is shown a matrix made up of units identical to that shown in FIG. 18 or its mirror image. This matrix is in essence comprised of two matrices, similar to that shown in FIG. 10, joined to each other along matching fold lines producing a honeycombed structure, for purposes of reinforcement and improved synchronicity during deployment. FIG. 21 shows the matrix of FIG. 20 in its collapsed state. FIG. 22 shows four elements 550, 650, 750, 850 having central zones with non-parallel sides joined along fold line 654 in similar manner to those shown in FIG. 18. The encompassed space is indicated by 672. FIG. 23 shows a matrix, made up of units identical to the unit shown in FIG. 22 or its mirror image, which is a reinforced structure whose shape is essentially a section of a cylinder. FIG. 24 shows the structure in its collapsed state. In FIG. 25 there are shown four elements 950, 1050, 1150, 1250 in a deployed state. Element 950 is comprised of a central zone 952 hingedly connected to a triangular flap 960 and a triangular flap with a rectangular extension 958. It is longitudinally joined to element 1050 where element 958 is integral and planar with element 1058 which is also a triangular flap with a rectangular extension. Elements 1150, 1250 are longitudinally joined in similar manner to elements 950, 1050. Elements 950, 1050 are joined along fold line 980 to elements 1150, 1250. FIG. 26 shows a matrix of units identical to unit 950, 1050, 1150, 1250 or its mirror imate illustrating an alternative method of joining two similar matrices for reinforcement and improved synchronicity. FIG. 27 shows the matrix in its collapsed state. FIG. 28 shows two dissimilar elements 1350, 1450 in a deployed state. Element 1350 is comprised of a four sided tapered central zone 1352, with no two sides parallel, hingedly connected to two triangular flaps 1360, 1358. Element 1450 is comprised of a nonparallel four sided central zone 1452 hingedly connected to two triangular flaps 1458, 1460. Element 1350 is joined longitudinally to 1450 along fold line 1370. The encompassed space is comprised of a back plane 1374, consisting of a section of a circle and an extending rectangle, and a front plane 1376 of identical profile to 1374, but rotated by an angle about line 1372. Planes 1378, 1380, 1382, 1384 radiate from line 1386. Element 1350 is proportioned such that the two long sides of zone 1352 lie in plane 1374 and 1376 respectively, triangular flap 1360 has one side that lies in plane 1376 and one side in plane 1378, zone 1358 has one side in plane 1374 and one in 1380. Element 1450 is bounded by planes 1380, 1382, 1376, 1374. FIG. 29 shows elements 1350, 1450, 1550, 1650 where elements 1550, 1650 are the mirror image of and laterally connected to 1350, 1450. It may be seen that a volume of curvature in two dimensions may be constructed by laterally connecting to one another units identical to unit 1350, 1450, 1550, 1650. In FIG. 30 is shown a structure, curved in two dimensions, comprised of an eighteen by seventy matrix of elements. FIG. 31 shows the same structure in its collapsed position. FIG. 32 shows an element 1750 in perspective, in a flat position. Central zone 1752 is a four sided shape of finite thickness. At each end of 1752, on opposite sides, are stepped areas 1780, 1782 whose thickness is equal to one half the thickness of the interior portion of 1752. The dimensions of the stepped area 1780 is equal to the dimensions of the triangular flap 1758, and the dimensions of stepped area 1782 are equal to those of 1760. FIG. 33 shows the link in its deployed position. In FIG. 34 is shown the element 1750 in its collapsed position. From FIG. 34 it may be seen that the triangular flaps 1758, 1760 rest against the stepped portion of zone 1752, so that the six surfaces of the collapsed element 1750 are smooth and planar. FIG. 35 shows element 1750 laterally connected to element 1850 along fold lines 1790, 1792, where fold line 1790 lies along the intersection of the upper surfaces of zones 1760, 1860 and fold line 1792 lies along the intersection of the lower surfaces of central zones 1752, 1852. FIG. 36 shows the unit 1750, 1850 in its deployed position. FIG. 37 shows the unit 1750, 1850 in the collapsed position.

A reversibly expandable three-dimensional structure made up of a grid of elements each comprising an essentially planar four sided central zone and a pair of substantially triangular flaps hingedly connected to two opposite sides of said central zone, the elements being hingedly joined to one another central zone to central zone and flap to flap. By including some elements wherein the central zones are tapered the expanded structure will be curved.

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/168,401, filed May 29, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present disclosure relates to open weave or knitted scrims having a coextruded multi-layer coating on one side thereof to impart beneficial, selected properties thereto. BACKGROUND [0003] In both residential and commercial roofing applications, a roof covering material is utilized to provide the main water protection barrier. Whether the primary roof covering material comprises composite shingles, metal panels or shingles, concrete or clay tiles, wood shakes, or slate, a primary roof covering material is used to protect the building interior from water ingress. In addition to the roof covering material, roofing underlayment is often used beneath the primary roof covering material. The roofing underlayment acts as a water and moisture barrier. [0004] It is desirable for roofing underlayment to provide a surface which has a sufficiently high coefficient of friction (“COF”) to reduce slippage of the roofing underlayment relative to the roof and also the bottom of shoes or boots and the top surfaces of the roofing underlayment, in particular when an installer walks on the roofing underlayment. The phrase “high coefficient of friction” in this document means a sliding coefficient of friction of at least 0.5 when tested with dry leather and at least 0.7 when tested with dry rubber (per CAN/CGSB-75.1-M88). [0005] Roofing underlayment should be easily affixable to a roofing surface, for example by nailing or adhesion. They should ideally be impermeable to moisture. High tensile and tear strengths are also desirable to reduce tearing during application and exposure to high winds. Also, roofing underlayment should be light in weight to facilitate ease of transport and application, and should be able to withstand prolonged exposure to sunlight, air and water. [0006] In another industry, lumber wrapping, a covering material that is useable in automatic lumber wrapping machines, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,594,375; U.S. Pat. No. 7,607,280; U.S. Pat. No. 7,836,666; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,050 is desirable to have improved properties afforded by the scrim coated products disclosed herein. The production of a lumber wrap from a flat sheet requires the flat sheets to be thermally welded together. The issue with standard, two side coated woven products for use as lumber wrap is that the welds are stressed in peel when the resultant welded lumber wrap is stretched over the lift of lumber. The stresses induced to create this stretch are sufficient to cause weld failure. [0007] Thus, scrim coated products made from a polymer material that meets the above-mentioned needs and, in particular, has the necessary high COF and/or a low melting point material present on both sides of the scrim while only applying a coating to one side of the product are needed for these industries. SUMMARY [0008] Various embodiments relate to a roofing material and more particularly to a roofing underlayment including anti-slip properties. Other embodiments relate to an end product, lumber wrap, suitable for use in automatic lumber wrapping machines. Both types of products benefit from the structures disclosed herein in that the outermost layer of the multi-layer coating is composed of a material that is printable to be able to deliver a message or include a company's logo and/or name, and in that the innermost layer of the multi-layer coating is immediately adjacent a first major surface of a scrim that has a plurality of interstices and the innermost layer penetrates the interstices to define a portion of the second major surface of the scrim. The innermost layer provides a sufficiently high coefficient of friction to the second major surface of the scrim that it is slip resistant and or has grippable qualities for roofing and/or lumber wrap. [0009] In one aspect, roofing underlayments are disclosed that include a scrim defining a plurality of interstices and a multi-layer polyolefin-based coating on one major surface of the scrim. The multi-layer polyolefin based coating has a first layer of a copolymer of ethylene juxtaposed to the major surface of the scrim and penetrating the interstices thereof to define a portion of the second major surface of the scrim, thereby imparting the second major surface with a sufficiently high coefficient of friction. The copolymer of ethylene may be a copolymer with propylene and/or other monomers, butane, vinyl acetate, methylacrylate, and combinations thereof. [0010] A core layer between the innermost and outermost layers may be of a material that provides improved high temperature resistance, hydrostatic resistance, abrasion resistant, and/or toughness to the end product. In one embodiment, the core layer includes polypropylene. [0011] In a lumber wrap embodiment, the two outer layers of the coating have a lower melting point than the core layer. The lower melting point for the outer layers allows the coating layer to be welded at a lower temperature to the scrim, thereby reducing the loss of strength of the scrim. The coating layer forms welded bonds through the scrim, in particular, through the interstices in the scrim, thereby significantly increasing the peel strength of the weld(s). Of the two outer layers, the first layer of a copolymer of ethylene is juxtaposed to the major surface of the scrim and penetrating the interstices thereof to define a portion of the second major surface of the scrim, thereby imparting the second major surface with a sufficiently high coefficient of friction. The copolymer of ethylene may be a copolymer with propylene and/or other monomers, butane, vinyl acetate, methylacrylate, and combinations thereof. [0012] The multi-layer polyolefin-based coating includes at least three layers including a core sandwiched between the first layer of a copolymer of ethylene and a second layer of a copolymer of ethylene, wherein the core is immediately adjacent to each of the layers of copolymer of ethylene. In one embodiment, the first layer and the second layer of copolymer of ethylene may be the same or may be different. In one embodiment, the core includes polypropylene, preferably a homopolymer of polypropylene. The core may comprise about 20% to about 80% by weight of the total weight of the multi-layer polyolefin-based coating, and the remainder of the total weight may be split equally or unequally between the first layer and the second layer of copolymer of ethylene. In one embodiment, the remainder of the total weight is split as about 70% to about 5% to the first layer, with the balance in the second layer of copolymer of ethylene. [0013] In one embodiment, the scrim is a woven scrim made of polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers thereof, and/or combinations thereof and the interstices therein define 10% to 40% of the surface area thereof. In another embodiment, the interstices define 15% to 25% of the surface area of the woven scrim. The woven scrim may have a leno weave. [0014] In another embodiment, the scrim is a knitted scrim of polyethylene or polypropylene, and the interstices therein define 10% to 40% of the surface area thereof. In another embodiment, the interstices define 15% to 25% of the surface area of the woven scrim. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] The claimed subject matter is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. A brief description of each figure is provided below. Elements with the same reference number in each figure indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number indicate the drawing in which the reference number first appears. [0016] FIG. 1 is a generalization of a coextruded coating being applied to a scrim. [0017] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional, plan view of one embodiment of a scrim coated product disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0018] The following detailed description will illustrate the general principles of the invention, examples of which are additionally illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. [0019] As used herein, “sufficiently high coefficient of friction” has the meaning set forth in the background section. [0020] As used herein, “low density polyethylene” (LDPE) means a polyethylene polymer that has a high degree of short and long chain branching and a density range of 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm 3 . [0021] As used herein, “linear low density polyethylene” (LLDPE) means a polyethylene polymer that is substantially linear, with a significant number of short branches, is commonly made by copolymerization with short-chain olefins such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene, and has a density range of 0.915 to 0.925 g/cm 3 . [0022] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the coated scrim product, generally designated 100 in FIG. 2 , has an A/B/A or A/B/C multi-layer polyolefin-based coating 104 coextruded onto a first major surface 114 of a scrim 102 , which enables the first layer 108 of the coating to penetrate the interstices 112 thereof and to define a portion of the second major surface 116 of the scrim 102 . That is, the coating 104 includes two outer layers 108 , 110 (A) or (A and C) and a core layer 106 (B) therebetween, with layer 108 being referred to herein as the first layer and layer 110 being referred to as the second layer. In one embodiment, the outer layers are compositionally equal and (A) comprises an ethylene copolymer. In another embodiment, the outer layers are compositionally different (A and C), but both comprise a copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene. In one embodiment, the outer layers 108 , 110 of copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene may either or both include other monomers, such as butene, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, and/or additives. [0023] Scrim [0024] The scrim 102 may be a woven or knitted scrim having interstices therein that define about 10% to about 40% of the surface area thereof, measured relative to the first major surface 114 of the scrim to which the multi-layer coating is applied. In another embodiment, the interstices define 15% to 25% of the surface area of the woven scrim. In one embodiment, the woven scrim is a leno weave scrim. The scrim is made typically from polyolefin materials, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers and other combinations thereof, provided in the form of tapes, filaments, and/or fibers. The tapes, filaments, and/or fibers may have a denier value ranging from about 200 to about 2000. In one embodiment, the scrim has from 4 to 12 tapes, filaments, and/or fibers in the warp direction and from 2 to 8 tapes, filaments, and/or fibers in the weft direction woven in a pattern to meet the percentage of surface area defined by the interstices as set forth above. In one exemplary embodiment, the scrim is made from polypropylene material in the form of tapes having an 8×3 weave with four polypropylene warp pairs each tape being 0.9″ wide and 650 denier and three weft tapes each being 0.115″ wide and 1200 denier, and having interstices defining about 20% of the surface area of the first major surface of the scrim. [0025] Multi-Layered Coating [0026] The multi-layered coatings 104 of the various embodiments are suitable for extrusion coating onto the scrim 102 . Extrusion coating of a multi-layered coating 104 onto the scrim may be accomplished by melting the compositions for the coating in two or more extruders and extruding through a multi-port film die onto the scrim the layers in a desired layered arrangement, such as, but not limited to, an A/B/A or A/B/C arrangement. The molten coextruded layers and scrim are transported between a nip roll and a chill roll to cool the molten compositions to create the coating. A chill roll temperature of 45° F. to 85° F. is commonly used. [0027] The core layer (B) is or includes polypropylene, and may optionally include one or more additives, such as the additives identified below. In one embodiment, the polypropylene is a homopolymer. The core layer typically accounts for about 10% to about 90% of the total thickness of the multi-layer coating. In another embodiment, the core layer accounts for about 20% to about 80% of the total thickness of the multilayer coating. In yet another embodiment, the core layer accounts for about 30% to about 70% of the total thickness of the multi-layer coating. The total weight of the coating can vary from about 20 g/m 2 to about 150 g/m 2 , and preferably about 40 g/m 2 to about 100 g/m 2 . [0028] The polypropylene in the core layer may be mixed or blended with other polyolefins. In one embodiment, the polypropylene is mixed with one or more of a low density polyethylene (LDPE), a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or other ethylene copolymers, preferably in a minor amount relative to the amount of polypropylene. In this embodiment, the polypropylene is a homopolymer of polypropylene. In one embodiment, the core layer may include about 1% to about 20% by weight of these other polyolefins, or more preferably about 5% to about 15% by weight thereof, or even more preferably about 8% to about 10% by weight thereof. In one embodiment, the core layer includes a homopolymer of polypropylene and a minor amount of an LDPE. The core layer has a Vicat softening point of greater than about 120° C. as determined by ASTM D1525B, ISO 1183, or the manufacturer's adopted test method that is typically comparable thereto. [0029] The first layer and the second layer copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene account for the balance (about 10% to 90%) of the total thickness of the multi-layer coating. The contribution of the first and second layers (A) or (A and C) to the total thickness of the film may be equal or unequal. For example, if the core accounts for 40% of the thickness of the film, then the two outer layers account for 60% of the thickness of the film, which may be divided as 30% of the thickness for each outer layer. Conversely, if the core accounts for 40% of the thickness of the film, then the balance may be divided unequally, for example as 20% of the thickness contributed by the first layer and 40% of the thickness contributed by the second layer or vice versa, or 10% of the thickness contributed by the first layer and 50% of the thickness contributed by the second layer or vice versa, etc. [0030] The copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene may be propylene-ethylene copolymers, an ethylene-butene copolymer, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, and combinations thereof and may include optional additional polyethylene or polypropylene mixed therewith and/or one or more additives, such as the additives identified below. [0031] An ethylene copolymer that is characterized as having a high tack, sticky nature is a good choice for the end products disclosed herein because it will provide the second major surface of the scrim with a higher coefficient of friction, i.e., good grip, less slippage. Such ethylene copolymers have a melt flow rate in a range of about 5 g/10 min to about 50 g/10 min as determined by ASTM D1238 with 2.16 kg at 230° C. or the manufacturer's adopted test method that is typically comparable thereto, more preferably a range of about 10 g/10 min to about 40 g/10 min, and even more preferably a range of about 20 g/10 min to about 35 g/10 min. These ethylene copolymers, in addition to the melt flow rate range expressed above, have a Vicat softening temperature in a range of about 30° C. to about 110° C. as determined by ASTM D1525 or ISO 1183, or the manufacturer's adopted test method that is typically comparable thereto, more preferably a range of about 30° C. to about 90° C., and even more preferably a range of about 30° C. to about 60° C. Some example copolymers that fall within the melt flow rate and the Vicat softening temperature are available under the brands VERSIFY™ by Dow Chemical Company, VISTAMAXX™ by ExxonMobil, and ADFLEX® by LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V. [0032] In another embodiment, the copolymer may be a styrene block copolymer, such as styrene-ethylene-butadiene block copolymer (SEB), styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS), or styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene (SEPS) block copolymer, having a melt flow rate and a Vicat softening point within the ranges set forth above. Examples of these polymers are available under the brand KRATON® by Kraton Performance Polymers, Inc. [0033] Additives [0034] The coatings may optionally incorporate additives in amounts up to 30% by weight in one layer, each layer, or in all the layers combined and include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, flame retardant agents, slip agents, antiblock additives, printable additives, paper match additives, polar additives, colorants, pigments, and anticorrosion additives. Hindered phenols (e.g., IRGANOX® 1010) are useful antioxidant additives that may be incorporated in the coatings, as are phosphites (e.g., IRGAFOS® 168). Examples of suitable UV stabilizers are TINUVIN® 328 and CHIMASSORB® 944. The additives IRGANOX® 1010, IRGAFOS® 168, TINUVIN® 328, and CHIMASSORB® 944 are all registered trademarks of, and supplied by, BASF SE, a company of Germany. Useful flame retardant agents are readily commercially available from A. Schulman of Akron, Ohio, Clariant of Easton, Md., and Ampacet of Tarrytown, N.Y. or Techmer PM of Clinton, Tenn. Examples of suitable slip agents are erucamide and stearamide (either separately or in combination). Suitable paper match additives are readily commercially available from A. Schulman of Akron, Ohio. [0035] When used, pigments and colorants may be added as part of a color masterbatch. The color masterbatch is formed by combining the pigments (colorant) with a polypropylene and/or polyethylene carrier compatible with the polyolefin coatings. In general, compatible carriers can be determined by creating extruded melt blends and testing for phase separation in the extrudate. The color masterbatch may be added to one or more layers in the multi-layer coating or to all the layers in the multi-layer coating. [0036] Embossing [0037] The scrim coated products herein may also include an embossed surface 120 . In particular, as shown in FIG. 2 , the second layer of sticky polyolefin copolymer (i.e., the outermost layer thereof) may be embossed with a pattern to further enhance the anti-slip performance thereof. The method of embossing the surface imparts an unevenness to the surface thereto, thereby increasing the roughness of the surface, which improves wet slip resistance of the product. There is also an improved physical grip of a shoe to the embossed surface. [0038] The embossing process may be part of a continuous manufacturing process. The embossing process may involve applying heat and pressure while running the scrim coated product through a nip assembly, one roll of which has a positive of the pattern to be embossed thereon. Embossment may also be undertaken on a printing press just prior to printing the roofing underlayment. Embossment may also be carried out by extrusion coating onto a patterned chill roll or by direct embossment after cooling on a smooth chill roll. [0039] The embossment pattern may be of any type as long as it increases the roughness of the outermost surface of the coating. For example, and not as a limitation, in one embodiment an embossment pattern is a sand pattern or a diamond pattern. In another embodiment, the pattern is a small scale decorative pattern made up of interlocking diamond shapes. WORKING EXAMPLES Example 1 Roofing Underlayment Product [0040] An 8×3 weave of four polypropylene warp pairs of 650 denier each, 0.09″ wide tapes and a three count weft of 1200 denier, 0.115″ wide tapes defined the woven scrim for this embodiment of a roofing underlayment product. This woven scrim provided interstices defining about 20% of the surface area of one major surface of the scrim, the major surface to which a multi-layer polyolefin coating was applied. [0041] The coating, an A/B/A coextrusion coating, was coextruded onto one major surface of the woven scrim. Layer A included about 1% by weight of a UV masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a beige color masterbatch, about 8% by weight of an antiblock masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a homopolymer of polypropylene, and about 70% by weight of a propylene-ethylene copolymer having a melt flow rate of 25 g/10 min and a Vicat softening temperature of 33° C., which is available from Dow Chemical as VERSIFY™ 4301. Layer B included about 1% by weight of a UV masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a beige color masterbatch, about 8% by weight of an LDPE, and about 81% by weight of a homopolymer of polypropylene. The Vicat softening temperature of the homopolymer of polypropylene in the B layer is greater than the Vicat softening temperature of the propylene-ethylene copolymer in the A layer. The Vicat softening temperature of the homopolymer of polypropylene may be about 150° C. to about 154° C. with a load of about 10 N used in the testing method. [0042] The outermost layer (A) opposite the second surface of the scrim was embossed to have a textured pattern. This was accomplished using a heated, patterned roll that used pressure from a nip roll to emboss the pattern onto the surface of the coating. [0043] The above roofing underlayment was made in a first trial to have a coating of 2.0 mil and in a second trial to have a coating of 3.0 mil. These two trials, having the coextruded multilayer coating applied on only one side of the scrim, were compared against Applicant's own commercially available two-sided anti-slip coated scrim, roofing underlayment available under the brand name NOVASEAL™ roofing underlayment. [0044] Tables 1-4: Summary of Results of Embossed Trials compared to NOVASEAL™ roofing underlayment tested with an English XL Tribometer (Slip Tester on a scale of Slip Index from 0 to 1.0) [0000] TABLE 1 Rubber Foot against embossed outer layer opposite the second surface of the scrim WET TESTING DRY TESTING Slip Index Value Slip Index Value Sample Identification of Failure of Failure Trial 1 (2.0 mil) 0.6 1.0 Trial 2 (3.0 mil) 0.7 >1.0 NovaSeal AP 0.7 >1.0 [0000] TABLE 2 Rubber Foot against the second surface of the scrim WET TESTING DRY TESTING Slip Index Value Slip Index Value Sample Identification of Failure of Failure Trial 1 (2.0 mil) - scrim side 0.6 0.9 Trial 2 (3.0 mil) - scrim side 0.5 0.9 NovaSeal AP - back side (grey) 0.4 0.9 [0000] TABLE 3 Neolite Foot against embossed outer layer opposite the second surface of the scrim WET TESTING DRY TESTING Slip Index Value Slip Index Value Sample Identification of Failure of Failure Trial 1 (2.0 mil) 0.6 >1.0 Trial 2 (3.0 mil) 0.7 >1.0 NovaSeal AP 0.6 >1.0 [0000] TABLE 4 Neolite Foot against the second surface of the scrim WET TESTING DRY TESTING Slip Index Value Slip Index Value Sample Identification of Failure of Failure Trial 1 (2.0 mil) - scrim side 0.5 0.8 Trial 2 (3.0 mil) - scrim side 0.5 0.9 NovaSeal AP - back side (grey) 0.3 0.8 [0045] The Embossed Outer Layer: As demonstrated by the comparative analysis found in Tables 1-4, the two trial roofing underlayment materials, Trials 1 and 2, with the coextruded, multilayer coating applied to just one side of the scrim, performed generally, equally well under both wet and dry testing of the embossed outer layer against the rubber foot and the neolite foot as compared to the NOVASEAL™ AP roofing underlayment. [0046] The Second Surface of the Scrim: Importantly, the second surface of the scrim in Trials 1 and 2, which in these two roofing underlayment materials has the coating penetrating the interstices of the scrim to define at least a portion of the second surface of the scrim, showed superior results by outperforming the NOVASEAL™ AP roofing underlayment under wet testing against both the rubber foot and the neolite foot. Also, the second surface of the scrim in Trials 1 and 2, performed generally, equally well under dry testing against the rubber foot and the neolite foot as compared to the NOVASEAL™ AP roofing underlayment. Example 2 Lumber Wrap Product [0047] An 8×3 weave of four polypropylene warp pairs of 650 denier each, 0.09″ wide tapes and a three count weft of 1200 denier, 0.115″ wide tapes defined the woven scrim for this embodiment of a lumber wrapping product for use in an automatic wrapping machine such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,594,375; U.S. Pat. No. 7,607,280; U.S. Pat. No. 7,836,666; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,050. This woven scrim provided interstices defining about 20% of the surface area of one major surface of the scrim, the major surface to which a multi-layer polyolefin coating was applied. [0048] The coating, an A/B/A coextrusion coating, was coextruded onto one major surface of the woven scrim. Layer A included about 1% by weight of a UV masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a beige color masterbatch, about 8% by weight of an antiblock masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a homopolymer of polypropylene, and about 70% by weight of a propylene-ethylene copolymer available from Dow Chemical as VERSIFY™ 4301. Layer B included about 1% by weight of a UV masterbatch, about 10% by weight of a beige color masterbatch, about 8% by weight of an LDPE, and about 81% by weight of a homopolymer of polypropylene. The melting point of the homopolymer of polypropylene in the B layer is about 160° C., and the melting point of the propylene-ethylene copolymer in the A layer is about 64° C. [0049] The embodiments of this invention shown in the drawings and described above are exemplary of numerous embodiments that may be made within the scope of the appended claims. It is contemplated that numerous other configurations of the scrim coated products may be created taking advantage of the disclosed approach. In short, it is the Applicant's intention that the scope of the patent issuing herefrom be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

Protective coverings are disclosed that have a scrim made up of warp and weft members that define a plurality of interstices coated on only a first major surface thereof by a multi-layer coating with a first layer of the multi-layer coating juxtaposed to the first major surface, and penetrating into the interstices of the scrim to co-define, with the warp and weft members, an opposing second major surface of the scrim. The first layer of the multi-layer coating has a melting point below 100° C. and comprises a copolymer of ethylene, and provides the co-defined opposing second major surface of the scrim with a coefficient of friction of at least 0.5 when tested with dry leather and at least 0.7 when tested with dry rubber.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/708202 filed on Feb. 16, 2004, which is still pending. This application is related to a co-pending application “LINEAR-IN-DECIBEL VARIABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER” which belongs to the same assignee and filed on the same day with this application. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a variable gain amplifier, and more particularly, to a variable gain amplifier having a linear decibel-scale gain with respect to the controlling voltage(s). 2. Description of the Prior Art Wireless communication system development continues to rapidly progress. As a result, many types of high band-width high sensitivity transceivers have been proposed. Variable gain amplifiers are often used in these types of transceiver to broaden the processing range of the system. A variable gain amplifier having a linear gain in the decibel (dB) scale with respect to the controlling voltage(s) has the broadest gain range. Please refer to FIG. 1 , where a circuit diagram of a conventional variable gain amplifier is illustrated. The variable gain amplifier shown in FIG. 1 is a differential amplifier. The voltage gain Av of the variable gain amplifier can be determined from the half circuit of the differential amplifier. Disregarding the phase, the voltage gain Av of this variable gain amplifier is: Av = Vout Vin = K 1 + exp ⁡ ( Vy Vt ) ( 1 ) where K is substantially a constant. From equation 1 it can be seen that the denominator of the voltage gain Av is not a simple exponential function that it has a constant term “1” in addition to the simple exponential function exp(Vy/Vt). Consequently, the voltage gain Av does not have a simple exponential relationship with the controlling voltage Vy. Please refer to FIG. 2 . FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the voltage gain Av and the controlling voltage Vy of FIG. 1 . Note that when Vy<Vt, the voltage gain Av does not change exponentially with respect to the change in the controlling voltage Vy. The smaller the controlling voltage Vy, the less the voltage gain Av changes with respect to the change in the controlling voltage Vy. The area where the voltage gain Av does not have a perfect exponential relationship with the controlling voltage Vy is caused by the constant term 1 in the denominator of equation 1. Furthermore, equation 1 contains a term called the thermal voltage Vt, which is a variable that changes in response to the change of temperature. The result is that the relationship between the voltage gain Av and the controlling voltage Vy does not remain constant when temperature changes. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is therefore one of the objects of the claimed invention to provide a variable gain amplifier having a linear voltage gain in the decibel-scale with respect to the controlling voltage(s) and which will not be influenced by changes in temperature, to solve the above-mentioned problems. According to the disclosed embodiment, a variable gain amplifier comprising: an amplifying stage and a gain controlling stage. The amplifying stage is for generating an output voltage according to a differential input voltage. The gain controlling stage is for adjusting a voltage gain of the amplifying stage according to a first controlling voltage and a second controlling voltage. The gain controlling stage comprising a proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier, a transconductance unit, a first current transforming unit, a second current transforming unit and an output unit. The gain controlling stage can generate a gain controlling voltage to control the voltage gain of the amplifying stage according to the first controlling voltage and the second controlling voltage. These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a conventional variable gain amplifier. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the voltage gain Av and the controlling voltage Vy of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is a diagram of a variable gain amplifier according to the present invention. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are circuit diagrams of the gain controlling stage of FIG. 3 . FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the voltage gain Av and the difference between the first and the second controlling voltages according to equation 11. FIG. 7 is a diagram of a proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Please refer to FIG. 3 showing a schematic diagram of a variable gain amplifier 300 according to the embodiment of the present invention. The variable gain amplifier 300 comprises an amplifying stage 302 for generating an out-put voltage Vout according to an input voltage Vin and a gain controlling voltage V y . A voltage gain, i.e. the ratio between the output voltage Vout and the input voltage Vin, is determined by the gain controlling voltage V y . A gain controlling stage 304 is for generating the gain controlling voltage Vy. In this embodiment, the amplifying stage 302 is substantially the same as the variable gain amplifier shown in FIG. 1 . Concerning the amplifying stage 302 please refer to FIG. 1 and the above description describing the variable gain amplifier shown in FIG. 1 . Referring to equation 1, it can be seen that the value of the voltage gain of the amplifying stage 302 is determined by the gain controlling voltage Vy. Next, please refer to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 , where circuit diagrams of the gain controlling stage 304 according to the embodiment of the present invention are illustrated. The gain controlling stage 304 is for determining the value of the gain controlling voltage Vy output to the amplifying stage 302 according to a first controlling voltage V 1 and a second controlling voltage V 2 . In this embodiment, the gain controlling stage 304 comprises a proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 , a transconductance unit 401 , a first current transforming unit 403 , a second current transforming unit 405 (as shown in FIG. 4 ), and an outputting unit 407 (as shown in FIG. 5 ). The proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 is for generating a third controlling voltage V 3 and a fourth controlling voltage V 4 according to V 1 and V 2 , wherein the difference (V 4 −V 3 ) is proportional to the thermal voltage Vt and the difference (V 2 −V 1 ). The operation of the proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 will be—explained later in this description. The transconductance unit 401 comprises a first transistor 472 coupled to the third controlling voltage V 3 , a second transistor 473 coupled to the fourth controlling voltage V 4 , a first bias current source Ibias 1 coupled to the emitter of the first transistor 472 and the emitter of the second transistor 473 for providing a first bias current Ibias 1 , a first current source 402 , a first resistor R 1 coupled between the collector of the first transistor 472 and the first current source 402 , and a second resistor R 2 coupled between the collector of the second transistor 473 and the first current source 402 . The value of the first current I 1 flowing through the collector of the second transistor 473 is determined by the first bias current Ibias 1 and the difference between the third controlling voltage V 3 and the fourth controlling voltage V 4 . In this embodiment, the relationship is as follows: I1 = Ibias1 / [ 1 + exp ⁡ ( V3 - V4 Vt ) ] ( 2 ) Because the transconductance unit 401 is a differential circuit, the collector current of the first transistor 472 is determined by the third controlling voltage V 3 , the fourth controlling voltage V 4 , and the first bias current Ibias 1 . The relationship is similar to that shown in equation 2, only the positions of the terms V 3 and V 4 are exchanged. The first current transforming unit 403 is coupled to the transconductance unit 401 through the second current source 404 . The first current transforming unit 403 comprises a third transistor 474 having the collector and the base being coupled together, a fourth transistor 475 , a second bias current source Ibias 2 coupled to the emitter of the third transistor 474 and the emitter of the fourth transistor 475 for providing a second bias current Ibias 2 , a second current source 404 , a third resistor R 3 coupled between the collector of the third transistor 474 and the second current source 404 , and a fourth resistor R 4 coupled between the collector of the fourth transistor 475 and the second current source 404 . The second current source 404 and the first current source 402 form a current mirror circuit. Additionally, in this embodiment, the ratio between the collector current I 2 of the third transistor 474 and the collector current I 1 of the second transistor 473 is the same as the ratio between the first bias current Ibias 1 and the second bias current Ibias 2 , as follows: I 2/ I 1= I bias2/ I bias1  (3) Because the first current transforming unit 403 is also a differential circuit, according to the current relationship shown in equation 3, the ratio between the collector current of the fourth transistor 475 and the collector current I 2 of the third transistor 474 is the same as the ratio between the collector current of the first transistor 472 and the collector current I 1 of the second transistor 473 . In this embodiment, when the first bias current Ibias 1 equals the second bias current Ibias 2 , the collector current of the first transistor 472 will also be equal to the collector current of the fourth transistor 475 , and the collector current I 1 of the second transistor will be equal the collector current I 2 of the third transistor. The second current transforming unit 405 comprises a fifth transistor 476 having the base and the collector coupled to the base of the fourth transistor 475 , a sixth transistor 477 having the base coupled to the base and the collector of the third transistor 474 , and a seventh transistor 478 coupled to the emitter of the fifth transistor 476 and the emitter of the sixth transistor 477 for providing a third bias current Ibias 3 . Due to the loop formed between the third transistor 474 , the fourth transistor 475 , the fifth transistor 476 , and the sixth transistor 477 , the ratio between the collector current I 3 of the sixth transistor 476 and the collector current I 2 of the third transistor 474 is the same as the ratio between the third Ibias 2 and the first bias current Ibias 1 . This is shown in the following equation: I 3/ I 2= I bias3/ I bias2  (4) The second current transforming unit 405 is also a differential circuit. Similar to the relationship shown in equation 4, the ratio between the collector current I 4 of the fifth transistor 476 and the collector current I 3 of the sixth transistor 477 is the same as the ratio between the collector current of the fourth transistor 475 and the collector current I 2 of the third transistor 474 . Hence, according to equations 2, 3, 4, and the relationship between I 4 and I 3 described above, the circuit shown in FIG. 4 is a voltage controlled current amplifier. By way of changing the value of the differential input voltage, i.e. the difference between the third controlling voltage V 3 and the fourth controlling voltage V 4 , the ratio between the output currents I 3 and I 4 is controlled. The ratio is as follows: I4 I3 = K · exp ⁡ ( V3 - V4 Vt ) ( 5 ) The outputting unit 407 shown in FIG. 5 comprises a eighth transistor 479 having the base and the collector being coupled together, a ninth transistor 480 , and a fourth bias current source I 4 coupled to the emitter of the eighth transistor 479 and the emitter of the ninth transistor 480 . Please note that the voltage controlled current amplifier shown in FIG. 4 is coupled to the outputting unit 407 shown in FIG. 5 through at least one current mirror device (not shown), such that the bias current output by the fourth bias current source is substantially the same as the collector current I 4 of the fifth transistor 476 , and the collector current I 3 of the sixth transistor 477 is substantially the same as the collector current I 3 of the eighth transistor 479 . Although the current mirrors are not shown, a person skilled in the art can easily design such the at least one current mirror device. At this point, the collector current of the eighth transistor 479 will be equal to the collector current I 3 of the sixth transistor 477 , and the collector current of the ninth transistor 480 will be equal to the difference between the collector current I 4 of the fifth transistor 476 and the collector current I 3 of the sixth transistor 477 . The base of the eighth transistor 479 and the base of the ninth transistor 480 are for coupling to the amplifying stage 302 and outputting the gain controlling voltage Vy. Hence, the relationship of the gain controlling voltage Vy, the collector current I 3 of the eighth transistor 479 and the collector current (I 4 −I 3 ) of the ninth transistor 480 is follows: Vy = Vt · ln ⁡ ( I4 - I3 I3 ) = Vt · ln ⁡ ( I4 I3 - 1 ) ( 6 ) Accordingly, disregarding the proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 , the gain controlling stage 304 is for determining the current relation in each stage of the differential circuit according to the difference between the third controlling voltage V 3 and the fourth controlling voltage V 4 , and for determining the value of the gain controlling voltage Vy according to these current relationships. Consequently, the relationship between the gain controlling voltage Vy, the third controlling voltage V 3 , and the fourth controlling voltage V 4 is as follows: Vy = Vt · ln ⁡ [ K · exp ⁡ ( V3 - V4 Vt ) - 1 ] ( 7 ) Using the gain controlling voltage Vy output by the gain controlling stage 304 as the controlling voltage Vy of the amplifying stage 302 shown in FIG. 1 , the voltage gain of the amplifying stage 302 , i.e. the ratio between the output voltage Vout and the input voltage Vin is as follows: Av = Vout Vin = K1 exp ⁡ [ K2 ⁡ ( V3 - V4 ) ] ( 8 ) where K 1 relates to the output resistance RL of the amplifying stage 302 , and K 2 relates to the thermal voltage Vt of bipolar junction transistors, i.e. K 2 is proportional to 1/Vt. In this embodiment K 1 is a constant, however, the value of K 2 can be influenced by thermal voltage Vt. In other words, any factor influencing the thermal voltage can change the value of K 2 . Please refer to FIG. 7 where an embodiment of the proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier according to the embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 7 the proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 700 has a single input end (V 1 ) and a single output end (V 3 ), however, it is also possible to use two amplifiers as shown in FIG. 7 to form a differential type proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier. The proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 700 contains a transconductance unit 720 , a current mirror 740 , and a transresistance unit 760 . The transconductance unit 720 contains an operational amplifier 721 and a resistor R, for generating a fifth current I 5 according to the first controlling voltage V 1 , wherein I 5 =V 1 /R. The current mirror 740 is for generating a sixth current I 6 by replicating the fifth current I 5 . The transresistance unit 760 couples to the current mirror 740 and a reference voltage Vref, comprising a tenth transistor 761 , an eleventh transistor 762 , and a fourth current source Ibias 4 . Through the circuit configuration shown in FIG. 7 , the relationship between the third controlling voltage V 3 and the first controlling voltage V 1 is as follows: V3 - Vref = V1 R · Gm ( 9 ) where Gm is the transconductance of the transistors 761 and 762 . Because Gm=Ic/Vt (in this embodiment Ic is substantially equal to Ibias 4 /2), V 1 −Vref will be proportional to the thermal voltage Vt. Combining two proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifiers 700 shown in FIG. 7 can form a differential proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 shown in FIG. 4 , having the relationship between its inputs and outputs be as follows: V 4− V 3= K 3· Vt ·( V 1− V 2)  (10) With the proportional_to_Vt voltage amplifier 400 combined in the gain controlling stage 304 , the voltage gain Av of the variable gain amplifier 300 will be as follows: Av = Vout Vin = K1 exp ⁡ [ K4 ⁡ ( V1 - V2 ) ] ( 11 ) where both K 1 and K 4 are constants. The result is that the voltage gain Av of the variable gain amplifier 300 has a simple exponential relation with the first controlling voltage V 1 and the second controlling voltage V 2 , and the voltage gain Av will not be affected by the thermal voltage. Please note that the above-mentioned gain controlling stage 304 is just one possible embodiment, the scope of the present invention is not limited by the gain controlling stage. Any circuit that generates the gain controlling voltage Vy being proportional to In(Ia/Ib−K 3 ) can be used in the present invention. Wherein K 3 is a constant, Ia corresponds to the first controlling voltage V 1 , and Ib corresponds to the second controlling voltage V 2 . Please refer to equation 11, through the gain controlling stage 304 , the relationship between the voltage gain Av of the amplifying stage 302 , and the difference between V 1 and V 2 , the gain is a simple exponential function, as shown in FIG. 6 . Because there is no Vt term in equation 11, the voltage gain Av is not affected by the thermal voltage. That is the value of the voltage gain Av is independent of the thermal voltage. Additionally, in the above-mentioned embodiment, the amplifying stage has two input ends for receiving differential input voltage but only a single output end, however, the amplifying stage according to the present invention can also have two output ends for generating a differential output voltage. In addition, the amplifying stage used with the present invention does not necessarily need to be as shown in FIG. 1 . Any circuit that has a voltage gain with a denominator containing a constant term and a simple exponential function can be used with the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, that above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.

A linear decibel-scale variable gain amplifier includes an amplifying stage for generating an output voltage according to a differential input voltage, and a gain-controlling stage for outputting a gain-controlling voltage to the amplifying stage according to a first controlling voltage and a second controlling voltage. A voltage gain of the linear decibel-scale variable gain amplifier is inversely proportional to a simple exponential function, and the value of the simple exponential function is determined by the difference between the first controlling voltage and the second controlling voltage. The value of the voltage gain is unaffected by changes of the thermal voltage.

This application is a division of copending application Ser. No. 928,036, filed July 25, 1978, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,600 granted Jan. 1, 1980. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention is concerned with modification of the circulating inventory of catalyst in a system for catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons by contact with catalyst in reactor, transfer of catalyst in a continuous manner to a regenerator for burning in air of combustible deposits laid down on the catalyst during cracking and return of the catalyst free of deposits to the reactor. The burning regeneration yields both oxides of carbon. Carbon monoxide contained in the flue gases from regeneration is regarded as an air pollutant when present in large quantities and constitutes a valuable fuel when burned under conditions suited to recovery of the heat of combustion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide which can be discharged without detrimental effect. The invention provides an improved technique for combustion of carbon monoxide in the regenerator of a catalytic cracking unit. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions is a well-established refinery process. The catalytic cracking apparatus per se comprises a reactor section that contains a reaction zone where fresh feed is mixed with hot regenerated catalyst under cracking conditions to form cracked products and deactivated, coked catalyst; and a regenerator section that contains a regeneration zone where the coked catalyst, after separation from volatile hydrocarbons, is burned by contact with air to form regenerated catalyst. Moving catalyst bed and fluidized bed versions of this process are used. Regardless of the design of the catalytic cracking apparatus, all present-day plants operate with a catalyst inventory that continuously circulates between the reactor section and the regenerator section. The two sections are connected by conduits through which circulation is maintained. The cracking reaction is endothermic, requiring input of heat to maintain reaction temperature. Only a minor portion of the heat of reaction can be supplied by preheat of the hydrocarbon charge since thermal cracking and production of low octane gasoline components sets in well below the temperature maintained in modern catalytic cracking units, say 850°-1000° F. The necessary heat to bring the charge stock up to catalytic cracking temperature and to supply the endothermic heat of reaction is derived from the catalyst returned from the regenerator, now containing sensible heat absorbed from the heat of burning regeneration in the regenerator section. It is common practice in fluid units of modern design to control the unit for a constant preset top temperature at the point of separating spent catalyst from product vapors in the reactor. A temperature sensor at that point operates a slide valve on the conduit for return of hot regenerated catalyst from the regenerator to reactor, constraining the rate of hot catalyst return to that level which will sustain the preset top temperature in the reactor. Such "heat balanced" units respond rapidly and effectively to changes in the various operating parameters such as nature and preheat of the charge stock, regenerator temperature, catalyst activity including level of coke on regenerated catalyst, and the like. The behavior of the regenerator, and hence the temperature and residual coke level on regenerated catalyst returned to the reactor, will fluctuate in any given unit with regenerator temperature, rate and temperature of regeneration air admitted to the regenerator. Temperature in the regenerator may be varied within limits independently of regeneration air temperature. A side stream of catalyst may be cycled through a cooler and back to the regenerator, water or steam may be introduced, usually above the fluidized bed in the regenerator to cool all or part of the regenerator. Heating effects, when needed, may be accomplished by burning a torch oil in the regenerator. More recently, additional heat input to the regenerator has been achieved by promoting combustion of carbon monoxide in the regenerator under conditions to transfer the generated heat to the catalyst. For many years, burning of carbon monoxide in the regenerator was considered a disadvantage because that combustion took place in the "dilute phase" above the fluidized bed. The very low concentration of catalyst in the dilute phase results in the absorption by gases of substantially all the heat of oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, with resultant rapid rise in temperature, often to levels causing damage to internals (cyclone separators, plenum chamber and conduits) at the top of the regenerator. A common expedient to combat the effects of such "after-burning" has been to inject steam or water to areas of possible damage. It is common practice to operate the regenerator with a limited amount of air feed so that the gaseous combustion products contain less than about 0.2 volume percent oxygen. Under such conditions, substantial concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) are contained in the flue gas exiting from the regenerator. The actual concentration of carbon monoxide in the flue gas may vary depending on the particular plant, the nature of the catalyst and the detailed operation of the regenerator, but usually it remains in the range of about 4 to about 9 volume percent. The volume ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (i.e. CO 2 /CO ratio) normally varies from about 0.7 to about 3, and is a measure of the completeness of combustion of the reacted carbon in the coke. Thus, in operating with a limited amount of air, only about three-fourths of the total potential heat of combustion of coke is released in the regenerator itself. Many refineries continuously feed the flue gas to a CO-boiler to complete the conversion of CO to CO 2 , and thus generate substantial quantities of process steam for use in the cracking process or elsewhere in the refinery. In general, the CO-boilers used differ in design from refinery to refinery, but they are generally utility boilers of the tube type. In operation, the flue gas is enriched with air and burned in the furnace of the boiler. The boiler ordinarily is equipped to accept at least one other fuel, which is used in start-up, or to supplement the fuel valve of the flue gas, or to provide process steam when the catalytic cracking apparatus itself is shut down. The more recent developments have involved supply to the regenerator of sufficient air to convert carbon content of the coked catalyst largely to carbon dioxide and to cause oxidation of carbon monoxide to take place in the presence of catalyst at high concentration such that the heat of combustion is transferred to catalyst for use in the process by supply of heat to the reactor. One such approach is to permit temperature to rise in the dilute phase and supply catalyst thereto in amounts adequate to absorb the heat and thus protect regenerator internals while putting the generated heat to work for useful purpose. See Horecky U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,392 dated Sept. 30, 1975. A second technique is to cause the combustion of carbon monoxide to take place in the zone of high catalyst concentration, namely in the dense fluidized bed, by provision of a metal oxidation catalyst. It has been known for some time that cracking catalysts may be modified by the addition of metal combustion promoters to increase the CO 2 /CO ratio, and thus the combustion efficiency in the regenerator. The use of chromium as a promoter for moving-bed type catalytic cracking catalysts is one such example, more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,647,860. In fact, a number of other metals, including nickel, deposited from the feedstock to the cracking process, are also believed to effect some degree of change in the combustion efficiency. Up until recently, however, most of the known metals had the serious drawback that, when included in the cracking catalyst in sufficient quantity to substantially affect the combustion efficiency, they also had a substantial detrimental effect on the cracking selectivity. It is well recognized, for example, that more than extremely small trace amounts of nickel in the feedstock to the cracking unit cause excessive production of coke and dry gas. It has recently been discovered that very substantial effect on the combustion efficiency can be achieved, with little or no effect in the cracking operation, if certain Group VIII metals, more fully described hereinafter, are added to the cracking catalyst. In fact, the operation of the regenerator can be changed from partial combustion of carbon to substantially complete combustion if the cracking catalyst is promoted with as little as 2 ppm or less of platinum, for example. This development is more fully described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 649,261, filed Jan. 15, 1976 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,600, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The platinum group metals and rhenium have high catalytic activity for oxidation of carbon monoxide and for dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Strangely, the oxidation activity is still effective at such low concentration that dehydrogenation activity to produce coke and hydrogen is negligible in the sense that its effect on commercial operation of a cracking unit is not detectable. These promoter metals are introduced to a cracking system by impregnating a cracking catalyst with a suitable amount of metal by impregnation with solutions of such agents as chlorplatinic acid to provide 5 ppm or 1 ppm or other suitable level of metal based on total weight of catalyst. The usually practiced method is to so impregnate the catalyst at the time of manufacture. Alternatively the metal may be added to catalyst circulating in a cracking unit by dissolving an oil soluble metal salt in the charge stock or by injecting an aqueous solution of the metal to a stream of the catalyst. When impregnated on the catalyst, say at levels of 5 ppm or less, the whole bulk of promoted catalyst has the metal distributed as uniformly as possible through the mass. Catalyst so promoted is then used as "make-up" to an operating unit. That is, a suitable amount of such fresh catalyst is added to the circulating inventory on a continuous or intermittent basis to replace catalyst lost by attrition or deliberately withdrawn to maintain a desired level of cracking activity. Over a period of use the catalyst declines in activity, both cracking activity and metal activity for oxidation of carbon monoxide. To maintain a satisfactory average activity of the total catalyst inventory, a portion of the inventory will be withdrawn continuously or intermittently if attrition is not adequate to the purpose. Replacement of catalyst so lost or deliberately withdrawn provides an inventory of average activity needed. Thus the total inventory at any given time is made up of catalyst which is essentially inactive for both cracking and carbon monoxide oxidation, freshly added catalyst of high activity and all gradations of fading activity in between these extremes. For this purpose, a refiner will have a reserve stock of promoted catalyst. This can constitute a substantial investment in expensive promoted catalyst, particularly for plants which choose to operate in the manner described by Graven and Sailor U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,037 dated Dec. 20, 1977. According to that technique, a catalytic cracker is operated at conditions to provide high levels of carbon monoxide in the flue gas during normal operations, thereby providing fuel for a carbon monoxide fired boiler to generate steam. When the CO boiler is shut down for routine inspection and maintenance or for unscheduled reasons, additions of platinum promoted catalyst and increase in air rate to the regenerator permit continued operation without discharge of excessive amounts of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Constraints on the manner of applying platinum group and rhenium oxidation activity in cracking catalysts are eased by using a new finding that specific activity of the metal for oxidation of carbon monoxide can be varied by variation in distribution of metal among the particles of a bulk volume of catalyst. As will be shown by data presently to be set forth, a mass of particle form catalyst containing 5 ppm platinum formed by intimate and substantially uniform mixture of one part of catalyst containing 100 ppm platinum with nineteen parts of catalyst free of platinum has a higher stability in retaining activity for oxidizing carbon monoxide than a mass of similar catalyst of uniform particles containing 5 ppm of platinum. It is seen that the same amount of platinum is more effective for the purpose when supplied in the non-uniform type mixture. That property is referred to herein as higher specific activity of platinum in the non-uniform distribution. The invention therefore contemplates particle form cracking catalyst having a content of promoter metal not more than 5 ppm and constituted by active cracking catalyst particles essentially free of promoter metal in intimate and substantially uniform admixture with particles containing at least 10 ppm up to about 1000 ppm of promoter metal. In its preferred embodiments, the mixed catalyst is constituted by unused catalyst particles, to wit catalyst particles which have not been part of the circulating inventory of the catalytic cracking unit in which the mixture is used prior to mixing of the two types of particles. In its processing aspect, the invention contemplates addition of such preformed mixture to the circulating inventory of a catalytic cracking system. As will appear below, the mixture of metal free and high metal catalyst has a more adverse effect on cracking selectivity than does an equal amount of metal uniformly distributed among the particles if the catalyst is steamed before addition to the unit. That adverse effect is not seen with catalyst which has been calcined without added steam. The unsteamed catalyst is therefore preferred in many situations. Among the advantages provided by the invention is the flexibility afforded to a refiner operating a CO boiler after the fashion of the above cited U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,037. With storage of only a small quantity of promoted catalyst at 10-1000 ppm of metal, the refiner is prepared to mix fresh unpromoted catalyst with a suitable quantity of high metal catalyst and use the mixture as make-up at the time his CO boiler goes down. The greatest advantages of the invention are seen with blends in which the promoted portion contains 20-80 ppm of a platinum group metal or rhenium, preferably about 50 ppm of such metal. Although it is preferred that the support for the CO combustion promoting metal be active cracking catalyst, inert supports such as calcined clay may be used. If the support is an active cracking catalyst, the same may be fresh, unused catalyst or may be an "equilibrium catalyst" withdrawn from an operating cracking unit and impregnated with metal promoter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The relative activities of different blends of catalyst according to the invention are compared to catalyst of uniform promoter distribution by graphical representation in the annexed drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a graphical comparison of the manner in which several platinum promoted catalysts age with respect to oxidation activity; and FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the manner in which oxidation activity of a mass of catalyst at 5 ppm platinum varies; platinum content of promoted portion being plotted as the 1/3 power. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention provides a technique for imparting CO oxidation activity to cracking catalysts generally. Thus it may be applied for promotion of acid treated clay and amorphous silica-alumina catalysts as well as the modern catalysts embodying synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites, for example those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,140,249. The invention contemplates addition to the circulating catalyst inventory in a moving catalyst system for catalytic cracking, either Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (TCC) or Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC). As previously pointed out, fresh catalyst is added to such systems during operation in order to maintain volume of the catalyst inventory in the system and/or to maintain cracking activity of the catalyst at a desired level. In applying the present invention, the mixed catalyst here described may be added for the sole purpose of imparting carbon monoxide oxidation activity upon withdrawal of a suitable portion of the circulating catalyst inventory. Such catalyst addition for the sole purpose of imparting oxidation activity will be unusual. For example, if the CO boiler is unexpectedly taken off-stream in a unit having catalyst of little or no CO oxidation activity, this unusual step avoids need to discontinue charge to the cracking unit in order to comply with restrictions on discharge of CO to the atmosphere. The catalyst blend of the invention is provided by mixing a major portion of unpromoted catalyst with a minor portion of catalyst or an inert material having CO oxidation activity in proportions to give a desired metal content of the mixture preferably below 5 ppm. The unpromoted catalyst is any of the many cracking catalysts known to be effective for the purpose in a particle size suited to the needs of the particular style of unit, TCC or FCC. The unpromoted catalyst is fresh catalyst in the sense that the same has not been part of the circulating catalyst inventory in the cracking unit to be promoted. The metal promoted catalyst may be metal on any suitable porous solid base but will usually have a base support of the same nature as the unpromoted cracking catalyst. In one aspect, the catalyst of this invention will be prepared from a high quality cracking catalyst by impregnating a relatively small portion with a compound of a metal of periods 5 and 6 of Group VIII of the Periodic Table or rhenium, that is with ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum or rhenium or a combination of two or more of those metals. The impregnation is conducted in known fashion with a solution of a compound of the metal followed by calcining, for example with an aqueous solution of chlorplatinic acid. The impregnated portion of catalyst will be treated to contain 10 to 1000, preferably 20 to 80 ppm of metal, preferably platinum. Metal impregnated catalyst is then blended with unpromoted catalyst in proportions to provide a mixture containing 5 ppm or less of metal. The two component mixture is blended under conditions to promote intimate and substantially uniform dispersion of the minor component (metal promoted catalyst) throughout the whole. The characteristics of the new catalyst blend are shown by a series of representative mixtures of 50, 100 and 200 ppm platinum promoted catalysts blended with unpromoted catalyst to a level of 5 ppm platinum in the mixture. These are compared with each other and with a catalyst prepared by impregnation of the total mass of catalyst to 5 ppm platinum. The base catalyst employed consisted of 15% of rare earth zeolite Y in a matrix of 57.4% silica, 2% zirconium oxide, 0.6% alumina and 40% clay which has been thoroughly ion exchanged with ammonium sulfate after spray drying. Platinum in varying quantities was incorporated by impregnating the dried catalyst base with solutions containing suitable quantities of platinum tetrammine chloride, followed by drying. All catalysts were mildly steamed (4 hrs--1400° F.--0 psig) in a fludized bed after preheating in N 2 . Catalyst blends were prepared by physical mixing of steamed catalysts. Catalyst blends were tested for cracking activity and selectivity, followed by testing for CO oxidation activity. The catalyst samples were used to crack a Wide-Cut Midcontinent Gas oil (29.2 API) in a fixed-fluidized bed at 920° F., 3 catalyst to oil, 8.3 WHSV for evaluation of cracking activity and selectivity. The coked sample from this test was blended to 0.65% C-on-Cat with uncoked catalyst and treated with air (215 cc/min) at 1240° F. or 1340° F. The CO 2 /CO ratio in the effluent gas is a measure of CO oxidation activity. Catalysts containing 50, 100 and 200 ppm Pt were blended with the base catalysts to give a total of 5 ppm Pt. These blends were then compared with a catalyst containing 5 ppm Pt homogeneously dispersed by impregnation. Cracking activity and selectivity data in Table 1 show that blending has no deleterious effect on activity. The CO oxidation activities show that the 1:9 blend from the 50 ppm Pt catalyst has a higher activity than either the homogeneous 5 ppm Pt catalyst or blends from higher Pt levels: ______________________________________CO Oxidation Activities at 5 PPM PtPt Content ofPromoted Blend Ratio, Oxidation Activity,Catalyst, ppm Promoted:Unpromoted CO.sub.2 /CO @ 1240° F.______________________________________5 1:0 4350 1:9 97100 1:19 41200 1:39 8______________________________________ TABLE 1______________________________________BLENDS OF STEAMED CATALYSTS TO 5 PPM Pt FROM 5 PPM 50 PPM 100 PPM 200 PPM______________________________________Conversion, % Vol 76.6 77.8 78.6 79.7C.sub.5.sup.+ Gasoline, % Vol 64.9 64.5 64.3 64.4Total C.sub.4, % Vol 15.3 16.3 16.9 17.5Dry Gas, % Wt 6.5 6.8 7.4 7.6Coke, % Wt 2.65 3.14 3.19 3.23C-ON-CAT, Final, .78 .93 .94 .95% WtH.sub.2, % Wt .03 .02 .02 .02H.sub.2 S, % Wt .19 .18 .21 .17Hydrogen Factor* 22 16 14 13______________________________________ ##STR1## It is found that aging of metal activity is slower for the blended catalys than for the catalyst uniformly impregnated to 5 ppm platinum. That effect is shown graphically in FIG. 1 for the four types of 5 ppm Pt. catalyst discussed above. Activities of the several catalysts for oxidation of CO were measured after exposure for varying periods to air at 1200° F. Activity for conversion of CO was determined by contacting the catalyst at 1200° F. with 215 cc/min. of a gas containing 8% CO 2 , 4% CO and 4% O 2 , balance inert. The effect of promoter level on gasoline and coke selectivity and hydrogen factor at 5 ppm Pt are shown in Table 1. Hydrogen factor drops as the promoter content increases, consistent with the larger separation of particles containing Pt. However, both gasoline and coke selectivity are impaired with these steamed catalysts. The gasoline and coke factors are similar to those obtained in the catalysts actually containing 50, 100 and 200 ppm Pt, although they only constitute 10, 5 and 2% of the blend, respectively. Butane and dry gas selectivity also show the same trend. The fact that hydrogen factor shows the opposite trend is consistent with its being the result of secondary reactions; the other product selectivities are largely determined in primary cracking reactions. The oxidation activities, although high in each case, show a pronounced maximum at the 50 ppm Pt component (FIG. 2). The maximum in oxidation activity could be the result of competing phenomena: increasing specific Pt activity, counteracted by diffusion restrictions (the increasing separation of Pt-containing particles). While inconsistent with other findings that oxidation activity empirically increases as Pt 1/3 at low Pt levels when Pt is homogeneously dispersed on a catalyst, which predicts decreasing specific Pt activity with increasing Pt level, the advantage of blending high Pt components is demonstrated. The relationship of activity to the 1/3 power of Pt concentration is derived from extensive experimental data not reported here. In summary those data show a linear relationship for activity in CO oxidations and cracking (including selectivity factors) when plotted against the 1/3 power of Pt uniformly dispersed through the entire catalyst mass. In other words, the specific activity of the metal (effectiveness per unit weight) declines as the metal is increased when uniformly dispersed. That effect is consistent with an explanation that larger metal crystals (less surface area) are formed at higher metal concentrations. Although that effect is not seen in the present blended catalysts, the annexed drawings plot Pt concentration as the 1/3 power since this is a convenient condensation of the longitudinal axis. The loss of selectivity with increasing Pt content in the promoted portion is puzzling, since it suggests that a minor component (2-10%) can determine selectivity, even when both components are of comparable activity. Perhaps the low selectivity component in such a blend is always dominant. Extension of these findings to commercial processes is complex, since the addition of a Pt-containing catalyst to operating inventory always results in a blend, but with components of different cracking activity. The results do suggest, however, that addition of catalysts containing 50-100 ppm Pt, even blended to lower Pt levels (1-5 ppm) with unpromoted catalyst, could result in higher oxidation activity. When the promoter metal is supplied on calcined but unsteamed cracking catalyst as support, effects on CO combustion are like those reported above for steamed catalyst support, but without adverse effect on cracking selectivity. The catalyst employed for support in the runs described below was a rare earth zeolite Y type fluid cracking catalyst impregnated with platinum at levels of 5, 50, 100 and 200 ppm. The resultant promoters were blended with equilibrium catalyst from a commercial FCC Unit in proportions to provide a net amount of 1 ppm platinum in the blends. Those four blends were compared with the same equilibrium catalyst in cracking runs. The results are shown in Table 2 which also reports the results of a cracking run with the unpromoted equilibrium catalyst. TABLE 2______________________________________BLENDS OF EQUILIBRIUM WITHCALCINED CATALYSTS TO 1 PPM PT FROM 50 100 200 NO 5 PPM PPM PPM PPM PT______________________________________TREATMENT: HOURS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 --: TEMPERATURE, DEG. F. 1000 1000 1000 1000 --: % STEAM 0 0 0 0 --CAT/OIL 3.00 3.00 2.99 2.99 2.99WHSV 8.33 8.33 8.35 8.35 8.35REACTION TEMPERA- 918 918 918 918 921TURE, DEG. F.CONVERSION, % VOL. 77.4 76.6 77.5 75.6 74.8C.sub.5.sup.+ GASOLINE, % VOL. 64.9 63.8 65.5 62.7 62.7TOTAL C.sub.4, % VOL. 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.9 15.9DRY GAS, % Wt. 6.4 6.9 6.5 6.8 6.2COKE, % WT. 2.86 2.79 2.85 2.90 2.78C-ON-CAT, FINAL, % WT .85 .83 .84 .85 .81nC.sub.5, % VOL. 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0iC.sub.5, % VOL. 7.8 8.0 7.9 7.5 7.5C.sub.5.sup.-, % VOL. 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7nC.sub.4, % VOL. 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1iC.sub.4, % VOL. 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.1C.sub.4.sup.- , % VOL. 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7C.sub.3, % VOL. 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.7C.sub.3.sup.-, % VOL. 5.7 6.2 5.8 6.1 5.7C.sub.2, % WT. .4 .4 .4 .4 .4C.sub.2.sup.-, % WT. .5 .5 .5 .5 .4C.sub.1, % WT. .4 .4 .4 .4 .3H.sub.2, % WT. .03 .03 .03 .03 .02H.sub.2 S, % WT. .17 .15 .14 .17 .13HYDROGEN FACTOR 31 26 26 27 27RECOVERY, % WT. 99.0 99.8 98.1 97.2 97.3______________________________________ The effectiveness of the blends of equilibrium FCC catalyst with platinum promoted catalyst for cracking is summarized in Table 3 which also reports oxidation activity for each of the blends. The data in Table 3 are particularly interesting for the showing of maximum properties for blends in which the promoted portions contains about 50 ppm of platinum. It should be noted further that cracking activity is not seriously affected by high metal concentration on the promoted portions. Selectivity is about the same for the four blends in most respects except hydrogen factor, where positive improvement is shown at 50 ppm platinum on the promoted portions. TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________BLENDS OF PT PROMOTED CATALYST WITH EQUILIBRIUMCATALYSTSUMMARY OF ACTIVITYPT CONTENT OF PROMOTER, PPM 5 50 100 200PT CONTENT OF BLEND, PPM 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0CONVERSION, % VOL. 77.4 76.6 77.5 75.6C.sub.5.sup.+ GASOLINE, % VOL. 64.9 63.8 65.5 62.7TOTAL BUTANES, % VOL. 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.9DRY GAS, % WT. 6.4 6.9 6.5 6.8COKE, % WT 2.86 2.79 2.85 2.90HYDROGEN FACTOR 31 26 26 27CRACKING FACTORSRELATIVE ACTIVITY, % 100 99 100 98RELATIVE GASOLINE FACTOR, % 100 99 101 99RELATIVE BUTANES FACTOR, % 100 101 99 108RELATIVE DRY GAS FACTOR, % 100 109 101 109RELATIVE COKE FACTOR, % 100 101 100 96RELATIVE HYDROGEN FACTOR, % 100 82 83 85OXIDTION ACTIVITYCO.sub.2 /CO at 1340° F. 6.07 7.61 6.51 4.73RELATIVE CO.sub.2 /CO ACTIVITY 1.0 1.3 1.1 .8RELATIVE CO CONVERSION, % 0 18 6 -23__________________________________________________________________________ In addition to the above discussed blends of active, unpromoted cracking catalyst with a promoter portion of a platinum group metal or rhenium on a cracking catalyst support, the invention also contemplates promoter portions of such metal on a porous solid which is substantially inert, e.g. calcined clays such as kaolin. The promoted additive on a non-cracking base was prepared by impregnating a calcined spray dried kaolin clay with tris (ethylenediamine) platinum chloride to provide 50 ppm of platinum. The clay was prepared by calcining kaolin for 6 hrs. at 1800° F. followed by calcination for 1.5 hrs. at 1000° F. Separate samples of the promoted clay additive were prepared by calcining for three hours in air at 1200° F. and by steaming for four hours at atmospheric pressure and 1400° F. after heating in air. The promoted clay was blended with equilibrium FCC zeolite cracking catalyst to platinum levels of 2.5-10 ppm based on weight of the blend. The effects of the two additives on oxidation activity are shown by the data reported in Table 4. It will be seen that the sample calcined in air showed higher activity. Both calcined and steamed additives show sufficient activity for partial or complete CO combustion during FCC regeneration (CO 2 /CO 10 at 1240° F.) TABLE 4______________________________________Addition of 50 ppm Pt Kaolinto Equilibrium CatalystPt Catalyst % Pt Pt, ppm CO.sub.2 /Treatment Cat. (Est) T. °F. CO.sub.2 CO CO______________________________________Blank -- -- 1340 8.1 2.55 3.2 1240 10.3 2.2 4.7 1140 7.1 2.9 2.453 hrs./1200° F./air 5 2.5 1340 9.1 1.85 4.9 10 5 1340 9.5 1.30 7.3 1240 10.5 0.45 23.3 1140 9.4 0.20 47.0 20 10 1340 9.4 0.70 13.44 hrs./1400° F./0 5 2.5 1340 7.0 2.0 3.5psig 10 5 1340 8.3 2.0 4.15 1240 10.0 0.92 10.9 1140 9.5 0.20 47.5 20 10 1340 7.9 1.15 6.9RegenerationTest: 215 cc/min. air 4 min. catalyst residence time Carbon on Catalyst = 0.65% wt.______________________________________

A metal combustion promoter is introduced to the circulating inventory of catalyst in a catalytic cracking unit as a mixture of particles rich in metal with particles free of metal such that the net concentration of metal in the mixture is about 1 to 10 ppm. According to a preferred embodiment the particles rich in metal contain about 50 ppm of platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium or rhenium. When such mixtures are supplied to the circulating inventory, it is found that specific activity of the metal is enhanced in the sense that activity of the mixture for oxidation of carbon monoxide is higher than that of catalyst in which an equal amount of metal is evenly distributed among all the particles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/280,057 filed on Mar. 30, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to cup packers for use in wellbore tools and, more specifically, formation interval straddle tools that are employed for earth formation zone fracturing or other formation treating operations in wellbores. More particularly, the invention relates to improved cup packers which resist the intrusion of sand and debris into their open end. 2. Description of Related Art Cup packers used on formation interval straddle tools and other wellbore tools for oilfield applications are generally formed of hardened rubber materials and are of an open-ended design. During formation fracturing or treating operations when pressurized fracturing or treating fluids are pumped through the straddle tool to the formation zone to be fractured or treated, the open ends of such cup packers fill with the treating fluid which often has sand and debris entrained therein. If a “screenout”, during which sand is left within the straddled interval of the wellbore following treatment, occurs, the fluid within the straddled interval can become dehydrated forming a dense sand pack between the cup packers and within the open ends of the cup packers. The mechanical wedging of sand between the cup packers can result in high pulling forces during retrieval of the straddle tool following treatment of the formation. Additionally, sand wedged within the open ends of the cup packers may impair their ability to properly seal the interval straddled between the upper and lower packers of the straddle tool to sustain the necessary differential pressure during subsequent treatments of the formation. Therefore, there is a need for an improved cup packer that resists the intrusion of sand and debris into its open end. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a principal feature of the present invention to provide a cup packer for use in wellbore tools and, more specifically, formation interval straddle tools, that resists the intrusion of sand and debris into its open end and thereby improves the operational characteristics and pressure-sealing performance of the wellbore tool. Briefly, the invention is a cup packer wherein the open end is sealed or screened to prevent sand and debris intrusion therein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained may be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the preferred embodiments thereof illustrated in the appended drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a formation interval straddle tool employed for earth formation zone fracturing or other formation treating operations deployed in a wellbore; FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cup packer of a typical prior art design mounted on a formation interval straddle tool deployed in a wellbore; FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cup packer in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention mounted on a formation interval straddle tool deployed in a wellbore; and FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cup packer in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to FIG. 1, a formation interval straddle tool 10 of the type typically employed for earth formation zone fracturing or other formation treating operations in wellbores is shown positioned within a cased wellbore 12 which has been drilled in an earth formation 14 . The straddle tool 10 may be lowered into the wellbore 12 on a string of coiled or jointed tubing 16 to a position adjacent a selected zone 18 of the earth formation 14 . If the wellbore 12 has been cased with a casing 20 , the casing 20 will have been perforated at the selected zone 18 by the firing of the perforating shaped charges of a perforating gun or other perforating device, as illustrated by the perforations 22 , prior to the deployment of the straddle tool 10 . Once the straddle tool 10 is in position adjacent the selected formation zone 18 , the straddle tool 10 is operated from the earth's surface to deploy anchor slips 24 to lock itself firmly into the casing 20 in preparation for fracturing or treating the selected formation zone 18 . The straddle tool 10 comprises one or more cup packers 26 which, when pressurized fracturing or treating fluid is pumped from the earth's surface through the string of coiled or jointed tubing 16 to the straddle tool 10 , are forced to engage the casing 20 by the pressure of fluid exiting the straddle tool 10 at one or more treating ports 28 . The open ends 29 of the cup packers 26 are arranged to face each other and the straddled interval 30 of the wellbore 12 between the cup packers. When the cup packers 26 have fully engaged the casing 20 , the formation zone 18 and the straddled interval 30 between the cup packers 26 will be pressurized by the incoming fracturing or treating fluid. Upon completion of fracturing or treating of the formation zone 18 , the pumping of fracturing or treating fluid from the earth's surface is discontinued, and the straddle tool 10 is operated to dump any excess fluid, thereby relieving the pressure in the straddled interval 30 . Referring to FIG. 2, a straddle cup packer 26 of a typical prior art design is illustrated in cross-section mounted on a straddle tool 10 . The cup packer 26 , having a body generally formed of a hardened rubber material, is shown in engagement with a casing 20 in a wellbore 12 such as would occur with the straddled interval 30 of the wellbore 12 under pressure from fracturing or treating fluid. As previously noted, the open end 29 of the cup packer 26 is arranged to face the straddled interval 30 between the cup packers mounted on the straddle tool 10 . On its open end 29 the bore of the cup packer 26 gradually enlarges thereby forming a gap 27 between the cup packer 26 and the wall of the straddle tool 10 . As the treating fluid often has sand and debris entrained therein, the open end 29 tends to collect such sand and debris when the straddled interval 30 is depressurized. If a “screenout”, during which sand is left within the straddled interval 30 following treatment, occurs, the fluid within the straddled interval 30 can become dehydrated forming a dense sand pack between the cup packers 26 and within the open ends 29 of the cup packers. The mechanical wedging of sand between the cup packers 26 can result in high pulling forces during retrieval of the straddle tool 10 following treatment of the formation. Additionally, sand wedged within the open ends 29 of the cup packers 26 may impair the ability of the packers to properly seal the straddled interval 30 to sustain the necessary differential pressure during the subsequent treatment of another formation zone. Cup packers in accordance with the present invention alleviate the aforementioned problems as they prevent the accumulation of sand and debris in their open ends. FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cup packer 26 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention mounted on a formation interval straddle tool 10 deployed in a wellbore 12 . The open end 29 of the cup packer 26 is filled with an elastomer filler 32 . The elastomer filler 32 may be added to a standard commercial cup packer after manufacture, or it may be integrally and seamlessly molded into the cup packer 26 during manufacture. In either case, the elastomer filler 32 fills the open end 29 of the packer bore such that the cross-sectional dimension of the filled bore is substantially the same as that of the straddle tool 10 , thereby effectively eliminating the possibility that the cup packer 26 may retain any sand or debris entrained in the fracturing or treating fluid. The term “substantially the same” as used herein means having a dimension allowing for normal fitting tolerances between components. The longitudinal dimension of the packer, defined as the top of protruding section 34 to the bottom of packer 26 , is at its maximum at the bore. The elastomer filler 32 is preferably formed of the same material as the cup packer 26 , for example 80A or 90A durometer nitrile butyl rubber (“NBR”) or hydrogenated nitrile butyl rubber (“HNBR”). Other materials, such as low durometer elastomers, for example 60A durometer NBR, are equally suitable for elastomer fillers 32 added to standard commercial cup packers after manufacture. The configuration of the elastomer filler 32 in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 3 provides for enhanced effectiveness of sealing between the cup packer 26 and the tool 10 on which it is mounted when treating fluid pressure is applied in the straddled interval 30 . The elastomer filler 32 has a section 34 which angularly protudes from the end surface 36 of the cup packer 26 . The pressure of treating fluid in the straddled interval 30 acting on the surface 38 of section 34 of the elastomer filler 32 forces the elastomer filler 32 into sealing contact with the surface of the tool 10 thereby minimizing the intrusion of sand and debris between the surface of the tool 10 and the cup packer 26 . Alternatively, where the elastomer filler 32 is integrally and seamlessly molded into the cup packer 26 at the time of manufacture, it may be advantageous to entirely eliminate the end surface 36 such that the angularly protruding section 34 extends to the outermost surface of the cup packer 26 . FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a cup packer 26 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. A screen 39 is mounted in the open end 29 of the cup packer 26 and acts to prevent the intrusion of sand and debris therein. The inner end 41 of the screen 39 is sealingly attached to a screen sleeve 42 by welding or other suitable means. The screen assembly comprising the screen 39 and screen sleeve 42 is then mounted in the bore 44 of the cup packer 26 and sealingly secured to the end surface 36 of the cup packer 26 by screws 46 driven into threaded inserts 48 which may be molded into the cup packer 26 at the time of manufacture or inserted after manufacture of the cup packer 26 . Alternatively, the screen 39 may be integrally molded into the cup packer 26 , with or without a screen sleeve 42 . The screen sleeve 42 may also be integrally molded into the cup packer 26 . If a screen sleeve is not used, the screen 39 may be attached to the cup packer 26 only at open end 29 and need not be attached within the bore 44 . The screen 39 may be made of any suitable material and the mesh size may be selected according to the expected size of the sand and debris particles to be excluded from the open end 29 of the cup packer 26 . A 40 mesh screen formed of 0.010 inch diameter 304 stainless steel wire has been found to be satisfactory for many applications. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design shown herein, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention.

An improved cup packer for use on wellbore tools is disclosed. The open end of the cup packer bore is filled with an elastomer to prevent the intrusion of sand and debris into the space between the cup packer and the wellbore tool on which it is mounted. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the packer body includes an angularly protruding section at at least one of its ends, wherein the longitudinal dimension of the packer body is at its maximum at its bore. In an additional alternative embodiment of the invention, the open end of the packer is sealed by a screen to prevent the intrusion of sand and debris into the space between the cup packer and the wellbore tool on which it is mounted.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/560,251 filed Nov. 15, 2006 entitled Three Dimensional Complex Coil, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/738,087, filed Nov. 17, 2005, by Monetti et al. entitled Three Dimensional Complex Coil and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/822,656, filed Aug. 17, 2006, by Monetti et al. entitled Three Dimensional Complex Coil, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The prior art contemplates a number of methods and devices for treating a body aneurysm using three-dimensional (3-D) shaped coils, sometimes referred to as “complex” coils. For example, Horton U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,219, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, shows a hollow structure. Phelps U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,259 and Ritchart U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,069, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, show other 3-D coil designs. Teoh U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,069, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, teaches a series of non-overlapping loops. Wallace U.S. Pat. No. 6,860,893, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, shows complex coils. Ferrera U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,291, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, shows a device similar to Teoh's and Wallace's except that a J-shaped proximal segment extends away from the complex portion of the device. [0003] The following patents provide further background and are also incorporated herein by reference: Guglielmi U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,498; Gandhi U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,773; Schaefer 2002/0107534; Mariant U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,948; Pham U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,731; Lahille U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,501; Porter 2005/0192618; Wallace 2005/0192621. [0004] There is, however an ongoing need to provide more advanced and improved complex coils so as to provide better treatment of an aneurysm. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide improved devices and methods for treating an aneurysm over the prior art. [0006] This object and other objects not specifically enumerated here are addressed by the invention, at least one embodiment of which includes a toroid-shaped device wound around a fixture such that portions of the device's length meet or overlap in the center of the toroid. This allows the outer portion of the device to form a scaffold while the interior portion of the device provides occlusion to prevent the influx of blood and promote thrombus formation. [0007] One embodiment includes a strand of material that self-forms into a toroid-shaped series of loops and is designed to provide a stable structure within the body cavity, allowing for occlusion of the cavity and serving as a framework to hold additional treatment devices. [0008] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a strand of material that self-forms into a cruciform series of loops and is designed to provide a stable structure within the body cavity, allowing for occlusion of the cavity and serving as a framework to hold additional treatment devices. [0009] In another aspect, the invention includes tools and methods of manufacture to make the aforementioned embodiments of the invention. [0010] In yet another aspect of the present invention, an embodiment includes a cruciform device wound around a fixture comprising at least two parallel pins disposed at an angle to at least one additional pin. This construction allows the outer portion of the device to form a scaffold while the interior portion of the device provides occlusion to prevent the influx of blood and promote thrombus formation. This embodiment also advantageously resists rotating or tumbling during deployment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a fixture and a complex coil of the present invention; [0012] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a complex coil of the present invention; [0013] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a fixture and a complex coil of the present invention; [0014] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a complex coil of the present invention; [0015] FIGS. 5-8 are photographs of a complex coils around various fixtures of the present invention; [0016] FIGS. 9-10 are photographs of complex coils formed according to one of the methods of the present invention; [0017] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a complex coil of the present invention formed around an embodiment of a fixture of the present invention shown in phantom lines; [0018] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a complex coil of the present invention; [0019] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a complex coil of the present invention; [0020] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a fixture of the present invention; [0021] FIG. 15 is a front elevation of the fixture shown in FIG. 14 ; and, [0022] FIGS. 16-19 are photographs of several complex coils formed using methods and fixtures according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0023] Toroid Three-Dimensional Coil [0024] Referring now to the figures and first to FIGS. 1-6 , a coil or complex coil 10 is described that is shaped using a toroid-shaped fixture 12 . The coil 10 has been wrapped around the fixture 12 four times in FIG. 1 such that four loops 14 are formed, each loop being positioned approximately 90 degrees from the adjacent loops. Wrapping the coil 10 around the fixture 12 causes the coil 10 to form into a complex shape when deployed into a body cavity such as a blood vessel or aneurysm. The device may be made from a length of wire that has been helically wound to form an elongate coil wire. Alternatively, the wire may be braided or knitted by methods known in the art to form a secondary shape. The wire is preferably a memory metal, such as Nitinol, but may be platinum, tantalum, tungsten, stainless steel, or other biocompatible material. Other materials, such as Dacron or Nylon fibers, biodegradable polymers such as polylactic or polyglycolic acid, and expansible or non-expansible hydrogel materials may be placed inside or outside the coil or braid structure to enhance the performance of the device. [0025] For purposes of description only, an observation may be made regarding the shape of the complex coil 10 that results from wrapping the coiled wire around the toroid-shaped fixture 12 . As illustrated in FIG. 2 , each of the loops 14 a - d is roughly contained within respective planes 16 a - d . The planes intersect with each other at approximately a common intersection axis 18 near the center of the complex coil 10 . As one skilled in the art will realize, any loops formed around the toroid fixture 12 will only approximately be contained within such planes and the degree to which they are contained within these planes is only a function of how they are wound around the toroid and has little or no effect on their performance. [0026] As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , any number of loops may be used in forming a complex coil of the present invention. In FIG. 3 , a complex coil 20 is formed by wrapping eight loops 22 around the toroid-shaped fixture 12 . The loops 22 are relatively evenly spaced around the toroid 12 but may be spaced in any number of configurations. The result is the eight-looped complex coil 20 shown in FIG. 4 . [0027] FIGS. 5 and 6 show complex coils 30 being formed around a toroid fixture 12 using 16 loops 32 . The loops 32 are grouped in sets of two such that only eight distinct loops appear. [0028] One example used to treat conditions, such as cerebral aneurysms, includes a platinum/tungsten alloy complex coil (92% Pt, 8% W available from Sigmund Cohn Mount Vernon, N.Y.) with a diameter in the range of about 0.125 mm to about 0.625 mm and a length of about 5 mm to about 1000 mm. The complex coil is formed around a ceramic or metallic toroid-shaped fixture similar to the fixtures 12 shown in FIGS. 1 , 3 , 5 , and 6 . The winding pattern shown in FIGS. 1-6 forms a first loop 14 a around the toroid 12 , then a second loop 14 b approximately 180° around the toroid from the first loop. In this example, a FIG. 8 pattern is used to wind the first and second loops. A third loop 14 c is then formed at an angle around the center of the toroid, typically 5° to 175°, to the second loop. A fourth loop 14 d is formed using a FIG. 8 pattern from the third loop 14 c . More loops 14 may be added depending on the desired device size. [0029] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one advantage to the toroid complex coil configuration is that it may be scaled to the size of the treatment site by changing the number of loops. For example, very small (0.5-3 mm) lesions may be treated with 2 to 4 loop configurations, medium sized (4-10 mm) with 4-12 loop configurations, large (over 10 mm) with 8-36 loop configurations, and so on. The loops can form a closed structure such as an “O” shape (e.g. circle, oval, square, ellipse, star, etc.) or can be open such as a “C” or “U” shape. The loops may be of any dimension and are typically scaled to the approximate size of the treatment site. In the previous example, the loops may range from 0.5 mm diameter to 50 mm diameter. In this regard, “diameter” should not be narrowly construed to imply a circular dimension. Rather, “diameter” is used broadly to encompass the approximate size and shape of a loop. [0030] After winding, the fixture and complex coil are heat-set by methods known in the art. For example, a typical annealing step for platinum complex coils is approximately 1100° F. for 5-40 minutes. [0031] Once annealed, the complex coil will approximately retain the wound shape when substantially unconstrained or in its minimum energy state. The complex coil may then be subject to further processing such as forming a tip, adding a coupling mechanism for attachment to a delivery system, placing hydrogel or fibers onto or within the complex coil, placing a stretch resistant member inside or outside the complex coil, etc. The complex coil can then be attached to a delivery system, which is well known in the art, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/212,830, entitled Thermal Detachment System for Implantable Devices, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference hererin. Other examples of delivery systems are disclosed in Guglielmi U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,498 or Gandhi U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,773. Once attached to the delivery pusher, the complex coil is placed in a substantially linear configuration within a tube for delivery to the treatment site. [0032] In a typical procedure, the linear complex coil is fed through a conduit such as a microcatheter by advancing it through the conduit with the delivery pusher. Upon exiting the microcatheter, the complex coil then self-forms into a structure within the treatment site that approximates its annealed shape. [0033] The fixture 12 used to create the implant is shown as a closed circular toroid. However, other non-circular shapes such as elliptical, square, and star-shaped patterns may be used. In addition, the toroid does not need to be a closed structure. In fact, it may be easier to wind if a gap is left within the structure so that tension can be kept on the complex coil by hanging a weight. [0034] Cruciform Three-Dimensional Coil [0035] Referring now to FIGS. 7-12 , the production of complex coils 40 are shown using a fixture 42 that includes a plurality of pins 44 arranged at right angles to each other. Like the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-6 , the embodiments of the complex coils 40 formed using the fixture 42 in FIGS. 7-12 may be made from a length of wire that has been helically wound to form a coiled wire. Alternatively, the wire may be braided or knitted by methods known in the art to form a secondary shape. The wire may be platinum, tantalum, tungsten, stainless steel, Nitinol, or other biocompatible material. Other materials, such as Dacron or Nylon fibers, biodegradable polymers such as polylactic or polyglycolic acid, and expansible or non-expansible hydrogel materials may be placed inside or outside the complex coil or braid structure to enhance the performance of the device. By way of example only, one embodiment might be used to treat such conditions as cerebral aneurysms, employs a platinum/tungsten alloy complex coil 10 (92% PT, 8% W available from Sigmund Cohn Mount Vernon, N.Y.) with a diameter in the range of about 0.125 mm to about 0.625 mm and a length of about 5 mm to about 1000 mm. [0036] The complex coil 40 is formed by wrapping a coiled wire around the fixture 42 , as shown in FIGS. 7-8 . The fixture 42 is preferably a ceramic or metallic cruciform fixture and includes a plurality of pins 44 arranged at right angles to each other along axes x, y, and z. More specifically, the fixture 42 includes two pins 44 x that are parallel to the x-axis, two pins 44 y that are parallel to the y-axis, and two pins 44 z that are parallel to the z-axis. [0037] An example of a complex coil 40 that can be made using the fixture 42 of FIGS. 7-8 is shown in FIGS. 9-12 . The winding pattern in this embodiment, shown most clearly in FIGS. 11-12 , forms a first loop 46 a around a first pin 44 y 1 , then a second loop 46 b around a second pin 44 x 1 that is disposed at an angle to the first pin 44 y i . In this embodiment the angle between the loops 46 a and 46 b is approximately 45°-135°. A third loop 46 c is then formed in approximately the same plane as the second loop 46 b . In this example, the third loop 46 c is formed around pin 44 x 2 in a FIG. 8 pattern with the second loop 46 b . A fourth loop 46 d is then formed at an angle with the third loop 46 c . In this example, the fourth loop 46 d is approximately 45°-135° to the third loop and is formed around pin 44 y 2 and is also approximately coplanar to the first loop 46 a . A fifth loop 46 e is then formed at an angle to the fourth loop 46 d by wrapping the wire around pin 44 x 1 spaced apart from loop 46 b , also formed around pin 44 x 1 . A sixth loop 46 f lies in approximately the same plane as the fifth loop 46 e in a FIG. 8 pattern with the fifth loop 46 e . The sixth loop 46 f is formed by wrapping the wire around pin 44 x 2 spaced apart from loop 46 c , which is also formed around pin 44 x 2 . In this example, the fifth loop 46 e and the sixth loop 46 f are approximately concentric with the second loop 46 b and the third loop 46 c , respectively. [0038] Fewer than six loops may be used to form shorter complex coils, while additional loops may be wound to make a longer device. For example, the pins 44 z shown in FIGS. 7-8 extend through the pins 44 x and 44 y and are thus being used to hold the pins 44 x and 44 y in place. However, if a longer device is desired, loops could be formed by wrapping wire around the portions of the pins 44 z extending from the pins 44 y. [0039] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the same final result could be obtained by reversing the just-described winding pattern: i.e. winding a first loop around a first pin, winding a second loop in approximately the same plane as the first loop, winding a third loop at an angle to the second loop, winding a fourth loop at an angle to the third loop, winding a fifth loop in approximately the same plane as the fourth loop, winding a sixth loop at an angle to the fifth loop, and so on. [0040] The loops can form a closed structure such as an “0” shape (e.g. circle, oval, square, ellipse, star, etc.) or can be open such as a “C” or “U” shape. The loops may be of any dimension and are typically scaled to the approximate size of the treatment site. In the previous example, the loops may range from 0.5 mm diameter to 50 mm diameter. In this regard, “diameter” should not be narrowly construed to imply a circular dimension. Rather, diameter is used broadly to encompass the approximate size and shape of a loop. [0041] For example, the coil 50 shown in FIG. 13 has loops 52 that are open and closed. The open loops are formed by wrapping a wire around a pin but transitioning to an adjacent pin prior to completing an overlapping loop. More specifically, the complex coil 50 of FIG. 13 has six loops 52 a - f formed using the fixture 42 of FIGS. 7 and 8 . Loop 52 a is a complete loop formed around one of the pins 44 y . The wire is then wrapped in a FIG. 8 pattern around two adjacent pins 44 x to form open loops 52 b and 52 c . The wire is next wrapped completely around the other y pin, 44 y to form complete loop 52 d . Next, the wire is wrapped in a FIG. 8 pattern around the two pins 44 y on the opposite side of pins 44 x to form loops 52 e and 52 f . The loop 52 e is open but the loop 52 f is closed, being the last loop. [0042] Further complexity may be introduced using the fixture 60 shown in FIGS. 14-15 . The fixture 60 in FIGS. 14-15 also has a plurality of pins 62 but differs from the fixture 42 in FIGS. 7 and 8 in three substantive ways. First, the pins 62 extend in directions parallel with x- and y-axes, but there are no pins that extend parallel to a z-axis. Rather, rectangular blocks 64 extend along the z-axis. Second, there are only two concentric pins, 62 x 1 and 62 x 2 that extend parallel to the x-axis. Third, there are four pins 62 y 1-4 , each having independent longitudinal axes. Winding using the fixture 60 results in complex coils 70 such as those shown in FIGS. 16-19 . These figures show a complex coil 70 with first and second loops, 74 a and 74 b , that are substantially coplanar and arranged in a FIG. 8 pattern, as well as third and forth loops, 74 c and 74 d that are similarly substantially coplanar and arranged in a FIG. 8 pattern that is rotated from the FIG. 8 pattern of the first and second loops, 74 a and 74 b . The examples shown in FIGS. 16-19 show the two FIG. 8 patterns rotated 90 degrees relative to each other. Additionally, the complex coils 70 include fifth and sixth loops, 74 e and 74 f , which are relatively concentric. [0043] After winding, the fixture and complex coil are heat-set by methods known in the art. For example, a typical annealing step for platinum complex coils is approximately 1100° F. for 5-60 minutes. [0044] Once annealed, the complex coil will approximately retain the wound shape when substantially in a minimal energy state. The complex coil may then be subject to further processing such as forming a tip, adding a coupling mechanism for attachment to a delivery system, placing hydrogel or fibers onto or within the complex coil, placing a stretch resistant member inside or outside the complex coil, etc. The complex coil can then be attached to a delivery system, which is well known in the art, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/212,830, entitled Thermal Detachment System for Implantable Devices, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference hererin. Other examples of delivery systems are disclosed in Guglielmi U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,498 or Gandhi U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,773. Once attached to the delivery pusher, the complex coil 10 is placed in a substantially linear configuration within a tube for delivery to the treatment site. [0045] In the typical procedure, the linear complex coil is fed through a conduit such as a microcatheter by advancing it through the conduit with the delivery pusher. Upon exiting the microcatheter, the complex coil then self-forms into a structure within the treatment site that approximates its annealed shape. [0046] Although the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments and applications, one of ordinary skill in the art, in light of this teaching, can generate additional embodiments and modifications without departing from the spirit of or exceeding the scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the drawings and descriptions herein are proffered by way of example to facilitate comprehension of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope thereof.

A complex coil and a fixture for forming same configured such that loops are formed having various configurations relative to each other. The configurations provide improved thrombus formation and reduced rotation or tumbling once implanted. The complex coil is formed of a material that may deformed for purposes of placing the complex coil into a catheter and returns to a complex shape that includes said loops once deployed.

This application is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 07/281,047 filed on Dec. 8, 1988, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for resin finishing fabrics or blended yarn fabrics comprising cellulosic fibers with 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein. 2. Description of the Related Art Hitherto, as finishing agents for imparting crease resistance and shrink-proofing to fabrics comprising cellulosic fibers, formaldehyde resins such as reaction products of formaldehyde with urea, melamine, ethyleneurea, propyleneurea, glyoxalmonourein or alkylcarbamate have been used. Although these agents can impart excellent crease resistance and shrink-proofing to the fabrics, their use for clothes is restricted because the fabrics finished with them tend to readily release free formaldehyde which is harmful to skins. Thus, a finishing agent which contains no formaldehyde is highly appreciated. Recently, 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein is most widely used as the finishing agent of the fabrics. However, finishing of the fabrics, which are dyed with fluorescence dyestuffs, with 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein results in deterioration of whiteness of the finished fabrics and generation of unfavorable amine odor. It has been proposed to reduce the unfavorable amine odor by the use of an organic acid such as oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and the like together with the finishing agents. However this measure causes further deterioration of whiteness of the fabrics because the fluorescence dyestuff is attacked by the organic acid and also stiffening of the fabrics due to the acid. Then, a complicated process such as rinsing with hot water after curing and soaping is required to prevent the deterioration of whiteness and to reduce the unfavorable amine order when the fabrics are finished with 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION As the result of extensive studies to solve the above problems associated with the finishing agent comprising 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein, it has been found that the use of trimethylolpropane together with 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein in the finishing agent prevents the deterioration of whiteness of the fabrics and greatly reduces the unfavorable amine odor generated from finished fabrics. Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for resin finishing fabrics which comprises treating the fabrics with a combination of 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein with trimethylolpropane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The fabrics to be treated by the process of the present invention are cellulosic fabrics and blended yarn fabrics comprising the cellulosic yarns. In the process of the present invention, commercially available trimethylolpropane and 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein can be used. Trimethylolpropane is used in an amount of from 15 to 50% by weight, preferably from 20 to 30% by weight on the basis of the weight of 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein in the finishing agent. When the amount of trimethylolpropane is less than 15% by weight, the unfavorable amine odor cannot be reduced sufficiently, and when said amount is larger than 50% by weight, the deterioration of whiteness cannot be prevented sufficiently, crease resistance is lowered, a shrinking ratio increases, and hand of the fabrics becomes worse. Generally, a mixture of 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein and trimethylolpropane are used in the form of an aqueous solution. The concentration of 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein in the solution is usually from 10 to 50% by weight, preferably from 20 to 40% by weight. Trimethylolpropane is mixed with the 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein solution to prepare a treating solution beforehand or just before the finishing of the fabrics. The fabrics to be finished are immersed in the treating solution, squeezed uniformly with rolls, dried and then cured so as to crosslink 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein with the cellulose fibers sufficiently. The treating agent to be used in the process of the present invention may contain a conventional catalyst for crosslinking such as magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, magnesium borofluoride. Further, the treating agent may contain various additives such as fluorescent whiting agents, natural or synthetic sizing agents, synthetic resin hand modifiers, softening agents and the like, as long as the effects of the present invention are maintained. The process of the present invention achieves drastic reduction of the unfavorable amine odor which is generated from the fabrics finished with the conventional treating solution which contains 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein but no trimethylolpropane, while the process of the present invention does not deteriorate the crease resistance and shrink-proofing of the fabrics. The present invention also prevents the deterioration of whiteness of the fabrics. The present invention will be illustrated more in detail with reference to the following Examples, which do not limit the present invention. In Examples, "%" is by weight unless otherwise indicated. Properties of finished fabrics in Examples were measured according to the following methods. (1) Crease resistance: JIS L 1096B (Monsanto method) (2) Shrinking ratio: JIS L 0217 103 (3) Tear strength: JIS L 1096D (Pendulum method) (4) Whiteness: A -b (minus b) value is measured with a Hunter type color difference meter (manufactured by Toyo Rika Co., Ltd.) (5) Odor: Samples, i.e. pieces of finished fabrics, are sealed up in polyethylene bags. After keeping them standing for 24 hours, the odor in the bag is smelt. The level of the order is evaluated according to the following criteria: O: Substantially no odor. Δ: Slight odor. X: Conspicuous odor. EXAMPLES 1-7 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 and 2 A cotton broad cloth (No. 40) was scoured and bleached. Then, the cotton cloth was dyed with an aqueous solution of 0.4% Whitex (a trade mark) BRF (a fluorescence dyestuff manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited). The cloth was then immersed in the treating solution having the composition described in Table, squeezed to 65% in pick up with a mangle uniformly, dried at 80° C. for 2 minutes, and then cured at 150° C. for 3 minutes. The properties (crease resistance, shrink-proofing, tensile strength, whiteness and odor) of the finished cloth were measured. The results are shown in Table. TABLE__________________________________________________________________________ Comparative Example ExampleExample No. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Blank__________________________________________________________________________Composi-(A) 6 5.45 6 6 5.22 5.0 4.80 4.62 4.44 --tion of1.3-Dimethylglyoxal-treatingmonourein (as solid)solution(%)Sumitex 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 --Accelerator X-60*(%)(B) -- 0.35 1.2 1.5 0.78 1.0 1.20 1.38 1.56 --Trimethylolpropane(%)Water (%) 89.5 89.5 88.3 88.0 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 --(B)/(A) × 100 (%) -- 10 20 15 15 20 25 30 35 --Crease resistance (W + F) (°) 233 235 237 238 235 233 233 230 228 191Shrinking ratio (W + F) (%) 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 6.7Tear strength (W + F) (g) 1075 1100 1125 1135 1125 1130 1135 1155 1175 1250Whiteness (-b value) 11.0 11.5 12.3 12.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.7Odor X X O O Δ-O O O O O O__________________________________________________________________________ Note: *X-60: A metal salt type catalyst (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited)

Fabrics, particularly cellulosic fabrics is resin finished with a combination of 1,3-dimethylglyoxalmonourein and trimethylolpropane, whereby the fabrics has improved crease resistance and shrink-proofing and generates no unpleasant odor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/825,116, filed Jun. 28, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No 8,501,174, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/548,631 1 , filed Oct. 11, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,400, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/596,709, filed Oct. 14, 2005, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/597,431, filed on Nov. 30, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/805,577, filed on Jun. 22, 2006, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Patients undergoing treatment with certain therapeutically active agents can have certain ocular conditions as a result of that treatment. In particular, patients undergoing chemotherapy with a therapeutically active agent effective for treatment of a cancer often have ocular conditions as a result of that treatment. One embodiment is a method comprising administering a cyclosporin, an analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof, to an eye of a mammal in combination with administration of a therapeutically active agent to said mammal, said therapeutically active agent being an chemotherapy agent or an antiviral agent, wherein said method is effective in preventing or treating an ocular condition associated with the use of said therapeutically active agent. “Administration of a therapeutically active agent to said mammal” means administration of the therapeutically active agent to the mammal in any way that a therapeutically active agent may be administered. Thus, administration of the therapeutically active agent is not limited to the eye, but may include systemic administration via oral, intravenous, rectal, or other means; or administration locally to any part of the body by injection, implantation, topical administration, or other means. Administration of the therapeutically active agent need not exactly overlap in time with the administration of the cyclosporin, an analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. For example, the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof might be administered to a mammal before the mammal receives any of the therapeutically active agent to avoid the onset of the ocular condition. In another example, the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof, might be administered after the mammal has begun to receive the therapeutically active agent. In another example, the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof, might be administered after the mammal has ceased receiving the therapeutically active agent. Administration of the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof might also be simultaneous with the administration of the therapeutically active agent. Thus, any time relationship may exist between the mammal receiving the therapeutically active agent and the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof, provided that the use of the latter is reasonably related to treatment or prophylaxis of a condition associated with the former. It may be convenient to provide a single pharmaceutical composition which comprises both (i) the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof and (ii) the therapeutically active agent when the agents are to be administered simultaneously. It may be convenient to provide (i) the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof and (ii) the therapeutically active agent in form of a kit. For example, the agents may be packaged together. For example, (i) the cyclosporin, analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof and (ii) the therapeutically active agent may each be packaged in conventional pharmaceutical packaging such as boxes, jars, blister packs, vials, bottles, syringes etc., and the individually packaged components may then be combined to form a kit e.g. by the use of further packaging such as a box, or by joining up the individual packages. When in kit form, the agents can be taken independently of one another, thus allowing the user freedom to decide the temporal relationship between his use of each of the agents. Use of a cyclosporin, or an analog or derivative thereof, including cyclosporin A, for the treatment of ocular conditions occurring in a person undergoing treatment with a therapeutically active agent for the treatment of cancer is contemplated. Accordingly, a particular patient group which may benefit from the present invention is that of persons having ocular conditions resulting from the use of a chemotherapy agent. Also contemplated is use of a cyclosporin, or an analog or derivative thereof, including cyclosporin A, for the treatment of ocular conditions occurring in a person who is undergoing treatment with an antiviral agent. Accordingly, a particular patient group which may benefit from the present invention is that of persons having ocular conditions resulting from the use of an antiviral agent. Also contemplated is use of a cyclosporin, or an analog or derivative thereof, including cyclosporin A, for the treatment of ocular conditions occurring in a person who is undergoing treatment with an immunomodulator. Accordingly, a particular patient group which may benefit from the present invention is that of persons having ocular conditions resulting from the use of an immunomodulator. Cyclosporin A is a cyclic peptide with immunosuppressive properties having the structure shown above. It is also known by other names including cyclosporine, cyclosporine A, ciclosporin, and ciclosporin A. Other cyclosporins include cyclosporine b, cyclosporine D, cyclosporine G, which are well known in the art. Cyclosporin derivatives and analogs are also known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,254,860 and 6,350,442, incorporated by reference herein, illustrate several examples. The ocular conditions to be prevented or treated are well known in the art. In particular, nasolacrimal stenosis, chemotherapy induced ocular toxicity, lacrimal duct stenosis, punctal stenosis, lacrimation, abnormal lacrimation, (such as tear production that is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca), increased tearing, nasolacrimal blockage, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, or a combination thereof may be prevented or treated. Hence, for example, in one embodiment one administers cyclosporin A to a mammal, in combination with administration of a therapeutically active agent to said, to increase tear production that is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca to the mammal, wherein “administration of a therapeutically active agent to said mammal” is as defined above; that is, the cyclosporin A may be administered to the mammal before the mammal receives any of the therapeutically active agent, after the mammal begins to receive the therapeutically active agent, or after the mammal ceases receiving the therapeutically active agent. Also contemplated is a method comprising administering cyclosporin A topically to the eye of a person, wherein docetaxel is also administered to said person, wherein said method is effective in preventing or treating an ocular condition associated with the administration of docetaxel. Although the ocular condition may be associated with any antiviral agent, the following antiviral agents are contemplated in particular: Zalcitabine, and Rimantadine Hydrochloride. Although the ocular condition may be associated with any chemotherapy agent, the following chemotherapy agents are contemplated in particular: Paclitaxel and derivatives thereof, such as Docetaxel Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Irinotecan Hydrochloride, Fluorouracil, Imatinib Mesylate, and Rituximab. Derivatives of paclitaxel generally include the macrocycle shown below, where derivatives are formed at a hydroxyl moiety. Chemotherapeutic compounds incorporating this structure are thus contemplated. For example, the structures of paclitaxel and docetaxel are shown below. In one embodiment, the chemotherapy agent is docetaxel. Although the ocular condition may be associated with any immunomodulator, the following immunomodulators are contemplated in particular: Interferon alfa-2b, Recombinant Mycophenolate Mofetil, and Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause lacrimal duct stenosis: docetaxel. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause lacrimation: interferon alfa-2b, recombinant, doxorubicin hydrochloride, irinotecan hydrochloride, fluorouracil, docetaxel, and zalcitabine. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause abnormal lacrimation: mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride, imatinib mesylate, rituximab, and rimantadine hydrochloride. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause keratitis: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Erlotinib, Bexarotene, and Voriconazole. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause keratoconjunctivitis: Capecitabine. While not intending to limit the scope of the invention in any way, the following therapeutically active agents may cause conjunctivitis: Risedronate Sodium, Leflunomide, Mycophenolate Mofetil, Oxaliplatin, Cetuximab, Ribavirin, Rituximab, Basiliximab, Erlotinib, Capecitabine, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Imiquimod, Amphotericin B, liposomal, Zolpidem Tartrate, Glatiramer Acetate, Epirubicin Hydrochloride, Saquinavir, Enfuvirtide, Imatinib Mesylate, Gefitinib, Lamotrigine, Delavirdine Mesylate, Rituximab, Ivermectin, Palivizumab, Oseltamivir Phosphate, Bexarotene, Docetaxel, Abacavir Sulfate, Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Voriconazole, Nevirapine, Ribavirin, and Abacavir Sulfate. Additionally, one or more of the ocular conditions disclosed herein may be associated with the following therapeutically active agents: abacavir sulfate, amantadine hydrochloride, amphotericin B, basiliximab, bexarotene, capecitabine, cetuximab, delavirdine mesylate, docetaxel, doxorubicin hydrochloride, enfuvirtide, epirubicin hydrochloride, erlotinib, fluorouracil, gefitinib, glatiramer acetate, imatinib mesylate, imiquimod, interferon alfa-2b, irinotecan hydrochloride, ivermectin, lamivudine, lamotrigine, leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride, nevirapine, oseltamivir phosphate, oxaliplatin, palivizumab, ribavirin, rimantadine hydrochloride, risedronate sodium, rituximab, saquinavir, voriconazole, zalcitabine, zidovudine, and zolpidem tartrate. The therapeutically active agent is administered in the usual manner known in the art for the condition being treated. Alternatively, a therapeutically active agent and cyclosporin A may be administered in a single composition. Useful compositions are disclosed in the following patent applications, each of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,409, filed on Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,509, filed on Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,187, filed on Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,178, filed on Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/181,428, filed on Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/255,821, filed on Oct. 19, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/161,218, filed on Jul. 27, 2005; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/727,684, filed on Oct. 17, 2005. In one embodiment, cyclosporin A is administered in the form of Restasis®, available from Allergan, Inc. The cyclosporin A is administered twice a day as indicated on the package insert. Although there has been hereinabove described pharmaceutical compositions for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention may be used to advantage, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto. Accordingly, any and all modifications, variations, or equivalent arrangements, which may occur to those skilled in the art, should be considered to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

The present disclosure relates to methods of treatment or prevention of ocular conditions caused by treatment with certain therapeutically active agents. The methods can include administering a cyclosporine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof to an eye of a mammal suffering from an ocular condition cased by treatment with certain therapeutically active agents, which can include a chemotherapy agent or an antiviral agent.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] The present application claims priority to Australian Application 2015268668 filed Dec. 11, 2015 which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present disclosure relates to a washing machine. In particular the present disclosure relates to a lid assembly for a washing machine. BACKGROUND [0003] Washing machines are provided with lids. The lids can be formed in many different designs. In some designs the lid can have a transparent section. For top loaded washing machines the lid can be formed, at least partly by a glass material. For example WO2014/120739 describes a lid for a washing machine with glass. [0004] There is a constant desire to improve the design of a washing machine. Hence, there is a need for a washing machine having an improved lid assembly. SUMMARY [0005] It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved washing machine. It is a particular object of the present invention to provide an improved washing machine with an improved lid assembly. [0006] As has been realized there is a demand for different designs of a washing machine. One element of the washing machine that can be used to alter the design of a washing machine is the design of the lid of a washing machine. Hence it would be advantageous if, during assembly of the lid, the appearance of the lid could be altered with minimum effort and with few different components to reduce the number of items used to at the same time provide a large number of different designs. To accomplish such an assembly a supporting frame that can receive many different top sections can be provided. [0007] In accordance with one embodiment a lid assembly for a washing machine is provided. The lid assembly comprises a frame and top section. The frame is formed by a frame bottom and a frame top attached to the frame bottom and top section attached to the frame top. Hereby a lid assembly in which the top section of the lid assembly can be varied so that the appearance of the lid assembly can be easily altered. [0008] In accordance with one embodiment the frame top has an inner surface adapted to fit with the top section. [0009] In accordance with one embodiment the frame top is screwed to the frame bottom. In accordance with one embodiment the frame top is snap fit to the frame bottom. [0010] In accordance with one embodiment the top section is attached to the frame top by glue or adhesive. [0011] In accordance with one embodiment at least one elastic member is provided in a central area between the underside of the top section and the frame bottom. [0012] The invention also extends to a washing machine lid and to a washer machine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0013] The present invention will now be described in more detail by way of non-limiting examples and with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: [0014] FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a lid assembly for a washing machine, and [0015] FIG. 2 is a sectional view from the side illustrating fixation between different parts of the lid assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0016] In the following a lid assembly for a washing machine will be described. In the figures, like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements throughout the several figures. It will be appreciated that these figures are for illustration only and are not in any way restricting the scope of the invention. Also it is possible to combine features from different described embodiments to meet specific implementation needs. [0017] In FIG. 1 an exploded view of a lid assembly 10 for a washing machine is shown. The lid assembly 10 comprises a top section 1 , a lid frame top 2 and a lid frame bottom 3 . The top section 1 is secured to the lid frame top 2 . The frame top 2 has an inner surface adapted to the thickness and size of the top section 1 such that the top section 1 can be received by the top frame 2 and fit in the frame top 2 . The lid frame 2 is secured to the lid frame bottom 3 . The lid frame top 2 can for example be snap fit onto the lid frame bottom 3 . Alternatively or in addition to the snap fit connection, the lid frame top 2 can be screwed onto the lid frame bottom 3 using screws 4 . In addition the lid assembly 10 may or may not comprise a door hook 5 . [0018] The top section 1 can be secured to the frame, in this embodiment formed by the lid frame top 2 and lid frame bottom 3 , by glue or some adhesive. The design with a frame formed by a frame top 3 and frame bottom 3 where a top section is attached to the frame top enables a modular design of the lid assembly. In particular it is made possible to provide a large variety of designs of the lid assembly using very few assembly parts. This is because the top section 1 can be given any design and be made from any material as long as the outer measurements fits in the frame top. IN particular the top section 1 can be made from different materials. In accordance with one embodiment the top section 1 is made of a glass material. In accordance with one embodiment the top section 1 l made from a plastics material. In accordance with one embodiment the top section 1 is made from a metal material. [0019] In order to reduce the risk of breaking the top section 1 when formed by glass or some other fragile material when using the washing machine onto which the lid assembly 10 can be mounted, elastic members 6 or at least one elastic member 6 can be located under the top section 1 . In particular the elastic members 6 can be located in a central area well inside the periphery of the top section 1 . For example the elastic members 6 can be located in the range of 5-30 cm from the periphery of the top section 1 . In particular an elastic member can be located at least 10 cm from the periphery of the top section 1 . In accordance with one embodiment a number of elastic members 6 are provided. In particular at least two elastic members 6 are provided. The elastic member(s) 6 can be formed by an elastomer pads or rubber pads. In an alternative embodiment the elastic member(s) are formed by an elastomer sheet or a rubber sheet. [0020] In accordance with one embodiment the elastic member(s) 6 supplement an elastic material located at the periphery under the top section 1 . Hence, in such an embodiment the top section will be supported by an elastic material both at its periphery and in a central area when resting on a lid frame. [0021] By providing elastic member(s) 6 under the central area of the top section 1 made by glass a number of advantages can be achieved. For example, the risk of breaking the glass will be reduced since the glass top section 1 is supported not only at the periphery of the glass top section 1 by an elastic material provided under the periphery of the glass top section 1 , but also under the central area of the glass top section 1 . Because the risk of breaking the glass is reduced, the thickness of the glass top section can be reduced, which in turn reduces the weight of the lid assembly 10 and thereby makes it easier to handle the lid of the washing machine. Also, there is a reduced risk of scratching the glass top section from underneath should the lid be handled carelessly and a heavy impact is forced onto the glass top section. [0022] In FIG. 2 a partial sectional view from the side of an assembled lid assembly 10 is shown. Two different embodiments are shown in FIG. 2 . An assembly 10 where the top frame 2 is fixed to the bottom frame 3 with screws 5 is shown in the bottom view. An assembly 10 where the top frame 2 is fixed to the bottom frame 3 with snap fit is shown in the top view. The top section 1 , which can be made from any suitable material is attached with glue or adhesive at 7 . [0023] The washing machine having a lid assembly as described herein makes it possible to produce a lid which can have a varying design and at the same time be produced with few components.

A lid assembly ( 10 ) for a washing machine having a frame formed by a frame bottom ( 3 ) and a frame top ( 2 ) attached to the frame bottom and top section ( 1 ) attached to the frame top. The top section of the lid assembly can be varied so that the appearance of the lid assembly can be easily altered.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/729,225, filed Nov. 21, 2012 titled “Toilet Concepts,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application is also a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/804,539 filed Mar. 14, 2013 titled “Two Stage Flush and Grey Water Flush Systems and Devices,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] Embodiments described herein relate to quick release toilet concepts, which can be particularly useful on-board aircraft and other passenger transport vehicles. Further embodiments relate to improved shroud components for toilets that help reduce odor. Further embodiments also relate to improved flushing systems for use with vacuum toilets. BACKGROUND [0003] Many types of passenger transport vehicles (such as aircraft, ships, buses, trains, and any other passenger transport vehicles) use vacuum toilets. These toilets generally experience a very high service frequency, as there are typically only a few toilets provided that are intended to service hundreds of passengers. Thus, improvements for removing and replacing the toilets, as well as their components, are provided herein. [0004] These toilets are also used in a small enclosed space, such as an aircraft lavatory. Although venting and odor-reduction features are provided in lavatories, cleanliness and waste splash may still present issues, particularly around the toilet shroud. [0005] Additionally, the use of vacuum toilets can also be noisy. The toilets are used to flush septic waste and deliver it to a septic waste holding tank on-board the vehicle. Improvements for this delivery are also provided herein. BRIEF SUMMARY [0006] Certain embodiments described herein provide a quick release feature for toilets and their related components. These quick release features find particular use in connection with vacuum toilets, which may need to have various components of the toilet replaced more often than typical residential or other commercial toilets. In addition, maintenance on-board aircraft and other vehicles can be particularly expensive in view of the downtime and lost revenue due to reduced travel time of the vehicle. Accordingly, increased flexibility for replacing worn or damaged parts is a critical improvement to vehicle toilet systems. Nonetheless, although the embodiments described herein find particular use on-board passenger transport vehicles and the embodiments may be described with specific reference to aircraft toilet systems, it should be understood that the features may be translated to other industries if appropriate. [0007] Further embodiments provide improvements to the bowl to shroud interface. For example, vacuum toilets work by injecting air and water into the bowl via a rinse ring. Because of the vacuum provided, regulations require that an airflow space be provided between the toilet bowl and the shroud. This airflow space is intended to protect against potential suction creation between the vacuum system via a vacuum toilet flush and a passenger seated on the toilet without any air gaps. The air space provides a pathway for air to enter the toilet bowl to release any suction lock that may otherwise be created. However, this air space also creates a space for liquid and/or solid waste to become lodged, which can create bacterial growth and unpleasant odors. Thus, improvements for toilet/rinse ring/shroud interfaces are provided herein. [0008] Further embodiments seek to reduce noise levels by providing a flushing cycle that demands lesser vacuum levels for at least a portion of the flush cycle. There is provided a two-stage flush that uses a single transient tank positioned between nearby lavatories, such that two lavatories can be serviced by a single tank. The single transient tank may be positioned in fluid communication between one or more toilet bowls and the main aircraft waste tank. This reduces the noise level associated with the flush process because a lesser vacuum is demanded for the first stage of the flush. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] FIG. 1 shows a rear perspective view of one embodiment of a quick release feature connecting a toilet body to an aircraft lavatory floor. [0010] FIG. 2 shows a side perspective blown apart view of the quick release feature of FIG. 1 . [0011] FIGS. 3A and 3B show an alternate embodiment of a toilet quick release feature. [0012] FIG. 4 shows an alternate embodiment of a toilet quick release feature. [0013] FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment of a toilet quick release feature. [0014] FIGS. 6A and 6B show a further embodiment of a toilet quick release feature. [0015] FIG. 7 shows a side view of a prior art toilet to shroud interface, with blocks that separate the toilet body from the shroud. [0016] FIG. 8 shows a side perspective view of a toilet rinse ring. [0017] FIG. 9 shows a side perspective exploded view of a toilet having a rinse ring and an air diverter. [0018] FIG. 10 shows a side sectional view of one embodiment of an improved toilet to shroud interface. [0019] FIGS. 11A and 11B show perspective views of a toilet shroud being positioned over a toilet body. [0020] FIG. 12 shows a schematic view of an improved flushing configuration with a joint transient tank between lavatories. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0021] Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and devices for quickly disconnecting toilets and certain related toilet components. For example, aircraft toilets and their various components may need to be easily disconnected from the lavatory space for maintenance or replacement. Rather than requiring multiple bolts or screws that must be individually removed, the present disclosure seeks to provide improved ways for installing toilets and various components with quick release functionality. [0022] In one aspect, the toilets are provided with a modular design of components and line-replaceable units that are easily removable with an aim to reduce replacement time and loose hardware that may be lost during line replacement. Quick release of the toilets and/or the related component equipment may be achieved in a reliable and robust manner. [0023] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the toilet system 10 can include a toilet body 12 , an air diverter 14 , and a vacuum interface 16 with a flush valve 18 . The flush valve 18 opens and closes to direct and stop vacuum delivery to the toilet system 10 during a flush sequence. There are various reasons why the toilet body 12 may need to be replaced. For example, the toilet bowl and/or the toilet body 12 may be cracked or worn, the integral vacuum pipe 13 maybe damaged, one or more of the components positioned on the toilet body 12 may be damaged, or a newer model may simply need to be installed. [0024] There are also various reasons why the vacuum interface 16 may need to be replaced separately from the toilet body 12 . For example, the seals of the flush valve 18 may become worn, the flush valve 18 may need to be replaced with a newer model, or any other reason. In this instance, rather than removing the compete toilet system 10 in order to replace one of the components, embodiments provide a way that just the toilet bowl body 12 and/or just the vacuum interface 16 can be removed and replaced. [0025] An aircraft lavatory generally has a structural interface 20 . This structural interface 20 is secured to the aircraft lavatory floor via a mounting plate 22 . The structural interface 20 also has a clamp cooperating surface 24 . This surface is shown as an upper plate 26 , but it should be understood that any surface that can cooperate with a clamp may be provided and is considered within the scope of this disclosure. [0026] As shown, in FIG. 2 , a first clamp feature 28 secures toilet body 12 to the structural interface 20 . A first arm 30 of the clamp feature 28 is configured to cooperate with a first half of the upper plate 26 . A second arm 32 of the clamp feature 28 is configured to cooperate with a second half of the upper plate 26 . The first arm 30 and second arm 32 are hingedly secured via a hinge 34 . In use, the ends of the arms 30 , 32 may be positioned around the upper plate 26 of the structural interface 20 and secured to one another via a locking feature 36 . [0027] The toilet body 12 also has a clamp feature 38 , similar to the first clamp feature 28 . The toilet body clamp feature 38 has a first arm 40 secured to the toilet body 12 or otherwise associated therewith. A second arm 42 is hindegely secured to the first arm 40 via hinge 44 . In use, the ends of the arms 40 , 42 may be positioned around the vacuum interface 16 and secured to one another via a locking feature 46 . [0028] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the toilet body 12 is secured to the structural interface 20 via first clamp 28 which is clamped around toilet body base 48 and secured to the clamp cooperating surface 24 . This allows a removable securement of both the toilet body 12 to the structural interface 20 . For example, the toilet body base 48 may be positioned on top of the upper plate 26 , and the clamp feature 28 may be secured around both the plate 26 and the base 48 . [0029] The vacuum pipe 13 of the toilet body 12 can be aligned with the opening of the flush valve 18 . This can allow fluid communication between the flush valve and the toilet body 12 . To secure the vacuum interface 16 and the toilet body 12 in place with respect to one another, the toilet body clamp 38 can be secured to the vacuum interface 16 . The arms 40 , 42 of the toilet body clamp feature 38 can be positioned around an external circumference 50 of the vacuum interface 16 . To secure the vacuum interface 16 and the toilet body 12 in place with respect to one another, the clamp arms 40 , 42 are secured via locking feature 46 . The toilet body 12 and the vacuum interface 16 are now secured to one another to ensure a strong connection of the components, even under strong vacuum pressure. [0030] The clamp features 28 , 38 allow for easy removal and replacement and securement of the toilet body 12 and/or the vacuum interface 16 to and from the aircraft floor via the structural interface 20 . This helps reduce the possibility of loose hardware that may be lost during line replacement. With the release of the clamp features 28 , 38 and quick disconnect couplings to the water hose and waste tube, the toilet body 12 is easily installed and removed from the lavatory. It is also possible to remove and replace the vacuum interface flush valve 18 without having to remove the entire toilet body 12 . This disclosure allows the flush valve 18 to be separately removed and replaced, without disassembling entire toilet to remove and replace the flush valve. It should be understood that the clamp features described may be used to secure other items to the toilet system. [0031] An alternate quick release design is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B . In these figures, the toilet body 52 has legs 54 with open slots 56 . These open slots 56 may be designed similarly to open forks on bicycles for wheel replacement. A track system 58 may be mounted to the lavatory floor. The track system 58 may include a track body 60 with connecting portions 62 that receive and lock the open slots 56 into place. The track system 58 may also have one or more locking features 64 to prevent release of the open slots 56 from the connecting portions 62 . In use, the legs 54 of the toilet body 52 may be snapped into place and locked with respect to the track system 58 , as shown in FIG. 3B . [0032] FIG. 4 shows an alternate quick release design. This design provides a toilet body 66 with one or more connection interfaces 68 on a rear surface of the toilet body 66 . These connection interfaces 68 are designed to connect with corresponding interfaces on the lavatory wall. The toilet body 66 can be pushed into the wall, and the connections can be made. For example, FIG. 4 shows a water connection 70 , a power connection 72 , and a waste system connection 74 . Corresponding connections may be provided on the aircraft structure or wall. When the toilet body 66 is pushed into place, one or more pins 76 may fit into receptacles on the lavatory side to secure the toilet body 66 into place. [0033] FIG. 5 shows an alternate quick release design. This design provides a toilet body 78 with one or more rear pins 80 that can cooperate with one or more rear pin holes 82 on a pin hole bracket 84 . The rear pins 80 may slide into the rear pins holes 82 and be secured in any appropriate manner, such as via a bolt connection or any other appropriate securement feature. If desired, the pins 80 may be threaded. It is also possible for the pins to be provided on the bracket and for pin holes to be provided on the toilet body. [0034] FIGS. 6A and 6B show an alternate quick release design. This design provides a toilet leg 86 with one or more connection feet 88 . The one or more connection feet 88 cooperate with a receiving binding 90 on a bracket 92 that may be secured to an aircraft lavatory floor. FIG. 6A shows a side perspective view of a bracket 92 with a receiving binding 90 . FIG. 6B shows a connection foot 88 in place in the receiving binding 90 . Referring now more specifically to FIG. 6A , the receiving binding 90 has a back support 94 and a front support 96 . The back support 94 and front support 96 are sufficiently malleable such that they can flex to receive the connection foot 88 in use, as shown in FIG. 6B . The bracket 92 also has a second portion 100 with one or more angled receivers 102 that receive a corresponding foot 104 . [0035] In use, the corresponding foot 104 is inserted into the angled receiver 102 such that it slides in at a forward angle, shown by arrow A. The connection foot 88 is then snapped into place between the back support 94 and the front support 96 . If the toilet body is to be removed, pressure may be applied to a flange 106 positioned adjacent the back support 94 . This pressure forces the back support 94 in a direction to lessen the pressure applied to the connection foot 88 , such that the connection foot 88 can be removed from the bracket 92 . [0036] Another feature that may be provided in order to improve and ease interchangeability of toilet bodies is an improved toilet to shroud interface. Traditionally, integration of the toilet-shroud interface has created gaps that are not easily cleanable. These gaps are necessary for safety reasons. For example, as shown in FIG. 7 , which illustrates a prior art toilet to shroud interface, blocks 120 have been provided to space the shroud 122 off of the toilet bowl rim 124 in order to create an air gap 126 . This air gap 126 is necessary because if a user makes a complete seal with the toilet rim and there is no space for air flow during a flush, there is a chance of internal damage to the user due to the strength of vacuum created during the flush. However, often this air gap 126 between the toilet rim 124 and the shroud 122 can become a path where waste can splash, collect and drip down the side and the back of the shroud 122 , as shown by the arrows in FIG. 7 . Cleaning of the shroud 122 is difficult at this location, without tearing out the shroud, which is generally undesirable due to the maintenance, down-time, and the related costs that would be required. However, trapped odors can create an unpleasant experience for passengers. Accordingly, an improved toilet to shroud interface is provided. One example is shown in FIGS. 8-11 . [0037] The concept provides a sealed interface between the toilet and the shroud, but that still allows the required air gap. In one embodiment, a toilet 108 has a rinse ring 110 . The rinse ring 110 can be sealed adjacent the inner surface of the toilet rim 124 . The rinse ring 110 may be sealed directly against the toilet bowl 114 or it may be integrated into the toilet bowl 114 . In an alternate embodiment, the rinse ring 110 may be integrated with the air diverter element 116 , described below. The rinse ring 110 is provided to inject air and water into the toilet bowl 114 during a flush via one or more injectors 118 , as shown in FIG. 8 . Rinse ring 110 may be manufactured by rotational molding out of ABS or other plastic. Carbon may be wrapped around the ABS part into order to reduce part count, hardware count, and to create a more smooth design for better cleaning [0038] As shown in FIG. 9 , the rinse ring 110 may be secured, sealed, or otherwise integrated into the toilet bowl 114 . An air diverter element 116 is then positioned over the toilet bowl 114 . In another embodiment, the rinse ring 110 may be secured, sealed or otherwise integrated into the air diverter element 116 . In either embodiment, the rinse ring 110 generally fits against the toilet bowl at or near the toilet rim 124 . [0039] FIG. 10 shows a close-up view of an improved air diverter element 116 positioned with respect to the toilet bowl 114 and the shroud 122 . Air diverter element 116 has a skirt 130 that extends down over the rinse ring 110 . The skirt 130 provides a tortuous path for any waste that may attempt to migrate out of the toilet bowl 114 and onto the shroud 122 . For example, in the embodiment shown, the skirt 130 has a lower flap 132 , a rim-like portion 134 , and an upwardly curved face 136 . Upwardly curved face 136 interfaces with the shroud 122 and is secured in place to the shroud 122 via a seal 140 . (This allows elimination of the safety blocks 120 shown by the prior art image of FIG. 7 and prevents any waste splash from extending up the curved face 136 and/or from migrating behind the curved face 136 .) [0040] Additionally, air and water delivered through the rinse ring 110 can help clean any areas on the skirt 130 where any waste splash back may occur. For example, if waste splash migrates onto the toilet-bowl facing surface 142 of the skirt 130 (e.g., onto the back of the flap 132 and/or the rim-like portion 134 ), the air and water delivered through the rinse ring 110 can rinse away the waste splash on the next flush cycle, at the same time that air and water are delivered for the flush sequence. Additionally, air is still introduced through a gap 138 between the air diverter element 116 and the toilet bowl rim 124 to address safety issues. This air gap 138 is protected by the skirt 130 from waste splash. The tortuous path created by the skirt 130 thus prevents waste from splashing up through gap 138 and under the shroud 122 . [0041] FIG. 11A shows a shroud 122 being positioned over a toilet 114 with an air diverter element 116 in place on the toilet 108 . FIG. 11B shows a completed assembly, with the shroud 122 secured into place, providing a seat area for the toilet bowl. [0042] A further feature provided is a toilet bowl made of a composite material with a hardened surface. In this embodiment, a composite material is used rather than the typical stainless steel or other metal bowls. The toilet bowl may be a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). This material is believed to provide about a 30% weight reduction from conventional stainless steel bowl constructions. A hardened fluoropolymer-infused metallic surface on the composite bowl may provide lubricity necessary for bowl cleaning after each flush. It may also provide a longer lasting surface than a traditional Teflon coating. This surface may be a fluoropolymer infused metal or metal alloy. The fluoropolymer may be any polymer that lends itself to providing lubricity for easier cleaning and to prevent residue from adhering to the bowl surface. [0043] In one embodiment, the bowl may include a surface of Teflon impregnated nickel or chrome that is plated onto a CFRP bowl. Other embodiments include but are not limited to a fluoropolymer infused with nickel, titanium nitride, stainless steel, titanium, chromium, or any other appropriate metal, or any combination thereof [0044] A further embodiment provides an improvement to the vacuum flushing process. Septic waste holding tanks are typically fluidly connected to vacuum toilets system via a series of conduits, valves, and vacuum pumps in order to flush and route septic waste to the holding tanks The vacuum created for the flushing action may either be via one or more vacuum pumps, or, in the case of an aircraft in flight, via a pressure differential. The suction is generated either by the pressure differential between the pressurized cabin and the reduced pressure outside of an aircraft at high flight altitudes or by a vacuum generator at ground level or at low flight altitudes. Although efficient, vacuum toilets create a loud noise level during the flush cycle, due to the amount of vacuum that needs to be applied in order to cause the septic waste to travel from the toilet basin to the holding tank. [0045] Accordingly, the present assignee has sought to reduce the noise associated with vacuum flushing by providing a two stage flush system, described in U.S. Ser. No. 13/804,539, titled “Two Stage Flush and Grey Water Flush Systems and Devices,” incorporated herein by reference. The present inventors have sought various ways to improve the features of the two stage flush system and its related components. [0046] As shown in FIG. 12 , there is provided a two-stage flush that uses a single transient tank 144 positioned between nearby lavatories. This allows the two lavatories to be serviced by the single transient tank 144 . The single transient tank 144 may be positioned in fluid communication between one or more toilet bowls and the main aircraft waste tank. This tank 144 holds waste from one or more a first stage flushes until the tank 144 becomes so full as to require emptying. This first stage flush reduces the noise level associated with the flush process because a lesser vacuum is demanded for the first stage of the flush, in order to deliver the waste to tank 144 . Once emptying of the tank 144 is necessary, a second stage flush applies vacuum through a transfer valve 146 that delivers the waste to the on-board waste tank. [0047] Any of the embodiments described above may be used separately or in combination with one another. [0048] Changes and modifications, additions and deletions may be made to the structures and methods recited above and shown in the drawings without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention and the following claims.

Embodiments described herein relate to quick release toilet concepts, which can be useful particularly on-board aircraft and other passenger transport vehicles. Further embodiments relate to improved shroud components for toilets that help reduce splash. Further embodiments also relate to flushing systems for use with vacuum toilets.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/111,661, filed on Apr. 29, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,891,716, issued Feb. 22, 2011. The entire disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD The present disclosure relates to an installation tool and in particular to an installation tool for installing a cover for a concealed fire protection sprinkler. BACKGROUND The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. Fire protection sprinklers are commonly mounted to ceilings of residential and commercial buildings. Such sprinklers are often housed within an opening in the ceiling in such a manner that the sprinkler head does not protrude below the surface of the ceiling when not in use. A decorative cover plate may be installed over the opening in the ceiling to conceal the sprinkler, improving the aesthetic qualities of the sprinkler system. In response to heat, the solder holding the cover in place melts and the cover falls away from the sprinkler and the sprinkler trigger mechanism is then activated by the heat to release a plug device to allow the sprinkler to discharge water below the ceiling. Typically, a worker must stand atop a ladder or scaffolding to reach the opening in the ceiling to install the cover plate. When installing cover plates over multiple sprinklers, the worker must then climb down from the ladder or scaffolding, move the ladder or scaffolding below the next sprinkler, and climb back up to install the next cover, repeating this process for each of the sprinklers in a given building. This process is time-consuming and costly. SUMMARY An installation tool may include an extension member, a body portion disposed on the extension member, and a plurality of fingers flexibly protruding from the body portion. The plurality of fingers may be adapted to releasably engage a cover assembly. The plurality of fingers and the body portion cooperate to retain the cover assembly in a first direction and allow disengagement of the cover assembly in a second direction. A method for installing a cover assembly onto a sprinkler assembly may include pressing a first portion of the cover assembly into releasable engagement with an installation tool having an extension member, applying a force to the extension member in a first direction along a longitudinal axis of the extension member to remotely press a second portion of the cover assembly into engagement with the sprinkler assembly, and applying a force to the extension member in a second direction along the longitudinal axis of the extension member to disengage the cover assembly from the installation tool, the cover assembly maintaining engagement with the sprinkler assembly. Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. DRAWINGS The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of an operator installing a cover assembly onto a sprinkler assembly according to the principles of the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a partial exploded view of the installation tool of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the installation tool of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of the installation tool engaging a cover assembly according to the principles of the present disclosure; FIG. 5 is a partial side view of the installation tool pressing the cover assembly onto the sprinkler assembly according to the principles of the present disclosure; FIG. 6 is a partial side view of the cover assembly installed onto the sprinkler assembly and disengaged from the installation tool; FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of a finger of the installation tool flexing to engage the cover assembly according to the principles of the present disclosure; FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of the cover assembly fully engaged with the finger and a body portion of the installation tool according to the principles of the present disclosure; FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the finger flexing to disengage the cover assembly according to the principles of the present disclosure; and FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of the cover assembly fully disengaged from the finger according to the principles of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. With reference to FIGS. 1-10 , an installation tool 10 is provided and includes a body portion 12 and an extension member 14 . The installation tool 10 may releasably engage a sprinkler cover assembly 16 and extend the reach of an operator 18 , allowing the operator 18 to install the cover assembly 16 onto a sprinkler assembly 20 . The sprinkler assembly 20 may be installed above an opening 22 in a ceiling 24 of a building 26 , for example. It should be appreciated that the sprinkler assembly 20 may be installed in a sidewall of the building 26 , or any other location suited for an intended use of the sprinkler assembly 20 . With reference to FIG. 2 , the body portion 12 may include a head portion 28 , a plurality of fingers 30 , and a neck portion 32 . The head portion 28 , the plurality of fingers 30 , and the neck portion 32 may be integrally formed, glued, fastened, welded, or otherwise suitably joined together. The body portion 12 may be formed from a polymer, metal, wood, or other suitable material known in the art or combinations thereof. The head portion 28 may be substantially cylindrical, and may include a front face 34 and a back face 36 disposed in a cavity 38 ( FIG. 3 ). It should be appreciated that the head portion 28 could include a solid cross-section and could be frusto-conical, a polygonal prism, or any other suitable shape. The front face 34 may include a generally cylindrical recess 40 . The plurality of fingers 30 may protrude from the front face 34 and/or the recess 40 , and may be generally angled inward towards a longitudinal axis X of the installation tool 10 . The fingers 30 may be resiliently flexible and generally rectangular or any other suitable shape. The plurality of fingers 30 may be disposed in a circular pattern and each finger 30 may be equidistantly spaced relative to each other and the longitudinal axis X. Each finger 30 may include a stem 42 , a leg portion 44 and a lip portion 46 ( FIGS. 7-10 ). The lip portion 46 may protrude from the leg portion 44 at an outward angle, away from the longitudinal axis X. It should be appreciated that the body portion 12 could include a single, continuous finger 30 protruding from the front face 34 and/or the circular recess 40 and extending 360 degrees about the longitudinal axis X, or any number of separately formed fingers. The neck portion 32 may be generally cylindrical and may protrude from the back face 36 of the head portion 28 along the longitudinal axis X ( FIG. 3 ). The neck portion 32 may include a cavity 48 and an aperture 50 disposed through the neck portion 32 and the cavity 48 . The extension member 14 may be an elongated rigid pole extending along the longitudinal axis X and may include an aperture 52 extending through a diameter 53 of the extension member 14 generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis X. The extension member 14 may include one or more telescoping features 51 , whereby the length of the extension member 14 may be expanded and/or contracted in the longitudinal direction as illustrated by arrow A in FIG. 1 , to allow use with ceilings of various heights. The extension member 14 may be received within the cavity 48 of the body portion 12 , such that the apertures 50 , 52 are disposed substantially concentric to each other. In this configuration, a fastener 54 may be disposed through the apertures 50 , 52 , retaining the extension member 14 within the cavity 48 . The fastener 54 may be slidably engaged with the apertures 50 , 52 and may threadably engage a nut 56 , for example, to retain the fastener 54 therein ( FIG. 3 ). Additionally or alternatively, the fastener 54 may be threadably engaged with the aperture 50 or glued, press fit, or otherwise fixed therein. The body portion 12 can also be permanently fixed to the extension member 14 . With reference to FIGS. 4-6 , the cover assembly 16 may engage the sprinkler assembly 20 and cover the opening 22 in the ceiling 24 . The cover assembly 16 may include a hollow sleeve portion 58 and a cover plate 60 having an outer rim 61 . The cover plate 60 is attached to the sleeve portion 58 by a heat sensitive solder that releases the cover plate 60 at a predetermined temperature. An inner diameter 62 of the sleeve portion 58 may include one or more protuberances 64 . The sprinkler assembly 20 may include a neck portion 66 . One or more thread-like ribs 68 may be disposed around the neck portion 66 . The sleeve portion 58 may slide over the neck portion 66 . The protuberances 64 may be pressed into releasable engagement with the one or more ribs 68 . With reference to FIGS. 1-10 , operation of the installation tool 10 will be described in detail. The installation tool 10 may engage the cover plate 60 and extend the reach of the operator 18 , enabling the operator 18 to install the cover assembly 16 onto the sprinkler assembly 20 without a ladder, scaffolding, or the like. The cover assembly 16 may be inserted into engagement with the fingers 30 by forcing the outer rim 61 against the lip portion 46 , thereby causing the fingers 30 to flex outward to receive the cover assembly 16 ( FIGS. 7 and 8 ). The generally inwardly angled fingers 30 allow the installation tool 10 to releasably engage different covers with a range of diameters. In the fully engaged configuration ( FIGS. 4 , 5 , and 8 ), the fingers 30 and the recess 40 may cooperate to releasably engage the outer rim 61 of the cover assembly 16 , whereby the cover plate 60 may be seated in the recess 40 and the fingers 30 may be biased against the outer rim 56 . As shown in FIG. 1 , the operator 18 may grasp the extension member 14 and raise the body portion 12 (with the cover assembly 16 releasably retained thereon) towards the sprinkler assembly 20 in the ceiling 24 . An upward force F 1 may be applied to the extension member 14 along the longitudinal axis X ( FIG. 5 ) to remotely press the sleeve 58 of the cover assembly 16 onto the neck portion 66 of the sprinkler assembly 20 . The force F 1 may be sufficient to press the protuberances 64 into engagement with the one or more ribs 68 , placing the cover assembly 16 in an installed position ( FIG. 5 ). A force can then be applied to the extension member in a rotary direction to remotely adjust the cover assembly into contact with the ceiling surface by threading the cover assembly further onto the neck portion 66 . Once the cover assembly 16 is pressed into engagement with the sprinkler assembly 20 , a downward force F 2 may be applied to the extension member 14 along the longitudinal axis X to release the cover assembly 16 from engagement with the plurality of fingers 30 ( FIG. 6 ). It should be noted that the length of the fingers 30 can be chosen to prevent interference with the ceiling 24 . As the downward force F 2 is applied to the extension member 14 , the biasing force of the fingers 30 against the outer rim 61 of the cover assembly 16 may be insufficient to retain the cover assembly 16 due to an engagement force between the protuberances 64 of the cover assembly 16 and the one or more ribs 68 of the sprinkler assembly 20 . Accordingly, the cover assembly 16 may be retained in the installed position ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ), as the installation tool 10 moves downward in response to the downward force F 2 , causing the fingers 30 to resiliently flex outward about the stems 42 to release the cover assembly 16 ( FIGS. 8-10 ), whereby the cover assembly 16 may maintain installed engagement with the sprinkler assembly 20 . The description of the present disclosure is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the disclosure are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

An installation tool may include an extension member, a body portion disposed on the extension member, and a plurality of fingers flexibly protruding from the body portion. The plurality of fingers are adapted to releasably engage a cover assembly. The plurality of fingers and the body portion cooperate to retain the cover assembly in a first direction and allow disengagement of the cover assembly in a second direction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. Ser. No. 499,147, filed Mar. 26, 1990, now abandoned. 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an improved continuous process for production of an improved polyester yarn having low shrinkage and high tenacity and to the improved polyester yarn per se. The continuous process is an improvement in a coupled process of melt-spinning polymer followed by drawing, heat treating, relaxing and winding. 2. Description of the Related Art It is known to prepare industrial polyester yarns of somewhat low shrinkage by a continuous process involving spinning, hot-drawing, heat-relaxing, and winding the yarn to form a package in a coupled process. By adjustment of the relaxation conditions, it has been possible to adjust the properties of the-resulting yarn to a limited extent only. By increasing the degree of overfeed during the relaxation, it has been possible to produce yarn of lower residual shrinkage, but this has been accompanied by a significant and undesired decrease in tenacity and modulus. A decrease in residual shrinkage without a significant decrease in tenacity has long been desirable, as demonstrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,251,481 and 4,349,501 to Hamlyn which confirms the difficulty experienced in the prior art in obtaining industrial polyester yarns of desirably low shrinkage without sacrificing strength by a coupled process of spinning, drawing, relaxing, and winding as a continuous operation. Industrial polyester yarns having a better combination of tenacity and low shrinkage have been obtainable by a split process, i.e., the older 2-stage process of first spinning and winding the yarn to form a package, then drawing and relaxing in a separate operation. This split process is not so economical and a continuous process is preferred. U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,432 to Tamaddon discloses a continuous process for production of low shrinkage polyester fibers which comprises drawing, then heat treating the drawn filaments over a heated roll system, resulting in improved thermal shrinkage. U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,655 to Palmer discloses an interlaced polyester yarn having an improved combination of low shrinkage and high tenacity produced by a continuous process which includes a step of heating the yarn and overfeeding it to reduce its shrinkage while interlacing the yarn with heated air (90° to 200° C.) to provide coherency, then winding the yarn to form a package. The resulting yarn is shown in an example to have a dry heat shrinkage (measured at 177° C.) of 3.1% and a dry heat shrinkage (measured at 140° C.) of 1.4%. While offering some improvement, there are applications for industrial polyester fiber, such as reinforcement for roofing materials, which require substantially lower shrinkage at higher temperatures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a continuous process for the production of high strength polyester yarn with enhanced low shrinkage comprising spinning molten polymer of high relative viscosity to form a multifilament yarn, feeding the yarn to a draw roll system to draw the yarn, said draw roll system comprising a pair of heated draw rolls then overfeeding the drawn yarn from said heated draw rolls to a relaxation roll system, thereby reducing its shrinkage, and winding the yarn to form a package in a continuous process, the improvement comprising maintaining the traveling yarn about said pair of heated draw rolls for a period of at least 0.25 seconds, maintaining the air temperature in the region about said traveling yarn for said period at a temperature of at least 220° C., said draw rolls each having a surface temperature of at least 220° C. and a substantial portion of its surface with a surface roughness value of at least 50 microinches, whereby said yarn is heated sufficiently to obtain a substantial relaxation between said heated draw rolls and said relaxation roll system, thereby providing enhanced low shrinkage. Polyethylene terephthalate industrial yarn having an intrinsic viscosity of at least 0.78, a dry heat shrinkage DIN 177 of less than 2.0%, a dry heat shrinkage DIN 200 of less than 4.5%, and a tenacity of at least 7.2 grams per denier is a part of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of the draw panel for practicing the process of this invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of an alternative panel with a draw point localizing device for practicing the process of this invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to FIG. 1, multifilament yarn 2 is spun from molten polymer and quenched in known ways such as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,481 to Hamlyn, incorporated herein by reference. These known spinning and quenching steps are represented by the box labeled 1 in FIG. 1. The yarn 2 is continuously fed to wrap around unheated pretension roll 3, and accompanying separator roll 3a (Zone 1) and then to a pair of heated feed rolls 4, 4a (Zone 2). From feed rolls 4, 4a, the yarn is passed to a first pair of heated draw rolls 5 and 5a (Zone 3). The yarn end is then passed to around heated draw/relax rolls 7 and 7a (Zone 4) which are contained within enclosure 8. The purpose of enclosure 8 is to maintain the air within the enclosure which is in contact with the traveling yarn at a temperature of at least 200° C., preferably at least 220° C. The surface temperature of draw/relax rolls 7, 7a, must be monitored at a temperature of at least 200° C., preferably at least 220° C. To this end, heated plates 9 and 9a can be utilized to add heat to the enclosure if it is necessary. The yarn end is then passed from draw/relax rolls 7, 7a to relaxation rolls 10, 10a (Zone 5) then through conventional compacting jet 11 to conventional winding means 12. FIG. 2 provides a preferred alternative process where yarn end 2 is passed from unheated feed rolls 4, 4a through a conventional steam impinging draw point localizing jet 6, preferably supplying steam at a temperature of about 320° C. to 550° C. for example about 520° C. and at a pressure of about 75 to 125 psig, to heated draw/relax rolls 7, 7a. An important preferred aspect of the invention is the use of draw/relax rolls 7, 7a with a surface roughness of at least 50 microinches which permit a degree of relaxation to occur during yarn residence on those rolls within the heated enclosure. The surface roughness value (Ra) for the draw/relax rolls should be at least 50 microinches, preferably between 50 and 90 microinches. Roughness values are measured by a Bendix Profilometer Type VE Model 14. It is preferred that relaxation rolls 10 and 10a, feed rolls 4 and 4a, and draw rolls 5 and 5a have a Ra of 35 to 80 microinches. The preferred draw/relax rolls are intended to include matte chrome rolls, coated rolls such as flame sprayed oxide coated rolls (i.e. LA-7), and the zebra rolls exemplified below in Example 3 which include substantial bands of matte chrome finish at the rear of the roll (relative to its position on the draw panel) and at the front of the roll with a band of bright chrome between the matte surfaces. With respect to the temperatures at which the various rolls are maintained, the primary objective is to obtain a yarn temperature within the heated enclosure 8 at as high as practicable without melting the yarn or causing the yarn to stick to the rolls. It is preferred that-yarn be maintained within the enclosure 8 on draw/relax rolls 7, 7a for a residence time of at least 0.25 seconds, more . preferably 0.25 to 0.50 seconds. Yarns comparable to the prior art can be made by the process of this invention with a relaxation from the draw/relax rolls to the relaxation rolls of for example about 10%. Preferred yarns of the invention with a dry heat shrinkage DIN 177 of less than 2.0% and a dry heat shrinkage DIN 200 of less than 4.5% can be made with a relaxation of at least 12%, preferably at least 13%. Relaxation is expressed as a percentage decrease in length from the draw/relax rolls to the take-up winder. The polyester yarn of the invention contains at least 90 mol percent polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In a preferred embodiment, the polyester is substantially all polyethylene terephthalate. Alternatively, the polyester may incorporate as copolymer units minor amounts of units derived from one or more ester-forming ingredients other than ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid or its derivatives. Illustrative examples of other ester-forming ingredients which may be copolymerized with the polyethylene terephthalate units include glycols such as diethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, etc., and dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, bibenzoic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid. The multifilament yarn of the present invention commonly possesses a denier per filament of about 1 to 20(e.g. about 3 to 10), and commonly consists of about 6 to 600 continuous filaments (e.g. about 20 to 400 continuous filaments). The denier per filament and the number of continuous filaments present in the yarn may be varied widely as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The multifilament yarn is particularly suited for use in industrial applications in environments where elevated temperatures are encountered such as reinforcement for roofing materials. The filamentary. material undergoes a relatively low degree of shrinkage for a high strength fibrous material. Intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the polymer and yarn is a convenient measure of the degree of polymerization and molecular weight. IV is determined by measurement of relative solution viscosity of PET sample in a mixture of phenol and tetrachloroethane (60/40 by weight) solvents. Satisfactory drawn yarns with IV of at least 0.78, for example 0.80 to 0.90 can be obtained by this invention. The tenacity values (i.e. at least 7.2 grams per denier, preferably 7.5 to 8.5 grams per denier), compare favorably with these particular parameters exhibited by commercially available yarns. The tensile properties referred to herein were determined on yarns conditioned for two hours through the utilization of an Instron tensile tester (Model TM) using a 10-inch gauge length and a strain rate of 120 percent per minute in accordance with ASTM D885. All tensile measurements were made at room temperature. The tenacity of breaking strength in grams per denier (UTS) is the maximum resultant internal force that resists rupture in a tension test, or breaking load or force, expressed in units of weight required to break or rupture a specimen in a tensile test made according to specified standard procedure. By "UE, %" is meant elongation at break in percent. Dry heat shrinkages (DIN) are determined by exposing a measured length of yarn under zero tension to dry heat for 30 minutes in an oven maintained at the indicated temperatures (177° C. for DIN 177 and 200° C. for DIN 200 ) and by measuring the change in length. The shrinkages are expressed as percentages of the original length. DIN 177 has been most frequently measured for industrial yarn but I have found DIN 200 to provide an important indication of shrinkage for applications requiring good dimensional stability at higher temperatures. The term "free shrinkage" is defined as percent decrease in length of the yarn when exposed in an oven to 177° C. for 2 minutes under 0.009 gpd tension. In the following examples yarn was produced by spinning from a melt of polyethylene terephthalate under spinning and quenching conditions of example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,481 to Hamlyn, including application of a spin finish. The examples represent the subsequent drawing and heat treatment steps provided on the panels illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Example 1 With reference to FIG. 1, a trial was run without the heated enclosure 8, which was removed from the panel. The following process conditions were used: ______________________________________ Roll Surface Roll Speed RollZone RMS, L/R meter per minute Temp. °C.______________________________________5 50/57 2059.3 to 2243.7 100/1004 50/62 2313.6 220/2203 67/52 1575.8 140/1402 66/67 394.0 100/1001 30 386.2 Ambient______________________________________ Yarn residence time at zone 4 was 0.3600 seconds. The Zone 5 relaxation rolls were varied in speed from 2059.3 to 2243.7 to provide samples of yarn of from 3 to 11% relaxation. The maximum relaxation at which the process would operate without breaking out was determined to be 11%. Yarn of 0.88 intrinsic viscosity was produced. The following properties were obtained. ______________________________________ Free DIN% UTS, SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGETrialRelax UE % gpd @ 177° C. @ 177° C.______________________________________I-A 3.0 10.2 9.27 13.3B 4.0 13.0 8.72 12.6C 5.0 13.8 8.58 10.7D 6.0 14.5 8.79 9.9E 7.0 16.4 8.77 9.8F 8.0 16.8 8.58 8.5G 9.0 18.0 8.62 7.0H 10.0 19.7 8.40 7.0I 11.0 21.6 8.36 5.8 6.4______________________________________ Example 2 With reference to FIG. 1, a trial was run with the following process conditions. ______________________________________ Roll Surface Roll Speed RollZone RMS, L/R meter per minute Temp. °C.______________________________________5 50/57 1911.3 to 2083.2 100/1004 50/62 2289.1 220/2203 67/52 1708.3 140/1402 66/67 401.7 100/1001 30 393.9 Ambient______________________________________ The residence time at zone 4 was 0.3639. The heater plates 9 and 9a at zone 4 were maintained at 230° C. Yarn of 0.88 intrinsic viscosity was produced. The following yarn properties were obtained: ______________________________________ Free DIN% UE UTS, SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGETrialRelax % gpd @ 177° C. @ 177° C.______________________________________II-A 9.0 22.1 8.02 5.2 5.8B 10.0C 10.5 23.6 8.02 4.2 4.8D 11.0 24.5 7.93 3.8 4.4E 11.5 25.5 7.84 3.6 4.2F 12.0 26.6 7.66 3.0 3.6G 12.5 26.0 7.76 3.0 3.6H 13.0 27.0 7.46 2.4 3.0I 13.5 28.9 7.58 2.4 3.0J 14.0 27.5 7.43 1.9 2.5K 14.5 29.7 7.38 1.8 2.4L 15.0 30.0 7.45 1.4 1.9M 15.5 31.4 7.39 1.1 1.6N 16.0 31.6 7.38 1.1 1.6O 16.5 32.4 7.34 0.9 1.4P 17.0 33.5 7.32 1.1 1.6______________________________________ Example 3 The trial of example 2 was repeated with a difference in rolls. The two rolls in zone 4 were changed to zebra rolls with three inches of matte chrome (86 RMS) at the rear of the roll and two inches of matte chrome (86 RMS) at the front, with 7 inches of bright chrome (7 RMS) between the matte surfaces. The objective was to determine if bright chrome rolls gave better heat transfer than matte chrome rolls. All other process conditions were as provided in example 2. Yarn of 0.88 intrinsic viscosity was produced The following yarn properties were obtained: ______________________________________ Free DIN % UE UTS, SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGETrial Relax % gpd @ 177° C. @ 177° C.______________________________________III-A 12.0 25.4 7.37 4.5 5.1B 12.5 24.4 7.24 2.6 3.2C 13.0 26.8 7.36 2.4 3.0D 13.5 26.5 7.17 2.2 2.8E 14.0 28.0 7.35 2.0 2.6F 14.5 28.3 7.23 1.8 2.4G 15.0 31.7 7.06 1.6 2.1H 15.5 30.5 7.14 1.4 1.9I 16.0 32.8 7.11 1.2 1.7J 16.5 30.3 6.73 1.1 1.6K 17.0 31.0 6.96 1.0 1.5L 17.5 33.3 6.70 1.2 1.7M 18.0 34.1 6.84 1.1 1.6N 18.5 34.1 6.41 0.6 1.1O 19.0 35.5 6.24 0.7 1.2P 19.5 38.5 6.62 0.7 1.2______________________________________ The yarn properties of this example are similar to example 2except the tenacity was approximately 0.15 gpd lower. Higher percent relaxation was used in this example, but most likely could have been used in example 2. Example 4 Yarn was produced utilizing a single stage draw process with a draw point localizing device (DPL) such as shown in FIG. 2. Roll 3 (Zone 1) was unheated (ambient) polished chrome. In Zone 2, roll 4 and 4a were unheated polished chrome. In Zone 3 rolls 7 and 7a were LA-7 (surface roughness 70 microinches) heated to the specified temperature. Rolls 10 and 10a were unheated matte chrome. In all the trials except trial 2, the heater plates 9 and 9a were heated to a temperature of 350° C. In trial 2 the heater plates were not heated. The following process conditions were utilized. __________________________________________________________________________EXAMPLE 4 - PROCESS CONDITIONS RESIDENCE ROLL ZONE 3 TIME (SEC) DRAW % RELAX SPEED TOTALROLL SPEED MPM ROLL ZONE 3 RATIO ZONE 3 TO ZONE DRAWTRIAL ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 TEMP. °C. ENCLOSURE DR1 × DR2 ZONE 4 MPM RATIO__________________________________________________________________________IV-0 357.2 359.2 2298.9 230/230 .4936 6.432 13.0 2000 5.596 1 " " " " .3455 " " " " 2 " " " " " " " " " 3 345.2 347.2 2222.2 195/195 .3574 " 10.0 " 5.789 4-1 467.2 469.4 2957.5 240/240 .2686 6.332 13.0 2573 5.509 4-2 " " " " " " " " " 4-3 472.9 474.9 2991.9 " .2654 " 14.0 " 5.446 5 467.2 469.4 2957.5 225/225 .2686 " 13.0 " 5.509 6-1 " " " 210/210 " " " " " 6-2 " " " " .1535 " " " " 7 " " " 240/240 .2686 " " " " 8-1 " " " 210/210 " " " " " 8-2 " " " " .1535 " " " "11-1 " " " 240/240 .2686 " " " "11-2 460.1 462.1 " " " 6.432 " " 5.59611-3 471.0 473.0 3027.1 " .2623 " 15.0 " 5.46711-4 460.1 462.1 2957.5 " .1535 " 13.0 " 5.59612-1 467.4 469.4 " 225/225 .2686 6.332 " " 5.50912-2 460.1 462.1 " " " 6.432 " " 5.59612-3 471.0 473.0 3027.1 " .2623 " 15.0 " 5.46712-4 460.1 462.1 2957.5 " .1535 " 13.0 " 5.59613-1 " " " 210/210 .2686 " " " "13-2 471.0 473.0 3027.1 " .2623 " 15.0 " 5.46713-3 460.1 462.1 2957.5 " .1535 " 13.0 " 5.59614-1 " " " 225/225 .2686 " " " "14-2 471.0 473.0 3027.1 " .2623 " 15.0 " 5.46714-3 460.1 462.1 2957.5 " .1535 " 13.0 " 5.59615-1 " " " " .2686 " 10.0 2661.8 5.78915-2 " " " " " " 5.0 2809.6 6.11015-3 " " " " " " 0 2957.5 6.43216-1 " " " 210/210 " " 10.0 2661.8 5.78916-2 " " " " " " 5.0 2809.6 6.11016-3 " " " " " " 0 2957.5 6.43217-1 " " " 225/225 " " 13.0 2573 5.59617-2 471.0 473.0 3027.1 " .2623 " 15.0 " 5.46717-3 460.1 462.1 2957.5 " .1535 " 13.0 " 5.59618-1 " " " " .2686 " " " "18-2 " " " " .1535 " " " "18-3 " " " " .1151 " " " "18-4 " " " " .0768 " " " "__________________________________________________________________________ For the above trial 0 to 8-2, yarn of 0.86 intrinsic viscosity was produced. For trials 11-1 to 18-4, yarn of 0.82 intrinsic viscosity was produced. The following physical properties were obtained: ______________________________________ Free DIN DIN Shrinkage Shrinkage ShrinkageTrialUE, % UTS, gpd @ 177° C. @ 177° C. @ 200° C.______________________________________IV-0 23.8 8.19 0.8 1.3 2.951 23.2 7.64 0.9 1.42 22.8 7.73 1.0 1.53 19.2 8.25 1.8 2.4 5.714-1 21.0 7.46 1.5 2.04-2 21.6 7.41 1.3 1.84-3 21.9 7.17 1.3 1.85 22.2 8.05 1.0 1.5 3.816-1 22.1 8.07 1.0 1.56-2 22.1 7.78 1.4 1.97 20.6 7.65 1.7 2.38-1 22.1 8.02 1.6 2.18-2 20.6 8.18 1.1 1.611-1 21.7 6.93 1.3 1.811-2 21.1 7.02 1.5 2.011-3 23.1 6.87 1.1 1.611-4 21.2 7.32 1.6 2.112-1 21.6 7.64 1.1 1.612-2 22.0 7.37 0.9 1.4 4.0212-3 23.7 7.34 0.9 1.412-4 22.4 7.88 1.6 2.113-1 20.7 7.73 1.2 1.713-2 23.5 7.52 0.9 1.413-3 21.9 7.80 1.5 2.014-1 20.4 7.60 1.2 1.714-2 23.2 7.33 0.9 1.4 2.9114-3 21.2 7.60 1.2 1.717-1 21.6 7.46 1.0 1.517-2 23.3 7.09 0.9 1.417-3 21.3 7.23 1.5 2.018-1 21.9 8.08 1.1 1.618-2 22.0 8.01 1.3 1.818-3 21.2 7.74 1.4 1.918-4 20.4 7.87 1.9 2.5______________________________________ Example 5 Yarn was produced on the draw panel represented by FIG. 1. Roll 3 was unheated polished chrom. Rolls 4 and 4a were matte chrome at 125° C. surface temperature. Rolls 5 and 5a were LA-7 at 150° C. Rolls 7 and 7a were matte chrome at 225° C. The heater plates 9 and 9a were not heated for the enclosures. Rolls 10 and 10a were unheated matte chrome operated for all trials at 2400 meters per minute. Additional process conditions are as follows: ______________________________________EXAMPLE 5. PROCESS CONDITIONS______________________________________ RESIDENCE TIME (SEC)ROLL SPEED MPM ZONE 4TrialZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4 ENCLOSURE______________________________________V-16 469.5 474.1 1896.6 2727.3 .288317 474.8 479.6 1918.4 2758.6 .288018 459.0 463.6 1854.5 2666.7 .297819 440.0 444.5 1777.8 " "20 425.8 430.1 1720.5 " "21 436.6 440.9 1763.7 " "22 450.0 454.6 1818.2 2727.3 .288323 460.5 465.1 1860.5 2790.7 .284624 416.9 421.1 1684.2 2526.3 .3143______________________________________ TOTAL % RELAX DRAW RATIO DRAWTrial ZONE 4 TO 5 DR1 × DR2 × DR3 RATIO______________________________________V-16 12.0 5.809 5.11217 13.0 5.810 5.05518 10.0 5.810 5.22919 " 6.061 5.45520 " 6.263 5.63621 " 6.108 5.49722 12.0 6.061 5.33323 14.0 6.060 5.21824 5.0 6.060 5.757______________________________________ The following physical properties were obtained: ______________________________________ Free Shrinkage DIN ShrinkageTrial UE, % UTS gpd @ 177° C. @ 177° C.______________________________________V-16 22.8 8.01 1.8 2.417 23.6 7.95 1.4 1.918 21.4 7.33 2.5 3.119 20.2 7.93 2.7 3.320 20.1 8.56 3.3 3.921 19.6 8.26 3.0 3.622 21.7 7.72 2.0 2.623 25.4 7.74 1.1 1.624 15.6 8.40 7.0 7.7______________________________________

In a continuous process for the production of high strength polyester yarn with enhanced low shrinkage the improvement comprising maintaining the traveling yarn about a pair of heated draw rolls for a period of at least 0.25 seconds, maintaining the air temperature in the region about said traveling yarn for said period at a temperature of at least 220° C., said draw rolls each having a surface temperature of at least 220° C. and a substantial portion of its surface with a surface roughness value of at least 50 microinches, whereby said yarn is heated sufficiently to obtain a substantial relaxation between said heated draw rolls and said relaxation roll system, thereby providing enhanced low shrinkage. Polyethylene terephthalate industrial yarn having an intrinsic viscosity of at least 0.78, a dry heat shrinkage DIN 177 of less than 2.0%, a dry heat shrinkage DIN 200 of less than 4.5%, and a tenacity of at least 7.2 grams per denier is a part of the invention.

[0001] This application claims benefit of Ser. No. 09425051.1, filed 13 Feb. 2009 in the European Patent Office and which application is incorporated herein by reference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made to the above disclosed application. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a surgical lift device, comprising a suction member for detachably contacting an external skin surface of a human body wall and holding said external skin surface by means of application of negative pressure between said suction member and said external skin surface, said suction member having a gripping force sufficient to permit lifting of said human body wall to an elevated position and to hold said human body wall in said elevated position. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] In order to assist in access to organs through the skin, for procedures such as minimally invasive surgery, a process of insufflation is often used in which a pressurised gas is passed through the skin and attached fat layers, in order to allow tools such as those in laparoscopic surgery, to have better access to organs and tissue inside the domed region that is then formed. This procedure is often performed to access the inside of the abdomen, but may also be undertaken to access any other organs, such as lungs or heart. The gas is normally inserted through a trocar which must be sealed in order to prevent the loss of gas. If this loss should happen during surgery, the procedure has to be abandoned or delayed until the pressure is restored. [0004] A further disadvantage of insufflation is that the pressurised gas can be absorbed, causing the patient pain and bloating for some time subsequently. A further disadvantage of insufflation is that the instruments used in surgery must pass through the sealed trocar, leading to a considerable increase in friction between the trocar and the tool for in/out and axial rotation motions, so that much of the sense of touch of the tool against internal tissue is lost. Also, since the skin is tightened like the surface of a drum, any attempt to pivot the tools in pitch and yaw relative to the skin will meet considerable resistance, further degrading any sense of “feel” of tools against internal tissue. As a consequence, the surgeon has to rely primarily on vision to judge any tool/tissue contact and observe any resulting tissue compression in order to judge the magnitude of tool contact forces. [0005] An alternative to insufflation has also been used in which hooks are placed through the skin and attached to cords and levers to lift the skin and fatty tissue away from underlying organs. However, this has not been popular due to the trauma caused to the skin and also the need to provide the hooks with an overhead support which can impede the surgical access. [0006] EP 0 672 385 discloses a surgical lift device of the type defined at the beginning of the description. This device utilizes a suction member for gripping the external skin surface of a human body wall. This removes the need for the pressurised gas inside the human body, avoiding the pain caused by the insufflation process. However, even this device suffers from some drawbacks. In particular, it includes a lifting member for lifting the suction member, which may interfere with other devices or operators' movements during surgical interventions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] According to the present invention, it is provided a surgical lifting device of the type defined at the beginning, wherein the suction member has a load-bearing domed structure which determines the lifting of the human body wall during application of negative pressure, and wherein it is further comprised a low friction entry port device arranged on the domed structure, said low friction entry port device comprising a low friction port fixture for inserting a tool. Due to the fact that the domed structure determines the lifting of the human body wall, the surgical lift device does not need any separate lifting member. Therefore, any interference situation during surgical interventions is avoided. Furthermore, the low friction port device allows tools to easily pass through and allows the contact forces to be judged more readily, either through direct contact of tool on tissue or with the aid of additional force sensing enhancement. [0008] Preferably, the domed structure is made of a material which is transparent to visible light. [0009] In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the suction member comprises a flexible porous membrane which extends over the entire base side of the suction member. [0010] According to a further embodiment, the suction member comprises an inner rigid porous membrane. [0011] According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one, and preferably a plurality of apertures are formed through the suction member in order to give access to said external skin surface, said apertures being formed in such a way as to ensure the external skin surface may be sealed to the suction member in the nearby regions around said apertures. [0012] According to an embodiment, the suction member is provided with at least one, and preferably a plurality of flexible tubular walls which respectively surround said apertures and extend from the wall of the domed structure to the base side thereof, said tubular walls being non-permeable to air and having respective terminal portions formed in such a way as to be sealed to said external skin surface. Preferably, the tubular walls are preformed so as to fold like a accordion during application of negative pressure. [0013] According to an alternative embodiment, the suction member is provided with a non-permeable sheet which covers the inner side of the domed structure so that the apertures are covered, said non-permeable sheet being perforable in use for permitting tool insertion. [0014] In accordance with a further embodiment, the low friction entry port device is integrally formed in the dome structure at one of the apertures thereof [0015] In accordance to an alternative embodiment the low friction entry port device comprises a support plate to be removably placed over one of the apertures of said suction member in such a way as to rest on the edge of such aperture, and the low friction port fixture is provided on said support plate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] Some preferred, but non-limiting, embodiments of the invention will now be described, with reference to the attached drawings, in which: [0017] FIG. 1 is a plan view sketch of a surgical lift device according to the invention; [0018] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the device of FIG. 1 in a rest position, taken along the line II-II; [0019] FIG. 3 is a sectional view sketch of the device of FIG. 1 in an operating position, taken along the line II-II; [0020] FIG. 4 in an enlarged view of an aperture of the device of FIG. 1 , equipped with a laparoscopic tool; [0021] FIG. 5 is a sectional view sketch of the device of FIG. 1 applied over breast; and [0022] FIG. 6 is a sectional view of another embodiment of a surgical lift device according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0023] With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 , there is shown a surgical lift device according to the invention, generally indicated with 1 . [0024] Surgical lift device 1 comprises a suction member 10 having a domed structure suitable for being placed on an external skin surface SK of a human body wall W, for example the skin surface of the abdominal wall. The suction member 10 is designed in such a way as to be sealed to the skin surface SK. Preferably, the material of the domed structure is transparent to visible light. [0025] The suction member 10 is connectable to a vacuum source (not shown) through at least one vacuum line 11 for applying a negative pressure to the gap between skin surface SK and the domed structure. As shown in FIG. 3 , this negative pressure shall be of a magnitude sufficient to lift the body wall W (i.e. skin together with attached fatty tissue) to conform to the shape of the dome structure leaving a cavity C on the back side of the body wall (the dashed line in FIG. 3 schematically indicates the border of the area occupied by the internal organs). This removes the need for the pressurised gas inside the abdomen, avoiding the pain previously caused. [0026] The domed structure of the suction member 10 is load-bearing (in other words, rigid or semi-rigid), i.e. it does not collapse under the action of the negative pressure, or it collapses to a limited extent with respect to the lifting movement of the human body wall. Therefore, the domed structure determines the lifting of said human body wall during application of negative pressure. This feature removes the need for a separate lifting member, such as that provided in EP 0 672 385. [0027] The domed structure can be provided in a range of shapes and sizes to suit different sized patients or different areas of the body, such as the breast. The edges 12 of the domed structure can be flexible to enhance sealing of the region of negative pressure to the skin surface SK. [0028] At least one, and preferably a plurality of apertures 13 are formed through the suction member 10 in order to give access to the skin surface SK. These apertures 13 are formed in such a way as to ensure the skin surface SK is sealed to the suction member 10 in the nearby regions around the apertures 13 . As shown in FIG. 2 , this may be obtained by forming flexible tubular walls 13 a which extend from the wall of the domed structure to the base side thereof These tubular walls 13 a are non-permeable to air. At the base side of the domed structure, the terminal portions of these flexible tubular walls are formed in such a way as to be sealed to the external skin surface SK. The tubular walls 13 a are formed so as that they are less likely to cover the apertures 13 as they collapse upon vacuum application. For example, the tubular walls 13 a may be preformed so as to fold like a accordian. [0029] The areas of the apertures 13 can be used to insert endoscopes and tools without restriction from skin tension. If a trocar were used in these areas, it would not need to be gas sealed and so simple low-friction features could be used in the trocar to allow tools to pass through and allow the contact forces to be judged more readily, either through direct contact of tool on tissue or with the aid of additional force sensing enhancement. Tool and endoscope in/out and axial rotation motions may be further enhanced by the use of slippery coatings or low friction devices such as recirculating ball-races or screws. Alternatively, if a trocar were not used, a specially designed access port can allow low-force contact with tissue. An additional benefit from the device is that it can facilitate low friction pitch and yaw motions of the laparoscopic tools and endoscopes, without the restriction previously caused by insufflation and stretched skin in the region. This can be enhanced by utilising low friction pivots at the access port or trocar device, allowing an enhanced sense of feel when pivoting the tools in order to contact tissue. A particular embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4 . This embodiment uses a region of the domed structure of the suction member 10 as a support for a low friction entry port device 20 . This low friction entry port device 20 comprises a support plate 21 to be placed over one of the apertures 13 of the suction member 10 in such a way as to rest on the edge of such aperture. A low friction port fixture 22 , such as a low friction pivot, is provided on the support plate 21 for inserting a tool T. In this way, the tool T may be operated through port fixture 22 and aperture 13 . According to a further embodiment (not shown), the low friction entry port device may be integrated in the domed structure at one of the apertures 13 thereof It is to be understood that the port device shown in FIG. 4 is only an example; many other kinds of devices are available which may be coupled to the domed structure of the present invention. In any case the tools may either be moved manually or by actuators and control systems that form part of a robotic manipulator. [0030] As shown in the drawings, the suction member 10 may be provided with a flexible porous membrane 30 which extends over the entire base side of the suction member 10 . In this case, the negative pressure may be applied between the membrane 30 and the domed structure to facilitate sealing whilst minimising skin trauma. Alternatively or in combination, a rigid porous membrane (not shown) may be used inside the domed structure. In this case the negative pressure may be placed between the domed structure and the rigid membrane. According to a further alternative (not shown), the domed structure is directly placed to the skin, without intermediate membrane. In this case, the negative pressure is directly applied in the gap between the domed structure and the skin surface. Both domed structure and membrane may be transparent to enhance vision of the surgical site. The negative pressure is determined so as to be sufficient to lift the skin to the dome, whilst not being too great to cause the capillaries to burst. [0031] A further benefit of the domed negative pressure structure is that it can be used to condition the tissue or organ to form a constant shape defined by the dome without changing shape, such as due to gravitational effect during a change of pose. An example of this is in the breast diagnostic and surgery, as shown in FIG. 5 . In this Figure, B indicates the breast zone, while X indicates the position of a tumour. It is known that in breast diagnostic images may be taken prone whilst a surgical operation may be performed supine. This can lead to a considerable difference in shape of the organ due to gravitational effects when changing pose. The use of the proposed device to condition the breast to a constant form can ensure a consistent shape between imaging and intervention, irrespective of pose. [0032] FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of a surgical lift device according to the invention. Elements corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 to 5 are identified by like reference numerals. The embodiment of FIG. 6 represents an alternative viable and cost-effective means of avoiding air being sucked through apertures 13 when applying negative pressure. This embodiment does not have the tubular walls 13 a , but is provided with a thin transparent plastic non-permeable sheet 40 which covers the inner side of the domed structure so that the apertures 13 are covered. Once a position corresponding to that of FIG. 3 is attained, and the porous membrane 30 covers the inner side of the domed structure sealing around the edge of the apertures 13 , the sheet 40 can be perforated at 13 , permitting tools and telescopes to be passed through the holes and through the skin and tissue. [0033] It is to be understood that the embodiments shown in the Figures are only examples. There are a number of other possible means of sealing the apertures 13 which are available to the person skilled in the art. Some examples comprise sliding covers, a separate external dome to seal the domed structure and apertures until position in FIG. 3 is achieved, partially excised discs, and so on. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

A surgical lift device includes a suction member for detachably contacting an external skin surface of a human body wall and holding the external skin surface by application of negative pressure between the suction member and the external skin surface. The suction member has a gripping force sufficient to permit lifting of the human body wall to an elevated position and to hold the human body wall in the elevated position. The suction member has a load-bearing domed structure which determines the lifting of the human body wall during application of negative pressure. The surgical lift device further includes a low friction entry port device arranged on the dome structure, wherein the low friction entry port device has a low friction port fixture for inserting a tool.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to the field of solar based power generation. More particularly, the invention relates to a solar derived thermal storage system for effectively utilizing the stored solar energy during periods of decreased solar influx. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Fossil fuel power plants suffer from several drawbacks, including decreasing supplies of fuel and environmental pollution. Governments and research institutes have therefore been considering for decades power generation methods based on alternative energy resources which neither cause environmental pollution nor are dependent on decreasing fossil fuel resources. One of the most significant alternative energy resources is solar energy due to its ubiquitous availability and environmental advantages. [0003] Solar thermal energy plants employ collectors to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver and to thereby heat a heat transfer fluid passing through the receiver to a sufficiently high temperature to produce power. The intensity of solar energy varies, being unavailable at night and progressively increasing from sunrise until noon and then decreasing until sunset when it is once again unavailable. Furthermore, its intensity depends on the seasons and also varies according to the cloud level during the day. As a result, a thermal storage system is needed to permit the production of power during periods of reduced solar influx. [0004] One possible thermal storage medium is oil. Thermal oil can reach high temperatures and therefore can transfer heat to a motive fluid of a power producing thermodynamic cycle. However, oil is costly and often has a low heat capacity, often requiring large pressure vessels to store therein a sufficiently large volume of oil in order to transfer a required amount of heat to produce power. [0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,171,617 for example discloses a thermal storage medium in the form of molten salt. Molten salt is non-flammable, and can achieve a higher temperature than oil. However, the maintenance of such molten salt thermal storage systems are involved and in addition molten salt can crystallize so that maintenance system for such systems are costly. [0006] Another prior art thermal storage medium is pressurized steam of high heat capacity for storage in a small accumulator when a portion thereof condenses, and flashes back to steam when its pressure is subsequently lowered. [“Sunny Outlook: Can Sunshine Provide All U.S. Electricity?”, Scientific American, Sep. 19, 2007] However, the accumulator must be able to withstand very high pressures and is therefore expensive to manufacture. In order to effectively store the required volume of pressurized steam, a large number of accumulators need to be employed. [0007] The present invention provides a solar derived thermal storage system based on an inexpensive storage medium that can store solar energy for use during periods of decreased solar influx. [0008] In addition, the present invention provides a solar derived thermal storage system based on a storage medium that can be heated to a sufficiently high temperature which allows heat to be transferred to a motive fluid and to thereby produce power at a relatively high thermal efficiency, yet has a relatively low cost of maintenance. [0009] Furthermore, the present invention provides a water based solar derived thermal storage system by which solar energy can be stored at a relatively low pressure. [0010] Additionally, the present invention provides a solar derived thermal storage system that is relatively simple in construction and low in cost. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] The present invention is a method for storing solar collected heat and using the stored heat to produce power, comprising the steps of diverting solar heated fluid at a temperature greater than a predetermined power plant block (PPB) nominal temperature from a heat transfer circuit; transferring heat from said diverted solar heated fluid to a portion of a liquid water storage medium maintained at a temperature significantly less than said predetermined PPB nominal temperature and thermally storing said heated portion; and transferring heat from said heated liquid water storage medium to a fluid during periods of decreased solar radiation levels, whereby to produce power by means of said heated heat transfer fluid. [0012] The present invention is also directed to a solar derived thermal storage system, comprising a hot water storage medium (HWSM), a cold water storage medium (CWSM), conduit means interconnecting said HWSM and said CWSM, and a storage medium heat exchanger in heat exchanger relation with said conduit means and with solar heated fluid, for heating thermally storable water flowing from said CWSM to said HWSM when the solar radiation is above a nominal value which establishes a predetermined power plant block (PPB) nominal temperature. [0013] The storage medium heat exchanger can further comprise a preheater for preheating fluid by means of said heated thermally storable water flowing from said HWSM to said CWSM when said solar radiation decreases below a nominal level. [0014] In one embodiment, said preheater preheats solar heated fluid with heat from said heated thermally storable water from said HWSM when said solar radiation decreases below the nominal level. [0015] In another embodiment, said preheater preheats motive fluid of said PPB with heat from said heated thermally storable water from said HWSM when said solar radiation decreases below the nominal level. [0016] In further embodiments, by operating the PPB at a further suitable predetermined PPB nominal temperature lower than the previously mentioned PPB nominal temperature, a further heat exchanger can be included in the system so that heat from said heated thermally storable water can supply heat to the motive fluid of the PPB not only to preheat it but also to provide at least some of the heat needed for vaporizing or boiling the motive fluid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] In the drawings: [0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a thermal storage system implemented in a solar based power plant according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0019] FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a thermal storage system implemented in a solar based power plant according to another embodiment of the present invention; [0020] FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of an example of an embodiment of the power plant block (PPB) according to the present invention; [0021] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a thermal storage system implemented in a solar based power plant according to further embodiment of the present invention; and [0022] FIG. 2A is a diagram showing the thermal characteristics of a system operating according to the embodiment of the present invention described with reference to FIG. 2 . [0023] Similar reference numerals refer to similar components of the system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0024] FIG. 1 illustrates a power producing system 25 A provided with solar derived and water-based thermal storage system 10 A, which transfers heat to power plant block (PPB) 20 during period of decreased solar influx, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0025] Power producing system 25 A comprises a solar collector and concentrator unit (SCC) 30 through which a heat transfer fluid, e.g. synthetic oil, etc. passes and is heated. Power producing system 25 A can be optimized to have a relatively high thermal efficiency when the heat transfer fluid is heated to a predetermined PPB nominal temperature, e.g. ranging from about 300-400° C. SCC 30 may be any collector, or array of collectors, well known to those skilled in the art including e.g. mirrors, reflectors, glass transmitters, tracking systems such as solar heliostat collectors in a field for providing heat to a central receiver at e.g. the top of a solar tower, parabolic troughs, Fresnel reflectors, and a unit without a concentrator. The solar heated heat transfer fluid is circulated in a closed heat transfer circuit 11 , such as by means of a pump (not shown), to main heat exchanger 80 , where the solar heated fluid transfers heat to motive fluid delivering thermal energy via power block circuit 21 to PPB 20 , and is then returned to SCC 30 . PPB 20 may be based on any thermodynamic cycle, or combination of thermodynamic cycles, well known to those skilled in the art. Non-limiting examples of such thermodynamic cycles include steam turbine cycle operating on e.g. a Rankine cycle, a combined steam/organic motive fluid cycle (see FIG. 2B ), where the organic motive fluid cycle can be the bottoming cycle to the steam turbine cycle, both operating on e.g. Rankine cycles, etc. [0026] Thermal storage system 10 A, which is schematically indicated by a dashed frame, is in periodic fluid communication with heat transfer circuit 11 , and is adapted to store heat from solar energy collected by SCC 30 which is not transferred to PPB 20 , thus allowing the stored heat to be utilized by PPB 20 during periods of decreased solar influx. [0027] Thermal storage system 10 A has two tanks 40 A and 40 B which are interconnected by conduit means or line 51 , and heat storage medium heat exchanger 50 in heat exchanger relation with conduit means or line 51 . The volume of tanks 40 A and 40 B and the volume of water contained in each of the tanks is sufficiently large to ensure that the water storage medium will be retained in a liquid phase despite fluctuations in temperature and pressure. To provide some indication of water volumes needed for storage tanks 40 A and 40 B, the following example is given. For summer time conditions in Eilat, Israel during the month of July, e, g., storage tanks 40 A and 40 B will have volumes of between about 60-85 m 3 per MW produced when using operation level of about an 80% (an 80% operation level from the peak solar radiation level available during the month of July) for PPB 20 and the heat transfer fluid heat circulated in a closed heat transfer circuit 11 . Similar volumes will be needed in East Mesa, Calif., U.S.A. during the summer month of July. Of course, different design considerations could change these volumes. The liquid contained in hot water tank 40 A can be maintained at a temperature ranging from about 230-240° C. and a pressure ranging from about 30-40 bar. The temperature and pressure of liquid contained in cold water tank 40 B will be significantly less than that of the water contained in hot water tank 40 A. [0028] Conduit means or line 51 comprises apparatus for delivering water, upon demand, either from tank 40 A to tank 40 B or from tank 40 B to tank 40 A. Such apparatus may comprise a first conduit or line and a first transfer pump operatively connected to the first conduit or line for delivering water in a first direction between tanks 40 A and 40 B, and a second transfer pump operatively connected to the second conduit or line for delivering water in a second direction opposite to the first direction. Such an alternative can be used to preheat the heat transfer fluid supplied to SCC ( 30 ). [0029] Thermal storage system 10 A also comprises preheater 60 for preheating motive fluid condensate flowing in power block circuit 21 upstream to main heat exchanger 80 . An additional conduit or line 41 isolated from conduit means or line 51 extends from hot water tank 40 A to cold water tank 40 B while passing through preheater 60 . A pump operatively connected to conduit or line 41 delivers hot water upon demand to preheater 60 . If so desired, a thermal storage system having a single water tank can be used (see FIG. 1A ). In the example shown in FIG. 1A , single water tank 40 C contains hot water stored in the upper portion of the tank and cold water present in the lower portion of the tank using e.g. a thermocline between the hot upper portion ( 40 D) and cold lower portion ( 40 E) of tank 40 C. [0030] Accordingly, thermal storage system 10 A has two operational modes: (a) a storing mode by which heat produced by collected solar energy is stored in tank 40 A during periods when excess solar heat is available; and (b) a release mode by which previously stored heat is released and transferred to the motive fluid flowing in power block circuit 21 . [0033] During the storing mode, such as during periods of 100% sunshine, the flow rate of heat transfer fluid in circuit 11 is increased and a portion of the heat transfer fluid is diverted from circuit 11 to heat storage medium heat exchanger 50 by opening valve 61 . The increased flow rate of heat transfer fluid in circuit 11 can be achieved during this storing mode e.g. by operating heat transfer fluid pump 55 which supplied heat transfer fluid from heat transfer fluid tank 57 , The remaining heat transfer fluid, or all of the heat transfer fluid upon termination of the standby mode, circulates within circuit 11 and transfers solar collected heat to the motive fluid circulating in power block circuit 21 by means of main heat exchanger or vaporizer or boiler 80 , backflow to storage medium heat exchanger 50 being prevented by means of valve 31 , which may be a check valve. [0034] Prior to opening valve 61 , valve 24 is closed and valve 53 is opened and then cold water is delivered to heat storage medium heat exchanger 50 , by activating e.g. pump 73 . The cold water storage medium is heated by the diverted heat transfer fluid and the temperature of the cold water storage medium is increased. The mass flow rate of the diverted heat transfer fluid being delivered to heat storage medium heat exchanger 50 can be regulated by valve 61 so that the instantaneous temperature of the heat transfer fluid exiting SCC 30 remains substantially constant. The heat depleted heat transfer fluid then flows to the inlet of SCC 30 . After the storage medium is sufficiently heated, pump 73 is deactivated and the hot storage medium is held in standby in hot storage tank 40 A for use during the release mode. [0035] During the release mode, such as during periods of 50% sunshine, e.g. during the time period near sunset and thereafter, or the time period near sunrise and thereafter, or during cloudy periods of weather, the solar radiation level reaching SCC is reduced. If stored solar energy were not transferred to the motive fluid flowing in power block circuit 21 , the motive fluid would not be sufficiently heated and PPB 20 would not be able to operate at its nominal thermal efficiency. To ensure continued operation at nominal thermal efficiency of PPB 20 , motive fluid is now supplied to preheater 60 by opening valve 24 while verifying that valve 61 and valve 53 are closed and heat transfer pump 55 is not operating. Pump 81 operatively connected to power block circuit 21 consequently supplies condensed motive fluid exiting PPB 20 via conduit or line 15 to preheater 60 . Hot storage medium is now delivered to preheater 60 via conduit or line 41 , such as by opening valve 75 and activating pump 71 , the condensed motive fluid will now be sufficiently heated by hot water storage medium supplied from hot storage tank 40 A so that when being subsequently delivered to main heat exchanger 80 and additionally heated by the heat transfer fluid, it will achieve substantially the same temperature as when the temperature of the heat transfer fluid exiting SCC is substantially equal to the predetermined PPB nominal temperature. During this release mode of operation, heat transfer flow in circuit 11 remains constant. [0036] Valves 24 , 75 , 61 and 53 as well as pumps 71 , 73 and 55 may be manually operated. Alternatively, they may be automatically operated in conjunction with a controller and sensors for sensing the instantaneous temperature of the heat transfer fluid exiting SCC 30 or a sensor for sensing the solar radiation level. [0037] Reference is now made to FIG. 2 wherein 25 B refers to a power producing system operating in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment operates basically in a manner similar to the operation of the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1 . However, in the present embodiment, the nominal operating temperature of PPB 20 is set at a lower temperature than that of the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1 so that more heat from heat storage tank 40 A can be used to heat the motive fluid of the PPB during stand-by mode. Consequently, during stand-by mode, heat is supplied from heat storage tank 40 A not only to preheater 60 but also to secondary boiler 80 B for transferring heat to preheated motive fluid of PPB 20 and boiling some of the motive fluid producing steam. The motive fluid is then supplied to primary boiler 80 A wherein further heat from the solar heated heat transfer medium is transferred to the motive fluid for boiling the remainder of the motive fluid (see e.g. FIG. 2A showing also superheating if used in an example where only 60% solar radiation is available). The produced steam is then supplied to PPB 20 for producing power. [0038] Thus, in accordance with the present invention, by choosing an operation level for PPB 20 and the heat transfer fluid heat circulated in a closed heat transfer circuit 11 , solar heat collected during the storing mode and stored by the cost-effective relatively low temperature water based thermal storage system of the present invention described herein, can be utilized at a different period of time in the release mode for producing power using PPB 20 when less than 100% of the peak solar radiation is available. Usually, the stored heat can be used for providing pre-heat and also vaporization or boiling of the motive fluid of PPB 20 . [0039] While the above description refers to a water-based heat storage system having e.g. two tanks or one tank, a further embodiment of the present invention can also include a thermal oil heat storage system together with the water based heat storage system. In this alternative, the low temperature operation of the system can be supplied by heat stored in water-based heat storage system whereas the higher temperature operation of the system (e.g. portion of boiling and/or superheating of the motive fluid) can be supplied by heat stored in the thermal oil heat storage system. [0040] In addition, while the above describes stored heat being transferred to the thermal heat transfer fluid or the water motive fluid of the PPB, alternatively, when a combined cycle water/organic motive fluid PPB is used, according to an embodiment of the present invention, stored heat can be transferred to the organic motive fluid for preheating e.g. the organic motive fluid. In such an alternative, good heat-source heat-sink of the stored heat and the organic motive fluid being preheated can be achieved. [0041] Furthermore, while the above description describes the use of solar heated fluid in a solar heated heat transfer circuit, in an alternative, working fluid of the PPB, e.g. water, can be circulated through the solar collector and concentrator unit (SCC) 30 and supplied directly to the PPB for power production. [0042] Moreover, even though the concept of the present invention is a water based storage system for storing heated produced by solar radiation and using the stored heat for producing power during periods of reduced solar radiation during the time period near sunset and thereafter, or the time period near sunrise and thereafter, or during cloudy periods of weather, the systems described herein can be used in other circumstances as well. E.g. if need be, the stored heat can be used to operate organic cycle portion of the PPB during night hour when no solar radiation is present. [0043] In addition, while the embodiments of the present invention refer to a system operating at substantially constant temperature, alternatively, according to the present invention, a system can be designed to operate where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid exiting the SCC changes. In such a case, the water-based thermal storage system described above can be designed to operate in series during storing mode. In release mode, several operational modes can be used. One example of the options can be the use of the stored heat for operating only the organic power plant of the PPB. [0044] While some examples of some embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration, it will be apparent that the invention can be carried out with many modifications, variations and adaptations, and with the use of numerous equivalents or alternative solutions that are within the scope of persons skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope of the claims.

The present invention is a method for storing solar collected heat and using the stored heat to produce power, comprising the steps of diverting solar heated fluid at a temperature greater than a predetermined power plant block (PPB) nominal temperature from a heat transfer circuit; transferring heat from the diverted solar heated fluid to a portion of a liquid water storage medium maintained at a temperature significantly less than the predetermined PPB nominal temperature and thermally storing the heated portion; and transferring heat from the heated liquid water storage medium to a fluid during periods of decreased solar radiation levels, whereby to produce power by means of said heated heat transfer fluid. The present invention is also directed to a solar derived thermal storage system, comprising a hot water storage medium (HWSM), a cold water storage medium (CWSM), conduit means interconnecting the HWSM and said CWSM, and a storage medium heat exchanger in heat exchanger relation with the conduit means and with solar heated fluid, for heating thermally storable water flowing from said CWSM to said HWSM when the solar radiation is above a nominal value which establishes a predetermined power plant block (PPB) nominal temperature.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART The present invention relates to a developer containing a toner and an image forming method for developing electrostatic images in an image forming method such as electrophotography, electrostatic recording and electrostatic printing, more particularly to a developer containing a negatively chargeable toner which is uniformly and strongly charged negatively to visualize a negatively charged electrostatic image through reversal development in a direct or indirect electrophotographic developing process thereby providing high-quality images, and an image forming method using the developer. Hitherto, in electrophotographic apparatus, there has generally been adopted the normal development system wherein a non-exposed portion of a photosensitive member is developed (i.e., provided with toner particles). In this system, because the reflection light from an original is optically processed and supplied to the photosensitive member, the non-exposed portion thereof provided with substantially no reflection light (i.e., a portion corresponding to the character or image portion of the original) is developed. Recently, the electrophotographic system has also been used for a printer as an output device for computer in addition to the production of copied images. In the case of the printer, a light-emitting device such as a semiconductor laser is turned on and off corresponding to an image signal, and the resultant light is supplied to a photosensitive member. In such case, because the printing proportion (i.e., the proportion of a printed area to the whole area of a printed sheet) is ordinarily 30 % or below, the reversal development system wherein a portion to be use for character formation is subjected to exposure and then development is advantageous in view of the life of the light-emitting device. The reversal development system has been used in an apparatus (such as a microfilm output device) capable of outputting positive and negative images from the same original, and has also been used in an apparatus wherein the normal development system and reversal development system are used in combination in order to effect development for two or more colors. However, the reversal development system can pose a problem as follows. Thus, in the ordinary or normal development, the transfer electric field (or electric field for transfer) has the same polarity as that of the primary charging. Therefore, even when the transfer electric field is applied to a photosensitive member after the passage of an image-supporting member such as plain paper (hereinafter referred to as "transfer material" or "transfer paper"), the effect thereof is removed by erasing exposure 6 in FIG. 1 described hereinafter. On the other hand, in the reversal development, the transfer electric field has a polarity reverse to that of the primary charging. Therefore, when the transfer electric field is applied to a photosensitive member after the passage of transfer material such as plain paper, the photosensitive member is charged in a polarity reverse to that of the primary charging, and the effect thereof cannot be removed by the erasing exposure. As a result, the portion having the reverse polarity appears as an increase in image density in the resultant image. Such a phenomenon is referred to as "afterimage caused by paper". In order to obviate such afterimage, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 256173/1985 proposes a method wherein the current for providing a transfer electric field is reduced after the passage of paper. However, this method requires various parts such as microswitches, and the apparatus therefor becomes complicated and results in an increase in apparatus cost. There is conceivable a method wherein the transfer electric field is reduced to a certain extent so as not to charge the photosensitive member to have the reverse polarity. However, because such a method lowers the transfer efficiency, a decrease in image quality can be caused due to transfer failure. The reversal development can pose another problem. More specifically, because the photosensitive member is charged in a polarity reverse to that of paper, when a strong electric field is used for charging, the paper is electrostatically attached to the photosensitive member and cannot be separated therefrom even after the completion of the transfer step. As a result, the paper is subjected to the next step such as cleaning step to cause paper jam. Such a phenomenon is referred to as "paper winding". In order to prevent the paper winding, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 60470/1981 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4353648) proposes a method wherein small insulating particles which have been charged in a polarity reverse to that of a toner image are preliminarily attached to a photosensitive member surface in order to prevent close contact between the photosensitive member and paper. However, this method is not necessarily effective in the reversal development system. This is presumably because the contact between the photosensitive member and paper at the time of separation in the transfer step of the reversal development system is closer than that in the normal development system. U.S. Pat. No. 3,357,400 discloses another device equipped with a separation charge device or a belt separation device as a means for supplementing the separation. Such a device is effective in preventing the winding phenomenon but is not substantially effective in preventing the afterimage caused by paper. This may be attributable to a fact that the separation charging is weaker than the transfer charging and does not substantially affect the potential of the photosensitive member. There is another method wherein the transfer electric field is reduced so as to lower electrostatic adhesion force. However, this method is liable to cause a decrease in image quality due to transfer failure, as described above. When the transfer electric field is reduced, the transfer efficiency decreases so that a postcard or an OHP film (i.e., a transparent film for an overhead projector) which has a relatively poor transfer characteristic cannot be used satisfactorily as a transfer material. Further, when the transfer electric field is reduced, there occurs "partially white image (e.g., hollow characters)", a kind of transfer failure, with respect to a portion (i.e., edge development portion) such as an image contour portion or line image portion at which developer particles are liable to be collected. The reason for this may be considered that a larger amount of developer particles are attached to the edge development portion as compared with a normal portion and the developer particles are liable to agglomerate, whereby the responsiveness to the transfer electric field is lowered. As a result, a problem occurs that it is difficult to obtain a high-quality image faithful to a latent image. In order to form a visible image of a high image quality in a method using a dry toner, it is necessary that the toner has a high fluidity and also a uniform chargeability. For this purpose, fine silica powder has been mixed with the toner. The silica fine powder is however hydrophilic by itself so that the toner mixed with the silica fine powder and having the fine silica powder attached to the toner particles is liable to agglomerate due to moisture in air to result in a lower fluidity and also a decrease in chargeability of the toner due to moisture absorption by the silica fine powder. For this reason, it has been proposed to use hydrophobicity-imparted silica fine powder as disclosed by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications Nos. 5782/1971, 47345/1973, 47346/1973, 120041/1980 and 34539/1984. More specifically, there has been used, for example, hydrophobicity-imparted silica fine powder which has been obtained by reacting fine silica powder with an organic silica compound, such as dimethyldichlorsilane or hexamethyldisilazane to substitute an organic group for the silanol groups or the silica powder surface, or silica fine powder surface-treated with silicone oil. Among the above, silicone oil treatment is preferred as a hydrophobicity-imparting treatment for providing treated silica powder which has a sufficient hydrophobicity and provides a toner with an excellent tranferability when mixed with the toner. However, as the silicone oil is a polymer substance, silica powder causes agglomeration during the hydrophobicity-imparting process, and a part thereof remains in the form of agglomerates in sizes of several tens of microns after being dispersed in the toner. Such agglomerates are consumed for development of image parts because they have the same negative chargeability as the toner, thereby to result in white spots which degrade the image quality. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A generic object of the present invention is to provide a developer and an image forming method having solved the above problems. An object of the present invention is to provide a negatively chargeable developer which is capable of forming high-quality images when used in an image forming system such as reversal development system wherein a transfer step using a low transfer electric field is required, and includes a transfer step. A further object of the present invention is to provide an image forming method wherein a phenomenon such as the above-mentioned "afterimage caused by paper", "paper winding" or "partially white image (e.g., hollow characters)" is prevented or suppressed. A further object of the present invention is to provide an image forming method and a developer capable of providing a high-quality image without fog even on a thick transfer paper. A further object of the present invention is to provide a negatively chargeable developer which is stable under various environmental conditions including high temperature-high humidity and low temperature-low humidity conditions, and is capable of constantly exhibiting a good characteristic. A further object of the present invention is to provide a negatively chargeable developer and an image forming method suitable for developing a digital latent image used in an image forming apparatus such as digital copying machine and laser beam printer. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a negative chargeable developer which does not cause a partially white image even under a low electric field such as one used in a reversal development device, and is excellent in durability, and also an image forming method using the developer. According to the present invention, there is provided a negative chargeable developer for developing electrostatic latent images, comprising: a toner, and hydrophobic silica fine powder treated with an agent represented by the following compositional formula (I): ##STR2## wherein R 1 denotes an alkyl or alkoxy group, R 2 denotes an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, R 3 denotes a long-chain alkyl group, a halogen-substituted alkyl group, phenyl group, or a phenyl group having a substituent, and m, n, m' and n' are independently 0 or a position integer satisfying the relationships of n>m, n'>m' and n+m+n'+m'<30. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an image forming method, comprising: forming an electrostatic image on a photosensitive member, developing the electrostatic image with a negative chargeable developer to form a toner image, the developer comprising a toner and hydrophobic silica fine powder treated with an agent represented by the following compositional formula (I): ##STR3## wherein R 1 denotes an alkyl or alkoxy group, R 2 denotes an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, R 3 denotes a long-chain alkyl group, a halogen-substituted alkyl group, phenyl group, or a phenyl group having a substituent, and m, n, m' and n' are independently 0 or a position integer satisfying the relationships of n>m, n'>m' and n+m+n'+m'<30; and electrostatically transferring the toner image thus formed to a transfer material under the application of a transfer-charging electric field Vtr providing a ratio Vtr/Vpr with respect to a primary charging electric field Vpr satisfying the relationships that the ratio Vtr/Vpr is negative and has an absolute value within the range of 0.5-1.6. These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon a consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing an image forming apparatus used in Examples of the invention appearing thereinafter; and FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic sectional view showing transfer position of the above apparatus wherein an AC bias and a DC bias are applied to a discharge brush. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION We have found that a satisfactory performance in the transfer step of the reversal development system is obtained by incorporating the hydrophobic silica fine powder treated with the above-mentioned treating agent of the formula (I) and high quality images free from white spots due to agglomerated silica in image parts are obtained. The silica fine powder as a constituent of the developer of the present invention may be prepared from silica fine powder produced by the dry process or the wet process. The dry process referred to herein is a process for producing silica fine powder through vapor-phase oxidation of a silicon halide. For example, silica powder can be produced according to the method utilizing pyrolytic oxidation of gaseous silicon tetrachloride in oxygen-hydrogen flame, and the basic reaction scheme may be represented as follows: SiCl.sub.4 +2H.sub.2 +O.sub.2 →SiO.sub.2 +4HCl. In the above preparation step, it is also possible to obtain complex fine powder of silica and other metal oxides by using other metal halide compounds such as aluminum chloride or titanium chloride together with silicon halide compounds. Such is also included in the silica fine powder to be used in the present invention. Commercially available silica fine powder formed by vapor phase oxidation of a silicon halide to be used in the present invention include those sold under the trade names as shown below. ______________________________________AEROSIL 130(Nippon Aerosil Co.) 200 300 380 OX 50 TT 600 MOX 80 MOX 170 COK 84Cab-O-Sil M-5(Cabot Co.) MS-7 MS-75 HS-5 EH-5Wacker HDK N 20(WACKER-CHEMIE GMBH) V 15 N 20E T 30 T 40D-C Fine Silica (Dow Corning Co.)Fransol (Fransil Co.)Reolosil (Tokuyama Soda K.K.)______________________________________ On the other hand, in order to produce silica fine powder to be used in the present invention through the wet process, various processes known heretofore may be applied. For example, decomposition of sodium silicate with an acid represented by the following scheme may be applied: Na.sub.2 O·xSiO.sub.2 +HCl+H.sub.2 O→SiO.sub.2 ·nH.sub.2 O+NaCl. In addition, there may also be used a process wherein sodium silicate is decomposed with an ammonium salt or an alkali salt, a process wherein an alkaline earth metal silicate is produced from sodium silicate and decomposed with an acid to form silica, a process wherein a sodium silicate solution is treated with an ion-exchange resin to form silica, and a process wherein natural silica or silicate is utilized. The silica fine power to be used herein may include anhydrous silicon dioxide (silica in a narrow sense), and also a silicate such as aluminum silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, magnesium silicate and zinc silicate. Commercially available silica fine powders formed by the wet process include those sold under the trade names as shown below: Carplex (available from Shionogi Seiyaku K.K.) Nipsil (Nippon Silica K.K.) Tokusil, Finesil (Tokuyama Soda K.K.) Bitasil (Tagi Seishi K.K.) Silton, Silnex (Mizusawa Kagaku K.K.) Starsil (Kamishima Kagaku K.K.) Himesil (Ehime Yakuhin K.K.) Siloid (Fuji Devison Kagaku K.K.) Hi-Sil (Pittsuburgh Plate Glass Co.) Durosil, Ultrasil (Fulstoff-Gesellshaft Marquart) Manosil (Hardman and Holden) Hoesch (Chemische Fabrik Hoesch K-G) Sil-Stone (Stoner Rubber Co.) Nalco (Nalco Chem. Co.) Quso (Philadilphia Quartz Co.) Imsil (Illinois Minerals Co.) Calcium Silikat (Chemische Fabrik Hoesch, K-G) Calsil (Fullstoff-Gesellschaft Marquart) Fortafil (Imperial Chemical Industries) Microcal (Joseph Crosfield & Sons. Ltd.) Manosil (Hardman and Holden) Vulkasil (Farbenfabriken Bayer, A.G.) Tufknit (Durham Chemicals, Ltd.) Silmos (Shiraishi K.K.) Starlex (Kamishima Kagaku K.K.) Furikosil (Tagi Seihi K.K.) Among the above-mentioned silica powders, those having a specific surface area as measured by the BET method with nitrogen adsorption of 30 m 2 /g or more, particularly 50-400 m 2 /g, provides a good result. The hydrophobicity-imparting agent for treating such silica fine powder to obtain the hydrophobic silica fine powder contained in the developer of the present invention is one having a composition represented by the above formula (I). In the formula (I), the group R 1 may preferably be an alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms. The group R 3 may preferably be a long-chain alkyl group having 5-20 carbon atoms, a halogen-substituted alkyl group having 5-20 carbon atoms, phenyl group, or phenyl group having a substituent. It is particularly preferred that R 3 is a long-chain alkyl group having 8-18 carbon atoms. In case wherein n'+m'+n+m is 30 or more in the formula (I), the treating agent is caused to have a high viscosity so that silica agglomerates are produced to cause white spots in image parts. When contained in the developer. The hydrophobicity-imparting agent (or treating agent) of the formula (I) has a a high hydrophobicity-imparting ability equivalent to that of dimethylsilicone oil and also a high lubricating ability imparting a good effect in respect of transfer characteristic of the developer. Further, the treating agent of the formula (I) has a high reactivity with the silanol groups on the silica surface which is comparable to that of hexamethyldisilazane. The treating agent may preferably have a viscosity of 70 cS (centistokes) or below, particularly 50 cS or below, at 25° C. so as to obviate formation of silica agglomerates at the time of the treatment. As a preferred specific form, the treating agent may assume the following formula: ##STR4## wherein 1+1' is preferably 4-20. A commercially available example of the treating agent is "X-24-3504" (trade name) available from Shin-etsu Kagaku Kogyo K.K., Japan. The treatment with the hydrophobicity-imparting agent may be performed in a conventional manner. For example, the silica fine powder and the treating agent may be directly mixed by a mixer such as Henschel mixer, or the treating agent may be sprayed onto the silica fine powder. The treating agent can also be dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent and then mixed with the silica fine powder, followed by removing the solvent to complete the treatment. In the present invention, the treating agent may preferably be used in a proportion of 1-40 wt. parts, more preferably 5-30 wt. parts, per 100 wt. parts of the silica fine powder. The silica fine powder used in the present invention should have a high anti-(water)-wettability. The anti-wettability is measured in the following manner. A sample in an amount of 0.1 g is placed in a 200 ml-separating funnel, and 100 ml of de-ionized water taken in a messcylinder is added thereto. The mixture is shaken for 10 min. by a Turbula Shaker Mixer model T2C at a rate of 90 r.p.m. The separating funnel is then allowed to stand still for 10 min., and 20-30 ml of the content is withdrawn from the bottom. A portion of the remaining water is taken in a 10 mm-cell and the turbidity of the water is measured by a colorimeter (wavelength: 500 nm) in comparison with deionized water as a blank. The ratio of the transmittance of the water sample to that of the blank in term of % (percent) is denoted as the anti-wettability. A higher anti-wettability indicates that the silica fine powder has a higher hydrophobicity. The silica used in the developer of the present invention should preferably have an anti-wettability of 80 % or higher, particularly 90 % or higher. If the anti-wettability is below 80 %, high-quality images cannot be attained because of moisture absorption by the silica fine powder under a high-humidity condition. The hydrophobic silica fine powder used in the present invention may preferably have a triboelectric chargeability of -100 to -300 uC/g. It is also preferred that the hydrophobic silica is added in a proportion of 0.01-3.0 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the toner. Below 0.01 wt. part, a sufficient effect of the addition cannot be exhibited to result in a problem during development and transfer. Above 3.0 wt. parts, fog is undesirable increased. The addition amount is particularly preferably 0.1-2.0 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the toner. The hydrophobic silica contained in the developer of the present invention is characterized in that it moves together with the toner. This is utterly different from the function of particles in a metal disclosed by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 60470/1981 wherein the particles are urged to be disposed at non-image parts to lower the force of attachment between a transfer material and a photosensitive member. According to the method of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 60470/1981, the paper winding can be alleviated without lowering the transfer electric field. This method however is not effective for "after image caused by paper" nor is it effective for increasing the transfer efficiency in a low transfer electric field. In the transfer step used in the present invention, there may be used an electrostatic transfer method using an electric field generated by a corona charger or a contact roller charger. The transfer condition may be determined in the following manner. Referring to FIG. 1, a cleaning device 8, a developing device 9 and a transfer charger 3 are removed from an image forming device shown in FIG. 1, a photosensitive member (photosensitive drum) 1 as an electrostatic image-bearing member is charged by means of a primary charger 2. Under a condition under which leakage light is substantially perfectly intercepted, the surface of the photosensitive member 1 corresponding to one rotation thereof is charged and thereafter the surface potential of the photosensitive member 1 is measured by means of a surface electrometer. The surface potential measured at this time is represented by Vpr (V). Then, the photosensitive member surface is wiped with a cloth impregnated with alcohol to discharge (or remove charges from) the photosensitive member 1 surface, the primary charger 2 is removed and the transfer charger 3 is disposed. Thereafter, the surface of the photosensitive member 1 corresponding to one rotation thereof is charged and then the surface potential of the photosensitive member 1 is measured by means of a surface electrometer. The surface potential measured at this time is represented by Vtr (V). In the transfer step used in the present invention, the ratio of (Vtr/Vpr) may preferably be negative, and the absolute value of Vtr/Vpr (i.e., Vtr/Vpr) may more preferably be 0.5-1.6, particularly preferably 0.9-1.4. When the above-mentioned absolute value is below 0.5, the transfer electric field is too weak and image deterioration is liable to occur at the time of transfer. When the absolute value exceeds 1.6, the transfer electric field is too strong and the photosensitive member is liable to be charged positively, whereby "afterimage caused by paper" and paper winding are liable to occur. The present invention may effectively be used in an image forming method or apparatus using a photosensitive member comprising an organic photoconductor (hereinafter, referred to as "OPC photosensitive member"), and may more effectively be used in an image forming method using a reversal development system and a laminate-type OPC photosensitive member which comprises plural layers including at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. In the OPC photosensitive member, when the photosensitive layer is charged to have a polarity reverse to that of primary charging, the movement of charges is slow. In the laminate-type OPC photosensitive member, because such a tendency is intensified and the above-mentioned afterimage due to paper is liable to occur, the present invention is particularly effective. In the present invention, the above-mentioned Vpr may preferably be -300 to -1000 (V), more preferably -500 to -900 (V). Below -300 (V), it is difficult to ensure a potential difference suitable for development and the resultant image tends to become unclear. Above -1000 V, dielectric breakdown in the photosensitive layer due to an electric field occurs and image deterioration such as black spots is liable to occur. In view of durability, Vpr may preferably be -500 to -900 (V). On the other hand, it is preferred to regulate Vtr to a voltage of 150 to 1600 V, more preferably 250 to 1400 V. The image forming method according to the present invention is particularly suitable for an image forming method or apparatus wherein a transfer material such as paper is separated from a photosensitive member by using the elasticity of the transfer material, the curvature of the photosensitive member, or a charge-removing brush, without using mechanical separation means. In the apparatus having no mechanical separation mechanism, because the separation state depends on the transfer condition and paper winding is liable to occur, the present invention is particularly effective. The present invention is particularly effective with respect to an image forming method (or apparatus) using a photosensitive member 101 having a diameter (i.e., "φ" in FIG. 1) of 50 mm or smaller. In the apparatus using a photosensitive drum having a diameter of 50 mm or smaller, because the number of parts are required to be reduced in view of miniaturization, the separation step is generally conducted by using the elasticity of transfer paper and a charge-removing brush 10 as shown in FIG. 2. In such an embodiment, the charge-removing step only discharges the paper, and, in general, the surface potential of the photosensitive member 1 is not affected thereby. Now, a preferred embodiment of the image forming step according to the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. Referring to FIG. 1, the surface of a photosensitive member (drum) 1 is charged negatively by means of a primary charger 2, and then exposure light 5 generated by a light source or laser (not shown) is supplied to the photosensitive member 1 surface according to an image scanning method thereby to form a latent image thereon. The latent image is developed with a negatively chargeable one-component magnetic developer 13 to form a toner image in a developing position where a developing sleeve 4 of a developing device 9 is disposed opposite to the photosensitive member 1 surface. The developing device 9 comprises a magnetic blade 11 and the developing sleeve 4 having a magnet (not shown) inside thereof, and contains the developer 13. In the developing position, a bias is applied between the photosensitive drum 1 and the developing sleeve 4 by bias application means 12, as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, when a transfer paper P is conveyed to a transfer position where a transfer charger 3 confronts the photosensitive drum 1, the back side surface of the transfer paper P (i.e., the surface thereof opposite to that confronting the photosensitive drum 1) is charged positively by means of the transfer charger 3, whereby the toner image comprising a negatively chargeable toner formed on the photosensitive drum 1 surface is electrostatically transferred to the transfer paper P. Immediately after the transfer paper P passes through the transfer charger 3, the transfer paper P is separated from the photosensitive drum 1 by curvature separation while removing the charges on the backside surface of the transfer paper P by means of a charge-removing brush. Then, the transfer paper P separated from the photosensitive drum 1 is conveyed to a fixing device 7 using heat and pressure rollers thereby to fix the toner image to the transfer paper P. The residual one-component developer remaining on the photosensitive drum 1 downstream of the transfer position is removed by a cleaner 8 having a cleaning blade. The photosensitive drum 1 after the cleaning is discharged by erasing exposure 6, and again subjected to the above-mentioned process including the charging step based on the primary charger 2, as the initial step. Next, the negatively chargeable toner used in the present invention will be explained. The binder resin for the toner of the present invention may be composed of homopolymers of styrene and derivatives thereof such as polystyrene, poly-p-chlorostyrene and polyvinyltoluene; styrene copolymers such as styrene-p-chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene-propylene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene-methyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-methyl α-chloromethacrylate copolymer, styrene-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-vinyl methylether copolymer, styrene-vinyl ethyl ether copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ketone copolymer, styrenebutadiene copolymer, styrene-isoprene copolymer, styrene-maleic copolymer, and styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer; vinyl polymers or copolymers such as polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, epoxy resins, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid resin and mixtures thereof. Further, there may be used rosin, modified rosins, terpene resin, phenolic resins, aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon resins, aromatic petroleum resin, chlorinated paraffin, paraffin wax, carnauba wax etc. These binder resins may be used either singly or as a mixture. Among these, in the present invention, the binder may preferably comprise a styrene-acrylic resin-type copolymer (inclusive of styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymer and styrene-methacrylic acid ester copolymer) or a polyester resin. Particularly preferred examples include styrene-n-butyl acrylate (St-nBA) copolymer, styrene-n-butyl methacrylate (St-nBMA) copolymer, styrene-n-butyl acrylate-2-ethylhexyl methacrylate copolymer St-nBA-2EHMA) copolymer in view of the developing characteristic, triboelectric chargeability and fixing characteristic of the resultant toner. The toner of the present invention can further contain an optional colorant such as known carbon black, copper phthalocyanine, and iron black. The magnetic material contained in the magnetic toner of the present invention may be a substance which is magnetizable under a magnetic field including: powder of a ferromagnetic metal such as iron, cobalt and nickel; or an alloy or compound such as magnetite, γ-Fe 2 O 3 , and ferrite, or an alloy of iron, cobalt or nickel. The magnetic fine powder may preferably have a BET specific surface area of 2-20 m 2 /g, more preferably 2.5-12 m 2 /g, and may further preferably have a Mohs' scale of hardness of 5-7. The magnetic powder content may preferably be 10-70 wt. % based on the toner weight. The toner according to the present invention may also contain as desired, a charge controller (or charge-controlling agent) including a negative charge controller such as a metal complex salt of a monoazo dye; and a metal complex of salicylic acid, alkylsalicylic acid, dialkylsalicylic acid, or naphthoic acid, etc. The toner of the present invention may preferably contain 0.1-10 wt. parts, more preferably 0.1-5 wt. parts, of the charge controller, per 100 wt. parts of a binder resin. The magnetic toner of the present invention may preferably have a volume resistivity of 10 10 ohm.cm or more, more preferably 10 12 ohm.cm or more, particularly preferably 10 14 ohm.cm or more, in view of triboelectric chargeability and electrostatic transfer characteristic. The volume resistivity used herein may be determined in the following manner. Thus, the toner is shaped into a sample having an area of 2 cm 2 and a thickness of about 5 mm under a pressure of 100 kg/cm 2 for 5 min., and an electric field of 100 V/cm is applied thereto. After 1 min. counted from the application of the electric field, the amount of the current passing through the shaped toner is measured and converted into a volume resistivity. The negatively chargeable magnetic toner according to the present invention may preferably provide a triboelectric charge of -8 μC/g to -40 μC/g, more preferably -8 μC/g to -20 μC/g. If the charge is less than -8 μC/g (in terms of the absolute value thereof), the image density is liable to decrease, particularly under a high humidity condition. If the charge amount is more than -20 μC/g, particularly more than -40 μC/g, the toner is excessively charged to make a line image thinner, whereby only a poor image is provided particularly under a low humidity condition. The triboelectric chargeability of a sample (which may be silica fine powder or a toner) used in the present invention may be measured as follows. The sample is mixed with iron powder carrier having particle sizes of 200 to 300 mesh (e.g., EFV 200/300, mfd. by Nippon Teppun K.K.) is mixed in a proportion of 2/98 for silica (or 10/90 for a toner), and the mixture is shaked for about 20 seconds. The weight of the mixture in the range of 0.5-1.5 m 2 is accurately weighed, placed on a 400-mesh metal screen connected to a electro-meter and sucked under a pressure of 25 cm-H 2 O. The triboelctric charge of the sample is calculated from the amount of the sample sucked through the screen and the charge thereof. The toner particles may preferably have a 10 volume-average particle size of 5-30 microns, more preferably 6-15 microns, particularly preferably 7-15 microns. The toner particles may preferably have a number-basis particle size distribution such that they contain 1-25 % by number, more preferably 2 to 20 % by number, particularly preferably 2 to 18 % by number, of toner particles having a particle size of 4 microns or smaller. In the present invention, the particle distribution of the toner may be measured by means of a Coulter counter. Coulter counter Model TA-II (available from Coulter Electronics Inc.) is used as an instrument for measurement, to which an interface (available from Nikkaki K.K.) for providing a number-basis distribution, and a volume-basis distribution and a personal computer CX-1 (available from Canon K.K.) are connected. For measurement, a 1 %-NaCl aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution is prepared by using a reagent-grade sodium chloride. Into 100 to 150 ml of the electrolytic solution, 0.1 to 5 ml of a surfactant, preferably an alkylbenzenesulfonic acid salt, is added as a dispersant, and 0.5 to 50 mg of a sample is added thereto. The resultant dispersion of the sample in the electrolytic liquid is subjected to a dispersion treatment for about 1-3 minutes by means of an ultrasonic disperser, and then subjected to measurement of particle size distribution in the range of 2-40 microns by using the above-mentioned Coulter counter Model TA-II with a 100 micron-aperture to obtain a volume-basis distribution and a number-basis distribution. From the results of the volume-basis distribution and number-basis distribution, parameters characterizing the magnetic toner of the present invention may be obtained. The toner of the present invention may for example be prepared in the following manner. Pulverization Process (1) A binder resin and a magnetic material or dye or pigment as a colorant and other additive as desired are blended by uniform dispersion by means of a blender such as Henschel mixer. (2) The above blended mixture is subjected to melt-kneading by using a kneading means such as a kneader, extruder, or roller mill. (3) The kneaded product is coarsely crushed by means of a crusher such a cutter mill or hammer mill and then finely pulverized by means of a pulverizer such as a jet mill. (4) The finely pulverized product is subjected to classification for providing a prescribed particle size distribution by means of a classifier such as a zigzag classifier, thereby to provide a toner. As another process for producing the toner of the present invention, the polymerization process or the encapsulation process, etc., can be used. The outline of these processes is summarized as follows. Polymerization Process (1) A monomer composition comprising a polymerizable monomer, a polymerization initiator and a colorant, may be dispersed into particles in an aqueous dispersion medium. (2) The particles of the monomer composition are classified into an appropriate particle size range. (3) The monomer composition particles within a prescribed particle size range after the classification is subjected to polymerization. (4) After the removal of a dispersant through an appropriate treatment, the polymerized product is filtered, washed with water and dried to obtain a toner. Encapsulation Process (1) A binder resin and a colorant such as a magnetic material, are melt-kneaded to form a toner core material in a molten state. (2) The toner core material is stirred vigorously in water to form fine particles of the core material. (3) The fine core particles are dispersed in a solution of a shell material, and a poor solvent is added thereto under stirring to coat the core particle surfaces with the shell material to effect encapsulation. (4) The capsules obtained above are recovered through filtration and drying to obtain a toner. The present invention will be explained in further detail based on Examples wherein "parts" are by weight. EXAMPLE 1 ______________________________________Styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer 100 parts(copolymerization wt. ratio = 8:2)Magnetic power (magnetite) 60 partsRelease agent (polypropylene wax) 4 partsNegative charge control agent 2 parts(Cr complex of di-tertiary-butyl-salicylic acid)______________________________________ The above components were mixed and melt-kneaded by means of a biaxial extruder heated at 160° C. The kneaded product was cooled and then coarsely crushed by means of a hammer mill and finely pulverized by means of a jet-mill (wind-force pulverizer). The finely pulverized product was classified by means of a DS classifier (wind-force classifier) thereby to prepare a magnetic toner comprising black fine powder having a volume-average particle size of 11.5 microns. The triboelectric charge of the magnetic toner with respect to iron powder carrier was measured to be -13 μC/g. Separately, dry process silica fine powder (BET specific surface area: 200 m 2 /g) was treated with a treating agent of the following formula (II) (having a viscosity of 20 cps at 25° C.) in the following manner. ##STR5## 1) 100 parts of the silica fine powder was stirred in a mixing vessel. 2) 20 parts of the treating agent was diluted with xylene into 4 times, and the resultant 80 parts of dilute solution was sprayed onto the silica fine powder stirred in the mixing vessel. 3) The contents of the vessel was heated to 300° C. and held for 2 hours under stirring. 4) After cooling, the thus hydrophobicity-imparted silica fine powder was taken out. The hydrophobic silica fine powder A thus obtained showed an anti-wettability of 93 % and a triboelectric charge of -170 μC/g. The hydrophobic silica fine powder A in an amount of 0.4 part was added to 100 parts of the above-prepared magnetic toner, and the mixture was blended in a Henschel mixer to obtain a negatively chargeable one-component type dry developer. Separately, a commercially available copying machine (FC-5, available from Canon K.K.; having a laminated negatively chargeable OPC photosensitive drum with a drum diameter of 30 mm, of a curvature separation type and with a discharge needle supplied with a bias voltage of -1.0 KV) was remodeled for reversal development (FIG. 1). The above-prepared developer was loaded on the remodeled copying machine, and image formation was effected under the conditions including a primary charging electric field Vpr of -700 V and a ratio |Vtr/Vpr| of 1.0 (corresponding to a transfer charging electric field Vtr=+700 V), a spacing between the photosensitive drum and the developing drum (containing a magnet), and application of an AC bias (f=1800 Hz, Vpp=1600 V) and a DC bias (V DC =-500 V) to the developing drum. After the image formation and heat-pressure roller fixation, the resultant fixed toner images were evaluated with respect to the following items; and the results are summarized in Table 1 appearing hereinafter together with the results of other Examples. a) Image density The image density on a 1000-th sheet of ordinary copying paper (75 g/m 2 ) was evaluated. α(good): 1.35 or above, Δ(fair): 1.0 to 1.34, x (not good): below 1.0. b) Transfer state Thick paper of 120 g/m 2 providing a severe transfer condition was passed, and transfer failure was α: Good, Δ: Practically acceptable, x: Practically not acceptable. c) Power winding 1000 sheets of thin paper (50 g/m 2 ) were passed, and the occurrence of paper jam was examined. α: none or once/1000 sheets Δ: 2-4 times/1000 sheets x: 5 or more times/1000 sheets d) After image caused by paper. Solid images were copied and the uniformity thereof was evaluated. α: Density different =0.05 or less Δ: Density different =0.06-0.15 x: Density different =0.16 or more. e) Image quality Toner scattering and coarsening were observed with naked eyes. EXAMPLE 2 Image formation was effected in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ratio of Vtr/Vpr was changed to -0.5. The results are shown in Table 1 appearing hereinafter. EXAMPLE 3 Image formation was effected in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ratio of Vtr/Vpr was changed to -1.6. The results are also shown in Table 1. EXAMPLES 4 and 5 Image formation was effected in the same manner as in Example 1 except that hydrophobic silica fine powders B and C shown in Table 2 applying hereinafter were respectively used instead of the hydrophobic silica fine powder A to prepare developer. The results are also shown in Table 1. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 A developer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dry silica fine powder before the treatment (BET surface area =200 m 2 /g) was used a it was instead of the hydrophobic silica fine powder A, and image formation was effected in the same manner by using the developer. The results are also shown in Table 1. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 2 and 3 Developers were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that hydrophobic silica fine powders D and E, respectively, shown in Table 2 were used instead of the hydrophobic silica fine powder A. The results are also shown in Table 1. REFERENCE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2 Image formation was effected in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the transfer conditions were changed to provide ratios Vtr/Vpr of -2.0 and -0.3, respectively. The results are also shown in Table 1. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ 23.5° C., 60% 32.5° C., 85% Image Transfer Paper After White Image Image TransferVtr/Vpr Silica density state winding image spots quality density state__________________________________________________________________________Ex.1 -1.0 A ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘2 -0.5 A ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ Δ ∘ Δ3 -1.6 A ∘ ∘ ∘ Δ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘4 -1.0 B ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ Δ ∘ ∘ ∘5 -1.0 C ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘Comp. Ex.1 -1.0 Untreated Δ x ∘ ∘ ∘ x x x2 -1.0 D ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ x ∘ ∘ ∘3 -1.0 E ∘ Δ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ Δ xRef. Ex. 1 -2.0 A ∘ ∘ Δ x ∘ Δ ∘ ∘Ref. Ex. 2 -0.3 A ∘ x ∘ ∘ ∘ x Δ x__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Treated silica Tribo-Silica before (25° C.) electric Anti-treatment Treating agent, in formula (I) viscosity charge wettabilityBET (m.sup.2 /g) n + n' m + m' R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 (cs) (μc/g) (%)__________________________________________________________________________SilicaA 200 10 0 methoxy methyl -- 20 -150 90B 200 25 0 methoxy methyl -- 50 -170 93C 200 10 2 methyl methyl decyl 28 -160 92D 200 dimethylsilicone oil 100 -190 97E 200 hexamethyldisilazane 5 -120 87__________________________________________________________________________

A negative chargeable developer for developing electrostatic latent images, comprises a toner, and hydrophoic silica fine powder treated with an agent represented by the following compositional formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R 1 denotes an alkyl or alkoxy group, R 2 denotes an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, R 3 denotes a long-chain alkyl group, a halogen-substituted alkyl group, phenyl group, or a phenyl group having a substituent, and m, n, m' and n' are independently 0 or a position integer satisfying the relationship of n>m, n'>m' and n+m+n'+m'<30.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a sensor for measuring a physical quantity which causes a non-reciprocal effect in an optical ring resonatormeasuring quantity. In particular, the invention relates to a sensor which is based on the fact that the measuring quantity causes non-reciprocal effects on a ring resonator. Such non-reciprocal effects are, for example, the Sagnac-effect or the Faraday-effect. The Sagnac-effect is, for example, used for producing "laser gyros". 2. Description of the Prior Art From DE-OS 37 12 815 or EP-PS 0 290 723 (substantially with the same teaching) a measuring instrument for rotation rates making use of the Sagnac-effect is known, which contains a ring resonator and a laser. Therein, the ring resonator forms a part of the resonator cavity of the laser. Thereby, no precautions have to be taken to achieve optical insulation between laser and ring resonator. A semiconductor laser serves as laser. Therein, different embodiments of the ring resonator having mirrors, integrated optics or fiber optics are described. A phase modulation of the laser is effected by periodic variation of the light path contained in the ring resonator. The light path is adjusted such that the frequency of the laser light corresponds to the resonance frequency of the ring resonator for one direction of circulation of the light. The derivative of the intensity of the light circulating in the other direction of circulation with respect to the phase, practically the a.c. component of the modulated light, then is indicative of the rotation rate. In DE-OS 37 12 815 it is also proposed to modulate the laser directly through the control of an injection current. In practice, however, the difficulty arises, that the modulation capability of the laser is reduced by the feedback of the light from the external oscillator. A fiber gyro having a passive ring resonator is described in a paper by Carroll, Coccoli, Cardarelli and Coate. "The Passive Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro and Comparison to the Interferometer Fiber Gyro", in "SPIE", vol. 719 Fiber Optic Gyros: 10th Anniversary Conference (1986), 169-177. The light from the laser is modulated by a phase modulator for generating sidebands and is guided in two fiber branches. An acousto-optical frequency shifter is located in each of the two fiber branches. From the two fiber branches the light is coupled into a fiber ring with opposite direction of circulation. Correspondingly, the light which has passed the fiber ring in one or the other direction of circulation is coupled out by couplers and guided to photoelectric detectors. The detector signals are applied to signal processing means. These control the laser frequency on one hand, and one of the frequency shifters on the other hand. Thus, when a rotation rate occurs, the frequency of the laser light is kept in resonance with one direction of circulation of the ring resonator formed by the fiber ring, whereas a corresponding frequency shift is effected in the other direction of circulation. From a paper by Hollberg and Ohtsu, "Modulatable narrow-linewidth semiconductor lasers", in Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 (1988), 944-946 it is known to improve the bandwidth of a semiconductor laser by optical feedback from an external resonator cavity. Therein, it is also said that the modulation capability of the laser is reduced by such an optical feedback. Therein, it is also said that certain modulation frequencies exist which strongly affect the frequency modulation properties of the optically stabilized semiconductor laser. In certain modulation states, some or all of the modulation sidebands can be in resonance with the resonator cavity with or without carrier. In this case these sidebands return to the semiconductor laser and amplify its optical stabilization. This is particularly valid for the free spectral distance of the resonator cavity or the harmonics thereof. In this way, it is possible to modulate the laser current with a high modulation index and to generate many sidebands without disturbing the frequency stabilization and the linewidth narrowing which is achieved by the optical feedback. In a paper by Laurent, Clairon and Breant, "Frequency Noise Analysis of Optically Self-Locked Diode Lasers" in Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 25 (1989), 1131-1142, it is illustrated how the frequency of an optically fed back semiconductor laser varies as a function of the frequency of the "undisturbed" semiconductor laser, and shows the strong reduction of the modulation capability. In a paper by DeVoe and Brewer, "Laser-frequency division and stabilization", in Physical Review A, vol. 30 (1984), 2987-2889 an arrangement is illustrated, in which a laser is turned by a control circuit to a higher order of a reference cavity. The reference cavity is tuned by a second control circuit to a high frequency. Thus, the laser can be stabilized by means of the high frequency. European patent application 0 405 831 discloses a ring resonator gyro, wherein the clockwise and counter-clockwise beams are modulated to provide each with a spectrum including a carrier and an upper and lower side band. The upper side band of one beam is kept at a resonance by a path length control loop, and the upper side band of the other beam is kept at a resonance by a rate control loop. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the object of the invention to achieve an improved sensor for non-reciprocal effects in ring resonators. According to the invention this object is achieved by a sensor comprising (a) an optical ring resonator with a first and a second direction of circulation of the light, the optical path lengths of the ring resonator for the first and the second direction of circulation of the light in the ring resonator being differently varied by said non-reciprocal effect as a function of said physical quantity, (b) a semiconductor laser, which is coupled to the ring resonator to generate a light wave circulating in said first direction of circulation and a light wave circulating in said second direction of circulation, said ring resonator forming a part of a resonator cavity of said semiconductor laser, said laser operating at a laser frequancy, (c) means for modualting said laser frequency of said semiconductor laser by directly energizing the semiconductor laser such that sidebands of the frequency-modulated laser light wave are in resonance with said ring resonator, and (d) detector means which respond to the differences of the light waves circulating in said first and said second directions of circulation for generating a signal indicative of said physical quantity. Through the invention, an integrated sensor is achieved. A semiconductor laser is stabilized by an external resonator cavity. By the optical feedback the semiconductor laser becomes narrow-banded. The semiconductor laser thus provided with optical feedback is modulated in a simple way at a high frequency. The number of components of the sensor is minimized. Each component serves several functions. The semiconductor laser is not only light source but forms a part of the sensor, the behaviour of which is also determined by the measuring quantity. Herein, the ring resonator determining the frequency of the semiconductor laser is at the same time a sensor element for nonreciprocal effects, for example for the Sagnac-effect when rotary rates occur. The semiconductor laser is not only light source but at the same time modulator which is directly energized to achieve the frequency modulation. In the invention, as in DE-OS 37 12 815, the ring resonator is operated in feedback with the semiconductor laser located outside the ring resonator. Thereby the semiconductor laser gets very narrow-banded. An optical insulator is not necessary between semiconductor laser and ring resonator. On the other hand, the semiconductor laser need not be coated. By the resonant feedback of the sidebands, the problem of the reduced frequency modulation capability is solved. Thereby, it is possible to modulate the semiconductor laser with lower modulation index. This results in reduction of the disturbing amplitude modulation component. The narrow-bandedness of the semiconductor laser is not deteriorated by the modulation because its frequency spectrum mainly remains fed back optimally. Due to modulation frequencies in the high frequency range (radiofrequency range), the sensor operates outside the base band and beyond the 1/f-noise, whereby higher sensitivities are achieved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a sensor constructed with fiber optics and a ring resonator, which sensor responds to non-reciprocal effects such as the Sagnac-effect. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the frequency of an optically fed back system as a function of the frequency of the system running free, and this without and with the non-reciprocal effect to be measured. FIG. 3 shows the modulation spectrum of the optically fed back semiconductor laser in relation with the spectrum of the natural resonances of the ring resonator. FIG. 4 shows the transmission of the ring resonator and the phase of the light coupled out as a function of the frequency for laser light running right-handedly and left-handedly, when a non-reciprocal effect occurs. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In FIG. 1 numeral 10 designates a semiconductor laser (laser diode). Through the injection current the semiconductor laser 10 can be frequency-modulated with a high frequency f mod (radiofrequency) from a high frequency source 12. The laser light is guided through a lens system 14 to a light-guiding fiber 16. The light-guiding fiber contains a phase actuator 18 and an attenuator 20. The laser light in the fiber 16 is, on one hand, guided along a path 22 to the "upper" portion of a fiber ring 24, as shown in FIG. 1. Through a coupler 26 the laser light is coupled into the fiber ring 24 clockwise in FIG. 1. Through a coupler 28, part of the laser light guided in the fiber 16 is coupled into a fiber 30. Then, through a further coupler 32 at the location opposite the coupler 26, this laser light is coupled into the fiber ring 24 counterclockwise in FIG. 1. The fiber 22 leads to a first photoelectric detector 34. The fiber 30 leads to a second photoelectric detector 36. A further phase actuator 38 is connected in the section of the fiber ring 24 between the couplers 26 and 32. The arrangement can also be constructed in integrated optics with corresponding wave guides provided in a substrate. It is also possible to construct the arrangement with completely reflecting or semireflecting mirrors similar to the illustration in DE-OS 37 12 815. The light-guiding fibers form an external ring resonator 40. The semiconductor laser 10 is operated in optical feedback with the ring resonator 40. A part of the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser 10 is returned with a time-delay into the semiconductor laser 10 after having passed through the ring resonator 40. For this reason, the semiconductor laser 10 is not insulated from the ring resonator 40 through an "optical diode", as it is the case in most of the systems having passive ring resonators. Operating points can be found for such a mode of operation, in which operating points the semiconductor laser 10 operates steadily at one single frequency f o . These operating points are determined by the transmission frequency and quality of the external ring resonator, the amplitude and phase of the optical feedback, the characteristic of current versus power or of current versus wavelength, respectively, of a semiconductor laser 10 without feedback, and by a certain ratio of the lengths Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 of the supply waveguide and the partial lengths 1 1 and 1 2 of the partial lengths of the fiber ring 24. For small feedback amplitudes, stability ranges of the semiconductor laser 10 result in the form of "plateaus" 42, 44, 46 in a diagram illustrated by dotted lines in FIG. 2. When measuring non-reciprocal effects, for example when measuring rotation rates by means of the Sagnac-effect as described in DE-OS 37 12 815, the frequency of the semiconductor laser 10 has to be modulated relative to a resonance frequency of the ring resonator 40. However, the optical feedback counteracts the modualtion capability of the semiconductor laser 10. The optical feedback tends to stabilize the laser at a resonance frequency of the ring resonator 40. Thus, the gradient of the frequency modulation characteristic is reduced particularly in the range of lower frequencies. Now, it has been found that the gradient of the frequency modulation characteristic increases when the modulation frequency f mod is in a rational ratio to the free spectral distance FSR of the ring resonator, that means the distance between the fundamental resonance q o of the ring resonator and the adjacent natural resonances. Then, f.sub.mod =j/k*FSR, j and k being integers. This can be recognized from the fact that the light intensity transmitted by the ring resonator increases resonance-like. Normally, when modulating a semiconductor laser with optical feedback from a ring resonator, the semiconductor laser would substantially emit light at one frequency only which corresponds to the resonance frequency q o of the ring resonator. In the experiment of the frequency modulation by directly energizing the semiconductor laser, only very weak sidebands would result. This corresponds to a weak frequency modulation. If not only the carrier frequency f o but also at least one of the sidebands is in resonance with a resonance frequency of the ring resonator, this also has an effect on the sidebands located between carrier frequency and sideband in resonance. These sidebands likewise appear stronger in spectrum. This is illustrated in the FIG. 3. The resonance frequencies q o and q o-1 and q o+1 of the ring resonator are illustrated in FIG. 3. The resonance frequencies q o-1 and q o+1 are located at a distance FSR, the free spectral distance, from the resonance frequency q o . Now, the semiconductor laser 10 is energized and modulated such that the carrier frequency f o coincides with the resonance frequency q o and, at the same time, the fifth sidebands on each side of the carrier frequency coincide with the resonance frequencies q o-1 and q o+1 of the ring resonator 40. It can be seen that, due to the resonances, not only the fifth sidebands but also the intermediate sidebands get stronger. However, as compared to the normal case of a semiconductor laser with optical feedback, this means an improved modulation capability. The stabilization of the laser frequency, nevertheless, remains. Generally, the k-th sideband can coincide with the j-th resonance frequency of the ring resonator 40 in order to achieve such an effect. For a ring resonator f.sub.mod =j/k*c/(l.sub.1 +l.sub.2), l 1 and l 2 being the optical path lengths of the fiber ring 24 between the couplers 26 and 32 running clockwise and counter-clockwise, respectively. For measuring non-reciprocal effects, for example for measuring the rotation rate by means of the Sagnac-effect, the carrier frequency and at least one of the sidebands are brought into resonance with the ring resonator. By the light which, starting from the semiconductor laser 10 (FIG. 1), gets through the fibers 16 and 22 to the detector 34 or through the fibers 16 and 30 to the detector 36, the resonance frequency q o of the ring resonator and the resonant sidebands q o-1 and q o+1 from the ring resonator 40 are guided particularly strongly to the ring resonator 40. The other frequencies reach the detectors 34 and 36 almost undisturbed. A control circuit provides that the carrier frequency f o and the sidebands f o +/- j FSR are located exactly in the "resonant valleys". When a non-reciprocal effect occurs in the ring resonator 40, the resonance functions of the ring resonator 40 is split up for circulations of the laser light of opposite directions. This is illustrated in FIG. 4. The splitting-up Δf is proportional to the non-reciprocal effect. For the Sagnac-effect, it yields: ##EQU1## The maxima of the transmission of the ring resonator 40 are located at shifted frequencies f L and f R , respectively. A phase shift is effected at the same time as the amplitude shift, as illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 4. A phase difference Δf occurs in the range of the resonances between the laser light running clockwise and the laser light running counter-clockwise. For frequences not located in the range of the resonance, e.g. the frequency f k in FIG. 4, there is no phase difference between the light passing the ring resonator 40 right-handedly and left-handedly. If the difference of the signals from the detectors 34 and 36 is formed and the frequency of the laser light is modulated as described, a component of the signal with the modulation frequency results. This component is a measure of the non-reciprocal effect to be measured, that means, for example, of the variation of the optical path length by the Sagnac-effect with a rotary rate about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the fiber ring. In order to achieve a well-defined weak feedback, a non-coated laser diode can be used. Also an attenuator 20 in the form of an optical diode can be provided. The requirements on the insulation of such an optical diode are much lower than, for example, in the communication engineering. An insulation of 20 dB (roundtrip value) is a usable value for the present purposes.

A sensor is to measure a physical quantity which causes a non-reciprocal effect, such as the Sagnac-effect, in an optical ring resonator. This effect provides a difference of clockwise and counter-clockwise optical path lengths in the ring resonator. The difference is proportional to the physical quantity, such as rotation rate in the case of the Sagnac-effect. A semiconductor laser is coupled to the ring resonator and generates clockwise and counter-clockwise beams therein. The laser frequency is modulated by directly energizing the semiconductor laser such that sidebands of the frequency-modulated laser beams are in resonance with the ring resonator. A detector device responds to the difference of the clockwise and counter-clockwise light beams and generates a signal indicative of the measured physical quantity.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 437,920 filed 11.1.82 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,323. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Hydroxylamine, usually in the form of salts such as hydroxylammonium sulfate, hydroxylammonium chloride or the like is widely used as a reagent for preparing various industrial, specialty and pharmaceutical chemicals. Reaction of a hydroxylamine reagent with ketones or aldehydes produces oximes. Other reactions of hydroxylamine reagents produce substituted hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids. Where the organic starting material is either water-soluble or susceptible to an interfacial reaction with an aqueous solution of a hydroxylamine salt, either the chloride or sulfate salt may be used, and the sulfate salt is preferred because of its lower cost. Many products containing oxime or substituted hydroxylamine groups are not susceptible to production in aqueous media. Accordingly, such materials are normally prepared by reaction of solutions of hydroxylammonium chloride in organic solvents such as methanol with the organic precursor in the presence of sufficient base to neutralize the by-product HCl. Because hydroxylammonium sulfate (also called hydroxylamine sulfate) is not soluble in methanol, however, the cheaper sulfate reagent cannot be used to prepare these materials. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A process has been discovered which enables solid hydroxylammonium sulfate to be used to provide hydroxylamine values in alcoholic solutions. Accordingly, the present invention includes a process comprising the steps: (a) reacting an alcoholic solution of a base selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and the corresponding alkoxides of 1-5 carbons with solid hydroxylammonium sulfate, employing an alcohol of 1-3 carbons, a temperature, a pressure and a time sufficient to produce a liquid phase having at least 50% of the hydroxylamine values of the hydroxylammonium sulfate, and (b) separating the solid phase comprising a sulfate salt corresponding to said base from the liquid phase. In the simplest form, this process produces an alcoholic solution of free hydroxylamine with little or no water content (depending upon the base used) and a by-product solid phase containing sulfate salts. Depending, however, upon how much base is used, the alcoholic solution produced may be more or less basic than free hydroxylamine. Furthermore, the alcoholic solution may be converted to various salts, including hydroxylammonium chloride and hydroxylammonium nitrate, preferably after separation of the solid phase, and may also be reacted with an organic substrate to produce an oxime or substitued hydroxlyamine or hydroxamic acid product before or after separating the solid phase. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Three basic materials used in the process of the present invention are a base, an alcohol solvent and hydroxylammonium sulfate. The hydroxylammonium sulfate is normally in solid form, preferably divided up into relatively fine powder or crystals, and may be produced in a variety of processes including, expecially, that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,349,520 of Bonfield et al. (Sept. 14, 1982). The alcohol may be any alkanol of 1-3 carbons, expecially methanol or ethanol, but also isopropanol and propanol when the base is an alkoxide. The base may be sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or an alkoxide. Suitable alkoxides are those of 1-4 carbons such as methoxides, ethoxides, isopropoxides, propoxides and butoxides of sodium, potassium or lithium. It is contemplated, however, that for any particular base, not all alcohols are suitable. Furthermore, for any particular base, specified conditions of temperature and/or pressure may be necessary to achieve the desired conversion of at least about 50% of the hydroxylamine values from the solid hydroxylammonium sulfate to the liquid phase. In the case of sodium hydroxide as base, any of the alcohols indicated above may be used as solvent. The preferred solvent for use with sodium hydroxide is methanol, with ethanol being slightly less preferred. It has been found that for both methanol and ethanol as solvent, the process of the present invention proceeds to higher conversions at lower temperatures. Thus the reaction temperature, while it may be as high as about 30° C., is preferably no greater than about 20° C. and more preferably no greater than about 10° C. Comparative Example 3, below, illustrates the significantly lower yields obtained at 35°-40° C. compared to those obtained at 22°-25° C. (e.g., Example 2) and at 5°-10° C. (e.g., Example 1). The concentration of sodium hydroxide in methanol or ethanol is not critical, but it is preferred to operate as near to the solubility limit of sodium hydroxide in the alcoholic solvent as possible without creating so viscous a solution that agitation becomes difficult. Larger amounts of the solvent may also be used if tolerable in subsequent reactions. Various of the examples illustrate the use of relatively concentrated methanolic and ethanolic solutions of sodium hydroxide in the present process. The amount of sodium hydroxide should be at least that required to neutralize 50% of the hydroxylammonium sulfate reacted, preferably at least that necessary to neutralize all of the hydroxylammonium sulfate. It is contemplated that greater amounts of sodium hydroxide than that stoichiometrically required may be used and, as indicated in Example 9 below, such excess sodium hydroxide may increase the reaction rate without detracting from reaction yields. Excess sodium hydroxide is normally to be used, however, only if the product alcoholic solution is to be used as a reagent in processes where more base would normally be charged at a later time. In other cases, the excess base can be neutralized before the solution is used further. Thus, the product solution can be formed at any desired pH such as from 5 to 12. In using sodium hydroxide in ethanol as the solvent, lower temperatures are still preferred, with reaction below about 30° C., preferably below about 20° C. and more preferably no greater than about 10° C. being contemplated. It appears, however, that the reaction in ethanol is less temperature dependent than the reaction in methanol (see Examples 11 and 12 below). Potassium hydroxide behaves quite differently from sodium hydroxide in the process of the present invention. First, methanol is not a suitable solvent for use with potassium hydroxide. As indicated in Comparative Examples 15 and 16 below, reaction of potassium hydroxide in methanol with hydroxylammonium sulfate produces extremely low yields either at 10° C. or at 22°-25° C. As indicated in Examples 17 and 18 below, however, potassium hydroxide in ethanol is a highly effective means of conducting the present process. These examples demonstrate that the reaction of potassium hydroxide in ethanol with hydroxylammonium sulfate proceeds at a slightly greater rate and to a slightly greater conversion at 22°-25° C. than at 5°-10° C. Accordingly, any temperature not greater than about 40° C. may be used with potassium hydroxide as the base, with temperatures of about 15° to about 25° C. being preferred. Temperatures above 40° C. should not normally be employed, however, since the product free hydroxylamine is likely to decompose significantly faster at such temperatures. As in the case of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide may be used at any concentration and in any amount relative to the hydroxylammonium sulfate charged. Again, however, it is preferred in many cases to use a saturated or nearly saturated solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol rather than dilute solution. It is also preferred to use, relative to the stoichiometric amount of potassium hydroxide, at least that needed to neutralize 50% of the hydroxylammonium sulfate, preferably at least that necessary to neutralize all of the hydroxylammonium sulfate. Excesses of potassium hydroxide may also be used. Lithium hydroxide, as a base in the present invention, may be used with methanol or ethanol. The reaction appears to proceed to slightly higher conversions at higher temperatures, as indicated by Examples 13 and 14 below. Neverless, any temperature up to about 40° C. may be used, with a range of about 10° to about 40° C. being preferred, and a range of about 15° to about 25° C. being more preferred. The reaction of lithium hydroxide in methanol appears to proceed at a slower rate and/or to a lower final conversion than either the reaction of sodium hydroxide in methanol or ethanol or the reaction of potassium hydroxide in ethanol. The above comments relating to concentration of base in the alcohol and to amounts of base relative to hydroxylammonium sulfate made in respect to sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide apply equally to lithium hydroxide. While isopropanol or propanol may be used as solvents with NaOH, KOH, or LiOH, the limited solubilities of these hydroxides and of the product hydroxylamine in these solvents makes these embodiments less preferred to those described above. Ammonium hydroxide, as a base, may be used with any of the lower alcohols in a manner similar to that employed with lithium hydroxide. The term "ammonium hydroxide" is intended to include ammonia plus some amount of water, such as equimolar amounts of ammonia and water, or half or twice the equimolar amount of water. Using ammonia without any water is not considered satisfactory, based on the poor yields shown in comparative Examples 20-24, below. In using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide, pressure is not a critical factor since neither the base nor the solvent is very volatile. Only when methanol or ammonia is used, is pressure at all a factor, and even then atmospheric or even pressures below atmospheric may be used, but pressures at or above atmospheric pressure are preferred, and atmospheric pressure is more preferred. Alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, ethoxide, isopropoxide, propoxide, butoxide and pentylate may be used in place of the hydroxides, having the advantage of not producing water as by-product. Therefore, when a substantially water-free hydroxylamine solution is desired, these more expensive alkoxide bases should be used. Normally, the solvent will correspond to the anion (e.g., sodium methoxide in methanol), but mixed systems (e.g., sodium butoxide in methanol) may be used if the solvent later present (after the hydroxylamine-consuming reaction) is not to be recovered and recycled or can be distilled. While the anion may be larger than three carbons, the solvent is normally a 1-3 carbon alkanol (and is preferably methanol or ethanol) because free hydroxylamine is more soluble in these lower alkanols. In similar fashion, the alkoxides of lithium and potassium may be used, except that potassium alkoxides would normally not be used with methanol as solvent. Alkoxides are more expensive than hydroxides and are, therefore, normally not used unless the 3% or so water in the product solution of the above reactions of hydroxides cannot be tolerated for a particular use. The present invention, using alkoxides still makes available the use of cheaper hydroxylammonium sulfate for such water-sensitive uses. In each ease, one preferred mode of conducting the reaction is to first dissolve (or slurry) the base in the alcohol and then react the alcoholic solution with hydroxylammonium sulfate. As illustrated by Examples 1 and 8, below, essentially identical results can be achieved either by adding the solid hydroxylammonium sulfate to the alcoholic solution or by adding the alcoholic base to the solid hydroxylammonium sulfate. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the two may be mixed in any conventional batch or continuous process scheme normally used to react a solid with a liquid. A less preferred method of conducting the present invention is to mix the base (solid or gas) with the hydroxylammonium sulfate first, and then to add the alcohol. This scheme is less preferred because the process of dissolving the base in the alcohol (which is required before the reaction can occur) is normally an exothermic reaction. Since high temperatures are generally not required (and in the case of sodium hydroxide are preferably avoided), it is desirable that the act of dissolving base in alcohol be conducted first, that the alcoholic solution be cooled and that the cooled alcoholic solution be reacted with the hydroxylammonium sulfate. Another less preferred method is to add the base slowly to hydroxylammonium sulfate slurried in alcohol. Once the reaction between alcoholic base and hydroxylammonium sulfate is complete, or while it is proceeding, the alcoholic solution containing hydroxylamine values may be further reacted with either a mineral acid or an organic reagent such as as aldehyde or ketone. In one mode, this reaction is conducted after separating the by-product sulfate (e.g., sodium sulfate) from the alcoholic hydroxylamine solution. Thus, as illustrated in the Examples below, the alcoholic hydroxylamine solution is reacted with methyl ethyl ketone to produce methyl ethyl ketone oxime. Such reaction may be conducted in the pH normally used for the reaction involved, with pH between about 5 and about 8 used to convert ketones of aldehydes to oximes. The separated hydroxylamine-containing liquid phase may also be reacted with acids such as HCl, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid or oxalic acid to produce the corresponding hydroxylammonium salt (e.g., hydroxylammonium chloride or hydroxylammonium nitrate). Excess base may be removed by neutralizing to pH 7-9 before separating the sulfate solids and introducing the other acids (as in Examples 25-28). If it is desired to recover such salt in solid form, the alcohol may be evaporated off (preferably under vacuum) or may be precipitated by the addition of a non-solvent for the salt such as a hydrocarbon. It is contemplated that such further reaction of hydroxylamine, may be conducted prior to separating the by-product sulfate, such as by having a ketone present in or added with the alcoholic sodium hydroxide solution. In such case, as free hydroxylamine becomes available in the alcoholic solution, it reacts with ketone or aldehyde (provided that the proper pH is reached). Reaction of alcoholic hydroxylamine with a mineral acid is preferably, however, conducted only after the by-product sulfate salt is removed. The step of removing the by-product solid sulfate from alcoholic solution containing hydroxylamine values may be carried out using any conventional technique for separating a solid from a liquid. Centrifugation, filtration, decantation and other conventional engineering steps are included. It is preferred that the recovered solid be washed with a solvent (such as the alcohol used for the solution) to remove adhered hydroxylamine-containing alcohol. Thereafter the solid may be dried, washed or recrystallized, treated in other ways to recover unreacted hydroxylammonium sulfate, or disposed of as initially separated. The present invention is illustrate by the follwing Examples, which are not intended to limit the invention: EXAMPLE 1 A solution of methanolic sodium hydroxide was prepared by mixing sodium hydroxide pellets (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) with absolute methanol (150 mL) in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. In the meantime a 500 mL 3-necked flask was fitted with a thermometer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet (inert atmosphere) and a magnetic stirring bar (PTFE-coated, 11/2 inches or 3.8 cm long) was placed in it. Solid hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) was placed in the flask with methanol (50 mL) and the flask was placed in an ice-water bath over a stir plate. With vigorous stirring, the methanolic NaOH solution was added slowly (over 5 minutes) using the dropping funnel, maintaining the reaction mixture temperature below 10° C. After the addition was complete, stirring was continued for 11/2 hours more with cooling (5°-10° C.). A white slurry resulted and this was filtered over a Buchner funnel and the cake was washed with more methanol (25 mL). The clear and colorless filtrate (pH 12.5) was analyzed for free hydroxylamine by mixing with known excess of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (40 g) and adjusting the pH to 7 with concentrated H 2 SO.sub. 4 (2.5 g). Methyl ethyl ketoxime formed was determined by gas chromatography to correspond to free hydroxylamine (87.4% yield). The white filter cake (34.2 g) of sodium sulfate was analyzed for remaining hydroxylamine sulfate by dissolving in water (150 mL) and mixing with excess of MEK (40 g) and titrating with 50% NaOH solution (3.9 g) to pH 7. The amount of hydroxylamine sulfate left in the cake represented 11.4% of the total. EXAMPLE 2 A 500 mL resin flask was fitted with thermometer, dropping funnel, nitrogen inlet and a stainless steel propeller-type over-head stirrer. Hydroxylamine sulfate crystals (35 g; 0.213 mol) were mixed with methanol (50 mL); and, with vigorous stirring but no extraneous cooling, a methanolic solution of NaOH (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) in methanol (150 mL) was added over 5 minutes. Agitation was continued for 2 hours at ambient temperature (22°-25° C.). The white slurry was worked up as in Example 1. The filtrate (with methanol wash) was analyzed as in Example 1 by gas chromatography. (Yield 71.2%). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 As in Example 1, the experiment was conducted in a 500 mL 3-necked flask using a PTFE-coated magnetic stirrer. Hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) as a slurry in methanol (50 mL) was treated with vigorous stirring with sodium hydroxide solution prepared from NaOH pellers (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) and methanol (150 mL). During the addition and subsequent stirring (11/2 hours) the temperature was maintained at 35°-40° C. using a circulating bath. The filtrate with methanol wash (214.6 g) was mixed with MEK (40 g) and adjusted pH to 7 with concentrated H 2 SO 4 (16.9 g). Gas chromatographic analysis of MEK oxime produced showed the yield to be 18.8%. The filter cake (35.4 g) required 26.5 g of 50% NaOH solution to neutralize, suggesting that 76.5% of hydroxylamine sulfate was left unused. This example shows that poorer yields are obtained at 35°-40° C. EXAMPLE 4 The experiment was conducted exactly as in Example 1, using a magnetic stirrer in a 500 mL 3-necked flask. Hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) was reacted with NaOH (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) using total methanol (163 mL). Temperature was maintained at 5°-10° C. as the mixture was stirred for 6 hours. The filtrate (pH 8.4 ) was analyzed in the usual manner and was found to account for 90.7% yield of hydroxylamine. The solid cake (36 g) required 0.3 g of 50% NaOH, which suggested that a trace amount (0.9%) of hydroxylamine sulfate was present in the solid cake. EXAMPLE 5 The experiment was conducted exactly as in Example 4. The reaction mixture was maintained at about 10° C. for the first 6 hours and then stirred at ambient temperature (about 22° C.) for 12 hours more. At the end of 18 hours the slurry was worked up as usual. The filtrate (pH 6.5 ) accounted for 80.5% yield of hydroxylamine, while the filter cake showed virtually no hydroxylamine sulfate left. EXAMPLE 6 The same equipment as in Example 1 was used. A total of 200 mL of methanol was used to slurry hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) with NaOH (17.2 g; 0.43 mol). The reaction was conducted below 10° C. using ice water bath for 4 hours with vigorous stirring. The filtrate, when analyzed in the usual manner (gas chromatography), showed 91.6% yield of free hydroxylamine. The cake required 2.6 g of 50% NaOH representing 7.6% of hydroxylamine sulfate. EXAMPLE 7 Sodium hydroxide pellets (103.2 g; 2.58 mol) were dissolved in absolute methanol (750 mL) and added slowly (15 minutes) to a stirred slurry of hydroxylamine sulfate (210 g; 1.28 mol) with methanol (228 mL) placed in a 2 liter, 3-necked flask fitted with thermometer, dropping funnel and an overhead glass stirrer with three inch long PTFE paddle. A five-eighths inch wide PTFE baffle was also introduced into the liquid to provide good agitation. The temperature during the addition and subsequent stirring (4 hours) was maintained at 5° C. using a thermostated bath. The white slurry at the end of stirring was filtered and the cake washed with more methanol. The total filtrate (845.5 g) was analyzed by gas chromatography after conversion to MEK oxime by mixing with MEK and adjusting pH to 7 (from pH 12.9) using concentrated H 2 SO 4 (21.0 g). Yield 82.1% hydroxylamine. The wet cake (208.5 g) was dissolved in water (900 g) and mixed with MEK (200 g) and then neutralized with 50% NaOH solution (35.8 g). The leftover hydroxylamine sulfate in the cake corresponded to 17.3% of the total sulfate used. EXAMPLE 8 The experiment was conducted using the same equipment as in Example 1. Sodium hydroxide (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) was dissolved in methanol (200 mL) and the solution was placed in the 500 mL flask. With stirring and cooling (5°-10° C.) solid hydroxylamine sulfate was added using a spatula over 20 minutes. The mixture was then stirred for 1.5 hours more and the white slurry filtered. The filtrate on analysis in the usual manner showed 86.6% of the hydroxylamine. The solid on analysis was found to contain 10.4% of hydroxylamine sulfate that was started with. EXAMPLE 9 A solution of NaOH pellets (34.4 g; 0.86 mol) in methanol (250 mL) was added to hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) mixed with methanol (38 mL) with vigorous agitation in a 500 mL 3-necked flask. Temperature was maintained at 7°-10° C. during the stirring of one hour. The slurry was filtered and analyzed as usual. The filtrate showed 78.3% yield of free hydroxylamine. The filter cake was found to contain 12.2% of hydroxylamine sulfate. EXAMPLE 10 The equipment as in Example 1 was used. NaOH (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) was discovered in methanol (150 mol) and mixed with water (7.5 mL); and this solution was added to hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) suspended in methanol (50 mL). Temperature was maintained between 5° and 10° C. during the addition, and vigorous stirring for 2 hours with cooling. The white slurry was filtered and the cake washed on the filter with more methanol (25 mL). The total filtrate on analysis (gas chromatography) showed 70.8% yield of free hydroxylamine. Analysis of the crude cake (37.0 g) showed that it contained 27.9% of hydroxylamine sulfate. This example shows that added water had no beneficial effect. EXAMPLE 11 Sodium hydroxide pellets (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) were stirred over nearly two hours in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask with absolute ethanol (200 mL) till a clear solution was obtained. The solution was placed in a 250 mL dropping funnel which in turn was placed on a 500 mL 3-necked flask fitted with thermometer and a drying tube (Drierite™). A 1.5 inch long PTFE-coated stirring rod was placed in the flask along with hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) and absolute ethanol (20 mL). As the contents were stirred vigorously over the stir-plate with cooling in an ice water bath (5°-10° C.), the ethanolic solution of NaOH was added slowly (10 minutes). The slurry was continued to be stirred vigorously for 3 hours with cooling. The white slurry produced was filtered and the filter cake washed with more ethanol (25 mL). The white solid cake (38.6 g) was analyzed in the usual manner and was found to contain hydroxylamine sulfate representing 4.7% of the starting amount. The clear filtrate was analyzed by gas chromatography after mixing with excess MEK (40 g) and adjusting the pH to 7 with concentrated H 2 SO 4 . Yield 88.3%. EXAMPLE 12 The experiment was performed exactly as in Example 11, except that the temperature during the mixing of reactants and subsequent stirring was maintained between 22° and 25° C. At the end of 3 hours of stirring, the filtrate with washing was analyzed as usual and showed 89.1% yield of free hydroxylamine. The white solid (36.0 g) on neutralization with 50% NaOH (1.0 g) showed the presence of 2.9% hydroxylamine sulfate left in the cake. EXAMPLE 13 The equipment as in Example 1 was used and a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H 2 O; 18.0 g; 0.428 mol) in methanol (200 mL) was added with stirring to a mixture of hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) and methanol (20 mL). Temperature was maintained at 10° C. during the stirring for 1.5 hours. The white slurry on filtration furnished a clear filtrate and a white solid cake. The filtrate on analysis (gas chromatography) showed 45.8% free hydroxylamine in solution. The wet solid cake (41 g) was found to contain hydroxylamine sulfate corresponding to 42.6% of the orginal amount. EXAMPLE 14 The experiment was repeated exactly as in Example 13, except that embient temperature (22°-24° C.) was maintained throughout. Stirring was continued for 3 hours and the slurry was filtered. The solid (38.0 g) was found to contain 13.1% of the total hydroxylamine sulfate. The filtrate on analysis showed 53.8% yield of free hydroxylamine. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 15 The equipment as in Example 1 was used. Potassium hydroxide pellets (24.0 g; 0.428 mol) were dissolved in methanol (150 mL) and the clear solution was added slowly (5 minutes) to a stirred slurry of hydroxylamine sulfate (35.0 g; 0.213 mol) in methanol (50 mL). With the temperature maintained at 10° C., stirring was continued for 3 hours. On filtering a clear filtrate was collected along with a crystalline solid cake. Analysis of the filtrate by gas chromatography after conversion to MEK oxime showed that virtually no hydroxylamine (<1.0%) was liberated. The crystalline solid was found to be virtually pure hydroxylamine sulfate. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 16 The experiment was conducted exactly as in Comparative Example 15, using KOH (24.0 g; 0.428 mol), methanol (200 mL total) and hydroxylamine sulfate (35.0 g; 0.213 mol). Ambient temperature (22°-25° C.) was maintained during the addition and susequent stirring (1 hour). On filtration a crystalline solid was collected, and this was found to be virtually pure hydroxylamine sulfate. The filtrate on analysis showed less than 5% yield of hydroxylamine. EXAMPLE 17 The 500 mL 3-neck flask as in Example 1 was used. Potassium hydroxide pellets (24.0 g; 0.428 mol) were dissolved in ethanol (150 mL) and added to a slurry of hydroxylamine sulfate (35.0 g; 0.213 mol) with ethanol (50 mL) over 5 minutes with no extraneous cooling. The temperature during the addition and subsequent stirring over 3 hours remained between 22° and 25° C. A white slurry resulted and this filtered and the white solid on the filter washed with more ethanol. The clear filtrate with washings was analyzed to contain 77.9% yield of free hydroxylamine. The wet cake (43.0 g) was dissolved in water and analyzed for unreacted hydroxylamine sulfate (16.6%). EXAMPLE 18 The experiment was performed exactly as in Example 17, except that the temperature was maintained throughout the mixing and subsequent stirring period (3 hours) at 5°-10° C. using an ice-water bath. The filtrate (204 g) on analysis (gas chromatography) gave a yield of 70.0% of free hydroxylamine. The solid (38.0 g) was found to contain (24.1%) of the hydroxylamine sulfate that was orginally used. EXAMPLE 19 In a 500 mL resin flask fitted with an overhead stirrer was placed hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) mixed with methanol (200 mL) and water (10 mL). To the slurry (pH 4.2) was bubbled ammonia gas from a cylinder till the pH rose to 9.0 with stirring and cooling in water bath. At the end of one hour stirring pH had dropped to 6.6. More ammonia was introduced (pH 9.0) and stirring continued. This was repeated several times over a total of 3 hours. Finally, when the pH did not change after bringing up to 9.5 and stirring over 15 minutes, the slurry was filtered and the clear filtrate analyzed. The hydroxylamine content in the filtrate was determined to be 46.7% of theoretical yield. The white filter cake after dissolving in water was analyzed and found to contain 42.4% of the orginial hydroxylamine sulfate started with. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 20 Ammonia gas was dissolved in absolute methanol and a solution containing 11.6% NH 3 was prepared. Portion of this solution (88 g=10.2 g NH 3 ) was added to a slurry of hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) in methanol (100 mL) in a 500 mL 3-neck flask provided with magnetic stirring bar. The flask was cooled in ice water bath (5°-10° C.) and the slurry was stirred vigorously for 3 hours. It was filtered and the cake washed with methanol to furnish a solution (176 g). This clear solution was analyzed potentiometrically and found to contain 17.1% yield of hydroxylamine. The white solid (33 g) was dissolved in water and analyzed and found to contain 78.5% hydroxylamine sulfate still present unused. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 21 Ammonia solution in methanol (100 g=11.7 g NH 3 ) was added to hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) and methanol (100 mL) in a 500 mL autoclave and the reactor quickly sealed. The contents were stirred for 3 hours with cooling at 10° C. No pressure development was noticed throughout. The slurry was filtered and the cake washed with methanol. The total filtrate (263 g) on analysis potentiometrically showed the presence of free hyroxylamine corresponding to 10.0% of theoretical. The crude solid (32.5 g) contained 82.8% of unused hydroxylamine sulfate. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 22 In a 500 mL autoclave was placed solid hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) mixed with methanol (50 mL) and a solution of ammonia in methanol (150 g of 7.4% solution=11.1 g NH 3 ) was added quickly and the autoclave sealed. The contents were heated (40°-50° C.) and stirred very vigorously for 2 hours. Slight pressure development was noticed during the heating, but the pressure disappeared as it was cooled to ambient temperature. The contents were filtered and a colorless filtrate (196 g) collected along with white solid (32 g). The filtrate was analyzed potentiometrically and found to contain 5.7% yield of hydroxylamine. The solid contained 84.0% of unreacted hydroxylamine sulfate. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 23 The same 500 mL autoclave as in previous example was used. A solution of NH 3 in ethanol (150 g, 5.7%=8.55 g NH 3 ) was added quickly to hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) and ethanol (50 mL) in the autoclave. After sealing the reactor, it was stirred at ambient temperature (19° C.) for 3 hours. On filtration of the contents and washing with ethanol, a clear, colorless liquid (232 g) was collected which on analysis as usual showed 13.9% yield of free hydroxylamine. The solid (32 g) contained hydroxylamine sulfate corresponding to 76.7% of the amount started with. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 24 In a 500 mL 3-neck flask was placed hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0213 mol) and solution of sodium hydroxide pellets (17.2 g; 0.43 mol) in ethylene glycol (300 g) was added with stirring using a magnetic stirring bar. Stirring was continued over a total of 3 hours, first 2 hours at room temperature and the last hour at 30° C. After filtering the viscous slurry, the filtrate was analyzed potentiometrically and was found to have hydroxylamine equal to 7.4% yield. The white solid (32 g) was analyzed and found to contain 75.3% of the orginial hydroxylamine sulfate. EXAMPLE 25 In a 500 mL 3-necked flask was placed hydroxylamine sulfate (70 g; 0.43 mol) with methanol (50 mL). To this was added with stirring using magnetic stirring bar a solution of NaOH pellets (34.4 g; 0.86 mol) in methanol (300 mL) over 15 minutes with cooling in an ice-water bath. Stirring was continued over 3 hours at temperatures ranging from 2° to 7° C. The pH of the slurry was recorded (11.2) and conc. H 2 SO 4 (1.5 g) was added dropwise untio pH 8.0 was reached. The white slurry was filtered and the cake washed on the filter with more methanol. The total filtrate (323 g) was analyzed potentiometrically and found to contain free hydroxylamine corresponding to 85.2% of the starting sulfate. The filtercake (69 g) was analyzed for hydroxylamine sulfate left behind (10.9%). The methanolic solution of hydroxylamine was placed in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer containing a magnetic stirring bar and the flask in turn was placed in an ice bath over a stir plate. HCl gas was slowly bubbled into the solution with stirring and maintaining the temperature at 20°-25° C. HCl addition was continued until the pH dropped from 8.0 to 2.8. The solution was then placed in a 1 liter round bottom flask and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. White crystalline solid of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (49.9 g) was collected (M.P. 154.5° C.) yield 84.1%. EXAMPLE 26 A solution sodium methoxide in methanol produced by dissolving sodium (10 g; 0.435 mol) in methanol (150 mL) was stirred with hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) in ice-water bath (5°-10° C.) over 2 hours. The slurry filtered and the clear methanolic filtrate with cake-wash (pH 9.2) was mixed with conc. H 2 SO 4 (0.8 g) to pH 8.0. The thin white solid produced was filtered off and the clear filtrate was placed in 500 mL Erlenmeyer with a magnetic stirring bar. While cooling in ice-water and stirring, conc. HNO 3 (35.5 g) was added till the pH reached 2.8. The clear methanolic solution of hydroxylamine nitrate (273.3 mL) was found to contain 37.99 g NH 2 OH.HNO 3 (13.9 g in 100 mL). Overall yield 92.7%. EXAMPLE 27 A solution of hydroxylamine in methanol prepared as in Example 7 was used. The solution (100 ml containing 4.84 g NH 2 OH) was placed in a 250 mL 3-neck flask fitted with thermometer and a dropping funnel and containing a magnetic stirring bar. With stirring and cooling in an ice-water bath (5° C.) 85% othophosphoric acid (8.0 g; 0.069 mol) was slowly added till pH of the solution dropped from 11.8 to 8.0, and a bulky-white slurry was produced. After stirring at 5° C. for 15 minutes more, the solid was collected by filtration (11.8 g crude cake). It was recrystallized from hot water, and white crystalline hydroxylammonium phosphate (8.2 g on drying ) was collected. Yield 85.4% (M.P. 175° C. with decomposition). EXAMPLE 28 A solution of hydroxylamine in methanol (680 mL) as in Example 27 was used (pH 11.8). Conc. H 2 SO 4 was slowly added to adjust the pH to 8.0 and the thin white precipitat formed was filtered off and the clear filtrate placed in a 1 liter Erlenmeyer flask. A magnetic stirring bar was introduced and the flask was placed in an ice-water bath. Oxalic acid (45 g; 0.5 mol) dissolved in methanol (100 mL) was slowly added with cooling and stirring. A thick white slurry was produced and this was filtered and the crude white solid (84.8 g) was collected. A portion (25 g) of this solid was recrystallized from hot water to produce white crystalline hydroxylammonium oxalate (M.P. 192° C. with decomposition). Yield 94.6%. EXAMPLE 29 A 500 mL 3-necked flask was fitted with a thermometer, reflux-condenser and drying tube. Freshly cut sodium (10.0 g; 0.435 mol) was placed in the flask and absolute methanol (175 mL) was carefully added with cooling. After the sodium was completely dissolved in methanol forming a clear solution of sodium methoxide, solid hydroxylamine sulfate (35 g; 0.213 mol) was added with cooling over 2 minutes. No significant exotherm was noticed. The mixture was stirred with cooling (10° C.) in ice-water bath using a magnetic stirring bar over a stir plate for one hour. Subsequently, cooling was removed and vigorous stirring continued at ambient temperature for 2 hours more. By this point a white slurry had formed, and this was filtered and the cake washed using more methanol. The total filtrate (162 g) was analyzed potentiometrically and found to contain hydroxylamine corresponding to 87.5% yield. The filtrate was virtually free of water (<0.5% H 2 O). The white solid (32 g) was dissolved in water and analyzed for unused hydroxylamine sulfate (1.6%). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 30 In a 500 mL 3 neck flask fitted with thermometer, reflux condenser, and drying tube was placed absolute methanol (100 mL) and freshly-cut potassium (8.4 g; 0.215 mol) was added piece-by-piece with cooling in ice-bath and a clear solution of potassium methoxide in methanol was produced. To this solution was added with vigorous stirring crystalline hydroxylamine sulfate (17.5 g; 0.107 mol) and stirring was continued at ambient temperature for 3 hours. No noticeable change (no milkiness) was found to be developing. The slurry was filtered and the filter cake was washed with more methanol. The total filtrate (125 g) was analyzed potentiometrically and found to contain virtually no hydroxylamine (<0.3% yield). The crude filter cake (18 g) which appeared crystalline (similar to the starting hydroxylamine sulfate) was dissolved in water (75 mL) and analyzed and found to contain over 95% of the starting hydroxylamine sulfate.

Solid hydroxylammonium sulfate is reacted with an alcohol solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkoxide to produce an alcoholic hydroxylamine liquid phase and a sulfate-containing solid phase. The liquid phase may be used for further reactions such as oxidations, hydroxamic acid production or neutralization to other hydroxylammonium salts. The different bases behave differently with regard to suitable and preferable solvents and temperatures.

This application claims the priority of German Patent Application No. 29902514.4 filed Feb. 15, 1999, the disclosure of which is hereby fully incorporated by reference herein. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention pertains to a device for transporting fluids, especially viscous adhesive or sealing materials, with a supply line which can be connected to a source of fluid, a cylinder which can be filled with fluid by means of the supply line, and a movable piston inside the cylinder for ejecting fluid which is in the cylinder into a discharge line which communicates with the interior of the cylinder. The piston has an axial fluid channel and can be moved by means of a piston rod which has an axial fluid channel, with an inlet valve positioned between the supply line and the cylinder which can optionally be moved to open and closed positions to release or interrupt the supply of fluid from the supply line to the interior of the cylinder. 2. Background of the Invention Known devices generally related to the present invention are used in order to transport adhesives or other fluids in measured quantities. One such device is known from the disclosed German patent application DE 42 11 370 A1. In the known transport device, a piston which is connected to a hollow tappet, having an axial channel which is connected to the cavity of the tappet, can be moved by means of a pneumatic or hydraulic drive cylinder inside a transport cylinder in such a way that fluid from the transport cylinder is ejected through the fluid channel formed in the piston and the hollow tappet and into a flexible line. The disadvantages here are the relatively long flow paths of the fluid through the piston, the hollow tappet and the hose. In addition, only a relatively imprecisely measured quantity of fluid can be transported by means of the pneumatic drive cylinder. An additional disadvantage consists in the fact that the known transport device is a relatively large construction due to the pneumatic cylinder which drives the displacement piston. Furthermore, the transport of the fluid is subject to variations, since the gas in the pneumatic cylinder is compressible and there can therefore be variations in pressure in the pneumatic cylinder and uneven movement of the piston. From the public application papers for 20 38 369, a cylinder pump is known which has a piston which can be moved in a cylinder by means of a piston rod, where one end of the piston rod has threading which engages a rotatable threaded sleeve in order to axially move the piston rod and thus the piston. A disadvantage of this device is that so-called dead spaces can occur in the cylinder chamber, in which fluid collects and is not ejected from the cylinder chamber over the period of several strokes of the piston. Furthermore, because of the dead spaces there can be unwanted temperature changes in the fluid, due to the fact that a quantity of fluid which is the first to be drawn into the cylinder cools down within the cylinder, and is not pressed out of the cylinder chamber until the end of the ejection stroke of the piston, whereas fluid which is last drawn into the cylinder is the first to be pressed out of the cylinder chamber again with the help of the piston. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the task of providing a device to transport the fluid which avoids the disadvantages of the state of technology and makes it possible to transport an exactly measured quantity of a fluid, having compact and simple construction, and which in particular makes it possible to transport small quantities of fluid. The invention accomplishes this task by providing the fluid transport device with a threaded piston rod. The threading on the piston rod engages corresponding threading on a drive element which is mounted so that it can rotate and can be propelled in a rotating manner, so that the piston can be moved in a cylinder by means of rotating the drive element. The advantages of the invention consist mainly in the fact that by means of the corresponding threading on the piston rod, which has an axial fluid channel, and the drive element, measured transport of fluid with very exactly adjustable transport flows is realized, and at the same time there is the guarantee that because of the fluid channels formed in both the piston and the piston rod it is possible to fill the interior of the cylinder through these interconnected fluid channels, so that a quantity of fluid which is the first to reach the interior of the cylinder, after flowing through the interior of the cylinder, is the first again to be ejected, without small or even larger quantities of fluid collecting in a dead space in the cylinder and remaining in the cylinder longer than other quantities of fluid (first-in-first-out principle). By means of the combination, in accordance with the invention, of a piston rod which can be propelled with the help of threads, and the piston rod which has a fluid channel and a piston which also has an axial fluid channel, a compact design is realized for the device. In an especially preferred manner, the piston rod is designed as a hollow spindle with male threads, and the drive element is designed as a threaded sleeve with female threads, since in this manner the double function of the piston rod in the form of a hollow spindle which serves on the one hand as the supply line for feeding the fluid into the interior of the cylinder and on the other hand as a means of propulsion for moving or shifting the piston inside the cylinder in order to draw fluid into or press it out of the piston can be realized with an especially compact and simple design. In a manner which is likewise preferred, the implementation variant just described is further advanced by having the threaded sleeve mounted in a fixed location by means of a roller bearing on a housing and propellable by means of an electric motor, and by having gears between the threaded sleeve and the electric motor. The threaded sleeve, which is engaged with the hollow spindle in order to move the threaded sleeve and the piston axially, is thereby permanently and precisely mounted, and because of the gearing it can be driven at relatively low rotational speed, depending on the desired quantity to be transported, so that the piston is shifted in the cylinder at relatively low speed, in order to be able to transport relatively small quantities. At the same time, because of the gears, which preferably provide for a reduction in the speed of the electric motor, when the rotary speed of the drive element is low a relatively high torque is guaranteed in the drive element, so that the piston is moved in the cylinder with a relatively high force, so that variations in transport quantity can largely be avoided even with highly viscous fluids. A gear system of relatively simple and reliable design consists in a gearset with a toothed belt, which works together with a gear wheel which is coupled to the threaded sleeve and another gear wheel which is coupled to the drive shaft of the electric motor. In an especially preferred manner there is provision for the fluid flow path between an end section of the hollow spindle at the opposite end from the piston and the supply line to be interruptible by means of the inlet valve, for the inlet valve to be movable together with the hollow spindle, and for the supply line to be in the form of a flexible hose. The inlet valve is moved to the open position in order to fill the interior of the cylinder, and in this position the piston is shifted in such a way that fluid flows into the interior of the cylinder through the hollow spindle and the fluid channel formed in the piston. After the piston has reached its end position, the inlet valve is closed, and in order to transport fluid the hollow spindle can now be moved together with the piston by rotating the drive element, with the effect that fluid is pressed from the interior of the cylinder into a discharge line, which is preferably connected directly to the cylinder. By means of the flexible hose, the movements of the hollow spindle and the inlet valve can be adjusted relative to a fixed fluid source without problem. In accordance with an additional preferred variant form it is proposed that the hollow spindle be guided at its end opposite the piston, and if appropriate that the inlet valve be guided by means of a linear guide. By having the piston guided axially inside the cylinder, on the one hand, and having the hollow spindle guided by means of a linear guide on the other hand, the elements of the device which can be moved relative to a housing are guided reliably for the back-and-forth movement which is necessary for operation. At the same time, an anti-twist prevention is realized for the hollow spindle and the piston. In a purposeful and robust manner, the linear guide has two guide rods and several guide sleeves which slide on the guide rods. In an additional alternative implementation form of the invention, the inlet valve can be activated pneumatically or magnetically, since for both of these variants only little design effort is necessary. In an especially preferred manner, the discharge line is connected directly to the interior of the cylinder, and connects downstream to the discharge line of a fluid applying device, so that a complete device for transporting and applying a fluid is realized which can be attached to a robot arm, so as to be able, for example, to apply adhesive to motor vehicle parts in the manufacture of automobiles. Since heated adhesives and sealants may be processed in many industrial applications, in accordance with an additional refinement of the invention a heating system is provided to heat the cylinder, so that the adhesive or sealant is kept at a preset temperature, especially during intermittent operation with relatively long interruptions in transport. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described below on the basis of a sample implementation of a device for transporting fluids according to the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The illustrations show the following: FIG. 1 illustrates a device in accordance with the invention, in a partially sectional view; FIG. 2 is a side view of the device from FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a top view of the device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The device shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 is used to transport and then to apply viscous adhesive or sealing materials on surfaces of substrates such as body parts of motor vehicles, and consists essentially of a fluid transporting device 2 and a fluid application device 4 which is coupled thereto. The entire device is removably attached by means of an attaching element 6 to a robot arm (not shown) or a jig of a production facility, so that the fluid application device 4 , which has a discharge jet for delivering adhesive or sealant, can be positioned relative to the substrate and possibly moved. The fluid application device 4 also contains an electrically or pneumatically activated application valve (not shown), by means of which the fluid channel formed inside the fluid application device 4 can optionally be opened or interrupted. The fluid transport device 2 has a supply line 10 in the form of a flexible and heatable hose, which can be connected to a fluid source (not shown), a cylinder 14 formed in a metal housing 12 , and a piston 16 which can move in the cylinder 14 . The cylinder 14 formed on the housing 12 has an interior which is limited by a tube-like cylindrical sleeve 18 which is inserted into the housing 12 . Sleeve 18 is made of a wear-resistant metal. The piston 16 is sealed against the inner surface of the cylindrical sleeve 18 by means of appropriate seals. The piston 16 has a fluid channel 20 running in the axial direction, which expands like a funnel in its lower section, so that fluid flows into the interior of the cylinder beneath the piston 16 at a lower speed than the flow speed in the cylindrical section of the fluid channel 20 . The volume of the interior of the cylinder 14 is defined at any given time by the position of the piston 16 within the cylinder 14 . In FIG. 1 the piston 16 is located in its lower stop position, in which the interior space of the cylinder 14 below the piston 16 is minimal. The interior space of the cylinder 14 below the piston 16 communicates directly with a discharge line 22 which is cylindrical in cross section, through which fluid can be introduced into the fluid application device 4 . Inside the fluid application device 4 there is a fluid channel (not shown), which leads from the discharge line 22 to the discharge jet 8 . A piston rod 24 is designed in the form of a hollow spindle 25 with male threading, and has a fluid channel running in the axial direction which communicates with the fluid channel 20 of the piston 16 . At its lower end section on the end toward the piston 16 , the piston rod 24 is solidly connected to the piston 16 . The outside diameter of the piston rod is smaller than the inside diameter of the cylindrical sleeve 18 , so that there is no contact between the piston rod 24 and the cylindrical sleeve 18 . On its upper end section, on the end away from the piston 16 , the piston rod 24 in the form of a hollow spindle 25 is connected to a housing 28 . The housing 28 contains a channel 30 , partially shown, which makes a connection between the supply line 10 in the form of a hose and the fluid channel 26 formed in the hollow spindle 25 . By means of an adapter 40 , there is a connecting channel between the supply line 10 and the channel 30 within the housing 28 . In addition, the housing 28 holds an inlet valve 32 , which is inserted into the channel 30 between the supply line 10 and the end section of the hollow spindle 25 . This inlet valve 32 can be moved optionally to an open or a closed position. The inlet valve 32 makes it possible to interrupt the feeding of fluid from the supply line 10 through the channel 30 , the fluid channel 26 inside the hollow spindle 25 , and through the fluid channel 20 of the piston 16 into the interior of the cylinder 14 beneath the piston 16 . In the open position the fluid channel or fluid flow path described above is released. The inlet valve 32 is activated pneumatically. The housing 28 , which is made of a rigid material, preferably metal, the upper end section of the hollow spindle 25 which is rigidly connected to the housing 28 , and the inlet valve 32 are guided in a straight line by means of a linear guide 34 . The linear guide 34 has two glide rods 36 which are parallel to each other and [at some] spaced apart, and four guide sleeves 38 which slide on the guide rods 36 . Because of the attachment of the hollow spindle 25 to the linear-oriented housing 28 , the hollow spindle 25 together with the guidance implemented inside the cylinder 14 by the piston 16 is centered within the cylinder 14 and can carry out a linear up-and-down movement without being caused to rotate. As FIG. 2 shows, on the end sections of the guide rods 36 there are electric switches 37 and 39 which supply an electrical signal when the upper and lower end positions of the spindle 24 and the piston 16 are reached, in order to switch off the electric motor 46 . These switches 37 , 39 may switch the electric motor 46 off directly. To move the piston rod 24 in the form of a hollow spindle 25 , together with the piston 16 , up and down, there is a drive 42 element which is mounted on the housing 12 in such a way that it can rotate. This drive element 42 has female threading which engages the male threads of the piston rod 24 , which is in the form of a hollow spindle 25 . The drive element 42 is designed as a threaded sleeve, and is mounted to the housing 12 by means of a roller bearing 44 . By rotating the drive element 42 , and because of the engagement with the hollow spindle 25 , it exerts an axial force on the latter in an upward or downward direction, depending on the direction of rotation, which leads to an upward or downward movement of the piston 16 inside the cylinder 14 and thus either to ejection of fluid from or intake into the interior of the cylinder 14 . The drive element 42 is driven by means of an electric motor 46 and an intermediate gearset 48 . The gearset 48 has a first gear wheel 50 which is coupled to the driveshaft of the electric motor 46 , a second gear wheel 52 which is coaxial to the hollow spindle 25 , and a toothed belt 54 which passes around both gear wheels 50 , 52 . The gear wheel 52 , which can thus be turned by the electric motor 46 , is coupled to the drive element 42 by means of two connecting disks 56 , 58 . The electric motor 48 is coupled to a sensor 47 for the angle of rotation, which supplies information about the present angle of rotation, speed of rotation and direction of rotation of the driveshaft of the electric motor and the spindle 25 , and thus about the position, speed and direction of movement of the piston 16 , and ultimately about the quantity of fluid being transported. The rotational angle sensor 47 is of high resolution, so that the information mentioned above is very exact. An electric heater 60 with a resistance heating element is placed around the portion of the housing 12 which forms the cylinder 14 , in order to heat the cylinder 14 . The heater 60 is controlled by a controlling and regulating unit, which is not shown. To fill the interior of the cylinder 14 , the inlet valve 32 is first moved to its open position by means of the controlling and regulating unit. At the same time, the application valve for the fluid application device 4 is moved to the closed position. Immediately thereafter, the electric motor 46 is switched on, so that gear wheel 50 and gear wheel 52 are turned, the latter at a reduced speed which corresponds to the translation ratio compared to gear 50 . Together with gear wheel 52 , the drive element 42 is rotated. Because the female threads of the drive element 42 engage the male threads of the piston rod 24 in the form of a hollow spindle 25 , the piston 16 is moved upward from its lower stop position, shown in FIG. 1, in the direction of its upper stop position. At the same time the hollow spindle 25 , the housing 28 , the inlet valve 32 , the adapter 40 and the lower section of the supply line 10 in the form of a hose are moved upward translationally. During the upward movement, fluid such as adhesive or sealant is transported through the hose, the adapter 40 , the channel 30 , the inlet valve 32 , which is in the open position, through the axial fluid channel 26 formed in the piston rod 24 and the axial fluid channel 20 formed in the piston 16 , into the interior space of the piston 16 beneath the cylinder. When the piston 16 has reached its upper stop position, the drive motor 46 is switched off automatically by activating the electric switch 37 , so that the movement of the piston 16 and the piston rod 24 is interrupted. To transport fluid from the fluid transporting device 2 through the discharge line 22 to the fluid application device 4 , the electric motor 46 is switched on in the direction opposite to the direction for filling the cylinder 14 , so that the drive element 42 is now rotated in the opposite direction by means of the gearset 48 , so that the hollow spindle 25 together with the piston 16 in FIG. 1 is moved downward within the cylinder 14 , so that fluid which is beneath the piston 16 is transported through the discharge line 22 into the fluid application device 4 . The inlet valve 32 is in the closed position while the piston 16 is moving downward. By means of the fluid application device 4 , the adhesive can be applied to a substrate through the discharge jet 8 , possibly by means of pressurized gas. The fluid application device 4 is used either for simple application of fluid, or possibly for applying fluid under the effect of a flow of pressurized gas on the fluid (such as rotary spraying). When the piston 16 reaches its lower stop position, the electric motor 46 is switched off by activating the switch 39 . The fluid transport device 2 is then ready for another filling procedure as described above, to fill the interior of the cylinder 14 with adhesive. The piston rod 24 in the form of a hollow spindle 25 has a dual function. On the one hand, fluid is conducted through the hollow spindle 25 from the supply line 10 into the interior of the cylinder 14 . On the other hand, the hollow spindle 25 serves for propulsion, that is, to shift the piston 16 axially within the cylinder 14 . This gives the device according to the invention a very compact design, and permits precisely measured transport of the fluid. The transport stream can be regulated precisely by adjusting the speed of the electric motor 46 , and depending on the translation ratio of the gearset 48 very slow displacement speeds of the piston 16 can be realized. The dwell time of fluid elements inside the cylinder 14 is very uniform, that is, the first fluid into cylinder 14 is the first fluid out of cylinder 14 . While the present invention has been illustrated by a description of a preferred embodiment and while this embodiment has been described in some detail, it is not the intention of the Applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The various features of the invention may be used alone or in numerous combinations depending on the needs and preferences of the user. This has been a description of the present invention, along with the preferred methods of practicing the present invention as currently known.

A device for transporting fluids, such as viscous adhesives and sealants. The device includes a cylinder which may be filled by a supply line and a movable piston within the cylinder for ejecting the fluid into a discharge line. The piston includes an axial fluid channel and can be moved by way of a piston rod which also includes an axial fluid channel. An inlet valve is positioned between the supply line and the cylinder and may be moved between open and closed positions for releasing or interrupting the supply the fluid from the supply line into the interior of the cylinder. The piston rod includes threading and this threading is engaged with corresponding threading on a rotatable and drivable drive element so that the piston may be moved by rotating the drive element within the cylinder.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a sleeve through which a surgical instrument (such as a lipoplasty probe) is inserted into a patient for reducing tissue trauma and fluid loss during surgery, and a device for introducing the sleeve through the skin. The surgical technique of lipoplasty involves removing unwanted fatty deposits by separating the fat from surrounding tissue and aspirating the fat through a probe. Typically, the probe is inserted through an incision made in the patient's skin into a region of fat located between the skin and the underlying muscle. Some lipoplasty probes are simply manipulated by hand (e.g., using a back-and-forth, thrusting motion) to separate the fat. Other lipoplasty probes are ultrasonically vibrated to create localized tissue separation and frictional heating within the fatty region to melt at least some of the fat and facilitate the fat removal. This latter lipoplasty technique is known as ultrasonically-assisted lipoplasty, or "UAL". Typically, irrigating fluid is introduced into the fatty region to magnify and separate fat from the surrounding tissues, and to facilitate aspiration of the fat through the probe. The irrigating fluid is usually saline, but other ingredients (such as anesthetics, antibiotics, vasoconstrictors, and/or coagulants) may be added to improve patient comfort, reduce blood loss, and reduce the risk of infection or other complications. Some lipoplasty probes include an outer sheath through which the irrigating fluid is conveyed to the surgical site. Alternatively, in a technique known as "tumescence," large amounts of irrigating fluid are injected into the fatty region prior to (and during) the lipoplasty procedure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One general aspect of the invention features a sleeve for a surgical instrument. The sleeve includes a hollow tube having a passage sized to accommodate the surgical instrument and extending between a proximal region of the tube and a distal region of the tube, a seal for the surgical instrument disposed within the passage, threads disposed on an exterior surface of the tube for engaging the skin, and an element disposed at the proximal region of the tube and configured to be engaged by a corresponding element of a tool to transmit torque from the tool to the tube, thereby to allow the tool to rotatably advance the tube into the skin using the threads. Preferred embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The element is a radially oriented slot disposed in a proximal surface of the tube and configured to receive a corresponding protrusion on the tool. Preferably, a plurality of circumferentially spaced, radially oriented slots are provided on the proximal surface for receiving a corresponding plurality of protrusions on the tool. The proximal surface is disposed on a cap attached to the proximal region of the tube. The cap engages an interior portion of a tube wall the proximal end of which surrounds the passage. The interior portion of the wall is notched, and the cap includes a resilient projection configured to be received by the notch to provide a snap fit between the cap and the tube. Preferably, the notch is disposed around the perimeter of the interior surface, and the cap includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced, resilient tabs each of which includes the projection. The wall is a proximal extension of the tube, and flares radially outwardly from the tube so that the proximal end of the wall is radially spaced from the exterior surface of the tube and disposed proximally of a proximal end of the tube. The cap includes an annular neck disposed adjacent the proximal end of the tube when the cap is attached to the tube. When the cap is attached to the tube, the seal is captured between the annular neck of the cap and the proximal end of the tube. Preferably, the tube and the wall comprise an integral unit made from a single piece of plastic material. The cap and the proximal region of the tube include gripping projections. The cap includes an opening through which the surgical instrument is inserted into the tube passage. The seal is annular and has an opening sized to receive the surgical instrument via the cap opening while maintaining surrounding portions of the seal in contact with the surgical instrument. The seal preferably is a silicone gasket. A plug is insertable into the cap opening to close the proximal end of the passage. The sleeve, cap, and plug preferably are single-use, disposable items. Another general aspect of the invention features a device for inserting a sleeve for a surgical instrument into a patient. The device includes a handle, a post extending from an end of the handle and configured to receive the sleeve, and an element disposed on the end of the handle and configured to engage a corresponding element on the sleeve to transmit torque from the handle to the sleeve, thereby to allow the handle to rotatably advance the sleeve into the skin. The insertion device also includes a stylet slidably disposed within the post and movable between a retracted position in which a sharp tip of the stylet is disposed within the post, and an extended position in which the tip protrudes from the post for piercing the skin to create an opening for the post and sleeve. Preferred embodiments may include one or more of the following features. A spring is disposed within the handle and coupled to the stylet for biasing the stylet to the retracted position. A pin, coupled to the stylet and protruding through an opening in the handle, is movable within the opening to move the stylet between the retracted position and the extended position. The opening includes a portion arranged along a longitudinal axis of the handle and a portion arranged transversely to the axis. The pin is movable within the axial portion of the opening to move the stylet between the retracted position and the extended position, and is displaceable into the transverse portion of the opening to maintain the stylet in the extended position. The sleeve used with the insertion device may include any of the features discussed herein. Other aspects of the invention feature an assembly that includes the sleeve and the insertion device, and methods of using the same. Among other advantages, the sleeve and insertion device are easy to use. The user inserts the sleeve onto the post of the insertion device so that the torque-transmitting element disposed on the end of the handle engages the corresponding element on the sleeve. The stylet is advanced through the hollow post and used to pierce the skin, and is then retracted into the post. Next, the user rotates the handle to rotatably advance the sleeve into the skin using the threads. When the sleeve is fully inserted, the handle is disengaged from the sleeve and withdrawn. Thereafter, a surgical instrument (such as an ultrasonic lipoplasty probe) is inserted into the body through the sleeve. The sleeve reduces the transmission of friction and heat (e.g., caused by the highly repetitive in-and-out and rotational movements of the lipoplasty probe) to the skin of the patient. By reducing friction and heat transmission to the skin, the resultant irritation, inflammation, and flowering (i.e., curling up of the skin at the edges of an incision) which may occur at the incision site are diminished, and the cosmetic result of the procedure is improved. In addition, the size of the wound associated with insertion of the sleeve is significantly smaller than that associated with a traditional scalpel incision. By piercing and dilating the skin with the insertion device and the sleeve, rather than making a free-hand incision with a scalpel, scarring is minimized, healing time is reduced, and the cosmetic result is improved. Moreover, because the sleeve is threadably advanced into the wound, the hole pierced in the patient's skin can be quite small in size. The exterior threads on the sleeve tightly engage the patient's skin to resist displacement from the patient's skin and help avoid the loss of fluid from the patient around the sleeve. The threaded tube is larger in diameter than the hole pierced in the skin by the insertion device. Therefore, the threaded nature of the sleeve, the smaller diameter of the hole, and the skin's inherent resiliency combine to create a secure and fluid-tight interface between the sleeve and the skin. The interior seal forms a fluid-tight seal around the surgical instrument, thereby reducing fluid loss through the sleeve passage during surgery. When the sleeve is used with an ultrasonic lipoplasty instrument, the seal also reduces the aerosolization of fluids by the ultrasonically vibrating probe by wiping fluids from the probe as the user removes the probe from the patient. Reduced aerosolization helps maintain aseptic technique and diminishes the health risks of operating room personnel during the procedure. Following removal of the probe, the plug is inserted into the sleeve to close the passage and prevent unwanted fluid loss from the surgical site. The ability to close the sleeve is particularly important when performing tumescent lipoplasty, in which large quantities of irrigating fluid (e.g., saline containing anesthetics, antibiotics, vasoconstrictors, and/or coagulants) are injected into the area of fatty tissue prior to and during surgery. The large volume of irrigating fluid or tumescing fluid induces a relatively large hydrostatic pressure gradient from inside to outside the patient. Thus, closing the sleeve with the plug avoids potentially significant fluid loss. The insertion device, like the sleeve, is preferably a single-use disposable item. The stylet pin is readily accessible, and the configuration of the spring-loaded stylet and the handle opening allows the user to extend and retract the stylet with the thumb of one hand. Because the stylet is retractable, the sleeve may be loaded onto the hollow post of the insertion device without damaging (e.g., cutting) the seal. The retractable stylet also enhances patient and operating room personnel safety during use. In addition, dilation of the hole pierced in the patient's skin, and the resulting tight fit of the sleeve, is facilitated by a series of tapered steps created by the sharpened stylet tip, the tapered end of the hollow post of the insertion device, and the tapered end of the sleeve. Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a sleeve used during lipoplasty surgery. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the sleeve of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows a trocar for inserting the sleeve of FIG. 1 into the body. FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views of the trocar of FIG. 3 which respectively show a spring-loaded stylet in a retracted position and an extended position. FIGS. 5A-5E show the sleeve and trocar of FIGS. 1 and 3 in use. FIG. 6 shows the sleeve of FIG. 1 in use during lipoplasty. FIG. 7 shows a plug for closing the sleeve of FIG. 1. FIG. 8 shows the plug of FIG. 7 in use. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, sleeve 21 for use during surgery (e.g., lipoplasty) includes threaded tube 20 within which a seal 75 (e.g., a silicone wiper gasket) is secured by cap 65 which snap fits onto threaded tube 20. Cap 65 includes notches 85 which are engageable by corresponding prongs 180 of trocar 145 (see FIGS. 5B and 5C) to allow trocar 145 to transmit torque to sleeve 21 and threadably advance sleeve 21 into the skin of a patient. Threaded tube 20 and cap 65 are made from plastic and are easily assembled together to capture seal 75, and thus, sleeve 21 is economically disposable after a single use. Threaded tube 20 includes an open-ended, flared head 25 at its proximal end 26 from which hollow elongated shaft 30 extends to open distal end 41. A passage 45 passes completely through head 25 and shaft 30 and has a diameter sized to receive a surgical instrument (e.g., a lipoplasty probe, not shown). Exterior surface 35 of shaft 30 includes threads 40 for securing threaded tube 20 within a hole pierced in the skin of a patient, as discussed below. Distal end 41 of shaft 30 is bevelled (FIG. 2) to facilitate insertion into the patient's skin through the hole. Passage 45 is surrounded by tubular wall 50 which extends proximally into head 25 and terminates in annular shoulder 51 which is recessed from annular proximal end 55 of head 25. Annular shoulder 51 is radially spaced from annular proximal end 55 by gap 60 across which L-shaped support spokes 61 extend (see FIG. 1). Cap 65 engages head 25 and secures seal 75 between cap 65 and head 25. Cap 65 includes central aperture 70 which extends downwardly and is circumscribed by neck 71. Cap 65 also includes grooves 86 (FIG. 1) which receive spokes 61 upon engagement of cap 65 with threaded tube 20. Seal 75 includes central opening 80 which is somewhat smaller in diameter than the diameter of the surgical instrument for purposes to be described. Cap 65 also includes notches 85 which provide a keying mechanism for engaging a reciprocal set of prongs on trocar 145 used to insert sleeve 21 into the patient (see FIG. 3). The keying mechanism allows the surgeon to advance sleeve 21 into the skin using trocar 145 in a manner similar to a screwdriver. For further ease of use, the exterior surfaces of cap 65 and threaded tube 20 include gripping projections 87 which extend from outer annular wall 100 and upper arcuate surface 90, respectively. Gripping projections 87 facilitate removal by the surgeon's hands of assembled sleeve 21 from the patient following lipoplasty. Cap 65 includes upper arcuate surface 90 from which inner and outer annular walls 95, 100 extend downwardly. Inner annular wall 95 is radially-spaced apart from outer annular wall 100. Outer annular wall 100 is separated into tabbed sections by four grooves 86 (see FIG. 1). Each tabbed section includes a tooth 110 projecting circumferentially from its exterior surface 115. Interior surface 120 of exterior annular wall 55 of head 25 includes circumferential groove 125 sized to receive teeth 110. Upper vertical portion 62 of L-shaped support spokes 61 extends from interior surface 120 via lower horizontal portion 63 to meet exterior surface 130 of tubular wall 50. Annular shoulder 51 and lower horizontal portion 63 combine to form a platform 64 which supports seal 75 when cap 65 and threaded tube 20 are engaged. As shown by the dashed lines A and B, seal 75 is secured between cap 65 and threaded shaft 20 by inserting outer annular wall 100 of cap 65 within head 55. Insertion is accomplished by aligning grooves 86 with upper vertical portion 62 and compressing cap 65 into head 55 of threaded tube 20. Once inserted, teeth 110 "snap fit" within groove 125, and seal 75 is captured between neck 71 and platform 64. Rotation of cap 65 about head 25 during insertion of sleeve 21 with trocar 145 (see FIG. 3) is prevented by the engagement of grooves 86 of cap 65 and spokes 61 of head 25. Threaded tube 20 is approximately 1 inch in length, with head 25 and shaft 30 being approximately 0.45 inch and 0.055 inch in length, respectively. Of the approximate 0.55 inch length of shaft 30, approximately 0.45 inch is threaded. The threads of shaft 30 have a pitch of approximately 0.10 inch, a thickness of approximately 0.035 inch, and extend from exterior surface 35 of shaft 30 of threaded tube 20 approximately 0.05 inch. Head 25 and tubular wall 50 of threaded tube 20 have an outer diameter of approximately 0.625 inch and 0.310 inch and a thickness of approximately 0.025 inch and 0.070 inch, respectively. Cap 65 has a height of approximately 0.20 inch and a width of approximately 0.70 inch. Inner and outer annular walls 95, 100 of cap 65 have an outer diameter of approximately 0.325 and 0.565 inch and a thickness of approximately 0.10 and 0.05 inch, respectively. The outer diameter of tooth 110 is approximately 0.825 inch. Cap 65 and threaded tube 20 are single-use disposable items made from plastic. Referring to FIG. 3, a trocar 145 for inserting sleeve 21 into a patient includes handle 150 having proximal end 155 and distal end 160. Handle 150 is tapered in thickness near proximal end 155, and includes a pair of contoured grips 165 near distal end 160. Hollow post 185, onto which sleeve 21 is inserted, extends from distal end 160 of trocar 145. Post 185 is slightly longer than sleeve 21 so that, with sleeve 21 in place on post 185, bevelled tip 186 of post 185 protrudes slightly beyond bevelled tip 41 of sleeve 21. Four radially-spaced prongs 180 are positioned on distal end 160 of the trocar to provide a keying mechanism for engaging notches 85 of cap 65 of sleeve 21 (see FIGS. 1 and 2). Spring-loaded stylet 195 is retractably positioned within hollow post 185. Pin 175 mounted at the proximal end of stylet 195 extends through J-shaped slot 170 in handle 150 for use by the surgeon in moving stylet 190 between a retracted position (in which sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195 is disposed within post 185) and an extended position. In the extended position (shown in FIGS. 3 and 4B), sharpened tip 190 extends beyond bevelled tip 156 of hollow post 185 for use in piercing the skin. Sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195, bevelled tip 186 of hollow post 185, and bevelled tip 41 of sleeve 21 combine to provide a series of tapered steps (see FIG. 5B). Sharpened tip 190, bevelled tip 186, and bevelled tip 41 (i.e., the tapered portions) are separated by small segments of stylet 195, hollow post 185, and sleeve 21 which have a constant diameter (i.e., provide a short plateau between each tapered portion). The tapered steps allow the small hole, pierced in the patient's skin with sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195, to be progressively dilated as sleeve 21 is advanced. Referring to FIG. 4A, handle 150 of trocar 145 is substantially hollow, and defines interior cavity 200. Stylet 195 is disposed within interior cavity 200, and includes stylet body 205 from which stylet pin 175 extends at a right angle to exit handle 150 through J-shaped slot 170. Stylet body 205 and pin 175 are molded as single piece of plastic. The position of stylet body 205 within interior cavity 200 is maintained by a series of spaced support struts 206, 210, 215. The proximal displacement of stylet body 205 is limited by stylet stop 216, positioned proximal to support struts 206, 210, 215. Metal stylet shaft 220, inserted into chamber 280 within the stylet body, extends from shoulder 196 of stylet body 205, and terminates at sharpened tip 190. The proximal end of stylet shaft 220 has knurled surface 270 for frictionally engaging stylet body 205 at proximal end 275 of chamber 280. The proximal end of hollow post 185 is secured within interior cavity 200 by the engagement of flange 225 within flange slot 230 in the distal end 160 of handle 150. Flange slot 230 is bounded on one side by interior surface 161 of distal end 160 of handle 150 and on the other side by collar support 235. Collar 240 extends proximally from flange 225 and protrudes into interior cavity 200 to encircle the distal end 255 of a compression spring 245. The proximal end 250 of spring 245 abuts shoulder 196 of stylet 195, while distal end 255 of spring 245 abuts flange 225 of hollow post 185. All components of trocar 145 (with the exception of stylet shaft 220 and compression spring 245) are made entirely of plastic. Trocar 145 thus is economically disposable after a single-use. When stylet pin 175 is at the proximal end of J-shaped slot 170 (see FIGS. 3 and 4A), stylet tip 190 is retracted within hollow post 185 by the expansion of compression spring 245. In general, stylet tip 190 is retracted when trocar 145 is not in use, or after the surgeon has pierced the skin and is prepared to advance sleeve 21 into the skin with trocar 145. FIG. 4B shows stylet 195 in the extended position in which sharpened tip 190 extends beyond bevelled tip 186 of hollow post 185. The surgeon advances stylet 195 by placing his or her thumb adjacent stylet pin 175 and sliding pin 175 distally within J-shaped slot 170 to compress spring 245. The extended position of stylet 195 may be maintained by either manually holding stylet pin 175 in the distally-advanced position or by laterally displacing stylet pin 175 so as to engage stylet pin 175 in the hook-shaped portion of J-shaped slot 170 (FIG. 3). Once the surgeon has pierced the skin with sharpened tip 190, stylet pin 175 may be disengaged from the hook-shaped portion of J-shaped slot 170, allowing compression spring 245 to expand, and thereby retract sharpened tip 190 into hollow post 185. Referring to FIGS. 5A-5E, in use, sleeve 21 is advanced over hollow post 185 of trocar 145 (in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 5A) so that hollow post 185 fits snugly within opening 80 of seal 75. Prongs 180 of trocar 145 are aligned with and inserted into notches 85 of cap 65. Sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195 is then extended beyond bevelled tip 260 of hollow post 185 by advancing stylet pin 175 (e.g., with the surgeon's thumb) first distally and then laterally to engage it in the hook-shaped portion of J-shaped slot 170 (as shown by the arrow in FIG. 5B). Trocar 145 is now ready to pierce the skin. Using one hand, the surgeon positions sharpened tip 190 over the patient's skin at a selected site (e.g., proximal to the patient's knee on the front of the thigh), and using the other hand, the surgeon grasps the skin between his or her thumb and forefinger to elevate the site to be pierced from the underlying tissue (FIG. 5C). The surgeon then pierces the skin with sharpened tip 190. Sharpened tip 190 is then retracted into hollow post 185 by displacing stylet pin 175 laterally to disengage it from the hook-shaped portion of J-shaped slot 170. The surgeon then removes his or her thumb from stylet pin 175 so that compression spring 245 may expand and proximally displace stylet pin 175 within slot 170 and retract sharpened tip 190 within hollow post 185 (as shown by the arrow in FIG. 5D). Sleeve 21 may then be safely advanced into the skin by rotating trocar 145 (e.g., as one would advance a screw with a screwdriver). Once sleeve 21 is securely in place, hollow post 185 is removed by the surgeon from passage 45 with one hand while grasping sleeve 21 with the opposite hand (see FIG. 5E). Trocar 145 may then be used in inserting other sleeves 21. Referring to FIG. 6, after sleeve 21 has been inserted into the patient, the surgeon may insert any suitable surgical instrument into the surgical site through sleeve 21. One example of such a surgical instrument is an ultrasonically-assisted lipoplasty probe 310 (such as the UAL probe described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,491, entitled "Liposuction Procedure with Ultrasonic Probe," which is incorporated by reference herein). The surgeon inserts lipoplasty probe 310 through opening 80 of seal 75 and into sleeve passage 45. As indicated by arrows L and R, lipoplasty involves repetitive longitudinal and rotational movements of ultrasonic probe 310, in addition to the ultrasonic vibration of probe 310 itself. Sleeve 21 protects the patient's skin from the friction and heat associated with the motion and vibration of probe 21. In addition, the hole created by trocar 145 is significantly smaller and more uniform in shape than a free-hand scalpel incision. Thus, the extent of scarring may be reduced and the cosmetic result of the surgery enhanced. In addition to reducing tissue trauma, seal 75 of sleeve 21 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) and the engagement of threads 40 of sleeve 21 with the patient's skin combine to reduce fluid loss during the procedure. When ultrasonic probe 310 is inserted through central opening 80, seal 75 forms a fluid-tight interface with probe 310 to prevent the loss of fluid from the patient through sleeve passage 45. Fluid loss from around sleeve 21 (i.e., at the interface of exterior surface 35 of sleeve 21 and the patient's skin) is also reduced by the threaded engagement of sleeve 21 with the patient's skin. Because the hole pierced in the patient's skin with sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195 is smaller than the diameter of distal end 30 of sleeve 20, the natural resiliency of the patient's skin causes it to compress tightly around sleeve 21. When combined with the security (i.e., frictional resistance to displacement) afforded by threads 40, a fluid-tight seal between sleeve 21 and the patient's skin is created. A fluid-tight seal is particularly important when performing tumescent ultrasonic lipoplasty where large volumes of irrigating fluid may be used to separate the fat from surrounding tissues and to facilitate aspiration of the fat separated and melted by the ultrasonic vibration of probe 310. When the surgeon is ready to move to another area of fatty tissue, lipoplasty probe 310 is removed from the patient's body. In addition to limiting fluid loss from passage 45 of sleeve 21 during the procedure, seal 75 wipes lipoplasty probe 310 clean of fluid upon its removal from sleeve 21. In so doing, aerosolization of the irrigating fluid and separated fat (i.e., caused by the ultrasonic vibration of probe 310 outside of the patient's body) is significantly reduced. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, once ultrasonic probe 310 has been removed, sleeve 21 may be closed by inserting stem 285 of sleeve plug 290 into central opening 80 of seal 75. Plug 290 includes platform 295 from which stem 285 extends downwardly and tab 300 extends upwardly. Tab 300 also includes raised surface 305 which enhances the ease of gripping and inserting plug 290 into cap 65 in a wet surgical environment. Plug 290 is made of plastic and is disposable after a single use. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, seal 75 may be replaced with other surgically compatible sealing membranes. Alternatively, a single slit, or a plurality of slits (e.g., a Y-shaped or T-shaped slit), may substitute for central opening 80 in seal 75. In another embodiment, outer annular wall 95 of cap 65 snap fits around the outside of exterior annular wall 55 of threaded tube 20 (e.g., like a cap on a bottle). In other embodiments, the keying mechanism can include projections on cap 65 and complementary receptacles on trocar 145. In another embodiment, the keying mechanism includes complimentary surfaces on cap 65 and trocar 145 which frictionally engage upon rotation of trocar 145. In another embodiment, sharpened tip 190 of stylet 195 may be replaced with a cutting blade or other sharpened surface suitable for controlled piercing or slicing of the patient's skin. Plug 290 may be tethered to either cap 65 or threaded tube 20 of sleeve 21 for additional ease of use (e.g., to prevent having to search for or excessively handle the plug during surgery). While the invention has been described in terms of lipoplasty surgery (e.g., traditional or ultrasonically-assisted lipoplasty), the invention may also be used with other types of surgeries, for example, plastic surgery, reconstructive surgery, urologic surgery, and other types of endoscopic procedures.

A sleeve for introducing a surgical instrument (e.g., a lipoplasty probe) into the body via a wound pierced in the skin, and an insertion device for making the wound and inserting the sleeve therethrough are provided. The sleeve reduces the transmission of friction and heat (e.g., caused by the highly repetitive in-and-out and rotational movements and ultrasonic vibration of the lipoplasty probe) to the skin of the patient. In addition, the size of the hole associated with insertion of the sleeve is significantly smaller and more uniform in shape than that associated with a traditional scalpel incision. By piercing the skin, rather than making an incision with a scalpel, and by reducing friction and heat transmission to the skin, the irritation, inflammation, flowering (i.e., curling up of the skin at the edges of an incision), and scarring associated with lipoplasty are minimized, and the cosmetic result of the procedure is improved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for heat-treating a metal structure applied for making metal crystals considerably coarse, growing a single crystal or making crystals coarse in one direction (unidirectional crystal grain growth) by way of secondary recrystallization as in the case of production of single crystal metals by a strain annealing process or in the case of production of unidirectionally recrystallized metals by a powder metallurgy process. With a conventional heat treatment for making metal crystals of an alloy considerably coarse, as shown in FIG. 3, a metal or alloy a to be treated is made to gradually pass through a zone-heating portion b defined by heating coils or the like while being exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. A pyrometer is used to sense the temperature of the metal or alloy a or the temperature of the atmosphere in a heating furnace, thereby controlling the electric power of the furnace. When the metal or alloy a to be treated in the conventional system has large discontinuous portions such as large steps as shown in FIG. 3, heat release from the metal or alloy a varies with time. Even when the temperature of zone-heating portion b is maintained at a predetermined level, the maximum heating temperatures may therefore vary from one point to another on the metal or alloy a, whereby the metal or alloy a may be melted or maintained at temperatures lower than a recrystallization temperature, resulting in failure to obtain metal or alloy products having desired qualities. In view of the above, the present invention provides a metal heat treatment method capable of effecting a desired and suitable heat treatment of metal or alloy parts having complicated configurations. According to the present invention, a metal or alloy part to be treated is inserted into a mold whose inner surface is formed to receive the part in close spacing therewith whose outer surface is simple and whose cross section perpendicular to the direction of relative movement between the mold and heating means is substantially constant. The metal or alloy part a as well as the mold are simultaneously heated so that the metal or alloy part is heated through the mold so that the maximum heating temperature can be maintained constant at all the surfaces of the metal or alloy part. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a top view thereof; and FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating a conventional system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT One preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In FIGS. 1 and 2, reference numeral 1 designates a metal or alloy part to be treated; and 2, a mold into which is inserted the metal or alloy part 1 to be treated. As seen in FIG. 1, the inner surface 2a of the mold 2 is designed and constructed to conform to the outline or profile of the the metal or alloy part 1 to be treated so that when it is inserted into the mold 2, there exists not too large a spacing between the part 1 to be treated and the inner surface 2a of the mold 2 and that the outer form 2b of the mold 2 is simple and continuous in the axial direction like a bar having a circular or square cross sectional configuration. The metal or alloy part 1 to be treated is inserted into the inner surface 2a of the mold 2. The metal or alloy part 1 and the mold 2 are then simultaneously heated in a heating zone 3 defined by a high frequency induction heating coil, a carbon susceptor or the like. Spacing between the metal or alloy part 1 and the inner surface 2a of the mold 2 and difference in thermal characteristics therebetween affect the easiness with which the temperature control is made. That is, the smaller the spacing and the difference in thermal characteristics, the easier the temperature control becomes. Furthermore, the surface temperature of the mold 2 becomes higher than a heat-treatment temperature so that it is preferable that the mold 2 is made of a material having a higher melting point. It is also preferable that the inner surface 2a of the mold 2 is fabricated by precision casting or electro-discharge machining and that the mold is in the form of a split type for ease of insertion or removal of the metal or alloy part 1 into or out of the inner surface 2a of the mold 2. In FIGS. 1 and 2, reference numeral 4 designates a split surface of the mold 2. It is preferable to employ a direct high frequency induction heating process rather than a radiation heating process because the former process has not only merit in that heating speed is high but also in that a large temperature gradient, which is preferable in zone heating, can be obtained. Generally, the mold 2 in the form of a round bar can more easily attain a uniform temperature distribution than the that in the form of a square bar. However, the latter may be suitable where the metal or alloy part 1 to be treated is thin like an airfoil of a turbine blade. The alloy part 20 mm in width and 70 mm in length and corresponding to part 1 but having two steps about 4 mm and 6 mm, respectively, in thickness was obtained by precision forging by a vacuum hot press from a hot extruded round bar 13 mm in diameter of an oxide-dispersion-reinforced alloy consisting of 22% of Cr, 18% of Co, 4% of W, 1.5% of Ta, 2% of Ti, 2.5% of A1, 1% of Y 2 O 3 and the remaining portion of Ni. The alloy part was then subjected to the uniaxial grain growth process to which was applied the present invention. In this case, the mold 2 was of a two-split type, was made of an alloy whose components are substantially similar to those of the above-described alloy except Y 2 O 3 , had a cross sectional area of 20×30 mm 2 and a length of 150 mm and whose interior surface 2a was machined to permit the insertion of a part to be treated therein. Thereafter a mold release agent was applied to the outer surface of the alloy part and the latter was then inserted into the mold. The mold was heated to 1,300° C. by the high frequency induction coil of 50 kw and was moved at the speed of 100 mm per hour to effect zone heating. As a result, the alloy part had a desired unidirectional crystal grain growth structure. In carrying out the zone heating, the mold may be sealed and/or the oxygen may be extracted from the mold for attainment of the zone heating in the air atmosphere. The effects, features and advantages of the present invention may be summarized as follows: (i) The outer surface configuration of the mold is continuous and simple so that it becomes possible to carry out the zone heat treatment of a metal or alloy part having complicated configurations and received in the interior surface of the mold machined or otherwise shaped to receive the part with small spacing between the part and the inner surface. (ii) When the mold into which are inserted a plurality of metal or alloy parts to be treated is used, the metal or alloy parts can be continuously zone-heated. (iii) When the parting surface of the split mold is sealed or the mold is inserted into a cylinder and the cylinder is made to have a non-oxidizing atmosphere, it becomes possible to carry out the zone heating in the atmosphere so that a high degree of productivity can be ensured.

In order to obtain a desired metal structure in a metal or alloy part having discontinuous portions, the metal or alloy part to be treated is inserted into a mold having a simple outer surface configuration. Thereafter the metal or alloy part to be treated is heated together with the mold.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a device for impregnating webs of porous materials. It is known from EP 0 173 519 B1, on which the invention is based, to perform the impregnation under increased pressure. By means of this it is possible to place a considerably larger amount of impregnating materials into the substrate than with pressureless impregnation. For example, it becomes possible to impregnate denser paper of small absorption capability. Furthermore, the possibility arises of using impregnating agents of high viscosity, i.e. with an increased solid content and a reduced solvent portion. The required pressure increase is achieved in particular in that the chamber receiving the impregnating agent continuously narrows from the inlet slit in the direction toward the outlet slit. The web passing through pushes the boundary layer adhering to its surface into the narrowed area of the chamber. Because of this the pressure in the chamber continuously increases in the direction toward the outlet slit. In accordance with the information in the said reference, with passage speeds of approximately 45 or 60 m/s, pressures, which lie clearly above 1 MPa, are achieved in the vicinity of the outlet slit. If the impregnating agent is supplied by means of a pressure pump, the static pressure generated by the pressure pump is added to the dynamic pressure generated in the chamber. With the known pressure impregnating device, sealing of the chamber is connected with considerable problems. Sealing lips are disposed at the inlet slit and the outlet slit which are pressed against the passing web and on the edge zones of the cylinder surface not covered by the web. It has been shown that fluff is separated from the passing web by the sealing lips, collects at the outlet slit and causes interference, which can collect at the outlet slit and can cause interference. A ring-shaped hollow chamber is located at the front faces of the cylinder between the cylinder surface and the cylinder journal. An annular piston, connected fixed against relative rotation, is seated therein and can slide in the axial direction. The annular piston, which is made of bronze, can be pressed with its end faces tightly against the front faces of the trough by supplying compressed air. Lubricating oil can be supplied through bores to an annular grove disposed in the end face of the annular piston. This seal is very complicated and expensive. In addition it has the disadvantage that impregnating agents can penetrate between the sliding surfaces and glue them shut. With the known device the cylinder surface is provided over its entire length with thread-like arranged grooves. The grooves are intended to receive liquid impregnating agent which has been pressed through the pores of the material web and to return it into the trough. Air which had been displaced out of the pores by the impregnating agent can also escape through the grooves. If the width of the web to be impregnated is less than the cylinder length, lateral areas of the cylinders remain uncovered. The result is that impregnating agent flows out through the grooves at the inlet slit and particularly at the outlet slit. The theme of a publication in DE-Z COATING 9/10, pp. 336 to 341, is the metered application of flowable substances to passing webs with the aid of matrix cylinders. Various matrix shapes are recited, among them in particular those, wherein the cylinder surface is provided with regularly arranged small depressions, identified as "small cups", which for example have the shape of pointed or truncated pyramids and are separated from each other by narrow strips. Application devices are described wherein the matrix cylinder dips into a trough, containing the substance to be applied, with a portion of its circumference. In the process the small cups are filled and the substance is picked up in this way by the rotating matrix cylinder. Excess substance is doctored off, so that the matrix cylinder always carries along the same amount of material. The substance is transferred to the web, which is conducted along outside of the trough. The transfer takes place either by direct contact between the matrix cylinder and the web or indirectly by means on an interposed application cylinder. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the object of the invention to create a device for impregnating webs of porous materials with an improved sealing system. In keeping with these objects and with others which will become apparent hereinafter, one feature of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in a device for impregnating webs made of a porous material, in which seals which are applied at the inlet slit, at the outlet slit, and between the end faces of the cylinder and the inner surfaces at the front end of the trough have alternatingly narrow gaps and wide grooves to form labyrinth seals, and the grooves are provided with drain openings for an impregnating agent flowing through. When the device is designed in accordance with the present invention, it has an improved sealing. The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the present invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a cross section of the first exemplary embodiment. FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section. FIG. 3 shows the inside of a front wall. FIG. 4 shows the inside of a sealing plate. FIG. 5 illustrates a throttle member. FIG. 6 shows a longitudinal section, simplified for another exemplary embodiment. FIG. 7 shows the other exemplary embodiment with a throttle member in accordance with FIG. 5. FIG. 8 shows a portion of a developed view of the surface of the cylinder in connection with the other exemplary embodiment. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A cylinder 5, rotatably seated in an upper frame, not shown, which can be raised and lowered, is provided with a drive unit, also not shown, and partially dips into a trough 1, which essentially consists of a base body 2 and flat front faces 3, 4. The base body 2 has an arc-shaped cross section and approximately forms a semi-cylinder. A chamber 6 is located between the concave inner surface of the base body 2 and the surface of the cylinder 5, whose width, measured in the radial direction, continuously decreases from an inlet slit 7 in the direction toward an outlet slit 8, so that at the outlet slit 8 it is hardly greater than the thickness of a paper web to be coated. This is described in detail in the already mentioned EP 0 173 519 B1, to which reference is made here. A supply line 9 for an impregnating agent terminates in the chamber 6 in the vicinity of the inlet slit 7. The supply line 9 passes through the base body 2 and is connected with a pressure pump, not shown. A sealing block 10 extending from the front face 3 to the front face 4 is disposed at the inlet slit 7. Alternating strips 11 and grooves 12 are disposed on the side facing the cylinder 5, so that the cross section shown in FIG. 1 approximately resembles a comb. The broken line, which illustrates the outer surfaces of the strips in cross section, is adapted to the the cylinder cross section, so that narrow gaps exist between the outer surfaces of the strips 11 and the surface of the cylinder 5. The width of the gaps can be changed by means of an approximately radial fine adjustment, shown as a screw 13 in FIG. 1. Each groove 12 is provided with a plurality of outflow openings 14 distributed over the length, which penetrate the sealing block 10 and terminate in a conduit 15 from which a drain pipe 16 extends. A corresponding sealing block 17 is attached at the outlet slit 8. The front faces 3, 4 are connected by means of screws 18, 19 with the base body 2. A sealing plate 20 is clamped between the front face 3 and the base body 2. It is approximately semi-circular and has a recess 22 in the area of the cylinder journal 21. It is made of a flexible, wear-resistant plastic material, which has a low coefficient of friction in respect to metal. The sealing plate 20 is provided with grooves 23, 24 which essentially extend over the width and have a curved, approximately wave-like course. The grooves 23, 24 have drain openings 25, 26, from which drain pipes 27, 28 extend and are conducted to the exterior through the front face 3. Short, approximately horizontal grooves 29, 30 are applied on both sides of the recess 22. Each one of these is provided with an inflow opening 31 and an outflow opening 32 for a cleaning fluid. The lateral wall 3 has a circular groove 33 which runs along its edges at an approximately constant distance. An elastically expandable hose 34 lies in the groove 33. It can be connected by means of a supply line 35 with a pressure line, not shown. The front wall 3 is embodied mirror-reversed in respect to the front wall 4 and a sealing plate 36 with the corresponding connections is embodied mirror-reversed in respect to the sealing plate 20. In accordance with FIG. 5, in which the front wall 4 with the associated sealing plate 36 is shown in a simplified manner, additional throttle members 37 are provided in the edge zone adjoining the front wall 4 at both the inlet slit 7 as well as the outlet slit 8. The same applies to the opposite side, not visible in FIG. 5. As can be seen in FIG. 1, such a throttle member is located in a longitudinal groove 38 which has been milled into the inner face of the base body 2 at a short distance below the sealing block 17 and extends from the edge over approximately a quarter of the total length. It is made of a bending-resistant profiled plastic section and is divided lengthwise into several sections 39a, 39b, etc. The cross section of the profiled plastic section is weakened between the individual sections, so that the intermediate sections 40a, 40b, etc. are flexible and almost act as hinges. A piston rod 41, which penetrates through the base body 2, acts on each section 39a, 39b, etc. It can be adjusted in small increments radially in the direction toward the cylinder 5 by means of a hydraulic cylinder 42. In operation, a paper web 43 to be impregnated, which loops around the cylinder 5 over approximately one-half of the circumference, is introduced into the chamber 6 through the inlet slit 7. The impregnated web leaves the chamber 6 through the outlet slit 8. Impregnating agent is supplied to the chamber 6 via the supply line 9, preferably at an increased pressure of 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, for example. Because of the restriction, a pressure gradient is created in the chamber 6 by the dragging effect of the web being moved through it, so that the pressure in the vicinity of the outlet slit 8 is considerably higher than the pressure under which the impregnating agent is supplied. Narrow gaps are set at the sealing blocks 10, 17 between the outer faces of the strips 11 and the paper web 43 lying on the cylinder 5 by means of the screw 13, so that the strips 11 do not touch the web 43 to be impregnated and the cylinder 5. A small stream of the impregnating agent continuously leaves the chamber 6 through the gap between those strips 11 which immediately adjoin the inlet slit 7 or the outlet slit 8, reaches the adjoining groove 12 and flows under almost no pressure through the bores 14 into the collecting conduit 15 and from there through the drain pipe 16 to a collecting reservoir, not shown, for example to the receptacle of the pump which pushes impregnating agent into the supply line 9. Very small amounts of impregnating agent at most flow through the gaps of the further strips 11 and run off through the corresponding grooves 12, if required. The amount exiting at the sealing block 17 at the outlet may be slightly greater than at the inlet side. On the one hand, this is caused by the increased pressure at the outlet slit 8 and, on the other hand, because the dragging force exerted on the exiting liquid by the rotating cylinder 5 is directed into the chamber 6, but at the outlet slit 8 to the outside. If the width of the passing paper web is less than the length of the cylinder 5, an edge zone on each side of the cylinder 5 remains uncovered. In the example illustrated in FIG. 5, the uncovered edge zone approximately corresponds to the area in which the sections 39c to 39e of the throttle member 37 are arranged. To prevent an undesirably heavy leakage flow of the impregnating agent exits through the relatively wide gap between the uncovered surface of the cylinder 5 and the outer surfaces of the strips 11, the sections 39c to 39e of the throttle member 37 are displaced forward in the direction toward the cylinder 5 with the aid of the associated hydraulic cylinders 42. The forward displacement approximately corresponds to the thickness of the paper web 43. The sections 39a, 39b remain inactive and in their base position, in which their surface facing the cylinder 5 is located approximately flush with the inner surface of the base body 2. The intermediate section 40b located in the edge area of the paper web 43 makes possible the required deformation of the throttle member 37, indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 5. The hose 34 is charged via the supply line 35 with sufficient pressure so that a small flow of the impregnating agent exiting the chamber 6 is maintained between the sealing plate 20 and the end face of the cylinder 5. The leaking liquid is used as a lubricant between the cylinder 5 and the sealing plate 20. Therefore the hose 34 only exerts a relatively weak force on the sealing plate 20. This force is not sufficient for pushing the sealing plate 20 tightly against the end face of the cylinder 5. Therefore gaps exist between the end face and the sealing plate 20, which are separated from each other by the grooves 23, 24. They are kept so small by the pressure force that the leaking flow of the impregnating agent does not exceed a preset amount. The equivalent applies to the sealing plate 36. For cleaning, a liquid is supplied to the grooves 29, 30 while the cylinder rotates. The liquid is distributed over the end faces of the cylinder 5, in the course of which it also partially gets into the grooves 23, 24. It can drain via the outflow opening 32 as well as via the drain openings 25, 26. The preferred exemplary embodiment represented in FIGS. 6 to 8 essentially differs from the exemplary embodiment described up to now in that the surface of the cylinder 5, with the exception of narrow edge strips 44, 45, is provided with regularly disposed small cups 46, which have the approximate shape of a truncated pyramid with a square base. The lateral length of the base surface preferably lies between approximately 0.3 and 1.5 mm, the depth between approximately 0.3 to 1 mm. The small cups 46 are separated from each other by narrow strips 47, 48. The exterior faces of the strips 47, 48 are located in the cylindrical enveloping surface defined by the smooth exterior face of the edge strips 44, 45. The strips 47 extend in the circumferential direction, the strips 48 are located parallel with the axis of the cylinder 5. It is also possible to arrange the strips 47, 48 diagonally. In the case illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the width of the passing paper web 43 is less than the length of the cylinder 5. The small cups 46 are only covered in the area covered by the paper web 43. The impregnating agent is pushed under pressure into the paper web 43. The air is displaced out of the pores and escapes into the small cups 46. Impregnating agent which was possibly pushed through the paper web 43 also reaches the small cups 46. The small cups 46 in the lateral areas 49, 50, which were not covered by the paper web 43, are filled with impregnating agent. The strips 48 which are parallel with the axis of the cylinder 5 form a system of blocks in these areas which--in comparison with the prior art described at the outset--considerably hampers the exit of impregnating agent. Together with the strips 47 extending in the circumferential direction they form a supporting network for the paper web 43, Otherwise the mode of functioning corresponds to the previously described exemplary embodiment.

In known pressure impregnating devices there is a chamber, which continuously narrows in the transport direction, between a cylinder around which the web to be impregnated loops, and the inner wall of a trough containing the impregnating agent. The impregnating agent is supplied to the chamber under high pressure, which is further increased in the chamber by dynamic effects. Sealing problems arise at the inlet and outlet slits as well as at the front faces because of the high pressure. Disruptions in the operation can be created by fluff coming loose from the paper web as well as by impregnating agent penetrating between the sliding faces. The new device is intended to remedy these disadvantages, and is provided with the seals have alternating narrow gaps and wide grooves in the form of a labyrinth seal. The grooves are have drain openings for the impregnating agent flowing through.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for continuous cooking of cellulose-containing fiber material which is impregnated, in a vessel, with liquid in a first cocurrent impregnation zone and a subsequent, second, cocurrent impregnation zone, the impregnation liquid, which consists of one or more of the following liquids--black liquor, white liquor, green liquor, another sulfide-containing solution and another sulfur-containing solution--being supplied, in a mixture with steamed fiber material, through a feeding system to the first cocurrent impregnation zone, and liquid for recovery being extracted at a first point situated at the end of the first cocurrent impregnation zone, and further impregnation liquid being supplied to the second cocurrent impregnation zone. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Pre-impregnation of chips with sulfide-containing solutions accelerates the delignification and improves the selectivity in the subsequent sulfate cooking. The cooking can in this case be carried out at low kappa numbers without impairing the quality of the pulp. The strength characteristics, in particular the tearing strength, of pulp which has been cooked following such impregnation are substantially better. The improvement in the strength characteristics is retained or is even enhanced in the subsequent bleaching. Pre-impregnation of chips is described extensively in the patent literature. Examples which may be mentioned here are EP-0 527 294, SE-359 331, SE-468 053 and SE-469 078. However, the previously proposed methods for pre-impregnation of chips do not provide any possibility of controlling certain parameters during different parts of the impregnation, such as the HS - /OH - ratio, in order thereby to reduce the attack by the chemicals on the carbohydrates of the hemicellulose and of the cellulose and to reduce the shive content in the pulp, after the cooking, to an even lower level than has hitherto been possible, and such as the temperature, in order thereby to improve the heat economy. The object of the present invention is to improve the impregnation by creating conditions which are such that certain parameters can be controlled to assume different values during different parts of the impregnation. The method according to the invention is characterized in that liquid is extracted at a second point situated at the start of the second cocurrent impregnation zone and is made to circulate in an impregnation circulation which empties out at the center of the vessel at a point situated between said first and second points for extraction of liquid so that a free flow of liquid is established from the center of the vessel in a mainly radial direction, and in that said further impregnation liquid, which consists of one or more of the following liquids--black liquor, white liquor, green liquor, liquid from a transfer circulation between the impregnation vessel and a digester, and wash liquor--is supplied to said impregnation circulation for continued impregnation of the fiber material in the second cocurrent impregnation zone. The method according to the invention thus involves a continuous two-stage impregnation in one and the same vessel. Black liquor which is supplied to said impregnation circulation expediently has a temperature of 120-170° C. In an expedient embodiment of the invention, in which black liquor is extracted from the digester and is transferred to a plurality of flash cyclones which are connected in series, the black liquor which is supplied through said feeding system is part of the black liquor which is extracted from the digester, or of the effluent from one of said flash cyclones, preferably the last flash cyclone but one. Under the same conditions, black liquor which is supplied to said impregnation circulation can, in the same way, expediently be part of the black liquor which is extracted from the digester, or of the effluent from one of said flash cyclones. According to the invention, it is advantageous for the impregnation liquids to be chosen, distributed and supplied in such a way that the HS - /OH - ratio in the feeding system is as high as possible and expediently higher than in the second impregnation stage. According to the invention, it is expedient for the temperature in the first cocurrent impregnation zone A to be 100-140° C., preferably 120-130° C., and for the temperature in the second cocurrent impregnation zone B to be 120-160° C., preferably 130-150° C. According to the invention, it is furthermore expedient for the dwell time of the fiber material in the first cocurrent impregnation zone A to be at least 15 minutes, and for the dwell time in the second cocurrent zone B to be at least 10 minutes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described in more detail hereinbelow with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows, schematically, a flow diagram of an installation for continuous cooking of cellulose-containing fiber material, which is impregnated in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a similar installation, but modified for impregnation according to a second embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The installation shown schematically in FIG. 1 comprises a vertical steaming vessel 1, a horizontal steaming vessel 2, a vertical impregnation vessel 3, and a vertical digester 4. The fiber material, which consists of chips for example, is fed through a line 5 to the vertical steaming vessel 1, to which low-pressure steam is supplied through a line 6 in order to heat the chips and reduce their air content. The air drawn off is removed through a line 7 which is connected to the horizontal steaming vessel 2. This pre-steaming is carried out at atmospheric pressure. The heated chips are dosed using a chip meter which is arranged in a junction 8 between the two steaming vessels, which junction 8 additionally contains a low-pressure feeder 9 which channels the chips into the horizontal steaming vessel 2, in which the pressure is 1-1.5 bar above atmospheric. From the pressurized steaming vessel 2, the chips fall down into a chip chute 10, in the lower part of which a high-pressure feeder 11 is mounted. A defined liquid level is maintained in the chip chute 10. The high-pressure feeder 11 is provided with a rotor having compartments, one compartment always being in the low-pressure position so as to be in open communication with the steaming vessel 2, and at the same time one compartment always being in the high-pressure position so as to be in open communication with the impregnation vessel 3 via a feeding line 12 which is connected to the top of the impregnation vessel 3. Liquid in a circulation loop 14 provided with a pump 13 feeds the chips from the chip chute 10 into the high-pressure feeder 11 so that one of the compartments of the rotor is filled. A return line 15 connects the upper part of the impregnation vessel 3 to the high-pressure feeder 11 for return of liquid which is separated off by means of a top separator 19 arranged in the impregnation vessel 3. The feeding line 12 and the return line 15 form a feeding system with a loop for circulation of liquid with the aid of a pump 16 which is arranged in the return line 15. When a filled rotor compartment comes into the high-pressure position, i.e. in direct communication with the circulation loop 12, 15, it is flushed clean by the return liquid from the return line 15. The circulation loop 14 is connected to a level tank 18 via a line 17, which level tank 18 is connected in turn to the return line 15 via a line 20. The impregnation vessel 3 has, at its bottom, an outlet 21 for the impregnated chips, from which outlet 21 the chips are transferred to the top of the digester 4 via a feeder line 22. A screen 23 is arranged at the top of the digester 4 in order to separate a certain amount of liquid, which is returned to the bottom of the impregnation vessel 3 via a return line 24, which contains a pump 25 for pumping the chips to the digester by means of the separated liquid. There is also a heat exchanger 55 in the line 24. The feeder line 22 and the return line 24 form a transfer circulation for the suspension of chips and cooking liquid. The digester 4 has upper, middle and lower extraction screens 26, 27, 28 for extraction of liquor at different levels. The middle extraction screen 27 is connected by a line 29 to a first flash cyclone 30, which is connected to a second flash cyclone 31 via a line 32 and to said level tank 18 via a line 33. Effluent from the second flash cyclone 31 is conveyed via a line 34 to a recovery installation (not shown). The steam formed in the flash cyclones 30, 31 is conveyed through the line 35 and the line 6 to the chip chute 10 and the steaming vessel 1, respectively. The lower extraction screen 28 is connected to a line 36 which is provided with a pump 37 and heat exchanger 58 and which extends to the upper part of the digester in order there to join up with a central pipe 38 which opens out underneath the lower extraction screen 28. By means of this circulation, an increased velocity of flow of the black liquor is achieved, with the result that the discharge of the cooked chips is facilitated via an outlet 39 which is arranged at the bottom of the digester 4. The cooked pulp is led away through a line 40 for continued treatment. The impregnation vessel has a first extraction screen 41, which is arranged at the middle of the impregnation vessel 3 or immediately below the middle, for extraction of liquid which is led away via a line 42 to the second flash cyclone 31. At a distance from the bottom of the impregnation vessel 3, and at a short distance below the first extraction screen 41, there is a second extraction screen 43 for extraction of liquid in a circulation loop consisting of a line 44, which extends to the upper part of the impregnation vessel 3, and a central pipe 45, to which the line 44 is joined, said line 44 containing a pump 46 for circulation of liquid through the line 44 and the central pipe 45. The central pipe 45 opens out at the upper end of the extraction screen 43. The pumped liquid flows out of the central pipe at great speed, in the main radially out toward the screen surfaces of the extraction screen. From a storage area, white liquor is supplied to the system via a main line 47 which is connected via a line 48 to the line 36 for supplying a certain amount of white liquor to the discharge circulation of the digester, is connected via a line 49 to the return line 24 for supplying a certain amount of white liquor to the transfer circulation between the impregnation vessel 3 and the digester 4, is connected via a line 50 to the line 44 for supplying a certain amount of white liquor to the impregnation circulation, and is connected via a line 51 to the chip outlet of the high-pressure feeder 11, which chip outlet joins up with the feeding line 12. Black liquor is fed to the feeding circulation from the last but one flash cyclone 30, which is the first one in the embodiment shown, through the line 33 to the level tank 18 and onward through the line 20 to the return line 15. In addition, black liquor is transferred from the middle extraction screen 27 of the digester to the impregnation circulation through a line 52 which is provided with a pump 57 and which is coupled between the line 29 and the circulation line 44. The impregnation of the chips in the impregnation vessel 3 takes place in cocurrent the whole time. The impregnation liquid fed in at the top consists of warm black liquor and white liquor. If so desired, warm green liquor, modified green liquor or another sulfide-containing or sulfur-containing solution can also be included in the impregnation liquid. The material fed in at the top has a liquid/wood ratio of 2.5:4.0 or greater. By means of the circulation screen 43, the impregnation vessel 3 is divided up into a first cocurrent impregnation zone A and a second cocurrent impregnation zone B, which begins with the circulation screen 43. The dwell time for the chips is at least 15 minutes in the first cocurrent impregnation zone A and at least 10 minutes in the second cocurrent impregnation zone B, and so the overall dwell time can be at least 25 minutes. The temperatures in the two cocurrent impregnation zones A, B can be identical or different and lie within the range from 100 to 140° C. and 120 to 160° C., respectively. For reasons of heat economy, it is advantageous to maintain a higher temperature in the second cocurrent impregnation zone B. At the end of the first cocurrent impregnation zone A, liquid is extracted and is transferred to the last flash cyclone 31 via the line 42. With the aid of the impregnation circulation, white liquor and hot black liquor, transferred from the extraction screen 27 of the digester, are supplied to the passing pre-impregnated chips from which part of the liquid content has been extracted immediately beforehand. The impregnation circulation generates a high liquid flow through the chips, as circulated liquid supplemented by hot black liquor and white liquor flows out in the center of the impregnation vessel 3 level with the circulation screen 43, which liquid flow acquires a mainly radial direction. The circulation flow with such a radial displacement of liquid serves to distribute and balance out the white liquor which is continuously added to the impregnation circulation, and also the black liquor which at the same time is supplied for continued and final impregnation of the chips in the second cocurrent impregnation zone B. This ensures a very even alkali and temperature profile in the second cocurrent impregnation zone B. In the impregnation procedure which has been described, and which can thus be designated as a two-stage procedure, it is possible to maintain a high and favorable HS - /OH - ratio in the first phase. Having a high HS - content at the same time as the OH - content is low permits a maximum sorption of sulfide ions in the chips, while the attack on the carbohydrates of the hemicellulose and of the cellulose is minimized. In the second phase of impregnation, alkali is added so that the HS - /OH - ratio becomes lower, and in this way it is possible to ensure that the shive content in the pulp after cooking will be at a lower level than that which is achieved when there is no such control of said ratio. With this two-stage procedure, it is also possible to have different temperatures in the two phases. The temperature can be low in the first phase, while the temperature in the second phase is raised with the aid of hot black liquor. By heating the chips directly in this way with hot black liquor, the heat economy is also improved. The installation shown schematically in FIG. 2 is similar to that in FIG. 1, with the sole exception of the liquid which is supplied to the impregnation circulation. According to this second embodiment, a line 53 is coupled between the return line 24 and the line 44 for supply of transfer liquid, instead of black liquor, to the impregnation circulation. The choice between the two embodiments depends on the demands placed on heat economy. The amount of the liquid which is extracted through the screen 41 is smaller than the free liquid in the first cocurrent impregnation zone A in order thereby to prevent a counterflow of liquid from the vessel space below this screen 41. While the present invention has been described in accordance with preferred compositions and embodiments, it is to be understood that certain substitutions and alterations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.

A method for cooking chips which are impregnated, in a vessel (3), with liquid in first and second concurrent impregnation zones (A, B), impregnation liquid being supplied, in a mixture with steamed chips, through a feeding system to the first impregnation zone, and liquid for recovery being extracted at a first point (41) at the end of the first impregnation zone, and further liquid being supplied to the second impregnation zone (B). According to the invention, liquid is extracted at a second point (43) at the start of the second impregnation zone (B) and is circulated in an impregnation circulation (44, 45) which empties out at the center of the vessel at a point between the first and second points (41, 43) for extraction of liquid so that a flow of liquid is established from the center of the vessel in a radial direction. The further liquid is supplied to the impregnation circulation for continued impregnation of the chips in the second impregnation zone.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a self-cleaning public toilet and to the corresponding safety equipment. [0003] More in particular, the present invention regards a self-cleaning public toilet in which washing and drying of the toilet is carried out automatically after each individual use. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] In towns, there is a more and more widespread use of self-cleaning public toilets to be installed in a fixed way in public places, or else in a removable way on the occasion of events (sports events, concerts, etc.) in which large crowds of people gather. [0006] In the past, the use of self-cleaning toilets of this type has highlighted different problems, which can be summarized as follows: [0007] (1) the systems of cleaning and drying are costly and difficult to maintain; [0008] (2) the toilet systems are subject to frequent acts of vandalism, which considerably raise the costs of management thereof; and [0009] (3) the toilet systems do not respect effective rules as regards safety, both in terms of the aspects regarding safe opening of the exit door or as regards possible moving devices within the toilet itself. [0010] In effect, in the past, there have occurred events, including even tragic ones, in which the exit door failed to open for a wide range of reasons, or else the users were injured by mobile washing devices present inside the self-cleaning toilet. [0011] All of the above problems have merely had the effect of discouraging many potential users from using this type of toilets, both because they consider them not very clean, and because not they do not deem them altogether reliable from the safety standpoint. [0012] A kind of self-cleaning toilet is known from the document No. WO 95/30801 (SELF-CLEANING ENVIRONMENTS USA, INC.). The system described in this document envisages a wall-mounted articulated rotary arm that can move angularly along vertical/horizontal planes from a resting position, in which it is mounted in a wall, to a position of activation, in which it is set above a sanitary appliance to be washed. The rotary washing arm enables diffusion of the liquid from nozzles for cleaning the sanitary appliances. In addition, said rotary arm can be pre-arranged for describing a pre-set path around an area of interest. [0013] Even though the system described in WO/95/30801 has yielded certain appreciable results in the cleaning of sanitary appliances, it is deficient as regards the aspect of safety. In fact, in this system no device is provided for stopping the rotary washing arm in the case where it were to encounter, during its rotation, an obstacle along its path. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] Consequently, forming the main subject of the present invention is to provide a self-cleaning toilet that is not only simple to manage, but is also very safe for users. [0015] Provided, therefore, according to the present invention is a self-cleaning toilet with the corresponding safety equipment as claimed in the attached Claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] The present invention will now be described with reference to the annexed drawings, which illustrate a non-limiting example of embodiment thereof and in which: [0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a self-cleaning toilet forming the subject of the present invention; [0018] FIG. 2 shows a first layout of the self-cleaning toilet of FIG. 1 ; [0019] FIG. 3 illustrates a second layout of the self-cleaning toilet of FIG. 1 ; [0020] FIG. 4 shows a third layout of the self-cleaning toilet of FIG. 1 ; [0021] FIG. 5 illustrates a fourth layout of the self-cleaning toilet of FIG. 1 ; [0022] FIG. 6 shows a rotary washing arm in a closed position; [0023] FIG. 7 illustrates the rotary washing arm of FIG. 6 in a partially open position; [0024] FIG. 8 shows the rotary washing arm of FIG. 6 in a totally open position; [0025] FIG. 9 illustrates a first part of a block diagram corresponding to the safety system of the self-cleaning toilet of FIGS. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 ; and [0026] FIG. 10 shows a second part of a block diagram corresponding to the safety system of the self-cleaning toilet of FIGS. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] In FIGS. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 , designated as a whole by 10 is a self-cleaning toilet forming the subject of the present invention. [0028] The self-cleaning toilet 10 comprises a substantially parallelepipedal load-bearing structure 11 , obtained with traditional systems. [0029] The load-bearing structure 11 delimits, with its walls 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15 , an internal space RM of use designed to house the toilet facilities, as will be described hereinafter. [0030] In fact, the internal space RM houses in a known way a toilet bowl 16 , set up against the wall 13 , and a wash-basin 17 , resting on the wall 15 opposite to the wall 13 . [0031] The load-bearing structure 11 is equipped with a hydraulic technical space HTS external to the space RM and in effect constituting the aforesaid wall 15 . The hydraulic technical space HTS is designed to contain hydraulic equipment (not illustrated), which has the purpose of sending water to the toilet bowl 16 , to the wash-basin 17 , and to the washing system (see hereinafter). [0032] The hydraulic technical space HTS is closed by a main door D 1 , which can be opened only from outside the toilet 10 . [0033] Housed in an electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS, in effect constituting the wall 13 , is electrical and pneumatic equipment (not visible) necessary for operation of the self-cleaning toilet 10 (see hereinafter). [0034] The electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS is closed by a main door D 2 , which can be opened only from outside the toilet 10 . [0035] The wall 14 is equipped with a sliding door 18 , which enables entrance/exit of the users (not shown), whilst a door 19 hinged on hinges 20 is provided on the wall 12 . The door 19 can be opened only in the case of emergency by specialized personnel (staff of the company responsible for maintenance of the toilet, firemen, etc.). [0036] Alongside the sliding door 18 , there is a device (not shown), referred to as “coin box”, for payment of the service. [0037] The self-cleaning toilet 10 moreover comprises a washing system 100 , which uses a rotary washing/drying arm 200 designed to rotate about a vertical axis (A) ( FIGS. 1 , 7 and 8 ) through a maximum angle of 90°. The vertical axis (A) is fixed, with known means, to a service cabinet 210 made preferably of stainless steel, contiguous to the electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS. [0038] As illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 8 , the rotary washing/drying arm 200 comprises a substantially U-shaped press-bent plate 200 a made of steel. In addition, the rotary washing/drying arm 200 comprises a first rectilinear portion 201 , the length of which is substantially equivalent to that of a first side portion HG 1 of a seat HG of the toilet bowl 16 . The first portion 201 of the rotary arm 200 continues with a second portion 202 inclined with respect to said first portion 201 by an angle such as to reproduce approximately the curvature of a second head portion HG 2 of the seat HG. [0039] Once again with reference to FIG. 8 , it may be noted that the press-bent plate 200 a houses inside it a box-shaped washing manifold 203 , provided with a plurality of washing nozzles 204 , set in use facing the seat HG of the toilet bowl 16 . Some devices (not shown), contained in the hydraulic technical space HTS and in the service cabinet 210 , send, via a pipe 207 , a washing solution of water and disinfectant to the washing manifold 203 and then to the nozzles 204 , by which it is sprayed onto the toilet bowl 16 , for example during a number N 1 of to-and-fro cycles, which can be set via an electronic control unit CC ( FIG. 1 ), of the rotary washing/drying arm 200 . [0040] In addition to the washing manifold 203 , located within the rotary washing/drying arm 200 is also a drying manifold 205 ( FIG. 8 ), which also has a boxlike shape, provided with a plurality of nozzles 206 , through which preferably hot air is sent. The drying operation is carried out according to the same criterion as that of “washing” with a number of to-and-fro cycles, programmable once again via the electronic control unit CC. [0041] The air is supplied to the drying manifold 205 via a pipe 207 ( FIG. 8 ). [0042] In the resting position, i.e., during the presence of the user within the internal space RM, the rotary arm 200 remains hidden away within the service cabinet 210 , it coming out only to carry out the cycles of cleaning set by the maintenance operator by means of an electronic control unit CC ( FIG. 1 ). [0043] In effect, as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 , the rotary arm 200 in the resting position is housed in a seat ST provided in the cabinet 210 . In other words, in the resting position ( FIG. 6 ) an external surface ES of the press-bent plate 200 a is coplanar with an external surface 210 a of a wall WL of the cabinet 210 facing the space RM. In this way, it is not necessary to use doors that open for exit of the washing member, but it is the external surface ES itself that functions as door when the rotary arm 200 is housed entirely in the seat ST. [0044] For actuation of the rotary washing/drying arm 200 , a pneumatic cylinder PC is used, which is able to convert a linear motion into a rotary motion (rotary actuator indicated by the double-headed arrow F). The pneumatic cylinder PC is housed in the service cabinet 210 in a position readily accessible from the electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS. [0045] In addition, the pneumatic cylinder PC is connected to a pneumatic system IP comprising two electro-pneumatic valves V 1 , V 2 , associated to each of which is a respective pressure switch P 1 , P 2 for carrying out functions that will be described hereinafter. [0046] Preferably, to wash the seat HG and the side and internal walls of the toilet bowl 16 water containing disinfectant is sprayed by the nozzles 204 , said water containing disinfectant coming from a centrifugal pump (not illustrated) that raises the pressure of the liquid to 7 bar. [0047] In a further embodiment of the present invention, an instantaneous generator is used that produces steam, as an alternative to the pressurized washing solution, using an aqueous solution. One of the advantages of this latter solution as compared to the others lies in the fact that the use of steam at a high temperature eliminates the step of drying. The steam can be water vapour and can be distributed by a rotary arm of the type described. [0048] In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 2 , the wall 12 is equipped, on the internal surface of the space RM, with a mirror 208 made of stainless steel, and an emergency push-button 209 (in addition to the already mentioned door 19 ). [0049] Located on the wall 15 (illustrated in FIG. 3 ), in addition to the wash-basin 17 and to a device 17 a designed to deliver a solution of hot water and neutral soap, hot water, and hot air for drying hands, is a hatch 211 for refuse, a further emergency push-button 212 , a loudspeaker 213 , a perfume nebulizer 214 , a microphone 215 , a push-button 216 for calls of a technical nature, a push-button 217 for calls of a sanitary nature, a light 218 for warning that the time available to the user is drawing to an end, and a push-button 219 for opening the door 18 by the user. [0050] The device 17 a can moreover also perform the function of washing of the underlying wash-basin 17 , once the toilet 10 has been used and the user has left it. [0051] As regards the wall 14 ( FIG. 4 ), in addition to the already mentioned door 18 , also present are a dispenser 220 of paper seat-covers to be installed before use on the seat HG of the toilet bowl 16 , a handle 221 of possible aid for the user, and a push-button 222 for activation of a flush (not shown). [0052] FIG. 5 illustrates the devices that equip the wall 13 . In addition to the already described service cabinet 210 , toilet bowl 16 , and rotary washing/drying arm 200 , there is a handle 223 , a device for dispensing toilet paper 224 , and a further emergency push-button 225 located on the outer casing of the service cabinet 210 . The cycle of operation of the self-cleaning toilet 10 is managed in a completely automatic way by the electronic control unit CC. [0053] Furthermore, the bi-directional movement of the pneumatic cylinder PC (arrow F) that enables rotation through 90° of the rotary washing/drying arm 200 is guaranteed by two electro-pneumatic valves V 1 , V 2 , governed according to a program managed by the electronic control unit CC. For detection of the positions of the pneumatic cylinder PC, magnetic limit switches (not illustrated) are used. [0054] A very important aspect of the present invention relates to the safety equipment installed in the self-cleaning toilet 10 . [0055] In effect, the floor FL in the hydraulic technical space HTS and the electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS is provided with a plurality of load cells 226 (four in the case in point), which are able to sense the presence of a user within the toilet 10 . The load cells 226 also have the purpose of weighing the user. The floor FL in turn comprises a metal load-bearing structure coated with a metal plate of large thickness covered by a ribbed mat made of non-slip rubber and in which the longitudinal axes of the ribbings extend from the wall 15 , in which the hydraulic technical space HTS is located, to the wall 13 , where the electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS is installed. [0056] In effect, when the space RM has been left free by the user after use, in order to clean the floor FL, the system governed by the control unit CC sends water under pressure into a manifold CL located underneath the wash-basin 17 . The manifold CL is equipped with nozzles (not shown), from which there exit jets of water at a high pressure, which impinge upon the floor FL at a grazing angle. The jets draw along with them any possible refuse left on the floor FL by the user towards an evacuation gate SR ( FIG. 5 ), set underneath the toilet bowl 16 . [0057] Once the cycle of washing of the floor FL is completed, the jets of water are stopped, the gate SR is closed automatically ready for being re-opened at the next cycle. [0058] In addition, installed on the wall WL of the service cabinet 210 is a photoelectric-sensor detection system 227 ( FIGS. 5 6 , 7 , 8 ) that amply covers the range of sweep of the rotary washing/drying arm 200 . At a possible detection of a person or whatever else in the range of action of the rotary arm 200 , the system 227 immediately stops the course of the rotary arm 200 , or rather, blocks the cycle in progress, freeing the arm 200 from the forces of actuation, sending the pneumatic system IP into “discharge”, and putting the toilet 10 in an “out of order” condition. [0059] In other words, if the arm 200 finds any resistance along its path, this fact results in a corresponding raising of the pneumatic pressure in one of the pressure switches P 1 , P 2 , according to the direction of rotation of the arm 200 itself. [0060] The pneumatic system IP is conceived in such a way that, if the pressure in one of the two pressure switches P 1 , P 2 exceeds a given pre-set threshold, the pneumatic system IP itself goes into “discharge” and thus it is as if the arm 200 were “idle” about the axis (A). [0061] At the same time, an “out of order” signal is generated. [0062] Operation of the self-cleaning toilet 10 is represented schematically in the flowchart of FIGS. 9 and 10 . [0063] The routine starts with a block (S), where the payment is made by the user via the coin box of the amount established for use of the toilet 10 . In block (S) also the door 18 opens and the user enters the space RM. [0064] Weighing of the user is performed by means of the load cells 226 . If the weight detected is less than 20 kg or more than 250 kg, the system enables use of the toilet bowl 16 and of the other toilet facilities only with the door 18 open in order to prevent a small child from remaining closed in the toilet 10 by mistake or else a number of persons from being closed inside at a time. [0065] If the check on the weight has yielded a positive result, the door 18 closes after a check (CHECK 1 ) appearing in block (X) has been made. The door 18 first makes three attempts at closing, and if it does not find any obstacles it closes; if, instead, it encounters an obstacle, it again makes attempts at closing; if the attempts at closing continue to be unsuccessful, it is evident that the toilet 10 is out of order, and this fact is signalled on the panel of the coin box. [0066] In the case where the toilet 10 presents any faults, the system goes to a block (Y), in which there is intervention of the technical-assistance and maintenance service and a manual “reset” of the public toilet 10 itself on the part of specialized personnel. [0067] Illustrated in block (T) are the various steps followed by the system during a check for presence or otherwise of fumes, in particular inside the hydraulic technical space HTS and the electrical and pneumatic technical space EPTS. Evidently, if the system detects the presence of fumes, control returns to block (Y). [0068] Represented in block (U) is the activation of the various push-buttons 209 , 212 , 216 , 217 , 219 and 225 . [0069] If the user remains in the toilet 10 for less than 15 minutes and presses the push-button 219 , the door 18 opens with an acoustic and visual warning. Immediately after, the door 18 re-closes, and the system passes to point ( 2 ) of block (W). [0070] Consequently, the washing cycle starts, performed by the rotary arm 200 on the toilet bowl 16 , by the device 17 a on the wash-basin 17 , and by the jets of pressurized water that exit from the floor-washing manifold CL. After flushing the floor FL and removing any possible refuse present thereon, the water is discharged through the gate SR located on the opposite side. [0071] It should be noted, moreover, that in block (W) there is also made a check by the photoelectric-sensor detection system 227 as well as the check by the pressure switches P 1 , P 2 . [0072] A check (CHECK 2 ), identical to CHECK 1 , which is also represented in block (X), regards the checks that are made by the system for detecting any possible faults occurring during closing of the gate SR. [0073] To return to block (V), in addition to the already mentioned check on the time of permanence of the user in the toilet 10 , there is a check on the presence of electric mains current at the moment when the user wishes to open the door 18 by pressing the push-button 219 . [0074] The safety procedure is provided only on the emergency push-buttons 212 , 209 and 225 ; in effect, the user resorts to an emergency push-button only if the “exit” push-button 219 does not activate opening of the door 18 . If the system verifies that there is no electric mains current, it switches immediately onto a standby battery. In the case where also the standby battery were to be out of order, a tank for accumulation of air under pressure (not shown) is actuated, which in any case enables opening of the door 18 . [0075] The user presses the push-button 219 just once, and the system resorts to the solution suited to the need in a completely automatic way. [0076] The main advantages of the self-cleaning toilet forming the subject of the present invention are described in what follows: a rotary washing/drying arm, the external surface of which, in the resting position, is coplanar with the external surface of a cabinet; in this way, it is not necessary to use doors that open for exit of the washing member; and a safety system that is extremely effective because it envisages the use of as many as three devices (load cells on the floor, photoelectric sensors on the service cabinet, and pressure sensors in the pneumatic control system of the rotary arm) for detecting the unwanted presence of a user inside the toilet during the steps of cleaning thereof.

A self-cleaning public toilet comprising a safety and alarm system. The safety and alarm system includes a plurality of load cells that weigh the user who has entered a space; a photoelectric-sensor device, for detecting the presence or otherwise of a person in the space during washing and drying of the inside of the toilet; and at least one pressure switch located in a pneumatic system for supply of a pneumatic cylinder that actuates a rotating arm for cleaning a toilet bowl.

RELATED PRIORITY APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 11/270,942 filed on Nov. 9, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the culturing of grafts and other healing tissues and to their transfer and anchoring, upon a wounded area. BACKGROUND A corrective eye surgery such as laser photo-refractive keratectomy requires the peeling away of the corneal epithelial layer before the underlying stroma tissue is selectively ablated; after which, the epithelial layer is either discarded or flipped back over the laser-corrected area. In the course of the procedure, the epithelial layer is subject to be torn or crinkled to the point where the ablated area is not fully covered by epithelial cells and subject to contamination and uneven healing or the epithelial layer has been too mechanically traumatized to be viable. Epithelial cells, dermis or epidermis are now routinely cultured and placed over burns and other wounded areas as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,028 which is incorporated in this Specification by reference. The handling of the graft and its correct positioning over the wound requires great dexterity on the part of the surgeon in order to avoid damaging of the graft and improper coverage of the wound. Furthermore, movement of the graft on the wound after application often causes graft failure due to poor adhesion or mechanical movement and trauma. The re-connection of severed nerves, tendons, blood vessels, and other filiform tissues is commonly enhanced by the use of scaffolding material such as a mesh sleeve into which the ends of the severed tissue can grow and reconnect. When dealing with very small filiform tissues such as nerves, the construction and handling of the scaffolding structure becomes extremely difficult due to the smallness of the severed tissue and the available work zone. The instant embodiments provide structural implements that can facilitate the culturing, transfer and installation of grafts without compromising their integrity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The instant embodiments provide a carrier upon which a graft or healing tissue such as a monolayer or polylayer of cells can be cultured then transported and intimately and accurately positioned upon an accidental or surgical wound. The carrier is particularly useful in the culturing and grafting of a layer of cells to a mammalian subject whose cornea has been ablated in the course of a photo-refractive keratectomy operation after removal of the epithelial cover. In one embodiment, the carrier is a molded substrate in the shape of a dome of which a posterior, concave section is shaped and dimensioned to accurately match the profile of a human cornea. A releasable layer of dissolvable collagen interposed between the molded substrate and the epithelial cells facilitates the release of the cell upon the accidentally wounded or surgically ablated cornea. A lateral portion of the substrate projects peripherally and is coated with an adhesive or is sutured to the corneal limbus or sclera. In some embodiments a central portion of the substrate is coated with an adhesive or is sutured to the corneal limbus or sclera. The substrate can be formed in the shape of an ophthalmic conformer bearing patches of ophthalmologically safe adhesive. The shape of an ophthalmic conformer helps minimize graft movement on the eye and facilitates cell adhesion and transfer. Alternatively, the substrate may be sutured to minimize graft movement on the eye and enhance cell adhesion. In another one of the instant embodiments, channels are cut into a posterior face of a slab of biocompatible material, and dimensioned and oriented to intimately nest a damaged nerve or other filiform tissue. The second slab of biocompatible material is shaped in a mirror image of the first one, and joined to it to form a pair of clamping shells that completely surround the damaged tissue. Fenestrations drilled between the channel and the anterior face of each slab provide tunnels through which branches of the nerve can grow. Alternatively, in yet other embodiments cultured nerve cells can be grown in the channels and the ends of the damaged nerves can be attached to the edges of the device. The anterior fenestrated face of each slab can be placed over the target effector tissue such as a muscle group. Other embodiments provide a live tissue transplant device which comprises: a substrate having an active posterior face and an opposite anterior face; said posterior face having a central active zone and a lateral zone; said active zone comprising: a releasable support layer, and a layer of cells cultured upon said device and spread over said support layers; and said posterior face comprising means for securing said substrate around a wound. Alternatively, in yet other embodiments a live tissue transplant device comprises: a substrate having a central zone and a lateral zone peripheral to the central zone, where in the central zone comprises a concave posterior face and a convex anterior face; said concave posterior face comprising: a releasable support layer and living, transplantable cells embedded upon the releasable layer; and means for attaching the substrate around a wound. An attacher is configured for securing the substrate around a wound. The attacher is optionally a patch of adhesive. In another embodiment, the attacher is at least one suture. In some embodiments, the device further comprises of an optional layer of viscoelastic placed upon the transplantable cells or releasable layer. In some embodiments said substrate comprises a sheet of material. In some embodiments said attachment zone comprises a peripheral margin of said sheet. In some embodiments said means for attaching comprise at least one patch of adhesive material applied to said peripheral margin. In some embodiments said means for attaching the substrate around the wound comprises embedded sutures within the substrate. In some embodiments the sutures may be embedded in the central zone. In some embodiments, the sutures are embedded in the lateral zone. In some embodiments said substrate comprises a molded body shaped and dimensioned to conform to the profile of said tissue. In some embodiments said body defines a dome having a concave posterior face dimensioned to intimately mate with a section of a cornea. In some embodiments said body has a channel cut in said posterior face, said channel being dimensioned to receive a filiform tissue. In some embodiments said substrate comprises a slab of biocompatible material. In some embodiments the device has fenestrations between said channel and said anterior face. In some embodiments a second device is provided which is shaped and dimensioned as a mirror image thereof, wherein said devices are joined about their posterior faces to form a tunnel around a filiform tissue. In some embodiments said channel is shaped and dimensioned to nest a nerve section. Yet other embodiments further comprise means for dissolving said support layer. In one embodiment, the means for dissolving said support layer comprises a dissolving agent. Suitable dissolving agents include collagenase, gelatinase, hyaluronidase, trypsin, papain, and other proteases. In some embodiments the support layer is selected from the group consisting of collagen, amnionic membrane, cellulose, gelatin, and agarose. In some embodiments said adhesive material is fibrin, cyanoacrylate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the device further comprises at least one partition projecting from said posterior face and dividing said active zone into separate areas. In some embodiments the device further comprises a viscoelastic layer placed upon said transplantable cells or releasable layer. In some embodiments said substrate is formed in the shape of an ophthalmic conformer. In some embodiments said substrate is formed in the shape of a contact lens. In some embodiments said substrate comprises adhesive patches astride said support layer. Some embodiments further comprise a peripheral skirt surrounding said support layer. Still further embodiments provide a method, for culturing, transplanting and securing a graft over a surgically or accidentally wounded area, which comprises: procuring a first substrate having an outer face and an inner face, said inner face being shaped and dimensioned to conform to the shape of said area; coating a portion of said inner face with a sheet of releasable biocompatible material; culturing at least one layer of live tissue cells upon or embedded within the said sheet; applying said substrate sheet and layer to said area; and securing said substrate to said area. In some embodiments, the releasable layer is selected from the group consisting of collagen, amnionic membrane, cellulose, gelatin and agarose. In some embodiments said layer comprises epithelial cells. In some embodiments live tissue cells are embedded within the releasable layer as disclosed in Enami et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,359 issued Nov. 23, 1993, herein incorporated by reference, and said area consists of a cornea of a mammalian subject. In some embodiments said substrate is molded in the shape of a contact lens. In some embodiments said substrate is molded in the shape of an ophthalmic conformer. In some embodiments said substrate is molded in the shape of an adhesive skin bandage. In some embodiments said epithelial cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic to said subject. In some embodiments the method further comprises procuring a pair of said coated and layered substrates, one being a mirror image of the other, clamping said substrates together over a filiform tissue. In some embodiments said area consists of a cornea of mammalian subject and said layer comprises pumping cells selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, kidney cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells and colon cells. In some embodiments said pumping cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic to said subject. In some embodiments said layer comprises stem cells. In some embodiments said stem cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. In some embodiments said layer comprises cultured cartilage, bone, synovial, periostial, or marrow cells. In some embodiments said live tissue cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. In some embodiments said layer comprises cultured neuron or glial cells, and said area comprises neural tissue of a mammalian subject. In some embodiments said live tissue cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. In some embodiments said layer comprises epithelium, fibroblasts, or endothelium, and said area comprises skin of a mammalian subject. In some embodiments said live tissue cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. In some embodiments said layer comprises smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, or cardiac muscle cells, and said area comprises muscle of a mammalian subject. In some embodiments said live tissue cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. In some embodiments said layer comprises cardiac muscle cells, and said area comprises cardiac muscle of a mammalian subject. In some embodiments said cardiac muscle cells are autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1A ; FIG. 2A is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a first embodiment of the invention with illustration of optional viscoelastic layer; FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2A ; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4A is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view of FIG. 4A ; FIG. 5A is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a third embodiment of the invention with illustration of optional viscoelastic layer; FIG. 5B is a cross sectional view of FIG. 5A ; FIG. 6 is a diagrammatical plan view of the posterior face of a fourth embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 7 is a diagrammatical cross-sectional view of a nerve healing device using mirror images of the fourth embodiment of FIG. 6 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the following detailed description, only certain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described, simply by way of illustration. As those skilled in the art would realize, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. In addition, when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the another element or be indirectly on the another element with one or more intervening elements interposed therebetween. Also, when an element is referred to as being “connected to” another element, it can be directly connected to the another element or be indirectly connected to the another element with one or more intervening elements interposed therebetween. Hereinafter, like reference numerals refer to like elements. Hereinafter, embodiments of the disclosure will be described with reference to the attached drawings. Without particular definition or mention provided, terms that indicate directions used to describe the disclosure are based on the state shown in the drawings. Further, the same reference numerals indicate the same members in the embodiments. On the other hand, a thickness or a size of each component displayed on the drawings may be exaggerated for the convenience of the description, which does not mean that it should be estimated by the ratio between its size and the component. Features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It will be understood these drawings depict only certain embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and, therefore, are not to be considered limiting of its scope; the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings. An apparatus, system or method according to some of the described embodiments can have several aspects, no single one of which necessarily is solely responsible for the desirable attributes of the apparatus, system or method. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments” one will understand how illustrated features serve to explain certain principles of the present disclosure. Referring now to the drawing, there is shown in FIGS. 1A , 1 B, 2 A, and 2 B live tissue culturing, transferring and installing device 1 according to the invention. The device comprises a molded, transparent substrate 2 shaped in the form of a dome 3 akin to a contact lens whose inner or posterior, concave face 4 is dimensioned to intimately mate with a surface section 5 of a mammalian cornea and sclera. Extending peripherally from the outer edge of the dome section 3 is lateral skirt portion forming a peripheral margin 6 which projects slightly posteriorly to contact the cornea or the sclera when the device is in place. The substrate is preferably made of silicone, hydrogel, acrylate-hydrogel, silicone-acrylate, fluro-silicone acrylate or other ophthalmologically acceptable material known to those of ordinary skill in the art of contact lens manufacture. In the process of a photo-refractive keratectomy operation, a central section of the corneal epithelial layer is completely removed before the corrective ablation of the underlying stromal tissue. One or more layers of cultured cells 7 are seeded upon a bed 8 of collagen coating the posterior or inner face 4 of the substrate. Alternatively, one or more layers of cultured cells 7 are embedded within the collagen layer 8 . The bed or layer of collagen 8 is designed to facilitate the release of the epithelial cell upon the cornea 5 . Other dissolvable or otherwise releasable biocompatible material may be used such as cellulose, gelatin, agarose, amnionic membrane, or other medium known to those with ordinary skill in the art, including such techniques in which the apical adhesion molecules of the epithelial cells in contact with the substrate can be released and the basal adhesion molecules in contact with the corneal stroma can be selectively released with the use of an antibiotic sensitive promoter. The posterior face 9 of the skirt 6 is preferably slightly textured to improve adhesion, and coated with a biocompatible glue 10 such as fibrin, cyano-acrylate, and other such ophthalmologically acceptable adhesive. Optionally, one or more partitions 11 may project posteriorly from the substrate to separate diverse groups of culture cells. For example, the center section 12 may carry transparent epithelial cells to replace the removed section, while the peripheral annular section 13 may carry some healing culture such as stem cells, kidney cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, colon cells, or corneal endothelial cells which pump fluid out of the cornea to maintain corneal clarity and minimize corneal edema. Optionally, a layer of viscoelastic material 101 may be placed upon the layer of cultured cells or releasable layer, such as collagen 8 comprising embedded cells to protect the cells from mechanical trauma during the transplantation process. In one embodiment the viscoelastic material may be made of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate or any ophthalmologically acceptable viscoelastic composition known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The transparent substrate, collagen and cultured cells do not obstruct vision and provide an effective shield that prevents the cornea from touching debris or infective material. FIG. 3 illustrates a first alternate embodiment in which the substrate 15 is a pliable or rigid sheet of material carrying in its center a patch 16 of cultured cells over a bed of releasable material as previously described in connection with the first embodiment of the invention. Alternatively, in some embodiments the cultured cells may be embedded within the releasable material 8 . The substrate may be made in the shape of a common adhesive skin bandage. Patches 17 of biocompatible glue facilitate the adhesion of the substrate to skin, muscles, bones or other tissues of which a damaged area is covered by the cultured layer 16 . Alternatively, the slab may be made of a biocompatible porous foam material which may be placed on the surface of the body, or implanted within the body, in which it may be permanent or dissolvable. FIGS. 4A , 4 B, 5 A and 5 B illustrate a second alternate embodiment 18 in which the substrate 19 is formed in the shape of an ophthalmic conformer. The central portion of the device 20 is essentially similar to the one described in connection with the first embodiment. However, the peripheral skirt of the first embodiment is replaced here by a lateral projection 21 that extends peripherally to cover the sclera and limbus 22 of the cornea 23 . Patches 24 of biocompatible glue are used to secure the device over the cornea. Alternatively, in some embodiments sutures are embedded within the removable substrate to secure the device over the cornea. The shape of the ophthalmic conformer matches the shape of the eye socket and minimizes movements of the device, thus maximizing adhesion and transfer of the cells. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a third alternate embodiment particularly adapted to promote the healing of sections of filiform tissues such as a nerve, tendon, or blood vessel. The first slab 26 of polymer or other biocompatible material has a gutter or channel 27 carved into its posterior face 34 . The channel 27 is shaped and dimensioned to conform to the shape of a nerve 28 or other filiform tissue. The channel is pre-seeded with cultured neurons and/or cultured glial cells. A second slab 29 of the same material as the first is shaped and dimensioned as a mirror image of the first slab 26 whereby the two slabs can be joined together about their posterior faces to form two clamping shells sandwiching the nerve section 28 therebetween. A layer of glue 30 is used to hold the two slabs together. Fenestration 31 between the channel 27 and the anterior face 32 and lateral faces 33 of the slabs form tunnels through which neurological branches can grow. Alternately, the slab may be made of a porous foam material which can serve as a scaffolding for the growth of filiform tissues. Alternatively, cultured neuron and/or cultured glial cells can be grown in the channels 27 , and the ends of the damaged nerves 28 can be attached to the edges of the device 25 with sutures or biocompatible glue. The anterior fenestrations 31 can be placed over a target effector tissue such as a muscle group. In each of the above-described embodiments, the cultured layer may comprise cultured stem cells to promote healing and regeneration. While the present disclosure has been described in connection with certain exemplary embodiments, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The drawings and the detailed description of certain inventive embodiments given so far are only illustrative, and they are only used to describe certain inventive embodiments, but are should not used be considered to limit the meaning or restrict the range of the present disclosure described in the claims. Indeed, it will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that parts included in one embodiment are interchangeable with other embodiments; one or more parts from a depicted embodiment can be included with other depicted embodiments in any combination. For example, any of the various components described herein and/or depicted in the Figures may be combined, interchanged or excluded from other embodiments. With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. Therefore, it will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made and other equivalent embodiments are available. Accordingly, the actual scope of the present disclosure must be determined by the spirit and scope of the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.

A device for transplanting a graft such as a layer or layers of cultivated, autologous, allogenic or xenogenic cells to cover an accidental or surgical wound. The graft is cultivated and carried on a bed of collagen or other dissolvable or releasable material mounted on a protective substrate molded to conform to the profile of the wounded area and provided with a lateral attachment zone. The device facilitates the graft cultured in vitro to the recipient surface.

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The claimed invention relates generally to image/video signal processing. In particular, the claimed invention relates to method and apparatus for video coding and particularly video compression. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0002] During video coding, using video compression as an example, a video encoder converts raw video data into a compressed bit-stream. The compressed bit-stream is either stored in a storage medium or transmitted to a video decoder via a channel. A video decoder reconstructs the video data from the compressed bit-stream. Owing to data loss during the conversion process, the quality of reconstructed video data is often poorer than that of the original video data. [0003] Raw video data are video frames in a video and video frames are classified into inter frames and intra frames. Each video frame is divided into non-overlapping macroblocks which are basic video frame units for video coding. [0004] There are different coding methods, for example, intra frame prediction and inter frame prediction. Inter prediction refers to those coding methods which exploit the temporal redundancies among video frames while intra prediction refers to those coding methods which exploit the spatial redundancies within each video frame. For every encoding method, either intra prediction or inter prediction, different coding modes are available for selection, and in different coding modes, each macroblock is partitioned into different sizes of smaller blocks. Those coding modes regarding inter prediction are also known as inter modes. Those coding modes regarding intra prediction are also known as intra modes. [0005] As many choices of coding modes for encoding a macroblock are available, it is desirable to get the best coding mode. The process is known as mode selection. Prior to the claimed invention, an exhaustive approach was often used for mode selection. The exhaustive approach carries out a corresponding motion searching or an intra prediction for each candidate coding mode, calculating a cost for each candidate mode and then choosing the coding mode with the lowest cost. In the exhaustive approach, usually, the inter prediction is performed for inter modes first, and then the intra prediction is performed for intra modes. [0006] In some cases, it is found that the cost of the best inter mode is very low after completing computations for inter modes, and it is so low that it is unlikely there is an intra mode capable to match with. Some fast approaches in U.S. patent publications such as 2008/0112481, 2008/0002770 and 2007/0086523 were suggested for speeding up mode selection by introducing a condition checking after completing the inter prediction to check whether the intra prediction should be performed. The condition checking can be done by comparing the cost of the best inter mode with a threshold value. If the cost of the best inter mode is smaller than the threshold value, the intra prediction is skipped. Although the approach as proposed can improve the encoding speed to some extent, the approach only considers the unworthiness of performing the intra prediction, so the approach overlooks the unworthiness of performing the inter prediction. In case the intra prediction is conducted prior to the inter prediction, the worthiness of conducting inter prediction can be determined to see if inter prediction is required, however, the same problem of overlooking the worthiness of performing the intra prediction exists. [0007] An objective of the claimed invention is to check the coding information such as the coding mode types of certain coded adjacent macroblocks of the current macroblock which is under processing to decide the order of performing the inter prediction and the intra prediction for the current macroblock of a video frame. [0008] If the majority of the coded adjacent macroblocks have adopted a particular mode, the current macroblock adopts the same mode. Therefore, the order of performing the inter and intra predictions is adaptive and changeable to fit different macroblocks rather than a fixed arrangement. If the inter prediction is performed first, the remaining counterpart which is performed is the intra prediction. If the intra prediction is performed first, the remaining counterpart which is performed is the inter prediction. [0009] Furthermore, according to the order as determined, either inter prediction or intra prediction is performed first, and after that, the remaining counterpart can be skipped if the cost of the best inter/intra mode is smaller than a threshold value. By skipping the whole process of performing the counterpart, many ineffectual computations are saved. This results in a large reduction in processing time, and the lesser the computations are required, the lesser the power consumption will be. [0010] Other aspects of the claimed invention are also disclosed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] These and other objects, aspects and embodiments of the claimed invention will be described hereinafter in more details with reference to the following drawings, in which: [0012] FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of how mode selection is performed in a preferred embodiment. [0013] FIG. 2A shows the specific coded adjacent macroblocks of a macroblock. [0014] FIG. 2B shows a macroblock in a video frame and its corresponding macroblock in a reference video frame. [0015] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for mode selection. [0016] FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of an apparatus for mode selection. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of how mode selection is performed in a preferred embodiment. A video is a sequence of video frames. Each video frame is divided into a number of non-overlapping macroblocks (MBs). Each macroblock (MB) is to be processed and one of the possible order of processing is a raster scan. The raster scan allows macroblocks along the same row to be processed from left to right before macroblocks along the subsequent row which is underneath of the current macroblock is processed. [0018] When a macroblock is being processed, for example, being coded, the process of mode selection is carried out to determine which inter mode or intra mode is appropriate for the current macroblock. In another embodiment, it can be a sub-macroblock or a block of one or more pixels which are being processed and the pixels which are being processed are known as the current coding video frame unit as a whole. The process starts by checking the coding history of one or more specific coded adjacent macroblocks of the current macroblock in a checking step 110 . The coding history of a macroblock includes many types of data including coding modes, motion vectors, cost values, sum-of-absolute-difference (SAD), sum-of-squared-difference (SSD), mean-of-absolute-difference (SATD), mean-of-squared-difference (MSD) and sum-of-absolute-transformed-difference (SATD). In checking step 110 , coding modes is checked to determine whether the macroblock is intra coded or inter coded. [0019] If more than half of specific coded adjacent macroblocks available were intra coded, it is very likely that the best coding mode of the current macroblock is also an intra mode. In this case, the intra prediction is performed prior to the inter prediction. After completing the intra prediction in a first intra prediction step 121 , the best intra mode is determined in an intra mode determining step 131 . A full search is an exemplary approach to determine the best intra mode, and the best intra mode is the one with the minimum cost. [0020] In order to decide whether the inter prediction should be skipped, the cost value of the best intra mode (intra_cost) determined in the first intra prediction step 121 is compared with a first threshold value (max_neighbor_intra_cost) in a first comparing step 141 . If the cost value of the best intra mode is smaller than the first threshold value, the inter prediction is skipped, and the best intra mode is chosen as the actual coding mode of the current macroblock in a selecting step 160 . By skipping the inter prediction, many ineffectual computations are saved. If the cost value of the best intra mode is larger than or equal to the first threshold value, the inter prediction is not skipped, and the inter prediction is performed in a second inter prediction step 151 . Subsequently, the cost value of the best intra mode is compared with the cost value of the best inter mode to select the one with a lower cost to be the actual coding mode of the current macroblock in the selecting step 160 . The first threshold value mentioned in this embodiment is the maximum value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were intra coded. [0021] It is also possible to define the first threshold value, in other embodiments, as a fixed value, or the minimum value, average value, weighted average value, median value or weighted median value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were intra coded or all available specific coded adjacent macroblocks. [0022] If it is found in the checking step 110 that half or more of available specific macroblocks were not intra coded, the best coding mode of the current macroblock is likely to be an inter mode. In this case, the inter prediction is performed prior to the intra prediction. After completing the inter prediction in a first inter prediction step 122 , the best inter mode is determined in an inter mode determining step 132 . A full search is an exemplary approach to determine the best inter mode, and the best inter mode is the one with the minimum cost. [0023] In order to decide whether the intra prediction should be skipped, the cost value of the best inter mode (inter_cost) determined in the first inter prediction step 122 is compared with a second threshold value (max_neighbor_inter_cost) in a second comparing step 142 . If the cost value of the best inter mode is smaller than the second threshold value, the intra prediction is skipped, and the best inter mode is chosen as the actual coding mode of the current macroblock in a selecting step 160 . By skipping the intra prediction, many ineffectual computations are saved. If the cost value of the best inter mode is larger than or equal to the second threshold value, the intra prediction is not skipped, and the intra prediction is performed in a second intra prediction step 152 . Subsequently, the cost value of the best inter mode is compared with the cost value of the best intra mode to select the one with a lower cost to be the actual coding mode of the current macro block in the selecting step 160 . The second threshold value used in this embodiment is the maximum value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were inter coded. [0024] In another embodiment, a first motion prediction step (Step 2 125 ) can include the first intra prediction step 121 and the first inter prediction step 122 so that after the checking step 110 (Step 1 115 ), either the first intra prediction step 121 or the first inter prediction step 122 is performed in the first motion prediction step. In a best motion prediction mode determining step (Step 3 135 ), if the first motion prediction step is a first intra prediction step 121 , then an intra mode determining step 131 is performed; or else if the first motion prediction step is a first inter prediction step 122 , then an inter mode determining step 132 is performed. In a comparing step (Step 4 145 ), the performance of the best motion prediction mode obtained from the best motion prediction mode determining step is compared with a threshold value to determine a second motion prediction step (Step 5 155 ). The comparing step determines to omit second motion prediction step if the performance of the best motion prediction mode from the best motion prediction mode determining step is better than the performance in neighboring coded macroblock, and the best motion prediction mode is selected as the coding mode for the current macroblock in the selecting step 160 (Step 6 165 ). If the performance of the best motion prediction mode is not as good as the performance in neighboring coded macroblock, a second motion prediction step is performed. The second motion prediction step can include the second inter prediction step 151 and the second intra prediction step 152 . If the first motion prediction step is a first intra prediction step 121 , then the second motion prediction step is a second inter prediction step 151 . If the first motion prediction step is a first inter prediction step 122 , the second motion prediction step is a second intra prediction step 152 . After the second motion prediction step is performed, the coding mode of the current macroblock is determined to be either the in the selecting step 160 after comparing the results from the first motion prediction step with the second motion prediction step to see which one is more cost-efficient. [0025] It is also possible to define the second threshold value, in other embodiments, as a fixed value, or the minimum value, average value, weighted average value, median value or weighted median value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were intra coded or all available specific coded adjacent macroblocks. [0026] FIG. 2A shows one or more specific coded adjacent macroblocks of a macroblock. The current macroblock 210 is the macroblock being processed. The coding history of surrounding macroblocks is taken into consideration and they are known as specific coded adjacent macroblocks. Specific coded adjacent macroblocks includes macroblocks on the top 203 (in the same column as the macroblock 210 and in a preceding row of the current macroblock 210 ), the top-right 205 (in a preceding column of the current macroblock 210 and in a preceding row of the current macroblock 210 ), and the left 207 (in a preceding column of the current macroblock 210 and in a subsequent column of the current macroblock) of the current macroblocks. [0027] In an exemplary case that the current macroblock is located along the right edge of a video frame, the top-right macroblock 205 is not available. Then, the top-left macroblock 201 is used instead. [0028] FIG. 2B shows a macroblock in a video frame and its corresponding macroblock in a reference video frame 220 . Other embodiments may also make use of macroblocks of other frames such as the collocated macroblock 229 of the reference frame 220 which has the same position relative to the video frame as the current macroblock 239 . Alternatively, the eight macroblocks 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 and 228 surrounding the collocated macroblock 229 are used. [0029] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for mode selection. In an embodiment, the apparatus is a processor or a module in a processor, and each block represents a separate unit or all the blocks are integrated into a single module. A checker 300 checks the coding history of one of specific coded adjacent macroblocks of the current macroblock which is being processed. The coding history of a macroblock includes many types of data including coding modes, motion vectors, cost values, sum-of-absolute-difference (SAD), sum-of-squared-difference (SSD), mean-of-absolute-difference (SATD), mean-of-squared-difference (MSD) and sum-of-absolute-transformed-difference (SATD). The checker 300 checks the coding modes in the coding history to determine whether the macroblock is intra coded or inter coded. [0030] If more than half of specific coded adjacent macroblocks available were intra coded, it is very likely that the best coding mode of the current macroblock (not shown) is also an intra mode. In this case, the intra prediction is performed prior to the inter prediction. The first intra predictor 310 performs intra prediction for the current macroblock. The results are provided to a best intra mode determinator 320 to determine the best intra mode. The best intra mode determinator 320 compares the results to determine which intra mode has the lowest cost. The intra mode with the lowest cost is determined to be the best intra mode. [0031] In order to decide whether the inter prediction should be skipped, a first comparator 330 compares the cost value of the best intra mode (intra_cost) determined by the first intra predictor 310 and a first threshold value (max_neighbor_intra_cost). If the cost value of the best intra mode is smaller than the first threshold value, the inter prediction is skipped, and a selector 350 chooses the best intra mode to be the actual coding mode of the current macroblock (not shown). By skipping the inter prediction, the ineffectual computations in relation to the inter prediction are saved. If the cost value of the best intra mode is larger than or equal to the first threshold value, the inter prediction is not skipped, and a second inter predictor 340 performs the inter prediction. Subsequently, the selector 350 compares the cost value of the best intra mode with the cost value of the best inter mode to select the one with a lower cost to be the actual coding mode of the current macro block. The first threshold value mentioned in this embodiment is the maximum value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were intra coded. [0032] It is also possible to define the first threshold value, in other embodiments, as a fixed value, or the minimum value, average value, weighted average value, median value or weighted median value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were intra coded or all available specific coded adjacent macroblocks. [0033] If half or more of specific coded adjacent macroblocks available were inter coded, it is very likely that the best coding mode of the current macroblock is also an inter mode. In this case, the inter prediction is performed prior to the intra prediction. The first inter predictor 315 performs inter prediction for the current macroblock. The results are provided to a best inter mode determinator 325 to determine the best inter mode. The best inter mode determinator 325 compares the results to determine which inter mode has the lowest cost. The inter mode with the lowest cost is determined to be the best inter mode. [0034] In order to decide whether the intra prediction should be skipped, a second comparator 335 compares the cost value of the best inter mode (inter_cost) determined by the first inter predictor 315 and a second threshold value (max_neighbor_inter_cost). If the cost value of the best inter mode is smaller than the second threshold value, the intra prediction is skipped, and a selector 350 chooses the best inter mode to be the actual coding mode of the current macroblock. By skipping the intra prediction, many ineffectual computations are saved. If the cost value of the best inter mode is larger than or equal to the second threshold value, the intra prediction is not skipped, and a second intra predictor 345 performs the intra prediction. Subsequently, the selector 350 compares the cost value of the best inter mode with the cost value of the best intra mode to select the one with a lower cost to be the actual coding mode of the current macroblock. The second threshold value mentioned in this embodiment is the maximum value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were inter coded. Then the selector 350 outputs the selected coding mode to an encoder (not shown) for processing the current macroblock. [0035] It is also possible to define the second threshold value, in other embodiments, as a fixed value, or the minimum value, average value, weighted average value, median value or weighted median value amongst cost values of available specific coded adjacent macroblocks which were inter coded or all available specific coded adjacent macroblocks. [0036] The specific coded adjacent macroblocks are the neighboring macroblocks of the current macroblock according to the description regarding FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B . [0037] FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of an apparatus for mode selection. In another embodiment, the first intra predictor and the first inter predictor are integrated into a first motion predictor 410 which perform either intra prediction or inter prediction according to the output from the checker 400 . The best intra mode determinator and the best intra mode determinator are also integrated into one best mode determinator 420 to determine the best inter mode if the inputs from the first motion predictor 410 are inter mode results and determine the best intra mode if the inputs from the first motion predictor 410 are intra modes results. The first comparator is integrated with the second comparator into a comparator 430 which compares the output of the best mode determinator 420 with a threshold value. Furthermore, the second inter predictor and the second intra predictor are integrated into a second predictor 440 which may be skipped according to the result from the comparator 430 . A selector 450 selects the mode for the current coding video frame units according to the output of the comparator 430 or the output of the second predictor 440 . The selector 450 performs the same functions as the selector does in FIG. 3 . [0038] The description of preferred embodiments of the claimed invention are not exhaustive and any update or modifications to them are obvious to those skilled in the art, and therefore reference is made to the appending claims for determining the scope of the claimed invention. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY [0039] The claimed invention has industrial applicability in consumer electronics, in particular with video applications. The claimed invention can be used in the video encoder, and in particular, in a multi-standard video encoder. The multi-standard video encoder implements various standards such as H.263, H.263+, H.263++, H264, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVS (Audio Video Standard) and the like. More particularly, the claimed invention is implemented in an embodiment for a DSP (digital signal processing) video encoder. The claimed invention is used not only for software implementation but also for hardware implementation. For example, the claimed invention is implemented in a chip such as Xilinx FPGA chip or SoC ASIC chip.

Method and apparatus for providing a fast and accurate video coding process are disclosed. After checking the coding history of certain coded video frame units of a video, the order of the inter prediction and the intra prediction is adaptively exchanged for each coding video frame unit of an inter frame. Furthermore, the computations for coding modes in the latter part of the computation order are selectively skipped so as to speed up the coding process without degrading the video quality.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/813,588 filed on Apr. 18, 2013, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The technical field of the invention pertains generally to lighting used in the production of video and film, and, more particularly, to improvements in the Fresnel luminaire commonly used in the production of video and film. [0003] Fresnel lights utilize a lens with grooves cut to disperse and soften the edges of the projected beam of light, consequently softening the shadows cast by objects illuminated using a Fresnel light and allowing for softer transitions between other Fresnel lights being used on a production set. Fresnel lights have a unique diffusion of light due to the lens, and may be adjusted/focused from a flood or wide beam to a spot or narrow beam by moving the bulb longitudinally away from the lens. The scatter of light from the Fresnel lens is typically controlled or shaped using barn door attachments. [0004] Prior Fresnel lights utilize a bulb configured within a cylindrical or otherwise fixed volume so as to move fore and aft longitudinally toward (fore) and away from (aft) of the focusing (eg. Fresnel type) lens in order to obtain broader or narrower (more focused) spread/dispersion of light projected forward toward the video/film subject. Fresnel lights have been used in the video and film industry, but all require substantial space when transporting them to and from and about a production set. Existing designs used in the industry typically do not allow for easy disassembly or collapsing or otherwise meaningfully reducing space requirements for storage or transport, or for that matter, simply moving equipment about a production studio/set. The large size, heavy weight, and resulting bulk of existing and conventional Fresnel light units are problems. [0005] Conventional Fresnel lights typically use high wattage bulbs that consume large amounts of power to operate, generate high amounts of heat, have a relatively short life, and are expensive to replace. Further, the orientation of the bulb in conventional Fresnel fixtures has an impact on life of the bulb. A conventional Fresnel utilizes a single high wattage bulb set upright in a screw in bulb socket affixed to structure within a can-shaped housing, a slide bar or other knob used to move the bulb forward closer to the Fresnel lens or rearward to increase the distance from the Fresnel lens and widening the beam of projected light. A Fresnel light may be held by a film crew member, positioned using a stand, or mounted on a variety of (often overhead) stage lighting structures, and the orientation of the Fresnel with respect to its lamp/bulb may not be attended to or easily maintained. Burning the lamp upside down, for example, shortens lamp life substantially. [0006] A major problem of conventional Fresnel lights is the heat produced by the high wattage bulb. The heat given off by conventional Fresnel lights tends to create an uncomfortable setting for the talent/subject of the film or video. Fans or other heat management devices or equipment are commonly needed to control heat projected toward the talent/subject of the film or video. Furthermore, the can- or cylindrical-shaped housing comprising all existing Fresnel light designs does not lend itself to sufficient heat management of the Fresnel light device itself because the light and heat source is enclosed within the can- or cylindrical-shaped housing. Venting the can structure introduces cost and light leakage, and may be insufficient without internal cooling fans. And internal cooling fans add cost, noise, power consumption, and product complexity/added product failure modes. [0007] What is needed, therefore, are new designs for a Fresnel light that address shortcomings of the available existing and conventional Fresnel lights. [0008] The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL DRAWINGS [0009] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, the drawings herein illustrate examples of the invention. The drawings, however, do not limit the scope of the invention. Similar references in the drawings indicate similar elements. [0010] FIG. 1 is a side cut view of a Fresnel light unit in a storage, or fully collapsed, position. [0011] FIG. 1A is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 1 . [0012] FIG. 1B is a top plan view of a portion of the light as in FIG. 1 . [0013] FIG. 1C is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 1B . [0014] FIG. 2 is a side cut view of the light as in FIG. 1 but in a partially extended first operable position. [0015] FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 2 . [0016] FIG. 2B is a top plan view of a portion of the light as in FIG. 2 . [0017] FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 2B . [0018] FIG. 3 is a side cut view of the light as in FIG. 1 but in a fully extended operable position. [0019] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 3 . [0020] FIG. 3B is a top plan view of a portion of the light as in FIG. 3 . [0021] FIG. 3C is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 3B . [0022] FIG. 4A is an enlarged detail of a first portion of an exploded view of the light as in FIG. 1 , this first portion including a Fresnel lens and a dual basket type design for adjusting a distance between the Fresnel lens and a light source. [0023] FIG. 4B is an enlarged detail of a second portion of an exploded view of the light as in FIG. 1 , this second portion including a bellows and an enclosure, the bellows adjustable in length between a Fresnel lens and the enclosure affixed to a light source. [0024] FIG. 4C is an enlarged detail of a third portion of an exploded view of the light as in FIG. 1 , this third portion including a light source, a heat sink, and a focus knob for adjusting a distance between the light source and a Fresnel lens. [0025] FIG. 5A illustrates a frontal perspective view of a novel Fresnel light, fully assembled and mounted on a stand/mounting, according to various embodiments. [0026] FIG. 5B illustrates a frontal perspective view of a novel Fresnel light, fully assembled and mounted on a stand/mounting, including barn door attachments, according to various embodiments. [0027] FIG. 7A is an exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a narrow/spot beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Tungsten light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. [0028] FIG. 7B is an exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a wide/flood beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Tungsten light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. [0029] FIG. 8A is another exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a narrow/spot beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Daylight wavelength light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. [0030] FIG. 8B is another exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a wide/flood beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Daylight wavelength light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0031] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the preferred embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details, that the present invention is not limited to the depicted embodiments, and that the present invention may be practiced in a variety of alternate embodiments. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and systems have not been described in detail. [0032] Although preferred embodiments are presented and described in the context of a portable-sized Fresnel lighting instrument adapted for use in the production of video and film, numerous separable inventive aspects are presented that may be used in a wide variety of other lighting applications and with the use of a wide variety of other types equipment associated with various lighting applications. Further, various separable inventive aspects are disclosed that may be particularly adapted to non-lighting applications. For example, the structures and methods discovered and disclosed herein for extending one plane from another, while maintaining a substantially parallel relationship between the two, and for also maintaining the relative orientation of the first plane with the other throughout the separation of one from the other, may find particular application in other non-lighting applications. [0033] The present inventor(s) discovered new, unique, and truly innovative methods, systems, and apparatus for improving a light for use as a Fresnel light in video and film production. Various embodiments are illustrated and described in the figures, sketches, details, descriptive materials, and pictures submitted herewith. The various embodiments include separable inventive aspects which are separately patentable. The listed inventive aspects are not exhaustive or comprehensive, and further/additional separable inventive aspects are included in the submitted materials but may not be specifically or particularly identified or described in words due to the need to capture (in many instances in detailed illustrations, pictures, or sketches) the many separable inventive aspects in this disclosure. [0034] FIG. 1 is a side cut view of a Fresnel light unit 102 in a storage, or fully collapsed, position 100 . No other known Fresnel-type light unit includes features, methods, or structures for collapsing the light into a compact storage position. A very thin light engine 104 is used, preferably comprising a number of LEDs. The storage position as shown is where the outward subject facing lens 106 is fully retracted so as to fully collapse the flexible bellows 108 toward the rear heat sink 110 . The fully collapsed unit is preferably small enough (i.e. thin enough in the dimension shown in FIG. 1 ) so as to fit 3 collapsed units side-by-side as oriented in FIG. 1 within a standard-sized milk crate. [0035] FIG. 1A is a perspective view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 . [0036] FIG. 1B is a top plan view of a portion of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 . In its storage configuration 100 the two counter rotating rings 112 and 114 , each ring affixed to four extender members (or bars) (inward bars 116 , 118 , 120 , and 122 attached to inner ring 112 ; outward bars 124 , 126 , 128 , and 130 attached to outer ring 114 ), are preferably held in place relative to one another and relative to the rear heat sink 110 upon which the light engine 104 is mounted, by an index pin (not shown) (that may be used to release the two rings so as to permit counter rotation and thereby extension of the bellows 108 and movement of the lens 106 longitudinally away from the light engine 104 and heat sink 110 ) or gear 132 (that may incorporate a detent or other mechanical feature to resist or arrest counter rotation of the inner and outer rings 112 , 114 ). In other preferred embodiments, a detent feature is incorporated into operation of a gear 134 rotatable by rotation of a motor (not shown) and/or focus knob 136 . [0037] In still other preferred embodiments, rotation of a motor (not shown) and/or focus knob 136 rotates a gear 134 (or other engagement member) to begin counter rotation of the two rings 112 and 114 , with the storage configuration 100 comprising the first operable position of the light 102 , and in such first operable position as shown in FIG. 1 a Fresnel lens 106 is minimally separated from a light source or light engine 104 , providing a wide/flood beam of projected light from the light 102 . As will be discussed the wide/flood beam is preferably about 70 degrees and decreases to a narrow/spot beam of preferably about 16 degrees when the Fresnel lens 106 and light engine 104 are maximally separated, such maximal separation achieved by rotating a gear 136 so as to counter rotate the inner and outer rings 112 and 114 to fully extend the corresponding extender members. [0038] The heat sink 110 to which the light engine 104 is thermally connected (mounted) is preferably (as shown) a substantial portion of the rearmost structure. Light output control electronics are preferably included on a separate circuit board that is thermally connected (mounted) to a smaller (lowermost) portion 138 of the rearmost heat sink structure. As shown, there is a smaller portion 138 of the heat sink on one (shown as lowermost) side in FIG. 1B . This smaller portion 138 of the heat sink 110 is substantially thermally separate from the larger portion, thereby providing better thermal separation between the light engine 104 and the control electronics. In preferred embodiments, thermal separation between the larger portion of the heat sink 110 where the light engine 104 is mounted and the (lowermost) smaller portion 138 where the control electronics are mounted is achieved by one or more areas of discontinuity such as the discontinuity/thermal separator 140 shown between the larger portion of the heat sink 110 and its smaller portion 138 . In other preferred embodiments, backside fins comprising heat sink 110 may be oriented so as to be substantially parallel with the discontinuity/thermal separator 140 shown in FIG. 1B and not, as shown in FIG. 1C , perpendicular, or the backside fins may themselves be discontinuous between the larger portion of the heat sink 110 and its lower portion 138 below the discontinuity/thermal separator 140 . [0039] FIG. 1C is a perspective view of the light as in FIG. 1B . [0040] FIG. 2 is a side cut view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 but in a partially extended first operable position 200 . When moved from its storage position 100 to a first operable position 200 , preferably by depressing or pulling or actuating a mechanical index or release mechanism (to allow for rotation of the counter rotating rings) and subsequent rotation of a focus knob 136 (configured to rotate a gear 134 situated between the counter rotating rings 112 and 114 and to engage with teeth formed in each of the rings to move the rings in the opposite direction from one another) causes the bars (extending members) to move and thereby extend the lens 106 away from the light engine 104 . The first operable position 200 provides a distance between the lens 106 and light engine 104 for a first focusing position for the light unit. The first focusing position of a Fresnel-type light typically corresponds to a widest angle of light projected by the light unit, with increasing separation between the lens 106 and light engine 104 causing greater/narrower focus of a light spot or light beam directed from the subject facing lens. [0041] FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the light 102 as in FIG. 2 . [0042] FIG. 2B is a top plan view of a portion of the light 102 as in FIG. 2 . In the first operable position 200 , the extending members (bars) comprising one set (eg. of four) affixed to one of the counter rotating rings and another set (eg. of four) affixed to the other counter rotating ring move opposite one another so as to extend the lens away from the light engine/heat sink. The rings are shown in FIG. 2B as being moved out of the storage (or fully compressed) position 100 , the rings 112 and 114 now shown counter rotated with the extender members partially extended. [0043] FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the light 102 as in FIG. 2B . Preferably, each ring 112 , 114 is connected to four extending members as shown. Different numbers of bars may be used, and they may be configured differently. And the bars need not be rigid extending members. Cable material may be used for the extending members. In preferred embodiments, however, four bars are mounted to each of the counter rotating rings 112 and 114 , and each bar of one ring is positioned so as to pair up with a bar of the other ring to simplify connection of the bars to an outward lens retaining portion of the focusing assembly (the focusing assembly comprising the counter rotating rings, extender members/bars, and Fresnel lens retainer). As shown in FIG. 2C , each of inward bars 116 , 118 , 120 , and 122 are pivotally mounted at one end to the inner ring 112 , and each of outward bars 124 , 126 , 128 , and 130 are pivotally mounted at one end to the outer ring 114 . The other end of each inward bar is pivotally mounted to an attachment member that is pivotally mounted to the other (non-ring) end of an outward bar, as shown. For example, as shown in FIG. 2C , the non-ring end of inward bar 116 is pivotally mounted to an attachment member 202 , which is in turn pivotally mounted to the non-ring end of outward bar 126 ; inward bar 118 is pivotally mounted to an attachment member 204 , which is pivotally mounted to outward bar 130 ; inward bar 122 is pivotally mounted to an attachment member 206 , which is pivotally mounted to outward bar 128 ; and inward bar 120 is pivotally mounted to an attachment member 208 , which is pivotally mounted to outward bar 124 . As the counter rotating rings 112 and 114 move opposite one another, the bars extend and do so such that the lens (retained by a Fresnel lens retainer attached to the bars via bar attachment members 202 , 204 , 206 , and 208 ) is moved longitudinally away from the light engine 104 with substantially no rotation (allowing for barn doors or other attachments to the lens portion to maintain its orientation relative to the rearmost heat sink 110 , mounting frame, etc.). That is, as the lens 106 is extended outward away from the light engine 104 , the lens 106 moves substantially only longitudinally away from the light engine 104 toward the subject being lighted, with substantially no rotation of the lens 106 relative to the light engine 104 or rearmost heat sink structure 110 . [0044] FIG. 3 is a side cut view of the light as in FIG. 1 but in a fully extended operable position 300 . The focus knob 136 , in a preferred embodiment, is shown in the heat sink portion (as for FIGS. 1 and 2 ). In a fully extended mode (for the longest distance between Fresnel lens 106 and light engine 104 ) the extending member (bars) are fully extending so that one end of each bar is attached to the heat sink/light engine portion and the other end is attached to structure retaining the lens 106 , with a bellows 108 or other material expanded therebetween so as to contain light generated by the light engine 104 and allowing light to be projected through the subject facing lens 106 . [0045] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the light 102 as in FIG. 3 . [0046] FIG. 3B is a top plan view of a portion of the light 102 as in FIG. 3 . In various embodiments, the fully extended position (as shown) includes mechanical stops such as end-of-gear teeth and/or alignment of detents in each of the counter rotating rings such that a mechanic index pin may be used to provide additional retention of the rings and bars in the fully extended position. Preferably and as shown in FIG. 3B , the portion of the focusing assembly that extends the Fresnel lens 106 away from the light source/engine 104 comprises two concentric rings 112 and 114 with at least one gear 134 therebetween engageable with teeth formed on each of the rings so as to allow counter rotation of the two rings with respect to one another when the gear 134 is rotated. Four extender members 116 , 118 , 120 , and 122 are (evenly spaced about and) pivotally mounted to the inner ring 112 , the four (inward) extender members and inner ring comprising an inward basket-type design. Four additional extender members 124 , 126 , 128 , and 130 are (evenly spaced about and) pivotally mounted to the outer ring 114 , with the four (outward) extender members and outer ring comprising an outward basket-type design. The two (inward plus outward) basket-type designs/structures are combined with at least one gear 134 interposed between the inner ring 112 and outer ring 114 so that rotation of the gear 134 causes the inner ring 112 and outer ring 114 to rotate in opposite directions (i.e. counter rotation of the two rings). Each of the extender members are further pivotally mounted to one of four attachment members 202 , 204 , 206 , and 208 such that each of the extender members pivotally mounted to the inner ring 112 is connected to an extender member pivotally mounted to the outer ring 114 via pivotal mounting to one of the attachment members 202 , 204 , 206 , and 208 . Each of the attachment members 202 , 204 , 206 , and 208 pivotally connects an extender member pivotally mounted to the inner ring 112 with an extender member pivotally mounted to the outer ring 114 , forming a connected pair of extender members. As the two rings 112 and 114 are rotated in opposite directions, the extender member ends pivotally mounted to the rings are either drawn closer together causing the attachment member connecting the opposite ends of those extender members to extend away from the plane defined by the two concentric rings 112 and 114 , or drawn apart from one another causing the attachment member (and the plane defined by the Fresnel lens retainer structure attached thereto) to compress/collapse inward toward the plane defined by the concentric rings 112 and 114 . [0047] FIG. 3C is a perspective view of the light 102 as in FIG. 3B . [0048] FIGS. 4A , 4 B, and 4 C comprise an exploded view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 showing components as they may be assembled/disassembled for assembly/disassembly of the light, in various embodiments. FIG. 4A is an enlarged detail of a first portion of an exploded view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 , this first portion including a Fresnel lens 106 and a dual basket type design/structure or focusing assembly 402 for adjusting a distance between the Fresnel lens 106 and a light source 104 . Lens retainers 404 are shown for retaining Fresnel lens 106 to an outward lens retainer portion 406 of the focusing assembly 402 , with a lens seal 408 therebetween. Ring retainers 410 and 412 are used to retain rings 112 and 114 to the heat sink portion 110 so that the rings 112 and 114 are able to slide/rotate within the plane defined by rings 112 and 114 but not move longitudinally fore and aft in the direction that the lens 106 extends from and retracts to the plane defined by rings 112 and 114 (and within which the light source/engine 104 preferably resides). The ring retainers 410 and 412 preferably oppose one another. Different ring retaining means may be used, or a different number of retainers 410 , 412 may be used. The retainers 410 , 412 preferably include guide material to maintain alignment of each of the counter rotating rings 112 and 114 . [0049] The focusing assembly 402 preferably comprises a dual basket type design having a pair of counter rotating rings defining a first plane, a lens holding member defining a second plane, and extensible bars or extending members therebetween and affixed to the counter rotating rings and lens holding member as shown in FIG. 4A so as to provide an assembly whereby the lens holding member is extendable away from the counter rotating rings by rotating one or both of the rings. With the extending members arranged as shown, the lens holding member is extendable away from the rotating rings so that the first and second planes remain substantially the same in relation to one another when extended as when collapsed (i.e. parallel to one another). And the lens holding member (and its first plane) is extendable away from the rings (and its second plane) with substantially no rotation along the longitudinal travel between the collapsed or shorter separation and the extended or longer separation between the first and second planes. Attachments 414 , 416 , 418 , and 420 (four of them) are shown for attachment of barn doors or other attachments typically used with lighting units used in the video and film industry. [0050] FIG. 4B is an enlarged detail of a second portion of an exploded view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 , this second portion including a bellows 108 and an enclosure 422 , the bellows 108 adjustable in length between a Fresnel lens 106 and the enclosure 422 affixed to a heat sink portion 110 and a light source 104 affixed thereon. [0051] FIG. 4C is an enlarged detail of a third portion of an exploded view of the light 102 as in FIG. 1 , this third portion including a light source 104 , a heat sink 110 , and a focus knob 136 for adjusting a distance between the light source 104 and a Fresnel lens 106 . As shown in FIG. 4C , the focus knob 136 is preferably connected to a focus gear 134 that protrudes through opening 424 in the heat sink assembly/portion 110 . The focus gear 134 rotates and engages with teeth formed on rings 112 and 114 to extend or retract the lens 106 from the light source/engine 104 . In one embodiment, a release pin is used in place of the idle gear 132 shown. In various embodiments, gears 132 , 432 , and 434 function as idle gears to stabilize and ensure smooth rotation of the rings 112 and 114 retained to the heat sink assembly 110 by retainers 410 and 412 . In preferred embodiments, a light source or engine 104 comprises an LED module 436 as illustrated in FIG. 4C . The LED module 436 may be mounted to the heat sink 110 with an LED thermal PSA 428 therebetween, with an LED PCB assembly 426 mounted over and surrounding the LED module 436 . A control PCB assembly 430 is preferably mounted to a lower portion 138 of the heat sink 110 . [0052] FIG. 5A illustrates a frontal perspective view of a novel Fresnel light 102 , fully assembled and mounted on a stand/mounting 502 , according to various embodiments. FIG. 5B illustrates a frontal perspective view of a novel Fresnel light 102 , fully assembled and mounted on a stand/mounting 502 , including attachments 414 , 416 , 418 , and 420 utilized to mount barn door attachments 504 , according to various embodiments. [0053] In one embodiment, the Fresnel light unit as described and illustrated in the figures is operated by actuating a release mechanism to allow for extending the lens away from the light engine; rotating a focus knob to extend the lens longitudinally outward away from the light engine to a first operable position; turning on the light engine to project light through the lens; and further rotating the focus knob to adjust the distance between lens and light engine (to focus the light beam projected from the lens onto a subject, as desired). Light characteristics such as the color temperature (or color) of light projected, intensity, etc. may be controlled manually using control knobs/buttons/sliders/etc. provided on the light unit, or remotely using various wired or wireless means. The light unit may be returned to a storage configuration by powering off the light engine; and rotating the focus knob to retract the lens inward longitudinally toward the light engine/heat sink to fully collapse the bellows to bring the lens fully inward toward the light engine. [0054] The present inventor(s) designed a novel Fresnel light, in the various embodiments described herein, to represent the next generation in Fresnel lights, providing the hallmarks of a traditional Fresnel light—single shadow beam shaping through barn doors, continuous focusing and a smooth light field—and provide the additional functionality of both wireless and DMX control, the low power consumption and cool operation of an LED light source/engine, unique and innovative compact structure that operates differently than any previous Fresnel and collapses down to a fraction of the size (and weight and bulk) of existing Fresnel lights, and is designed to have a water-resistant IP54 rating and rugged construction for field reliability. [0055] FIG. 7A is an exemplary light output diagram for a light 102 as disclosed, in a narrow/spot beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Tungsten (color temperature, 3200K) light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. In this mode, the Fresnel light 102 has its bellows 108 and focusing assembly 402 in a fully extended mode of operation, to achieve a narrow/spot beam of about 16 degrees. [0056] FIG. 7B is an exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a wide/flood beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Tungsten light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. In this mode, the Fresnel light 102 has its bellows 108 and focusing assembly 402 in a fully compressed/collapsed mode of operation, to achieve a wide/flood beam of projected light, of about 70 degrees. [0057] FIG. 8A is another exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a narrow/spot beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Daylight wavelength light (color temperature, 5600K) generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. [0058] FIG. 8B is another exemplary light output diagram for a light as disclosed, in a wide/flood beam mode of operation, in various embodiments, with Daylight wavelength light generated by a light engine comprising LEDs. [0059] The present inventor(s) invented a new Fresnel light, according to various embodiments, with the following advertised features and capabilities: Ultra high output LED that provides the equivalent output of a traditional 650W light; High quality glass 8 inch round Fresnel lens; Ultra thin/compact design is only 15″×12.6″×4.6″ and just 9.5 lbs; Water resistant IP54 rating; Provides continuous focus variable from spot (16 degree beam width) to flood (70 degree beam width); Completely silent operation (no cooling fans); Fully dimmable 100 to 0 percent; Available in Tungsten (3200K) and Daylight (5600K) versions; DMX or wireless operation; Wireless operation uses 2.45 GHz and provides 9 user selectable channels; Wireless operation includes the capability to link together as many other Zylight/Zylink instruments as needed, and includes the capability to adjust the controls on all of the linked lights by adjusting the controls on any one of the instruments/lights linked in the group; Use battery (14.4v) or worldwide AC power; Use with yolk mount, pole mount, or handles; Low power draw at only 90W to 100W; Very cool operation due to use of LED light engine instead of conventional high wattage bulb; LED life is 50,000 hours minimum; Tested flicker free at 5600 fps. [0060] The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.

A Fresnel lighting instrument for use in film and video production, having a LED light engine mounted to a heat sink defining a first plane, a dual basket type focusing assembly adapted to longitudinally extend or retract a Fresnel lens away from and back to the first plane substantially without rotation along the longitudinal range of extension, to provide a fanless, cool operating, highly compact and lightweight Fresnel light suitable for studio or field use. The dual basket type design allows for transporting three Fresnel units in a standard milk crate since the unit collapses down whereas existing Fresnel lights all use a constant volume can-shaped housing within which the light source is repositioned.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of [0000] U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/955,559, entitled “Signaling Considerations for Inter-eNB CoMP,” filed on Mar. 19, 2014, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/991,055, entitled “Signaling Considerations for NAICS,” filed on May 9, 2014, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/991,323, entitled “Signaling Considerations for NAICS,” filed on May 9, 2014, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/034,724, entitled “X2 Signaling for Inter-eNB CoMP,” filed on Aug. 7, 2014, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/034,885, entitled “X2 Signaling for Inter-eNB CoMP,” filed on Aug. 8, 2014, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/055,381, entitled “Signalling for Inter-eNB CoMP,” filed on Sep. 25, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/056,095, entitled “Signalling for Inter-eNB CoMP,” filed on Sep. 26, 2014, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) in wireless or mobile communications and, more particularly, to inter-eNB (E-UTRAN NodeB or eNodeB) CoMP with Network Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression (NAICS) and/or non-ideal backhaul (NIB). [0003] The CoMP schemes that were discussed during the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 11 CoMP standardization assumed the availability of an ideal backhaul connecting the transmission points in each cluster. This assumption allowed for coordination within the cluster based on the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) reported by the users to those transmission points. Unfortunately, such schemes are far from being suitable when faced with a non-ideal backhaul that has a high latency. To guide the design of schemes that are appropriate for the NIB scenario, the following agreement was reached during 3GPP RAN1 (Radio Access Network Working Group 1 or Radio Layer 1) Meeting #74: [0004] For each evaluated scheme, information relating to a transmission to/from a serving node in a given subframe should be categorized into two groups: [0005] Group 1 information: information which is considered valid for a period longer than the backhaul delay, which may therefore be provided from a different node(s) from the serving node; and [0006] Group 2 information: information which is considered valid for a period shorter than the backhaul delay, which must therefore be derived by the serving node. [0007] The types of information may include for example: [0008] CSI, [0009] Allocated power per resource (including muting), [0010] User equipment (UE) selection, [0011] Precoding selection (including the number of transmit layers), [0012] Modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection, [0013] Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARM) process number, and [0014] Transmission point (TP) selection. [0015] Transmission layers are sometimes called “transmit layers” or “layers.” The number of transmission layers is known as “transmission rank” or “rank.” A codebook is a set of precoding matrices or precoders. A precoding matrix is also known as a codeword. REFERENCE [0000] [1] H. Zhang, L. Venturino, N. Prasad, P. Li, S. Rangarajan, X. Wang,“Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization in Multi-Cell Networks via Coordinated Scheduling and Discrete Power Control”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 29(6): pp. 1214-1224, 2011. [2] R1-141816, “LS on Inter-eNB CoMP for LTE,” RAN1, Mar. 31-Apr. 4, 2014. [3] R3-141487, “CHANGE REQUEST,” Mar. 31-Apr. 4, 2014. [4] R1-141206, “Signaling Considerations for Inter-eNB CoMP”, NEC, Mar. 31 to Apr. 4, 2014. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0020] An objective of the present invention is to provide a suitable scheme for CoMP operation. [0021] An aspect of the present invention includes, in a wireless communications system including a first transmission point and a second transmission point, a wireless communications method implemented in the first transmission point supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP). The wireless communications method comprises transmitting to the second transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets, and transmitting to the second transmission point a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0022] Another aspect of the present invention includes, in a wireless communications system including a first transmission point and a second transmission point, a wireless communications method implemented in the second transmission point supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP). The wireless communications method comprises receiving from the first transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets, and receiving from the first transmission point a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0023] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a first transmission point supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) and used in a wireless communications system. The first transmission point comprises a transmitter to transmit to a second transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets and a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0024] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a second transmission point supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) and used in a wireless communications system. The second transmission point comprises a receiver to receive from a first transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets and a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0025] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications method implemented in a wireless communications system supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP). The wireless communications method comprises transmitting from a first transmission point to a second transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets, and transmitting from the first transmission point to the second transmission point a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0026] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications system supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP). The wireless communications system comprises a first transmission point, and a second transmission point to receive form the first transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets, wherein the first transmission point transmits to the second transmission point a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, and wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. [0027] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications method implemented in a transmission point (TP) used in a wireless communications system. The wireless communications method comprises receiving, from another TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE), and receiving, from said another TP, user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. [0028] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications method implemented in a transmission point (TP) used in a wireless communications system. The wireless communications method comprises transmitting, to another TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE), and transmitting, to said another TP, user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. [0029] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a transmission point (TP) used in a wireless communications system. The TP comprises a receiver to receive, from another TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE) and user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. [0030] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a transmission point (TP) used in a wireless communications system. The TP comprises a transmitter to transmit, to another TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE) and user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. [0031] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications method implemented in a wireless communications system. The wireless communications method comprises transmitting, from a transmission point (TP) to another TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE), and transmitting, from the transmission point (TP) to said another TP, user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. [0032] Still another aspect of the present invention includes a wireless communications system comprising a first transmission point (TP), and a second transmission point (TP) to transmit to the first TP, channel state information (CSI) for a user equipment (UE) and user identification for the user equipment, wherein the signaling of the CSI for the user equipment enables user identification for the user equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0033] FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a CoMP system. [0034] FIG. 2 depicts a CoMP coordination request under CoMP-NIB implementation. [0035] FIG. 3( a ) depicts an example of centralized CoMP coordination via CoMP hypothesis and Benefit metric over X2. [0036] FIG. 3( b ) depicts an example of centralized CoMP coordination via CoMP hypothesis and Benefit metric over X2. Note here that the BM is used to convey the utility change for a particular resource allocation indicated in the associated CH to the Master node. The CH sent by the Master node contains the resource allocation decision. [0037] FIG. 4 depicts an example of distributed CoMP coordination via CoMP hypothesis and Benefit metric over X2. [0038] FIG. 5 depicts that if only “gains” can be conveyed via benefit metric, eNB2 may not obtain the information about the loss it can cause to eNB1 by increasing its power. Consequently, such an increase in power would have to be done unilaterally by eNB2 which is undesirable. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0039] Referring now to FIG. 1 , a CoMP mobile communications system 400 comprising a CoMP coordination zone or area or CoMP cooperating set 402 in which the embodiments may be implemented is illustrated. One or more user equipments 410 are served by one or more TPs or cells 404 to 408 . TPs 404 to 408 can be base stations or eNBs. Each of the user equipments includes e.g. a transmitter and a receiver, and each of the base stations or eNBs 104 includes e.g. a transmitter and a receiver. Embodiment A [0040] We have captured the details of the scheduling framework in the appendix. We assume that for each user a measurement set containing up-to three TPs among those in the coordination zone is defined and held fixed for a time scale even coarser than the one at which the centralized decisions (precoder tuple or muting pattern assignment and possibly user association) are made. [0041] From the description given in the appendix, we see that to determine the centralized decisions (such as the precoder tuple assignment and the user associations) under the full buffer traffic model, the designated central node (referred to here as the master TP (MTP)) should be able to obtain, R u b (Ŵ), which we recall denotes an estimate of the average rate that user u can obtain (over the available time-frequency resource normalized to have size unity) when it is served data by TP b, given that the precoder tuple Ŵ is assigned to the TPs in the zone and that no other user is associated with TP b. Recall also that the precoder tuple Ŵ can also correspond to a muting pattern deciding which TPs should be active and which should be turned off in the time-frequency unit. For the joint semi-static point muting (SSPM) and semi-static point switching (SSPS) scheme (cf. (P1) in the appendix), this average estimate R u b (Ŵ) must be obtained for each user u, each TP b in its measurement set and for all precoder tuple assignments. Note that for any precoder tuple, R u b (Ŵ) can be considered to be negligible if the TP b is not in the measurement set of user u. Notice also that R u b (Ŵ) can be assumed to be equal to R u b (Ŵ) for any two precoder tuple assignments Ŵ and Ŵ′ which differ only in precoders assigned to TPs not in the measurement set of user u. For the SSPM problem (cf. (P2) in the appendix) with pre-determined user associations, the average estimate R u b (Ŵ) must be obtained for each user u only for its pre-determined serving TP b, but the set of users associated to that TP must also be obtained. Thus, the following types of backhaul signaling are needed to facilitate a centralized implementation. [0042] A1. Backhaul Signaling to Enable Determination of Centralized Actions (Such as Precoder Tuple/Muting Pattern Assignments and the User Associations) [0043] We will now consider computation of the average rate estimates {R u b (Ŵ)} at the MTP for some user u, under a precoder tuple assignment Ŵ. These rates depend on the channels that the user sees from TPs in its measurement set. Using up-to three CSI processes (recall that the maximum measurement set size is three) which include a common interference measurement resource (IMR), the UE can report short-term CSI for each TP b in its measurement set, where this short-term CSI is computed based on the non-zero CSI-reference signal (RS) transmitted by TP b and the interference observed on the IMR, which in turn includes only the interference from TPs not in the measurement set of user u. The UE currently reports such CSI only to its designated anchor TP. [0044] However, to fully exploit point switching gains we need to allow for the possibility of associating a user to a non-anchor TP and then allowing that user to report instantaneous (short-term) CSI to the non-anchor TP it has been associated to. Further, the CSI processes should be defined in a coordinated manner so that the users measure the appropriate interference on the constituent IMRs. Such coordinated configuration of IMRs also provides the ability to inject the desired interference (such as isotropically distributed interference) onto resource elements in those IMRs. [0045] These short-term CSI can be sent to the MTP over the backhaul, which can then filter (i.e. perform a weighted average of) the received CSI sequence to obtain an averaged channel estimate H u b for each TP b in the measurement set of user u. Alternatively, the averaging (or subsampling) of the short-term CSI can be done by the TP receiving the short-term CSI but where the averaging window (and possibly the weighting factors or subsampling factors) can be configured for that UE on a per CSI-process basis. [0046] In either case, these averaged or subsampled channel estimates for all TPs in that UE's measurement set can be used by the MTP to compute R u b (Ŵ) for each precoder tuple hypothesis Ŵ and if needed each TP b in its measurement set, under the assumption that the signal transmitted by each TP (along its assigned precoder under that hypothesis) is isotropically distributed. Another option is for the MTP to directly compute an estimate of the rate using each received short-term CSI and then average these computed rates to obtain an estimate of the average rate. We note that in case each precoder tuple hypothesis is a muting pattern, the average rate estimates can be computed using only the average received powers observed by each user from each TP in its measurement set. In such a case only reference signal received powers (RSRPs) need to be exchanged for a configurable set of users over the backhaul. [0047] Moreover, the signaling of CSI (which can be RSRP) over the backhaul should enable the identification of the users whose CSI are being signaled as well as the attributes (such as zero-power CSI-RS or non-zero-power CSI-RS) of the corresponding CSI processes. Recall also that in the scenario with pre-determined users associations, the set of users associated to each TP in the zone needs to be exchanged or conveyed to the MTP. [0048] These views are summarized in the following proposal. [0049] Proposal: Signaling of averaged or subsampled CSI obtained over CSI processes corresponding to a configurable set of users should be considered. Coordination in configuring these CSI processes should be allowed. [0050] Proposal: Possibility of configuring a user to report short-term CSI to more than one TP or a chosen TP in a configurable set of TPs should be considered. [0051] Next, in the more general finite buffer model estimates of the queue sizes are needed to determine each coarse (centralized) action, where each such user queue size represents the amount of traffic that would available for transmission to serve that user until the next coarse action. Determining estimates of these queue sizes requires the TPs to report their most-recently updated associated user queue sizes before the next coarse action to the MTP. [0052] Proposal: Signaling of associated user queue sizes by a TP to another TP should be considered, possibly by enhancing the status report. [0053] A2. Backhaul Signaling from MTP to TPs [0054] Each TP in the coordination zone is informed (semi-statically) about the precoder it should use and possibly the users it should serve on a time-frequency resource. The decision made by the MTP can be represented using a CoMP hypothesis. This can be achieved for instance, by assigning an identifier to each TP in the coordination zone and then including pairs representing (TP identifier, corresponding part of decision) in the CoMP hypothesis. Each TP then implements its own per-subframe scheduling based on the instantaneous CSI it receives from the users associated to it. Some comments on the set Ψ which contains the set of precoders that can be assigned to each TP, are on order. We recall that this set includes codeword 0 to subsume muting as a special case. It can also include codewords of the form α1 where α denotes a positive power level. In addition, it can include sector beams as its codewords. Notice that so far we have implicitly assumed that each TP will accept the decision made by the MTP. This assumption need not always hold, in which case it is beneficial (even necessary) to have an acknowledgement from the receiving TP conveying whether or not it accepts to implement its part of the decision in the CoMP hypothesis. [0055] Note that since the decision represented by the CoMP Hypothesis should be valid for a period longer than the (maximum) backhaul delay. Henceforth we will refer to the time period over which a CoMP hypothesis is supposed to be valid (or supposed to apply) as a frame. Thus, the CoMP hypothesis should be signaled at a time granularity (i.e., the time interval between successive CoMP hypotheses) that is a multiple of the largest backhaul delay. Note that it in some scenarios it may be preferable for the MTP to receive the acknowledgement, in which case the multiple should be at-least 2. A small value of this multiple would help the system adapt faster, so we suggest a value for this multiple that is less than or equal to 3. [0056] Proposal: Signaling of decisions made by one TP (such as precoder set or muting pattern assignment) to all other TPs over the backhaul should be considered. Such a decision can be represented by a CoMP Hypothesis. Signaling of an acknowledgement conveying a yes/no response to a received CoMP hypothesis should be considered. [0057] A3. Distributed Implementation [0058] In order to enable a de-centralized or distributed operation, a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis can be defined. In [1] a distributed implementation of power control is provided. An example distributed operation considering binary power control is described next and we note that extension to multiple power levels can be developed following the same approach. Each TP b in the coordination set can determine its set of interfering TPs, where a TP is labelled interfering for TP b if it is in the measurement set of at-least one user associated to TP b. Note that TP b can determine its set of interfering TPs. Further, let us refer to all TPs in whose interfering sets TP b is present as the out neighbor set of TP b. Each CoMP hypothesis can be defined such that the sending TP, say TP b, suggests a muting (or in general a power level) pattern for a set of time-frequency resources to a receiving TP, say TP a, in its interfering set of TPs. The benefit metric for that hypothesis comprises of a set gain (or loss, i.e., the gain can be negative) values (one for each time-frequency resource), where each gain represents the incremental average throughput or utility that would be achieved for the sending node (TP b) if the receiving node (TP a) accepts the suggested muting or power level (henceforth termed suggested action) on that time-frequency resource, while the other TPs in the interfering set of TP b as well as TP b do not alter their current status (current power level). TP a can then consider each time-frequency resource and add up all the gain values it has received for each suggested action on that resource. To this sum it can then add the gain (or loss) that it would obtain upon following the suggested action, assuming that all TPs in its interfering set do not alter their current status. This sum gain for each action can then represent the system utility gain that can be achieved by a one-step change, i.e., the incremental throughput or utility gain for the coordination set achieved when TP a accepts that suggested action on that resource and all the other TPs in the coordination set keep their current respective status. TP a can then independently choose its action on each time-frequency resource using a probabilistic rule [1], and this distributed operation can be shown to converge. Further, the TP a can signal its choice of actions using an enhanced RNTP. Note here that as an alternative the CoMP hypothesis can consider only one time-frequency resource and suggest multiple actions, one for each TP in its interfering set and the corresponding benefit metric can include a gain (or a loss) for each suggested action. In general, the CoMP hypothesis can include multiple tuples, where each tuple contains a TP identifier and a suggested action identifier, and one time-frequency resource identifier that is common for all tuples in that hypothesis. Alternatively, each tuple can include a time-frequency resource identifier and a suggested action identifier while the hypothesis includes a TP identifier that is common across all its constituent tuples. Combinations of these two general alternatives can also be used to define a CoMP hypothesis. In each case the benefit metric includes a gain (or loss) for each suggested action and a TP receiving the benefit metric must be able to determine which gain corresponds to which suggested action. [0059] We next discuss efficient signaling mechanisms. First note that in order to reduce the signaling overhead, the network can configure to allow only a subset of TPs in the coordination set to make a change. This can be done in a de-centralized manner using a pre-determined function (known to all TPs in the coordination set), where this function returns the indices (or identifiers) of all TPs that are permitted to make a change, given the frame or sub-frame index as input. Alternatively, a designated TP can convey the set of TPs that are permitted to make a change, to all the other TPs in the coordination set, at the start of each frame. In either case, a TP b will send one or more CoMP hypothesis for TP a and corresponding benefit metrics, only if TP a is in its interfering set and TP a is in the set of TPs that are permitted to make a change on that frame. Further, the cardinality of the aforementioned set of TPs can be used to control the backhaul signaling overhead, as well as the size of the enhanced relative narrowband TX power (RNTP) which is used by each TP in that set to convey its actions to the other TPs. Note that each TP which changes its action on a time-frequency resource must report its changed action only to TPs in its out neighbor set. [0060] Note that the distributed procedure described above can be implemented independently on each time-frequency resource. Then, the set of time frequency resources on which TPs can change their actions in a frame can also be controlled to reduce the signaling overhead. This can be accomplished as before, for instance by defining a rule using the frame index (known to all TPs in the coordination set) to decide the set of time-frequency resources at the start of each frame. A combination is also possible where in each frame a set of TPs which are permitted to change their actions and a set of time-frequency resources on which those TPs can change their actions is identified for each frame. [0061] The configuration (or identification) of these sets can instead be done at a time-scale coarser than the frame duration, i.e. once in every n frames, where n is configurable. We have assumed that the set of TPs permitted to change their actions is the same across all time-frequency resources in the set of such resources. A more general approach would be to configure a separate set of TPs for each time-frequency resource. Here a designated node can optionally be used convey the configured sets to all other TPs. [0062] However, a potential drawback with the distributed approach described above is if the benefit metrics do not allow a TP to infer (a good approximation of) the system utility gain (or loss) accrued by a suggested action on a time-frequency resource, in which case oscillatory behavior or convergence to a highly sub-optimal operating point can result. We summarize our views in the following proposal. [0063] Proposal: The benefit metrics received by a TP should enable it to compute a system utility change for each action suggested for that TP in each of its received CoMP hypothesis. [0064] Thus, we provided our views on backhaul signaling needed for CoMP-NIB comprising of the following proposals: [0065] Proposal: Signaling of averaged or subsampled CSI obtained over CSI processes corresponding to a configurable set of users should be considered. Coordination in configuring these CSI processes should be allowed. [0066] Proposal: Possibility of configuring a user to report short-term CSI to more than one TP or a chosen TP in a configurable set of TPs should be considered. [0067] Proposal: Signaling of associated user queue sizes by a TP to another TP should be considered, possibly by enhancing the status report. [0068] Proposal: Signaling of decisions made by one TP (such as precoder set or muting pattern assignment) to all other TPs over the backhaul should be considered. Such a decision can be represented by a CoMP Hypothesis. Signaling of an acknowledgement conveying a yes/no response to a received CoMP hypothesis should be considered. [0069] Proposal: The benefit metrics received by a TP should enable it to compute a system utility change for each action suggested for that TP in each of its received CoMP hypothesis. Embodiment B [0070] We present our views on the signalling that is appropriate to extract network assisted interference cancellation and suppression (NAICS) gain. [0071] We assume that a candidate list of potentially interfering cells is configured by the network for the user of interest. For each cell in this list (identified by an index, a natural choice of which is the corresponding cell ID) the network can specify a set of parameters. Such a candidate list (along with its constituent parameters) should be semi-statically configured by the network for the user in order to simplify and assist the user's blind detection. [0072] B1. Signaling Parameters Pertaining to Reference Signal (RS) [0073] B1.1 Signaling Parameters Associated with the Cell-Specific Reference Signal (CRS) [0074] We first consider the signalling needed to convey parameters associated with the CRS transmitted by each cell in the candidate list. In our view, the number of CRS ports for each cell in the list (and optionally its corresponding frequency shift or the multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) or single frequency network (MBSFN) sub-frame configuration) is quite beneficial in reducing the blind detection complexity at the user of interest. In this context, we note that the possibility of CRS not being transmitted at-all by the interferer might also need to be considered by the user over any sub-frame in order to incorporate dynamic cell ON-OFF. Another useful parameter is the (expected) physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) start symbol. The signalling of this parameter conveys the actual (or likely) starting symbol of the interfering PDSCH and is needed to fully exploit NAICS gain (over all transmitted interfering PDSCH symbols). Moreover, blind detection of the starting symbol by the user appears to be quite challenging. [0075] B1.2 Signaling CSI-RS Related Parameters [0076] Next, we consider configuration parameters associated with the CSI-RS (including both zero-power and non-zero power CSI-RS). In this case, the user upon knowing one or more CSI-RS configurations that can be employed by each potential interferer in its list, knows the PDSCH resource element (RE) mappings possible under each such interferer hypothesis, which clearly will improve interference cancellation/suppression gains (for a given feasible level of complexity). [0077] On the other hand, signalling for quasi co-location (QCL) indication needs further evaluation since purely demodulation reference signal (DMRS) based channel estimation was sufficient for desired signal demodulation in several evaluated instances during 3GPP Release 11 and it is unclear if enhanced estimation of the channel seen from an interferer is really needed for cancellation/suppression gains. [0078] In summary, we have the following proposal for the parameters pertaining to the RS. [0079] Proposal: Convey via semi-static signaling about each cell in a candidate list: (1) Number of CRS ports and PDSCH start symbol (2) CSI-RS configuration(s) [0082] B2. Signalling to Aid Blind Detection of Other Dynamic Parameters [0083] B2.1 Modulation Classification [0084] We note that the joint blind detection of modulation, PMI, RI and presence of one dominant interferer using a CRS based TM (transmission mode) has been deemed feasible for 2 CRS ports, at-least under the simulated scenarios and provided that the other required parameters are perfectly known. Similarly, in the case of DMRS based TM, joint blind detection of modulation, nSCID and presence of one dominant interferer using up-to two DMRS ports (ports 7 and 8) has been deemed feasible, again under the simulated scenarios and provided that the other required parameters are perfectly known. [0085] However, the evaluation so far has assumed only the three modulation types that can be employed up-to 3GPP Release 11, i.e., quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64 QAM. It is likely (or imminent) that a higher modulation order (256 QAM) will be agreed in 3GPP Release 12. This then raises the question about feasibility of blind detection in scenarios where 256 QAM can be employed by the interferer. In this context, we note that applying blind modulation classification when multiple higher order modulation types can be employed by the interferer is more complicated (indeed the classification errors tend to be increasing with the modulation order). Moreover, NAICS gain (even after correctly classifying an interferer employing a higher order modulation) over the baseline interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver will be smaller, since the IRC receiver regards interference as a (un-constrained) Gaussian variable, an assumption that becomes increasingly suitable for denser QAM constellations. To summarize, support of 256 QAM with NAICS needs to be further evaluated. Our preference is thus the following. [0086] Proposal: Blind modulation classification is done by the user assuming that QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM are the modulation types that can be employed by any interferer. [0087] It is desirable that the assumption made by the user is indeed respected by each interferer in its candidate list, i.e., it is desirable that the network enable NAICS functionality only in the regime where 256 QAM is not employed in a cluster of cells. In case, this is not true, the user can itself disable its NAICS capability and fallback to IRC based reception, following some decision rule, when it perceives degraded performance due to operation in a scenario where 256 QAM is often employed by one or more interferers. [0088] B2.2 Supporting 4TX [0089] The support for 4TX is important and NAICS gain should hold for such deployments. Let us consider the case where the dominant 4TX interferer employs a CRS-based TM. Here, blind detection of the assigned transmit rank of the interferer among all the four possible transmit ranks can result in an excessive complexity expended to chase gains that become increasingly marginal for larger ranks. It is thus meaningful to restrict the transmit rank assigned by the interferer. The user can be informed via semi-static signaling about an upper bound to the transmit rank that can be assigned by each potentially interfering cell in its candidate list. Alternatively, the semi-static signaling can indicate an expected transmit rank that is likely to assigned by that interferer, which can be used as a more probable seed value for the blind detection implementations. [0090] Next, we suppose a dominant interferer (from the candidate list) employing a DMRS based TM. In this case, physical resource block (PRB)-pair has been agreed as the minimum resolution of the time-frequency unit that can be assigned by any such interferer. [0091] Here, it is particularly beneficial if the user has to consider only ports 7 and 8 in order to detect the presence and absence of interferer and classify the rank on each PRB-pair, possibly by determining the norms of the columns of the corresponding equivalent channel estimate. Recall that joint blind detection has been deemed feasible only with such a qualification. Consequently, semi-static signaling a transmit rank upper bound adhered to by each potential interferer is useful here as well. [0092] Proposal: Convey via semi-static signaling about each cell in a candidate list: An upper bound on the transmit rank that can be assigned. [0094] B3. Other Issues [0095] We believe that synchronization should be assumed by the user without any explicit signaling since this is in any case the main operating regime where NAICS gain can be achieved in a feasible manner. While, the user can itself disable its NAICS capability and fallback to IRC based reception, following some decision rule, when it perceives degraded performance due to operation in an asynchronous scenario, it is desirable that the network enable NAICS functionality only in the synchronous regime. [0096] The user can perform blind detection (classification) after assuming a certain minimum time-frequency unit that can be assigned by an interferer under each transmission scheme, in other words, after assuming that the parameters that it seeks to classify remain constant within that unit. This minimum assignable time-frequency unit can be set or assumed, for instance, to be one PRB-pair. This is a choice that is indeed accurate at-least for DMRS based TMs and has been found to ensure reliable blind detection. One PRB-pair for all DMRS based TMs has been found sufficient to ensure reliable blind detection. For CRS based TMs the minimum assumed unit can be configured (by the network for the user) to be either a slot or a PRB pair. It is beneficial with respect to NAICS gain that this assumption is indeed respected by each interferer in the list, i.e., it is desirable that the network enable NAICS functionality only in the regime where the respective assumed minimum assignable time-frequency units are followed by all the cells. Then, note that configuring the minimum assumed unit for CRS based TMs to be a slot makes blind detection challenging but does not preclude distributed virtual resource block (DVRB) based allocation, while configuring the minimum assumed unit to be a PRB-pair makes blind detection more feasible but precludes DVRB based allocation. While these assumed minimum assignable time-frequency units can be made further configurable on a per-interferer basis for each user, i.e., the assumed minimum assignable time-frequency units can be altered semi-statically for each cell in that user's candidate list of interferers, further evaluation is needed to assess if this is beneficial. This is because such semi-static configuration in the absence of any explicit scheduling restrictions will not lead to significant NAICS gain, while placing scheduling restrictions can be counter-productive due to the bursty nature of the traffic. In this context, we note that a significant portion of the traffic is expected to be bursty and formed by very small per-user data demands. [0097] Proposal: Interference cancellation/suppression is attempted by the user assuming synchronization and a minimum time-frequency unit that can be assigned by a dominant interferer for each transmission scheme. [0098] We note that in case the assumed minimum assigned unit is configured to be a slot for the CRS based TMs, it is still possible to exploit for blind detection the fact that the minimum unit can be more than a slot (i.e., can be a PRB-pair) even under CRS based TMs when the resource allocation is not DVRB based. [0099] Finally, for each cell in the candidate list of the user, a possible set of transmission schemes that could be utilized by that cell, should be specified. This will obviously reduce the blind detection complexity at the user end and will also enable the network to configure the best possible scenario for NAICS (if deemed beneficial by the network), where the users sees the same transmission scheme (such as a DMRS based scheme) being used by both the serving cell and the interferer. [0100] B4. Benefit Metric in Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception with Non-Ideal Backhaul (COMP-NIB) [0101] With reference to FIG. 2 , in order to allow CoMP-NIB implementation, CoMP coordination request including (but not limited to) the followings can be sent from one eNB to another: [0102] One or more CoMP hypotheses, each comprising a hypothetical resource allocation associated with a cell ID, where the cell identified by the cell ID is not necessarily controlled by the receiving eNB, [0103] A benefit metric associated with one or more CoMP hypothesis/es, quantifying the benefit that a cell of the sender node expects in its scheduling when the associated CoMP hypothesis/es is assumed, and [0104] Necessary time/frequency granularity and signaling period: Same as the associated CoMP hypothesis/es. [0105] Consider the benefit metric associated with one CoMP hypothesis and suppose that the cell ID in that hypothesis identifies a cell controlled by the receiving eNB. The intention of benefit metric is to help the receiving eNB gauge the benefit that will be accrued by the sending eNB, if it follows the suggestion in the associated CoMP hypothesis. The receiving eNB can weigh this benefit against the loss it might accrue upon following that suggestion, and then decide its response. However, implicit in the derivation of this cell-specific benefit metric is the use of a reference state that the sending eNB assumes for the receiving eNB (or equivalently for the cell identified by the ID) over the time-frequency resource indicated in the CoMP hypothesis. For instance, if the CoMP hypothesis suggests “muting” (or zero power-level) over a time-frequency resource, the sending eNB could have computed the benefit metric after assuming a reference state of non-muting (i.e., a certain non-zero power level) for the receiving eNB over the same indicated time-frequency resource. In the multi-vendor scenario and particularly in the case when multiple power levels (not just binary) can be indicated via a CoMP hypothesis, it is desirable that the reference state used to by each sending eNB in deriving its benefit metric be known to the receiving eNB, so that the latter can properly decide its response. This can be done without explicit signaling if it is agreed that the benefit metric is computed by each sending eNB using a pre-defined reference state. This pre-defined reference state can for instance be the highest power level that can be used over a time-frequency resource or it can be the current power level being used by the receiving eNB over the time-frequency resource. [0106] Next, let us consider a common benefit metric associated with multiple CoMP hypotheses. [0107] Here, again the aforementioned reference state can be assumed for all cells indicated via their IDs in the multiple hypotheses. The use of benefit metric is better justified when it is associated to one hypothesis rather than multiple hypotheses, since in the latter case it is not possible to determine which individual hypothesis contributes what fraction of that overall common benefit metric. Consequently, for a given number of bits available to convey the benefit metric, the range of the benefit metric must be optimized for the case when it is used for an individual hypothesis rather than multiple hypotheses. Further, as an alternative, a scaling factor for the benefit metric should be separately configurable (on a per-eNB basis if needed). Then, the receiving eNB can scale the received benefit metric by the scaling factor associated with the sending eNB (which could be common for all eNBs or as an option could be configured separately for each sending eNB) to decide its response. Another alternative would be for each eNB to obtain a time average of the benefit metrics sent by a sending eNB and then determine the scaling factor for that sending eNB using that average. Embodiment C [0108] In 3GPP RAN3 Meeting #84, the following agreements on X2 messages to support the inter-eNB CoMP were reached [3]: [0000] “The task of inter-eNB CoMP is to coordinate multiple eNBs in order that the coverage of high data rates and the cell-edge throughput are improved, and also the system throughput is increased. The coordination of multiple eNBs is achieved by signalling between eNBs of hypothetical resource allocation information, CoMP hypotheses, associated with benefit metrics. Each of the signalled CoMP hypotheses is concerned with a cell belonging to either the receiving eNB, the sending eNB or their neighbour. The benefit metric associated with the CoMP hypotheses quantifies the benefit assuming that the CoMP hypotheses are applied. The receiving eNB of the CoMP hypotheses and the benefit metrics may take them into account for RRM and may trigger further signalling FFS. RSRP measurement reports can also be exploited for inter-eNB CoMP. For example, the RSRP measurement reports can be used to determine and/or validate CoMP hypotheses and benefit metrics. [Further explanation on the RSRP measurement reports of UEs: FFS] Inter-eNB CoMP is located in the eNB.” [0109] In the following, we provide our views along with the required message structure. [0110] C1.1 CoMP Hypothesis for Inter-eNB CoMP [0111] Each CoMP hypothesis (CH) contains a hypothetical resource allocation for a cell that is not necessarily controlled by the receiving eNB. The design of signaling associated with such CoMP hypotheses must facilitate both centralized and distributed radio resource management (RRM). In centralized RRM a potential use of CH would be a mandatory resource allocation that the cell indicated in that CH will (or must) follow, whereas in a distributed RRM scenario the CH would be a request which the indicated cell may or may not follow. As a result, including an element in the CH to indicate whether the constituent resource allocation is mandatory or not, is desirable. This element is also useful when the CH is sent to the eNB not controlling the indicated cell, since then the latter eNB can have more information about the possible resource allocation of neighboring cells, to make its own resource allocation decision. We note that when the CH is used to convey a mandatory resource allocation (or a final decision of centralized RRM) there is limited use of the associated benefit metric. Thus, one approach of realizing the element would be via a special value of the benefit metric. In particular, when the associated benefit metric is null or set to that special value then the resource allocation in the CH is mandatory, otherwise, the resource allocation is not mandatory. An example of centralized coordination is given in FIGS. 3( a ) and 3 ( b ), and that of a distributed coordination is given in FIG. 4 . Note that in the distributed case, eRNTP can be used to convey the resource allocation decisions. [0112] Proposal C1: Include an element in CoMP hypothesis message to indicate whether the included resource allocation for the indicated cell is mandatory or not. [0113] Another relevant point here is that a cell needs to be indicated in the CH using an ID. This ID should be unique for each cell. This requirement rules out using the physical cell ID, since in certain deployments multiple neighboring cells (or transmission points) can share the same physical cell ID. It is nevertheless important to be able to specify or signal a CH for a particular cell among a set of cells sharing the same physical cell ID. [0114] C1.2 Benefit Metric [0115] We first consider the role of benefit metric in a distributed setup. In such a case the cell indicated in the associated CoMP hypothesis will typically be controlled by the receiving eNB. Then, the intention of benefit metric (as stated in RAN1 proposals such as [4]) is to help the receiving eNB gauge the benefit that will be accrued by the sending eNB, if it follows the suggested resource allocation in the associated CoMP hypothesis. The receiving eNB can then add up all the metrics it receives for a particular cell controlled by it and a particular resource allocation, and compare the sum against the gain or loss it might incur, in order to decide the resource allocation for its cell. For the receiving eNB to make a decision that will lead toward a social optima, it should have information about the loss it can cause to other eNBs by certain allocation (such as power boosting on some PRB that was muted previously in response to a request). This point is illustrated in FIG. 5 . Moreover, in the case the cell identified by the sending eNB is controlled by the sender, a negative value can be used to convey the loss the sending eNB can incur by muting a certain resource. For instance, we note that the sign of the benefit metric value can be separately conveyed via a separate binary valued element in the benefit metric field, which is one if the metric is positive and is zero otherwise, or vice versa. [0116] Proposal C2: Allow Negative Values in the Benefit Metric. [0117] The guiding principle behind benefit metric was that it could be used to convey the change in a utility function in a succinct manner. The utility function usually depends on several factors such as queue sizes, channel states, priorities (or quality of service (QoS) classes) of the users being served by that eNB or cell. The benefit metric has the potential to convey the change resulting from a hypothetical resource allocation, without the need of signaling all the constituent terms of the utility function. However, this potential can be realized only if the benefit metric field is large enough. Moreover, a potentially serious drawback of not having a benefit metric field that allows for a fine quantization of the utility change is that it can lead to oscillatory behavior in distributed coordination. An additional use of a larger benefit metric field is that it provides the operator the flexibility to simultaneously convey different utility changes for the same hypothetical resource allocation (or set of resource allocations in the CoMP hypothesis set associated with that benefit metric), where each such change can be computed by emphasizing different terms of the utility function. [0118] Proposal C3: The benefit metric field should be sufficiently large, e.g., 3 bytes or 2 bytes. [0119] It has been agreed that a single benefit metric can be associated with multiple CoMP hypotheses, i.e., a CoMP hypothesis set. Consider such a scenario where one benefit metric is associated with L hypotheses in a CoMP hypothesis set. In such a case, where L>1, it will be helpful if the benefit metric field represents a string of L+1 numbers. This will enable differential encoding of benefit metric. For instance, the first number could be the base value (quantized by a certain number of bits, where that number is less than the benefit metric field size which is for instance 3 bytes or 24 bits) which represents the utility change when all the resource allocations are together applied. On the other hand, each of the other L numbers can be offsets (represented by A bits each) computed with respect to the base value, such that the sum of the base value and the offset captures the utility change when only the corresponding individual resource allocation is applied. It is well established that differential encoding allows for finer quantization for a given payload size. Note that L and A can be separately conveyed and are configurable, for instance L can be conveyed in the range of the CoMP hypothesis set. So L=1 or A=0 would mean that the benefit metric reduces to a single number that is common for all the associated hypothesis or hypotheses. An alternative benefit of this differential encoding feature is that it provides the operator the flexibility to convey different utility changes for the same hypothetical resource allocation, where each such change can be computed by emphasizing different terms of the utility function. Note that the value of L can vary between 1 and a maximum, denoted by maxnoofCoMPCells. Example values for maxnoofCoMPCells are 4, 8, 16, or 256. We note here that a larger value of maxnoofCoMPCells can help to reduce overhead (since a single benefit metric field is associated with all the hypotheses in the set) and is useful if the CoMP hypothesis set is being used to convey the final decision in a centralized RRM, since in that case the associated single benefit metric value can be set to a special value (or null) to indicate that the hypothesis set is mandatory. [0120] Proposal C4: Differential encoding of the benefit metric field should be supported. [0121] We discussed the necessary X2 message to support the inter-eNB CoMP. [0122] C2. Text Proposal [0123] 9.2.xx CoMP Information [0124] This Information element (IE) provides the list of CoMP hypothesis sets, where each CoMP hypothesis set is the collection of CoMP hypothesis(es) of one or multiple cells and each CoMP hypothesis set is associated with a benefit metric. Example-1a [0125] [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Information 1 . . . Item <maxnoofCoMPInformation> >CoMP Hypothesis M 9.2.xy Set >Benefit Metric M BIT STRING The first left most bit: (SIZE (24)) value “1” means positive benefit and value “0” means negative benefit. The remaining bits quantize the magnitude of benefit. All bits with value “0” represent the special value that denotes CoMP Hypothesis Set IE is mandated indication by the sending eNB. [>Time Granularity: FFS] [Starting SFN: FFS] [Starting Subframe Index: FFS] [0000] Range bound Explanation maxnoofCoMPInformation Maximum number of CoMP Hypothesis sets. The value is FFS. Example-1b [0126] [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Information 1 . . . Item <maxnoofCoMPInformation> >CoMP Hypothesis M 9.2.xy Set >Benefit Metric M BIT STRING The first left most bit: (SIZE (24)) value “0” means positive benefit and value “1” means negative benefit. The remaining bits quantize the magnitude of benefit. All bits with value “0” represent the special value that denotes CoMP Hypothesis Set IE is mandated indication by the sending eNB. [>Time Granularity: FFS] [Starting SFN: FFS] [Starting Subframe Index: FFS] [0000] Range bound Explanation maxnoofCoMPInformation Maximum number of CoMP Hypothesis sets. The value is FFS. Example-2a [0127] [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Information 1 . . . Item <maxnoofCoMPInformation> >CoMP Hypothesis M 9.2.xy Set >Benefit Metric M BIT STRING The first left most bit: (SIZE (16)) value “1” means positive benefit and value “0” means negative benefit. The remaining bits quantize the magnitude of benefit. All bits with value “0” represent the special value that denotes CoMP Hypothesis Set IE is mandated indication by the sending eNB. [>Time Granularity: FFS] [Starting SFN: FFS] [Starting Subframe Index: FFS] [0000] Range bound Explanation maxnoofCoMPInformation Maximum number of CoMP Hypothesis sets. The value is FFS. Example-2b [0128] [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Information 1 . . . Item <maxnoofCoMPInformation> >CoMP Hypothesis M 9.2.xy Set >Benefit Metric M BIT STRING The first left most bit: (SIZE (16)) value “0” means positive benefit and value “1” means negative benefit. The remaining bits quantize the magnitude of benefit. All bits with value “0” represent the special value that denotes CoMP Hypothesis Set IE is mandated indication by the sending eNB. [>Time Granularity: FFS] [Starting SFN: FFS] [Starting Subframe Index: FFS] [0000] Range bound Explanation maxnoofCoMPInformation Maximum number of CoMP Hypothesis sets. The value is FFS. [0129] Example sizes for maxnoofCoMPInformation are 4, 8, 16, or 256. Embodiment D [0130] In the following we provide our views on X2 messages to support the inter-eNB CoMP along with the required message structure. [0131] D1. CoMP Hypothesis for Inter-eNB CoMP [0132] Each CoMP hypothesis (CH) contains a hypothetical resource allocation for a cell that is not necessarily controlled by the receiving eNB. The design of signaling associated with such CoMP hypotheses and associated benefit metrics must facilitate both centralized and distributed RRM. The use cases in both centralized and distributed RRM is described in the appendix. Our preference for computing the benefit metric on a linear scale is justified there. [0133] We next present our view on the coding structure of the CoMP hypothesis. [0134] From the agreements made so far ([2] and [3]), it is clear that a benefit metric is associated with multiple CoMP hypotheses, where each CoMP hypothesis indicates a resource allocation in the frequency domain (on a per-RB basis) as well as the time domain (across multiple sub-frames). The guiding principle behind benefit metric was that it could be used to convey the change in a utility function in a succinct manner. The utility function usually depends on several factors such as queue sizes, channel states, priorities (or QoS classes) of the users being served by that eNB or cell. The benefit metric has the potential to convey the change resulting from a hypothetical resource allocation, without the need of signaling all the constituent terms of the utility function. However, this potential can be realized only if the benefit metric value represents a fine enough quantization. Moreover, a potentially serious drawback of not having a benefit metric field that allows for a fine quantization of the utility change is that it can lead to oscillatory behavior in distributed coordination. [0135] It is apparent that the amount of information we can convey using a single benefit metric value (effective quantization level) becomes increasingly diminished as we include more hypotheses in the CoMP hypothesis set, as well as when we increase the choices (possibilities) of the resource allocation that can be conveyed by each hypothesis. Thus, the predominant use case would be to have a limited CoMP hypothesis set size (which is controllable with the maximum being 32) and have limited choices of resource allocation possibilities conveyed by each hypothesis. [0136] This can be achieved by conveying resource allocation associated with each hypothesis across frequency (on a per-RB basis) and over one (or a few) sub-frames in the time domain (via a list). The pattern represented by the list is understood to be repeated continuously. Furthermore, it is sensible to restrict all patterns (corresponding to different hypotheses in the set) to have the same size in terms of the number of sub-frames spanned by them. Such a design permits all the flexibility needed by the typical use-cases and also achieves overhead reduction. We further note that patterns of unequal sizes also complicate the benefit metric computation. This design is described in our text proposal. [0137] We discussed the necessary X2 message to support the inter-eNB CoMP and presented corresponding text proposals. [0138] D2. Text Proposal [0139] 9.2.xx CoMP Information [0140] This IE provides the list of CoMP hypothesis sets, where each CoMP hypothesis set is the collection of CoMP hypothesis(ses) of one or multiple cells and each CoMP hypothesis set is associated with a benefit metric. [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Information 1 . . . Item <maxnoofCoMPInformation> >CoMP Hypothesis M 9.2.xy Set >CoMP Hypothesis M 1 . . . The size List Size <maxnoofSubframes> (cardinality) of each CoMP Hypothesis list in the CoMP Hypothesis set. >Benefit Metric M INTEGER Value −100 indicates (−101 . . . 100, . . . ) the maximum cost, and 100 indicates the maximum benefit. Value −101 indicates unknown benefit. The value is computed on a linear scale. CoMP Information 0 . . . 1 Start Time >Start SFN M INTEGER SFN of the radio (0 . . . 1023) frame containing the first subframe when the CoMP Information IE is valid. >Start Subframe M INTEGER Subframe number, Number (0 . . . 9) within the radio frame indicated by the Start SFN IE, of the first subframe when the CoMP Information IE is valid. [0000] Range bound Explanation maxnoofCoMPInformation Maximum number of CoMP Hypothesis sets. The value is 256. maxnoofSubframes Maximum number of Subframes. The value is 40. [0141] maxnoofSubframes can alternatively be 20 or 80. [0142] 9.2.xy CoMP Hypothesis Set [0143] This IE provides a set of CoMP hypotheses. A CoMP hypothesis is hypothetical PRB-specific resource allocation information for a cell. [0000] IE type and Semantics IE/Group Name Presence Range reference description CoMP Hypothesis Set 1 . . . Element <maxnoofCoMPCells> >Cell ID M ECGI ID of the cell for 9.2.14 which the CoMP Hypothesis IE is applied. >CoMP Hypothesis M CoMP The CoMP List Hypothesis Hypothesis List IE is List Size repeatedly applied. >>CoMP Hypothesis M BIT STRING Each position in the (6 . . . 110, . . . ) bitmap represents a PRB (i.e. first bit = PRB 0 and so on), for which value “1” indicates interference protected resource and value “0” indicates resource with no utilization constraints. [0144] D3. Use of Special Value [0145] In centralized RRM a typical use of CoMP hypothesis (CH) set would be a mandatory resource allocation that each cell indicated in the respective CH will (or must) follow, whereas in a distributed RRM scenario the CH would be a request which the indicated cell may or may not follow. As a result, using a special value of the associated benefit metric to indicate whether the constituent resource allocations are mandatory or not, is desirable. This is also useful when the CH is sent to the eNB not controlling the indicated cell, since then the latter eNB can have more information about the possible resource allocation of neighboring cells, to make its own resource allocation decision. An example of centralized coordination is given in FIG. 3( a ), and that of a distributed coordination is given in FIG. 4 . Note that in the distributed case, eRNTP can be used to convey the resource allocation decisions. [0146] D4. Use of Benefit Metric [0147] In the context of Section C1.2, we note that comparing different benefit metric values for a given (hypothetical) resource allocation is simplified if these values are computed using a linear scale. In that case we can simply add the values together (after scaling or shifting) to assess the net benefit (or cost). The scaling or shifting parameters (if needed) can be determined by each eNB based on previously received reports. The other option is for an entity (operator) to provide each eNB with a loop-up-table corresponding to each of its neighbors, which that eNB can use to first map each received benefit value to an estimated value using the appropriate look-up-table and then compare the estimated values. We slightly prefer the first option since the second one is more complex. APPENDIX Optimizing Proportional Fairness Utility Metric [0148] Suppose that there are K users and B transmission nodes or transmission points (TPs) in the CoMP cluster, i.e., coordination set or of interest, where these TPs can include multiple eNBs. For convenience in exposition, here we assume a full buffer traffic model and let Ω denote the set of K users. We consider hybrid schemes where the assignment of precoding matrices (beamforming vectors or sectored beams) to the B TPs and the association of users with those TPs (i.e., point switching) are done in a semi-static centralized manner based on average estimates of SINRs, rates etc. On the other hand, given its assigned precoder (or beam) and the users associated with it, each TP does per sub-frame scheduling independently based on the instantaneous short-term CSI. [0149] Let Ŵ=(W 1 , . . . , W B ) denote an assignment of a precoder tuple, where W b is the precoder assigned to the b th TP. Here each precoder W b can be chosen from a pre-determined finite set Ψ which includes a codeword 0 and W b =0 means that the b th TP is muted. Thus, SSPM is subsumed as a special case. [0150] Then, let R u b (Ŵ) denote an estimate of the average rate that user u can obtain (over the available time-frequency resource normalized to have size unity) when it is served data by TP b, given that the precoder tuple Ŵ is assigned to the B TPs and that no other user is associated with TP b. This time-frequency unit could for example be a set of resource blocks. Next, suppose that m total users are associated with TP b. Following the conventional approach, the average rate that user u can then obtain under proportional fair per-subframe scheduling can be approximated as [0000] R u b  ( W ^ ) m . [0151] With these definitions in hand, we can jointly determine the assignment of a precoding tuple and the user association (i.e., jointly consider semi-static coordinated beamforming (SSCB) and semi-static coordinated point-switching (SSPS) problems) by solving the following optimization problem: [0000] max W ^ , { x u , b }  { ∑ u , b  x x , b  log  ( R u b  ( W ^ ) ∑ k  x k , b ) }   s . t .  ∑ b  x x , b = 1 , ∀ u ; x u , b ∈ { 0 , 1 } , ∀ u , b   W ^ = ( W 1 , …  , W B ) , W i ∈ Ψ , ∀ i ( P1 ) [0152] Note that in (P1), each x u,b is an indicator variable which is equal to one if user u is associated with TP b and zero otherwise. Therefore the constraint in (P1) enforces that each user must be associated with only one TP. It can be shown that (P1) cannot be solved optimally in an efficient manner, which necessitates the design of low-complexity algorithms that can approximately solve (P1). For any given precoder tuple Ŵ the SSPS sub-problem can be optimally solved. Alternatively, a greedy approach can be adopted to achieve further complexity reduction. [0153] These solutions to the SSPS problem can be leveraged to obtain an algorithm to sub-optimally solve the joint SSCB and SSPS problem (P1). [0154] We next consider the SSPM-only problem where user associations are pre-determined. [0000] max W ^  { ∑ b , u ∈ S b  x x , b  log  ( R u b  ( W ^ ) ∑ k  x k , b ) }   s . t .  W ^ = ( W 1 , …  , W B ) , W i ∈ Ψ , ∀ i ( P2 ) [0155] Here S b denotes the pre-determined set of users associated to TP b and |S b | denotes its cardinality. [0156] (P2) is also in general a hard problem which cannot be solved optimally in an efficient manner. Good heuristics can nevertheless be developed to solve (P2). [0157] The foregoing is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that those skilled in the art may implement various modifications without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

In a wireless communications system including a first transmission point and a second transmission point, a wireless communications method implemented in the first transmission point supporting coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) is disclosed. The wireless communications method comprises transmitting to the second transmission point one or more CoMP hypothesis sets, and transmitting to the second transmission point a benefit metric corresponding to each CoMP hypothesis set, wherein the benefit metric can be a negative value. Other methods, systems, and apparatuses also are disclosed.

[0001] This application is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/438,129, filed Apr. 3, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD [0002] The present disclosure relates to flywheel energy storage devices and, more particularly, to hubless, or open-core flywheel storage devices having improved stability and performance. BACKGROUND [0003] Flywheel energy storage devices and systems are known for storing energy and releasing stored energy on demand. Known flywheel assemblies have a traditional rotor design sometimes made with carbon fiber composites. Such rotors have a shaft on which the motor/generator (M/G) and bearing permanent magnets (PMs) are mounted. The shaft is conventionally connected to the rim via a hub. The shaft-and-hub flywheel design is limited in terms of its achievable upper-end velocity. Matching useable materials for components in the flywheel assembly has been problematic since the radial growth of the components varies as the rotor velocity increases. The hub must mechanically couple the shaft to the rim without introducing bending modes into the rotor structure through the range of operating frequencies in the operating speed range of the flywheel. However, the shaft often exhibits negligible radial growth while the rim exhibits significant radial growth. This imbalance in component growth during flywheel operation restricts flywheel performance and can lead to flywheel system failure. SUMMARY [0004] The present disclosure is directed to a flywheel and flywheel architecture that eliminates the material growth-matching problem and obviates radial growth and bending mode issues that otherwise occur at various frequencies and speeds. More specifically, disclosed herein are flywheel assemblies having an “open-core” (hubless) architecture as opposed to a shaft-and hub architecture. [0005] The present disclosure is directed to a novel open-core flywheel energy storage system that will obtain high energy, high power-density and efficiency, while having a significantly reduced size profile. The flywheel storage systems of the present disclosure comprise high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bearings and rotors comprising high-strength materials. Preferred high-strength materials include but are not limited to carbon fiber-containing materials, glass fiber-containing materials, metal-containing materials, etc. and combinations thereof. [0006] The desired properties inherent in the fabricated rotors of the present disclosure result in significantly improved flywheel performance in terms of significantly increased speed, increased power storage/generation and increased system durability. [0007] Still further, disclosures are directed to a flywheel assembly for storing and releasing energy comprising a hollow substantially cylindrical rotor assembly having a rotor having an inner and outer surface. The rotor comprises a material preferably having a preferred tensile strength of from about 2 GPa to about 20 GPa. A stator assembly is positioned in close proximity with the rotor assembly with at least one flexible rotor magnet affixed to the inner surface of the rotor and at least one stator magnet affixed to the stator. The flexible rotor magnet preferably comprises FeBNd powder. The stator magnets have an attractive force value at rest and are dimensioned to a predetermined width to substantially maintain the attractive force value with the rotor when the rotor is operating at circumferential velocities of from about 300 m/s to about 3000 m/s. The rotor magnets and stator magnets are positioned relative to one another to facilitate levitation of the rotor during operation. The flywheel architecture is preferably an open-core architecture, wherein the rotor preferably achieves a velocity at its outer radius of from about 300 m/s to about 3000 m/s during operation. [0008] Still further, variations are directed to a method for storing energy for subsequent release upon demand comprising the steps of providing a hollow substantially cylindrical rotor assembly comprising a rotor having an inner and outer surface. The rotor comprises a carbon-fiber-containing, glass-fiber-containing or metal-containing material (or a combination thereof) with the material having a tensile strength of from about 2 GPa to about 20 GPa. A stator assembly is provided and positioned in close proximity with the rotor assembly, preferably in an open-core architecture. At least one flexible rotor magnet is affixed to the inner surface of the rotor and the stator and rotor are positioned relative to one another to facilitate levitation of the rotor during operation. Preferably, the rotor achieves a circumferential velocity at its outer radius of from about 300 m/s to about 3000 m/s during operation. The carbon-fiber-containing, glass-fiber-containing or metal-containing material preferably comprises a matrix of materials selected from the group consisting of graphite, E-glass, S-glass, silica, aluminum, titanium, steel and combinations thereof. One particularly preferred material is a carbon nanotube-containing material, and is preferably a single-walled carbon nanotube-containing material. [0009] In preferred variations, the flywheel assemblies have particular usefulness as a sustainable power source for use in stationary applications and mobile applications such as, for example, manned and unmanned vehicles, including aircraft, spacecraft and terrestrial and surface and subsurface water-borne vehicles, etc. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] Having thus described variations of the disclosure in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: [0011] FIG. 1( a ) is a cross-sectional view of a prior art shaft-and-hub flywheel assembly; [0012] FIG. 1( b ) is a cross-sectional view of an open-core flywheel assembly; [0013] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of a high-temperature superconducting bearing; [0014] FIG. 3 is a grid showing directional magnetization of a low-order Halbach array; [0015] FIG. 4 is a graph showing radial magnetic field over complete pole pitch circumferential length; [0016] FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the rotational rates and voltages of the open-core and shaft-and-hub flywheels; [0017] FIG. 6 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an alternate flywheel assembly shown in FIG. 1( b ) ; [0018] FIG. 7 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the flywheel assembly shown in FIG. 1( b ) ; [0019] FIGS. 8( a )-8( e ) and 9( a ) and 9( b ) are close-up cross-sectional views of various bearing configurations and magnetizations. [0020] FIG. 10 is a cut-away view of a variation of the present disclosure showing an inner surface of a rotor showing PMs with direction of magnetization; and [0021] FIG. 11 is a cut-away view of a variation of the present disclosure showing an inner surface of a rotor showing PMs and a copper conductor; DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0022] The According to the present disclosure, there are several key technologies that are incorporated into the open-core flywheel architecture to achieve the desired high energy density in the flywheel energy storage devices to obtain superior results and performance. Such advances include incorporating rotors made from high-strength materials, and incorporating a rotor in an open-core (hubless) flywheel architecture with a high-temperature superconductive (HTS) bearing technology. [0023] Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties that are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of material science and technology. Because of their thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Individual nanotubes naturally align themselves into “ropes” held together by van der Waals forces, more specifically, pi-stacking. [0024] CNTs are among the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus. This strength results from the covalent sp. 2 bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. MWCNTs were tested to have tensile strength of about 63 gigapascals (GPa). For illustration, this translates into the ability to endure tension of a weight equivalent to 6422 kg on a cable with a cross-section of 1 mm. 2 . Individual CNT shells have a strength of up to about 100 GPa. Since CNTs have a low density for a solid of from about 1.3 to about 1.4 g/cm. 3 , their specific strength of up to about 48,000 kNmkg. −1 is the best of known materials, compared to, for example, high-strength carbon steel having a specific strength of about 154 kNmkg. −1 . [0025] Although the strength of individual CNT shells is extremely high, weak shear interactions between adjacent shells and tubes leads to significant reductions in the effective strength of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles down to only a few GPa's. However, applying high-energy electron irradiation, which crosslinks inner shells and tubes, effectively increases the strength of these materials to about 60 GPa for multi-walled carbon nanotubes and about 17 GPa for double-walled carbon nanotube bundles. [0026] Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can withstand a pressure up to about 24 GPa without deformation. They then undergo a transformation to superhard phase nanotubes. Maximum pressures measured using current experimental techniques are about 55 GPa. However, these new superhard phase nanotubes collapse at an even higher, albeit unknown, pressure. [0027] Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are multiple concentric nanotubes precisely nested within one another. These CNTs exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within its outer nanotube shell, thus creating an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing. [0028] According to the present disclosure, CNTs are used directly in the manufacture of the composite rotors. MWCNT yarns having a density of about 0.2 gm/cm. 3 are believed to yield a conservative minimal material strength of at least about 45 GPa, for twist-free composite structures. [0029] The preferred CNTs for use in the fabrication of the novel rotors of the present disclosure preferably have a wall thickness of about 0.075 nm and an effective wall thickness of about 0.34 nm with a physical wall strength of from about 150 to about 260 GPa. This provides a preferred material having volume fractions of up to about 65% of 30 nm diameter MWCNTs with metallic, glassy and/or polymeric matrices. Inducing defects into the MWCNTs is believed to improve inter-wall strength to improve mechanical load transfer between the MWCNT strands to inner strand “walls” by a factor of about 2. [0030] The preferred CNTs used in the present disclosure are specifically formulated by controlling the degree of orientation and volume fraction in a matrix to afford the finished composite material and product desired physical properties (such as, for example, higher rotor tensile strengths) than are presently known. [0031] In addition, ceramic-type magnets have been used in flywheel assemblies have not been practical at higher rotational speeds (circumferential velocities) due to their inherent characteristics including, but not limited to, their brittleness, for example. Therefore, as rotational flywheel speeds increase, various magnet types are needed. Known ceramic magnets are generally limited to circumferential velocities of less than about 300 m/s. The present disclosure contemplates incorporating flexible magnets having desirable properties, including their ability to expand as the rotor material itself expands in operation at very high speeds. Preferred flexible magnets comprise FeBNd powder. [0032] Some variations of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all variations of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the variations set forth herein. Instead, these illustrative variations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. For example, unless otherwise indicated, referencing something as being a first, second or the like should not be construed to imply a particular order. Also, something may be described as being “above” something else and, unless otherwise indicated, may instead be “below”, and vice versa. Similarly, something described as being to the left of something else may instead be to the right, and vice versa. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. [0033] FIG. 1( a ) shows a cross-sectional view of a traditional shaft-and-hub flywheel assembly 10 that displays limited performance at, for example, various frequencies and higher speeds. A fiber-composite rim rotor 12 is attached to hub 14 that, in turn, is attached to shaft 16 . Sintered permanent magnets (PMs) 15 and 18 exert attractive and repulsive forces on a lift PM 20 and a high temperature superconductor 22 that are attached to shaft 16 . PM 20 is shown attached to support 17 . A stator coil 24 from the motor/generator (M/G) is shown suspended between the M/G PM 26 and support 17 . [0034] FIG. 1( b ) shows a cross-sectional view of a flywheel architecture 30 made according to the present disclosure. In this “hubless” open-core flywheel architecture (with dot-dashed line indicating a centerline), elastic permanent magnets (PMs) 34 , 36 and 38 are shown affixed to a fiber-composite rim rotor 32 . Lift bearing stator PM 48 and stator coil 42 from the motor/generator (M/G) are attached to support structure 43 . High temperature superconductor (HTS) 45 is positioned proximate to support 46 . PMs 48 and 34 comprise the lift bearing, and elements 45 and 38 comprise the stability bearing. [0035] The open-core architecture of the present disclosure presents a novel design that enables the fiber-composite rim and the HTS bearing to achieve maximum performance without the design limitations of component radial growth disparities inherent in the shaft-and-hub flywheel design. It is understood that the entire open-core flywheel 30 in its shown vertical orientation, is contained within a vacuum chamber (not shown). In a preferred vertical orientation, the ring-shaped rotor 32 is preferably suspended by a passively stable magnetic bearing comprising a lift bearing PM 48 and 34 at one end or “top” and a HTS stability bearing 45 and 38 at a second end, or “bottom”. Preferably, a brushless PM motor/generator 36 and 42 delivers power in and out of the rotor. As shown in FIG. 1( b ) , the rotor PMs 34 , 36 and 38 are positioned along the inner surface 33 of the rotor 32 . According to the present disclosure, these PMs must be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the radial growth or, “dimensional expansion”, of the flywheel without breaking or otherwise compromising structural integrity or performance. As such, the PMs desirably have a relative low Young's modulus in the range of from about 0.01 MPa to about 2 MPa. An example of materials for these magnets includes those comprising FeBNd powder dispersed in rubber. The coldhead of a small cryocooler (not shown) thermally conducts to the HTS stability bearing 45 to maintain a desired temperature of from about 30 K to about 90 K, and preferably about 60 K. A small turbo-molecular or getter-sublimation pump (not shown) maintains the vacuum inside the chamber. [0036] The use of the HTS bearing is important to the present disclosure and allows the flywheel rotor to rotate at high velocity and take advantage of the benefits of the open-core architecture. The HTS bearing remains passively stable so long as the temperature of the HTS components remains below 80 K. The heat capacity of the HTS combined with low heat leak into the HTS results in the ability to maintain a sufficiently low temperature to keep stability and operate the bearing. [0037] In earlier known HTS bearings, the HTS elements were bathed in liquid nitrogen. Advanced HTS bearings do not require a liquid cryogen. FIG. 2 shows schematically the HTS part of the system 60 according to the present disclosure, including the cryogenic cooling. Cryocooler 64 comprises coldhead 66 . Coldhead 66 connects to cables 68 that may be flexible, and that preferably act as thermal conductors at cryogenic temperature. The cables preferably comprise copper, copper alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and combinations thereof, etc. Cables 68 connect to a preferably flat, thermally conducting plate 70 by means of a conducting lug 72 . HTS element 62 rests on top of thermally conducting plate 70 . Thermally conducting plate 70 preferably rests on, and is supported by non-thermally conducting plate 74 . Lugs 72 preferably penetrate non-thermally conducting plate 74 through openings in plate 74 in one or more places, and preferably do not contact plate 74 . Plate 74 is mechanically connected by a non-thermally conducting support 76 that connects to ground support 78 . The cryogenic portion of the system may be covered in one or more sheets of film (not shown) having a low emissivity to reduce heat input to the system by means of radiation. [0038] This configuration is similar to the stator component of a superconducting stability bearing used in a 5-kWh, 3-kWh flywheel assembly as reported in Materials Science and Engineering B 151 (2008) 195-198 M Strasik, J. R. Hull, P. E. Johnson, J. Mittleider, K. E. McCrary, C. R. McIver, A. C. Day, Performance of a Conduction-cooled High-temperature Superconducting Bearing. As indicated by the experimental bearing loss values, the presence of the copper thermal bus under the HTS elements did not significantly increase the bearing loss. The gap is the distance between the bottom of the flywheel rotor magnet and the top of the HTS crystals. A gap of from about 2 mm to about 4 mm is preferred for the HTS bearing. The rotational loss in an HTS bearing is proportional to (ΔB) 3 /Jc, where ΔB is the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field of the PM component measured in the rotational direction, and Jc is the critical current density in the HTS. [0039] According to further variations of the present disclosure, for the HTS bearing to operate optimally, the stator part of the bearing preferably must be kept at cryogenic temperatures of lower than about 80 K, and more preferably from about 30 K to about 80 K. This is accomplished by establishing a flexible mechanical connection with high thermal conductance between the support base for the bulk HTS and the coldhead of a cryocooler. One preferred cryocooler contemplated for inclusion in the preferred flywheel systems of the present disclosure is the Sunpower Cryotel™ (SunPower Inc., Athens, Ohio). The preferred cryocooler is a linear, free-piston, integral Stirling-cycle machine that uses air bearings and has no friction-based failure modes, and has the ability to provide up to about 15 W of cooling at about 77 K. In addition, the preferred cryocooler has the ability to throttle input power when less cooling is required, and should provide cooling to the HTS bearing for flywheel sizes up to about 100 kWh. [0040] According to the present disclosure, the M/G works as a conventional radial-gap brushless design in that in motor mode currents pass through the stator coils in a timed manner to interact with the magnetic field of the rotor PMs to produce torque. In generator mode, the magnetic flux of rotating PMs sweeps through the stator coils and produces voltage according to Faraday's law. At low speeds, a Hall-effect sensor measures the magnetic field from the M/G PMs to control the timing of the stator currents. At high speeds, the back electromagnetic field on the coils provides the input for this control. In a conventional radial-gap M/G, the stator coil is typically located radially outward from the PMs. However, according to preferred variations of the present disclosure, in the preferred open-core design, the locations are reversed, with the stator coils located radially inward of the PMs, as shown in FIG. 1( b ) . [0041] According to the present disclosure, the PMs of the open-core M/G are magnetized in a low-order Halbach array, as shown in FIG. 3 . The magnetization of a low-order Halbach array over a single pole length of 8 degrees is shown in the circumferential (x) direction. The value “z” represent the vertical and “y” the radial directions. The thinness of the bonded magnet shell dictates that the circumferential pole length cannot be too great without severely limiting the available flux and distorting the desired sinusoidal waveform in the stator core. The pole length is preferably greater than about 10 times the gap between the rotor PM inner radius and the stator coil outer radius. Experimental calculations for an example flywheel, shown in FIG. 4 indicate that a 90-pole machine, with a gap of about 5 mm between PMs and stator, provides sufficient flux and waveform. FIG. 4 shows a radial magnetic field over complete pole pitch λ at 5 mm radially inward from the PMs shown in FIG. 3 . The preferred maximum electrical frequency for such a M/G is about 30 kHz. A stator comprising Litz wire windings without a ferromagnetic core is sufficient to provide the required power output without creating a substantial eddy current or other parasitic loss. [0042] The high speed of the rotor and the large number of poles create a high power density. Further, for the relatively low power requirements of the flywheels made according to certain variations of the present disclosure, the radial thickness of the stator windings is relatively small, such as, for example, from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. [0043] One significant advantage of the disclosed open-core flywheel architecture of the present disclosure is that rotor growth with speed significantly widens the speed range over which the power electronics can efficiently extract energy from the flywheel. According to variations of the open-core architecture, the rotor's dimension grows radially as the flywheel speed increases. In addition, as the PMs of the M/G move farther away from the stator coils, the magnetic flux through the coil diminishes. This results in a voltage that is relatively constant over the upper speed range of the flywheel. An example calculation for the outer flywheel of the design is shown in FIG. 5 . The rotor radius increases by about 4.2 mm in increasing speed to about 48,500 rpm. Standard power electronics can typically remove energy from the flywheel when the generator voltage is between about 0.6 to about 1.0 of the maximum design value. This limits the available energy from a shaft-and-hub flywheel to 64% of the maximum kinetic energy. As seen in FIG. 5 , in the open-core design of variations of the present disclosure, 60% of the maximum voltage is available for speeds greater than about 15,000 rpm, and over 90% of the maximum kinetic energy is available for the load. In the example shown in FIG. 5 , the maximum voltage occurs at about 40,000 rpm, and decreases slightly at speed in excess of about 40,000 rpm. [0044] FIG. 6 shows an open-core flywheel 100 concentric about a centerline 102 . The flywheel comprises rotor 110 and stator 120 . Rotor 110 preferably comprises a fiber-composite rim 112 , an upper stability bearing permanent magnet (PM) 114 , a lower stability permanent magnet PM 116 , and a motor/generator permanent magnet (PM) array 118 . The stator 120 comprises an upper stability bearing HTS array 124 , a lower stability bearing HTS array 126 , a stator coil assembly 128 , and mechanical supports 134 , 136 and 138 . Mechanical support 134 supports the upper stability bearing HTS 124 . Mechanical support 136 supports lower stability bearing HTS array 126 . Mechanical support 138 supports stator coil assembly 128 . The mechanical supports 134 , 136 and 138 are fixedly attached to a vacuum chamber (not shown) that surrounds flywheel assembly 100 . It is understood that while supports 134 and 138 are shown immediately adjacent to one another, such supports may be spaced a desired distance from one another. Flywheel rotor 110 is magnetically levitated via the magnetic bearing components, including the upper stability bearing (comprising rotor PM 114 and stator HTS 124 ), and the lower stability bearing (comprising rotor PM 116 and lower stator HTS array 126 ). Rotational acceleration of rotor 110 about centerline 102 is achieved by the electromagnetic interaction between the rotor PM 118 and the stator coil 128 . Mechanical support 136 thermally insulates the HTS array 126 from the ground. There is also typically a thermally conducting structure (not shown) located between the HTS array 126 and thermally insulating structure 136 that connects HTS array 126 to a cold source, e.g. a cryocooler, etc. as shown in FIG. 2 . Similarly, mechanical support 134 thermally insulates the HTS 124 from the ground, and there is typically a thermally conducting structure (not shown) positioned between HTS 124 and support 134 that connects HTS 124 to a cold source. [0045] FIG. 7 shows a further variation where the open-core flywheel 150 is concentric about a centerline 152 . The flywheel comprises rotor 160 and stator 170 . Rotor 160 comprises a fiber-composite rim 162 , lift bearing PM 164 , stability PM 166 , and a motor/generator PM array 168 . The stator 170 comprises a lift bearing PM 174 , a HTS assembly 176 , a stator coil assembly 178 , and mechanical supports 184 , 186 and 188 . Mechanical support 184 supports stator lift bearing PM 174 . Mechanical support 186 supports HTS array 176 . Mechanical support 188 supports stator coil assembly 178 . The mechanical supports 184 , 186 and 188 are fixedly attached to a vacuum chamber (not shown) that preferably surrounds flywheel assembly 150 . Flywheel rotor 160 is magnetically levitated via the magnetic bearing components, including the lift bearing (comprising rotor PM 164 and stator PM 174 ), and the stability bearing (comprising rotor PM 166 and stator HTS 176 . Rotational acceleration of rotor 160 about centerline 152 is achieved by the electromagnetic interaction between the rotor PM 168 and the stator coil 178 . Mechanical support 186 thermally insulates the HTS array 176 from the ground. There is also typically a thermally conducting structure (not shown) positioned between the HTS bearing assembly 176 and thermally insulating structure 186 that connects HTS 176 to a cold source, such as, for example, a cryocooler, etc., as shown in FIG. 2 . [0046] A number of configurations are contemplated by regarding the lift bearing in the novel open-core flywheel assemblies. FIG. 8 is directed to one variation showing an upper portion of the flywheel assembly. PM 204 is attached to the upper part of composite rim 202 . Stator PM 206 is located vertically above PM 204 , and is attached to mechanical support 208 . The black arrows in FIG. 8( a ) designate the preferred direction of magnetization. In this example, there is an attractive force upward on PM 204 that helps lift the rotor 202 against the force of gravity. The stator PM 206 is sufficiently wide such that the attractive force is nearly uniform as the rotor composite rim 202 grows outward radially. [0047] An alternative lift bearing is shown in FIG. 8( b ) , showing a second stator PM 207 located below and radially inward from rotor PM 204 . The magnetic force in this case is repelling, and the location of the stator PM 207 below the rotor PM 204 preferably provides an additional upward force on the rotor 202 . It is understood that additional magnets may be added to increase the force as indicated in FIG. 8( c ) . In this instance, there is an additional attractive force with resulting additional upward force on rotor 202 , between the interactions of stator PM 207 and rotor PM 210 . There is also an additional repulsive force, with resulting upward force on the rotor, between the interactions of rotor PM 210 and stator PM 212 . [0048] As shown in FIG. 8( d ) additional variations presently disclosed contemplate magnetizations that are not vertical, e.g. radial magnetization, etc. FIG. 8( e ) shows additional PM 207 attached to mechanical support 209 . [0049] Further, the present disclosure contemplates orienting the stability bearing into different arrangements. FIG. 9( a ) shows the magnetization of PM 116 as it would exist in FIG. 6 . In FIG. 9( b ) , an alternative shows HTS 306 located radially inward from the stability bearing PM 304 . In this orientation, PM 304 is magnetized in the radial direction. While FIG. 9( b ) shows the magnetization direction as radially inward, it is understood that such magnetization could be directed radially outward. [0050] In addition, FIG. 6 shows a further alternative where the lift bearing is replaced by a second stability bearing. The motor/generator PM 118 shown in FIG. 6 , and discussed relative to FIGS. 3-5 , shows magnetizations that are radial, circumferential, or a combination of the two. FIG. 9 shows a further contemplated variation directed to an arrangement where the motor/generator PM has vertical magnetizations that alternate direction about the circumference. [0051] In FIG. 10 , the rotor 460 of an open-core flywheel assembly preferably comprises a fiber composite rim 462 , an upper PM 464 , a lower PM 466 and a PM ring 468 . It is understood that rotor 460 is substantially cylindrical, and that PMs 464 , 466 and 468 are understood to preferably extend about the entire circumference of the inner surface of rotor rim 462 . Centrally positioned PM 468 is shown magnetized according to the arrows, with the direction of magnetization alternating in the vertical upward or downward direction. [0052] FIG. 11 shows an alternate variation for a rotor of the present disclosure. Rotor 510 of an open-core flywheel assembly preferably comprises a fiber composite rim 512 , an upper PM 514 , a lower PM 516 and a ladder-shaped copper conductor 518 . It is understood that rotor rim 512 is substantially cylindrical, and that PMs 514 , 516 and 518 are understood to preferably extend about the entire circumference of the inner surface of rotor rim 512 . In this variation, the motor/generator function is preferably performed with an induction motor topology. [0053] According to the present, disclosure, incorporating into an open-core flywheel architecture, rotor materials having significantly improved strength/density ratios, including preferred MWCNTs will increase flywheel rotor energy densities from presently known values of about 264 Wh/kg to at least about 473 Wh/kg, and a commensurate increase of and fiber tensile strength of from about 11 to about 63 GPa (an increase in efficiency and strength of at least about 80% from known devices). Indeed, when wall thickness of the MWCNTs is normalized to about 0.075 nm, theoretical wall strengths of at least about 300 GPa are achievable. It is further understood that single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) are also contemplated by the present disclosure and may be incorporated into the rotor components of the inventive flywheel assemblies presented herein, since SWCNTs may provide adequate or even superior mass efficient reinforcement. A typical SWCNT has a diameter of about 1.35 nm. Using this diameter with a 1 atom interatomic spacing Vfs of only 39% are achievable. A diameter of 3 nm would yield Vfs of 60%. It is understood that the optimal CNTs for use in connection with variations of the present disclosure balance CNT diameter, achievable Vf, and efficiency of the CNT reinforcement. [0054] According to preferred variations of the present disclosure, most of the flywheel rotor comprises a filament-wound fiber composite that is magnetically levitated by a HTS bearing. The HTS bearing comprises a PM rotor and HTS stator. Because of the superconducting properties of the HTS stator, the levitation is passive, requiring no significant feedback or active controls. The HTS stator preferably comprises an array of individual HTS crystals of Y—Ba—Cu—O, or other materials where Y is replaced by other rare earth elements such as, for example, Gd, Nd, Eu, etc., that are cooled by thermal conduction to the coldhead of a cryocooler to a temperature of from about 70 K to about 80 K. Preferably no cryogenic fluids (for example, liquid nitrogen, etc.) are required for bearing operation. The brushless M/G comprises a PM rotor and a stator preferably comprising copper windings in a ferromagnetic yoke. M/G stator cooling is accomplished by thermal conduction to the vacuum chamber walls. No parasitic energy is required for this function. An energy-absorbing containment liner is placed between the rotating flywheel and the outer vacuum shell. It is preferred to keep the weight of both the vacuum chamber, and the stationary components inside the vacuum chamber to a minimum to meet the energy density requirements of the flywheel array. Other major components of the preferred system include a lift bearing, a touchdown bearing, and power electronics. [0055] While the preferred variations and alternatives have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should only be limited by the accompanying claims and equivalents thereof.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are described for a flywheel system incorporating a rotor made from a high-strength material in an open-core flywheel architecture with a high-temperature superconductive (HTS) bearing technology to achieve the desired high energy density in the flywheel energy storage devices, to obtain superior results and performance, and that eliminates the material growth-matching problem and obviates radial growth and bending mode issues that otherwise occur at various high frequencies and speeds.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to the field of industrial automatic production of picture frames, in particular to a method for manufacturing a picture frame and a system thereof. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] A common picture frame is similar to a square; a frame is disposed on the periphery; the inside is hollowed-out; and a photo can be placed on a blank space. The main part of the picture frame is the frame. A current common square picture frame is an enclosed empty frame which is surrounded by head and tails of four wires. [0003] Currently, picture frame wires are usually adopted to manufacture picture frames in the production process of the picture frames. Picture frame wires are materials for manufacturing picture frames and are generally made of aluminum alloy, wood or other materials. The shape of a picture frame wire is as shown in FIG. 1 . The picture frame wire is an integral wire 01 ; a recess 02 is formed inwards on the front face of the wire 01 ; as illustrated in FIG. 1 a, the wire 01 can be divided into four sections; as illustrated in FIGS. 1 b and 1 c, two sections 04 and 06 have equal length and are two opposite sides of the picture frame, and two sections 05 and 07 have equal length and are two opposite sides of the picture frame; three notches 03 are cut out on the wire 01 by a cutting machine; as illustrated in FIG. 1 b, cross sections of the notches are in the shape of isosceles right-angled triangles; an incline 08 is respectively cut out at both ends of the wire; the inclines 08 at both ends are also in the shape of an isosceles right-angled triangle when combined; an adhesive is sprayed on the notches 03 and the inclines 08 ; all the sections are bent to form a square; the notches 03 and the inclines 08 are matched with each other; and the picture frame is formed. [0004] Currently, the method for manufacturing the picture frame by the wire adopts the means of manual cutting, glue spraying and bending and forming to manufacture the picture frame. As manual work and simple machines are adopted, the production efficiency is relatively low and the cost is high. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The present invention overcomes the defects of low production efficiency and high cost due to the adoption of simple machines and semi-hand means and provides a method for automatically manufacturing a picture frame by a wire and a system thereof. [0006] The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a picture frame at first, which adopts a wire as workpiece to manufacture the picture frame and comprises the steps of edge milling, glue application, workpiece turnover, folding and picture frame solidifying, wherein the folding step includes: [0007] primary folding, in which notches on both sides of the workpiece are folded inwards so that a first section and a fourth section of the workpiece are respectively perpendicular to a second section and a third section; and [0008] secondary folding, in which a notch in the middle of the workpiece is folded in such a way that the second section and the third section of the workpiece are perpendicular to each other, and at this point, inclines on both sides of the first section and the fourth section in the workpiece are overlapped to form an enclosed frame. [0009] Moreover, in the method for manufacturing the picture frame, the workpiece must be subjected to dust removal after edge milling. [0010] Moreover, in the method for manufacturing the picture frame, in the step of edge milling, three notches of which cross sections are in the shape of isosceles right-angled triangles are milled on the wire to divide the wire into four sections to form the workpiece, in which the first section and the third section have equal length and the second section and the fourth section have equal length; and an incline with the angle of 45 degree is respectively milled at head and tail of the wire. [0011] Moreover, in the method for manufacturing the picture frame, in the gluing step, hot-melt adhesive guns are adopted to spray a hot melt adhesive on the three notches and the two inclines in the workpiece at the same time. [0012] Moreover, in the method for manufacturing the picture frame, in the step of workpiece turnover, the workpiece after glue spraying is turned over 90 degree. [0013] Meanwhile, the present invention further provides a manufacturing system designed according to the method for manufacturing the picture frame. The system is a production line and operates under the control of a control system. The system comprises an edge milling machine, a glue sprayer, a workpiece turnover machine, an automatic picture frame folding machine and a conveyor belt for connecting the edge milling machine, the glue sprayer and the automatic picture frame folding machine, wherein [0014] the automatic picture frame folding machine includes a first folding machine and a second folding machine; the first folding machine is disposed on the downstream part of the glue sprayer on the conveyor belt and includes a first folding arm, a second folding arm, a first extrude bar and a second extrude bar; the first extrude bar and the second extrude bar are disposed in parallel on the conveyor belt at the distance of the total length of the second section and the third section in the workpiece; the first folding arm and the second folding arm are symmetrically and respectively disposed at front ends of the first extrude bar and the second extrude bar and expanded outward; [0015] the second folding machine is disposed on the downstream part of the first folding machine on the conveyor belt and includes a third folding arm, a third extrude bar and a fourth extrude bar; the fourth extrude bar is disposed at the rear end of the second extrude bar and is in line with the second extrude bar; the third extrude bar is parallel to the fourth extrude bar; the distance between the third extrude bar and the fourth extrude bar is the length of the second section of the workpiece; and the third folding arm is disposed at the front end of the third extrude bar and expanded outward. [0016] Moreover, in the system for manufacturing the picture frame, a workpiece cleaning machine is also disposed between the edge milling machine and the glue sprayer, on the conveyor belt, and includes a blower disposed on the conveyor belt and a dust collector disposed beneath the conveyor belt; and a blow-off nozzle of the blower faces notches and inclines of the workpiece. [0017] Moreover, in the system for manufacturing the picture frame, the edge milling machine is a commercially available edge milling machine; and under the control of the control system, the inclines are milled at both ends of the wire and the three notches of which cross sections are in the shape of isosceles right-angled triangles are milled at determined positions in the middle of the wire. [0018] Moreover, in the system for manufacturing the picture frame, the glue sprayer is disposed on the downstream part of the edge milling machine on the conveyor belt and includes five spray guns; spray heads of the spray guns are respectively opposite to the notches and the inclines of the workpiece on the conveyor belt; all the spray guns are disposed on a gantry frame; support arms on both sides of the gantry frame are cylinders which are controlled by the control system to drive the spray guns to move up and down; a detection electric eye for detecting whether the workpiece is just under the spray heads is disposed under the gantry frame; and output of the detection electric eye is connected with the control system. [0019] Moreover, in the system for manufacturing the picture frame, the first folding machine and the second folding machine further include a first position regulator, a second position regulator and a third position regulator for regulating the position of the first extrude bar, the second extrude bar and the third extrude bar respectively. [0020] The method and the system for manufacturing the picture frame provided by the present invention achieve the automatic production of picture frames, improve the work efficiency and have a simple and controllable production line. [0021] Detailed description will be given below to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and the embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0022] FIG. 1 a illustrates a wire adopted for manufacturing a picture frame; [0023] FIG. 1 b illustrates a four-section workpiece formed by the edge milling of the wire; [0024] FIG. 1 c is a side view of FIG. 1 b; [0025] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the system for manufacturing the picture frame provided by the embodiment of the present invention; [0026] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a glue sprayer in the system for manufacturing the picture frame provided by the embodiment of the present invention; and [0027] FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a cleaning machine in the system for manufacturing the picture frame provided by the embodiment of the present invention. [0028] In the figures, 1 . edge milling machine; 2 . glue sprayer; 21 . spray gun; 22 . spray head; 23 . gantry frame; 24 . cylinder; 25 . turpentine electric eye; 3 . first folding machine; 31 . first folding arm; 32 . second folding arm; 33 . first extrude bar; 34 . second extrude bar; 35 . first position regulator; 36 . second position regulator; 4 . second folding machine; 41 . third folding arm; 42 . third extrude bar; 43 . fourth extrude bar; 44 . third position regulator; 5 . cleaning machine; 51 . blower; 52 . dust collector; 6 . workpiece turnover machine; 7 . conveyor belt; 8 . workpiece; 81 . notch; 82 . incline; 83 . first section; 84 . second section; 85 . third section; 86 . fourth section. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0029] The embodiment 1 relates to a system for manufacturing a picture frame. As illustrated in FIG. 2 , the system is a production line on which an edge milling machine 1 , a cleaning machine 5 , a glue sprayer 2 , a workpiece turnover machine 6 , a first automatic folding machine 3 and a second automatic folding machine 4 of an automatic picture frame folding machine are connected with each other through a conveyor belt 7 from the forehead to the tail; and the edge milling machine 1 , the cleaning machine 5 , the glue sprayer 2 , the workpiece turnover machine 6 and the automatic picture frame folding machine are connected with each other through the conveyor belt 7 . The system is controlled by a control system to operate harmoniously. A workpiece 8 formed by the edge milling of a wire through the edge milling machine 1 is subjected to various processes to finally form the picture frame. [0030] The edge milling machine 1 is disposed at the initial end of the production line and is a commercially available edge milling machine. Under the control of the control system, inclines 82 are milled at both ends of the wire by the edge milling machine; three notches 81 of which cross sections are in the shape of isosceles right-angled triangles are milled at positions in the middle of the wire; and the workpiece 8 is formed. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 , the workpiece 8 consists of a first section 83 , a second section 84 , a third section 85 and a fourth section 86 , in which the first section 83 and the third section 85 are opposite sides of the picture frame and have equal length, and the second section 84 and the fourth section 86 are opposite sides of the picture frame and have equal length. The embodiment is used for manufacturing an aluminum alloy picture frame; the first section 83 , the second section 84 , the third section 85 and the fourth section 86 are all made of aluminum alloy materials and formed by cutting through the edge milling machine 1 . [0031] There is milled powder on the workpiece 8 cut by the edge milling machine 1 , at an outlet of the edge milling machine 1 . Therefore, cleaning is required. As illustrated in FIG. 4 , the cleaning machine 5 includes a blower 51 disposed on the conveyor belt 7 and a dust collector 52 disposed beneath the conveyor belt 7 , and a blow-off nozzle of the blower 51 faces the notches 81 and the inclines 82 of the workpiece 8 . The blower 51 is configured to blow the aluminum alloy powder on the workpiece and the dust collector 52 is configured to collect the aluminum alloy powder, so that the surface of the workpiece 8 , particularly places requiring the spraying of a hot melt adhesive, e.g. the notches 81 and the inclines 82 , can be clean. [0032] After the workpiece 8 is cleaned, the hot melt adhesive can be sprayed on the notches 81 and the inclines 82 . For the convenience of downward glue spraying of spray heads 22 of the glue sprayer 2 , at this point, the notches 81 of the workpiece 8 are upwards. The glue sprayer 2 is disposed on the downstream part of the edge cleaning machine 1 and the cleaning machine 5 on the conveyor belt 7 . As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 , the glue sprayer 2 includes five spray guns 21 ; the spray heads 22 of the spray guns 21 are respectively opposite to the notches 81 and the inclines 82 of the workpiece 8 on the conveyor belt 7 ; all the spray guns 21 are disposed on a gantry frame 23 ; support arms on both sides of the gantry frame 23 are cylinders 24 which are controlled by the control system to drive the spray guns 21 to move up and down; a detection electric eye 25 for detecting whether the workpiece 8 is just under the spray heads 22 is disposed under the gantry frame 23 ; and output of the detection electric eye 25 is connected with the control system. When the detection electric eye 8 detects that the workpiece 8 is just under the gantry frame 23 , the detection electric eye 8 generates a signal to the control system; the control system controls the conveyor belt 7 to stop moving forward and meanwhile controls the cylinders 24 to compress to lower the gantry frame 23 until the spray heads 22 are extended into the notches 81 or the inclines 81 ; glue spraying is performed; and after glue spraying, the control system controls the cylinders 24 to raise the gantry frame 23 and controls the conveyor belt to move forward continuously until the detection electric eye 25 detects the next workpiece and the next glue spraying process is performed. [0033] In the embodiment, as the glue spraying part has high requirement on glue spraying, a profiled glue spraying process is designed and a special spray gun design structure must be designed particularly. But as the design structure of a barreled polyurethane reactive (PUR) glue sprayer usually has two outlets and at least five “V”-shaped notches are required to be sprayed once for each picture frame, the structure of a transfer type midway glue station is utilized according to the special requirement of the special product to satisfy the requirement of the glue spraying of a plurality of notches and meanwhile ensure the consistency of outflow glue of each hose and each spray gun. [0034] A workpiece turnover machine 6 for turning over the workpiece is also disposed before the workpiece enters the lower part of the glue sprayer. The machine is configured to turn over the workpiece 8 backwards for 90 degree. [0035] After the workpiece is turned over backwards for 90 degree by the workpiece turnover machine 6 , the step of workpiece folding is carried out. In the embodiment, the automatic picture frame folding machine includes the first folding machine 3 and the second folding machine 4 ; the first folding machine 3 is disposed on the downstream part of the glue sprayer 2 on the conveyor belt 7 and includes a first folding arm 31 , a second folding arm 32 , a first extrude bar 33 and a second extrude bar 34 ; the first extrude bar 33 and the second extrude bar 34 are disposed in parallel on the conveyor belt 7 at the distance of the total length of the second section 84 and the third section 85 ; the first folding arm 31 and the second folding arm 32 are symmetrically and respectively disposed at front ends of the first extrude bar 33 and the second extrude bar 34 and expanded outward; the second folding machine 4 is disposed on the downstream part of the first folding machine 3 on the conveyor belt 7 and includes a third folding arm 41 , a third extrude bar 42 and a fourth extrude bar 43 ; the fourth extrude bar 43 is disposed at the rear end of the second extrude bar 34 and is in line with the second extrude bar 34 ; the third extrude bar 42 is parallel to the fourth extrude bar 43 ; the distance between the third extrude bar 42 and the fourth extrude bar 43 is the length of the second section 84 of the workpiece; and the third folding arm 41 is disposed at the front end of the third extrude bar 42 and expanded outward. [0036] When the workpiece 8 transversely enters a bell mouth formed by the first folding arm 31 and the second folding arm 33 and moves forward continuously, as the bell moth is gradually narrowed from the first folding arm 31 to the second folding arm 33 , the workpiece can only be bent inwards. As the workpiece is provided with three notches 81 , the workpiece is folded herein. As stress points are formed at outer ends of the first section 83 and the fourth section 86 , at this point, the notches on both sides are folded but the notch in the middle cannot be folded, and hence the first section 83 and the fourth section 86 are folded backwards but the second section 84 and the third section 85 are unchanged. At this point, the workpiece is disposed between the first extrude bar 32 and the second extrude bar 33 and moves forward continuously. The first section 83 and the fourth section 86 are respectively parallel to the first extrude bar 32 and the second extrude bar 34 and abut against the inside of the first extrude bar 32 and the inside of the second extrude bar 34 respectively. When the workpiece is away from the first extrude bar 32 and the second extrude bar 34 and moves forward continuously, the workpiece reaches an opening formed by the third extrude bar 42 and the third folding arm 41 . At this point, the first section 83 also abuts against the third extrude bar 42 and the outer end of the third section 85 abuts against the third folding arm 41 . Under the pressure of the third folding arm 41 , the notch 81 between the second section 84 and the third section 85 is pressed and folded. When the workpiece is disposed between the third extrude bar 42 and the fourth extrude bar 43 , the inclines 82 of the first section 83 and the fourth section 86 are combined in such a way that the first section 83 , the second section 84 , the third section 85 and the fourth section 86 are surrounded to form a square. And hence the picture frame is formed. Subsequently, the picture frame is solidified. [0037] In the embodiment, in order to manufacture picture frames with different specifications, the first folding machine 3 and the second folding machine 4 further include a first position regulator 35 , a second position regulator 36 and a third position regulator 44 for regulating the position of the first extrude bar 33 , the second extrude bar 34 and the third extrude bar 42 . [0038] The distance between the first extrude bar 33 and the second extrude bar 34 is regulated by the first position regulator 35 and the second position regulator 36 so as to be adapted to the length between the second section and the third section of the picture frames with different specifications; and the distance between the third extrude bar 42 and the fourth extrude bar 43 is regulated by the third position regulator so as to be adapted to the length of the second section 84 of the workpiece.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a picture frame and a system thereof. The method adopts a wire as workpiece to manufacture the picture frame and comprises the steps of edge milling, glue application, workpiece turnover, folding and picture frame solidifying. The system is a production line and operates under the control of a control system. The system comprises an edge milling machine, a glue sprayer, a workpiece turnover machine, an automatic picture frame folding machine and a conveyor belt for connecting the edge milling machine, the glue sprayer and the automatic picture frame folding machine, in the production line. The method and the system for manufacturing the picture frame provided by the present invention achieve the automatic production of picture frames, improve the work efficiency and have a simple and controllable production line.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/816,814, filed on Apr. 29, 2013 and entitled “Method and Apparatus for handling PDCP transmission and reception in a wireless communication system”, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to a method used in a communication device in a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method of handling data transmission and reception in dual connectivity. [0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art [0005] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in Release 12 studies small cell enhancement. Small cells using low power nodes are considered promising to cope with mobile traffic explosion, especially for hotspot deployments in indoor and outdoor scenarios. A low-power node generally means a node whose Tx power is lower than macro node and BS classes, for example Pico and Femto eNB are both applicable. Small cell enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN will focus on additional functionalities for enhanced performance in hotspot areas for indoor and outdoor using low power nodes. [0006] In addition, 3GPP in Release 12 proposes dual connectivity for increasing user's throughput. Dual connectivity to macro and small cells maybe served by different eNBs, linked with non-ideal backhaul, e.g., there may be an eNB in charge of a cluster of small cells in a hotspot area. Therefore, UE may be served by multiple eNBs when it is in dual connectivity mode. [0007] Please refer to FIG. 1 , which illustrates protocol structure of a macro eNB, small eNB, and a UE in dual connectivity. In dual connectivity, the UE connects to the macro eNB and small eNB. The downlink data of the radio bear RB 1 starts to be distributed by the macro eNB, and is transmitted to the UE by the macro eNB and small eNB. In detail, there is a centralized packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity at the macro eNB for both macro and small eNB, and thus security and header compression is controlled by the macro eNB. The PDCP entity of the macro eNB receives downlink data from the radio bear RB 1 established by the radio resource control (RRC) entity, and transmits the downlink data to the radio link control (RLC) entity of the macro eNB toward the UE via a component carrier. Meanwhile, the PDCP entity of the macro eNB distributes the downlink data to the RLC entity of the small eNB toward the UE via another component carrier. The component carrier and the other component carrier may belong to different frequency bands. In other words, downlink data carried by the radio bear RB 1 is distributed between PDCP and RLC entities, so that traffic QoS is balanced between macro eNB and small eNB as well. On the other hand, the UE includes one PDCP entity corresponding to two RLC entities, wherein a first RLC entity receives the downlink data from the macro eNB and a second RLC entity receives the downlink data from small eNB. Then, the two RLC entities deliver the downlink data to the one PDCP entity corresponding to the radio bear RB 1 . In reverse, the UE may perform uplink data transmission to the macro eNB via a component carrier and small eNB via another component carrier with the abovementioned protocol structure. Note that, according to the characteristic of a radio bear mapping to the RLC entities, the RLC entities may be in an acknowledged (AM) mode or Unacknowledged (UM) mode for data transmission. The functionality of PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY entities should be well-known in the art, so it is omitted herein. [0008] In addition, based on 3GPP TS 36.331 V 11.3.0 specification, the UE shall initiate a RRC connection re-establishment procedure when one of the following conditions is met: upon detecting radio link failure, handover failure, mobility from E-UTRA failure, integrity check failure indication from lower layers or an RRC connection reconfiguration failure. Upon initiation of the RRC connection re-establishment procedure, the UE shall stop timer T 310 if running, suspend all RBs except SRB 0 , or reset MAC. Moreover, the UE shall re-establish PDCP for SRB 1 , or re-establish RLC for SRB 1 when the UE receives an RRCConnectionReestablishment message. On the other hand, the UE considers radio link failure upon T 310 expiry, upon random access problem indication from MAC while neither T 300 , T 301 , T 304 nor T 311 is running or upon indication from RLC that the maximum number of transmissions has been reached. [0009] Furthermore, based on 3GPP TS 36.323 V11.2.0 specification, when upper layers request a PDCP re-establishment, for radio bearers that are mapped on RLC AM, the UE shall compile the PDCP status report as indicated below after processing the PDCP Data PDUs that are received from lower layers due to the re-establishment of the lower layers, and submit it to lower layers as the first PDCP PDU for the transmission if the radio bearer is configured by upper layers to send a PDCP status report in the uplink, by setting the FMS field to the PDCP SN of the first missing PDCP SDU, if there is at least one out-of-sequence PDCP SDU stored, allocating a Bitmap field of length in bits equal to the number of PDCP SNs from and not including the first missing PDCP SDU up to and including the last out-of-sequence PDCP SDUs, setting as ‘0’ in the corresponding position in the bitmap field for all PDCP SDUs that have not been received as indicated by lower layers, and optionally PDCP SDUs for which decompression have failed, indicating in the bitmap field as ‘1’ for all other PDCP SDUs. In a word, the PDCP Status Report is used for requesting retransmission of PDCP SDUs, and is transmitted from the receiver to the transmitter in order to inform the transmitter about the PDCP PDUs that were received or not received by the receiver PDCP entity, such that non-received PDCP SDUs can be retransmitted and received PDCP SDUs need not be retransmitted. [0010] However, the applicant notices a problem associated to RRC connection re-establishment procedure in dual connectivity. As abovementioned, in dual connectivity, a PDCP entity of the UE corresponds to a first RLC entity for data reception/transmission from/to the small eNB and a second RLC entity for data reception/transmission from/to the macro eNB. When the first RLC entity reaches RLC maximum number of transmissions or a radio link failure occurs on a first connection to the small eNB, the UE performs a RRC connection re-establishment procedure even when a second connection to the macro eNB, where a plurality of RLC PDUs of the second RLC entity are transmitted or received, does not have radio link failure. In this situation, the RLC PDUs transmission of the second RLC entity to the macro eNB is stopped due to the RRC connection re-establishment procedure for connection recovery. Similarly, the RLC PDUs reception of the second RLC entity from the macro eNB is also stopped due to the RRC connection re-establishment procedure for connection recovery. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] It is there for an objective to provide a method of handling PDCP transmission and reception in dual connectivity to solve the above problem. [0012] The present invention discloses a method of handling data transmission and reception in dual connectivity, for a communication device in a wireless communication system. The method comprises connecting to at least two evolved base station (eNBs) including a first eNB and a second eNB in the wireless communication system, being configured a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity corresponding to at least two radio link control (RLC) entities including a first RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the first eNB and a second RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the second eNB, and when detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the second eNB, not initiating a radio resource control (RRC) connection re-establishment procedure for connection recovery. [0013] The present invention discloses a method of handling data transmission and reception in dual connectivity, for a first evolved base station (eNB) in a wireless communication system. The method comprises connecting to a communication device in the wireless communication system, being configured a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity corresponding to at least two radio link control (RLC) entities including a first RLC entity of the first eNB and a second RLC entity of a second eNB in the wireless communication system for receiving/transmitting data from/to the communication device, and when detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the communication device, continuing data reception/transmission from/to the communication device via the second eNB. [0014] The present invention discloses a method of handling data transmission and reception in dual connectivity, for a first eNB in a wireless communication system. The method comprises connecting to a communication device in the wireless communication system, being configured a radio link control (RLC) entity which is configured for receiving/transmitting data from/to the communication device by a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity of a second eNB connecting to the communication device in the wireless communication system, and when detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the communication device, notifying the second eNB of the radio link failure, whereby the second eNB continuing data reception/transmission from/to the communication device. [0015] These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of protocol structure of a macro eNB, small eNB, and a UE in dual connectivity. [0017] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary communication device. [0018] FIGS. 3-5 are flowcharts of an exemplary process according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0019] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary communication device 20 . The communication device 20 can be the UE, macro eNB, or small eNB shown in FIG. 1 . The communication device 20 may include a processing means 200 such as a microprocessor or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a storage unit 210 and a communication interfacing unit 220 . The storage unit 210 may be any data storage device that can store program code 214 , for access by the processing means 200 . Examples of the storage unit 210 include but are not limited to a subscriber identity module (SIM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, random-access memory (RAM), CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, hard disk, and optical data storage device. The communication interfacing unit 220 is preferably a radio transceiver and can exchange wireless signals with a network (i.e. E-UTRAN) according to processing results of the processing means 200 . [0020] Please refer to FIG. 3 , which is a flowchart of a process 30 according to an example of the present disclosure. The process 30 is utilized in the communication device 20 (i.e. a UE) for data transmission and reception in dual connectivity. The process 30 may be compiled into a program code 214 to be stored in the storage unit 210 , and may include the following steps: [0021] Step 300 : Start. [0022] Step 310 : Connect to at least two eNBs including a first eNB and a second eNB in the wireless communication system. [0023] Step 320 : Be configured a PDCP entity corresponding to at least two RLC entities including a first RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the first eNB and a second RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the second eNB. [0024] Step 330 : When detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the second eNB, not initiate a RRC connection re-establishment procedure for connection recovery. [0025] Step 340 : End. [0026] According to the process 30 , the UE is configured connections to a first eNB and a second eNB to receive data from the first eNB and second eNB, wherein the first eNB may be a macro eNB and the second eNB may be a small eNB. When the UE detects a radio link failure on one of the connections to the two eNBs, the UE does not initiate a RRC connection re-establishment procedure for recovering the connections to the first eNB and the second eNB. Thus, the UE can continue receiving data from the eNB which no radio link failure is detected on the other connection to. On the other hand, the UE may transmit data to the first eNB and the second eNB. If the UE detects a radio link failure on one of the two connections to the two eNBs, the UE does not initiate the RRC connection re-establishment procedure, but continues transmitting data to the eNB which no radio link failure is detected on the other connection to. With such manner, the UE can perform data reception/transmission without suspension since there is only one connection has the radio link failure, so as to avoid resource wasting. [0027] Moreover, the UE may send a first PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the eNB which no radio link failure is detected on the connection to. When the eNB receives the PDCP status report, the eNB transmits the at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. [0028] Note that, the UE may detect the radio link failure on a connection to an eNB due to expiry of a timer T 310 for the eNB, random access problem in a MAC entity for the eNB, or maximum number of transmissions has been reached in a RLC entity for data transmission to the eNB. Moreover, when the UE detects the radio link failure on a connection to the first eNB, the UE sends a RRC message to indicate the radio link failure on the connection to the first eNB, to the second eNB. When the second eNB receives the RRC message, the second eNB transmits a PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. In addition, when the UE receives the PDCP status report, the UE transmits the at least one missing PDCDP SDU to the second eNB. [0029] In an embodiment, the UE may send a first PDCP status report for indicating the radio link failure on the connection to the first eNB, to the second eNB. When the second eNB receives the first PDCP status report, the second eNB transmits a second PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. When the UE receives the second PDCP status report, the UE transmits the at least one missing PDCDP SDU to the second eNB. [0030] Note that, the PDCP entity of the UE is used to transmit/receive either RRC message or internet protocol (IP) packets. In addition, the first and second RLC entities of the UE for transmitting/receiving data to the first eNB and second eNB are both in the same mode (i.e. an acknowledged mode (AM) or unacknowledged mode (UM)). [0031] Please refer to FIG. 4 , which is a flowchart of a process 40 according to an example of the present disclosure. The process 40 is utilized in the communication device 20 (i.e. a macro eNB) for data transmission and reception in dual connectivity. The process 40 may be compiled into a program code 214 to be stored in the storage unit 210 , and may include the following steps: [0032] Step 400 : Start. [0033] Step 410 : Connect to a UE in the wireless communication system. [0034] Step 420 : Be configured a PDCP entity corresponding to at least two radio link control (RLC) entities including a first RLC entity of the macro eNB and a second RLC entity of a small eNB in the wireless communication system for receiving/transmitting data from/to the UE. [0035] Step 430 : When detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the UE, continue data reception/transmission from/to the UE via the small eNB. [0036] Step 440 : End. [0037] According to the process 40 , when the macro eNB detects a radio link failure on the connection to the UE, the macro eNB keeps receiving data from the UE with the small eNB. And/Or, the macro eNB may keep transmitting data to the UE with the small eNB when the macro eNB detects the radio link failure on the connection to the UE. With such manner, data reception/transmission is not suspended since the macro eNB can receive or transmit data from or to the UE through the small eNB. [0038] In addition, the macro eNB sends a PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. When the UE receives the PDCP status report, the UE transmits the at least one missing PDCP SDU to the macro eNB via the small eNB. [0039] Note that, the macro eNB may detect the radio link failure on the connection to the UE due to expiry of a timer for the UE, where the timer expires because the macro eNB cannot receives physical layer signal (e.g. channel state information (e.g. channel quality indicator)) from the UE in a time period, or maximum number of transmissions has been reached in the RLC entity of the macro eNB. Moreover, when the macro eNB detects the radio link failure on the connection to the UE, the macro eNB may send a first PDCP status report for indicating the radio link failure, to the UE via the small eNB. When the UE receives the first PDCP status report, the UE transmits a second PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the macro eNB via the small eNB. When the macro eNB receives the second PDCP status report, the macro eNB transmits the at least one missing PDCDP SDU to the UE via the small eNB. [0040] Note that, a first RLC entity of a macro eNB and a second RLC entity of a small eNB for transmitting/receiving data to the UE are both in the same mode (i.e. an acknowledged mode (AM) or unacknowledged mode (UM)). [0041] Please refer to FIG. 5 , which is a flowchart of a process 50 according to an example of the present disclosure. The process 50 is utilized in the communication device 20 (i.e. a small eNB) for data transmission and reception in dual connectivity. The process 50 may be compiled into a program code 214 to be stored in the storage unit 210 , and may include the following steps: [0042] Step 500 : Start. [0043] Step 510 : Connect to a UE in the wireless communication system. [0044] Step 520 : Be configured a radio link control (RLC) entity which is configured for receiving/transmitting data from/to the UE by a PDCP entity of a macro eNB connecting to the UE in the wireless communication system. [0045] Step 530 : When detecting a radio link failure on a connection to the UE, notify the macro eNB of the radio link failure, whereby the macro eNB continuing data reception/transmission from/to the UE. [0046] Step 540 : End. [0047] According to the process 50 , when the small eNB detects a radio link failure on the connection to the UE, the small eNB notifies the macro eNB the radio link failure and the macro eNB continues receiving/transmitting data from/to the UE. With such manner, data reception/transmission is not suspended since only connection to the small eNB has radio link failure. In other words, the UE can continuously receive/transmit data from/to the macro eNB. [0048] In addition, the macro eNB may send a PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. When the UE receives the PDCP status report, the UE transmits the at least one missing PDCP SDU to the macro eNB. Similarly, the UE can send a PDCP status report indicating at least one missing PDCP SDU to the macro eNB. When the macro eNB receives the PDCP status report, the macro eNB transmits the at least one missing PDCP SDU to the UE. [0049] Note that, the small eNB may detect the radio link failure on the connection to the UE due to expiry of a timer for the UE, where the timer expires because the small eNB cannot receives physical layer signal (e.g. channel state information (e.g. channel quality indicator)) from the UE in a time period, or maximum number of transmissions toward to a RLC entity of the UE has been reached in the RLC entity of the small eNB. [0050] The abovementioned steps of the processes including suggested steps can be realized by means that could be a hardware, a firmware known as a combination of a hardware device and computer instructions and data that reside as read-only software on the hardware device or an electronic system. Examples of hardware can include analog, digital and mixed circuits known as microcircuit, microchip, or silicon chip. Examples of the electronic system can include a system on chip (SOC), system in package (SiP), a computer on module (COM) and the communication device 20 . [0051] In conclusion, the present invention provides a data transmission and reception in dual connectivity, so as to avoid resource wasting. [0052] Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.

A method of handling data transmission and reception in dual connectivity, for a communication device in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method comprises connecting to at least two evolved base station (eNBs) including a first eNB and a second eNB in the wireless communication system, being configured a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity corresponding to at least two radio link control (RLC) entities including a first RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the first eNB and a second RLC entity for receiving/transmitting data from/to the second eNB, and when detecting a radio link failure a connection to the second eNB, not initiating a radio resource control (RRC) connection re-establishment procedure for connection recovery.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/183,080, filed Jul. 14, 2011, now pending, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/535,432, filed Sep. 26, 2006, both titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable in Three Dimensions for Enhanced Spinal Fusion,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,256, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/720,784, filed Sep. 26, 2005, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable In Three Dimensions for Enhanced Spinal Fusion,” each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/981,150, filed Oct. 31, 2007, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable in Three Dimensions for Enhanced Spinal Fusion,” now pending, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/981,452, filed Oct. 31, 2007, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable in Three Dimensions for Vertebral Body Replacement,” now abandoned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/692,800, filed Mar. 28, 2007, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable in Three Dimensions for Vertebral Body Replacement,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,070,813, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/183,080, filed Jul. 14, 2011, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable in Three Dimensions for Enhanced Spinal Fusion,” now pending, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/311,487, filed Dec. 5, 2011, and titled “Selectively Expanding Spine Cage, Hydraulically Controllable In Three Dimensions For Vertebral Body Replacement,” now pending. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to medical devices for stabilizing the vertebral motion segment. More particularly, the field of the invention relates to a remotely activated, hydraulically controllable, selectively expanding cage (SEC) and method of insertion for providing controlled spinal correction in three dimensions for improved spinal intervertebral body distraction and fusion. BACKGROUND Conventional spine cages or implants are typically characterized by a kidney bean-shaped body comprising a hydroxyapatite-coated surface provided on the exterior surface for contact with adjacent vertebral segments or endplates which are shown in FIG. 1 . A conventional spine cage is typically inserted in tandem posteriorly through the neuroforamen of the distracted spine after a trial implant creates a pathway. Such existing devices for interbody stabilization have important and significant limitations. These limitations include an inability to expand and distract the endplates. Current devices for interbody stabilization include static spacers composed of titanium, PEEK, and high performance thermoplastic polymer produced by VICTREX, (Victrex USA Inc, 3A Caledon Court, Greenville, S.C. 29615), carbon fiber, or resorbable polymers. Current interbody spacers do not maintain interbody lordosis and can contribute to the formation of a straight or even kyphotic segment and the clinical problem of “flatback syndrome.” Separation of the endplates increases space available for the neural elements, specifically the neural foramen. Existing static cages do not reliably improve space for the neural elements. Therefore, what is needed is an expanding cage that will increase space for the neural elements posteriorly between the vertebral bodies, or at least maintain the natural bone contours to avoid neuropraxia (nerve stretch) or encroachment. Another problem with conventional devices of interbody stabilization includes poor interface between bone and biomaterial. Conventional static interbody spacers form a weak interface between bone and biomaterial. Although the surface of such implants is typically provided with a series of ridges or coated with hydroxyapetite, the ridges may be in parallel with applied horizontal vectors or side-to-side motion. That is, the ridges or coatings offer little resistance to movement applied to either side of the endplates. Thus, nonunion is common in allograft, titanium and polymer spacers, due to motion between the implant and host bone. Conventional devices typically do not expand between adjacent vertebrae. Therefore, what is needed is a way to expand an implant to develop immediate fixation forces that can exceed the ultimate strength at healing. Such an expandable implant ideally will maximize stability of the interface and enhance stable fixation. The immediate fixation of such an expandable interbody implant advantageously will provide stability that is similar to that achieved at the time of healing. Such an implant would have valuable implications in enhancing early post-operative rehabilitation for the patient. Another problem of conventional interbody spacers is their large diameter requiring wide exposure. Existing devices used for interbody spacers include structural allograft, threaded cages, cylindrical cages, and boomerang-shaped cages. Conventional devices have significant limitation with regard to safety and efficacy. Regarding safety of the interbody spacers, injury to neural elements may occur with placement from an anterior or posterior approach. A conventional spine cage lacks the ability to expand, diminishing its fixation capabilities. The risks to neural elements are primarily due to the disparity between the large size of the cage required to adequately support the interbody space, and the small space available for insertion of the device, especially when placed from a posterior or transforaminal approach. Existing boomerang cages are shaped like a partially flattened kidney bean. Their implantation requires a wide exposure and potential compromise of vascular and neural structures, both because of their inability to enter small and become larger, and due to the fact that their insertion requires mechanical manipulation during insertion and expanding of the implant. Once current boomerang implants are prepared for insertion via a trial spacer to make a pathway toward the anterior spinal column, the existing static cage is shoved toward the end point with the hope that it will reach a desired anatomic destination. Given the proximity of nerve roots and vascular structures to the insertion site, and the solid, relatively large size of conventional devices, such constraints predispose a patient to foraminal (nerve passage site) encroachment, and possible neural and vascular injury. Therefore, what is needed is a minimally invasive expanding spine cage that is capable of insertion with minimal invasion into a smaller aperture. Such a minimally invasive spine cage advantageously could be expanded with completely positional control or adjustment in three dimensions by hydraulic force application through a connected thin, pliable hydraulic line. The thin hydraulic line would take the place of rigid insertional tools, thereby completely preventing trauma to delicate nerve endings and nerve roots about the spinal column. Due to the significant mechanical leverage developed by a hydraulic control system, the same expanding cage could advantageously be inserted by a minimally-sized insertion guiding rod tool capable of directing the cage through the transforaminal approach to a predetermined destination, also with reduced risk of trauma to nerve roots. That is, the mechanical advantage is provided by a hydraulic control system controlled by the physician external to the patient. The minimally-sized insertion tool could house multiple hydraulic lines for precise insertion and expansion of the cage, and simply detached from the expanded cage after insertion. It is noted that in such a hydraulic system, a smaller, thinner line advantageously also increases the pounds per inch of adjusting force necessary to achieve proper expansion of the implant (as opposed to a manually powered or manipulated surgical tool) that must apply force directly at the intervention site. That is, for a true minimally-invasive approach to spinal implant surgery what is needed is an apparatus and method for providing the significant amount of force necessary to properly expand and adjust the cage against the vertebral endplates, safely away from the intervention site. What is also needed is a smaller expanding spine cage that is easier to operatively insert into a patient with minimal surgical trauma in contrast to conventional, relatively large devices that create the needless trauma to nerve roots in the confined space of the vertebral region. Existing interbody implants have limited space available for bone graft. Adequate bone graft or bone graft substitute is critical for a solid interbody arthrodesis. It would be desirable to provide an expandable interbody cage that will permit a large volume of bone graft material to be placed within the cage and around it, to fill the intervertebral space. Additionally, conventional interbody implants lack the ability to stabilize endplates completely and prevent them from moving. Therefore, what is also needed is an expanding spine cage wherein the vertebral end plates are subject to forces that both distract them apart, and hold them from moving. Such an interbody cage would be capable of stabilization of the motion segment, thereby reducing micromotion, and discouraging the pseudoarthrosis (incomplete fusion) and pain. Ideally, what is needed is a spine cage or implant that is capable of increasing its expansion in width anteriorly to open like a clam, spreading to a calculated degree. Furthermore, what is needed is a spine cage that can adjust the amount of not only overall anterior expansion, but also medial and lateral variable expansion so that both the normal lordotic curve is maintained, and adjustments can be made for scoliosis or bone defects. Such a spine cage or implant would permit restoration of normal spinal alignment after surgery and hold the spine segments together rigidly, mechanically, until healing occurs. What is also needed is an expanding cage or implant that is capable of holding the vertebral or joint sections with increased pullout strength to minimize the chance of implant fixation loss during the period when the implant is becoming incorporated into the arthrodesis bone block. It would also be desirable if such a cage could expand anteriorly away from the neural structures and along the axis of the anterior spinal column, rather than uniformly which would take up more space inside the vertebral body surfaces. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In one implementation, the present disclosure is directed to a selectively expandable spinal implant for insertion between vertebrae of a patient. The selectively expandable spinal implant comprises a cylinder block defining at least first and second cylinders and comprising a base configured for resting on a first vertebrae; at least first and second pistons respectively received in the at least first and second cylinders, the pistons being extendable to impart a desired spinal correction; and a bone engaging plate attached to the pistons opposite the base for engaging a second vertebrae in response to extension of the pistons. In another implementation, the present disclosure is directed to an apparatus for providing spinal correction. The apparatus includes an implant body configured and dimensioned for placement in an intervertebral space, the body defining a central cavity extending through the body configured to receive bone graft material and communicate with the intervertebral space for infusion of the graft material into the intervertebral space when placed therein, and a bone graft supply passage extending through the body and communicating with the central cavity; a bone graft material supply port disposed on the implant body in communication with the bone graft supply passage, the port configured for attachment of a bone graft material supply line; first and second extendable members mounted on the body, one each disposed on an opposite side of the central cavity, the members extendable from a first unexpanded height and to at least one expanded height; and a plate with a bone engaging surface mounted on the first and second extendable members, the plate defining an opening aligned with the central cavity for passage there through of bone graft material from the central cavity. In yet another implementation, the present disclosure is directed to an apparatus for providing spinal correction. The apparatus includes an implant body configured and dimensioned for placement in an intervertebral space with a surface configured as a bone engaging surface, the body configured as a cylinder block defining first and second cylinders opening opposite the bone engaging surface and communicating with at least one hydraulic fluid passage, a central, bone graft material receiving cavity extending through the body, and a bone graft supply passage communicating with the central cavity, wherein the central cavity is configured to open to intervertebral space for infusion of the graft material into the intervertebral space when placed therein; first and second extendable pistons sealingly received in the cylinders; a top plate with an opposed bone engaging surface mounted on the first and second pistons, the top plate extendable with the pistons from a first unexpanded implant height and to at least one expanded implant height, the top plate defining an opening aligned with the central cavity for passage there through of bone graft material from the central cavity; a bone graft material supply port disposed on the implant body in communication with the bone graft supply passage, the port configured for attachment of a bone graft material supply line; a hydraulic supply port disposed on the implant body adjacent the bone graft material supply port, the hydraulic supply port communicating with the at least one hydraulic fluid passage; and an attachment port disposed on the implant body adjacent the supply port, the attachment port being configured to receive and secure an implant insertion tool. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a representation of the vertebral column showing posterior insertion and placement of the SEC between the number 4 and 5 lumbar vertebrae according to an aspect of the invention. Whereas this diagram shows the implant anteriorly in the vertebral interspace between lumbar bones 4 and 5, the majority of lumbar fusions are performed between L5 and S1, into which implants are secured. The SEC can be used at any spinal level the surgeon deems in need of fusion; FIG. 2 is a side view of a vertebral body showing the placement of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 3 is a top view of a vertebral body showing placement of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4A is a front perspective view of the SEC in an unexpanded state according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4B is a rear perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4C is a rear perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A showing details of the hydraulic and bone graft input ports according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4D is a perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A with the wedge plate removed for clarity; FIG. 4E is a perspective view of FIG. 4A showing the cylinders and bone graft perfusing cavity defined by the SEC body according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4F shows another view of the wedge plate according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 4G shows details of the wedge plate and lordosis plate according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 5A is a front perspective view of the SEC in an expanded state according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 5B is a top perspective view of the SEC showing the cavity for bone graft perfusion and recesses allowing lateral movement of the wedge according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 5C is a rear perspective view of the SEC in an expanded state according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 5D is a perspective view of FIG. 5C with the SEC body removed for clarity; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a master cylinder for hydraulic control of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention. A variety of alternative embodiments are available, most simply disposable syringes used for piston expansion; FIG. 7B is a view of the interior of FIG. 7A ; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the master cylinder according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the insertion tool holding the SEC, hydraulic lines and bone graft supply line according to an aspect of the invention; FIG. 9B is a close-up view of the insertion tool of FIG. 9A ; FIG. 10A shows one embodiment of a hydraulic line for independent control of multiple slave cylinders according to an aspect of the invention; and FIG. 10B shows a close up of the fitting for the hydraulic line of FIG. 10A according to an aspect of the invention. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a further alternative embodiment of an SEC according to another aspect of the invention. FIG. 12 is a perspective distal view of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11 , with the top plate and pistons removed. FIG. 13 shows a cross-section through line A-A in FIG. 11 . FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11 with an attached insertion tool. FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11 with an attached bone graft material supply line. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. 1 , vertebral segments or end plates are shown with an average 8 mm gap representing an average intervertebral space. A complete discectomy is performed prior to the insertion of the SEC 100 . The intervertebral disc occupying space 102 is removed using standard techniques including rongeur, curettage, and endplate preparation to bleeding subcondral bone. The posterior longitudinal ligament is divided to permit expansion of the intervertebral space. The intervertebral space 102 is distracted to about 10 mm using a rotating spatula (Not shown. This is a well-known device that looks like a wide screw driver that can be placed into the disc space horizontally and turned 90 degrees to separate the endplates). The SEC is inserted posteriorly (in the direction of arrow 102 between the no. 4 and 5 lumbar vertebrae as shown in FIG. 1 (lateral view) or into any selected intervertebral space. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the SEC is reduced to small size in its unexpanded state to enable it to be inserted posteriorly through space 102 as shown in FIG. 1 . In one exemplary embodiment, dimensions of an SEC are: 12 mm wide, 10 mm high and 28 mm long to facilitate posterior insertion and thereby minimize trauma to the patient and risk of injury to nerve roots. Once in place this exemplary SEC can expand to 16 mm, or 160 percent of its unexpanded size, enabling 20 degrees or more of spinal correction medial and lateral. FIGS. 2 and 3 are a side view and top view, respectively, showing the placement of the SEC 100 on a vertebral body. FIG. 4A shows SEC 100 from the front or anterior position with respect to the vertebral column. The SEC is shown in a closed or unexpanded position. Referring to FIGS. 4A through 4E , SEC 100 comprises a body or block 106 that defines one or more slave cylinders 108 a , 108 b (best seen in FIG. 5A ) for corresponding pistons 110 a , 110 b . Pistons are provided with O-rings 112 a , 112 b for a tight seal with the cylinder. The pistons and cylinders cooperate to provide hydraulically extendable members disposed within the body of SEC 100 in the unexpanded state. Block 106 also defines a central cavity 114 for infusion of bone graft material into the intervertebral space when the SEC is fully expanded or during the expansion process, as will be explained. In general, bone graft material can be any substance that facilitates bone growth and/or healing (whether naturally occurring or synthetic), such as, for example, osteoconduction (guiding the reparative growth of the natural bone), osteoinduction (encouraging undifferentiated cells to become active osteoblasts), and osteogenesis (living bone cells in the graft material contribute to bone remodeling). Osteogenesis typically only occurs with autografts. As shown in FIG. 4C , block 106 further defines a central or main input port 116 for attachment of hydraulic lines and a line for transmission of a slurry or liquid bone graft material as will be explained. The block 106 defines a bone graft infusion conduit that extends from a bone graft input port 119 located in main input port 116 to a bone graft exit port 120 (see FIG. 4D ) located in central cavity 114 for infusion of bone graft material therein. Block 106 further defines local hydraulic fluid input ports 122 a , 122 b ( FIG. 4C ) that lead to corresponding slave cylinders 108 a , 108 b ( FIG. 5A ) for driving the pistons and expanding the SEC by remote control from a master cylinder located ex vivo and with greatly increased force as compared to conventional devices. It will be appreciated that each slave piston 110 a , 110 b is independently controlled by a separate hydraulic line 122 a , 122 b connected to a master cylinder (as will be explained with reference to FIGS. 7 a through 8 ) located away from the patient and the site of implantation, thus minimizing active intervention by surgical tools in the immediate vicinity of nerve roots. Although two slave cylinders are shown by way of example, it will be appreciated that the invention is not so limited, but on the contrary, SEC block 106 easily is modifiable to define a multiplicity of slave cylinders, each controlled independently by a separate hydraulic line, for expanding differentially to provide a substantially infinite variety of space-sensitive adjustments for unique applications. Referring again to FIGS. 4A through 4G , an anterior/posterior corrective plate or wedge plate 124 is movably held in captured engagement on top of pistons 110 a , 110 b by corresponding hold down screws 126 a , and 126 b . Plate 124 enables spinal correction in the anterior/posterior direction as the cylinders expand vertically. Plate 124 has a bone-engaging top surface provided with two elongated slots 128 a , 128 b in which the hold down screws sit. The elongated slots 128 a , 128 b enable ease of expansion and facilitate angles between the pistons by allowing the plate 124 to move laterally slightly as pistons differentially expand. The plate also defines cavity 114 for the infusion of bone graft material, that is co-extensive with and the same as cavity 114 defined by the SEC block. This enables perfusion of the bone graft material directly through the bone engaging surface of the wedge plate into the adjacent vertebral body. Referring to FIGS. 4F and 4G , the anterior/posterior corrective plate 124 is provided with a downwardly-extending edge 130 for engagement with the pistons as they differentially expand, to ensure that wedge plate stays firmly in place. Plate 124 provides anterior/posterior correction in that it can be angled front to back like a wedge with a correction angle a of 0-5 degrees or more. Plate 124 also defines bone graft cavity 114 for enabling bone growth conductive or inductive agents to communicate directly with the engaged vertebral endplate. The SEC is optionally provided with a lordosis base plate 132 that includes a bone engaging surface defining a cavity co-extensive with bone graft cavity 114 for enabling perfusion of bone graft material into the adjacent engaged vertebral body. Lordosis base plate 132 also has an anterior/posterior angle b (refer to FIG. 4G ) of 0-5 degrees for correcting lordosis. Referring to FIG. 4G , top plate 124 and optional lordosis base plate 132 function as two endplates providing a corrective surface that impacts vertebral bodies for spinal correction. Top plate 124 and lordosis base plate 132 each include a bone-engaging surface 125 and 133 , respectively, defining a cavity co-extensive with bone graft cavity 114 for enabling perfusion of bone graft material into the adjacent opposed vertebral body. Lordosis base plate also has anterior/posterior angle b of 0-5 degrees for correcting lordosis. Thus, the wedge plate and lordosis base plate can provide lordotic correction of 10 degrees or more. Surgeon control over sagittal alignment is provided by differential wedge shaping of the endplates and by calculated degrees of variable piston expansion. The end plates will be constructed with 0 degrees of wedge angle anterior to posterior, or 5 degrees. Therefore, the final construct may have parallel end plates (two 0 degree endplates), 5 degrees of lordosis (one 5 degree and one 0 degree endplate), or 10 degrees of lordosis (two 5 degree implants). This implant permits unprecedented flexibility in controlling spinal alignment in the coronal and sagittal planes. Since vertebral end plates are held together at one end by a ligament much like a clamshell, expansion of the pistons vertically against the end plates can be adjusted to create the desired anterior/posterior correction angle. Thus, the top plate 124 does not need to be configured as a wedge. Where an extreme anterior/posterior correction angle is desired, the top plate and/or base plate may be angled as a wedge with the corresponding correction angles set forth above. FIGS. 5A through 5D show the SEC in its expanded state. Hydraulic fluid flows from a master cylinder ( FIG. 7 A) into the cylinders through separate hydraulic input lines that attach to hydraulic input ports 122 a , 122 b . Each hydraulic line is regulated independently thereby allowing a different quantity of material to fill each cylinder and piston cavity pushing the pistons and medial/lateral wedge plate upward to a desired height for effecting spinal correction. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the hydraulic fluid communicating the mechanical leverage from the master cylinder to the slave cylinder or syringe and pistons advantageously is a time-controlled curable polymer such as methyl methacrylate. The viscosity and curing time can be adjusted by the formulation of an appropriate added catalyst as is well known. Such catalysts are available from LOCTITE Corp., 1001 Trout Brook Crossing, Rocky Hill, Conn. 06067. When the polymer cures, it hardens and locks the pistons and thus the desired amount of spinal correction determined by the physician is immovably in place. It will be appreciated that the cylinder block 106 and pistons 110 a , 110 b , comprise a biocompatible, substantially incompressible material such as titanium, and preferably type 6-4 titanium alloy. Cylinder block 106 and pistons 110 a , 110 b completely confine the curable polymer that is acting as the hydraulic fluid for elevating the pistons. When the desired spinal correction is achieved by the expanded pistons, the curable polymer solidifies, locking the proper spinal alignment substantially invariantly in place. The confinement of the polymer by the titanium pistons and cylinder block provides the advantage of making the polymer and the desired amount of spinal alignment substantially impervious to shear and compressive forces. For example, even if it were possible to compress the polymer it could only be compressed to the structural limit of the confining cylinder block. That is, by placing the curable polymer into the 6-4 titanium cylinder block wherein two or more cylinders are expanded, the polymer becomes essentially non-compressible especially in a lateral direction. It will be appreciated that 6-4 titanium cylinder block confining the hydraulic material provides extreme stability and resistance to lateral forces as compared to a conventional expanding implant. Further, there is no deterioration of the curable polymer over time in term of its structural integrity because it is confined in the titanium alloy body. The use of the present 6-4 titanium cylinder block configuration can withstand compressive forces in excess of 12,000 Newtons or approximately 3000 pounds of compressive force on the vertebrae. This is not possible in a conventional expanding structure wherein the expanding polymer is not confined by an essentially incompressible titanium body. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, injectable bone graft material 134 is provided along a separate bone graft input line to bone graft input port 119 for infusion into cavity 114 through bone graft exit port 120 . The bone graft input line is controlled at the master cylinder or from a separate source to enable a pressure-induced infusion of bone graft material 134 through cavity of the bone engaging surfaces of the SEC into adjacent vertebral bone. Thus, the bone graft material fills, under pressure, the post-expansion space between adjacent vertebral bodies. This achieves substantially complete perfusion of osteo-inductive and/or osteo-conductive bone graft material in the post expansion space between the vertebral bodies resulting in enhanced fusion (refer to FIGS. 5C , 5 D). Referring to FIG. 6 , an alternate embodiment of the SEC comprises multiple slave cylinders and corresponding pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n are provided in SEC body 106 . Each of the multiple slave cylinders and pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n is provided with a separate, associated hydraulic line 122 a , 122 b , 122 n that communicates independently with a corresponding one of a plurality of cylinders in the master cylinder for independently controlled expansion of the slave cylinders at multiple elevations in three dimensions (X, Y and Z axes). At the master cylinder, multiple threaded cylinders (or disposable syringes) and pistons are provided, each communicating independently through a separate hydraulic line 122 a , 122 b , 122 n with a corresponding one of the slave cylinders and pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n in the SEC. The bone engaging surfaces of the multiple pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n provide the corrective surface of the SEC. Thus, by appropriate adjustment of the pistons in the master cylinder, or depending on fluid installed via separate syringes, the surgeon can independently control expansion of the slave pistons in the SEC to achieve multiple elevations in three dimensions for specialized corrective applications. A top or wedge plate is not necessary. The bone engaging surface 111 of the slave pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n in the SEC may be provided with a specialized coating for bone ingrowth such as hydroxyapetite. Alternatively, the bone-engaging surface 111 of the SEC pistons may be corrugated, or otherwise provided with a series of bone engaging projections or cavities to enhance fusion. As previously explained, the hydraulic fluid communicating the mechanical leverage from the master cylinder to the SEC slave cylinders and pistons 110 a , 110 b , 110 n is a time-controlled curable polymer such as methyl methacrylate that locks the SEC immovably in place after curing, at the desired three dimensional expansion. As set forth above, injectable bone graft material is provided along a separate bone graft input line to bone graft input port 119 for infusion into cavity 114 and into the inter body space between the SEC and adjacent bone. The surgeon by adjustment of the master cylinder is able to provide remotely a controlled angle of the SEC corrective surface to the medial/lateral (X axis) and in the anterior, posterior direction (Z axis). The surgeon also can adjust the SEC in the vertical plane moving superiorly/inferiorly (Y axis) from the master cylinder or power/flow source to control implant height. Thus, three-dimensional control is achieved remotely through a hydraulic line with minimal trauma to a patient. This aspect of the invention advantageously obviates the need to manually manipulate the SEC implant at the site of intervention to achieve desired angles of expansion. Such conventional manual manipulation with surgical tools into the intervention site can require further distracting of nerve roots and cause potential serious trauma to a patient. Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B , in accordance with an aspect of the invention, a master cylinder 140 located remotely from the patient, provides controlled manipulation and adjustment of the SEC in three dimensions through independent hydraulic control of slave cylinders 110 a , 110 b in the SEC. Master cylinder 140 comprises a cylinder block 142 , defining two or more threaded cylinders 143 . Corresponding screw down threaded pistons are rotated downward into the threaded cylinders thereby applying force to a hydraulic fluid in corresponding hydraulic control lines that communicate independently with and activate corresponding slave cylinders 110 a , 110 b in the SEC with mechanical leverage. The rotational force for applying the mechanical leverage at the slave cylinders is controlled by thread pitch of the threaded pistons in the master cylinder, or in an alternate embodiment controlled by use of syringes, one acting as a master cylinder for each piston or slave cylinder to modulate piston elevation. In FIG. 7B threaded pistons 144 a , 144 b are provided in hydraulic cylinders communicating through hydraulic lines 148 a , 148 b that are coupled to hydraulic input ports 116 a , 116 b for independent hydraulic control of slave cylinders 110 a , 110 b as previously explained. Another threaded cylinder and piston assembly 150 is supplied with a quantity of bone graft material in slurry or liquid form and operates in the same way to provide the bone graft material under pressure to the SEC bone graft input port 119 through bone graft supply line 152 . Thus, bone graft material is forced under pressure from the master cylinder through cavity 114 and into the intervertebral space. Referring to FIG. 8 , an alternate embodiment of a master cylinder is provided for individual hydraulic control of each slave piston in the SEC implant. A master cylinder 154 is provided with two or more cylinders 156 a , 156 b , and associated pistons 157 a , 157 b . A lever 158 controlled by the surgeon is attached to each piston. Hydraulic fluid feeds through lines 148 a 148 b into the inserted SEC implant. The lever creates a ratio of 1 pound to 10 pounds of pressure inside the slave cylinders in the SEC and thus against vertebral end plates. Mechanically this provides a 10:1 advantage in lift force for the surgeon. The surgeon's required force application is multiplied via the lever and hydraulic system to create a controlled expansion of the SEC against the end plates as previously described to create any desired spine vertebral correctional effect in three dimensions. If the surgeon uses one pound of force on the lever, the piston exerts 10 pounds of force. The piston in the master cylinder displaces the hydraulic fluid through hydraulic lines 148 a , 148 b . The hydraulic lines are flexible conduit no more than 3 mm in diameter. Thin hydraulic lines are desirable to increase mechanical advantage at the slave cylinders in the SEC. If one pound of pressure is exerted on the handle, the corresponding piston in the SEC would have 10 pounds of lifting force. If each slave piston inside the SEC implant has 200 pounds of lifting force, the required amount of pressure applied by the surgeon to the master piston cylinder is 20 pounds, or one tenth the amount, consistent with the predetermined mechanical advantage. In usual cases, where the surgeon has a patient in a partially distracted anatomic, anesthetized and relaxed position under anesthesia, 30 pounds of force may be required for implant expansion upon the vertebral bone endplates. The surgeon in that case would need to apply only 3 pounds of pressure to lever 158 . Different ratios may be introduced to optimize distraction force while minimizing injection pressures. The pressure application process is guided by normal surgical principles, by visual checkpoints, and by a safety gauge that illustrates the amount of expansion that has been exerted in direct correlation with the implant expansion process. The gauge indicates the height of the slave pistons and thus the vertical and angular expansion of the SEC. This translates to an ability to clarify the percentage of lateral expansion. That is, if the surgeon chooses to create an angle, he expands the right slave cylinder, for example, 14 mm and left slave cylinder 12 mm. The master cylinder 154 preferably comprises transparent plastic to enable visual indication of the height of the hydraulic fluid therein, or a translucent plastic syringe to facilitate exact measured infusion of the slave cylinder implant expanding pistons. A knob 159 for setting gauge height is provided in each cylinder. An indicator attached to the knob registers the cylinder height with respect to a fill line, bleed line or maximum height line. The master cylinder and slave cylinders are filled with hydraulic fluid. Air is removed by bleeding the cylinders in a well-known manner. The knob indicator is registered to the bleed line. A series of incremental marks are provided between the bleed line and the maximum height line to show the surgeon the exact height of the slave cylinder in response to the surgeon's control inputs to the master cylinder. It will be appreciated that the master and slave hydraulic system interaction can have many equivalent variations. For example, the master cylinder function of master cylinder 154 also can be provided by one or more syringes. Each syringe acts as a master cylinder and is coupled independently with a corresponding slave cylinder through a thin hydraulic line for independent activation as previously described. A single syringe acting as a master cylinder also may be selectively coupled with one or more slave cylinders for independent activation of the slave cylinders. As is well known, series of gradations are provided along the length of the syringe that are calibrated to enable the surgeon to effect a precise elevation of a selected piston at the corresponding slave cylinder in the implant. As previously explained, the SEC implant also expands vertically the intervertebral space from 10 mm to 16 mm or more. Additionally, by changing the diameter of the piston inside the master cylinder, the force exerted into the slave cylinder could be multiplied many fold so as to create major force differentials. The foregoing features provide the surgeon with an ability to establish a spinal correction system that is a function of the needed change to correct a deformity, so as to produce normal alignment. Referring to FIG. 9A , it will be appreciated that hydraulic control lines 148 a and 148 b and bone graft supply line 152 are characterized by a minimal size and are provided in the interior of a very narrow insertion tool 180 ( FIGS. 9A and 9B ). The insertion tool 180 is small enough to insert the SEC 100 posteriorly into the narrow insertion opening without risk of serious trauma to the patient. An enlarged view of the insertion tool 180 (simplified for clarity) is shown in FIG. 9B . The insertion tool 180 includes a handle 182 and hollow interior for housing hydraulic control lines and a bone graft supply line (not shown for clarity). The hydraulic control lines and bone graft supply line connect through a proximal end of the insertion tool to the master cylinder. A distal or insertion end of the tool holds the SEC 100 . In a preferred mode, the insertion end of the insertion tool conformably fits in the SEC hydraulic input port 116 . Hydraulic control lines and the bone graft supply line are connected to the hydraulic input ports 122 a , 122 b and bone graft supply input port respectively, prior to surgery. The bone graft supply and hydraulic control lines are safely retracted after the SEC is positioned. The hydraulic lines can be released by cutting after the operation since the hydraulic fluid hardens in place. When the SEC is locked in position by the surgeon, the insertion tool and hydraulic tubes are removed and the curable polymer remains in the SEC slave cylinders. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the hydraulic fluid controlling the movement of the SEC is a time-controlled curable polymer that hardens after a pre-determined time period, locking the SEC insert immovably in a desired expanded position. The hydraulic fluid is preferably methylmethacrylate or other similar inexpensive polymer, with a time-controlled curing rate. Time-controlled curable polymers typically comprise a catalyst and a polymer. The catalyst can be formulated in a well-known manner to determine the time at which the polymer solidifies. Such time-controlled curable polymers are commercially available from several manufacturers such as LOCTITE Corp., Henkel-Loctite, 1001 Trout Brook Crossing, Rocky Hill, Conn. 06067. As is well understood by one skilled in the art, any equivalent curable polymer that has a first flowable state for conveying hydraulic force, and that transitions to a second solid state upon curing may be employed. In the first state, the curable polymer transfers the application of force hydraulically from the master cylinder to the slave cylinders, such that corrective action is achieved by elevating the slave pistons. The curable polymer transitions to a second solid state upon curing such that the corrective elevation of the slave pistons is locked in place. Such an equivalent curable polymer is a polymer that is cured through the application of either visible or ultraviolet light or other radiation source which activates the polymer to transition to a solid state. Another methyl methacrylate liquid polymer when combined with powder becomes a viscous fluid as soon as the powder and liquid are blended; it is initially thin and free flowing. Gradually, in minutes, it begins to thicken, transforming state through paste and puddy to cement-like solid once inside the pistons, thus fixing the SEC at a precise correction amount in its expanded position. An example of such a light curable polymer is UV10LC-12 made by MASTER BOND Inc., of Hackensack, N.J. Such polymers are characterized by a fast cure time upon exposure to a visible or a UV light source. Depending upon the intensity of the light source, cure times range from a few seconds to less than a minute. As is well understood by one skilled in the art, an extremely thin fiber optic line may be incorporated as an additional line along with the multiple hydraulic lines shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B for conveying light from a light source directly to the polymer in the slave cylinders to effect curing. Alternatively, a curable polymer may be activated by a radiation source such as low level electron beam radiation to cure or initiate curing. An electron beam advantageously can penetrate through material that is opaque to UV light and can be applied directly to lock the pistons in their elevated or corrective position. It will be appreciated that the amount of applied stress required to cause failure of the corrective implant is substantial due to the confinement of the cured polymer completely within the body of the implant, that is, the cylinder block that is comprised of 6-4 titanium. This is particularly advantageous since the confinement within the titanium body enables the corrective position of the implant to withstand compressive forces up to the structural failure limit of the titanium body; that is, to withstand compressive forces in a range of from 8000 up to 12,000 Newtons. Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B , a hydraulic line 200 is provided for remote hydraulic control of a plurality of slave cylinders of the SEC from a master cylinder. Hydraulic line 200 comprises a plurality of individual hydraulic lines 202 disposed about a central axis. Each hydraulic line 202 provides independent activation of a separate slave cylinder from a master cylinder as previously explained. A bone graft supply line 204 is provided along the central axis of line 200 . Individual hydraulic lines 202 can be aligned and connected with corresponding slave cylinder input ports prior to insertion of the SEC for providing independent hydraulic control to each of the slave cylinders. A threaded end 206 can be inserted into a similarly threaded central input port 116 of the SEC to prevent pull out. In a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, as illustrated for example in FIGS. 11-15 , SEC 300 includes a block or body 306 defining cylinders 308 for receiving pistons cooperating with a top plate 324 substantially as previously described. The body 306 of SEC 300 also defines a central cavity 314 to receive bone graft material for communication with the intervertebral space when implanted. Top plate 324 also provides a central opening aligned with central cavity 314 to facilitate such communication. As shown, for example in FIG. 11 , top plate 324 may be provided with a textured bone engagement surface 311 on the superior surface thereof and the central opening may be shaped to match the shape of central cavity 314 . The textured surface is configured to provide for greater security and fixation between the vertebral body and SEC 300 , and is not limited to the pattern shown, but may be of any appropriate configuration for enhancing fixation as will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art. In this exemplary embodiment, SEC 300 includes a graft infusion port 319 in communication with the central graft cavity 314 , which may be positioned laterally on a proximal face 386 of body 306 as shown in FIG. 11 . Graft infusion port 319 may be located laterally of an attachment port 383 , which is where the insertion tool 380 is connected to the SEC 300 via a threaded connector and rotary actuator 406 (see FIG. 14 ). Hydraulic line port 322 , communicating with passages leading to cylinders 308 , may be located laterally opposite attachment port 383 on proximal face 386 to receive hydraulic supply line 402 for actuation of the pistons. Distal face 396 , opposite the attachment port, may present narrowed leading edge to facilitate insertion and placement of SEC 300 between adjacent vertebral bodies. As shown, for example, in FIGS. 12 and 13 , the graft infusion port 319 communicates with the central cavity 314 through passage 392 , which traverses the proximal wall 394 of block 306 . Graft slurry or other bone growth promoting material infused through the graft port 319 flows directly into the central cavity 314 from passage 392 . The relatively large diameter of port 319 and passage 392 allow for unobstructed flow of material into the central cavity. Depending on the size of the implant and the amount of height to be achieved through extension of the pistons, this can be particularly valuable because the central cavity 314 enlarges as the SEC 300 expands. A free flow of bone graft material with sufficient volume is required to fill the enlarged volume of central cavity 314 after expansion. For example, in an implant with a width of about 18 mm, a length of about 50 mm, and a height of about 8 mm, which is expanded after placement to a height of about 12 mm, passage 392 may have an internal diameter of about 6 mm. In general, to provide an unobstructed flow of bone graft material, particularly in slurry form, passage 392 (and port 319 ) may be sized such that the ratio of the diameter of passage to the unexpanded implant height would be in the range of about 55-80% or more specifically about 60-75%. As previously mentioned, with the graft infusion port 319 located lateral of the attachment port 383 , the bone graft supply line 404 of insertion tool 380 can also be located lateral to the hydraulic lines 402 as shown in FIG. 14 . However, this parallel, lateral arrangement may make insertion tool 380 wider, possibly creating difficulty in passing sensitive neural structures in some anatomies. Where the lateral width of the insertion tool is of concern, such concern may be addressed by providing the bone graft supply line 404 separate from an insertion tool including only the rotary actuator 406 and hydraulic supply line 402 , such that bone graft supply line 404 may be placed separately and only after the SEC 300 is implanted and expanded, and the insertion tool removed, as shown in FIG. 15 . In this case, a collar may be provided that also attaches in attachment port 319 to provide additional security for the bone graft supply line attachment. In summary, remote hydraulic control of a spinal implant is particularly advantageous in a posterior insertion procedure because there is no anatomic room for mechanical linkage or tooling in the proximity of the adjacent spinal cord and neurovascular complex. The hydraulic control provided by the present invention provides significant mechanical leverage and thus increased force to an extent that has not previously been possible. Further, such hydraulic force is selective in both direction and magnitude of its application. It is now possible to expand fenestrated endplates to support the anterior spinal column. This will create immediate and reliable firm fixation that will lead to immediate stabilization of the functional spinal motion segment, and immediate correction of complex interbody deformities in the sagittal and coronal plane. The SEC provides advantages over currently existing technology that include correction of coronal plane deformity; introduction of interbody lordosis and early stabilization of the interbody space with rigidity that is greater than present spacer devices. This early stability may improve post-operative pain, preclude the need for posterior implants including pedicle screws, and improve the rate of successful arthrodesis. Importantly, the SEC provides improvement of space available for the neural elements while improving lordosis. Traditional implants are limited to spacer effects, as passive fillers of the intervertebral disc locations awaiting eventual fusion if and when bone graft in and around the implant fuses. By expanding and morphing into the calculated shape which physiologically corrects spine angulation, the SEC immediately fixes the spine in its proper, painless, functional position. As infused osteoinductive/osteoconductive bone graft materials heal, the patient becomes well and the implant becomes inert and quiescent, embedded in bone, and no longer needed. While the invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments and alternatives as set forth above, but on the contrary is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the following claims. For example, equivalent expansion surfaces can be provided for stabilizing the expanding SEC against the bone. Other compositions of additives may be used for the hydraulic fluid that achieves remote controlled expansion of the SEC in three dimensions. Similarly, various types of biogenic fluid material for enhancing bone growth may be injected through one or more lines to the SEC and different exit apertures may be provided to apply bone graft material to fill the intervertebral space, without departing from the scope of the invention. The implant itself can be made of, for example, such materials as titanium, 64 titanium, or an alloy thereof, 316 or 321 stainless steel, biodegradeable and biologically active materials, e.g. stem cells, and polymers, such as semi-crystalline, high purity polymers comprised of repeating monomers of two ether groups and a key tone group, e.g. polyaryetheretherketone (PEEK) TM, or teflon. Finally, the implant may provide two or more pistons that are operated concurrently to provide coordinated medial/lateral adjustment of a patient's spine for scoliosis, with anterior/posterior adjustment of the patient's spine to create natural lordosis, with relative anterior expansion greater than posterior expansion. Therefore, persons of ordinary skill in this field are to understand that all such equivalent processes, arrangements and modifications are to be included within the scope of the following claims. Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, omissions and additions may be made to that which is specifically disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

A selectively expanding spine cage has a minimized cross section in its unexpanded state that is smaller than the diameter of the neuroforamen through which it passes in the distracted spine. The cage conformably engages between the endplates of the adjacent vertebrae to effectively distract the anterior disc space, stabilize the motion segments and eliminate pathologic spine motion. Expanding selectively (anteriorly, along the vertical axis of the spine) rather than uniformly, the cage height increases and holds the vertebrae with fixation forces greater than adjacent bone and soft tissue failure forces in natural lordosis. Stability is thus achieved immediately, enabling patient function by eliminating painful motion. The cage shape intends to rest proximate to the anterior column cortices securing the desired spread and fixation, allowing for bone graft in, around, and through the implant for arthrodesis whereas for arthroplasty it fixes to endpoints but cushions the spine naturally.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The reclamation of metals from the skim of aluminum furnaces has been attempted with a limited amount of success. The importance of recycling such scrap materials has become increasingly apparent as the depletion of ore reserves drives prices higher. At the same time, the high cost of fuels and the high level of energy utilization involved in the separation and refinement of metals makes it doubly important that the salvage operations be rendered as effective and efficient as possible. In the present salvaging operation of the skim of aluminum furnaces, a good share of the small particles of aluminum and the aluminum oxide powders are lost. Accordingly, it becomes necessary to effectively optimize the salvage operation to conserve materials and energy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the invention claimed, an improved metal reclaiming system is provided for separating and reclaiming small particles of aluminum from the skim of aluminum furnaces. It is, therefore, one object of this invention to provide an improved reclaiming system for the aluminum from the skim of aluminum furnaces in a highly mechanized form. Another object of this invention is to provide such a reclaiming system in which small particles of aluminum are elongated flattened and widened in order to separate them more easily from aluminum oxide powder. A further object of this invention is to provide such a system which salvages a maximum percentage of the total metal content from the initial charge of waste. A still further object of this invention is to provide a closed system in which the salvaged metal is fed back into the melting furnace. A still further object of this invention is to provide a highly optimized aluminum reclaiming system which produces maximum benefits in terms of conservation of energy and materials. Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds and the features of novelty which characterize this invention will be pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention may be more readily described by reference to the accompanying drawings which are diagrammatic illustrations of the reclaiming system of this invention wherein: FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process for recovering metallic aluminum from furnace or ladle skimming by hot roll crushing; FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process of recovering metallic aluminum from furnace or ladle skimming by perforated cylinder pressing; and FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process for recovering metallic aluminum from furnace or ladle skimming by multiple cold roll crushing and screening steps. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring more particularly to the drawings by characters of reference, FIG. 1 illustrates a reclaiming system 10 of the invention comprising a number of subsystems including an input stage 11, a first screening stage 12, a rod mill 13, a second screening stage 14, a processing or oscillating furnace stage 15, a roller mill 16, a third screening stage 17 and a ball mill 18. The input stage 11 may comprise any suitable means such as a tractor front wheel loader, well known in the art, which loads the first screening stage 12. The first screening stage 12 may be simply a large rectangular steel box 19, open at the top and fitted with two parallelly arranged, juxtapositioned, stacked screens 20, 21 which separate the dross particles received for three different functions. The dross particles 6 inches or larger are sent directly to the hopper 23 of a melting furnace 24; the particles minus 6 inches but plus 0.023 inches are transported by a conveyor 25 to a hopper 26; and the dross particles smaller than 0.023 inches are discarded. The dross particles collected in hopper 26 of a particle size of minus 6 inches but plus 0.023 inches are transported by a conveyor 27 to rod mill 13, the output of which is fed into a hopper 28 of the second screening stage 14. Hopper 28 is provided with two screens 29 and 30 which separate minus 6-inch but plus 2-inch particles, minus 2-inch but plus 0.023-inch particles and minus 0.023-inch particles from the material supplied. The minus 6 but plus 2-inch particles are examined with the free aluminum pieces fed into the hopper 23 of melting furnace 24 and the other portion of the fraction fed by a conveyor 31 back to rod mill 13 with the minus 2-inch but plus 0.023-inch particles fed into a ball mill 33. The output of ball mill 33 is transmitted to a hopper 34 where it is screened by a screen 35 with the particles larger than 0.023 inches transmitted to a hopper 36 with the particles less than 0.023 inches discarded. The content of hopper 36 is transmitted to the oscillating furnace 15 of the system. The oscillating furnace heats the material received to approximately 1300 degrees F. with its output fraction being fed into the roller mill 16 which crushes any aluminum oxides, carbides or nitrides and converts the metallic aluminum into thin sheets of approximately 0.023 inches thick which are conveyed into a hopper 37 of the third screening stage 17. This hopper is provided with two screens 38 and 39. Screen 38 separates the plus 0.185-inch particles from the minus 0.185 but plus 0.023-inch particles. Screen 39 receives the discharge from screen 38 and separates the -0.185 but plus 0.023-inch particles from the -0.023-inch particles. The -0.023-inch particles are discarded. The plus 0.185-inch particles are transmitted to the melting furnace 24; and the minus 0.185 but plus 0.023-inch particles are transmitted to the ball mill 18. The output of the ball mill 18 is transmitted to a hopper 40 which employs a screen 41 for further screening the fraction from the ball mill into particles of plus 0.023-inch and minus 0.023-inch sizes, with the minus 0.023-inch particles being discarded and the plus 0.023-inch particles being transmitted to hopper 23 of the melting furnace 24. Molten aluminum from the melting furnace 24 is poured into molds 42 with the oxides of the furnace skimmed off and transmitted back to hopper 28 above screen 30 for reprocessing. FIG. 2 discloses a process for recovering metallic aluminum from furnace or ladle skimming by the use of perforated cylinder pressing. The reclaiming system 45 shown in FIG. 2 comprises the same system components of FIG. 1 to the point of the oscillating furnace 15 with all of the parts given the same reference characters. The fraction of the dross minus 2 inches but plus 0.023 inches in size processed by the oscillating furnace 15 which has been heated to approximately 1300 degrees F. is transmitted to a 4-inch diameter and 6-inch deep perforated cylinder 46. Cylinder 46 is open-ended and is provided with a pair of rams 47 and 48 operating one in each end of the cylinder. The cylinder is provided with a plurality of apertures 49 through which the molten aluminum under pressure of the rams flows out of the cylinder. Upon movement of ram 47 into cylinder 46, the molten aluminum flows through apertures 49 in the walls of cylinder 46 and falls into a mold (not shown). The residue of oxides, carbides and nitrides are retained in the cylinder. At the completion of the stroke of ram 47, the second ram 48 formed in the bottom of the perforated cylinder 46 moves upwardly removimg the residue through the top of the cylinder 46. This residue of oxides, carbides and nitrides, etc. from cylinder 46 is transmitted to hopper 26. FIG. 3 discloses a further modification of the reclaiming system shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 wherein similar parts are given the same reference characters. It should be noted that FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are similar from the input stage 11 to rod mill 13, at which point the output fraction of rod mill 13 is screened by a screening stage 50 comprising a single screen 51. The particles minus 6 inches but plus 2 inches in size are transported by conveyor 31 back to the input of the rod mill 13. Free aluminum pieces transported by conveyor 31 are hand-picked and transmitted directly to the melting furnace 24. The fraction of ore minus 2 inches is discharged from the screening means 50 and deposited in a hopper 52 of the third screening stage. Hopper 52 employs three parallel, juxtapositioned screens 53, 54 and 55 with screen 53 separating the minus 2-inch but plus 11/2-inch fraction from the remainder, which fraction is transported to a cold roll crusher 56 which elongates, flattens and widens the aluminum particles and crushes the carbides, nitrides and oxides to a smaller size. The minus 11/2-inch but plus 1-inch particles are retained by screen 54 and transported to a cold roll crusher 57. The minus 1-inch but plus 0.023-inch particles retained by screen 55 are transported to a hopper 58 of a triple deck screening means 59 with the minus 0.023-inch particle size passing through screen 55 discarded. The cold roll crusher 56 is set at 11/4 inches with this or smaller size particles discharged into a hopper 60 of a screening means 61. Hopper 60 contains three juxtapositioned parallel screens 62, 63 and 64 which screen and separate the fraction received from the cold roll crusher 56. Screen 62 separates the plus 11/4-inch particles from the rest which are passed therethrough, which particles are transported to hopper 23 of the melting furnace 24. Screen 63 separates the minus 11/4-inch but plus 7/8-inch particles from the rest, which particles are transported to cold roll crusher 57. Screen 64 separates the minus 7/8-inch but plus 0.023-inch particles from the remainder, which particles are transported to the top of screen 93 in the hopper 58 of the screening means 59. The remainder of minus 0.023 particles passing through screen 64 are discarded. Cold roll crusher 57 is set at 3/4 of an inch and thus passes 3/4 of an inch particles onto the top screen 65 in hopper 66 of a screening means 67. Hopper 66 further contains two other juxtapositioned and parallelly arranged screens 68 and 69. The particles of plus 3/4 of an inch are transported from the top of screen 65 to hopper 23 with the particles remaining on the top of screen 68 of minus 3/4 of an inch but plus 1/2 inch transported to a cold roll crusher 70. The minus 1/2-inch but plus 0.023-inch particles retained by screen 69 are transported to a cold roll crusher 71. The fraction passing through screen 69 of minus 0.023 inches in size is discarded. The screening means 59, in addition to housing screen 93 in hopper 58, contains two further juxtapositioned and parallelly arranged screens 72 and 73. Screen 93 retains the minus 1 but plus 3/4 of an inch particles which are transported to cold roll crusher 57. The minus 3/4-inch but plus 1/2-inch particles retained by screen 72 in hopper 58 are transported to cold roll crusher 70. The minus 1/2-inch but plus 1/4-inch particles retained by screen 73 of hopper 58 are transported to cold roll crusher 71. The minus 1/4-inch particles passed by screen 73 of hopper 58 are transported to a cold roll crusher 74. Cold roll crusher 70, which is set at 3/8 of an inch, discharges its fraction into a hopper 75 of a screening means 76. This hopper contains three juxtapositioned and parallelly arranged screens 77, 78 and 79. The plus 3/8-inch particles retained by screen 77 are transported to hopper 23 while the minus 3/8 but plus 3/16-inch particles retained by screen 78 are transported to cold roll crusher 71. The minus 3/16 but plus 0.023-inch particles retained by screen 79 are transported to cold roll crusher 74. The minus 0.023-inch particles passed by screen 79 are discarded. Cold roll crusher 71 is set at 3/16 of an inch with its discharged fraction of the material crushed conveyed into a hopper 80 of a further screening means 81. Hopper 80 contains three juxtapositioned and parallelly arranged screens 82, 83 and 84. Screen 82 retains plus 3/16-inch particles which are transported to hopper 23. The minus 3/16-inch but plus 0.093-inch particles retained by screen 83 are transported to cold roll crusher 74. The minus 0.093 but plus 0.023-inch particles retained by screen 84 are transported to a ball mill 85 with the minus 0.023-inch particles passing therethrough being discarded. The cold roll crusher 74 is set at 1/8 of an inch and discharges this size particle into a hopper 86 of a screening means 87. Hopper 86 contains two juxtapositioned and parallelly arranged screens 88 and 89. The fraction of the material of plus 1/8-inch size particles retained by screen 88 is transported to hopper 23. The minus 1/8 but plus 0.023-inch fraction retained by screen 89 is transported to ball mill 85 with the fraction -0.023 passed through screen 89 discarded. Ball mill 85 discharges the fraction of the material received onto a single screen 90 in a hopper 91 of a screening means 92. The plus 0.023-inch fraction retained on screen 90 is transported to hopper 23 with the minus 0.023-inch fraction of the material passed by screen 90 discarded. Molten aluminum from the melting furnace is poured into molds 42 with the oxides of the furnace skimmed off and transmitted back to rod mill 13. It should be noted that all of the screens disclosed may be vibrated or moved in any suitable well-known manner to accomplish their function; and the dross fractions can be conveyed from system station or stage to another by any suitable conveyor means. Although but a few embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the appended claims.

A reclaiming method and apparatus for reclaiming aluminum from the skim recovered from an aluminum furnace by a highly mechanized method and apparatus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1). Field of the Invention [0002] This invention relates to exit from and entry to a room via an open window. The window block is a safety security measure. [0003] 2). Background Information [0004] There are occasional news reports of a child exiting via an open window to fall from a dangerous height. There are occasional news reports of foreign entry via an open window with subsequent criminal action against a person within a room. The window block allows limited aperture opening of the window for ventilation while blocking passage of a person. The block also provides for its removal from the inside in a situation of fire impelled quick escape. PRIOR ART [0005] Prior art is plentiful and is such as listed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,768 of inventors Mikiel and Usevitch. The Mikiel invention has its friction blocking force generated by a force vector exerted against the window glass, generated by a wedging action. The device has a suction cup for holding the wedge in position on the glass. One version of the present invention petition for letters patent does not place the block on the glass. The block is held by adhesive on the window frame. [0006] Another product on the market also uses a wedge but that product designs around the Mikiel patent. The design around product is a wedge with adhesive and no suction cup. Moreover, the wedge is mounted, not on the glass, but on the frame of the upper sash. That product may be viewed with photograph, description, sale price, and user comments on a web site path defined as follows: “http://www.onestepahead.com//product/85216/127764/117.html”. [0007] The present application for a patent has adhesive but no wedge. The present invention has a sounder but no suction cup. [0008] Prior art also includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,086 of title “Open Window Security Lock” by same inventors as petitioners for letters patent herein. In contrast to their patent 086 product defining a shaft, their present product is a small block with its elevation position defined by setting of the upper frame rather than the lower frame patent 086 setting. OBJECT OF INVENTION [0009] It is therefore one object of the present invention to provide a simple, easy to use device that can block a sliding glass window in a partially open position of variable user chosen position. [0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide an easy means for mounting the block in its operating position Another object of the present invention is to add electrical response means to a window block that has been alarm activated by movement of a window sash against the block. [0011] Another object of the present invention is to secure limited opening capability of either the upper sash or lower sash of a double hung window. [0012] Another object of the present invention is to permit a room occupant to quickly remove the window block in event of fire induced emergency exit action. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0013] A purpose of the present invention is to provide a portable sliding window blocking device that is easy to transport and use. The primary incentive initiating the inventive effort was to protect children from falling out of a window. Also the block offers effective resistance to unlawful entry from the outside. [0014] The block unit may be visualized as an elongated cube shaped box with an adhesive material on one surface (typically double adhesive side tape). The box has a push button switch, a light signaling activation, and a sounder signaling activation. A tool such as a small screw driver blade can be slipped into a small port to switch off the alarm action. [0015] A magnet may be a link in the mechanism for holding the block into its service position. When the protected window is non-magnetic such as wood or aluminum, an intermediary ferromagnetic layer is glued to the window glass or fastened to the frame. The ferromagnetic layer holds the magnet which holds the block. Velcro can work with approximately the same functionality as a magnet in the invention. The magnet fastener sustains shear loading rather than tension loading meaning that the block can be pulled off by tension loading. The block with magnet can not slide off because of a resisting lip on the ferromagnetic layer. Velcro also has pronounced shear resistance because all micro hooks resist shear simultaneously when a Velcro patch is loaded in shear. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] FIG. 1 is a full face view of a portable sliding window block according to the invention, viewed from the interior of the room by a viewer looking toward the outside of the window. [0017] FIG. 2 is a full face view of the window block with a push button and sounder shown. [0018] FIG. 3 is a long side view of a window block holding system comprising an adhesive layer and two successive layers, e.g. ferromagnetic sheet and bar magnet. [0019] FIG. 4 portrays the adhesive layer that holds fast to the window frame or glass. [0020] FIG. 5 shows a block bottom view with the alarm switch and adhesive layer. [0021] FIG. 6 portrays an adhesive layer with two successive layers of snapped together Velcro. [0022] FIG. 7 shows an assembled isometric view of an alarm block with switch and sounder. [0023] FIG. 8 is a C-clamp design which attaches not to the sash but is clamped to the track side bar. [0024] FIG. 8 is a block top view showing a wireless door bell button mounted on the block. [0025] FIG. 9 is a block side view and showing how the door bell button is pressed through bending action of a thin metal strip. [0026] FIG. 10 is an end view of an assembly of the block components. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] The original inventive inspiration was to protect young children from open a ventilating window wider than was originally set by the parent and then climbing out. The means to achieve that protection as conceived by the inventor require only three substances, viz.: an adhesive, a cube, and block signal generator. On one surface of a cube is coated the adhesive (double sided sticky tape). On the opposite surface of the cube are displayed a light and a sounder. [0028] In FIG. 1 the part 1 is the block attached with adhesive to the frame of the upper sash. [0029] When the block is mounded on the window upper sash frame the push button switch is pointed downward to intercept any effort to raise the lower sash any further than a few inches. In the event that the upper sash is of moveable design the block is carried down with a lowering sash movement. That restricts and limits the possible distance movement of either or both upper and lower sash; i.e. the mathematical sum of the two opening spaces is a fixed sum [0030] Adhesive such as is found on double sided adhesive tape, holds the block in position on vinyl coated aluminum window frames with very good service quality, and it tenaciously resists removal by hand action. [0031] Wooden window frames of a lesser polish surface may give mixed results. One can add a polished surface plate to the wood. Such a plate can be attached with glue, e.g. epoxy. If the attached plate is steel (ferromagnetic material) the steel provides a convenient mounting and release feature. With the mounting of an intermediate ferromagnetic layer the safety block can be attached to glass, to aluminum, to wood with ease. A sixteenth inch thick or thinner steel plate is adequate for holding fast a bar magnet. Adding a thirty-second inch high curled lip at the force resisting edge guarantees that the magnet can not be displaced in shear direction by an effort to open the window wider. [0032] FIG. 2 shows the total block as piece 1 , the push button electric switch as piece 2 , the sounder as piece 3 , the alarm active light as piece 4 , the reset switch accessible with a small screwdriver blade as piece 5 , the electric battery compartment as piece 6 . [0033] FIG. 3 shows how a bar magnet as piece 9 can hold to ferromagnetic sheet piece 8 which in turn is fastened via adhesive layer piece 7 to any window material such as aluminum, glass, or wood. [0034] FIG. 4 shows the full adhesive layer. [0035] FIG. 5 shows the block bottom with electric push rod switch and adhesive layer piece 7 . [0036] FIG. 6 shows piece 7 adhesive layer, Velcro layer piece 10 and matching Velcro hook layer piece 11 . [0037] Whether FIG. 3 or 4 or 6 is used to hold block piece 1 in service operation will depend upon circumstance. If there is only one window in the room and that window may be required as an emergency fire exit then the magnet or Velcro is the holding means of preference. If the room has several windows capable of being locked then the fire escape passage window should be locked with an easy manual unlock capability and the safety block is placed on another window as ventilation window and without concern as to whether the block can be quickly removed. [0038] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of the block. The part numbers are as defined above. When the block is mounted for service the switch piece 3 points downward to intercept the lower window sash. [0039] FIGS. 8 , 9 , and 10 show how a wireless door bell button is mounted on a window block. [0040] Piece 12 is a screw tapped into a lip structure of piece 13 so as to permit block piece 13 to be clamped to a window frame to intercept a window sash that is being raised a few inches for ventilation. [0041] Piece 14 is a wireless door bell button, commonly available for sale at many hardware stores. The switch button of piece 14 is pushed through the force of an intermediary pin piece 15 . Piece 15 is a six penny nail sawed off at the appropriate length. Piece 16 is a strip of sheet metal of springy quality. The window sash movement bears at the end region of the strip of sheet metal. Thus when the strip is bent upward toward the wireless switch button the switch is closed but the switch can not be crushed through pin 15 movement because the sash intercepts the structure of the block piece 13 . It is only the spring force of piece 16 that is transmitted to pin piece 15 . [0042] The market appeal of the product lies in its simplicity of form and low cost of installation. The appeal is to parents with small children. [0043] The web page cited above (“onestepahead”) lists reader and user comments. One window wedge user complained that his window sash rode right over the wedge without being stopped. One may surmise that the wooden strip on the window frame which defines the track had some missing nails. The strip then bowed out allowing the lower sash to spring over the window block wedge adhesive fastened to the frame of the upper sash. In that situation a wedge is not a preferred design and the present invention would work better. Since the ferromagnetic steel plate glued to the upper window glass would measure less than one eighth thick, one can use the magnet holding system and still remove the block device and its magnet for window washing such as to allow clearance to move either sash over its full normal travel distance. This removable quality of the magnetic would not compromise the protection for a small child who is not likely to be capable of pulling loose a bar magnet. An adult escaping from a room fire can readily lift a bar magnet from its mount. The lip on the ferromagnetic mount plate still provides total shear resistance force. [0044] A few more words about the C-clamp (shown in drawing FIG. 8 ) and wireless features are appropriate. The guiding principle was to minimize custom design features. The creativity lay in joining together an assembly of products already on the market. The rule was not to open equipment boxes to solder wire attachments. Only the simple assembly support was custom made of wood. On that support was mounted a wireless door bell button. The actuator for the button switch was a meritorious design. The window sash should not rigidly press against the door bell button lest it damage the button. A nail head, as a part of a push rod (sawed short 6 penny nail), pushed against the button. However that was a flexible push because the force came through a pliable sheet metal strip bridging between the sash force point (end opposite the fulcrum) and the push rod end. [0045] The wireless receiver sounder operated when the window sash movement closed the wireless door bell button. The next sequence choice was to have a latching relay that would keep a tripped alarm operating until a reset button could be pushed. One could open the wireless receiver box and solder some connector wires. The choice was to simply position a sound operated switch in close proximity to the wireless bell. Now the easy plug-in choices are wide open. A string of blinking Christmas tree lights can be added. A dial out phone system from Radio Shack can be added, An intercom listening system can be added and activated. None of such add devices requires soldering or opening electronic package boxes. Any one, of such devices which are activated by the wireless receiver, is referenced in the claims section as a supplemental alarm responding device. [0046] Many modern windows have mobility only in the lower sash. (Window washing is performed by a mechanism that allows the lower sash to be hinged out of its vertical track.) The single block does the job of limiting travel of the lower sash. [0047] When the invention is installed in a double hung window where both sashes are moveable some mechanism is needed to immobilize the upper wooden sash if the C-clamp design is used. Many of such old windows had counterweights and sash cords. If the intruding person on the outside of the window were to push the top sash down it would still be difficult to climb over the obstacle of the two sashes together. Moreover, there is an easy way to immobilize the upper sash. A wood screw will do the job. A gypsum board dry wall screw was placed at the top of the window between the wooden sash frame and the fixed wooden cross member. [0048] The adhesive block attached to the upper sash would seem to be adequate alone since lowering the upper sash would cause the block to push closed the lower sash. Based upon actual experiments, the adhesive did not hold reliably on old wooden window frames. The wooden C-clamp did work with no problems. An adequately fastened adhesive held block mounted on the upper sash fully protects against excessive opening of either upper or lower sash. [0049] The use of a magnet or Velcro as a part of the holding means inspires a break through to even greater utility. When the battery, which operates the wireless, needs an annual replacement the owner simply disengages the device at the magnet holding point and owner has an environment for easy replacement of the battery. Velcro can do the same job as a magnet, Analysis of the Mechanics of Mounting the Block [0050] Window block prior art shows several stop means, viz.: a suction cup, a double face adhesive tape, a window frame structure integrated latch as possible ways to restrict window opening travel distance. The use of a magnet or Velcro for such a mounting purpose appears to be novel. The primary objective is to implement a holding force. A derivative objective is capability and ease of manipulation, e.g. removal of block to wash a window or removal of a block to replace an exhausted electric battery. Implied is a need for ease of reinstallation and a desired facility of ease of initial installation. [0051] The use of a magnet opens up a variety of holding configurations. The magnetic field strength can be the holding force. The magnetic force may simply serve to position a hook structure such that the greater holding force comes from a mechanical attachment pattern. The magnetic force may serve to supplement a tacky adhesive holding force. The magnetic force may serve to hold a latch mechanism in place while the mounting glue or cement sets up like epoxy cement. Best Version Disclosed of Window Block [0052] The window block process is primarily a resistive force with a secondary value of detection. Let us begin with evaluation of prior art to see whether there are any remaining niche values to be covered. Prior art has covered suction cup and tacky double sided adhesive tape useful for existing windows. Another prior art is a latch stop built into a new window. A screw clamp that holds to the window track edge may be found new and useful. Velcro may be found new and useful. A bar magnet shows evidence of being new and appears to be useful. [0053] A bar magnet can be used on glass by first gluing a thin sheet steel plate to the glass. Enhanced resistance to shear movement can be achieved with a slight lip bend at the edge of the sheet steel. Also bear in mind, when removing the sensor for service, that there is the option of having the magnet permanently attached to one object (the glass) or the other object (the block) or permanently affixed to neither. The sheet steel plate has low profile that permits full movement of either sash when the sensor is removed. [0054] Comparing a magnet with Velcro, they have similarity in installation and function. Both involve a glue bonding detail between the window glass or window frame and the block unit. Velcro has high resistance to shear movement since each thread hook holds mechanically. A magnet resists shear by a force times coefficient of friction factor, but it also has capability of utilizing a restraining lip in the attracted sheet steel plate. A bar magnet does not buckle if loaded in its plane. Velcro fabric holds in shear not by resisting buckling but by hook distribution. [0055] The straight glue layer between block and window structure involves some compromise between glue holding (or tacky tape holding) and easy removal capability. The magnet and Velcro have no such problem [0056] Another contender for the role of holding the block to the window is a screw clamp that grips the window frame. It is a close race with maybe Velcro being the winner of best disclosed design.

A child safety window block consists of a block of material of which one face has a tacky adhesive. The block by the adhesive can be affixed to a window frame to limit the opening travel of the window to a ventilating gap which is too small for a child to pass out of the window. One block variation is a design with a push button switch which activates a sounder and which is reset to off by a concealed switch accessible with a narrow pointed tool. Another design incorporates a radio wireless button. The wireless receiver door bell sounder can activate any of a variety of attached security alarm features. Another variation uses a magnet or Velcro as part of the block fastening mounting.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a heat-sensitive recording material and, more particularly, to a heat-sensitive material comprising a support having provided thereon a color forming layer containing a colorless or slightly colored electron donating dye precursor (hereinafter referred to as a color former) and an electron accepting compound (hereinafter referred to as a color developer). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION So far proposed heat-sensitive recording systems include a wide variety of embodiments. For example, heat-sensitive recording materials using a color former and a color developer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,255,491, and JP-B-43-4160 and JP-B-45-14039 (the term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined published Japanese patent application"). With the recent tendencies to rapids reduced energy heat-sensitive recording systems, extensive studies have been directed to an increase of sensitivity of heat-sensitive recording materials. In this connection, many attempts have been made to increase sensitivity by utilizing various additives or sensitizers, and the inventors of the present invention have filed patent applications on several such compounds [e.g., JP-A-58-57989 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,052), JP-A-58-87044 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,074), and JP-A-61-123581 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application")]. On the other hand, there is a tendency that the temperature at which color formation of a heat-sensitive recording material initiates decreases as the sensitivity of a recording material increases. This tendency not only leads to undesired color formation on white background after black image formation with facsimiles, etc. but also gives rise to a problem relating to preservability at high temperatures. It has been therefore desirable to develop a heat-sensitive recording material exhibiting high sensitivity while retaining satisfactory preservation stability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One object of this invention is to provide a heat-sensitive recording material exhibiting high sensitivity and satisfactory preservation stability. It has now been found that the above object of this invention can be accomplished by using a 1-alkoxy-phenoxy-2-aryloxypropane as a sensitizer in a heat-sensitive recording material comprising a support having provided thereon a heat-sensitive color forming layer containing a color former and a color developer as main components. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropane according to the present invention, the term "aryl" means a phenyl group which may be substituted with an alkyl group, a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, or alkylthio group. The alkyl, alkoxyl or alkylthio group as a substituent for the phenyl group preferably contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the halogen atom preferably includes a chlorine atom and a fluorine atom. The 1-alkoxyl group preferably contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred of the 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropanes of the invention are those represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyl group or a halogen atom; and R 2 represents an alkyl group. In formula (I), the alkyl group as represented by R 1 or R 2 or the alkoxyl group as represented by R 1 preferably obtains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the R 2 O-- moiety is preferably at the p-position. Particularly preferred of them are those having a melting point of not less than 78° C. Specific examples of the 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropane are 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)propane, 1,2-bis(4-ethoxyphenoxy)propane, 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)propane 1-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-methoxyphenyoxy)propane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane, 1- (4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane, 1-(4- methoxyphenoxy)-2-phenoxypropane, 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)- 2-(4-ethylphenoxy)propane, 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4methylthiophenoxy) 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4chlorophenoxy)propane, and 1-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-2phenoxypropane, preferably 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)-propane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane, 1-(4- methoxyphenoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane or 1-(4- methoxyphenoxy)-2-phenoxypropane, more preferably 1,2bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)propane or 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2phenoxypropane. The compound (I) have high color formation initiation temperatures and specifically high sensitivity. The 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropane according to the present invention is usually used in an amount of 10% by weight or more, preferably from 50 to 300% by weight, based on the color former. The compounds according to the present invention can be synthesized by various processes. In the most simple and convenient process, a halogenated compound or a reactive ester (e.g., arylsulfonic acid esters) of the corresponding alkoxyphenoxypropanol, or a ditosylate of a 1,2-dihydroxypropane or a 1,2-dihalopropane is reacted with a phenol derivative in the presence of a basic catalyst with or without a polar solvent. The basic catalyst is generally selected from alkali metal compounds, preferably including sodium compounds and potassium compounds. The color former which can be used in the present invention includes various dyes known in the field of heat-sensitive paper and pressure-sensitive copying paper. Examples of usable color formers include triphenylmethane phthalide compounds, fluoran compounds, phenothiazine compounds, rhodamine lactam compounds, indolylphthalide compounds, leucoauramine compounds, triphenyl compounds, triazene compounds, and spiropyran compounds. Specific examples of the known phthalide compounds are described, e.g., in U.S. Reissue Pat. 23,024, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,491,111, 3,491,112, 3,491,116, and 3,509,174. Specific examples of the known fluoran compounds are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,624,107, 3,920,510, and 3,959,571. Specific examples of the known spiropyran compounds are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,818. Specific examples of pyridine and pyrazine compounds are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,775,424, 3,853,869, and 4,246,318. Particularly effective among them are 2-arylamino-3-H (or halogn atom, alkyl, or alkoxy)-6substituted aminofluoran compounds which develop a black color on reaction with color developers. Illustrative examples of these color formers are given below. Triarylmethane compounds include 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-dimethylaminophthalide (i.e., Crystal Violet Lactone), 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)phthalide, 3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(1,3-dimethyl-indol-3-yl)phthalide, and 3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl) -3- (2-methylindol-3-yl)phthalide. Diphenylmethane compounds include 4,4'-bisdimethylaminobenzhydrin benzyl ether, an N-halophenyl-leucoauramine, and N-2,4,5trichlorophenylleucoauramine. X-anthene compounds include rhodamine B anilinolactam rhodamine (p-nitrinolactam), 3-diethylamino-7,8-benzofluoran, rhodamine B (p-chloroanilino)lactam, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-ethyl-N-dodecylaminofluoran, 2 anilino-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-isopropylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-pentylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-cyclohexylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-diethyl-aminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl 6-dibutylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-furfurylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-ethyl-N-isoamylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-isoamylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-chloro-6-diethylaminofluoran, 2-anilino-3-chloro-6-N-cyclohexyl-N-dodecylaminofluoran, 2-(2,4-di-methylanilino)-3-methyl-6-diethylaminofluoran, 2-(p-methylanilino)-3-methyl-6-N-methyl-N-ethylaminofluoran, and 2-anilino-3-ethyl-6-N-ethyl-N-furylmethylamino-fluoran. Indolylphthalide compounds include 3,3-bis(1-methylindol-3-yl)phthalide, 3-(2-ethoxy 4-diethylamino-phenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-methylindol-3-yl)phthalide, 3-(2-ethoxy-4-dibutylaminophenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-methylindol-3yl)phthalide, 3-(2-amyloxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-methylindol-3 yl)phthalide, and 3-(2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-octyl-2-methylindol-3-yl)phthalide. Pyridine compounds include 3-(2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-octyl-2-methylindol-3-yl)-4- or -7-azaphthalide, 3-(2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-methylindol-3-yl)-4- or -7-azaphthalide, 3-(2- hexyloxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-methylindol3-yl)-4or -7-azaphthalide, 3-(2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl) 3-(1-ethyl-2-phenylindol-3-yl)-4- or -7-azaphthalide, 3-(2-butoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-2-phenylindol-3-yl)-4- or -7-azaphthalide, and 3(2-ethoxy-4-diethylaminophenyl) -3-(1-octyl-2-phenyl-indol-3-yl)-4- or -7-azaphthalide. Fluorene compounds include 3,6-bisdiethylamino-5-diethylaminospiro(isobenzofuran-1,9-fluoren)-3-one, 3,6-bisdimethylamino-7-diethyltylamino-2-methylspiro(1,3-benzoxazine-4,9-fluorene)-3-one, and 3,6-bisdiethylamino-7-diethyl-aminospiro(2-hydro-1,3-benzoxazine-4,9-fluorene)-2-one. These color formers may be used either individually or in combination of two or more thereof. From the standpoint of back color formation, the fluoran compounds are particularly preferred. The color developer which can be preferably used in the present invention include phenolic compounds and salicylic acid derivatives or polyvalent metal salts thereof. Illustrative examples of the phenolic compounds are 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 4-t-butylphenol, '4-phenylphenol, 4-hydroxydiphenoxide, 1,1'-bis (3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, 1,1'-bis(4hydroxy-phenyl)cyclohexane, 1,1'-bis(3-chloro-4-hydroxy- phenyl)-2-ethylbutane, 4,4'-sec-isooctylidenediphenol, 4,4'-sec-butylidenediphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, 4-p-methylphenylphenol, 4,4'-methylcyclohexylidenephenol, 4,4'-isopentylidenediphenol, and benzyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Illustrative examples of the salicylic acid derivatives are 4-pentadecylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di(α-methylbenzyl)salicylic acid, 3,5-di(t-octyl)salicylic acid, 5-octadecylsalicylic acid, 5-α-(p-α-methylbenzylphenyl)ethylsalicylic acid, 3-α-methylbenzyl-5-t-octylsalicylic acid, 5-tetradecylsalicylic acid, 4-hexyloxysalicylic acid, 4-cyclohexyloxysalicylic acid, 4-decyloxysalicylic acid, 4-dodecyloxysalicylic acid, 4-pentadecyloxysalicylic acid, and 4-octadecyloxysalicylic acid; and zinc, aluminum, calcium, copper or lead salts of these salicylic acids. The color developer is preferably used in an amount of from 50 to 800% by weight, more preferably from 100 to 500% by weight, based on the color former. If the amount of the color developer is less than 50%, color formation would be insufficient. Addition of more than 800% brings about no further improvement. The 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropane according to the present invention can be used in combination with other sensitizers, such as the compounds disclosed hereinafter. Examples of such compounds include aromatic ethers or esters and aliphatic amides or ureides. Examples of the aromatic ethers or esters are benzyloxynaphthalene, di-m-tolyloxyethane, β-phenoxyethoxyanisole, 1-phenoxy-2-p-ethylphenoxyethane, bis(p-methoxyphenoxy)ethoxymethane, bis-β-p-methoxyphenoxy)-tolyloxy-2-p-methylphenoxyethane, 1,2-diphenoxyethane, 1,4-diphenoxybutane, bis-β-(p-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl ether, 1-phenoxy-2-p-chlorophenoxyethane, 1-p-methylphenoxy-2-p'-fluorophenoxyethane, 1,2-bis-p-methoxyphenylthioethoxyethane, 1-phenoxy-2-p-methoxyphenylthioethyl ether, 1,2-bis-p-methoxyphenylthioethane, 1-tolyloxy-2-p-methoxyphenylthioethane, β-naphthyl-p-methylphenoxy-acetate, β-naphthyl-p-methoxyphenoxyacetate, p-methoxy-phenyl-p'-methoxyphenoxyacetate, β-phenoxyethyl-naphth-yl-(2)-oxyacetate, β-p-chlorophenoxyethyl-naphthyl-(2)'oxyacetate, β-p-methylphenoxyethyl-naphthyl-(2)-oxyacetate, β-naphthyl-(2)-oxyethylbenzyl carbonate, di-tolyl carbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-methoxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid phenyl ester, 1-benz-yloxybenzoic acid benzyl ester, phenyl benzoate, bis-β-p-methoxyphenoxyethyl carbonate, β-phenoxyethoxybenzoic acid butylamide, β-naphthylthiobenzyl ether, ethylene glycol-(2)-oxyacetate, 1,4-butanediol-bis-naphthoxyacetate, benzyl 2-butoxy-6-naphthoate, 4-allyloxybiphenyl, and 1-naphthyl-(2)-oxy-2-phenoxypropane. Examples of the amide compounds which are particularly effective include stearamide, methylenebisstearamide, stearylurea, cyclohexylurea, stearic acid anisizide, benzoylstearylamine, phenoxyacetobenzylamide, phenylacetylbenzylamide, butoxyethylbenzylamide, and furic benzylamide. The heat-sensitive recording material according to the present invention can be produced in the manner as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. 4,255,491. In the preparation of a typical heat-sensitive color forming layer according to the present invention, each of a color former, a color developer, and a sensitizer is usually dispersed in a ball mill, a sand mill, etc. together with a water-soluble high-molecular binder, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, to particles of several microns or smaller. The sensitizer may be added to either the color former or the color developer or both and dispersed simultaneously. If necessary, an eutectic mixture may be previously prepared and then dispersed. These dispersions are mixed together and, if desired, mixed with pigments, surface active agents, other binders, metallic soaps, waxes, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbents, etc. to prepare a heat-sensitive coating composition. The composition is coated on a support, such as fine paper, fine paper having a subbing layer, synthetic paper, and plastic films, and smoothened by calendering. The binder which can be used in the present invention preferably includes compounds having solubility of at least 5% by weight in water at 25° C. Examples of such compounds are polyvinyl alcohol (inclusive of modified ones, e.g., carboxyl-, itaconic acid-, maleic acid- or silica-modified polyvinyl alcohol), methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, starches (inclusive of modified starches), gelatin, gum arabic, casein, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer hydrolysis products, polyacrylamide, and vinyl acetateacrylic acid copolymer saponification products. The binder is used not only for dispersion but also for improvement of film strength. For ensuring the latter effect, latices of synthetic high polymers, e.g., styrene-butadiene copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, methyl acrylatebutadiene copolymers, and polyvinylidene chloride, may be used in combination. If desired, an appropriate crosslinking agent for the binder may be added according to the kind of the binder. The pigments to be added include calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, lithopone, agalmatolite, kaolin, silica, and amorphous silica. The metallic soaps to be added includes higher fatty acid metal salts, e.g., zinc stearate, calcium stearate, and aluminum stearate. The waxes to be used include paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, carnauba wax, methylolstearamide, polyethylene wax, polystyrene wax, fatty acid amide type waxes, and mixtures thereof. If desired, the color forming layer may further contain surface active agents, antistatics, ultraviolet absorbents, antioxidants, defoaming agents, conductivity-imparting agents, fluorescent dyes, and coloring dyes. In order to prevent discoloration of an image area and to make the image fast, it is preferable to add a discoloration inhibitor to the color forming layer. The discoloration inhibitor to be used includes phenol compounds, and particularly hindered phenol compounds. Examples of the hindered phenol compounds are 1,1,3-tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-t-butylphenyl)butane, 1,1,3-tris(2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl)butane, 1,1,3tris(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 1,1,3-tris-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl)propane, 2,2'methylenebis(6-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 4,4'-butylidenebis(6-t-butyl-3-methylphenol), and 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-t- (butylphenol). The phenol compound is preferably used in an amount of from 1 to 200% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 50% by weight, based on the color developer. The coated material is dried and subjected to calendering to obtain a heat-sensitive recording material. If desired, a protective layer may be provided on the heat-sensitive recording layer. The protective layer may have any composition known for a protective layer of a heat-sensitive recording material. If desired, a back coat layer may be provided on the support of the heat-sensitive recording material on the side opposite to the heat-sensitive recording layer. Any of known back coat layers may be used. The present invention is now illustrated in greater detail by way of the following Synthesis Examples and Examples, but it should be understood that the present invention is not deemed to be limited thereto. In these examples, all the percents are by weight unless otherwise indicated. SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 1 In 500 ml of acetonitrile were dissolved 168 g of 1-p-methoxyphenoxy-2-propanol and 62 g of p-methoxyphenol. To the solution was added 50 g of a 48% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and the mixture was allowed to react at 80° C for 3 hours while stirring. The reaction mixture was poured into water, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and recrystallized from methanol to obtain 110 g of 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)propane having a melting point of 84 to 84.5° C. SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 2 In the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, the following compounds were obtained. 1,2-Bis(4-ethoxyphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 68.5°-69° C.), 1-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 64.5°-65° C.), 1-(4-Ethoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 54.0°-55° C.), 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 83.0°-84° C.), 1-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 80.5°-81° C.), 1-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)-2-phenoxypropane (m.p.: 87°-88° C.), 1-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-ethylphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 42°-43° C.), 1-(4-Ethoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-ethylphenoxy)propane (m.p.: 45°-46° C.), and 1-(4-Ethoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-fluorophenoxy)propane (m.p.: 58°-59° C.) EXAMPLE 1 Twenty grams each of 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-ethyl-N-isoamylaminofluoran as a color former, bisphenol A as a color developer, and 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenoxy) propane as a sensitizer were separately dispersed in 100 g of a 5% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol "Kuraray PVA-105" (produced by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) in a ball mill for a whole day to prepare 3 dispersions having a 1.5 μm or smaller average particle size. Further, 80 g of calcium carbonate was dispersed in 160 g of a 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium hexametaphosphate in a homogenizer to prepare a pigment dispersion. Five grams of the color former dispersion, 10 g of the color developer dispersion, 10 g of the sensitizer dispersion, and 15 g of the pigment dispersion were mixed, and 3 g of a 21% zinc stearate emulsion was added thereto to prepare a coating composition. The composition was coated on fine paper with a coating bar to a dry coverage of 5 g/m 2 and dried at 50° C. for 1 minute to obtain heat-sensitive recording paper. EXAMPLE 2 Heat-sensitive recording paper was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for replacing 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-ethyl-N-isoamylaminofluoran with 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-dibutylaminofluoran. EXAMPLE 3 Heat-sensitive recording paper was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for replacing 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-N-ethyl-N-isoamylaminofluoran with 2-anilino-3-methyl-6-diethylaminofluoran. EXAMPLE 4 Heat-sensitive recording paper was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for replacing 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)propane with 1-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-phenoxypropane. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 Heat-sensitive recording paper was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for replacing 1,2-bis(4-methyoxyphenoxy)propane with 1-phenoxy-2-βnaphthoxypropane. Each of the heat-sensitive recording papers obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1 was subjected to calendering. Heat recording was carried out on the heat-sensitive recording paper by the use of a heat-sensitive printing testing machine containing a thermal head "KLT-216-βMPDI" (produced by Kyocera K.K.) and a pressure roll (100 kg cm 2 ) immediately in front of the head under conditions of 24 V in head voltage, 10 ms in pulse cycle, and 0.8, 1.0 or 1.2 in pulse width. The image density was measured with a Macbeth reflective densitometer ("RD-918"). Further, the heat-sensitive recording paper was allowed to stand at 60° C. and 30% RH for 24 hours, and the background fog was measured with RD-918. The results obtained are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________ Color Density Pulse Width (ms) Background 0.80 1.00 1.20 Fog______________________________________Example 1 0.90 1.30 1.35 0.12Example 2 0.88 1.25 1.35 0.10Example 3 0.91 1.32 1.38 0.13Example 4 0.88 1.29 1.35 0.08Comparative 0.75 1.15 1.25 0.20Example 1______________________________________ As can be seen from Table 1, the heat-sensitive recording materials in accordance with the present invention provide color images of satisfactory density even with low energy and exhibit satisfactory resistance to background fog when preserved at a high temperature. While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

A heat-sensitive recording material comprising a support having provided thereon a heat-sensitive color forming layer containing a colorless or slightly colored electron donating dye precursor and an electron accepting compound capable of forming color by the reaction with the electron donating dye precursor, wherein the heat-sensitive color forming layer contains a 1-alkoxyphenoxy-2-aryloxypropane. The recording material exhibits high sensitivity and satisfactory preservation stability.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority under to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/371,882, filed on Feb. 16, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/106,916, filed Oct. 20, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/033,940, filed Mar. 5, 2008, the benefit of priority of each of which is claimed hereby, and each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. FIELD [0002] The present disclosure relates generally to information retrieval. In an example embodiment, the disclosure relates to identification of items depicted in images. BACKGROUND [0003] Online shopping and auction websites provide a number of publishing, listing, and price-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list or publish information concerning items for sale. A buyer can express interest in or indicate a desire to purchase such items by, for example, submitting a query to the website for use in a search of the requested items. [0004] The accurate matching of a query to relevant items is currently a major challenge in the field of information retrieval, An example of such a challenge is that item descriptions tend to be short and are uniquely defined by the sellers. Buyers seeking to purchase the items might use a different vocabulary from the vocabulary used by the sellers to describe the items. As an example, an item identified in the title as a “garnet” does not match a query “January birthstone” submitted by a buyer, although garnet is known as the birthstone for January. As a result, online shopping and auction websites that use a conventional search engine to locate items may not effectively connect the buyers to the sellers and vice versa. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0005] The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: [0006] FIG. 1 is a user interface diagram showing an image that depicts an item, in accordance with an embodiment, that may be submitted for identification; [0007] FIG. 2 is a user interface diagram showing a listing of items, in accordance with an embodiment, that match the item depicted in the image of FIG. 1 ; [0008] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting a system, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment, for identifying items depicted in images; [0009] FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting an item recognition module, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment, included in a processing system that is configured to identify items depicted in images; [0010] FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting modules, in accordance with an embodiment, included in the image recognition module; [0011] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting a general overview of a method, in accordance with an embodiment, for identifying an item depicted in an image; [0012] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a detailed method, in accordance with some embodiments, for identifying an item depicted in an image; [0013] FIGS. 8 and 9 are diagrams depicting a method of identifying an item depicted in an image based on comparisons with other images, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and [0014] FIG. 10 is a block diagram depicting a machine in the example form of a processing system within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0015] The description that follows includes illustrative systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative embodiments of the present invention. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail. [0016] The embodiments described herein provide techniques for identifying items depicted in images. Images depicting a variety of items are stored in a repository of, for example, a network-based publication system (e.g., an online shopping website and an online auction website). Users may submit these images for inclusion in item postings, advertisements, or other publications in the network-based publication system. As explained in more detail below, an item depicted in an image may be identified by matching the image with user submitted images stored in the repository. In some embodiments, as explained in more detail below, the match may be based on a comparison of the color histograms of the images. [0017] FIG. 1 is a user interface diagram showing an image 102 that depicts an item, in accordance with an embodiment, that may be submitted for identification. As depicted, the image 102 is of a painting, and a user can shop for this painting by submitting this image 102 to, for example, an online shopping website. This online shopping website can identify the particular painting depicted in the image 102 and search its inventory for the identified painting. As depicted in FIG. 2 , the online shopping website found several other paintings that match the painting depicted in the image 102 and lists these paintings for sale. As a result, rather than submitting the name or description of the painting depicted in the image 102 , a user can simply submit the image 102 of the painting to, for example, the online shopping website for identification. The submission of the image 102 of the painting may therefore be faster because a user can effectively submit the painting for sale with just “one click” of a button instead of typing in a name or description of the painting. Furthermore, a user can locate the painting depicted in the image without even knowing the name of the painting. The submission process can also be more accurate because, for example, it does not depend on the user's knowledge of the painting's name, which can be erroneous. [0018] It should be noted that the submission of an image of an item (e.g., image 102 of the painting) for identification may be used in a variety of different applications. As used herein, an “item” refers to any tangible or intangible thing and/or something that has a distinct, separate existence from other things (e.g., goods, services, electronic files, web pages, electronic documents, and land). For example, in addition to a sale of the item, a user may submit an image of the item to a price comparison service, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. This price comparison service can identify the item depicted in the image and deliver shopping comparison results associated with the item. In another embodiment, a user can submit an image to a search engine (e.g., Internet search engine or website search engine) and the search engine can then retrieve websites or other information associated with the item depicted in the image. In yet another embodiment, a user can submit the image to an online auction website that can identify the item depicted in the image and return a template associated with the item to the user such that the user may then modify the template, if necessary, for use in auctioning the item on the online auction website. A template is an electronic file or document with descriptions and layout information. For example, a template may be a document with a predesigned, customized format and structure, such as a fax template, a letter template, or sale template, which can be readily filled in with information. [0019] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting a system 300 , in accordance with an illustrative embodiment, for identifying items depicted in images. As depicted, the system 300 includes client processing systems (e.g., personal computer 304 and mobile phone 306 ), a server 310 hosting a variety of services, and another server 312 hosting an item recognition module 314 , which are all interconnected by way of a computer network 302 . The computer network 302 is a collection of interconnected processing systems that communicate utilizing wired or wireless mediums. Examples of computer networks, such as the computer network 302 , include Local Area Networks (LANs) and/or Wide-Area Networks (WANs), such as the Internet. [0020] In the example of FIG. 3 , a client processing system (e.g., personal computer 304 or mobile phone 306 ) transmits an image of an item 309 to the image recognition module 314 , which is hosted on the server 312 . The image may be captured by a camera built-in the mobile phone 306 or by a digital camera 308 , which is configurable to download its stored images to the personal computer 304 . Alternatively, the user may locate the image through, for example, the Internet or other image repositories. [0021] The image recognition module 314 accesses the image from the client processing systems and, as explained in more detail below, identifies the item 309 depicted in the image with an item identifier. An “item identifier,” as used herein, refers to a variety of values (e.g., alphanumeric characters and symbols) that establish the identity of or uniquely identify one or more items, such as item 309 . For example, the item identifier can be a name assigned to the item 309 . In another example, the item identifier can be a barcode value (e.g., Universal Product Code (UPC)) assigned to the item 309 . In yet another example, the item identifier can be a title or description assigned to the item 309 . [0022] In an embodiment, the item recognition module 314 may then transmit the item identifier to a service hosted on the server 310 to locate item data. The “item data,” as used herein, refer to a variety of data regarding one or more items depicted in an image that are posted or associated with the image. Such item data, for example, may be stored with the images or at other locations. Examples of item data include titles included in item listings, descriptions of items included in item listings, locations of the items, prices of the items, quantities of the items, availability of the items, a count of the items, templates associated with the items, and other item data. The type of item data requested by the item recognition module 314 depends on the type of service being accessed. Examples of services include online auction websites, online shopping websites, and Internet search engines (or website search engines). It should be appreciated that the item recognition module 314 may access a variety of different services by way of, for example, a Web-exposed application program interface (API). In an alternate embodiment, the item recognition module 314 may be embodied with the service itself where, for example, the item recognition module 314 may be hosted in the server 310 with the other services. [0023] The system 300 may also include a global positioning system (not shown) that may be attached to or included in the client processing systems. The client processing systems can transmit the coordinates or location identified by the global positioning system to the services hosted on server 310 and, for example, the services can use the coordinates to locate nearby stores that sell the item 309 depicted in the image. [0024] FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting an item recognition module 314 , in accordance with an illustrative embodiment, included in a processing system 402 that is configured to identify items depicted in images. It should be appreciated that the processing system 402 may be deployed in the form of variety of computing devices, such as personal computers, laptop computers, server computers, and other computing devices. For example, the processing system 402 may be the server 310 or 312 or the personal computer 304 depicted in FIG. 3 . In various embodiments, the processing system 402 may be used to implement computer programs, logic, applications, methods, processes, or other software to identify items depicted in images, as described in more detail below. [0025] The processing system 402 is configured to execute an operating system 404 that manages the software processes and/or services executing on the processing system 402 . As depicted in FIG. 4 , these software processes and/or services include the item recognition module 314 . Generally, the item recognition module 314 is configured to identify one or more items depicted in an image. The item recognition module 314 may include a request handler module 410 , an image recognition module 412 , and a hosting module 414 . [0026] The request handler module 410 is configured to interface with other processing systems, such as the client processing systems 304 and 306 of FIG. 3 . The interface may include the receipt of messages and data from other processing systems by way of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (or other protocols), and also include transmission of messages and data from the item recognition module 314 to other processing systems by way of Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Referring to FIG. 4 , another processing system in communication with the item recognition module 314 may convert an image into a byte array and open a remote Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the item recognition module 314 . The byte array is written to a server socket using, for example, HTTP POST, and a separate HTTP GET request may be sent, including global positioning system coordinates of the processing system, if available. The request handler module 410 receives the byte array and converts it into, for example, a Java image object that is then processed by the image recognition module 412 . [0027] The image recognition module 412 is configured to identify one or more items depicted in an image by comparing the received image with other images of items to identify a match, which is explained in more detail below. The hosting module 414 is configured to interface with other services, which are discussed above. As an example, the image recognition module 412 may transmit a request to a service by way of the hosting module 414 for item data associated with the identified items. This request may include an item identifier, global positioning coordinates, and other information. In turn, the item recognition module 314 receives the requested item data from the service by way of the hosting module 414 . The request handler module 410 may then parse the item data from the service into, for example, a lightweight eXtensible Markup Language (XML) for mobile devices and may transmit the response back to the processing systems that originally requested the item data regarding the items depicted in the image. [0028] It should be appreciated that in other embodiments, the processing system 402 may include fewer, more, or different modules apart from those shown in FIG. 4 . For example, the image recognition module 412 may be further split into an image recognition module and a neural network module, which are explained in more detail below. [0029] FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting modules 502 , 504 , 506 , and 508 , in accordance with an embodiment, included in the image recognition module 412 . As depicted, the image recognition module 412 includes another request handler module 502 , a harvester module 504 , an image tools module 506 , and a neural network module 508 . In general, this other request handler module 502 is configured to process requests made to the image recognition module 412 . The image tools module 506 is configured to process the images using one or more image processing algorithms, such as an edge detection algorithm, which is described in more detail below. [0030] Generally, the neural network module 508 is configured to identify one or more items depicted in an image through learning and training. As an example, the neural network module 508 can identify matches between images based on learning algorithms. It should be appreciated that a neural network is a type of computer system that is based generally on the parallel architecture of animal brains and can learn by example. As explained in more detail below, the neural network module 508 gathers representative data and then invokes learning algorithms to learn automatically the structure of the data. A Java Object Oriented Neural Engine is an example of a neural network module 508 . Other examples of neural network modules include Feed Forward Neural Networks, Recursive Neural Networks (e.g., Elman and Jordan), Time Delay Neural Networks, Standard Back-Propagation Neural Networks (e.g., Gradient Descent, on-line, and batch), Resilient Back-Propagation (RPROP) Neural Networks, Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps (with WTA or Gaussian output maps), Principal Component Analysis, and Module Neural Networks. [0031] The harvester module 504 is configured to request item data from a service by way of, for example, an API. As described in more detail below, the harvester module 504 may then parse the item data to identify item identifiers and associate the item identifiers with an image. [0032] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting a general overview of a method 600 , in accordance with an embodiment, for identifying an item depicted in an image. In an embodiment, the method 600 may be implemented by the item recognition module 314 and employed in the processing system 402 of FIG. 4 . As depicted in FIG. 6 , an image depicting an item is accessed at 602 . This image may be submitted by a user to identify the item depicted in the image. Additionally, one or more other images and their associated item identifiers, which identify the items depicted in these other images, are accessed at 604 . These images and item identifiers may be from user-submitted item postings and are stored in and accessed from a repository of, for example, a network-based publication system. For example, a large number of users place or sell items on an auction website and, when placing or selling these items, the users would submit images and descriptions of the items. All these images and their descriptions, which may be used as item identifiers, may be stored in the repository and are accessible by the item recognition module. [0033] A variety of image identification techniques may be applied to identify the item depicted in the image. As an example, the identification can be based on identifying a match of the image with one of the other images accessed from the repository. In this embodiment, the image is compared with other images at 606 , and a match of the image with at least one of the other images is identified at 608 based on the comparison. Once a match is identified, the item identifier associated with the matched image is accessed and the submitted image is associated with the item identifier at 610 . Since the item identifier identifies the item depicted in the image, the association effectively results in the identification of the item depicted in the image. [0034] It should be appreciated that a single image may also include multiple items. Each item may be automatically identified or, to assist in the identification, a user may manually point to or designate an approximate location or region of each item in the image as separate items, and the item recognition module can then focus on each designated location to identify a particular item. As a result, for example, if a user wants to list several items for sale, the user can simply take a single picture of all the items and submit the picture in the form of an image to a listing service. The listing service with the item recognition module may then automatically identify and list all the items in the submitted image for sale. [0035] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a detailed method 700 , in accordance with another embodiment, for identifying an item depicted in an image. In the method 700 , a request is received to identify an item depicted in an image at 702 . This request may, for example, be received from a client processing system and includes an image submitted by a user. Additionally, one or more other images and their associated item identifiers are accessed at 704 from, for example, a repository of a network-based publication system. [0036] In an embodiment, to enhance the accuracy of the subsequent item identification, a variety of different image algorithms can be applied to the images. An example is the application of an edge detection algorithm to the images at 706 , in accordance with an alternative embodiment, to detect edges in the images. An image tool module included in the item recognition module, as discussed above, may apply an edge detection algorithm to detect, draw, enhance, or highlight lines, areas, or points of contrast in the image. An example is the application of a Canny edge detector algorithm to extrapolate contrasts of the images. The contrasts effectively serve to highlight the lines, points, or areas that define the item, and the detection of these lines, points, or areas increases the probability of identifying a match between two or more images. Other examples of image algorithms that may be applied to the images include Marching Squares Algorithm and Haar wavelet. [0037] The identification of items depicted in the image can be based on identifying a match of the image with at least one of the other images accessed from the repository. In an embodiment, at 708 , the images being compared are converted into color histograms, which are representations of distributions of colors in the images. The color histogram of the image is then compared with the color histograms of the other images at 710 to identify a match. As an example, a neural network module compares the color histograms to generate a statistical analysis of the comparison. The statistical analysis may identify a statistical difference or a statistical similarity between the compared color histograms, and the match is based on the resulting statistical analysis. [0038] The neural network module may then return a set of statistical analysis and associated item identifiers assigned to each set of comparisons. As an example, item identifiers can be correlated with statistical differences using name value pairs, such as “DVD player: .00040040.” Here, the item identifier with the smallest correlated error may be the best match based, in part, on training data. As discussed previously, the neural network module can learn from training using examples from previous comparisons. As an example, if a match is identified, the image and its item identifier identified from the match may be warehoused or stored with a large group of images for training the neural network module to make the identification of items more accurate. In another example, a user can manually confirm that a particular item as depicted in an image is accurate, and this confirmation may also be used to develop training for the neural network module. [0039] Once a match is identified, the item identifier associated with the matched image is accessed at 712 and associated with the image being submitted at 714 . In the example above, if the item identifier “DVD player” is associated with the matched image from the repository, then the “MD player” is associated with the image being submitted. It should be appreciated that in addition to the application of the edge detector algorithm and the comparison with other images as discussed above, other image identification processes may also be applied to identify items depicted in the image, in accordance with other embodiments of the invention. [0040] Still referring to FIG. 7 , a template associated with the item identifier is accessed at 716 , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The template may be a pre-built template stored in a data structure and associated with a particular item or item identifier. For example, this template may already include descriptions and attributes of an associated item. The template is then transmitted at 718 in a response to the request. As an example, the template is included in a response and this response is transmitted back to the client processing system that initially requested the identification. [0041] FIGS. 8 and 9 are diagrams depicting a method of identifying an item depicted in an image based on comparisons with other images, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. As depicted in FIG. 8 , a user takes a picture of a car using his mobile phone and submits this picture, in the form of an image 802 to, for example, a listing service that sells cars. Alternatively, the user may take a video of the car and submit one or more frames from the video to the listing service. [0042] An item recognition module hosted with the listing service receives a request to identify the car depicted in the image from the processing system (e.g., a mobile phone) used by the user. This item recognition module has the capability to identify the type of car depicted in the image 802 by identifying a match of the image 802 with at least one other image of a car. Before identification, an edge detection algorithm is applied to the image 802 to produce an image 804 that highlights the lines of the car depicted in the image 802 . [0043] As depicted in FIG. 9 , a number of other images 851 - 855 of cars and their associated item data are accessed. In this embodiment, the item identifiers associated with the images 851 - 855 are not immediately available and instead, the item identifiers are derived from item data associated with the images 851 - 855 . In an embodiment, the item recognition module accesses the item data associated with one or more images 851 - 855 and then parses the item data to identify one or more item identifiers, which, for example, a user may define as a title or barcode value of an item. [0044] The image 804 thereafter is compared with one or more images 851 - 855 , which may, for example, be extracted from previous listings of cars. In this example, the image 804 is compared with each image 851 , 852 , 853 , 854 , and 855 and, for example, a statistical difference between each pair of images (e.g., 804 and 851 or 804 and 852 ) is generated for each comparison. In the example of FIG. 8 b , the comparison of the image 804 with the image 852 yields the lowest statistical difference. As a result, a match of the image 804 with the image 852 is identified. [0045] The item identifier associated with the image 852 , which is identified from a parsing of the item data, is then associated with the image 802 . The item recognition module then transmits the item identifier along with other requested item data (e.g., model and make) in a response to the earlier request back to the processing system used by the user. With a match, the listing service can also automatically place the listing of the car in an appropriate category and then list the car with its image 802 for sale on the website. [0046] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a machine in the example form of a processing system 900 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. Embodiments may also, for example, be deployed by Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Application Service Provider (ASP), or utility computing providers, in addition to being sold or licensed via traditional channels. [0047] The machine is capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. [0048] The example processing system 900 includes a processor 902 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory 904 , and static memory 906 , which communicate with each other via bus 908 . The processing system 900 may further include video display unit 910 (e.g., a plasma display, a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The processing system 900 also includes an alphanumeric input device 912 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI) navigation device 914 (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 916 , signal generation device 918 (e.g., a speaker), and network interface device 920 . [0049] The disk drive unit 916 includes machine-readable medium 922 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures 924 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions and data structures 924 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within main memory 904 and/or within processor 902 during execution thereof by processing system 900 , main memory 904 , and processor 902 also constituting machine-readable, tangible media. [0050] The instructions and data structures 924 may further be transmitted or received over network 926 via network interface device 920 utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). [0051] While the invention(s) is (are) described with reference to various implementations and exploitations, it will be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the invention(s) is not limited to them. In general, techniques for identifying items depicted in images may be implemented with facilities consistent with any hardware system or hardware systems defined herein. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. [0052] Plural instances may be provided for components, operations or structures described herein as a single instance. Finally, boundaries between various components, operations, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of the invention(s). In general, structures and functionality presented as separate components in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the invention(s).

In an example embodiment, a request that includes a first image is received. A second image and a description are accessed from an item listing. An item identifier that corresponds to the second image is parsed from the description. A first edge in the first image and a second edge in a second image are detected. A match between the first image and the second image is determined based on the detection. The first image is associated with the item identifier. item information corresponding to the item identifier is accessed from web pages. The item information is then transmitted.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to improvements in a driver's knee protector which is disposed at a lower portion of a steering column of an automotive vehicle so as to be opposite to driver's knees, and more particularly to a knee protector which protect driver's knees in the event of a serious vehicle collision. 2. Description of the Prior Art It is well known that automotive vehicles are usually provided with knee protectors each of which is disposed around the steering column so as to protect the driver's knees in the event of a vehicle serious collision. One of typical knee protectors is disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Provisional Publication No. 58-150552. This protector device includes a base plate made of metal which is connected to a steering column. A protector plate for absorbing the impact force by collision is connected to the base plate to have a space therebetween. When the driver's knee hits the protector plate in the event of a serious vehicle collision, the driver's knee is protected by the protector device since the impact force by collision is absorbed in the protector device in a manner that the protector plate is plastically deformed toward the base plate. However, it is difficult that the knee protector sufficiently absorbs the impact force by the collision with one protector plate since the knee protector is restricted in size. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved knee protector device with which the impact force of the vehicle collision is sufficiently absorbed while being formed in a predetermined size. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved knee protector device having the following energy absorbing characteristics: The load applied to the driver's knees is sharply increased as soon as the driver's knees hit the knee protector device and then after stabilized in a desired value, so that the energy absorption amount is largely increased. A further object of the present invention is to provide a knee protector device which securely protects the driver's knees in the event of the serious vehicle collision. A knee protector device for an automotive vehicle according to the present invention is disposed opposite to driver's knees and to cross over a steering column of the automotive vehicle. The knee protector device comprises a protector base which has first and second side portions opposite to each other relative to the steering column. The protector base is connected to a body of the automotive vehicle. An inner protector of a generally semicylindrical shape is fixedly connected to the first and second side portions of the protector base so as to be located opposite to the driver's knees. An outer protector of a generally semicylindrical shape is located between the inner protector and the driver's knees and connected to the first and second side portions of the protector base. At least a part of the outer protector is overlapped on at least a part of the inner protector. With this arrangement, the energy absorption characteristics is improved so as to quickly start to absorb the energy absorption in the event of a serious vehicle collision in a manner to appropriately heighten the initial load for plastic deformation of the knee protector device. Therefore, the absorption amount of the energy by the knee protector device is remarkably increased, so that the driver's knees are securely protected while coming into the serious vehicle collision. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a knee protector device according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a front view of the knee protector device as viewed from the direction of an arrow II of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the knee protector device of FIG. 1; and FIG. 4 is a graph showing the energy absorption characteristics by the knee protector device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to FIGS. 1 to 3, an embodiment of a knee protector device for an automotive vehicle according to the present invention is illustrated by the reference character U. The knee protector device U comprises a protector base 1 defining a cutaway 2 at its upper middle portion so as to enable to tilt the steering column 14. A belt-shaped reinforcing plate 3 is connected to a front lower surface of the protector base 1. The protector base 1 has first and second portions 1a and 1b which are located opposite to each other relative to a steering column of the automotive vehicle. An end portion of the reinforcing plate 3 extends outside of the first and second portions 1a, 1b and acts as a bracket 3a to support the knee protector device U. The bracket 3a has installation holes 4 through which the protector base 1 is fixedly connected to an instrument panel (not shown) with bolts (not shown). The protector base 1 is formed to project as its lower middle portion near the cutaway 2 in the downwardly inclined direction. The protector base 1 has first and second portions 1a and 1b which are located opposite to each other relative to a steering column of the automotive vehicle. A bead 5 is formed at each side portion of the projecting part 1c of the protector base 1. The other bead 6 is formed at each of the first and second portions 1a and 1b. With this arrangement, the protector base 1 is reinforced so as not to be easily deformed by the hit of the driver's knees. A inner protector 7 formed semicircular in cross-section, that is, formed in a generally semicylindrical shaped, has a pair of installation flanges 8 at its opposite side end portions. The installation flanges are fixedly connected respectively to the first and second portions 1a and 1b by spot welding. The inner protector 7 has a supporting wall portion 9 projecting from a center portion of the inner protector 7 toward the protector base 1. A bottom surface of the supporting wall portion 9 is fixedly connected to the protector base 1 by spot welding. An outer protector 10 formed semicircular in cross-section (formed in a generally semicylindrical shape) has an installation flange 11 at each side end as the inner protector 7 is provided with the installation flange 8. The outer protector 10 is connected at its installation flange 11 to the protector base 1 to cover a part of the inner protector 7. The overlapping portion between the inner and outer protectors 7, 10 is located opposite to driver's knees 15. The outer protector 10 is bent inwardly at its upper periphery and formed at its curving portion to have three reinforcing beads 13 extending laterally along a curving surface of the outer protector 10. The outer protector 10 is disposed at a slightly upper position as compared with the inner protector 7 so that the driver's knee first hits the upper portion of the outer protector 10 in the event of a serious vehicle collision or the like. Lower two of the three reinforcing beads 13 are overlapped and contacted with the outer surface of the inner protector 7. The inner and outer protectors 7 and 10 are covered with a column cover 16 made of a plastic. The manner of operation of the thus arranged knee protector device U will be discussed hereinafter. When the automotive vehicle comes into a serious collision, the driver's knee first hits the upper portion of the outer protector 10 through the column cover 16 and plastically deforms the outer protector 10. Since the outer protector 10 is reinforced by the reinforcing flange 12 and reinforcing beads 13, an initial load for a plastic deformation of the outer protector 10 is relatively high. Accordingly, the impact force is rapidly absorbed by the knee protector device U. While the plastic deformation of the outer protector 10 is processed, the inner protector 7 begins to plastically deform. Since the supporting wall portion 9 is connected to the protector base 1 so as to prevent the inner protector 7 form being easily deformed, the load for the plastic deformation of the inner protector 7 is relatively high. For this reason, the energy absorption characteristics of the knee protector device U, which is mainly owing to the degree of the load for the plastic deformation of the inner and outer protectors 7 and 10, is represented by a line b as shown in FIG. 4. The knee protector device U has the following energy absorption characteristics: The load applied to the driver's femora (or knees) is sharply increased as soon as the driver's knees hit the knee protector device U, and stabilized between the upper limit load and the lower limit load as shown in FIG. 4. Therefore, the line b becomes similar to a line a showing the ideal characteristics of the energy absorption, so that the total amount of the energy absorption is remarkably enlarged. Accordingly, with the thus arranged knee protector device U, the knee protector device U safely protects the driver's knees in the event of a serious vehicle collision.

A knee protector device for protecting driver's knees in a serious vehicle collision comprises semicylindrical inner and outer protectors reinforced by beading or projecting which are installed opposite to the drivers knees while a part of each protector is overlapped with each other. With this structure, the impact force in the collision is received by the knee protector device while stabilized at a desired value, so that the knee protector device efficiently absorbs the impact force.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of hydraulic servo valves, particularly to two-stage pressure control type servo valves utilized in braking systems which incorporate anti-skid controls. Such valves have a history of degrading due to hydraulic erosion of the first stage when the valve is subjected to full system pressure when it is not in use and/or is delivering at low pressures relative to system pressure; i.e. there is a high pressure drop at low flow levels. One known solution to this erosion problem is to shut off system pressure to the valve when it is not in use. However, doing so manually has been found unacceptable because of the extra time and attention required to do so, particularly when use requirements occur suddenly, unexpectedly or when the operator's efforts and attention are devoted to more demanding requirements. Therefore prior art has provided pressure turn on and off automatically in various ways as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,003,400 assigned to The Boeing Company. Pressure flow to this valve is turned on and off in response to the rate of flow of fluid through the valve. This technique is not applicable to anti-skid valves since they are predominantly for pressure control and flow is limited and incidental. Another known system employs a hydraulically actuated on-off valve with the control connected to a hydraulic system which is pressurized in order to extend the landing gear of an airplane. The on-off valve feeds pressure to the anti-skid valve in response to the pressurization of the gear extension system. This system is not satisfactory for two main reasons. First, the anti-skid valve is subject to system pressure for much more time than that during which the brakes function. Second, and more important, if the hydraulic system which extends the gear should fail, the gear can be extended by emergency means without hydraulic pressure and the anti-skid system would be inoperative without this pressure to actuate the on-off valve to the anti-skid valve. This problem of loss of anti-skid control because of loss of hydraulic supply to the first stage of the anti-skid valve can occur with whatever source, not just with the landing gear extend source. Another problem in known systems is that failure of the valve controlling pressure to the first stage will also prevent application of pressure to the first stage when needed and thus prevent anti-skid control. It is further known that aircraft braking systems typically employ anti-skid systems to prevent tire skidding during heavy braking. These systems control brake pressure by means of an electrically controlled anti-skid valve which reduces or completely releases brake pressure when a skid is detected and then allows braking pressure to be reapplied when it has been detected that the tire/ground friction has spun the wheel back up. In most aircraft anti-skid systems these valves are two-stage pressure control valves. The first stage typically employs an electro-hydraulic torque motor to convert the electrical brake pressure command signal to a low power hydraulic pressure. The second stage typically employs a hydraulic metering spool which directly controls the brake pressure in response to the low power hydraulic pressure from the first stage. Although such anti-skid valves utilize the hydraulic pressure metered by the pilot's pedal operated brake metering valve to power both the first and second stages of the anti-skid valve, the type of anti-skid valve in accordance with the present embodiment of the invention utilizes hydraulic system supply pressure, which remains relatively constant at all times, to power the first stage, and meters the pilot's metered pressure, which varies according to the level of braking commanded by the pilot, to the second stage. The pressure embodiment offers advantages to the anti-skid system in that significant improvements in anti-skid control are allowed whenever the pilot's metered pressure is varied. A problem with the aforementioned type valves is that when the valve is not in use, the quiescent flow from the system supply pressure through the first stage torque motor tends to erode the first stage, thereby degrading its performance. A means to solve this problem includes the insertion of an electrically operated shutoff valve in the hydraulic supply line to the first stage. This valve is then coupled to a switch in the aircraft which detects landing gear extension so that hydraulic power is applied to the first stage only when the landing gear is extended. This design has problems in that landing gear operated shutoff valve adds significantly to the complexity of the anti-skid system, can allow erosion of the anti-skid valve first stage whenever the landing gear is extended, and could have a tendency toward failure in the closed position causing loss of braking capability or loss of anti-skid protection. An embodiment of the present invention comprises a shutoff valve in the supply line to the anti-skid valve first stage which overcomes the problems of prior shutoff valves. The present embodiment of the invention utilizes a valve which is a hydraulically operated, spring biased shutoff valve which is actuated by the pilot's metered braking pressure so that the valve opens and allows hydraulic system pressure to power the anti-skid valve first stage whenever the pilot meters braking pressure, and then closes to shut off the first stage when the pilot releases braking pressure. A hydraulic check valve is located between the pilot's metered pressure and the first stage supply pressure so that, should the shutoff valve fail closed, the pilot's metered pressure can power the anti-skid valve first stage, yet, when the shutoff valve opens, the system supply pressure cannot be ported to the brakes. This check valve insures that the brakes can be applied and anti-skid control retained even when the aforementioned shutoff valve fails in the closed position. The significant contribution and consequent inherent advantages of this valve configuration include: (1) the valve is simple and requires no interface with other aircraft systems such as a landing gear extension system, (2) the valve only opens when the pilot meters pressure, instead of whenever the landing gear is extended, so that first stage erosion of the anti-skid valve is minimized, and (3) the check valve of the present system embodiment prevents failures which prevent braking or cause loss of anti-skid protection. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore it is an object of this invention to provide hydraulic system pressure to the first stage of an anti-skid valve only when it is needed. Another object is to prevent complete loss of anti-skid control if the hydraulic system pressure fails. It is a further object to provide that in the event of jamming of the on-off valve, either on or off, such event will not prevent anti-skid control of the braking. Still another object is that no single failure of the present embodiment valve arrangement will allow pressure to be applied to the brakes sufficient to cause brake heating but not sufficient to cause it to be clearly evidence that the brakes are applied. In accordance with these objects and in the disclosed preferred embodiment of the invention pressure applied to the brakes as a result of pressure on the brake pedal is tapped off to operate an on-off valve which controls application of system pressure to the first stage of the anti-skid valve(s). Thus the system pressure is on only when the brakes are in use. Further, a check valve allows brake pressure to be bled to the first stage in the event that system pressure is not available. This check valve also allows anti-skid control in the event that the valve malfunctions by jamming of the slide in the sleeve. The valve allows metered pressure in the brake line to feed the first stage of the multi-stage valve. Further, the concept allows one on-off valve to serve several anti-skid valves. Also, there is a flow restriction in the system pressure port so that, in the event of any failure which allows flow from the pressure port to the brake metered pressure port, the restriction will reduce system pressure to a level so low that the brakes will not be applied. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the present shutoff valve arrangement in an aircraft braking system incorporating anti-skid control utilizing an anti-skid servo valve in which the first stage is connected to a hydraulic system. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the shutoff valve and anti-skid valve shown in the system of FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, for brake application, force is applied to the brake pedal 10. The force is transmitted to hydraulic pressure metering valve 11 (brake metering valve) via a cable system 9. Valve 11 is connected to a hydraulic system and delivers hydraulic pressure (along with whatever flow is required) proportional to the force applied on the pedal 10. The pressure from the metering valve is directed to the anti-skid valve 12 and the subject valve 13 via lines 14 and 15. As explained hereinafter in more detail, application of pilot metered pressure above a certain level causes valve 13 to open and admit pressure (and flow) from a hydraulic system in line 8 to line 17, and thereby to the port 16 on anti-skid valve 12. Port 16 admits anti-skid valve reference pressure to the first stage of the anti-skid servo valve and to balance area 40 on the control spool 42 of the anti-skid valve (see FIG. 2). Pilot's metered pressure in line 14 is ported only to inlet port 44 on the anti-skid valve metering spool 42. This ensures that the pressure to the brakes cannot exceed the pilot's metered pressure and metered pressure variations cannot affect pressure to the anti-skid valve first stage or to balance area 40 on spool 42 to interfere with anti-skid braking control. Referring to FIG. 2 subject valve 13 is shown having sleeve 20 with port 21 coupled to a hydraulic system supply pressure line 8 and port 22 connected via line 17 to port 16, the anti-skid valve reference pressure input to the first stage of anti-skid valve 12. Slide 23 in sleeve 20 has two lands, 24 and 25 and is urged by spring 26 toward end 27 of sleeve 20, as indicated by the dotted outline. In this position land 25 closes off port 21 and thereby closing off hydraulic system supply pressure to the first stage of the anti-skid valve. Pilot metered pressure in line 14, from the brake metering valve 11 of FIG. 1, is ported to end 27 of shutoff valve 13 via port 16. When the pressure is increased so that the pressure force on the slide overcomes the spring force, slide 23 moves to the position shown by the solid line and causing the hydraulic system supply pressure at port 21 to be made available to the anti-skid valve at line 17. End 29 of sleeve 20 is ported to hydraulic system return line 39 so that hydraulic pressure cannot build up at that end to limit motion of slide 23. Check valve 31 in valve 14 is ported at its input 32 to pilot metered pressure in line 14 and at its output to anti-skid valve reference pressure in line 17. Thus metered pressure is always routed to the anti-skid control valve first stage until metered pressure moves slide 23 to port hydraulic system supply pressure to the anti-skid valve first stage instead. If the hydraulic system supplying valve 13 were to be lost, a loss of anti-skid control which could result is prevented because pilot metered pressure would then exceed hydraulic system supply pressure and check valve 31 would open to allow hydraulic flow at brake metered pressure to reach the anti-skid valve first stage. It is well known in the art that anti-skid control with variable brake metering pressure, instead of relatively constant system pressure, applied to the first stage is not as efficient, as with system pressure. However it is acceptable and allows brake application capability and anti-skid protection to be retained. Check valve 34 and/or fluid flow restrictor 36 prevents the brake metered hydraulic flow from being lost to the failed system if failure is caused by a leak. Similarly if slide 23 should jam in the dotted position, shutting off system pressure when it is needed, check valve 31 again allows sufficient flow for anti-control valve function. Restrictor 37 in the input passage from port 16 to check valve 31 restricts flow to prevent excessive loss of brake metering pressure and flow, and braking, in the event of a failure which vented the volume between lands 24 and 25 to return port or to ambient. In such a failure restrictor 36 would serve to limit losses from the hydraulic system. If there should be a failure inside valve 13, such as a failed seal or a cracked valve casing, which allowed pressure/flow from the hydraulic system supply pressure to be coupled to port 16 and the brake metered pressure line 14, either restrictor 36 or 37 would limit the flow rate to a level which line 14 can accommodate as it returns the flow to system return through the pilot's metering valve 11 of FIG. 1 without reaching pressure levels which could cause the brakes to be inadvertently applied. It is evident from the preceding that harmful quiescent flow which tends to erode the first stage valve in the anti-skid control valve is limited to a minimum, occurring only when the brakes are in use. Also, if the hydraulic system pressure supplying the first stage of the anti-skid control valve fails, metered brake pressure is automatically substituted, resulting only in a loss of braking efficiency, but not resulting in a loss of ability to apply the brake or prevent tire skids. No single hydraulic failure can apply the brakes inadvertently. Jamming of the subject valve in any position cannot prevent operation of the anti-skid control valve. Further, a single shutoff valve can be ported to one or several anti-skid valves, thereby simplifying the overall braking system.

An anti-skid valve in an aircraft braking system achieving advantages by the application of hydraulic system pressure, rather than metered braking pressure, to the first stage of a two stage anti-skid valve. When the valve is not in use the quiescent flow tends to erode the first stage valve, thereby degrading performance. The present system shutoff valve eliminates this disadvantage by shutting off system pressure to the valve whenever the brakes are not in use, as indicated by the absence of metered braking pressure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/177,366 filed Jul. 22, 2008; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/313,331 filed Dec. 21, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,663; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/884,051 filed Jul. 2, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,492,898; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/215,900, filed Aug. 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,123; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/981,433, filed Oct. 17, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,980,655; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/489,073, filed Jan. 21, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,796; which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/873,149, filed Jun. 11, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,154,544; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/446,886, filed May 17, 1995, now abandoned; which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention relates in general to security systems which allow operation upon the receipt of a properly coded signal. More particularly, the invention relates to a security system or to a barrier operator system, such as a garage door operator, employing a transmitter and a receiver which communicate via code streams having at least a portion thereof which changes with multiple operation of the device. [0003] It is well known in the art to provide garage door operators or other barrier operators which include an electric motor connectable through a transmission to a door or other movable barrier which is to be opened and closed. Since many of these systems are associated with residences, as well as with garages, it is important that opening of the barrier be permitted only by one who is authorized to obtain entry to the area which the barrier protects. Some garage door operator systems have in past employed mechanical lock and key arrangements associated with electrical switches mounted on the outside of the garage. While these systems enjoy a relatively high level of security, they are very inconvenient to use for a person because it necessitates them exiting their vehicle in order to send the command to open the garage door. This also may present some danger to people when they exit the relative security of their vehicle if someone may be waiting to do injury to them. [0004] It is also well known to provide radio-controlled garage door operators which include a garage door operator unit having a radio receiver and a motor connected to be driven from the radio receiver. The radio receiver is adapted to receive radio frequency signals or other electromagnetic signals having particular signal characteristics which, when received, cause the door to be opened. More recently, such transmitter and receiver systems have become relatively more sophisticated in that they use radio transmitters which employ coded transmissions of multiple or three-valued digits, also known as “trinary bits” or other serial coded transmission techniques. Among these systems are U.S. Pat. No. 3,906,348 to Willmott, which employs a transmitter and receiver system wherein a plurality of mechanical switches may be used to set a stored authorization code. [0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,980 to Liotine et al. discloses a transmitter and receiver combination for use in a device such as a garage door operator wherein the transmitter stores an authorization code which is to be transmitted to and received by the receiver via a radio frequency link. In order to alter or update the authorization code contained within the transmitter, the receiver is equipped with a programming signal transmitter or light emitting diode which can send a digitized optical signal back to the transmitter where it is stored. Other systems also employing encoded transmissions are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,037,201, 4,535,333, 4,638,433, 4,750,118 and 4,988,992. [0006] While each of these devices have provided good security for the user, it is apparent that persons wishing to commit property or person-related crimes have become more sophisticated as well. It is known in the security industry today that devices are being made available that can intercept or steal rolling code. [0007] Transequatorial Technology, Inc. sells integrated circuit code hopping encoders identified as Keeloq Model NTQ105, NTQ115, NTQ125D and NTQ129. Some of the Keeloq code hopping encoders generate serial codes having fixed portions, i.e., which do not change with repeated actuation of the encoding portion of the chip and rolling code portions which alter with each actuation of the encoding portion of the chip. In order to avoid, however, having the problem of the encoding portion of the chip having been inadvertently enabled and causing the rolling code to be altered on successive enabling attempts thereby leading to a rolling code which is transmitted and not recognized by a receiver, the keeloq code hopping encoders provide a window forward system, that is they are operable with systems having code receivers which recognize as a valid code not a single rolling code, but a plurality of rolling codes within a certain code window or window of values which are the values which would be generated on a relatively small number of switch closures as compared to the total number of rolling codes available. The problem with such a system, however, might arise if a user was away for a period of time or had inadvertently caused codes to be transmitted excluding the number of codes normally allowed within the valid forward code window. In that case, the rolling code would not be recognized by the receiver and the user could not gain entry without taking other measures to defeat the locking system or the garage door operator system which might involve the intervention of a trained engineer or technician. [0008] Texas Instruments also has a prior system identified as the Mark Star TRC1300 and TRC1315 remote control transmitter/receiver combination. The System involves the user of a rolling code encoder which increments or rolls potentially the entire code, that is it does not leave a fixed portion. The system also includes a forward windowing function which allows an authorized user to be able to cause the receiver to be enabled within a limited number of key pushes. Like the keeloq system, if the forward window is exceeded, the Texas Instruments system must be placed in a learn mode to cause the system to relearn the code. In order to place the system into the learn mode, the person must obtain direct access to the receiver to cause a programming control system associated with the receiver to be hand actuated causing the receiver to enter a learn mode. Once the receiver has learned the new code, the receiver will then construct a new valid forward code window within which valid rolling codes may be received. The problem, of course, with such a system is that if, for instance in a garage door operator, the only portal of entry to the garage door is through the overhead door controlled by the garage door operator, the user will not be able to obtain entry to the garage without possibly having to do some damage to the structure. This problem is sometimes referred to in the industry as a “vaulted garage.” [0009] What is needed is an economical encoding system which provides good security by using a rolling code, but which enables a user of the system to proceed via a gradually degraded pathway in the event that the receiver detects a signal condition indicative of what might be a lack of security. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] The invention relates in general to an electronic system for providing remote security for entry of actuation of a particular device. Such a system may include a transmitter and receiver set, for instance with a hand-held transmitter and a receiver associated with a vehicle such as an automobile or the like. The transmitter, upon signaling the receiver, causing the vehicle to start up or to perform other functions. The system may also be useful in a barrier operator system such as a garage door operator by allowing the garage door to be opened and closed in a relatively secure fashion while preventing persons who may be intercepting the radio frequency signals from being able to, although unauthorized, cause the vehicle to being running or to allow access to the garage. [0011] The system includes a transmitter generally having means for developing a fixed code and a rolling or variable code. The rolling or variable code is changed with each actuation of the transmitter. The fixed code remains the same for each actuation of the transmitter. In the present system, the transmitter. In the present system, the transmitter includes means for producing a 32-bit frame comprising the fixed portion of the code and a second 32-bit frame comprising the variable portion of the code. The 32-bit rolling code is then mirrored to provide a 32-bit mirrored rolling code. The 32-bit mirrored rolling code then has its most significant bit “deleted” by setting it to zero. The transmitter then converts the 32-bit fixed code and the mirrored variable code to a three-valued or trinary bit fixed code and a three-valued or trinary bit variable code or rolling code. [0012] To provide further security, the fixed code and the rolling codes are shuffled so that alternating trinary bits are comprised of a fixed code bit and a rolling code bit to yield a total of 40 trinary bits. The 40 trinary bits are then packaged in a first 20-trinary bit frame and a second 20-trinary bit frame which have proceeding them a single synchronization and/or identification pulse indicating the start of the frame and whether it is the first frame or the second frame. Immediately following each of the frames, the transmitter is placed into a quieting condition to maintain the average power of the transmitter over a typical 100 millisecond interval within legal limits promulgated by the United States Federal Communications Commission. The first trinary frame and the second trinary frame are used to modulate a radio frequency carrier, in this case via muplitude modulation to produce an amplitude modulated encrypted signal. In a preferred embodiment, the radio frequency signal is amplitude modulated. The amplitude modulated signal is then launched and may be received by an AM receiver. In the preferred embodiment, the AM receiver receives the amplitude modulated signal, demodulates it to produce a pair of trinary bit encoded frames. The trinary bits in each of the frames are converted on the fly to 2-bit or half nibbles indicative of the values of the trinary bits which are ultimately used to form two 16-bit fixed code words and two 16-bit variable code words. The two 16-bit fixed code words are used as a pointer to identify the location of a previously stored rolling code value within the receiver. The two 16-bit rolling code words are concatenated by taking the 16-bit words having the more significant bits, multiplying it by 3 10 and then adding it to the second of the words to produce a 32-bit encrypted rolling code. In order to make certain that if the transmitter was inadvertently actuated a number of times, the authorized user can still start his car or gain entry to his garage. The 32-bit encrypted code is then compared via a binary substraction with the stored rolling code. If the 32-bit code is within a window or fixed count, in the present embodiment 1000, the microprocessor produces an authorization signal which is then responded to by other portions of the circuit to cause the garage door to open or close as commanded. In the event that the code is greater than the stored rolling code, plus 1000, indicative of a relatively large number of incrementations, the user is not locked out of the garage, but is allowed to provide further signals or indicia to the receiver that he is an authorized user without any significant degradation of the security. This is done by the receiver entering an alternate mode requiring two or more successive valid codes to be received, rather than just one. If the two or more successive valid codes are received, the garage door will open. However, in order to prevent a person who has previously or recently recorded a recent valid code from being able to obtain access to the garage, a trailing window, in this case starting at a count of 300 less than the present stored count and including all code values between the present stored count and 300 less is compared to the received code. If the received code is within this backward window, the response of the system simply is to take no further action, nor to provide authorization during that code cycle on the assumption that the code has been purloined. [0013] Thus, the present system provides important advantages over the previous garage door operator systems and even previous rolling code systems. The system provides a multiple segmented windowed system which provides a valid code window, a second relatively insecure code window in which two successive valid codes must be received and finally a window in which no valid codes are recognized due to the likelihood of the receiver having been stolen. [0014] It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a security system involving a radio frequency transmitter and receiver wherein multiple security conditions may exist requiring different levels of signal security. [0015] It is another object of the present invention to provide a secure radio transmitter receiver system which may rapidly and easily decode a relatively large code combination. [0016] Other advantages of the invention will become obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art upon a perusal of the following specification and claims in light of the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus for moving a barrier or garage embodying the present invention; [0018] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transmitter for use with a garage door operator of FIG. 1 ; [0019] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a receiver positioned within a head unit of the garage door operator shown in FIG. 1 ; [0020] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the transmitter shown in FIG. 2 ; [0021] FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams of the receiver shown in FIG. 3 ; [0022] FIG. 6 is a timing diagram of signals generated by a portion of the transmitter; [0023] FIGS. 7A , B and C are flow diagrams showing the operation of the transmitter; and [0024] FIGS. 8A , B, C, D, E and F are flow charts showing the operation of the receiver. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0025] Referring now to the drawings and especially to FIG. 1 , more specifically a movable barrier door operator or garage door operator is generally shown therein and includes a head unit 12 mounted within a garage 14 . More specifically, the head unit 12 is mounted to the ceiling of the garage 14 and includes a rail 18 extending therefrom with a releasable trolley 20 attached having an arm 22 extending to a multiple paneled garage door 24 positioned for movement along a pair of door rails 26 and 28 . The system includes a hand-held transmitter unit 30 adapted to send signals to an antenna 32 positioned on the head unit 12 and coupled to a receiver as will appear hereinafter. An external control pad 34 is positioned on the outside of the garage having a plurality of buttons thereon and communicate via radio frequency transmission with the antenna 32 of the head unit 12 . [0026] An optical emitter 42 is connected via a power and signal line 44 to the head unit. An optical detector 46 is connected via a wire 48 to the head unit 12 . [0027] Referring now to FIG. 2 , the transmitter 30 is shown therein in general and includes a battery 70 connected by a pushbutton switch 72 to a power supply 74 which is coupled via leads 75 and 76 to a microcontroller 78 . The microcontroller 78 is connected by a serial bus 79 to a non-volatile memory 80 . An output bus 81 connects the microcontroller to a radio frequency oscillator 82 . The microcontroller 78 produces coded signals when the button 72 is pushed causing the output of the RF oscillator 82 to be amplitude modulated to supply a radio frequency signal at an antenna 83 connected thereto. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 4 , details of the transmitter 30 are shown therein, including a plurality of switches 72 . When switch 72 is closed, power is supplied through a diode 100 to a capacitor 102 to supply a 7 . 1 volt voltage at a lead 103 connected thereto. A light emitting diode 104 indicates that the transmitter button has been pushed and provides a voltage to a lead 105 connected thereto. A Zener diode 106 provides voltage regulation and causes the back biased diode 107 to cause the crystal 108 to be energized, thereby energizing the microcontroller 78 , a Zilog 125C0113 8-bit microcontroller in this embodiment. The signal is also sent via a resistor 110 through a lead 111 to a P 32 pin of the microcontroller 78 . Likewise, when a switch 113 is closed, current is fed through a diode 114 to the lead 103 also causing the crystal 108 to be energized, powering up the microcontroller at the same time that P 33 of the microcontroller is pulled up. Similarly, when a switch 118 is closed, power is fed through a diode 119 to the crystal 108 as well as pull up voltage being provided through a resistor 120 to the pin P 31 . It should also be appreciated that pin P 34 of the microcontroller is configured via a connection with the resistor 123 to be an RS232 input port 124 . [0028] The microcontroller is coupled via the serial bus 79 to a chip select port, a clock port and a DI port to which and from which serial data may be written and read and to which addresses may be applied. As will be seen hereinafter in the operation of the microcontroller, the microcontroller 78 produces output signals at the lead 81 , which are supplied to a resistor 125 which is coupled to a voltage dividing resistor 126 feeding signals to the lead 127 . A 30-nanohenry inductor 128 is coupled to an NPN transistor 129 at its base 130 . The transistor 129 has a collector 131 and an emitter 132 . The collector 131 is connected to the antenna 83 which, in this case, comprises a printed circuit board, loop antenna having an inductance of 25-nanohenries, comprising a portion of the tank circuit with a capacitor 133 , a variable capacitor 134 for tuning, a capacitor 135 and a capacitor 136 . An 30-nanohenry inductor 138 is coupled via a capacitor 139 to ground. The capacitor has a resistor 140 connected in parallel with it to ground. When the output from lead 81 is driven high by the microcontroller, the capacitor Q 1 is switched on causing the tank circuit to output a signal on the antenna 83 . When the capacitor is switched off, the output to the drive the tank circuit is extinguished causing the radio frequency signal at the antenna 83 also to be extinguished. [0029] Referring now to FIG. 3 , the receiver is shown therein and includes a receiver antenna 200 coupled to an amplitude modulated receiver 202 driven from a power supply 204 connectable to a source of alternating current 206 . The receiver 202 provides a demodulated output via a bandpass filter 210 to an analog-to-digital converter 212 which provides input to a microcontroller 214 having an internal read-only memory 216 and an internal random-access memory 218 . A serial non-volatile memory 220 is connected via a memory bus 222 to the microcontroller 214 to send and receive information thereto. The microcontroller has an output line 226 coupled to a motor controller 228 which may include a plurality of relays or other standard electromechanical features which feeds electrical current on lines 230 and 232 to an electric motor 234 . [0030] Referring now to FIGS. 5A and 5B , the antenna 200 coupled to a reactive divider network 250 comprised of a pair of series connected inductances 252 and 254 and capacitors 256 and 258 which supply an RF signal to a buffer amplifier having an NPN transistor 260 , at its emitter 261 . The NPN transistor 260 has a pair of capacitors 262 and 264 connected to it for power supply isolation. The buffer amplifier provides a buffered radio frequency output signal on a lead 268 . The buffered RF signal is fed to an input 270 which forms part of a super-regenerative receiver 272 having an output at a line 274 coupled to the bandpass filter which provides digital output to the bandpass filter 212 . The bandpass filter 212 includes a first stage 276 and a second stage 278 to provide a digital level output signal at a lead 280 which is supplied via an averaging circuit 282 to an input pin P 32 of the microcontroller 214 . [0031] The microcontroller 214 may have its mode of operation controlled by a programming or learning switch 300 coupled via a line 302 to the P 25 pin. A command switch 304 is coupled via a jumper 306 to a line 308 and ultimately through a resistor to the input pin P 22 . A pin P 21 sinks current through a resistor 314 connected to a light emitting diode 316 , causing the diode to light to indicate that the receiver is active. The microcontroller 214 has a 4 MHz crystal 328 connected to it to provide clock signals and includes an RS232 output port 332 that is coupled to the pin P 31 . A switch 340 selects whether constant pressure or monostable is to be selected as the output from output terminals P 24 and P 23 which are coupled to a transistor 350 which, when switched on, sinks current through a coil 352 of a relay 354 , causing the relay to close to provide an actuating signal on a pair of leads 356 and 358 to an electric motor. [0032] It may be appreciated that the power supply 204 may receive power from an external transformer or other AC source through a jack 370 which is connected to a pair of RJ uncoupling capacitors 372 and 374 . The input signal is then set to a full-wave rectifier bridge 376 which provides an output current at a resistor 378 . An 18-volt Zener diode 380 is connected between ground and the resistor 378 and includes high frequency bypass capacitor 382 connected in parallel with it. An 8.2-volt Zener diode 384 is connected in back-biased configuration to the resistor 378 to receive a signal therefrom to guarantee that at least an 8.2-volt signal is fed to a resistor 390 causing an LED 293 to be illuminated and also causing power to be supplied to a 5-volt 78L05 voltage regulator 396 . The voltage regulator 396 supplies regulated voltage to an output line 398 . Filtering capacitors 400 a, 400 b, 400 c and 400 d limit the fluctuations at the power supply. [0033] The program code listing for the transmitter is set forth at pages A-1 through A-19 and for the receiver at pages A-20 through A-51 of the attached appendix. Referring now to FIGS. 7A through 7C , the flow chart set forth therein describes the operation of the transmitter. A rolling code is incremented by three in a step 500 , followed by the rolling code being stored for the next transmission from the transmitter when the transmitter button is pushed. The order of the binary digits in the rolling code is inverted or mirrored in a step 504 , following which in a step 506 , the most significant digit is converted to zero effectively truncating the binary rolling code. The rolling code is then changed to a trinary code having values 0, 1 and 2 and the initial trinary rolling code is set to 0. It may be appreciated that it is trinary code which is actually used to modify the radio frequency oscillator signal and the trinary code is best seen in FIG. 6 . It may be noted that the bit timing in FIG. 6 for a 0 is 1.5 milliseconds down time and 0.5 millisecond up time, for a 1, 1 millisecond down and 1 millisecond up and for a 2, 0.5 millisecond down and 1.5 milliseconds up. The up time is actually the active time when carrier is being generated. The down time is inactive when the carrier is cut off. The codes are assembled in two frames, each of 20 trinary bits, with the first frame being identified by a 0.5 millisecond sync bit and the second frame being identified by a 1.5 millisecond sync bit. [0034] In a step 510 , the next highest power of 3 is subtracted from the rolling code and a test is made in a step 512 to determine if the result is greater than zero. If it is, the next most significant digit of the binary rolling code is incremented in a step 514 , following which flow is returned to the step 510 . If the result is not greater than 0, the next highest power of 3 is added to the rolling code in the step 516 . In the step 518 , another highest power of 3 is incremented and in a step 518 , another highest power of 3 is incremented and in a step 520 , a test is determined as to whether the rolling code is completed. If it is not, control is transferred back to step 510 . If it has, control is transferred to step 522 to clear the bit counter. In a step 524 , the blank time is tested to determine whether it is active or not. If it is not, a test is made in a step 526 to determine whether the blank time has expired. If the blank time has not expired, control is transferred to a step 528 in which the bit counter is incremented, following which control is transferred back to the decision step 524 . If the blank time has expired as measured in decision step 526 , the blank time is stopped in a step 530 and the bit counter is incremented in a step 532 . [0035] The bit counter is then tested for odd or even in a step 534 . If the bit counter is not even, control is transferred to a step 536 where the output bit of the bit counter divided by 2 is fixed. If the bit counter is even, the output bit counter divided by 2 is rolling in a step 538 . The bit counter is tested to determine whether it is set to equal to 80 in a step 540 . If it is, the blank timer is started in a step 542 . If it is not, the bit counter is tested for whether it is equal to 40 in a step 546 . If it is, the blank timer is tested and is started in a step 544 . If the bit counter is not equal to 40, control is transferred back to step 522 . [0036] Referring now to FIGS. 8A through 8F and, in particular, to FIG. 8A , the operation of the receiver is set forth therein. In a step 700 , an interrupt is detected and acted upon from the radio input pin. The time difference between the last edge is determined and the radio inactive timer is cleared in step 702 . A determination is made as to whether this is an active time or inactive time in a step 704 , i.e., whether the signal is being sent with carrier or not. If it is an inactive time, indicating the absence of carrier, control is transferred to a step 706 to store the inactive time in the memory and the routine is exited in a step 708 . In the event that it is an active time, the active time is stored in memory in a step 710 and the bit counter is tested in a step 712 . If the bit counter zero, control is transferred to a step 714 , as may best be seen in FIG. 8B and a test is made to determine whether the inactive time is between 20 milliseconds and 55 milliseconds. If it is not, the bit counter is cleared as well as the rolling code register and the fixed code register in step 716 and the routine is exited in step 718 . [0037] In the event that the inactive time is between 20 milliseconds and 55 milliseconds, a test is made in a step 720 to determine whether the active time is greater than 1 millisecond, as shown in FIG. 8C . If it is not, a test is made in a step 722 to determine whether the inactive time is less than 0.35 millisecond. If it is, a frame 1 flag is set in a step 728 identifying the incoming information as being associated with frame 1 and the interrupt routine is exited in a step 730 . In the event that the active time test in step 722 is not less than 0.35 millisecond, in the step 724 , the bit counter is cleared as well as the rolling code register and the fixed register and the return is exited in the step 726 . If the active time is greater than 1 millisecond as tested in step 720 , a test is made in a step 732 to determine whether the active time is greater than 2.0 milliseconds. If it is not, the frame 2 flag is set in a step 734 and the routine is exited in step 730 . If the active time is greater than 2 milliseconds, the bit counter rolling code register and fixed code register are cleared in step 724 and the routine is exited in step 726 . [0038] In the event that the bit counter test in step 712 indicates that the bit counter is not 0 , control is transferred to setup 736 , as shown in FIG. 8A . Both the active and inactive periods are tested to determine whether they are less than 4.5 milliseconds. If either is not less than 4.5 milliseconds, the bit counter is cleared as well as the rolling code register and the fixed code registers. If both are equal to greater than 4.5 milliseconds, the bit counter is incremented and the active time is subtracted from the inactive time in the step 738 , as shown in FIG. 8D . In the step 740 , the results of the subtraction are determined as to whether they are less than 0.38 milliseconds. If they are the bit value is set equal to zero in step 742 and control is transferred to a decision step 743 . If the results are not less than 0.38 milliseconds, a test is made in a step 744 to determine if the difference between the active time and inactive time is greater than 0.38 milliseconds and control is then transferred to a step 746 setting the bit value equal to 2. Both of the bit values being set in steps 742 and 746 relate to a translation from the three-level trinary bits 0 , 1 and 2 to a binary number. [0039] If the result of the step 744 is in the negative, the bit value is set equal to 1 in step 748 . Control is then transferred to the step 743 to test whether the bit counter is set to an odd or an even number. If it is set to an odd number, control is transferred to a step 750 where the fixed code, indicative of the fact that the bit is an odd numbered bit in the frame sequence, rather an even number bit, which would imply that it is one of the interleaved rolling code bits, is multiplied by three and then the bit value added in. [0040] If the bit counter indicates that it is an odd number trinary bit being processed, the existing rolling code registers are multiplied by three and then the trinary bit value obtained from steps 742 , 746 and 748 is added in. Whether step 750 or 752 occurs, the bit counter value is then tested in the step 754 , as shown in FIG. 8E . If the bit counter value is greater than 21, the bit counter rolling code register and fixed code register are cleared in the step 758 and the routine is exited. If the bit counter value is less than 21, there is a return from the interrupt sequence in a step 756 . If the bit counter value is equal to 21, indicating that a sink bit plus trinary data bits have been received, a test is made in a step 760 to determine whether the sink bit was indicative of a first or second frame, if it was indicative of a first frame, the bit counter is cleared and set up is done for the second frame following which there is a return from the routine in the step 762 . In the event that the second frame is indicated as being received by the decision of step 760 , the two frames have their rolling contributions added together to form the complete inverted rolling code. The rolling code is then inverted or mirrored to recover the rolling code counter value in the step 764 . A test is made in the step 766 to determine whether the program mode has been set. If it has been set, control is transferred to a step 768 where the code is compared to the last code received. If there is no match, as would be needed in order to get programming, then another code will be read until two successive codes match or the program mode is terminated. In a step 770 , the codes are tested such that the fixed codes are tested for a match with a fixed code non-volatile memory. If there is a match, the rolling portion is stored in the memory. If there is not, it is stored in the non-volatile memory. Control is then transferred to step 772 , the program indicator is switched off, the program mode is exited and there is a return from the interrupt. In the event that the test of step 766 indicates that the program mode has not been set, the program indicator is switched on in a step 774 , as shown in FIG. 8F . The codes are tested to determine whether there is a match for the fixed portion of the code in the step 776 . If there is not match, the program indicator is switched off and the routine is exited in step 778 . If there is a match, the counter which is indicative of the rolling code is tested to determine whether its value is greater than the stored rolling code by a factor or difference of less than 3,000 indicating an interval of 1,000 button pushes for the transmitter. If it is not, a test is made in the step 786 to determine whether the last transmission from the same transmitter is with a rolling code that is two to four less than the reception and, if true, is the memory value minus the received rolling code counter value greater than 1,000. If it is, control is transferred to a step 782 switching off the program indicator and setting the operation command word causing a commanded signal to operate the garage door operator. The reception time out timer is cleared and the counter value for the rolling code is stored in non-volatile memory, following which the routine is exited in the step 784 . In the event that the difference is not greater than 1,000, in step 786 there is an immediate return from the interrupt in the step 784 . In the event that the counter test in the step 780 is positive, steps 782 and 784 are then executed thereafter. [0041] While there has been illustrated and described a particular embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art, and it is intended in the appended claims to cover all those changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

A rolling code transmitter is useful in a security system for providing secure encrypted RF transmission comprising an interleaved trinary bit fixed code and rolling code. A receiver demodulates the encrypted RF transmission and recovers the fixed code and rolling code. Upon comparison of the fixed and rolling codes with stored codes and determining that the signal has emanated from an authorized transmitter, a signal is generated to actuate an electric motor to open or close a movable barrier.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to control of ground plane voltages in electronic systems. In particular, the present invention relates to control of ground plane voltages over extensive ground plane areas through the use of voltage sensors and drivers. [0002] In electronic systems, a ground establishes a reference that is the basis for determining the magnitude of voltages present at other points in the circuitry. However, typically there is not a single ground point. Rather, the electronic system may be built, for example, using a multi-layer printed circuit board in which one or more layers is a solid copper ground layer. Individual electronic components are distributed on the top and bottom (outermost layers) of the circuit board and connected to the ground plane through via(s) that terminate on the ground plane(s). During operation of the electronic system, currents flow through the electronic components and into or out of the ground plane. [0003] The solid copper ground plane (more generally, any distribution of ground traces) has a small but finite resistance between any two points. As a result, ground plane currents will create potential differences in the ground plane itself according to the net vector ground plane current. Therefore, a voltage measurement elsewhere in the electronic system depends on the particular point in the ground plane used as the reference. The difference in measured voltage can be quite significant between two distinct points on the ground plane, often on the order of several millivolts. [0004] While certain systems may be relatively immune to a change in voltage of a few millivolts, other, more sensitive systems can be dramatically effected. For example, the extreme sensitivity of Charge Coupled Devices and solid state X-ray detectors renders them very susceptible to variation in ground plane potential. Very small spatial differences in ground plane potential can cause image artifacts during the readout of the detector. Generally, the variation in ground plane potential includes a DC and an AC component. [0005] The DC component of the variation in ground plane potential may sometimes be zeroed out by subtracting a reference (or “dark”) image from a subsequently captured image. This reference (dark) image is made at a time when there is no x-ray illumination, and therefore contains only static (DC) offset information. Naturally, additional processing complexity and processing time are required to perform dark image subtraction. Furthermore, the AC component of the variation in ground plane potential is not corrected by dark image subtraction. As a result, even complex electronic systems that perform dark image subtraction remain susceptible to image artifacts which are caused by changing (AC) currents and voltages. As examples, the image artifacts in x-ray images can result in reduced image quality, reduced diagnostic usefulness, and inconsistent imaging of the same target. [0006] A need has long existed for a method and apparatus that addresses the problems noted above and others previously experienced. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a ground voltage control system. The ground plane voltage control system includes a working ground reference, and an isolated ground reference connected to the working ground reference. The isolated ground reference is connected such that current flow in the isolated ground reference is reduced below a predetermined threshold in order to keep the voltage gradients at an acceptably low level. The ground plane voltage control system also includes a voltage controller. The voltage controller includes a first sense input connected to the isolated ground reference, a second sense input connected to the working ground reference, and a controller output connected to the working ground reference. The controller output carries a voltage compensation signal to drive a current into or out of the working ground reference to offset a voltage difference sensed between the isolated ground reference and the working ground reference. [0008] Another preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a method for controlling ground plane voltage. The method includes sensing a voltage difference between a working ground reference and an isolated ground reference, generating a voltage compensation signal based on the voltage difference, and driving the working ground reference with the voltage compensation current signal in order to reduce the voltage difference between the isolated ground reference and the working ground reference at the point where the voltage of the working ground reference was sampled. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] [0009]FIG. 1 illustrates a ground voltage control system. [0010] [0010]FIG. 2 shows a method for controlling ground voltage. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0011] Turning now to FIG. 1, that figure illustrates a ground plane voltage control system 100 including a working ground reference 102 , an isolated ground reference 104 , and several voltage controllers 106 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 distributed to monitor different local areas of the working ground reference 102 . A single connection 116 may be made between the working ground reference 102 and the isolated ground reference 104 so that current does not circulate between the working ground reference 102 and the isolated ground reference 104 . [0012] Each voltage controller, for example the voltage controller 106 , includes a first sense input 118 connected to the isolated ground reference 104 , a second sense input 120 connected to the working ground reference 102 , and a controller output 122 connected to the working ground reference 102 . The controller output 122 carries a voltage compensation signal to drive a current into or out of the working ground reference 102 . In particular, the voltage compensation signal drives the working ground reference 102 locally to offset a voltage difference sensed by the voltage controller 106 between the isolated ground reference 104 and the working ground reference 102 at the point where the second sense input 120 is connected. Such voltage differences may be caused by locally circulating currents, for example, the local current 124 . [0013] As examples, the working ground reference 102 may be the general purpose ground plane of a solid state X-ray detector (e.g., a large area 41 cm by 41 cm square detector) or a printed circuit board. The isolated ground reference 104 may be a separate metal layer provided specifically for use as a ground reference. The voltage controllers 106 - 114 may be operational amplifiers, preferably with low DC input offset, low input noise, substantial gain-bandwidth product, and the output current capacity requisite to counteract currents locally circulating in the working ground reference 102 . The implementation of the voltage controllers 106 - 114 therefore varies between systems. In a solid state X-ray detector, as an example, a high band-width, low-noise amplifier such as the Analog Devices AD797 or Burr-Brown OPA 627, followed by a discrete high current output stage may be used as the voltage controller. If DC voltage differences as well as AC voltage differences are important, amplifiers with very low DC input offset may be used. Such a configuration is schematically indicated in FIG. 1 with the differential voltage sensor 126 and voltage/current driver 128 electronics in the voltage controller 106 . [0014] In general, the voltage controllers 106 - 114 may be distributed evenly about the working ground reference 102 , in a predetermined pattern, or in an uneven pattern, as required to control the working ground reference 102 voltage differences. The number of voltage controllers 106 - 114 is chosen in accordance with the severity of the local circulating currents and their effects. Thus, the number and location of voltage controllers 106 - 114 is selected to reduce variations in the ground voltage around the working ground reference 102 to below a predetermined threshold (e.g., 10 microvolts). [0015] In a solid state X-ray detector, because of the detector's ability to compensate for static (DC) differences, the AC differences are those of primary importance. As such, local time-variant (AC) voltage differences as small as several tens of microvolts in the working ground reference 102 may cause unacceptable image artifacts. The voltage differences cause erroneous charge changes at the input of analog readout electronics for the X-ray detector pixels distributed over the working ground reference 102 . The sensitivity of the readout electronics is such that a single least significant bit may be represented by only 275 electrons. For example, assuming 20 pf capacitance between an analog input line and a readout electrode, a voltage change of 10 microvolts will shift the output by almost 5 least significant bit counts. Spatially distributed flicker and other artifacts result. [0016] Under operation of the present invention, however, the voltage controllers 106 - 114 minimize these voltage differences. Spatially distributed flicker and other associated readout defects are thereby minimized. [0017] In some fluoroscopic applications, the read out rate of the X-ray detector may meet or exceed 30 frames per second and the bandwidth of the voltage controllers 106 - 114 is preferably two to three orders of magnitude higher. For example, a bandwidth of 100 KHz may be generally suitable, but the actual bandwidth chosen may also depend on the magnitude of the voltage differences expected between the isolated ground plane 104 and the working ground reference 102 . [0018] Turning next to FIG. 2, that figure illustrates a flow diagram 200 of a method for controlling ground voltage. At step 202 , the voltage controllers 106 - 114 determine one or more local voltage differences between the working ground reference 102 and the isolated ground reference 104 . Subsequently, at step 202 , the voltage controllers generate voltage compensation signals which are driven into the working ground reference 102 to reduce, or preferably eliminate, the local voltage differences (step 204 ). As noted above, the voltage controllers 106 - 114 are preferably distributed to control the local voltage differentials in the working ground reference 102 at numerous locations to minimize voltage differences around the working ground reference 102 . [0019] While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular step, structure, or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

A method for controlling ground plane voltages by locally, at one or more discrete points on the working ground reference, sensing a voltage difference between a working ground reference and an isolated ground reference, generating a voltage compensation signal based on the voltage difference, and driving the working ground reference with the voltage compensation signal to reduce the voltage difference.

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to International Application No. PCT/US00/01788 filed Jan. 25, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/117,169 filed on Jan. 25, 1999 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/143,228 filed Jul. 9, 2001. The entire disclosures of the aforesaid patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to the use of a ligand, BAFF, a β-cell activating factor belonging to the Tumor Necrosis Family and its blocking agents to either stimulate or inhibit the expression of B-cells and immunoglobulins. This protein and its receptor may have anti-cancer and/or immunoregulatory applications as well as uses for the treatment of immunosuppressive disorders such as HIV. Specifically, the ligand and its blocking agents may play a role in the development of hypertension and its related disorders. Furthermore, cells transfected with the gene for this ligand may be used in gene therapy to treat tumors, autoimmune diseases or inherited genetic disorders involving B-cells. Blocking agents, such as recombinant variants or antibodies specific to the ligand or its receptor, may have immunoregulatory applications as well. Use of BAFF as a B-cell stimulator for immune suppressed diseases including for example uses for patients undergoing organ transplantation (ie bone marrow transplant) as well as recovering from cancer treatments to stimulate production of B-cells are contemplated. Use of BAFF as an adjuvant and or costimulator to boast and or restore B cells levels to approximate normal levels are also contemplated. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-related cytokines are mediators of host defense and immune regulation. Members of this family exist in membrane-anchored forms, acting locally through cell-to-cell contact, or as secreted proteins capable of diffusing to more distant targets. A parallel family of receptors signals the presence of these molecules leading to the initiation of cell death or cellular proliferation and differentiation in the target tissue. Presently, the TNF family of ligands and receptors has at least 11 recognized receptor-ligand pairs, including: TNF:TNF-R; LT-α:TNF-R; LT-α/β:LT-β-R; FasL:Fas; CD40L:CD40; CD30L:CD30; CD27L:CD27; OX40L:OX40 and 4-1BBL:4-1BB. The DNA sequences encoding these ligands have only about 25% to about 30% identity in even the most related cases, although the amino acid relatedness is about 50%. [0004] The defining feature of this family of cytokine receptors is found in the cysteine rich extracellular domain initially revealed by the molecular cloning of two distinct TNF receptors. This family of genes encodes glycoproteins characteristic of Type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular ligand binding domain, a single membrane spanning region and a cytoplasmic region involved in activating cellular functions. The cysteine-rich ligand binding region exhibits a tightly knit disulfide linked core domain, which, depending upon the particular family member, is repeated multiple times. Most receptors have four domains, although there may be as few as three, or as many as six. [0005] Proteins in the TNF family of ligands are characterized by a short N-terminal stretch of normally short hydrophilic amino acids, often containing several lysine or arginine residues thought to serve as stop transfer sequences. Next follows a transmembrane region and an extracellular region of variable length, that separates the C-terminal receptor binding domain from the membrane. This region is sometimes referred to as the “stalk”. The C-terminal binding region comprises the bulk of the protein, and often, but not always, contains glycosylation sites. These genes lack the classic signal sequences characteristic of type I membrane proteins, type II membrane proteins with the C terminus lying outside the cell, and a short N-terminal domain residing in the cytoplasm. In some cases, e.g., TNF and LT-α, cleavage in the stalk region can occur early during protein processing and the ligand is then found primarily in secreted form. Most ligands, however, exist in a membrane form, mediating localized signaling. [0006] The structure of these ligands has been well-defined by crystallographic analyses of TNF, LT-α, and CD40L. TNF and lymphotoxin-I (LT-I) are both structured into a sandwich of two anti-parallel β-pleated sheets with the “jelly roll” or Greek key topology. The rms deviation between the Cα and β residues is 0.61 C, suggesting a high degree of similarity in their molecular topography. A structural feature emerging from molecular studies of CD40L, TNF and LT-α is the propensity to assemble into oligomeric complexes. Intrinsic to the oligomeric structure is the formation of the receptor binding site at the junction between the neighboring subunits creating a multivalent ligand. The quaternary structures of TNF, CD40L and LT-α have been shown to exist as trimers by analysis of their crystal structures. Many of the amino acids conserved between the different ligands are in stretches of the scaffold β-sheet. It is likely that the basic sandwich structure is preserved in all of these molecules, since portions of these scaffold sequences are conserved across the various family members. The quaternary structure may also be maintained since the subunit conformation is likely to remain similar. [0007] TNF family members can best be described as master switches in the immune system controlling both cell survival and differentiation. Only TNF and LTα are currently recognized as secreted cytokines contrasting with the other predominantly membrane anchored members of the TNF family. While a membrane form of TNF has been well-characterized and is likely to have unique biological roles, secreted TNF functions as a general alarm signaling to cells more distant from the site of the triggering event. Thus TNF secretion can amplify an event leading to the well-described changes in the vasculature lining and the inflammatory state of cells. In contrast, the membrane bound members of the family send signals though the TNF type receptors only to cells in direct contact. For example T cells provide CD40 mediated “help” only to those B cells brought into direct contact via cognate TCR interactions. Similar cell-cell contact limitations on the ability to induce cell death apply to the well-studied Fas system. [0008] It appears that one can segregate the TNF ligands into three groups based on their ability to induce cell death. First, TNF, Fas ligand and TRAIL can efficiently induce cell death in many lines and their receptors mostly likely have good canonical death domains. Presumably the ligand to DR-3 (TRAMP/WSL-1) would also all into this category. Next there are those ligands which trigger a weaker death signal limited to few cell types and TWEAK, CD30 ligand and LTa1b2 are examples of this class. How this group can trigger cell death in the absence of a canonical death domain is an interesting question and suggests that a separate weaker death signaling mechanism exists. Lastly, there are those members that cannot efficiently deliver a death signal. Probably all groups can have antiproliferative effects on some cell types consequent to inducing cell differentiation e.g. CD40. Funakoshi et al. (1994). [0009] The TNF family has grown dramatically in recent years to encompass at least 11 different signaling pathways involving regulation of the immune system. The widespread expression patterns of TWEAK and TRAIL indicate that there is still more functional variety to be uncovered in this family. This aspect has been especially highlighted recently in the discovery of two receptors that affect the ability of rous sacroma and herpes simplex virus to replicate as well as the historical observations that TNF has anti-viral activity and pox viruses encode for decoy TNF receptors. Brojatsch et al. (1996); Montgomery et al. (1996); Smith et al. (1994), 76 Cell 959-962; Vassalli et al. (1992), 10 Immunol. 411-452. [0010] TNF is a mediator of septic shock and cachexia, and is involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cell development. It appears to play a major role as a mediator of inflammation and defense against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections as well as having antitumor activity. TNF is also involved in different autoimmune diseases. TNF may be produced by several types of cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, T cells and natural killer cells. TNF binds to two different receptors, each acting through specific intracellular signaling molecules, thus resulting in different effects of TNF. TNF can exist either as a membrane bound form or as a soluble secreted cytokine. [0011] LT-I shares many activities with TNF, i.e. binding to the TNF receptors, but unlike TNF, appears to be secreted primarily by activated T cells and some β-lymphoblastoid tumors. The heteromeric complex of LT-α and LT-β is a membrane bound complex which binds to the LT-β receptor. The LT system (LTs and LT-R) appears to be involved in the development of peripheral lymphoid organs since genetic disruption of LT-β leads to disorganization of T and B cells in the spleen and an absence of lymph nodes. The LT-β system is also involved in cell death of some adenocarcinoma cell lines. [0012] Fas-L, another member of the TNF family, is expressed predominantly on activated T cells. It induces the death of cells bearing its receptor, including tumor cells and HIV-infected cells, by a mechanism known as programmed cell death or apoptosis. Furthermore, deficiencies in either Fas or Fas-L may lead to lymphoproliferative disorders, confirming the role of the Fas system in the regulation of immune responses. The Fas system is also involved in liver damage resulting from hepatitis chronic infection and in autoimmunity in HIV-infected patients. The Fas system is also involved in T-cell destruction in HIV patients. TRAIL, another member of this family, also seems to be involved in the death of a wide variety of transformed cell lines of diverse origin. [0013] CD40-L, another member of the TNF family, is expressed on T cells and induces the regulation of CD40-bearing B cells. Furthermore, alterations in the CD40-L gene result in a disease known as X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. The CD40 system is also involved in different autoimmune diseases and CD40-L is known to have antiviral properties. Although the CD40 system is involved in the rescue of apoptotic B cells, in non-immune cells it induces apoptosis. Many additional lymphocyte members of the TNF family are also involved in costimulation. [0014] Generally, the members of the TNF family have fundamental regulatory roles in controlling the immune system and activating acute host defense systems. Given the current progress in manipulating members of the TNF family for therapeutic benefit, it is likely that members of this family may provide unique means to control disease. Some of the ligands of this family can directly induce the apoptotic death of many transformed cells e.g. LT, TNF, Fas ligand and TRAIL. Nagata (1997) 88 Cell 355-365. Fas and possibly TNF and CD30 receptor activation can induce cell death in nontransformed lymphocytes which may play an immunoregulatory function. Amakawa et al. (1996) 84 Cell 551-562; Nagata (1997) 88 Cell 355-365; Sytwu et al. (1996); Zheng et al. (1995) 377 Nature 348-351. In general, death is triggered following the aggregation of death domains which reside on the cytoplasmic side of the TNF receptors. The death domain orchestrates the assembly of various signal transduction components which result in the activation of the caspase cascade. Nagata (1997) 88 Cell 355-365. Some receptors lack canonical death domains, e.g. LTb receptor and CD30 (Browning et al. (1996); Lee et al. (1996)) yet can induce cell death, albeit more weakly. It is likely that these receptors function primarily to induce cell differentiation and the death is an aberrant consequence in some transformed cell lines, although this picture is unclear as studies on the CD30 null mouse suggest a death role in negative selection in the thymus. Amakawa et al. (1996) 84 Cell 551-562. Conversely, signaling through other pathways such as CD40 is required to maintain cell survival. Thus, there is a need to identify and characterize additional molecules which are members of the TNF family thereby providing additional means of controlling disease and manipulating the immune system. [0015] Here we characterize the functional properties of a new ligand of the TNF cytokine family. The new ligand, termed BAFF (B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family), appears to be expressed by T cells and dendritic cells for the purpose of B-cell co-stimulation and may therefore play an important role in the control of B cell function. In addition, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing BAFF under the control of a liver-specific promoter. These mice have excessive numbers of mature B cells, spontaneous germinal center reactions, secrete autoantibodies, and have high plasma cell numbers in secondary lymphoid organs and Ig deposition in the kidney. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to the use of BAFF-ligands, blocking agents and antibodies for the ligand, to either stimulate or inhibit the growth of B-cells and the secretion of immunoglobulin. The claimed invention may be used for therapeutic applications in numerous diseases and disorders, as discussed in more detail below, as well as to obtain information about, and manipulate, the immune system and its processes. Further, this invention can be used as a method of stimulating or inhibiting the growth of B-cells and the secretion of immunoglobulins. BAFF associated molecules, as described by this invention, may also have utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, disorders relating to B-cell proliferation and maturation, BAFF ligand regulation and inflammation. The invention may be involved in the regulation or prevention of hypertension and hypertension-related disorders of the renal and cardiovascular tissue. [0017] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the methods particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof, as well as in the appended drawings. [0018] Thus, to achieve these and other advantages, and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention includes a method of effecting B-cell growth and secretion of immunoglobulins through the administration of various BAFF ligands and related molecules. [0019] The invention also contemplates stimulating B-cell growth through the use of BAFF ligands or active fragments of the polypeptide. The polypeptide may be use alone or with a CD40 ligand or an anti-murine antibody. [0020] In other embodiments, the invention relates to methods of stimulation of dendritic cell-induced B-cell growth and maturation through the use of BAFF ligands or active fragments of BAFF. Again, the polypeptide may be used alone or with CD40 ligand or anti-i antibodies. [0021] In other embodiments, blocking agents of BAFF and the BAFF receptor have been used to inhibit B-cell growth and immunoglobulin secretion. These agents can be inoperable, recombinant BAFF, BAFF specific antibodies, BAFF-receptor specific antibodies or an anti-BAFF ligand molecule. [0022] In yet other embodiments, the invention relates to the use of BAFF, BAFF related molecules and BAFF blocking agents to treat hypertension, hypertension related disorders, immune disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammation and B-cell lympho-proliferate disorders. [0023] The invention encompasses the use of BAFF and BAFF-related molecules as either agonists or antagonists in effecting immune responses by effecting the growth and/or maturation of B-cells and secretion of immunoglobulin. [0024] The invention relates in other embodiments to soluble constructs comprising BAFF which may be used to directly trigger BAFF mediated pharmacological events. Such events may have useful therapeutic benefits in the treatment of cancer, tumors or the manipulation of the immune system to treat immunologic diseases. [0025] Additionally, in other embodiments the claimed invention relates to antibodies directed against BAFF ligand, which can be used, for example, for the treatment of cancers, and manipulation of the immune system to treat immunologic disease. [0026] In yet other embodiments the invention relates to methods of gene therapy using the genes for BAFF. [0027] The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention may, optionally, include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, fillers, or other pharmaceutical compositions, and may be administered in any of the numerous forms or routes known in the art. [0028] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. [0029] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in, and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0030] FIG. 1 (A) depicts the predicted amino acid sequence of human [SEQ. ID. NO.: 1] and mouse BAFF [SEQ. ID. NO.:2]. The predicted transmembrane domain (TMD, dashed line), the potential N-linked glycosylation sites (stars) and the natural processing site of human BAFF (arrow) are indicated. The double line above hBAFF indicates the sequence obtained by Edman degradation of the processed form of BAFF. (B) Depicts a comparison of the extracellular protein sequence of BAFF [SEQ. ID. NO.: 3] and some members of the TNF ligand family [SEQ. ID. NO.: 4 (hAPRIL); SEQ. ID. NO.: 5 (hTNF alpha); SEQ. ID. NO.: 6 (hFasL); SEQ. ID. NO.: 7 (hLT alpha); SEQ. ID. NO.: 8 (hRANKL)]. Identical and homologous residues are represented in black and shaded boxes, respectively. (C) Depicts dendrogram of TNF family ligands [0031] FIG. 2 is a schematic characterization of recombinant BAFF (A) Schematic representation of recombinant BAFF constructs. Soluble recombinant BAFFs starting at Leu 83 and Gln 136 are expressed fused to a N-terminal Flag tag and a 6 amino acid linker. The long form is cleaved between Arg 133 and Ala 134 (arrow) in 293 T cells, to yield a processed form of BAFF. Asn 124 and Asn 242 belong to N-glycosylation consensus sites. N-linked glycan present on Asn 124 is shown as a Y. TMD: transmembrane domain. (B) Peptide N-glycanase F (PNGase F) treatment of recombinant BAFF. Concentrated supernatants containing Flag-tagged BAFFs and APRIL were deglycosylated and analyzed by Western blotting using polyclonal anti-BAFF antibodies or anti-Flag M2, as indicated. All bands except processed BAFF also reacted with anti-Flag M2 (data not shown). (C) Full length BAFF is processed to a soluble form. 293T cells were transiently transfected with full length BAFF. Transfected cells and their concentrated supernatants were analyzed by Western blotting using polyclonal anti-BAFF antibodies. Supernatants corresponding to 10× the amount of cells were loaded onto the gel. (D) Size exclusion chromatography of soluble BAFF on Superdex-200. Concentrated supernatants containing soluble BAFF/short were fractionated on a Superdex-200 column and the eluted fractions analyzed by Western blotting using anti-Flag M2 antibody. The migration positions of the molecular mass markers (in kDa) are indicated on the left-hand side for SDS-PAGE and at the top of the figure for size exclusion chromatography. [0032] FIG. 3 depicts expression of BAFF (A) Northern blots (2 μg poly A+ RNA per lane) of various human tissues were probed with BAFF antisense mRNA. (B) Reverse transcriptase amplification of BAFF, IL-2 receptor alpha chain and actin from RNA of purified blood T cells at various time points of PHA activation, E-rosetting negative blood cells (B cells and monocytes), in vitro derived immature dendritic cells, 293 cells, and 293 cells sterilely transfected with full length BAFF (293-BAFF). Control amplifications were performed in the absence of added cDNA. IL-2 receptor alpha chain was amplified as a marker of T cell activation. [0033] FIG. 4 depicts BAFF binding to mature B cells. (A) Binding of soluble BAFF to BJAB and Jurkat cell lines, and to purified CD19 + cells of cord blood. Cells were stained with the indicated amount (in ng/50 μl) of Flag-BAFF and analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Binding of soluble BAFF to PBLs. PBLs were stained with anti-CD8-FITC or with anti-CD19-FITC (horizontal axis) and with Flag-BAFF plus M2-biotin and avidin-PE (vertical axis). Flag-BAFF was omitted in controls. [0034] FIG. 5 depicts BAFF costimulates B cell proliferation. (A) Surface expression of BAFF in stably transfected 293 cells. 293-BAFF and 293 wild-type cells were stained with anti-BAFF mAb 43.9 and analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Costimulation of PBLs by 293-BAFF cells. PBLs (10 5 /well) were incubated with 15.000 glutaraldehyde-fixed 293 cells (293 wt or 293-BAFF) in the presence or absence of anti-B cell receptor antibody (anti-μ). Fixed 293 cells alone incorporated 100 cpm. (C) Dose dependent costimulation of PBL proliferation by soluble BAFF in the presence of anti-μ. Proliferation was determined after 72 h incubation by [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation. Controls include cells treated with BAFF alone, with heat-denatured BAFF or with an irrelevant isotype matched antibody in place of anti-μ. (D) Comparison of (co)stimulatory effects of sCD40L and sBAFF on PBL proliferation. Experiment was performed as described in panel C. (E) BAFF costimulates Ig secretion of preactivated human B cells. Purified CD19 + B cells were activated by coculture with EL-4 T cells and activated T cell supernatants for 5-6 d, then re-isolated and cultured for another 7 days in the presence of medium only (−) or containing 5% activated T cell supernatants (T-SUP) or a blend of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10). The columns represent means of Ig concentrations for cultures with or without 1 μg/ml BAFF. Means±SD in terms of “fold increase” were 1.23±0.11 for medium only, 2.06±0.18 with T cell supernatants (4 experiments) and 1.45±0.06 with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 (2 experiments). These were performed with peripheral blood (3 experiments) or cord blood B cells (one experiment; 2.3 fold increase with T cell supernatants, 1.5 fold increase with IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10). (F) Dose-response curve for the effect of BAFF in cultures with T cell supernatants, as shown in panel D. Mean±SD of 3 experiments. [0035] FIG. 6 depicts that BAFF acts as a cofactor for B cell proliferation. The proliferation of human PBL was measured alone (500 cpm), with the presence of BAFF ligand alone, with the presence of goat anti-murine (mu) alone, and with both BAFF ligand and anti-mu. The combination of both anti-mu and BAFF significantly raised proliferation of PBL as the concentration of BAFF increased suggesting BAFF's cofactor characteristics. [0036] FIG. 7 depicts increased B cell numbers in BAFF Tg mice. (A) Increased lymphocytes counts in BAFF Tg mice. The graph compares 12 control littermates (left panel ) with 12 BAFF Tg mice (right panel). Lymphocytes counts are shown with circles and granulocytes (including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) with diamonds. (B) Increased proportion of B cells in PBL from BAFF Tg mice. PBL were stained with both anti-B220-FITC and anti-CD4-PE for FACS analysis and gated on live cells using the forward side scatter. Percentages of CD4 and B220 positive cells are indicated. One control mouse (left) and two BAFF Tg mice (right) are shown and the results were representative of 7 animals analysed in each group. (C) FACS analysis of the ratio of B to T cells in PBL. The difference between control animals and BAFF Tg mice in (A) and (C) was statistically significant (P<0.001). (D) Increased MHC class II expression on B cells from BAFF Tg mice PBL. MHC class II expression was analysed by FACS. (E) Increased Bcl-2 expression in B cells from BAFF Tg mice PBL. Bcl-2 expression was measured by intracytoplasmic staining and cells were analysed by FACS. In both (D) and (E) Live cells were gated on the forward side scatter. Four control littermates (white bars) and 4 BAFF Tg mice are shown and are representative of at least 12 animals analysed for each group. MFI: mean of fluorescence intensity. The difference between control animals and BAFF Tg mice was statistically significant (P<0.005). (F) Increased expression of effector T cells in BAFF Tg mice. PBL were stained with anti-CD4-Cychrome, anti-CD44-FITC and anti-L selectin-PE. Are shown CD4 + -gated cells. Percentages of CD44 hi /L-selectin lo cells are indicated. One control mouse (left) and two BAFF Tg mice (right) are shown and the results were representative of 8 animals analysed in each group. [0043] FIG. 8 depicts ncreased B cell compartments in the spleen but not in the bone marrow of BAFF Tg mice. (A) FACS staining for mature B cells using both anti-IgM-FITC and anti-B220-PE, in spleen (top panel), bone marrow (medium panel) and MLN (bottom panel). Percentages of B220+/IgM+ mature B cells are indicated. (B) FACS staining for preB cells (B220+/CD43−) and proB cells (B220+/CD43+) in the bone marrow using anti-CD43-FITC, anti-B220-Cy-chrome and anti-IgM-PE simultaneously. Are shown cells gated on the IgM negative population. Percentages of preB cells (B220+/CD43−) and proB cells (B220+/CD43+) cells are indicated. [0046] For all figures (A and B) one control mouse (left) and two BAFF Tg mice (right) are shown and results are representative of 7 animals analysed for each group. [0047] FIG. 9 depicts increased Ig, RF and CIC levels in BAFF Tg mice (A) SDS-PAGE of two control sera (−) and 4 sera from BAFF Tg mice (+) side by side with the indicated amount of a purified mouse IgG for reference. The intensity of the albumin band in similar in all lanes indicating that the material loaded on the gel is equivalent for each sample. ELISA-based analysis of total mouse Ig (B), RF (C) and CIC (D) in the sera of 19 control littermates (white bars) and 21 BAFF Tg mice (Black bars). In the absence of a proper RF control, the titer (log base 2) for RF is defined as the dilution of the sera giving an O.D. 3 times higher than that of background. The quantity of CIC is defined as the quantity of PAP required to generate an O.D. equivalent to that obtained with the tested serum. The difference between control animals and BAFF Tg mice was statistically significant (P<0.001 in (B) and (C), P<0.003 in (D)). [0049] FIG. 10 depicts the presence of anti-ssDNA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in some BAFF Tg mice. (A) Analysis by ELISA of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies in 19 control littermates (gray bars) and 21 BAFF Tg mice (black bars). (B) Analysis by ELISA of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies in 5 control littermates and the 5 animals showing levels of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies from (A). (C) Paraffin sections of kidneys from a control mouse (left) and a BAFF Tg mouse (right), stained with goat anti-mouse Ig-HRP. Ig deposition is shown by a brown staining. These pictures are representative of 6 BAFF Tg mice analysed. [0053] FIG. 11 depicts enlarged Peyer's patches in BAFF Tg mice. [0054] Photography of Peyers patches (indicated with an arrow) on the small intestine of a control mouse (left) and a BAFF Tg mouse (right). This pictures is representative of at least 12 mice sacrificed for each group. Magnification 5× [0055] FIG. 12 depicts disrupted T and B cell organization, intense germinal center reactions, decreased number of dendritic cells and increased number of plasma cells in the spleen of BAFF Tg mice. [0056] A control mouse is shown in A, C, E and G and a BAFF Tg in B, D, F, and H. B cells are blue and T cells brown (A and B). Germinal centers are shown with an arrow (C and D). Only few residual germinal centers are seen in control mice (C). CD11c positive dendritic cells are brown and appear in the T cell zone, bridging channels and the marginal zone (E). Very-few are present in BAFF Tg mice (F). Syndecan-1-positive plasma cells were only detectable in the red pulp of BAFF Tg mice (H) but not control mice (G). [0057] These pictures are representative of at least 12 BAFF Tg mice analysed and 12 control mice. The magnification is 100× for all pictures except C and D which are 50×. [0058] B: B cell follicle, T: PALS, WP: white pulp, RP: red pulp. [0059] FIG. 13 depicts disrupted T and B cells organization, intense germinal center reactions and large number of plasma cells in the MLN of BAFF Tg mice. [0060] The control mouse is shown in A, C, E and G and the BAFF Tg mouse is shown in B, D, F, and H. The immunohistochemistry was performed as described in FIG. 6 . T and B cell staining is shown in A and B, germinal centers in C and D, dendritic cells E and F and plasma cells in G and H. GC: germinal center. Magnification 100×. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0061] Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention. This invention relates to the use of BAFF and BAFF related molecules to effect the growth and maturation of B-cells and the secretion of immunoglobulin. The invention relates to the use of BAFF and BAFF related molecules to effect responses of the immune system, as necessitated by immune-related disorders. Additionally, this invention encompasses the treatment of cancer and immune disorders through the use of a BAFF, or BAFF related gene through gene therapy methods. [0062] The BAFF ligand and homologs thereof produced by hosts transformed with the sequences of the invention, as well as native BAFF purified by the processes known in the art, or produced from known amino acid sequences, are useful in a variety of methods for anticancer, antitumor and immunoregulatory applications. They are also useful in therapy and methods directed to other diseases. [0063] Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the polypeptide encoded by the isolated nucleic acid encoding the BAFF-ligand in “antisense” therapy. As used herein, “antisense” therapy refers to administration or in situ generation of oligonucleotides or their derivatives which specifically hybridize under cellular conditions with the cellular mRNA and/or DNA encoding the ligand of interest, so as to inhibit expression of the encoded protein, i.e. by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The binding may be by conventional base pair complementarity, or, for example, in the case of binding to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. In general, “antisense” therapy refers to a range of techniques generally employed in the art, and includes any therapy which relies on specific binding to oligonucleotide sequences. [0064] An antisense construct of the present invention can be delivered, for example, as an expression plasmid, which, when transcribed in the cell, produces RNA which is complementary to at least a portion of the cellular mRNA which encodes Kay-ligand. Alternatively, the antisense construct can be an oligonucleotide probe which is generated ex vivo. Such oligonucleotide probes are preferably modified oligonucleotides which are resistant to endogenous nucleases, and are therefor stable in vivo. Exemplary nucleic acids molecules for use as antisense oligonucleotides are phosphoramidates, phosphothioate and methylphosphonate analogs of DNA (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,564; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775). Additionally, general approaches to constructing oligomers useful in antisense therapy have been reviewed, for example, by Van Der Krol et al., (1988) Biotechniques 6:958-976; and Stein et al. (1988) Cancer Res 48: 2659-2668, specifically incorporated herein by reference. [0065] C. BAFF-Ligand [0066] The BAFF-ligand of the invention, as discussed above, is a member of the TNF family and is described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith. The protein, fragments or homologs thereof may have wide therapeutic and diagnostic applications. [0067] The BAFF-ligand is present primarily in the spleen and in peripheral blood lymphocytes, strongly indicating a regulatory role in the immune system. Comparison of the claimed BAFF-ligand sequences with other members of the human TNF family reveals considerable structural similarity. All the proteins share several regions of sequence conservation in the extracellular domain. [0068] Although the precise three-dimensional structure of the claimed ligand is not known, it is predicted that, as a member of the TNF family, it may share certain structural characteristics with other members of the family. [0069] The novel polypeptides of the invention specifically interact with a receptor, which has not yet been identified. However, the peptides and methods disclosed herein enable the identification of receptors which specifically interact with the BAFF-ligand or fragments thereof. [0070] The claimed invention in certain embodiments includes methods of using peptides derived from BAFF-ligand which have the ability to bind to their receptors. Fragments of the BAFF-ligands can be produced in several ways, e.g., recombinantly, by PCR, proteolytic digestion or by chemical synthesis. Internal or terminal fragments of a polypeptide can be generated by removing one or more nucleotides from one end or both ends of a nucleic acid which encodes the polypeptide. Expression of the mutagenized DNA produces polypeptide fragments. [0071] Polypeptide fragments can also be chemically synthesized using techniques known in the art such as conventional Merrifield solid phase f-moc or t-boc chemistry. For example, peptides and DNA sequences of the present invention may be arbitrarily divided into fragments of desired length with no overlap of the fragment, or divided into overlapping fragments of a desired length. Methods such as these are described in more detail below. [0072] Generation of Soluble Forms of BAFF-Ligand [0073] Soluble forms of the BAFF-ligand can often signal effectively and hence can be administered as a drug which now mimics the natural membrane form. It is possible that the BAFF-ligand claimed herein are naturally secreted as soluble cytokines, however, if not, one can reengineer the gene to force secretion. To create a soluble secreted form of BAFF-ligand, one would remove at the DNA level the N-terminus transmembrane regions, and some portion of the stalk region, and replace them with a type I leader or alternatively a type II leader sequence that will allow efficient proteolytic cleavage in the chosen expression system. A skilled artisan could vary the amount of the stalk region retained in the secretion expression construct to optimize both receptor binding properties and secretion efficiency. For example, the constructs containing all possible stalk lengths, i.e. N-terminal truncations, could be prepared such that proteins starting at amino acids 81 to 139 would result. The optimal length stalk sequence would result from this type of analysis. [0074] E. Generation of Antibodies Reactive with the BAFF-Ligand [0075] The invention also includes antibodies specifically reactive with the claimed BAFF-ligand or its receptors. Anti-protein/anti-peptide antisera or monoclonal antibodies can be made by standard protocols (See, for example, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ed. by Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press: 1988)). A mammal such as a mouse, a hamster or rabbit can be immunized with an immunogenic form of the peptide. Techniques for conferring immunogenicity on a protein or peptide include conjugation to carriers, or other techniques, well known in the art. [0076] An immunogenic portion of BAFF-ligand or its receptors can be administered in the presence of an adjuvant. The progress of immunization can be monitored by detection of antibody titers in plasma or serum. Standard ELISA or other immunoassays can be used with the immunogen as antigen to assess the levels of antibodies. [0077] In a preferred embodiment, the subject antibodies are immunospecific for antigenic determinants of BAFF-ligand or its receptors, (e.g. antigenic determinants of a polypeptide of SEQ. ID. NO.: 2, said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith), or a closely related human or non-human mammalian homolog (e.g. 70, 80 or 90 percent homologous, more preferably at least 95 percent homologous). In yet a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the anti-BAFF-ligand or anti-BAFF-ligand-receptor antibodies do not substantially cross react (i.e. react specifically) with a protein which is e.g., less than 80 percent homologous to SEQ. ID. NO.: 2 or 6 said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith; preferably less than 90 percent homologous with SEQ. ID. NO.: 2 said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith; and, most preferably less than 95 percent homologous with SEQ. ID. NO.: 2 said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith. By “not substantially cross react”, it is meant that the antibody has a binding affinity for a non-homologous protein which is less than 10 percent, more preferably less than 5 percent, and even more preferably less than 1 percent, of the binding affinity for a protein of SEQ. ID. NO.: 2 said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith. [0078] The term antibody as used herein is intended to include fragments thereof which are also specifically reactive with BAFF-ligand, or its receptors. Antibodies can be fragmented using conventional techniques and the fragments screened for utility in the same manner as described above for whole antibodies. For example, F(ab′) 2 fragments can be generated by treating antibody with pepsin. The resulting F(ab′) 2 fragment can be treated to reduce disulfide bridges to produce Fab′ fragments. The antibodies of the present invention are further intended to include biospecific and chimeric molecules having anti-BAFF-ligand or anti-BAFF-ligand -receptor activity. Thus, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (Ab) directed against BAFF-ligand, Tumor-ligand and their receptors, and antibody fragments such as Fab′ and F(ab′) 2 , can be used to block the action of the Ligand and their respective receptor. [0079] Various forms of antibodies can also be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques. Winter and Milstein (1991) Nature 349: 293-299, specifically incorporated by reference herein. For example, chimeric antibodies can be constructed in which the antigen binding domain from an animal antibody is linked to a human constant domain (e.g. Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, incorporated herein by reference). Chimeric antibodies may reduce the observed immunogenic responses elicited by animal antibodies when used in human clinical treatments. [0080] In addition, recombinant “humanized antibodies” which recognize BAFF-ligand or its receptors can be synthesized. Humanized antibodies are chimeras comprising mostly human IgG sequences into which the regions responsible for specific antigen-binding have been inserted. Animals are immunized with the desired antigen, the corresponding antibodies are isolated, and the portion of the variable region sequences responsible for specific antigen binding are removed. The animal-derived antigen binding regions are then cloned into the appropriate position of human antibody genes in which the antigen binding regions have been deleted. Humanized antibodies minimize the use of heterologous (i.e. inter species) sequences in human antibodies, and thus are less likely to elicit immune responses in the treated subject. [0081] Construction of different classes of recombinant antibodies can also be accomplished by making chimeric or humanized antibodies comprising variable domains and human constant domains (CH1, CH2, CH3) isolated from different classes of immunoglobulins. For example, antibodies with increased antigen binding site valencies can be recombinantly produced by cloning the antigen binding site into vectors carrying the human,: chain constant regions. Arulanandam et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med., 177: 1439-1450, incorporated herein by reference. [0082] In addition, standard recombinant DNA techniques can be used to alter the binding affinities of recombinant antibodies with their antigens by altering amino acid residues in the vicinity of the antigen binding sites. The antigen binding affinity of a humanized antibody can be increased by mutagenesis based on molecular modeling. Queen et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86: 10029-33 incorporated herein by reference. [0083] F. Generation of Analogs: Production of Altered DNA and Peptide Sequences [0084] Analogs of the BAFF-ligand can differ from the naturally occurring BAFF-ligand in amino acid sequence, or in ways that do not involve sequence, or both. Non-sequence modifications include in vivo or in vitro chemical derivatization of the BAFF-ligand. Non-sequence modifications include, but are not limited to, changes in acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, carboxylation or glycosylation. [0085] Preferred analogs include BAFF-ligand biologically active fragments thereof, whose sequences differ from the sequence given in SEQ. ID NO. 2 said sequence as described in PCT application number PCT/US98/19037 (WO99/12964) and is incorporated in its entirety herewith, by one or more conservative amino acid substitutions, or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions which do not abolish the activity of BAFF-ligand. Conservative substitutions typically include the substitution of one amino acid for another with similar characteristics, e.g. substitutions within the following groups: valine, glycine; glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and, phenylalanine, tyrosine. [0086] G. Materials and Methods of the Invention [0087] The anti-Flag M2 monoclonal antibody, biotinylated anti-Flag M2 antibody and the anti-Flag M2 antibody coupled to agarose were purchased from Sigma. Cell culture reagents were obtained from Life Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) and Biowhittaker (Walkersville, Md.). Flag-tagged soluble human APRIL (residues K 110 -L 250 ) was produced in 293 cells as described (10, 11). FITC-labeled anti-CD4, anti-CD8 and anti-CD19 antibodies were purchased from Pharmingen (San Diego, Calif.). Goat F(ab′) 2 specific for the Fc 5μ fragment of human IgM were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, Pa.). Secondary antibodies were obtained from either Pharmingen or from Jackson ImmunoResearch and used at the recommended dilutions. [0088] Human embryonic kidney 293 T (12) cells and fibroblast cell lines (Table 1) were maintained in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were maintained in DMEM-nutrient mix F12 (1:1) supplemented with 2% FCS. T cell lines, B cell lines, and macrophage cell lines (Table 1) were grown in RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS. Molt-4 cells were cultivated in Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% FCS. Epithelial cell lines were grown in MEM-alpha medium containing 10% FCS, 0.5 mM non-essential amino acids, 10 mM Na-Hepes and 1 mM Na pyruvate. HUVECs were maintained in M199 medium supplemented with 20% FCS, 100 μg/ml of epithelial cell growth factor (Collaborative Research, Inotech, Dottikon, Switzerland) and 100 μg/ml of heparin sodium salt (Sigma). All media contained penicillin and streptomycin antibiotics. Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated from heparinized blood of healthy adult volunteers by Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) gradient centrifugation and cultured in RPMI, 10% FCS. [0089] T cells were obtained from non-adherents PBLs by rosetting with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells and separated from non-rosetting cells (mostly B cells and monocytes) by Ficoll-Paque gradient centrifugation. Purified T cells were activated for 24 h with phytohemagglutinin (Sigma) (1 μg/ml), washed and cultured in RPMI, 10% FCS, 20 U/ml of IL-2. CD14 + monocytes were purified by magnetic cell sorting using anti-CD14 antibodies, goat anti-mouse-coated microbeads and a Minimacs™ device (Miltenyi Biotech), and cultivated in the presence of GM-CSF (800 U/ml, Leucomax®, Essex Chemie, Luzern, Switzerland) and IL-4 (20 ng/ml, Lucerna Chem, Luzern, Switzerland) for 5 d, then with GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNFα(200 U/ml, Bender, Vienna, Austria) for an additional 3 d to obtain a CD83 + , dentritic cell-like population. Human B cells of >97% purity were isolated from peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood using anti-CD19 magnetic beads (M450, Dynal, Oslo, Norway) as described (13). [0090] Northern Blot Analysis [0091] Northern blot analysis was carried out using Human Multiple Tissue Northern Blots I and II (Clontech #7760-1 and #7759-1). The membranes were incubated in hybridization solution (50% formamide, 2.5× Denhardt's, 0.2% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 2×SSC, 50 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , pH 6.5, 200 μg/ml sonicated salmon sperm DNA) for 2 h at 60° C. Antisense RNA probe containing the nucleotides corresponding to amino acids 136-285 of hBAFF was heat-denatured and added at 2×10 6 cpm/ml in fresh hybridization solution. The membrane was hybridized 16 h at 62° C., washed once in 2×SSC, 0.05% SDS (30 min at 25° C.), once in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS (20 min at 65° C.) and exposed at −70° C. to X-ray films. [0092] Characterization of BAFF cDNA [0093] A partial sequence of human BAFF cDNA was contained in several EST clones (e. g. GenBank Accession numbers T87299 and AA166695) derived from fetal liver and spleen and ovarian cancer libraries. The 5′ portion of the cDNA was obtained by 5′-RACE-PCR (Marathon-Ready cDNA, Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) amplification with oligonucleotides AP1 and JT1013 (5′-ACTGTTTCTTCTGGACCCTGAACGGC-3′) [SEQ ID. NO.: 9] using the provided cDNA library from a pool of human leukocytes as template, as recommended by the manufacturer. The resulting PCR product was cloned into PCR-0 blunt (Invitrogen, NV Leek, The Netherlands) and subcloned as EcoRI/PstI fragment into pT7T3 Pac vector (Pharmacia) containing EST clone T87299. Full-length hBAFF cDNA was therefore obtained by combining 5′ and 3′ fragments using the internal PstI site of BAFF. Sequence has been assigned GenBank accession number AF116456. [0094] A partial 617 bp sequence of murine BAFF was contained in two overlapping EST clones (AA422749 and AA254047). A PCR fragment spanning nucleotides 158 to 391 of this sequence was used as a probe to screen a mouse spleen cDNA library (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). [0095] Expression of Recombinant BAFF [0096] Full length hBAFF was amplified using oligos JT1069 (5′-GACAAGCTTGCCACCATGGATGACTCCACA-3′) [SEQ. ID. NO.: 10] and JT637 (5′-ACTAGTCACAGCAGTTTCAATGC-3′) [SEQ. ID. NO.: 11]. The PCR product was cloned into PCR-0 blunt and re-subcloned as HindIIVIEcoRI fragment into PCR-3 mammalian expression vector. A short version of soluble BAFF (amino acids Q136-L285) was amplified using oligos JT636 (5′-CTGCAGGGTCCAGAAGAAACAG-3′) [SEQ. ID. NO.: 12] and JT637. A long version of soluble BAFF (aa L83-L285) was obtained from full length BAFF using internal PstI site. Soluble BAFFs were resubcloned as PstI/EcoRI fragments behind the haemaglutinin signal peptide and Flag sequence of a modified PCR-3 vector, and as PstI/SpeI fragments into a modified pQE16 bacterial expression vector in frame with a N-terminal Flag sequence (14). Constructs were sequenced on both strands. The establishment of stable 293 cell lines expressing the short soluble form or full length BAFF, and the expression and purification of recombinant soluble BAFF from bacteria and mammalian 293 cells was performed as described (14, 15). [0097] Reverse Transcriptase PCR [0098] Total RNA extracted from T cells, B cells, in vitro derived immature dendritic cells, 293 wt and 293-BAFF (full length) cells was reverse transcribed using the Ready to Go system (Pharmacia) according to the manufacturer's instructions. BAFF and β-actin cDNAs were detected by PCR amplification with Taq DNA polymerase (steps of 1 min each at 94° C., 55° C. and 72° C. for 30 cycles) using specific oligonucleotides: for BAFF, JT1322 5′-GGAGAAGGCAACTCCAGTCAGAAC-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 13] and JT1323 5′-CAATTCATCCCCAAAGACATGGAC-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 14]; for IL-2 receptor alpha chain, JT1368 5′-TCGGAACACAACGAAACAAGTC-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 15] and JT1369 5′-CTTCTCCTTCACCTGGAAACTGACTG-3′ [SEQ. ID NO.: 16]; for β-actin, 5′-GGCATCGTGATGGACTCCG-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 17] and 5′-GCTGGAAGGTGGACAGCGA-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 18]. [0099] Gel Permeation Chromatography [0100] 293T cells were transiently transfected with the short form of soluble BAFF and grown in serum-free Optimem medium for 7 d. Conditionned supernatants were concentrated 20×, mixed with internal standards catalase and ovalbumin, and loaded onto a Superdex-200 HR10/30 column. Proteins were eluted in PBS at 0.5 ml/min and fractions (0.25 ml) were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and analyzed by Western blotting using anti-Flag M2 antibody. The column was calibrated with standard proteins: ferritin (440 kDa), catalase (232 kDa), aldolase (158 kDa), bovine serum albumine (67 kDa), ovalbumine (43 kDa), chymotrypsinogen A (25 kDa) and ribonuclease A (13.7 kDa). [0101] PNGase F treatment [0102] Samples were heated in 20 μl of 0.5% SDS, 1% 2-mercaptoethanol for 3 min at 95° C., then cooled and supplemented with 10% Nonidet P40 (2 μl), 0.5 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 (2 μl) and Peptide N-glycanase F (125 units/μl, 1 μl, or no enzyme in controls). Samples were incubated for 3 h at 37° C. prior to analysis by Western blotting. [0103] EDMAN sequencing [0104] 293 T cells were transiently transfected with the long form of soluble BAFF and grown in serum-free Optimem medium for 7 d. Conditioned supernatants were concentrated 20×, fractionated by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (BioRad Labs, Hercules, Calif.) as previously described (16), and then sequenced using a gas phase sequencer (ABI 120A, Perkin Elmer, Foster City, Calif.) coupled to an analyzer (ABI 120A, Perkin Elmer) equipped with a phenylthiohydantoin C18 2.1×250 mm column. Data was analyzed using software ABI 610 (Perkin Elmer). [0105] Antibodies [0106] Polyclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing rabbits (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) with recombinant soluble BAFF. Spleen of rats immunized with the same antigen were fused to x63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells, and hybridoma were screened for BAFF-specific IgGs. One of these monoclonal antibodies, 43.9, is an IgG2a that specifically recognizes hBAFF. [0107] Cells were stained in 50 μl of FACS buffer (PBS, 10% FCS, 0.02% NaN 3 ) with 50 ng (or the indicated amount) of Flag tagged short soluble hBAFF for 20 min at 4° C., followed by anti-Flag M2 (1 μg) and secondary antibody. Anti-BAFF mAb 43.9 was used at 40 μg/ml. For two color FACS analysis, peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with Flag tagged soluble BAFF/long (2 μg/ml), followed by biotinylated anti-Flag M2 (1/400) and PE-labeled streptavidin (1/100), followed by either FITC-labeled anti-CD4, anti-CD8 or anti-CD19. [0108] PBL Proliferation Assay [0109] Peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated in 96-well plates (10 5 cells/well in 100 μl RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS) for 72 h in the presence or absence of 2 μg/ml of goat anti-human μ chain antibody (Sigma) or control F(ab′) 2 and with the indicated concentration of native or boiled soluble BAFF/long. Cells were pulsed for an additional 6 h with [ 3 H]thymidine (1 μCi/well) and harvested. [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was monitored by liquid scintillation counting. In some experiments, recombinant soluble BAFF was replaced by 293 cells stably transfected with full length BAFF (or 293 wt as control) that had been fixed for 5 min at 25° C. in 1% paraformaldeyde. Assay was performed as described (17). In further experiments, CD19 + cells were isolated form PBL with magnetic beads and the remaining CD19 − cells were irradiated (3000 rads) prior to renconstitution with CD19 + cells. Proliferation assay with sBAFF was then performed as described above. [0110] B Cell Activation Assay [0111] Purified B cells were activated in the EL-4 culture system as described (13). Briefly, 10 4 B cells mixed with 5×10 4 irradiated murine EL-4 thymoma cells (clone B5) were cultured for 5-6 d in 200 μl medium containing 5% v/v of culture supernatants from human T cells (10 6 /ml) which had been activated for 48 h with PHA (1 μg/ml) and PMA (1 ng/ml). B cells were then reisolated with anti-CD19 beads and cultured for another 7 d (5×10 4 cells in 200 μl, duplicate or triplicate culture in flat bottomed 96 well plates) in medium alone or in medium supplemented with 5% T cell supernatants, or with 50 ng/ml IL-2 (a kind gift from the former Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva) and 10 ng/ml each IL-4 and IL-10 (Peprotech, London, UK), in the presence or absence of sBAFF. The anti-Flag M2 antibody was added at a concentration of 2 μg/ml and had no effect by itself. IgM, IgG and IgA in culture supernatants were quantitated by ELISA assays as described (13). [0112] Human BAFF was identified by sequence homology as a possible novel member of the TNF ligand family while we screened public databases using an improved profile search (18). A cDNA encoding the complete protein of 285 amino acids (aa) was obtained by combining EST-clones (covering the 3′ region) with a fragment (5′ region) amplified by PCR. The absence of a signal peptide suggested that BAFF was a type II membrane protein that is typical of the members of the TNF-ligand family. The protein has a predicted cytoplasmic domain of 46 aa, a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and an extracellular domain of 218 aa containing two potential N-glycosylation sites ( FIG. 1A ). The sequence of the extracellular domain of BAFF shows highest homology with APRIL (33% amino acid identities, 48% homology), whereas the identity with other members of the family such as TNF, FasL, LTα, TRAIL or RANKL is below 20% ( FIGS. 1B , C). The mouse BAFF cDNA clone isolated from a spleen library encoded a slightly longer protein (309 aa) due to an insertion between the transmembrane region and the first of several β-strands which constitute the receptor binding domain in all TNF ligand members (19). This β-strand rich ectodomain is almost identical in mouse and human BAFF (86% identity, 93% homology) suggesting that the BAFF gene has been highly conserved during evolution ( FIG. 1A ). [0113] Although TNF family members are synthesized as membrane inserted ligands, cleavage in the stalk region between transmembrane and receptor binding domain is frequently observed. For example, TNF or FasL are readily cleaved from the cell surface by metalloproteinases (20, 21). While producing several forms of recombinant BAFF in 293T cells, we noticed that a recombinant soluble 32 kDa form of BAFF (aa 83-285, sBAFF/long), containing the complete stalk region and a N-terminal Flag-tag in addition to the receptor binding domain, was extensively processed to a smaller 18 kDa fragment ( FIGS. 2A , B). Cleavage occurred in the stalk region since the fragment was detectable only with antibodies raised against the complete receptor interaction domain of BAFF but not with anti-Flag antibodies (data not shown). Also revealed was that only N124 (located in the stalk) but not N242 (located at the entry of the F-□ sheet) was glycosylated, since the molecular mass of the non-processed sBAFF/long was reduced from 32 kDa to 30 kDa upon removal of the N-linked carbohydrates with PNGase F whereas the 18 kDa cleaved form was insensitive to this treatment. Peptide sequence analysis of the 18 kDa fragment indeed showed that cleavage occurred between R133 and A134 ( FIG. 1A ). R133 lies at the end of a polybasic region which is conserved between human (R—N—K—R) and mouse (R—N—R—R). To test whether cleavage was not merely an artifact of expressing soluble, non-natural forms of BAFF, membrane-bound full length BAFF was expressed in 293T cells ( FIG. 2C ). The 32 kDa complete BAFF and some higher molecular mass species (probably corresponding to non-dissociated dimers and trimers) were readily detectable in cellular extracts, but more than 95% of BAFF recovered from the supernatant corresponded to the processed 18 kDa form, indicating that BAFF was also processed when synthesized as a membrane-bound ligand. [0114] A soluble BAFF was engineered (Q136-L285, sBAFF/short) whose sequence started 2 aa downstream of the processing site ( FIG. 1B ). As predicted, the Flag-tag attached to the N-terminus of this recombinant molecule was not removed (data not shown) which allowed its purification by an anti-Flag affinity column. To test its correct folding, the purified sBAFF/short was analyzed by gel filtration where the protein eluted at an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa ( FIG. 2D ). The sBAFF/short correctly assembles into a homotrimer (3×20 kDa) in agreement with the quaternary structure of other TNF family members (19). Finally, unprocessed sBAFF/long was readily expressed in bacteria, indicating that the cleavage event was specific to eukaryotic cells. [0115] Northern blot analysis of BAFF revealed that the 2.5 kb BAFF mRNA was abundant in the spleen and PBLs ( FIG. 3A ). Thymus, heart, placenta, small intestine and lung showed weak expression. This restricted distribution suggested that cells present in lymphoid tissues were the main source of BAFF. Through PCR analysis, we found that BAFF mRNA was present in T cells and peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells but not in B cells ( FIG. 3B ). Even naive, non-stimulated T cells appeared to express some BAFF mRNA. [0116] A sequence tagged site (STS, SHGC-36171) was found in the database which included the human BAFF sequence. This site maps to human chromosome 13, in a 9 cM interval between the markers D13S286 und D13S1315. On the cytogenetic map, this interval corresponds to 13q32-34. Of the known TNF ligand family members, only RANKL (Trance) has been localized to this chromosome (22) though quite distant to BAFF (13q14). [0117] In order for the ligand to exert maximal biological effects, it was likely that the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) would be expressed either on the same cells or on neighboring cells present in lymphoid tissues. Using the recombinant sBAFF as a tool to specifically determine BAFF-R expression by FACS, we indeed found high levels of receptor expression in various B cell lines such as the Burkitt lymphomas Raji and BJAB ( FIG. 4A , Table 1). In contrast, cell lines of T cell, fibroblastic, epithelial and endothelial origin were all negative. Very weak staining was observed with the monocyte line THP-1 which, however, could be due to Fc receptor binding. Thus, BAFF-R expression appears to be restricted to B cell lines. The two mouse B cell lines tested were negative using the human BAFF as a probe, although weak binding was observed on mouse splenocytes (data not shown). The presence of BAFF-R on B cells was corroborated by analysis of umbilical cord and peripheral blood lymphocytes. While CD8 + and CD4 + T cells lacked BAFF-R ( FIG. 4B and data not shown), abundant staining was observed on CD 19 + B cells ( FIGS. 4A and 4B ), indicating that BAFF-R is expressed on all blood B cells, including naive and memory ones. [0118] Since BAFF bound to blood-derived B cells, experiments were performed to determine whether the ligand could deliver growth-stimulatory or -inhibitory signals. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with anti-IgM (μ) antibodies together with fixed 293 cells stably expressing surface BAFF ( FIG. 5A ). The levels of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation induced by anti-μ alone was not altered by the presence of control cells but was increased two-fold in the presence of BAFF-transfected cells ( FIG. 5B ). A dose-dependent proliferation of PBL was also obtained when BAFF-transfected cells were replaced by purified sBAFF ( FIG. 5C ), indicating that BAFF does not require membrane attachment to exert its activity. In this experimental setup, proliferation induced by sCD40L required concentrations exceeding 1 μg/ml but was less dependent on the presence of anti-p than that mediated by BAFF ( FIG. 5D ). When purified CD19 + B cells were co-cultured with irradiated autologous CD19 − PBL, costimulation of proliferation by BAFF was unaffected, demonstrating that [ 3 H]thymidine uptake was mainly due to B cell proliferation and not to an indirect stimulation of another cell type (data not shown). The observed B cell proliferation in response to BAFF was entirely dependent on the presence of anti-μ antibodies, indicating that BAFF functioned as costimulator of B cell proliferation. [0119] To investigate a possible effect of BAFF on immunoglobulin secretion, purified peripheral or cord blood B cells were preactivated by coculture with EL-4 T cells in the presence of a cytokine mixture from supernatants of PHA/PMA stimulated T cells (23). These B cells were reisolated to 98% purity and yielded a two-fold increase in Ig secretion during a secondary culture in the presence of BAFF and activated T cell cytokines as compared to cytokines alone. A very modest effect occurred in the absence of exogenous cytokines, and an intermediate (1.5-fold) effect was observed in the presence of the recombinant cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 ( FIGS. 5E , F). [0120] The biochemical analysis of BAFF is also consistent with the typical homotrimeric structure of TNF family members. Among this family of ligands, BAFF exhibits the highest level of sequence similarity with APRIL which we have recently characterized as a ligand stimulating growth of various tumor cells (11). Unlike TNF and LTD which are two family members with equally high homology (33% identity) and whose genes are linked on chromosome 6, APRIL and BAFF are not clustered on the same chromosome. APRIL is located on chromosome 17 (J. L. B., unpublished data ) whereas BAFF maps to the distal arm of human chromosome 13 (13q34). Abnormalities in this locus were characterized in Burkitt lymphomas as the second most frequent defect (24) besides the translocation involving the myc gene into the Ig locus (25). Considering the high expression levels of BAFF-R on all Burkitt lymphoma cell lines analyzed (see Table 1), this raises the intriguing possibility that some Burkitt lymphomas may have deregulated BAFF expression, thus stimulating growth in an autocrine manner. [0121] The role of antigen-specific B lymphocytes during the different stages of the immune response is highly dependent on signals and contacts from helper T cells and antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (20). B lymphocytes first receive these signals early on during the immune response when they interact with T cells at the edge of the B cell follicles in lymphoid tissues, leading to their proliferation and differentiation into low affinity antibody forming cells (18). At the same time some antigen-specific B cells also migrate to the B cell follicle and contribute to the formation of germinal centers, another site of B cell proliferation but also affinity maturation and generation of memory B cells and high affinity plasma cells (19). [0122] Signals triggered by another member of the TNF super family CD40L have been shown to be critical for the function of B lymphocytes at multiple steps of the T cell-dependent immune response. However, several studies clearly showed that CD40L/CD40 interaction does not account for all contact-dependent T-cell help for B cells. Indeed, CD40L-deficient T cells isolated from either knock-out mice or patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome have been shown to sucessfully induce proliferation of B cells and their differentiation into plasma cells. Studies using blocking antibodies against CD40L showed that a subset of surface IgD positive B cells isolated from human tonsils proliferate and differentiate in response to activated T cells in a CD40-independent manner. Other members of the TNF family such as membrane-bound TNF and CD30L have also been shown to be involved in a CD40- and surface Ig-independent stimulation of B cells. Similar to our results with BAFF, it has been shown that CD40-deficient B cells can be stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells by helper T cells as long as the surface Ig receptors are triggered at the same time. BAFF as well as CD30L and CD40L is expressed by T cells but its originality resides in its expression by dendritic cells as well as the highly specific location of its receptor on B cells which is in contrast to CD40, CD30 and the TNF receptor which expression has been described on many different cell. This observation suggests independent and specific BAFF-induced functions on B cells. [0123] In support of a role for BAFF in T cell- and dendritic cell-induced B cell growth and potential maturation, we found that BAFF costimulates proliferation of blood-derived B cells concomitantly with cross-linking of the B cell receptors, and ,thus, independently of CD40 signalling. Moreover, using CD19 positive B cells differentiated in vitro into a pre-plasma cell/GC-like B cell (14), we observed a costimulatory effect of BAFF on Ig secretion by these B cells in the presence of supernatant from activated T cells or a blend of IL-2, IL4 and IL-10. Interestingly, the costimulatory effect was stronger in presence of the activated T cell supernatant when compared to the cytokine blend, suggesting additional soluble factors secreted by activated T cells involved in antibody production which can synergize with BAFF or additional BAFF itself. It is, therefore, possible that BAFF actively contributes to the differentiation of these GC-like B cells into plasma. [0124] It is clear that BAFF can signal in both naive B cells as well as GC-commited B cells in vitro. Whether this observation will translate or not during a normal immune response will have to be addressed by proper in vivo experiments. [0125] The biological responses induced in B cells by BAFF are distinct from that of CD40L, since proliferation triggered by CD40L was less dependent on an anti-μ costimulus (17) (and FIG. 5D ). Morever, CD40L can counteract apoptotic signals in B cells following engagement of the B cell receptor (29), whereas BAFF was not able to rescue the B cell line Ramos from anti-μ-mediated apoptosis, despite the fact that Ramos cells do express BAFF-R (Table 1; F. M. and J. L. B., unpublished observations). It is therefore likely that CD40L and BAFF fulfill distinct functions. In this respect, it is noteworthy that BAFF did not interact with any of 16 recombinant receptors of the TNF family tested, including CD40 (P. S and J. T, unpublished observations). [0126] B cell growth was efficiently costimulated with recombinant soluble BAFF lacking the transmembrane domain. This activity is in contrast to several TNF family members which are active only as membrane-bound ligand such as TRAIL, FasL and CD40L. Soluble forms of these ligands have poor biological activity which can be enhanced by their cross-linking, thereby mimicking the membrane-bound ligand (15). In contrast, cross-linking Flag-tagged sBAFF with anti-Flag antibodies or the use of membrane-bound BAFF expressed on the surface of epithelial cells did not further enhance the mitogenic activity of BAFF, suggesting that it can act systemically as a secreted cytokine, like TNF does. This is in agreement with the observation that a polybasic sequence present in the stalk of BAFF acted as a substrate for a protease. Similar polybasic sequences are also present at corresponding locations in both APRIL and TWEAK and for both of them there is evidence of proteolytic processing (30) (N. H. and J. T, unpublished observation). Although the protease responsible for the cleavage remains to be determined, it is unlikely to be the metalloproteinase responsible for the release of membrane-bound TNF as their sequence preferences differ completely (21). The multibasic motifs in BAFF (R—N—K—R), APRIL (R—K—R—R) and Tweak (R—P—R—R) are reminiscent of the minimal cleavage signal for furin (R—X—K/R—R), the prototype of a proprotein convertase family (31). [0127] Practice of the present invention will employ, unless indicated otherwise, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, protein chemistry, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are described in the literature. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. (Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover, ed), 1985; Oligonucleotide Synthesis, (M. J. Gait, ed.), 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195 (Mullis et al.,); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, eds.), 1984; Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, eds.), 1984; Culture of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, ed). Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987; Immobilized Cells and Enzymes, IRL Press, 1986; A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (B. Perbal), 1984; Methods in Enzymology, Volumes 154 and 155 (Wu et al., eds), Academic Press, New York; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos, eds.), 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds.), Academic Press, London, 1987; Handbook of Experiment Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.), 1986; Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1986. [0128] The following Examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting thereof. EXAMPLES [0129] The following experimental procedures were utilized in Examples 1-6. [0000] DNA Construct for the Generation of Murine BAFF Tg Mice [0130] Both human and murine cDNA sequences have been described previously (Schneider et al., 1999). A PCR fragment encoding full-length murine BAFF was generated by RT-PCR. First strand cDNA was synthesized from mouse lung polyA+ (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) using oligo dT according to the manufacturer's protocol (GibcoBRL, Grand Island, N.Y.). The PCR reaction contained 1× Pfu buffer (Stratagene, La Jola, Calif.), 0.2 mM dNTPs, 10% DMSO, 12.5 pM primers, 5 units Pfu enzyme (Stratagene) and the following primers with Not1 restriction sites 5′-TAAGAATGCGGCCGCGGAATGGATGAGTCTGCAAA-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 19] and 5′-TAAGAATGCGGCCGCGGGATCACGCACTCCAGCAA-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 20]. The template was amplified for 30 cycles at 94° C. for 1 min, 54° C. for 2 min and 72° C. for 3 min followed by a 10 min extension at 72° C. This sequence corresponds to nucleotides 214 to 1171 of the GenBank file AFI 19383. The PCR fragment was digested with Not1 and then cloned into a modified pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The fragment containing murine BAFF was removed with Xba1 in order to include the SV40 polyA addition site sequence. This fragment was cloned into a pUC based vector where the promoter sequence was added. The promoter, a 1 Kb blunt Bgl2-Not1 fragment containing the human ApoE enhancer and AAT (alpha anti-trypsin) promoter was purified from the plasmid clone 540B (a kind gift from Dr. Katherine Parker Ponder, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.). An EcoRV/Bgl2 fragment was purified from the final vector and used for the generation of transgenic mice. The injected offspring of C57BL/6J female×DBA/2J male F1 (BDF1) mice were backcrossed onto C57BL/6 mice. Techniques of microinjection and generation of transgenic mice have been previously described (Mcknights et al., 1983). [0000] Analytical Methods: [0131] Serum samples were subject to reduced SDS-PAGE analysis using a linear 12.5% gel. Total RNA from mouse liver was prepared and processed for Northern Blot analysis using an isolation kit from Promega (Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. BAFF transgene-specific mRNA was detected using a probe spanning the SV40 poly A tail of the transgene construct and obtained by digestion of the modified pCEP4 vector with Xba1 and BamH1. The probe recognizes a 1.8-2 Kd band corresponding to mRNA from the BAFF transgene. PCR analysis of tail DNA from BAFF Tg mice was carried using 12.5 pM of the following primers 5′-GCAGTTTCACAGCGATGTCCT-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 21] and 5′-GTCTCCGTTGCGTGAAATCTG-3′ [SEQ. ID. NO.: 22] in a reaction containing 1× Taq polymerase buffer (Stratagene), 0.2 nM dNTPs, 10% DMSO and 5 units of Taq polymerase (Stratagene). A 719 bp of the transgene was amplified for 35 cycles at 94° C. for 30 sec., 54 ° C. for 1 min. and 72° C. for 1.5 min. followed by a 10 min. extension at 72° C. [0132] The presence of proteins in mouse urine was measured using Multistix 10 SG reagent strips for urinalysis (Bayer Corporation, Diagnostics Division, Elkhart, Ind.). [0000] Cell-Dyn and Cytofluorimetric Analysis (FACS). [0133] Differential WBC counts of fresh EDTA anticoagulated whole blood were performed with an Abbott Cell Dyne 3500 apparatus (Chicago, Ill.). For FACS analysis, Fluorescein (FITC)-, Cy-chrome- and Phycoerythrin-(PE)-labeled rat anti-mouse antibodies: anti-B220, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD43, anti-IgM, anti-CD5, anti-CD25, anti-CD24, anti-CD38, anti-CD21, anti-CD44, anti-L-selectin and hamster anti-Bcl-2/control hamster Ig kit were purchased from Pharmingen (San Diego, Calif.). Production of recombinant E. coli as well as mammalian cell-derived human and mouse Flag-tagged BAFF were previously described (Schneider et al., 1999). All antibodies were used according to the manufacturer's specifications. PBL were purified from mouse blood as follows: mouse blood was collected in microtubes containing EDTA and was diluted ½ with PBS. Five hundred μl of diluted blood was applied on top of 1 ml of ficoll (Celardane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada) in a 4 ml glass tube, the gradient was performed at 2000 rpm for 30 min at room temperature and the interface containing the lymphocytes was collected and washed twice in PBS prior to FACS staining. Spleen, bone marrow and mesenteric lymph nodes were ground into a single cell suspension in RPMI medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, N.Y.) and washed in FACS buffer (PBS supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kans.). Cells were first suspended in FACS buffer supplemented with the following blocking reagents: 10 μg/ml human Ig (Sandoz, Basel, Switzerland) and 10 μg/ml anti-mouse Fc blocking antibody (Pharmingen) and incubated 30 min on ice prior to staining with fluorochrome-labeled antibodies. All antibodies were diluted in FACS buffer with the blocking reagent mentioned above. Samples were analyzed using a FACScan cytofluorometer (Becton Dickinson). [0000] Detection of Total Mouse Ig and Rheumatoid Factors in Mouse Sera by ELISA Assays. [0134] ELISA plates (Corning glass works, Corning, N.Y.) were coated overnight at 4° C. with a solution of 10 μg/ml of goat anti-total mouse Ig (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc. Birmingham, Ala.) in 50 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6. Plates were washed 3 times with PBS/0.1% Tween and blocked overnight with 1% gelatin in PBS. One hundred μl/well of serum serial dilutions or standard dilutions was added to the plates for 30 min at 37° C. Mouse Ig were detected using 100 μl/well of a 1 μg/ml solution of an Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)-labeled goat anti-total mouse Ig (Southern Biotechnology Associates) for 30 min at 37° C. After a last wash, 3 times with PBS/0.1% Tween, the enzymatic reaction was developed using a solution of 10 μg/ml of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) in 10% diethanolamine. The reaction was stopped by adding 100 μl of 3N NaOH/well. The optical density (O.D.) was measured at 405 nm using a spectrophotometer from Molecular Devices (Sunnyvale, Calif.). Standard curves were obtained using purified mouse Ig purchased from Southern Biotechnology Associates. In the case of detection of rheumatoid factors (RF), the plates were coated with normal goat Ig (Jackson ImmunoResearch laboratories, Inc., West Grove, Pa.) instead of goat anti-mouse Ig and detection of mouse Ig was performed as described above. Detection of mouse isotypes in the RF assay was done using AP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgA, IgM, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3, as well as purified mouse IgA, IgM, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 for standard curves (Southern Biotechnology Associates Inc.). All statistical comparisons were performed by analysis of variance. [0000] Detection of Circulating Immune Complexes (CIC) and Precipitation of Cryoglobulins in Mouse Sera. [0135] The assay was performed as previously described (June et al., 1979; Singh and Tingle, 1982) with the following modifications: ELISA plates (Corning glass works) were coated overnight at 4° C. with 5 μg/ml of human C1q (Quidel, San Diego, Calif.) in 50 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6. The plates were washed 3 times with PBS/0.1% Tween. Fifty μl/well of 0.3 M EDTA was added to the plates plus 50 μl/well of serum serial dilutions or solutions of known concentrations of a standard immune complex (peroxidase-mouse anti-peroxidase (PAP) from DAKO (Carpinteria, Calif.). The plates were incubated 30 min at 37° C. The plates were washed 3 times with PBS/0.1% Tween. Mouse Ig in the immune complexes were detected using 100 μl/well of a 1 μg/ml solution of an AP-labeled goat anti-mouse Ig (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc.) as described above for the ELISA assays. Cryoglobulins were detected by incubating overnight at 4° C. mouse serum diluted 1/15 in water and precipitates were scored visually. [0000] Anti-Double Stranded (ds) and Single Stranded (ss) DNA Assays. [0136] Anti-ssDNA were performed using NUNC-immuno Plate MaxiSorp plates (NUNC A/S, Denmark). Plates were coated overnight at 4° C. first with 100 μg/ml methylated BSA (Calbochem Corp., La Jolla, Calif.), then with 50 μg/ml grade I calf thymus DNA (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). The calf thymus DNA was sheared by sonication and then digested with S1 nuclease before use. For the anti-ssDNA assay, the DNA was boiled for 10 min and chilled on ice before use. After blocking, serial dilutions of the serum samples were added and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. Autoantibodies were detected with goat anti-mouse IgG-AP (Sigma) and develop as described above for the ELISA assays. Standard curves were obtained using known quantities of anti-DNA mAb 205, which is specific for both ss- and dsDNA (Datta et al., 1987). [0000] Immunohistochemistry [0137] Spleen and lymph nodes were frozen in O.C.T. embedding medium (Miles, Elkhart, Ind.) and mounted for cryostat sectioning. Sections 7-10 μm thick were dried and fixed in acetone. All Ab incubations (10 μg/ml) were done for 1 hr at room temperature in a humidified box after dilution in Tris-buffered saline A (TBS-A, 0.05M Tris, 0.15M NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20 (v/v), 0.25% BSA), rinsed in TBS-B (0.05M Tris, 0.15M NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) and fixed 1 min in methanol before initiating the enzymatic reaction. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were developed using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) tablet substrate kit (Sigma) and the 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT, Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), respectively. Stained tissue sections were finally fixed 5 min in methanol and counter stained with Giemsa (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland). Biotin-labeled antibodies rat anti-B220, anti-CD11c, anti-syndecan-1 as well as unlabeled rat anti-CD4, anti-CD8α and anti-CD8β were purchased from Pharmingen. Biotin-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) was obtained from Vector laboratories (Burlingame, Calif.). (HRP)-labeled mouse anti-rat Ig and (HRP)-streptavidin were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch laboratories, Inc. and AP-labeled streptavidin from Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc. In the case of immunohistochemistry on kidney tissue to detect Ig deposition, paraffin section were used, dewaxed and blocked using diluted horse serum from Vector (Burlingame, Calif.), followed by staining with HRP-goat anti-mouse Ig from Jackson Immunoresearch. Detection was performed as described above. Example 1 [0138] BAFF Transgenic (BAFF Tg) Founder Mice have an Abnormal Phenotype [0139] Full length murine BAFF was expressed in transgenic mice using the liver specific alpha-1 antitrypsin promoter with the APO E enhancer. The full length version was chosen with the expectation that BAFF would be either cleaved and act systemically or if retained in a membrane bound form that local liver specific abnormalities would be observed possibly providing functional clues. We obtained 13 founder mice positive for the BAFF transgene (Table 2). Four of these mice died at a young age. Routine pathology was carried out on mice 811 and 816 (Table 2). There was no obvious infection in these mice; however, cardiovascular and renal abnormalities were apparent and similar to those described for severe hypertension (Fu, 1995) (Table 2). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained kidney tissue sections of founder 816 showed that the morphology of glomeruli in that mouse was abnormal, whereas the rest of the kidney tissue seemed normal (data not shown). Many BAFF transgenic founder mice had proteinuria (Table 2). Immunohistochemistry on spleen frozen tissue sections from mouse 816, revealed an abnormal and extensive B cell staining and reduced staining for T cells and this observation was confirmed in the progeny (see below, FIG. 12 ). [0140] Using two color FACS analysis, the ratio of % B220 positive B cells over % CD4 positive T cells was calculated. This ratio was two to seven times higher in BAFF Tg founder mice when compared to control negative BDF1 mice (Table 2), suggesting an increase of the B cell population in BAFF Tg mice. We selected nine of these founder mice to generate our different lines of transgenic mice as underlined in Table 2. None of the remaining BAFF Tg founder mice or the derived progeny showed any signs of ill health months after the early death of founders 696, 700, 811 and 816, suggesting that these 4 mice might have expressed higher levels of BAFF which caused their death. BAFF overexpression in the liver of transgenic mice was confirmed by Northern blot analysis (data not shown). In all BAFF-Tg mice examined histologically, the livers showed no abnormalities indicating that local overexpression of BAFF did not induce any immunological or pathological events. An ELISA assay for murine BAFF is not available; however, we showed that 2% serum from BAFF Tg mice, but not from control mice, blocked the binding of mammalian cell-derived mouse soluble Flag-tagged BAFF to BJAB cells. Moreover, 5% serum from BAFF Tg mice but not from control mice increased the proliferation of human B cells from PBL in the presence of anti-μ (data not shown). These data suggest that substantial amounts of soluble BAFF are present in the blood of BAFF Tg. Example 2 [0000] Peripheral Lymphocytosis in BAFF Tg Mice is Due to Elevated B Cell Numbers [0141] The transgenic mice population was found to have more lymphocytes in the blood when compared to control negative littermates, reaching values as high as 13000 lymphocytes/μl of blood ( FIG. 7A ). In contrast, the number of granulocytes per μl of blood in both BAFF Tg mice and control mice remained within normal limits ( FIG. 7A ). Since FACS analysis, using anti-CD4 and anti-B220 antibodies, of peripheral blood cells (PBL) from 18 BAFF Tg mice issued from six different founder mice showed increased B/T ratios ( FIGS. 7B and 7C ), the elevated lymphocyte levels resulted from an expanded B cell subset. Likewise, using this method, calculation of absolute numbers of CD4 circulating T cells revealed a 50% reduction of this T cell subset in BAFF Tg mice when compared to control mice, and the same observation was made for the CD8 T cell subset (data not shown). All B cells from the PBL of BAFF Tg mice have increased MHC class II and Bcl-2 expression when compared to B cells from control mice ( FIGS. 7D and 7E , respectively), indicating some level of B cell activation in PBL of BAFF Tg mice. T cells in the blood of BAFF Tg mice did not express the early activation markers CD69 or CD25; however, 40 to 56% of CD4 or CD8 T cells were activated effector T cells with a CD44 hi , L-selectin lo phenotype versus only 8% to 12% in control littermates ( FIG. 7F ). Thus BAFF Tg mice clearly show signs of B cell lymphocytosis and global B cell activation along with T cell alterations. Example 3 [0000] Expanded B Cell Compartments are Composed of Mature Cells. [0142] To see whether overexpression of BAFF in the transgenic mice was affecting the B cell compartment centrally in the bone marrow and peripherally in secondary lymphoid organs, we examined by FACS the spleen, bone marrow and mesenteric lymph nodes from a total of seven BAFF Tg mice and seven control littermates derived from four different founder mice. The mature B cell compartment was analyzed by staining with both anti-B220 and anti-IgM antibodies. Two representative BAFF Tg mice and one representative control littermate are shown in FIG. 8 . The mature B cell compartment (IgM+. B220+) was increased in both the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes ( FIG. 8A , top and bottom panels, respectively). Analysis of B220+/IgM+ B cells ( FIG. 7A , middle panel) or the proB cell (CD43+/B220+) and the preB cell (CD43−/B220+) compartments in the bone marrow ( FIG. 8B ) showed that BAFF Tg mice and control littermates were similar. These data indicate that overexpression of BAFF is affecting the proliferation of mature B cells in the periphery but not progenitor B cells in the bone marrow. Analysis by FACS of the B cell subpopulations in the spleen, revealed an increased proportion of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in BAFF Tg mice when compared to control mice (Table 3). The population of follicular B cells remained proportional in both BAFF Tg and control mice whereas the fraction of newly formed B cells is slightly decreased in BAFF Tg mice (Table 3). This result was also confirmed on B220 + splenic B cells using anti-CD38 versus anti-CD24 antibodies and anti-IgM versus anti-IgD antibodies and analyzing for at the CD38 hi /CD24 + and IgM hi /IgD lo for the MZ B cell population, respectively, as previously described (Oliver et al., 1997)(data not shown). Immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-mouse IgM antibody revealed the expansion of the IgM-bright MZ B cell area in the spleen of BAFF Tg mice when compared to control mice (data not shown). All BAFF Tg B220 + splenic B cells also express higher levels of MHC class II (Table 3) and Bcl-2 (data not shown) compared to splenic B cells from control mice, indicating that splenic B cells as well as B cells from PBL are in an activated state. Example 4 [0000] BAFF Tg Mice have High Levels of Total Immunoglobulins, Rheumatoid Factors and Circulating Immune Complexes in their Serum. [0143] The increased B cell compartment in BAFF Tg mice suggested that the level of total Ig in the blood of these animals might also be increased. SDS-PAGE, analysis of serum from BAFF Tg mice and control littermates showed that the heavy and light chains IgG bands were at least 10 fold more intense in 3 out of 4 BAFF Tg mice compared to the control sera ( FIG. 9A ). Likewise, an ELISA determination on the sera from BAFF Tg mice show significantly higher total Ig levels when compared to that of the control mice ( FIG. 9B ). [0144] Despite the high levels seen by SDS-PAGE, the excessively high levels of Ig seen by ELISA determination in some mice, e.g., 697-5, 816-8-3 and 823-20, led us to suspect the presence of rheumatoid factors (RF) in the sera, or autoantibodies directed against antigenic determinants on the Fc fragment of IgG (Jefferis, 1995). These antibodies could bind to the goat anti-mouse Ig used to coat the ELISA plates and give erroneously high values. ELISA plates were coated with normal irrelevant goat Ig and the binding of BAFF Tg Ig to normal goat Ig was measured. FIG. 9C shows that sera from most BAFF Tg mice contained Ig reacting with normal goat Ig, whereas only two out of 19 control mice exhibited reactivity in the same assay. These RF were mainly of the IgM, IgA and IgG2a isotypes (data not shown). [0145] Presence of RF can be associated with the presence of high levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and cryoglobulin in the blood (Jefferis, 1995). To verify whether or not BAFF Tg mice have abnormal serum levels of CIC, a C1q-based binding assay was used to detect CIC in the 21 BAFF Tg mice analyzed above. Only 5 BAFF Tg showed significantly high levels of CIC when compared to control mice, nonetheless these mice corresponded to the animals having the highest total Ig and rheumatoid factor levels ( FIG. 9D ). We also observed precipitate formation when BAFF Tg mice sera were diluted 1/15 in water but not control sera indicating the presence of cryoglobulin in these mice (data not shown). Thus, in addition to B cell hyperplasia, BAFF Tg mice display severe hyperglobulinemia associated with RF and CIC. Example 5 [0000] Some BAFF Tg Mice have High Levels of Anti-Single Stranded (ss) and Double-Stranded (ds) DNA Autoantibodies. [0146] Initially, we observed kidney abnormalities reminiscent of a lupus-like disease in two of our founder mice (Table II). The presence of anti-DNA autoantibodies have also been described in SLE patients or the SLE-like (SWR×NZB)F1 (SNF1) mouse (Datta et al., 1987). Anti-ssDNA autoantibody levels were detected in BAFF Tg mice previously shown to have the highest level of total serum Ig ( FIG. 10A ). We analyzed the serum of two BAFF Tg mice negative for antibodies against ssDNA (697-5 and 816-1-1) and three transgenic mice secreting anti-ssDNA antibodies (820-14, 816-8-3 and 820-7) for the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies in parallel with five control littermates. BAFF Tg mice also secreted anti-dsDNA, however, the levels of secretion did not always correlate with that of anti-ssDNA antibodies, as serum from BAFF Tg mouse 697-5 which did not contain detectable levels of anti-ssDNA antibodies, was clearly positive for the presence of anti-dsDNA ( FIG. 10B ). Therefore, BAFF Tg mice showing the most severe hyperglobulinemia secrete pathological levels of anti-DNA autoantibodies. Additionally, and also reminiscent of a lupus-like problem in these mice we detected immunoglobulin deposition in the kidney of six BAFF Tg mice analyzed ( FIG. 10C ), three of these mice did not secrete detectable levels anti-DNA antibodies (data not shown). Example 6 [0000] BAFF Tg Mice have Enlarged B Cell Follicles, Numerous Germinal Centers, Reduced Dendritic Cell Numbers and Increased Plasma Cell Numbers in Both the Spleen and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes (MLN). [0147] BAFF Tg mice had large spleens, MLN (data not shown) and Peyer's patches ( FIG. 11 ). Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of enlarged B cell follicles and reduced peripheral arteriolar lymphoid sheets (PALS or T cell area) in BAFF Tg mice ( FIG. 12B ). Interestingly, few germinal centers were observed in non-immunized control littermates (and is typical of this colony in general) and those present were small ( FIG. 12C ), whereas BAFF Tg mice possessed numerous germinal centers in the absence of immunization ( FIG. 12D ). Staining with anti-CD11c for dendritic cells in the T cell zone and the marginal zone of control mice ( FIG. 12E ) was considerably reduced in BAFF Tg mice ( FIG. 12F ). Syndecan-1-positive plasma cells were almost undetectable in the spleen from control littermates ( FIG. 12G ), yet the red pulp of BAFF Tg mice was strongly positive for syndecan-1 ( FIG. 12H ). Very similar observations were made for the MLN ( FIG. 13 ). In the MLN of BAFF Tg mice the B cell areas were dramatically expanded ( FIG. 13B ) in contrast to the normal node where B cell follicles were easily recognizable at the periphery of the node under the capsule with a typical paracortical T cell zone ( FIG. 13A ). 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Bull. 51, 312-331. 33. Schneider et al. (1999) J. Exp. Med. 189, 1747-1756. 34. Mcknights et al. (1983) Cell 34, 335-341. 35. Datta et al. (1987) J. Exp. Med. 165, 1252-1261.

The invention provides methods for treating or preventing disorders associated with expression of BAFF comprising BAFF and fragments thereof, antibodies, agonists and antagonists.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/314,825, filed Dec. 9, 2002, now abandoned. The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/515,718, 60/515,775, 60/515,793, and 60/515,794, all filed Oct. 30, 2003 as well as Disclosure Document No. 524,065 filed Jan. 4, 2003, Disclosure Document No. 525,532 filed Feb. 5, 2003, Disclosure Document No. 534,422 filed Jul. 7, 2003, and Disclosure Document No. 536,414 filed Aug. 8, 2003. BACKGROUND—PRIOR ART The increase in bacterial immunity to modern antibiotics is problematic and one of the chief vectors of infection is the human hand. Hence, when not in the proximity of a washroom to disinfect one's hands, it would be useful to have a means to accomplish such sanitation. Also, in the midst of daily activities, it can be inconvenient to uncap bottles of disinfecting gels or hand lotions to otherwise treat the hands. Fortunately, it has been established that ethyl alcohol is a most effective antiseptic for gram-negative pathogens; it is of low viscosity, easily dispensed from a portable container, and does not require the use of a material wipe or cloth because of the speed of evaporation. Further, an adequate dose for sanitizing the hands comprises but a few drops of this antiseptic. To prevent chafing, glycerin can be added to the alcohol without levels of viscosity increase that would be deleterious to the dispensing process. Various methods of portable disinfectant or lotion dispensers have been disclosed in the prior art. These include body-mounted dispensers, wrist bracelet dispensers, and others. U.S. Pat. No. 6,371,946 discloses a dispensing tube that drips liquid onto the hand. U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,898 discloses a tube-fed finger dispenser. A body-worn dispenser of form factor similar to a pager is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,548. What has not been demonstrated is a dispenser that is wrist- or arm-worn that provides ease of actuation and, more specifically, single hand actuation. Neither has there been a device that can be surreptitiously actuated. This is an important consideration with respect to public relations. Individuals such as business and sales personnel may come in contact with and greet many people during the day. It would be desirable to have the option of sanitizing the hands after a handshake with a person without conveying a disdainful message to that person in so doing. A wrist-mounted dispenser that achieves dispensing directly to the hand with a simple hand action is a major advantage of the present invention. This is especially useful to nurses and doctors in busy hospital settings, as well as for allied healthcare workers who cannot take time to repeatedly wash their hands with soap and water. With the advent of new forms of communicable disease such as SARS, an important consideration regards means to prevent disease spread. In this vein, the present invention provides a dispensing modality for viricidal and antibacterial prophylactic treatments of the hands and other exposed parts of the body. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention discloses a wrist- or forearm-mounted device for dispensing a small amount of alcohol-based disinfectant hand rub, moisturizer, or other hand medicament. Even powder-based hand treatments can be dispensed using the present invention. A wristband or other attachment means affix the device to arm or wrist. Various locations are feasible including the top, side, or underside of the wrist or forearm. One embodiment provides for a finger-mounted geometry. In a preferred embodiment, the device is in the form of a low profile, wrist-mounted dispenser with a nozzle that produces a small amount of dispensed skin treatment when actuated. In an advanced embodiment, the dispenser is of a pressure multiplying design that shoots a single “dose” of liquid under pressure when mildly actuated by the fingers of the hand. Surreptitious actuation and dispensing of hand treatments is made possible with embodiments of the invention that are mounted on the underside of the wrist and can be easily actuated in a causal, not easily detected manner. Because only a few drops of alcohol-based disinfectant comprise a dose adequate to achieve sanitation of the hands, the device of the present invention can dispense hundreds of doses of disinfectant before requiring refill or disposal. It can be used at any orientation of the arm and will avoid leakage when not actuated. Options exist for the fabrication of the device whether disposable or refillable. For example, hard or soft pliable plastics can be employed and even biodegradable materials can be used for disposable versions. Various embodiments of the invention include different mechanical designs for actuation and nozzles, dispensers detachable from wristbands, cartridge-based dispensers, dispensers with functioning watch faces, hybrid watch-dispensers, and methods of mounting to the top, side, or underside of the wrist or arm. OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES Several objects and advantages of the present invention are: (a) Provide a convenient, portable means for dispensing hand treatments; (b) Provide a cost-effective means for dispensing hand treatments; (c) Provide an unobtrusive means for dispensing hand treatments; (d) Provide an easily actuated means for dispensing hand treatments; (e) Provide an arm- or wrist-mounted means for dispensing hand treatments; (f) Provide a wrist-mounted disposable means for dispensing hand treatments; (f) Provide a cartridge- or packet-based means for dispensing hand treatments; (g) Provide a hand treatment dispenser with wristwatch functionality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 a is a pictorial diagram of the basic form of a dispenser mounted on the top side of the wrist. FIG. 1 b is a pictorial diagram of articulation of the hand to receive hand treatment dispensed from the device of FIG. 1 a. FIG. 2 is a pictorial diagram of the basic form of a dispenser mounted on the under side of the wrist. FIG. 3 a is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser exhibiting a refill port and actuation area mounted on the under side of the wrist. FIG. 3 b is a pictorial diagram of the dispenser of FIG. 3 a showing a convenient method of actuation. FIG. 4 is a pictorial diagram of a hand treatment fluid-filled wristband usable with a dispenser such as that of FIG. 2 . FIG. 5 a is a pictorial diagram of dispenser detachable from a wristband. FIG. 5 b is an end view of a dispenser of FIG. 5 a attachable to a wristband using Velcro. FIG. 5 c is a pictorial view of snaps used to attach a dispenser of FIG. 5 a to a wristband. FIG. 6 a is a cross-sectional view of a basic squeeze dispenser. FIG. 6 b is a cross-sectional view of a pressure-multiplying squeeze dispenser. FIG. 6 c is a plan view of components of the nozzle assembly of the pressure-multiplying squeeze dispenser. FIG. 6 d is a pictorial view of the hidden components of the nozzle assembly of the pressure-multiplying squeeze dispenser. FIG. 7 is a pictorial view of the wrist motion actuation of a plunger-based dispenser. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art plunger. FIG. 9 a is a cross-sectional view of a pressure-multiplying plunger dispenser. FIG. 9 b is a pictorial view of components of the pressure-multiplying plunger dispenser. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an adjustable nozzle. FIG. 11 is a pictorial view of a dispenser with a flow-adjusting nozzle. FIG. 12 a is a pictorial view of a detachable plunger-based dispenser with the plunger motion collinear with the fluid ejection axis. FIG. 12 b is a perspective view of the dispenser of FIG. 12 a. FIG. 12 c is a pictorial view of the dispenser having a cap. FIG. 13 is a pictorial view of a plunger-based dispenser having the plunger oriented perpendicular to the fluid ejection axis. FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the plunger and nozzle assembly of the dispenser of FIG. 13 . FIG. 15 is a pictorial view of a cartridge-based dispenser. FIG. 16 is a pictorial view of a siphon pump-based dispenser ejecting fluid perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm. FIG. 17 is a pictorial view of a siphon pump-based dispenser ejecting fluid parallel to the longitudinal axis of the arm. FIG. 18 is a pictorial view of a screw mechanism-based dispenser. FIG. 19 is a pictorial view of a thumbwheel-actuated dispenser. FIG. 20 is a pictorial view of a ratchet mechanism-actuated dispenser. FIG. 21 is a pictorial view of a rotary compression-based dispenser. FIG. 22 is a pictorial view of a direct compression-based, packet-refillable dispenser. FIG. 23 is a pictorial view of refillable, of a first push button-actuated dispenser. FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the dispenser of FIG. 23 . FIG. 25 is an exploded diagram of the components of the dispenser of FIG. 23 . FIG. 26 a is a pictorial view of refillable, second push button-actuated dispenser having a functioning watch face. FIG. 26 b is a cross-sectional view of the dispenser of FIG. 26 a. FIG. 27 is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser removably attachable to a wristwatch band. FIG. 28 is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser permanently attached to a wristwatch band. FIG. 29 is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser that is integral to the construction of a wristwatch. FIG. 30 is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser mounted to a finger of the hand. The following definitions serve to clarify the disclosed and claimed invention: Bladder refers to an elastic, resilient container that can be deformed under compression. Pressure-multiplying refers to those devices relying on the technique of increasing, by mechanical advantage, the compression pressure of a working fluid. This is achieved by use of an ejection fluid-containing tube that penetrates an ejection fluid-containing piston under the influence of the working fluid. Hand treatment material comprises any of a host of liquid, powder, gel, or aerosol medications, or sanitizing agents that are topically applied to the hands. Examples include alcohol, glycerin, moisturizing lotions, and desiccating powders. Working fluid refers to the fluid which transfers manual pressure to the material to be dispensed. Such transfer of pressure can occur in one or multiple stages and typical working fluids include air contained in a squeeze bottle as well as liquid versions of the hand treatment material itself. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is useful for dispensing either hand treatments such as moisturizers or disinfectants; even powders can be dispensed in powder-aerosol form. Typically, the active ingredient in hand antiseptics such as Purel™ is ethyl alcohol. This is fortuitous because it is a relatively non-toxic liquid that exhibits low viscosity over the temperature range of interest for this application. This makes delivery of a directed stream of fluid relatively easy. In contrast to liquid, alcohol gels are useful in that they do not run and although they will require more force to dispense than liquid, such higher viscosity disinfectant or moisturizing formulations can be accommodated in differing embodiments of the present invention. Various means of dispensing the aforementioned hand treatments are feasible and can be tailored to the type of material to be dispensed. The target locations for deposition of the hand treatment include the regions on the top of the hand, and the underside of the hand, either fingers or palm. The preferred embodiment for a means of dispensing hand treatment dosages is a device that attaches to either the top or underside of the wrist. Such a device can be worn unobtrusively underneath a long-sleeved shirt. Various approaches can be used to create the fluid dispenser. In a simple squeeze compartment design, a bladder reservoir expels fluid upon application of pressure to the bladder. In a plunger-based design, a syringe-type plunger causes the fluid in a reservoir to be expelled upon application of force to the plunger. Spray or squirting mechanisms analogous to squirt guns use a more specialized plunger mechanism and include a nozzle. A drip system would rely on gravity feeding of the liquid through some orifice for delivery to the hand. More elaborate schemes include use of a prime mover such as a miniature electrical actuator or pump. Following is a taxonomy of dispenser types identified: Squeeze simple compression pressure-multiplied compression Plunger simple plunger pressure-multiplied plunger same hand-actuated Drip Gas Pressurized disposable gas cartridge Pump thermoelectrically-heated working fluid electromechanical Remote Control—low power radiofrequency, single chip receiver Basic Configuration There are two fundamental approaches to dispensing hand treatment. In one approach, the hand treatment is dispensed to the hand of the arm upon which the dispenser is mounted. Actuation of this dispenser can be by either hand. In the second approach, the hand treatment is dispensed to the hand of the arm or other body part which does not have a dispenser attached. In this case, it is also true that actuation of the dispenser can be by either hand. The various embodiments discussed below will use one of these two approaches. Typically, hand treatment material will be ejected either parallel or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the forearm. In a preferred embodiment that uses the second aforementioned approach, the hand treatment material is ejected perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm upon which the dispenser is mounted. The simplest reduction to practice would be a low profile bladder, with associated orifice or nozzle for ejection of hand treatment, mounted on the wrist. FIG. 1 a depicts a hand treatment dispenser 1 having an aperture or nozzle 5 for dispensing hand treatment material to a surface of the hand. It is shown mounted to the top side of the wrist by means of a strap 3 . The dispenser is characteristically actuated by compression of the bladder comprising the dispenser. Details of its construction and various embodiments are discussed below. FIG. 1 b depicts the slight upward articulation of the hand about the wrist that is conducive to dispensing treatment from nozzle 11 to the top of the hand upon compression of dispenser 9 attached to wristband 7 . FIG. 2 depicts the dispenser 13 mounted by strap 15 to the underside of the wrist for dispensing of treatment to the palm of the user's hand by way of nozzle 17 . Mounting to the underside of the wrist provides a more covert implementation, especially if worn under a long-sleeved shirt or blouse. The dispenser can be removably attached to the wristband so the user can mount it to the top, side, or bottom of the wrist to suit the user's desire. Various attachment schemes including Velcro, snaps, and other methods, as well as various nozzle configurations that are compatible with these various mounting schemes are discussed in detail below. A refinement of the device of FIG. 2 is depicted in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b showing a thin bladder 19 mounted on the underside of the wrist by wristband 21 . The device is shown to have a nozzle assembly 27 and, optionally, a capped refill aperture 23 . A finger depression area 25 is highlighted. Alternatively, the wristband itself can be part of the dispenser as shown in FIG. 4 . A working fluid whether air or liquid can fill a portion or all of the wristband 27 . Upon depression of the area 28 atop the wristband, pressure can be conveyed to the dispensing bladder underneath the wrist to cause a stream to be ejected into the hand. This can be especially effective by means of the pressure-multiplying dispenser discussed below. A three-dimensional depiction of the dispensing bladder is provided in FIG. 5 a . The bladder 31 can be formed from soft, pliable plastic such as polyethylene or other plastic not attacked by the chemical constituents of the hand treatment. A nozzle assembly 32 is shown with a centrally-located nozzle aperture 33 . The bladder 31 can be made integral with the wristband 30 or as shown in FIGS. 5 b and 5 c , made attachable to the wristband. In FIG. 5 b , the bladder 31 is shown attachable to the wristband 30 by VELCRO hook and pile material [Velcro] component strips 34 and 35 . FIG. 5 c depicts the use of snap elements 36 on the wristband 30 that mate with the snap element counterparts on the side of the bladder. Another approach is to use clips that would attach to a wristwatch band. FIG. 6 a is a cross-sectional view of a simple embodiment comprising a squeeze bottle 37 . Internal to the squeeze bottle 37 are shown an air volume 38 and a hand treatment material-filled pliable bladder 39 . Upon squeezing bottle 37 , the pressure of air volume 38 is conveyed to material-filled bladder 39 so that the material is ejected from check valve-controlled channel 40 . The check valve in this channel prevents leakage, but allows ejection of hand treatment material under pressure. Upon release of pressure to bottle 37 , air is allowed to enter check valve-controlled channel 41 so as to replace the volume of hand treatment material ejected. The segregation of air and hand treatment material volumes permits the use of the device at any orientation with respect to gravity. Pressure-Multiplying Squeeze Dispenser A more sophisticated embodiment of the invention makes use of a pressure-multiplying squeeze dispenser. Such a dispenser provides relatively high pressure ejection of fluid upon application of relatively little manual pressure. This allows good fluid stream formation and control over the stream trajectory to the target hand. For this reason, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,4603,794 and 5,289,948 are hereby incorporated by reference thereto. In the first of these patents, the fundamental concept of a pressure-multiplying piston is disclosed. A pressure amplification is achieved that is equal to the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the pressure-multiplying piston to the cross-sectional area of a tube penetrating the pressure-multiplying piston. Necessary to the present invention is means to allow the dispenser to operate independent of its orientation with respect to the gravity field and the need to insure leak-proof operation. The pressure multiplying concept is adapted to the present invention to achieve these goals as shall be described with reference to FIG. 6 b , a cross-sectional view of a pressure-multiplying version of the present invention. Shown is an outer bladder 42 having an output nozzle assembly 63 and a refill port with cap 74 . Interior to the bladder 42 is an even more pliable bladder 45 that segregates the volume of the bladder 42 into an air-filled space 43 and a fluid-filled space 87 . As can be appreciated, this is for the purpose of allowing operation independent of orientation with respect to gravity, in the same fashion as the embodiment of FIG. 6 a . Upon compression of bladder 42 , air in volume 43 causes compressive pressure on fluid-filled bladder 45 . This pressure is transferred to fluid-filled movable cylinder 49 which translates within an outer guide cylinder 47 . Cylinder 49 has been filled with fluid by virtue of port 51 on the side of cylinder 47 near its base. As cylinder 49 is caused to translate upward, port 51 is sealed by the wall of cylinder 47 so that the pressure of fluid 53 inside cylinder 49 is applied to the end of tube assembly 83 . Similarly, as cylinder 49 begins upward translation, air intake port 58 is sealed by the wall of cylinder 49 so that air in volume 89 is exhausted through channel 61 . The pressure of the fluid in channel 81 of tube assembly 83 is increased over the pressure of the fluid in bladder 45 by the ratio of the cross-sectional area of cylinder 49 to the cross-sectional area of the end of tube assembly 83 . As cylinder 49 travels upward against the preload provided by spring 57 which is in turn captivated by spring seat 59 , the air in volume 43 opens spring-loaded gate valve assembly 73 so as to allow fluid to be ejected from channel 81 . Retaining protrusions 55 on the inside wall of cylinder 47 limit the upward travel of fluid-filled cylinder 49 in dispensing of a single dose of hand treatment. After the maximum amount of fluid in volume 53 of cylinder 49 is ejected at the limit of travel for cylinder 49 and upon removal of actuation pressure to bladder 42 , cylinder 49 under spring tension travel back downward into bladder 45 . Retaining flange 52 limits the downward travel of cylinder 47 . As cylinder 49 descends, its interior is under a partial vacuum and upon exposure of port 51 to the fluid in volume 87 by way of port 57 in the wall of cylinder 47 , the interior of cylinder 49 is refilled with liquid. At this same time, air intake port 58 in the wall of cylinder 47 is opened to allow air to enter volume 43 by way of volume 89 and channel 61 . FIGS. 6 c and 6 d serve to illustrate the function of gate valve assembly 73 . In FIG. 6 c , it can be observed that the gate valve assembly 73 is actually a mechanism with three forward prongs and one backward-directed extension held in a position which blocks fluid channel 81 by means of preload spring 71 . The central forward prong has a rectangular or square cross section in contrast to the circular cross sections of the other prongs and the backward-directed extension so as to seat over the top of channel 81 . Air pressure to displace the gate valve assembly 73 and open fluid channel 81 is applied only to the two outboard prongs of assembly 73 by way of air channels 75 . Upon displacement of gate valve assembly 73 , it occupies additional volume 77 . Air channel 65 provides for release of air from spring compartment 69 upon progress of the backward-directed extension of assembly 73 into compartment 69 . Plunger-Type Dispenser An alternative to squeeze dispensing makes use of a plunger. The way in which a plunger would be exploited in the present invention is shown in FIG. 7 , a pictorial side view of such a plunger-based device. In this embodiment, a fluid storage compartment 91 of the same form factor as the previously described squeeze bladder is likewise mounted on the underside of the wrist. A fluid-dispensing plunger 93 is actuated by downward flexion of the hand at the wrist so as to depress plunger 93 with the base of the palm. With this motion, hand treatment fluid is ejected onto the base of the palm and both hands can be rubbed together to disperse the treatment. The type of plunger device 101 used on dish soap dispensers is shown in FIG. 8 . A movable plunger 103 is spring loaded and captivated by housing 105 . The preload spring 121 is seated against plunger 103 within cylinder 117 . Tube 127 extends into fluid volume not shown. When the plunger 103 is depressed, air in volume 119 is impeded in downward flow by gravity check valve 125 having a cage 123 and is promoted in upward flow through channel 107 past spring loaded check valve 113 . Upon release of plunger 103 , a partial vacuum is formed in volume 119 which pulls fluid up through aperture 129 of tube 127 into volume 119 and onward up through channel 107 and out aperture 115 . The tension of spring 109 is small, but sufficient to prevent unintended leakage of fluid. A miniature version of this plunger assembly can be fabricated for use as part of a plunger embodiment of the present invention. Pressure-Multiplying Plunger-Type Dispenser Analogous to the pressure-multiplying squeeze dispenser is a pressure-multiplying version of the plunger device. A cross-sectional view of this device is shown in FIG. 9 a . A movable plunger 133 has a preload tension from spring 140 that maintains its normal extended position. Spring 140 is seated against structural fins 171 internal to the dispenser. The plunger 133 has a central channel 135 that accepts the introduction of tube 149 connected by fins 171 to the dispenser housing 165 , as plunger 133 is depressed. Cutouts 145 on the sides of plunger 133 admit the insertion of structural fins 171 which hold tube 149 in place. The lower portion of plunger 133 forms a cylinder 151 which houses a pressure-multiplying cylinder 159 . Upon depression of plunger 133 , the lower flange 157 of the plunger applies pressure to fluid volume 134 which in turn applies pressure to cylinder 159 . This results in the upward travel of pressure-multiplying cylinder 159 and the high pressure ejection of fluid along channel 167 and channel 135 , past check valve 141 and out through aperture 137 . As the plunger 133 is depressed, the perforations of air intake tube 146 are sealed. Upon release of actuation pressure, plunger 133 returns upward by virtue of spring 140 and cylinder 159 returns downward under the influence of spring 155 . Cylinder 159 refills with fluid as aperture 160 is in fluid communication with fluid volume 134 . Near the limit of return travel for plunger 133 , the perforations of air intake tube 146 are opened for air to refill volume 168 . A flexible membrane 158 at the base of fluid container 163 allows air pressure in volume 168 to equilibrate with fluid pressure in volume 134 . Retaining flange 152 limits the downward travel of cylinder 159 . In FIG. 9 b , the three-dimensional shape of plunger 133 is more clearly manifested. Shown are the cutout areas 145 which are penetrated by the structural fins 171 which hold tube 149 in fixed disposition with respect to the dispenser housing 165 . Nozzle Configurations In the simplest embodiment, the nozzle of the present invention is of a fixed geometry. Other embodiments include retractable or extendible versions, as well as nozzles that can be adjusted in direction and those which allow selection of the output flow type from streaming to spraying. Adjustable nozzles can be implemented for pressure-multiplying dispensers with some increase in complexity over counterparts for non pressure-multiplying dispensers. In various embodiments of the present invention, the nozzle will be oriented to provide unobstructed dispensing of hand treatment to the target hand. For the case in which hand treatment is to be dispensed to the hand of the arm upon which the dispenser is mounted, this can be accomplished even when the user is wearing a long-sleeved shirt or blouse, or a jacket. In situations where a garment might obstruct dispensing, it could be efficacious to have an extendible nozzle. An example of such a nozzle is shown in FIG. 10 . A cylindrical nozzle body 201 is shown with ring embossments 203 . A set of complementary ring depressions 205 is present in the neck 207 of the dispenser so that longitudinal motion of the nozzle body 201 relative to the dispenser neck 207 establishes a fixed number of detint positions. As dictated by the preference of the user of the invention, the type of flow of dispensed material can be selected in an embodiment with flow control means. Numerous prior art examples of variable flow nozzles are extant in the patent literature; examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,843,030, 3,967,765, and 4,234,128. These nozzle designs exhibit variable flow geometry. An attending alteration in the flow from a streaming to spraying nature occurs upon rotation of one of the component members of the nozzle relative to the other. In FIG. 11 , this type of nozzle is shown in the context of the present invention. A fixed nozzle component 223 is attached to the dispenser body 221 . Rotation of the movable nozzle component 225 results in variation in the type of flow. In such an implementation, the flow channel is segmented into two portions and the alignment of a particular cross-sectional geometry of each of these portions of the channel is used to adjust the nature of the flow. Another method of varying the type of flow is that used in typical garden hose nozzles in which a flow output aperture is variably occluded by the longitudinal translation of a conical member with its apex directed into the flow output aperture by a screw motion. Cartridge- and Pump-Based Embodiments of the Invention A dispenser detachable from a wristband is shown in FIGS. 12 a through 12 c . Depicted are wrist mounted, detachable, pump-based dispensers. FIG. 12 a shows a pump spray type dispenser 241 mounted on top of the wrist. Flange 243 allows the depression of the end of the dispenser column to eject material from the nozzle 245 . FIG. 12 c depicts a detachable capped bottle. The cap 247 can be one which pops off, but is retained in connection with the dispenser by a plastic link. FIG. 13 depicts a pump spray bottle 261 in which the pump actuator flange 265 is mounted at 90 degrees to the axis of the spray nozzle 261 . This can improve the ease of actuation by the fingers of the alternate hand. FIG. 14 depicts a naive means of implementing the dispenser of FIG. 13 . When depressed, the actuation flange 299 with attached plunger 291 compresses spring 287 and reduces the free volume of plunger-containing body 289 . Upon release of depressed actuation flange 299 , the plunger 291 retracts creating a suction on inlet port 281 to intake fluid which fills plunger-containing body 289 and proceeds to travel through flexible tube 293 for ejection from nozzle 297 . Check valves 283 and 295 prohibit deleterious flow of fluid. FIG. 15 depicts a cartridge-based dispenser showing the disposable hand treatment-containing cartridge 311 having indentations 325 and easily punctured, self-sealing dispensing port 313 . The wrist-mounted holder 323 is shown having flexible side fingers 315 which seat in indentations 325 for retaining an installed cartridge 311 . The body of the holder 317 has a base plate to which is attached wristband 321 . As is well known in the prior art, the cartridge 311 can be inserted into the holder 317 so as to provide leak-free dispensing of fluid through nozzle 319 upon squeezing of a deformable portion of cartridge 311 . For children, the dispenser can be in the shape of or be embossed with the logos of sports teams, super heroes, or cartoon icons. Further, dose-delivering dispensers in the shape of cartoon characters or refillable cartridge-based dispensers are feasible. With a cartridge or refillable dispenser other functions can be added to the dispenser such as having LEDs on them that light up with use. High brightness, low current LEDs as used on cell phones are quite striking. Consideration can be given to a time delay for sequential dispensing so that children would be less inclined to waste the hand treatment material. By this, is meant that it would take a minute or two before a second dose could be dispensed. This could be achieved by establishing the time constant for repressurization of the bladder using a suitably small sized air hole. A number of more refined embodiments of the wrist mounted dispenser of hand treatments are shown in FIGS. 16 through 26 . FIG. 16 depicts a siphon pump design that would be actuated by thumb pressure against a sliding actuator. Spray is ejected from the end of the actuator as fluid is siphoned from the reservoir. Another form factor for the siphon pump is provided in the design of FIG. 17 wherein the actuator is in the form of a button that can be depressed to cause ejection of hand treatment. In the designs of both FIGS. 16 and 17 , two one-way check valves are employed as is common practice in the art. The design of FIG. 18 exploits a screw thread mechanism to exert pressure on a fluid. As the outer housing comprising both piston and one-way valve is rotated to cause fluid compression, the fluid is exhausted through the valve. A screw drive mechanism similar in function to those found in stick deodorant dispensers is depicted in the design of FIG. 19 . A ratchet clip mechanism is used in the design of FIG. 20 to squeeze hand treatment fluid from a tube that is captivated by a ratchet housing. In FIG. 21 , a design is shown which exploits a roller pump mechanism. Each incremental turn of the dispenser dial would cause a fraction of the contained fluid to be ejected while leakage past the seal is prevented by the rollers. A simple, direct pressure mechanism is used in the design of FIG. 22 to squeeze hand treatment fluid through a one-way valve, similar to an instant glue dispenser. Preferred Embodiments FIG. 23 is a pictorial diagram of a dispenser using the basic principle of FIG. 16 . Hence, the depicted device dispenses hand treatment fluid to the hand of the arm which does not have the dispenser attached. The ejection axis for dispensing is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm to which the device is attached and fluid is dispensed onto the fingers of the actuating hand. The cross sectional view of the device is provided in FIG. 24 . With respect to FIG. 23 , the dispenser body 349 is shown attached to wristband 341 . It comprises a hinged lid 351 that contains a hand treatment fluid refillable volume. Depression of spring-loaded pump button 343 causes the ejection of hand treatment fluid through nozzle 345 . FIG. 25 is an exploded diagram of the components of this embodiment. The upper housing 411 provides a means of enclosing, retaining, and protecting the pump assembly and actuation components. It secures actuation button 441 to lower housing 427 via interlocking pin and slot feature and retains the dispensing nozzle 433 . The actuation button 441 is the primary user interface for activation of the device. The contour shape is designed to accommodate a discreet, “no-look” actuation. The piston shaft 439 is the main mechanical link between the actuation button 441 and the pump piston 435 . Piston housing 437 provides precise cylinder bore for high compression dispensing of hand treatment fluid. Mechanical means of pressurizing the pump chamber 417 via displacement of actuator button 441 is provided by piston 435 . It displaces hand treatment fluid through the exit port of pump chamber 417 on the dispensing stroke and provides negative pressure to draw fresh hand treatment fluid from the reservoir contained in lower housing 427 on the intake stroke. The return force necessary to drive piston 435 through the intake stroke is provided by return spring 431 . Main pump chamber 417 provides the main cylinder for pressurization during dispensing and intake strokes. It integrates the valve mating surface for the exit check valve 419 and retains piston housing 437 via a precision friction slip fit. An inlet port 413 provides a precision sealing surface between the reservoir and inlet check valve 415 which seals the inlet port 413 during the dispensing stroke and hence stops hand treatment fluid backflow into the reservoir. Exit check valve 419 provides a means of sealing the pump chamber 417 during the inlet stroke, preventing air intake through dispensing nozzle 433 to reduce or eliminate pump cavitation. This nozzle establishes a calibrated orifice through which a metered dosage of hand treatment fluid can exit the dispenser. An exit tube 421 routes hand treatment fluid to the dispensing nozzle 433 and provides a means of retaining the exit check valve 419 . The lower housing 427 retains the upper housing 411 and actuation button 441 . It also houses the main fill port for refillable dispensers. Enclosing and sealing the main fluid reservoir is the reservoir fill lid 423 . It is easily released for refilling by an ergonomic snap feature at its leading edge. O-ring 425 provides additional sealing at the fill port by compression when fill lid 423 is snapped shut. It also provides a barrier which reduces or prevents evaporation of fresh hand treatment fluid. Band pins 429 provide attachment of the dispenser assembly to the wristband 443 . FIG. 26 a is a pictorial diagram of dispenser similar to that of FIGS. 23 through 25 . Shown is a functional watch face atop the dispenser top 527 . The battery for this watch, not shown, can be conveniently located within the dispenser Also, in lieu of a fluid reservoir, cartridge packets 531 are used in this embodiment. The cross sectional view of the device is provided in FIG. 26 b . With respect to FIG. 26 b , the dispenser body is shown to be part of a wrist ring 521 . It comprises a hinged top 527 that contains removable sanitizer-containing packet 531 . Upon insert of packet 531 and closure of hinged top 527 , the packet 531 is punctured by channel inlet 533 . Retraction of spring-loaded pump button 523 creates a partial vacuum in cylinder volume 535 which is filled through channel 537 by sanitizer fluid from packet 531 . Upon depression of pump button 523 , backflow through channel 537 is prevented by a check valve or other means and the fluid in volume 535 is forced through channel 539 and ejected from nozzle 529 . It is to be understood that a plethora of cartridge or packet designs and form factors are within the scope of the present invention, including color-coded packets that can distinguish the type or strength of hand treatment contained therein. Also within the scope of this invention are various means to dispense hand treatment material from such packets including the mechanisms for extracting the hand treatment material from said packets. Extraction mechanisms can invoke pressure (internal or external to packet) or suction. Another category of embodiments of the present invention comprise those dispensers that are either attachable to wristwatches or are part of wristwatches or wristwatch bands. FIG. 27 depicts wristwatch 571 and band 573 . A hand treatment dispenser 561 is attachable to the wristband by means of a VELCRO hook and pile material [Velcro] surface 563 that mates with a complementary VELCRO hook and pile material [Velcro] surface on the underside of the wristband 573 . The dispenser 561 is shown having a push button 579 actuator that dispenses a spray 577 of hand treatment. Pluralities of alternate attachment schemes are possible for dispensers of varying form factor. Examples of other attachment schemes include magnetic means, mechanical clips, loops, slide inserts, etc. Various types of dispensers can be made attachable including disposable, and refillable as in the case of packet dispensers described above. FIG. 28 depicts a dispenser 593 that is manufactured as part of the wristband for watch 591 and hence would be refillable. Other schemes for fabrication of the dispenser integral to the wristband include fabricating a wristband that serves as the reservoir for hand treatment fluid and the placement of the dispenser actuator at differing positions along the wristband. FIG. 29 depicts a dispenser that is made part of the wristwatch body 595 . A hinged lid 599 houses the refillable dispenser packet not shown. An actuation button 597 is depressed to cause a stream of hand treatment material to be ejected from nozzle 601 . FIG. 30 depicts a finger-mounted dispenser 631 mounted on a finger band or ring 633 and having a dispensing aperture 635 . Any number of the aforementioned actuation schemes can be used in this device, so that simple compression of the exposed face of dispenser 631 will yield ejection of fluid from aperture 635 . Dispenser Types Using Other Mechanisms Among other dispenser types are drip, pressurized, and pump-driven versions. Drip type dispensers are of limited practicality given that they are orientation sensitive. One way in which such a dispenser could be used involves actuating a shutoff valve. Various approaches well known in the prior art can be used to actuate the opening of such a valve by hand pressure. Subsequent to opening the valve, it is required to orient the dispenser to allow hand treatment to drip into the hand. Borrowing from the technology used in the fabrication of pressurized shaving cream dispensers, there are well known methods of producing gas-pressurized streams of liquids and gels. The dispenser exploiting gas pressurization could be a low profile metal, disposable cartridge that removably attaches to a wristband. Applicable miniature electromechanical schemes that could be used for ejecting hand treatment material are well known in the prior art. Foremost among electromechanical actuation methods is that of a solenoid. The miniature solenoids used in ink jet printing can be applied to discharging small jets of fluid. Sufficient electrical energy for hundreds of actuations can be contained in small form factor batteries such as those of the disc lithium variety. Alternatively, miniature diaphragm pumps and piezoelectric pumps used for insulin delivery can be used for discharge of small jets of fluid. Finally, in the category of thermoelectric devices, Peltier effect devices can be used with working fluids or phase change materials to effect large pressure changes with modest electrically-induced temperature changes and thereby eject fluids upon initiation of current flow into the Peltier device. In all electrical methods, a consistent fixed dosage of ejected hand treatment material can be established by electronically fixing the duration of the governing voltage or current pulse. Remote control actuation is imminently feasible with commercially-available low power consumption micro-transmitters and receivers. There are numerous ways in which such remote control can be executed, typically using the free hand or other part of the body. A final concept is that of a dispenser similar to that of Listerine oral patches that dissolve in the mouth. Such a dispenser would dispense a sanitizing compound in the same form as the Listerine thin film, but which would disperse on the hands. Because the dispersal cannot rely on water, a particular formulation containing alcohol, perhaps using long chain hydrocarbons in concert with ethanol, would need to be used. Such an alcohol-based formulation could be a thin film formable solid until liquefied by the friction/pressure (rather than heat) of rubbing hands together. While there have been shown and described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention can be embodied otherwise than is herein specifically illustrated and described and that, within such embodiments certain changes in the detail and configuration of this invention, and in the form and arrangements of the components of this invention, can be made without departing from the underlying idea or principles of this invention within the scope of the appended claims.

A portable, extremity-attachable device for dispensing skin treatment comprises a deformable housing having a skin treatment reservoir that is caused to dispense such treatment upon squeeze actuation. A set of valves permit proper operation of the device with different modes of use. Embodiments include a simple deformable, wrist-mounted device and a pumped based device with a rigid housing.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The technical field of this invention is computer systems and more particularly multiprocessor computer systems. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] As each generation of silicon process technology has provided increasing integration density using smaller geometry transistors, central processing unit architects have continually debated how to use the additional device area to increase application performance. With smaller lower capacitance transistors, operating frequency has proportionally increased, yielding a direct performance gain. However, the access time of the memory function that holds the application program has not kept pace with the speed increases in the central processing unit. This is illustrated in FIG. 1. Memory speed improvement 101 has been gradual. Central processing unit speed improvement 102 has been more marked. [0003] As a result, the performance gain that should be realizable from central processing unit operating frequency advances cannot be achieved without corresponding architectural enhancements in the central processing unit program memory path. As noted in FIG. 1, the speed difference between memory and processors has greatly increased in the past few years. As this gap continues to grow, the memory central processing unit interface will have an even greater effect on overall system performance. The traditional solution to reduce the effect of the central processing unit memory interface bottleneck is to use some form of memory hierarchy. In a general-purpose application processor, a cache system is employed that will allow the hardware at run time to keep copies of the most commonly used program elements in faster, internal RAM. In a more deeply embedded, performance sensitive application (such as a DSP), a form of tightly coupled memory is used that will allow the software to copy either a part of or all of the application program into on-chip RAM. In both of these techniques, the hardware architect gains system performance by the direct, brute force method of simply increasing clock frequency. This solution has proven successful because the performance gains by process technology alone have proved enough for current embedded applications, and there is no impact on application developers to migrate to a faster higher performance system. [0004] It is important, for the clear exposition of processor techniques that follow, to define first the term embedded processor system (EPS) as employed here and as differentiated from a conventional non-embedded multi-chip processor system (MCPS). An embedded processor system includes a processor system integrated on a single chip having one or more central processing units plus a full complement of functional features and functional elements. This full complement of features, not normally included in conventional non-embedded multi-chip processor systems (MCPS). The MCPS is formed from one or more single chip central processing units and additional packaged devices performing memory, interface and peripheral circuits and these are assembled on a printed-wire board (PWB). [0005] Additionally we define the embedded multiprocessor system (EMPS) as having multiple central processing units, complex memory architectures and a wide range of peripheral devices all fully integrated on a single chip. Such a system normally includes another special peripheral, an external memory interface (EMIF) coupled to a large amount of external memory. Central processing unit interactions and cache interactions on an embedded processor clearly involve more complex functionality when compared to a non-embedded processor device. Further, the embedded multiprocessor is typically used in a real-time environment leading to additional requirements for the coherent handling of interrupt operations and power consumption control. [0006] The design methodologies used to support existing processors create a bottleneck in the ability for central processing unit designers to maximize frequency gain without extraordinary effort. At the same time the type of applications being considered for next generation embedded processors grows significantly in complexity. Application performance demand outpaces the ability of designers to efficiently provide performance through operating frequency alone at a reasonable development cost. [0007] The disparity between embedded processor application performance requirements and performance gain through operating frequency alone has not gone unnoticed. In many new digital signal processors, two distinct paths have been used to affect increased system performance. The first technique is the use of enhanced central processing unit architectures having instruction level parallelism and the second technique is the use of system task specialization among different types of simpler but more specialized processors. These two paths are outlined below. [0008] The Texas Instruments TMS320C6000 family of digital signal processors provides an example demonstrating the use of an effective central processing unit architecture to gain performance. Many of these devices use a form of instruction level parallelism (ILP) called very long instruction word (VLIW) to extract a performance gain by analyzing the code behavior at the most basic instruction level. The compiler effectively schedules unrelated instructions to be executed in two or more parallel processing units. This allows the processor to do work on more than one instruction per cycle. Since the instruction scheduling and analysis is done by the compiler, the hardware architecture can be simplified somewhat over other forms of instruction level parallelism ILP, such as super-scalar architectures. [0009] Due to this emphasis on the compiler-based performance extraction, there is little impact on the task of application programmers. Application development can be done in a high-level language and be compiled normally. This is done in a non-ILP based system. This ease of application development, coupled with a performance gain without an operating frequency increase has resulted in the success of this form of enhancement. However, these benefits do not come without cost. Both the development effort in creating a new instruction set architecture (ISA), along with the compiler optimizations required are significant. In the future, once the underlying architecture is fixed, the only means of gaining additional performance is by increasing operating frequency. [0010] Other Texas Instruments digital signal processors, the so-called OMAP devices and the TMS320C5441 provide examples of the technique of breaking the target application into fundamental domains and targeting a simpler processor to each domain. Based on system analysis, the system architect breaks the total application into smaller parts and puts together a separate programming plan for each central processing unit in place. In the past, this could have been done only at the board level, where a specialized processor would be targeted for a specific application task. However, the integration density offered by current process enhancements allows these specialized central processing units to be placed on a single die. This enables a tighter coupling between the processors. Fundamentally, the application developer writes code as if he or she was dealing with each processor as an independent platform. [0011] The programmer must be cognizant of the hardware architecture and program each processor independently. Greater coupling between the integrated processors allows for a more efficient passing of data than at the board level. However, the application is primarily written with the focus on the separate processors in the system. Code reuse and porting is difficult even among the processors in the same system, because each processor is really the centerpiece of its subsystem. Each processor may have a different memory map, different peripheral set and perhaps even a different instruction set (such as OMAP). In applications that have very distinct boundaries, such as a cell phone, this method of extracting performance is unparalleled. Each part of the application can be targeted to an optimized processor and programmed independently. [0012] Development efforts are reduced somewhat since a new instruction set is not required to gain performance. However, from an application development and road map perspective, this technique does not offer the ease of use that instruction level parallelism offers. In many applications, there is no clear line where to divide the work. Even when done, the system cannot easily use all the performance of each central processing unit. If one central processing unit is idle while another is very busy, it is difficult to readjust central processing unit loading once the code has been written. If tighter coupling between the system processors is desired, significant software overhead must be added to insure data integrity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] In a symmetric multiprocessor system it is desirable to maintain equal CPU load balancing throughout the system. When scheduling tasks occur, however, the operating system or boot-kernel cannot schedule exceptions in advance. These exception processes must be scheduled when the interrupt occurs. As a result, if many interrupts occur, or if the processes associated with an interrupt involve many clock cycles, the scheduler may not be able to optimize CPU load balancing. [0014] When an interrupt occurs, a single CPU will first receive the interrupt and then pass the information to the CPU scheduling software. This software will in turn determine which CPU can best handle the interrupt. If the CPU identified is not the one handling the initial process, that CPU will cause a software interrupt to occur in the interrupt controller. The controller interrupt will, in turn, will initiate an interrupt in the CPU that was scheduled to handle the interrupt process. The scheduled CPU will then perform all tasks associated with the interrupt process. [0015] Because the scheduling software is able to determine which CPU should handle the interrupt process, CPU load balancing can be maintained. This in turn will result in better system performance as a result of CPU load balancing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] These and other aspects of this invention are illustrated in the drawings, in which: [0017] [0017]FIG. 1 illustrates the progress in speed performance of memory and central processor units in recent years according to the prior art; [0018] [0018]FIG. 2 illustrates the execution time of plural processes by single-processor in accordance with the prior art; [0019] [0019]FIG. 3 illustrates the execution time of plural processes by a multi-processor systems in accordance with the prior art; [0020] [0020]FIG. 4 illustrates an example embedded symmetric multi-processing system to which the invention is applicable; [0021] [0021]FIG. 5 Illustrates in flow diagram form, the process of load balanced interrupt handling among central processing units in an embedded symmetric multi-processing system; and [0022] [0022]FIG. 6 illustrates further the details of the load-balanced interrupt handling process of this invention for central processing units in an embedded symmetric multiprocessing system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0023] The embedded symmetric multiprocessor system (ESMP) of this invention includes a powerful set of central processing unit-memory-peripheral functions densely integrated at the chip level. While some common multi-chip symmetric multiprocessor systems (MCSMP) are generally available at the board level now, the designer of MCSMP systems typically employs plural standard third or fourth generation central processing unit chips for the base processors. Two or more of these on standard processors are disposed on a mother-board and then connected by way of a commonly available bus interface device to a separate traffic controller and memory controller. Such systems use discrete interface and controller components and central processing unit-memory architectures at the board level. This combination of devices has a set of system interconnect requirements and concerns completely different from and often more troublesome than the embedded symmetric multiprocessor system (ESMP) of this invention. This invention has all interconnects of major importance implemented compactly at the chip level. [0024] Conventional symmetric processor systems (CSMP) have been designed employing having two or more central processing units on the same die, cache architectures that include local unshared L1 caches for each central processing unit and generally an L2 cache shared by both central processing units. However, few if any conventional CSMP systems are available that have both the kind of primary memory normally present on the hard disc drive of a conventional desktop computer and include the full range of peripheral devices. We are labeling these conventional symmetric processor systems (CSMP) as non-embedded as they most often have simply a central processing unit-memory architecture with no peripheral system components. Processor designers have only recently initiated experimentation and research in the area of these higher complexity systems that include the full range of peripheral devices. [0025] An embedded symmetric processor system (ESMP) includes the full complement of functional features and functional elements, such as peripheral functions and external memory interface, not contained in a conventional CSMP system. It contains integrated multiple central processing units with high complexity memory architectures plus peripherals (i.e. DMA, UART, USB functions), plus local system memory and perhaps an interface to external memory if a large amount of memory is required. The central processing unit interactions and cache interactions on an embedded central processing unit are similar but much more complex than the CSMP case. These interactions must comprehend the cache interfaces with on-chip system memory and peripheral interfacing. Since the embedded processor is often used in a real-time environment, interrupt operations and the manner of controlling and reducing power consumption are handled differently. [0026] In summary, the basic difference between the conventional symmetric multiprocessor (CSMP) and the embedded symmetric multiprocessor (ESMP), is that the conventional CSMP is simply a computing processor while the embedded symmetric multiprocessor ESMP is an integrated system having one or more central processing units plus a full complement of peripherals. A non-embedded CSMP deals with a simpler central processing unit-cache interface with minimal concerns for what happens beyond. An embedded ESMP must resolve a greater complexity of system interactions and interfaces requirements. [0027] Both single-processor, instruction-level parallelism ILP architectures and the multi-processor architectures increase system performance by taking advantage of parallelism but at different levels of abstraction. A single processor ILP architectures takes advantage of unrelated central processing unit instructions that can be executed concurrently. The multiprocessor approach takes this a step further and makes use of unrelated application fragments that can be run concurrently. The instruction-level parallelism (ILP) approach has a very tight coupling between parallel operating units (i.e. execution units inside the core) and is completely hardware and software controlled. As a result, the parallelism is invisible to the user. The multiprocessor approach has very loose coupling between parallel operating units (i.e. separate processors) with minimal hardware and software interference. As a result, the parallelism is not only visible to the user, but system performance gain is dependent upon efficient division of the application. In applications that run more than one software process, there resides another level of parallelism in-between these two extremes: process level parallelism. [0028] This invention includes a software process level that seeks system performance gain in process level parallelism using multiple central processing units. When a program first boots, the kernel, which may be either part of a real time operating system (RTOS) or custom-developed boot code, will schedule which parts of the application will be executed at which time. Some processes are launched based on a conditional event, such as the completion of a previous process or external event. However most major processes have some degree of independence from one another in a multi-tasking environment. The supervisor code from either the operating system or the boot-code schedules central processing unit time for each process, based on its priority. It is at this central processing unit scheduling point that additional performance can be gained through the use of multiple central processing units. [0029] Instead of time-sharing all processes on a single central processing unit, the supervisor can split these processes among two or more central processing units. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate these two alternatives. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the execution time for a complex process running on a single central processing unit system. FIG. 3 illustrates that same process running on a multiple central processing unit system. In these examples, four separate single processes are running. [0030] On the single central processing unit system 200 , each process is time shared on the single central processing unit. The operating system or boot kernel 201 begins the process. Initially there is some scheduling overhead 202 . The single processor then executes processes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in sequence. Proceeding from one process to the next process adds some task-swap overhead 203 , 204 and 205 . There is synchronization overhead 206 and then the application is complete at 207 . [0031] On the multiple central processing unit system 300 , the application begins with operating system or boot kernel 301 . Initially there is some scheduling overhead 302 . The single processor then executes processes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in parallel. There is synchronization overhead 303 and then the application is complete at 304 . [0032] Adding additional central processing units to execute parallel processes, however, does not come without risk. Parallelism is now found at the software process level, independent of the level at which the application programmer interacts. Writing an application for such a parallel system is much like writing an application for a single processor case. The application programmer is not concerned about when code will be scheduled to run. Only the operating system or boot-code scheduler takes that into account. This is a major benefit, since it is as easy to create applications on such a system as a single processor-based system and higher system performance is realizable. Only the operating system or boot-code programmer needs to be aware of the hardware. However this also presents unique challenges, since the application programmer is normally unaware of the hardware and the system must execute such code just as if it was made up of a single processor. [0033] Any data shared between processes must be kept coherent. As a result, the software-processed based multiprocessor is less flexible in hardware than an application-division based multiprocessor. However, development on such a system is much easier and more scalable, allowing for greater degrees of parallelism and hence higher performance. [0034] When hardware runs a software-process based multiprocessing solution it is required to keep shared data coherent. The application software written for a single-processor system must run correctly on a multiprocessor system. Through the use of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), it is possible to satisfy both of these conditions. Conventional symmetric multiprocessing systems CSMP are commonly employed on desktop PCs (dual central processing units) and small-scale (4-way or 8-way) servers. Many of the same techniques can be used in an embedded application, but can be enhanced further by the tighter integration of an embedded central processing unit. Additional hardware can be employed to allow for better real-time determinism such as interrupts and peripheral management. [0035] Symmetric multiprocessing derives its name from the premise that each central processing unit in the system behaves exactly the same as any another. All central processing units run the same instruction set, at the same frequency and all have access to all system resources. This is needed, because applications are written as if they are to be run on a single central processing unit. As a result, all central processing units that can run a process need to appear identical. [0036] One of the greatest challenges to an Symmetric multiprocessor system is in keeping data coherent. Since the operating system or boot-code scheduler will launch different processes on each processor, any data that is used by more than one process must be kept current. A central processing unit that changes a shared variable must have that change reflected in the other central processing units. This may be done by having a large shared memory. By definition such a large shared memory does not allow for any local data memory. For performance and data coherence reasons, a data cache must also be employed when the base central processing unit instruction set does not support multiprocessing. [0037] The embedded symmetric multiprocessing ESMP architecture of this invention will not have any serial message passing. All data is kept in the shared memory and information is passed between processes in the form of shared variables. This is just the same as in the single-processor case, where the central processing unit will access the same memory locations for shared data between processes. However, in a multiprocessor model, shared-resources can be a bottleneck since only one central processing unit can have access to the data at a given time. [0038] The greatest challenge from a data integrity viewpoint is making sure central processing unit registers are updated with any changes to the shared variables that may be stored. This is most conveniently done using good documentation and disciplined programming habits, declaring any variable or pointer that can be changed as a volatile type. This will force the central processing unit to load from main memory a new value into the register file any time the variable is used. However, since this is not a requirement in the single-processor case, it will cause a slight burden to the end application programmer in directly porting existing code. Changes to the compiler can also guarantee register coherence, since the compiler can generate code that will always reload data from main memory. [0039] [0039]FIG. 4 illustrates a first generation 2-way embedded symmetric multi-processor ESMP architecture. A single flash memory 400 stores a single program stream. Both central processing units 401 and 403 receive their instructions from flash memory 400 via instruction bus 407 and program access and arbitration logic block 402 . When an instruction cache miss occurs, arbitration logic 402 determines which processor has priority access to the flash memory 400 . Both central processing units 401 and 403 receive their data likewise from the same source, internal shared data memory 404 . All system resources are shared and visible to central processing units 401 and 403 . Both central processing units 401 and 403 run the same instruction set and have identical organizations. Similarly, system peripherals and arbitration logic 406 is shared by both central processing units 401 and 403 . Central processing unit 401 interacts with internal shared data memory 404 and systems peripheral arbitration logic block 405 via 32-bit data access bus 408 . Central processing unit 402 interacts with internal shared data memory 404 and systems peripheral arbitration logic block 405 via 32-bit data access bus 409 . [0040] As illustrated in FIG. 4, program instructions are kept in a single external flash memory device 400 . Alternately the instructions may be stored in an internal ROM, not shown. This is the same as the single-processor model. Since there is only one path to the instruction memory and each central processing unit 401 or 403 needs to access the program memory on nearly every cycle, the processors require an instruction cache for cycle performance reasons. This differs somewhat than a single-processor case, where the instruction cache is used due to variations in memory speed. Even if all of the program is kept internal to the device, an instruction cache near each central processing unit is needed. This prevents a performance bottleneck from occurring during program memory access arbitration. When both central processing units 401 and 403 suffer a cache miss, program access arbitration logic 402 will stall central processing unit based on hardware priority while the other central processing unit refills its cache line. [0041] There are two distinct techniques for handling interrupts for embedded symmetric multiprocessor systems. The technique selected depends on the real-time application requirements. Since all interrupt handling and processing is done by the boot-kernel or operating system (stack setup, register saving, etc.), interrupt routines written for a single processor case will be directly portable to a embedded Symmetric multiprocessor system. This may compromise real-time performance depending on the hardware architecture. It is preferable to execute all software processes associated with a particular interrupt on the same processor for performance concerns. As a result, a real-time embedded Symmetric multiprocessor interrupt controller is defined that will allow the operating or boot-kernel to decide to which CPU an interrupt should be driven. [0042] [0042]FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified real-time interrupt block diagram. There are four possible interrupt paths 501 through 504 . Interrupt controller 507 would function identically for a single or a multiprocessor system. In a two processor system only one central processing unit, either CPU-0 505 or CPU-1 506 , can be interrupted. All processes associated with that interrupt are run automatically on that central processing unit. No code scheduling is required. [0043] When a system boot-up 509 occurs, the boot code will decide which interrupts go to which central processing unit by programming control registers 508 . Control registers 508 pass this data to interrupt controller 507 . When an interrupt is received, CPU scheduler 500 suspends the current task being run on the central processing unit handling that interrupt. This takes place via interrupt line 510 to CPU-0 506 or via interrupt line 511 to CPU- 507 depending on the central processing unit selected to handle the interrupt. CPU scheduler 500 schedules all associated processes for the interrupt on the same processor. This technique has the benefit of handling the interrupt event in real-time. However, it may hurt system performance because one central processing unit may be too loaded with the additional forced scheduling of the interrupts. This can be mitigated by the operating system scheduler rescheduling processes on other central processing units. However, this rescheduling requires additional software overhead, potentially hurting system performance. [0044] In another option the boot-code or operating system interprets the interrupt first, before launching the interrupt handling process. When an interrupt is received, it is sent to a predetermined processor. The scheduler then determines load balancing on the central processing units. The scheduler can spread the interrupt handling process across multiple central processing units just like scheduling a normal process. This technique has the benefit of requiring simpler hardware and providing better central processing unit load balancing that the prior technique. However, this technique requires more software overhead and takes more time degrading real-time response. [0045] [0045]FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified process driven interrupt scheme. As an example, when interrupt A 610 first occurs, CPU-0 620 will be interrupted. It will pass this information via signal 630 to the scheduling decision software 625 . Based on current central processing unit loading, scheduling decision software 625 will decide which central processing unit should handle the interrupt. These loadings are provided to scheduling decision software 625 via paths 630 , 631 , 632 and 633 . Similarly, interrupt B is initially taken by CPU-1 621 , interrupt C is initially taken by CPU-2 622 and interrupt D is initially taken by CPU-3 623 . The scheduling decision software 625 will then program interrupt controller 600 via controller interrupt path 626 to cause an interrupt to the selected central processing unit via the corresponding one of interrupt A line 610 , interrupt B line 611 , interrupt C line 612 or interrupt C line 613 . When complete, the cental processing unit signals interrupt controller 600 via the corresponding completion line 615 , 616 , 617 or 618 . Note that scheduling system software 625 may be running on any of CPU-0 620 , CPU-1 621 , CPU-2 622 or CPU-3 623 , or split among them. [0046] Referring again to FIG. 6, suppose CPU-2 622 is selected to handle the interrupt. Interrupt controller 600 signals an interrupt to CPU-2 622 via interrupt C path 612 . CPU-2 622 handles the interrupt routine. Upon completion, CPU-2 622 signals interrupt controller 600 via completion line 617 . [0047] This technique has the benefit of dynamically balancing central processing unit loadings at the expense of increased interrupt response time.

In an embedded symmetric multiprocessor (ESMP) system it is desirable to maintain equal central processing unit load balance. When an interrupt occurs, a single central processing receives the interrupt and then passes information to the central processing unit scheduling software. This software will in turn determine which central processing unit can best handle the interrupt. Because the scheduling software is able to determine which central processing unit handles the interrupt process, it can maintain central processing unit load balancing resulting in better system performance.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/539,862, filed Jan. 28, 2004. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The performance of ordinary building materials exposed to extreme conditions of heat and/or fire is of interest. Particularly in areas that are at higher than normal risk for exposure to forest fires, building materials are sought which can withstand, or at least be resistant to, extreme heat and/or fire. [0003] Most buildings have windows for allowing in light or ventilate the building. Windows, however, can be an entry port for fire that originates outside of the building. Ordinary window glass, for example, is known to explode in a fire. Glass can also melt, decompose, or simply crack and crumble away, leaving open holes to the building where the window had once been. As a result hot embers can be drawn into a building where a fire can be ignited inside, leaving people, property, and the structural integrity of the building itself in jeopardy. [0004] Various regions have developed building codes which require that the building materials pass certain performance criteria with regard to their fire-resistant properties. [0005] Use of laminated glass products in buildings is a common practice due to the increased sense of safety and security against window breakage provided by laminated glass products, yet the performance of laminated glass in extreme heat conditions can be problematical. [0006] It can be desirable to have windows which resist giving way or exploding when exposed to extreme heat or fire, as may happen in a forest fire for example. In particular, it can be desirable to have laminated glass windows that can pass performance criteria in tests of fire resistance. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] In one aspect, the present invention is a fire-resistant laminated glass window comprising on the surface of the glass nearest the heat source a pyrolytic coating. [0008] In another aspect the present invention is a fire-resistant laminated glass window comprising an interlayer, wherein the interlayer does not include a plasticizer. [0009] In another aspect, the present invention is a fire-resistant laminated glass window comprising an interlayer, wherein the interlayer comprises or consists essentially of a plasticizer having low volatility. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0010] In one embodiment, the present invention is a single pane (as differentiated from an insulated glass unit having an air space between two glass panes) laminated glass glazing unit that has improved resistance to heat or extreme temperature conditions that may be prevalent in a fire. A laminated glazing of the present invention can be conventional in all respects, except that a glazing of the present invention comprises a coating of a low energy reflective material on the surface that would be exposed to a fire external to the building housing the glazing unit. This surface is hereinafter referred to as surface #1. A low energy (Low-E) coating of the present invention is a metallic coating that is deposited on the surface of the glass by conventional methods, known to one of ordinary skill in the art of glass manufacture. For example, the Low-E coating can be a so-called “soft coating”, which is applied by a sputtering method wherein the coating is applied to the surface of the glass after the glass substrate has been manufactured. Alternatively, the Low-E coating can be a pyrolytic coating, also referred to herein as a hard coating, that is applied to the glass at the same time as the glass is being manufactured. A pyrolytic Low-E coating is bonded more strongly to the surface of the glass than is a soft coating. Either type of coating can be useful in the practice of the present invention. [0011] In a conventional Low-E laminated glazing product the coating is applied to a surface that faces the interior of the building for various reasons, such as the #4 surface in a single pane laminated glass unit. However, it has surprisingly been found that by coating the #1 surface with a Low-E coating the performance of a glazing product exposed to extreme heat conditions, such as in a fire, can be significantly improved. Increasingly, building standards are requiring standard performance levels for building materials used in construction of buildings and the like. For example, it has been proposed in Australia that windows should be able to remain intact for a set period (for example, at least 3 minutes) upon exposure to high levels of radiation (for example, 29 kW per square meter of glass). Ordinary single pane glass does not pass this standard. Conventional laminated glass does not pass this standard. [0012] Coating a laminated glass product with a low-E coating on the exterior surface distinguishes such coated products from conventional glazing products, or low-E coated products having the coating on an interior surface, in the test. A further improvement in the performance of a laminated glass product can be in the selection of the components of the interlayer. For example, in a plasticized interlayer product such as polyvinylbutyral, plasticization with a plasticizer having a relatively low volatility can be advantageous. For example, use of tetraethylene glycol 2-heptanoate (4G7) as plasticizer is preferred in the practice of the present invention over the use of triethylene glycol 2-octanoate (3 GO) because 4G7 has lower volatility than 3GO. [0013] Any conventional interlayer material that is known to be useful in the production of laminated glass products can be used in the practice of the present invention. For example, polyvinylbutyral (PVB), polyurethane (PUR), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyesters such as polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET), copolymers of ethylene and (meth)acrylic acid (and ionomers derived therefrom) such as those obtained from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company under the tradename Surlyn®, can be useful in the practice of the present invention. [0014] A laminate can be constructed using conventional lamination techniques. One of ordinary skill in the glass lamination art would know how to make a laminated glass unit useful for the practice of the present invention. [0015] A window can be place into a building using conventional construction techniques. One of ordinary skill in the construction industry would know how to place a window into a building frame. [0016] In another embodiment, the present invention is an insulated glass glazing unit having a low-E coating on either surface #1 or surface #3, or on both glass surfaces. Glass surface #3 is the glass surface which is the first glass surface encountered on the interior of the insulated glass unit, and which faces the exterior of the glazing unit (away from the laminated surface of glass). Put another way, an insulated glass unit of the present invention can have the same construction as a single pane construction with the additional feature of another non-laminated pane of glass exterior to the coated surface, with an intervening air space between the two glass panes. The non-laminated pane of glass can have a low-E coating on its exterior surface (surface #1 of the insulated glass), or not. If surface #1 is not coated, surface #3 must be coated. In the event that surface #1 is not coated, the exterior single pane of glass very quickly gives way when exposed to extreme conditions of heat radiation, thereby exposing surface #3 to the heat radiation. In the event that surface #3 is coated, the insulated glass unit would then have the same performance as the single pane laminated glass unit. EXAMPLES [0017] The following Examples and Comparative Example are intended to be illustrative of the present invention, and are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the present invention. Example 1 [0018] A glass laminate was prepared having a construction as follows: 3 mm of low-E coated glass/0.76 mm PVB/3 mm clear. Example 2 [0019] A glass laminate was prepared having a construction as follows: 3 mm of low-E coated glass/1.52 mm ionoplast sheet/3 mm uncoated glass. Example 3 (Comparative) [0020] An insulated glass (IG) unit was prepared having a construction as follows: 6.38 mm uncoated glass/6 mm Air Space/6.38 mm uncoated glass. Example 4 [0021] An insulated glass unit was prepared having a construction as follows: 6.38 mm of low-E coated glass/6 mm Air Space/6.38 mm uncoated glass. Example 5 [0022] A glass laminate was prepared having a construction as follows: 3 mm of low-E coated glass/0.38 mm B51/3 mm uncoated glass.

The present invention is a laminated glass window that is resistant to extreme heat, or fire as the heat source, comprising a coating on the surface of the glass nearest the heat source.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority of German Patent Application No. 198 21 596.7 filed May 14, 1998, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a hose with interlocked profile, particularly for automotive exhaust systems, helically stripwound from a least one single-layer or multi-layer metal strip, pre-formed to the shape of an S, with the edges of adjacent strip windings being interlocked with each other by means of the legs of the pre-form which have the aspect of the S-shaped hooks, and by means of folded end rims. Conventional hoses with interlocked profile are available, in particular, in two different versions, i.e. with circular cross section and with polygonal cross section. Hoses with interlocked profile and circular cross section have a particularly high leakage resistance, but they tend to unwind, i.e. to break the interlocked connection in a direction opposite to the winding direction. For this reason, adjacent interlocked edges have to be connected firmly with each other in an appropriate way. This is accomplished, for example according to EP 0 523 341, by means of a compressed stiffening corrugation running from radial inside to radial outside. The leakage resistance of hoses with interlocked profile and polygonal cross section is not as high, but such hoses have the advantage of allowing their rigidity to be adapted, i.e. their capability of decoupling vibrations from adjacent components of an assembly, due to a varying tightness in winding. The polygon edges maintain the original shape and to winding structure of the hose and minimize the tendency to unwinding. The above-described hoses with interlocked profile are applied either individually as an exhaust line, particularly for trucks, or as a liner combined with a surrounding metal bellows, particularly for exhaust systems in other automotive applications. In the latter case, the metal bellows is the component, which makes the exhaust line resistant to leakage. Hoses with interlocked profile and polygonal cross section are preferably applied in automotive exhaust systems due to the better adaptability of their rigidity. Depending on the installation conditions and installation position of the engine with which the hose with interlocked profile is connected, what may be required is a very loose winding of the hose with interlocked profile for the purpose of minimizing its rigidity, which means an optimization of its vibration decoupling capacity. Such a loose winding will cause a tendency to the development of noise in operation, since the hose can be shifted by such a distance that it may hit a potentially installed coaxial bellows, or that the adjacent edges which are interlocked under clearance, i.e. the legs and folded rims, may hit each other. At present, attempts are made to avoid the development of noise by means of providing a damping insert between hose with interlocked profile and bellows, for example a wire mesh, which will avoid the direct contact between hose and bellows and restrict the shifting movement of the hose, so that the relative movements of the adjacent interlocked folded edges are reduced. The only way of solving the problem of noise totally would be to manufacture the hose in tighter windings, thus reducing the clearance in the interlocked sections and also the movability of the hose. Another result, however, would be an increase in deficiency work of the hose, whose reduction was the reason for manufacturing the hose in loose windings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Based on the foregoing, the present has as its object the provision of a hose with interlocked profile of the initially described design, whose characteristic features are a reduction of noise emission combined with a preservation of both movability and little deficiency work, a hose with interlocked profile, particularly for automotive exhaust systems, which hose is stripwound from at least one single-layer or multi-layer metal strip, pre-formed to the shape of an S, with the edges of adjacent strip windings being interlocked with each other by means of the legs of the pre-form which have the aspect of the S-shaped hooks, and by means of folded end rims, the hose having radial embossed recesses to bring adjacent interlocked folded edges partially in direct contact with each other. The embossed profile can be located either on the radial exterior surface of the hose, which is advantageous in respect to the embossing step in the production process and the possible variety of embossed designs and patterns. On the other hand, the embossed profile can be provided only or additionally on the radial interior surface, which will not cause a change in the outer appearance of the hose in comparison with a hose without such profile, so that there will be no negative optical effect. This is particularly advantageous if the hose with interlocked profile has a circular cross section. In such case, the interior design may be similar to that of a hose with polygonal cross section, with the embossed profile assuming the function of polygon edges which will, for example, avoid the unwinding of the hose, but will not cause any change in the conventional, round exterior cross section of the hose. This invention can also be applied in particular for hoses with interlocked profile and polygonal cross section, and thus for automotive exhaust systems. In this case, the embossed profile will create additional partial edges, if there is a distance between the embossed sections and the existing polygon edges. In both cases, only a local application of the embossed profile is provided, whereas the polygon edges run axially along the whole length of the hose. The embossed profile therefore will neither cause a significant reduction of the movability of the hose nor a significant increase in deficiency work during operation. The embossed profile as provided according to the present invention therefore has the advantage that the positions of the embossed sections are selected in dependence on the stress provided for the application of the installed hose, and that these sections can be provided only or in a higher quantity in those zones of the hose which are subject to excessive stress. This means that an embossed profile can be provided, for example, only in that zone of the hose which is subject to particularly strong vibrations or shifting movements, whereas in the zones which are subject to lower stress, the existing polygon edges are sufficient for a vibration decoupling rate adequate to function. By means of such an embossed profile, zones with different radial or coaxial distribution of the hose sections which are in contact with each other and whose noise emission thus has been reduced, can be provided. Another possibility is the local modification of the hose characteristics by means of an increase in wall thickness of the embosses profile, with the consequence of, for example, a reduction of movability in specific zones in order to provide a optimum adaptation of the vibration and movement characteristics of the hose with interlocked profile to the individual application conditions. In another embodiment the radial depth of the embossed profile is selected in dependence on the load in operation, provided for the installed hose, and in the zones which are subject to excessive stress, the embossed profile is deeper than in the other zones of the hose, i.e., for example, on one side, only two adjacent interlocked folded edges or, on the other side, all adjacent interlocked folded edges may have a deeper embossed profile. The effect of this profile can be based either on only a direct contact between the adjacent parts, or on a corrugation-like deformation of the interlocked folded edges in combination with a simultaneous prevention of radial movability. The embossed profile can be arranged, for example, axially or radially over the whole exterior surface, or in the form of a helix, or just in a stochastic order. The arrangement of this profile is influenced, for example, by the manufacturing process, i.e. the embossing method. Particularly for continuous hoses supplied by the meter, a continuous embossing of the profile in axial or helical direction, thus providing a uniform arrangement, is recommendable. If the profile is embossed into the dimensioned hose section, the critical zone of the hose can be taken into consideration and thus the quantity, the shape or the depth of embossed recesses as well as their irregular arrangement in radial or axial direction can be provided. A particularly advantageous embodiment with respect to form and orientation of the embossed recesses is a hose with circular cross section, which is provided with a corrugation extending at an angle of 90° relative to the coil slope, meaning not parallel to the hose axis as is standard. Such a corrugation that conforms to the slope, which preferably should be provided once across the full coil width for each coil but is not aligned with the corrugations of neighboring coils, functions as turning safety until the hose is mounted. On the other hand, it does not hinder the movement of the interlocked profiles. The coiling operation in this case generates only low artificial voltages due to the processing. In addition, the hose can be produced with very low adjustment forces since the contact surface in the corrugated interlocked profile region is smaller than that of traditional hoses with a corrugation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further features and advantages of the present invention are set forth in the following description, taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which FIGS. 1-4 show different shapes and arrangements of embossed profiles in a hose with interlocked profile, partially in lateral section. FIG. 5 shows a lateral view of a hose with interlocked profile with an irregular arrangement of the embossed profile in both radial and axial direction. FIG. 6 shows a detailed view of a radial section through a zone of the hose with an embossed recess applied from inside. FIG. 7 shows a zone of the hose in a view according to FIG. 6, with an embossed recess applied from outside. FIG. 8 shows an application example of a hose with interlocked profile installed in a hose joint, in a partial lateral section. FIG. 9 is a partial section of a view from the side of a hose with alternative embossed profile. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a hose with interlocked profile 1, which has been manufactured by helical winding of an S-shaped metal strip 2, with the strip edges of adjacent windings being fixed to each other by means of interlocked folded edges 3. These interlocked folded edges include the legs 4a, 4b, which have been formed by pre-forming of the strip in the shape of an S, and the folded end rims 5a, 5b in radial sequence, thus forming interlocked folded edges consisting of four layers, as shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, the hose with interlocked profile 1 shown in FIG. 1 has numerous polygon edges 7 running parallel to the hose axis 6. These edges reduce or eliminate the tendency to unwinding or rebound. Furthermore, the individual layers of the interlocked sections deform towards each other in the zones of the polygon edges until they come in contact with each other. The advantages in respect to noise reduction as described in the foregoing text are accomplished by applying an embossed profile of different shapes and arrangements to the hose with interlocked profile 1. In the example shown in FIG. 1, upper left section, the profile consists of several rows parallel to the hose axis, with each row consisting of embossed recesses arranged in radial inward direction 8a. In the lower left section of FIG. 1, the embossed recesses 8b are arranged in rows on the interior surface. In the upper right section of FIG. 1, the embossed recesses 8c are arranged helically and uniformly over the whole surface, and in the lower right section of FIG. 1, the embossed recesses 8d are arranged helically on the interior surface of the hose. Each embossed recess 8a-8d has a length equal to the width of the folded edges 3, thus running over the whole width of a folded edge in the form of a line. In FIG. 2, a hose of the same design, now referred to as hose 11, has embossed recesses 9a-9d, with an arrangement similar to that of the linear embossed recesses 8a-8d, but having the shape of a dot. In any other respect, the hose 1 from FIG. 1 and the hose 11 from FIG. 2 have corresponding details, therefore also having the same reference marks. FIG. 3 shows a hose with interlocked profile 21, again with linear embossed recesses 18a-18d, which are distributed uniformly over the whole surface and are inclined toward the hose axis 6. In version 18a (upper left section), the embossed recesses are arranged on the exterior surface and staggered; in version 18b (lower left section), the embossed recesses are arranged on the interior surface and staggered; in version 18c (upper right section), the embossed recesses are arranged on the exterior surface and flush, thus forming several helical rows; and in version 18d (lower right section), the embossed recesses are arranged on the interior surface of the hose and also flush. FIG. 4 shows a hose 31 with embossed recesses 19a-19d which have the shape of a rhombus, with each recess being arranged in the center of a folded section between two polygon edges. As in the foregoing example, the embossed recesses of version 19a (upper left section) are arranged in rows parallel to the hose axis 6, on the exterior surface of the hose; in version 19b (lower left section), the embossed recesses are arranged in rows parallel to the hose axis 6, on the interior surface of the hose; in version 19c (upper right section), the embossed recesses are arranged stochastically on the exterior surface of the hose; and in version 19d (lower right section), the embossed recesses are arranged stochastically on the interior surface of the hose. FIG. 5 shows a lateral view of a hose 41, which has dot-shaped embossed recesses 28, whose quantity and distribution density increase towards the center of the shown axial section. As a result, there are more contact areas with at least dot-shaped contact zones between the adjacent folded windings in this central section than in the exterior axial zones. As a result of this irregular arrangement, the hose with interlocked profile 41 has an irregular movement behavior, which can be useful with hose assemblies consisting of several sections, with each section being subject to a different rate of stress. If a hose section, which is subject to strong vibrations or shifting movements, has a sufficient quantity of embossed recesses, and if the remaining sections, which are subject to lower stress, have no embossed profile, the movability of the zone subject to higher stress is reduced considerably, whereas the movability of the exterior sections is not reduced at all. The relative movement to be absorbed by the hose, or the vibration decoupling, can thus be distributed over the whole length of the hose, with the consequence of a uniform movement and shifting behavior. This means that, in the case of a constant total vibration decoupling rate, the excessive shifting movement in specific sections, for example in the axial center, are partially transferred to the adjacent exterior sections, thus including them in the decoupling of vibrations. As a consequence, the vibration and shifting amplitudes become uniform, so that it can even be prevented that the hose hits the adjacent metal bellows. As a result, the noise emission of such a hose with interlocked profile is minimized, but its vibration decoupling, deficiency work and movability characteristics will remain unchanged. As another consequence, there will be a more uniform distribution of stress over the length of the hose, combined with a higher uniformity of the maximum shifting amplitude. FIGS. 6 and 7 show shape examples of embossed recesses, i.e. embossed recesses 29a, running from the center of the hose in radial outward direction; and embossed recesses 29b, running from the exterior sections of the hose in radial inward direction. FIG. 8 shows a hose with interlocked profile 51, which is installed in a hose joint 50, together with a coaxially surrounding metal bellows 52 as well as a braiding hose 53 mounted on the exterior surface of the bellows. The hose with interlocked profile 51 with its embossed recesses according to this invention has the function of a liner to convey the exhaust gas flow through the hose joint, whereas the metal bellows surrounding the hose with interlocked profile guarantees the leakage resistance of the hose joint. The ends of the hose with interlocked profile 51, the metal bellows 52, and the braiding hose 53 are equipped with connection elements 54, 55, by which these three components are connected with each other, for example, by means of welding spots 56. FIG. 9 shows a hose 61 with interlocking profile and corrugations 62, arranged so as to conform to the slope, as embossed profiles that are arranged on the outside, therefore have a longitudinal design and extend at an angle of 90° to the coil slope. These corrugations extend over a complete profile roof. One corrugation is provided for each coil. Owing to the fact that the corrugations extend at an angle to the hose axis and exactly perpendicular to the coil slope, they function as turning safety to a sufficient degree, to be sure, thereby preventing an unraveling of the hose prior to the installation. On the other hand, they hardly obstruct the movement of the mounted hose. It will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.

A hose with interlocked profile, particularly for automotive exhaust systems. The hose is helically stripwound from at least one single-layer or multi-layer metal strip, pre-formed to the shape of an S, with the edges of adjacent strip windings being interlocked with each other by the legs of the pre-form which have the aspect of the S-shaped hooks, and by folded end rims. The hose has radial embossed recesses which bring adjacent interlocked folded edges partially in direct contact with each other.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] Field of the invention [0002] The invention relates to an artificial marble and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, an environment-friendly artificial marble which can release a coffee scent and shows a pleasing natural aesthetic by adding ground brewed coffee or coffee by-products, which are the grounds discarded when coffee is made with coffee powder or brewed coffee and the like, during the manufacture of an artificial marble; and a method for manufacturing the same. [0003] Related Art [0004] Natural stones such as marble or granite have been extensively used as building vanities from old times due to a beautiful surface pattern. Recently, the demand for the natural stones is increasing significantly in various fields such as floorings, walls, countertops as materials representing high quality texture. However, since the natural stones are expensive, only natural stones are not able to meet the demand so that various types of artificial stones expressing the natural texture have been developed. [0005] The artificial marble as described above may be classified into a generally artificial marble made by adding an inorganic filler and various mixing materials to an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin and a resin based reinforced artificial stone representing the natural texture by vibration compression molding a compound obtained by mixing an inorganic-based natural mineral with a binder resin. [0006] The above artificial marble is mixed with a binder resin such as an unsaturated polyester resin or an acrylic resin, the inorganic filler, inorganic-based strength reinforcing glass fibers, marble color chips according to the purpose and the function, and other additives such as pigments or dyes. Since the artificial marble using the above has electrical insulating properties, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and the like, the artificial marble has been variously used in the field of electrical insulating materials in addition to the wall and the flooring. [0007] However, since glass fibers are used in the above artificial marble, the use of the artificial marble is avoided for a kitchen such as built-in finishing materials or a sink. [0008] Accordingly, various approaches have been pursued in the art to solve the above problems and to provide an environment-friendly artificial marble. An artificial marble having a natural pattern and a partial luminescent, and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed in Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2013-0077680. An apparatus for forming an artificial stone, a method of forming an artificial stone, and an artificial stone manufactured therefrom are disclosed in Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0980802. Various other artificial marbles and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed, but are completely different from the spirit and scope of the present invention. [0009] On the other hand, coffee is the popular drink which everybody enjoys. Accordingly, and a variety of coffee makers and coffee shops have been increased. Particularly, a coffee beans market using coffee beans has been increased. [0010] As described above, as the coffee market is increased, coffee grounds being byproducts remaining after the manufacture of coffee are also increased. The coffee grounds are used only for an air freshener or deodorant due to scent. Most coffee grounds are discarded to adversely affect an environment. Accordingly, there is a need for a method of recycling the coffee grounds. [0011] According to the need, technologies using the coffee grounds are described. A method for manufacturing a functional pulp and paper from coffee grounds is disclosed in Korean Patent registration No. 10-1257214. An article such as construction furniture panels, frames, and dolls manufactured using coffee grounds is disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2004-0051186. A soap using coffee grounds and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2012-0081293. Coffee grounds used in bio-plastic are disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2013-0083472. A teaching tool with used coffee grounds is disclosed in Korean Utility model publication No. 20-2012-0001902. Effective extracts used as bio oils, cosmetics, or medical materials from coffee grounds and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2011-0077722. A deodorant using coffee grounds is disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2013-0019820. A disposable container using coffee grounds and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed in Korean Patent publication No. 10-2013-0109300. [0012] However, the prior arts as described above using the coffee grounds are fundamentally different from the scope and spirit of the invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] The present invention provides an artificial marble using brewed coffee powder or coffee by-products which allows the recycling of waste resources and represents a natural texture of marble by utilizing waste coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee (hereinafter referred to as ‘coffee grounds’) that may pollute the environment in an environment-friendly artificial marble and stabilize modern people upon being used in a building by generating a subtle coffee scent, and a method for manufacturing the same. [0014] In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an artificial marble including thermoplastic low profile agent of 10 to 100 wt parts, an inorganic filler of 200 to 300 wt parts, a color chip of 10 to 100 wt parts, a reinforcing material of 5 to 100 wt parts, a curing catalyst of 0.1 to 5 wt parts, a release agent of 5 to 30 wt parts, a pigment of 0 to 30 wt parts, and coffee grounds of 10 to 100 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin or an acrylic resin of 100 wt parts. [0015] In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing an artificial marble, the method including: mixing thermoplastic low profile agent of 10 to 100 wt parts with a curing catalyst of 0.1 to 5 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin of 100 wt parts (S1); mixing coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee with the mixture in the step S1 (S2); mixing an inorganic filler of 200 to 300 wt parts, a color chip of 10 to 100 wt parts, and an internal release agent of 5 to 30 wt parts with the mixture in the step S2 (S3); adding an reinforcement material of 5 to 100 wt parts and a thickener of 0.1 to 2 wt parts to the mixture to heat the mixture after step S3 (S4); and aging and forming the mixed mixture (S5). [0016] The present invention further provides a method of processing coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee, the method including: drying collected coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee only to have moisture content of 45 to 55% under 70 to 100° C. dry condition (SS1); and classify the dried coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee of 10 meshes (SS2). EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION [0017] The present invention may provide an artificial marble with the advantages of: being environment-friendly since glass fiber is not used during the manufacture of the artificial marble; recycling resources and also protecting the environment by utilizing coffee grounds discarded as waste for the manufacturing of the artificial marble; exhibiting a more natural texture due to the color of the coffee itself; showing a healing effect for the human body due to the scent of the coffee; and saving other ingredients by adding the coffee grounds, thereby being more economical, remarkably environment-friendly, and having good texture. DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS [0018] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. [0019] The present invention provides an artificial marble including coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee of 10 to 100 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin of 100 wt parts, in addition to an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin or various additives. [0020] The additives may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a low profile agent, inorganic fillers, color chips, a reinforcing material, a curing catalyst, and a release agent. [0021] First, Constituent elements used in the present invention will be described. [0022] In general, a synthetic resin-based artificial marble includes unsaturated polyester resins and acrylic resins. [0023] The artificial marble of the molding method of applying unsaturated polyester resins or acrylic resins has been extensively used in the construction kitchen and the interior design. Since the artificial marble of the molding method has excellent performance, a resin having viscosity of 20 to 50 Poise/25° C., and non-volatile content (solid content) of 55% to 70% is appropriate for a liquid resin such as unsaturated polyester resins or acrylic resins and is selected by taking into consideration gloss, bending, breakage, and the like of the molded article in the present invention. [0024] In the present invention, normal items listed in a following table 1 with respect to the resin of 100 wt parts were used. [0000] TABLE 1 Resins Items Characteristics Unsaturated MP012 (Tere)/ For artificial marble, PolyesterResin MP712 (HBPA) high gloss, weatherproof (UPR) AP7200 (Tere)/ For artificial marble, AP5500 (HBPA) high gloss, weatherproof PolyesterResin SW-5011 For artificial marble (UPR) [0025] Then, a low profile thermoplastic resin is used to prevent shrinkage. [0026] The low profile agent is used in order to prevent shrinkage and includes about 10 to 100 wt parts based on the unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin of 100 wt parts by weight. [0027] Hereinafter, except for the unsaturated polyester resin, wt parts of constituent elements according to the present invention are indicated based on the polyester resin or the acrylic resin of 100 wt parts. [0028] A type of a thermoplastic low profile agent may include products having components of Polystyrene (PS) and Polyvinylacetate (PVAc). The unsaturated polyester resin or the acrylic resin is cured to accompany the volume shrinkage of 7 to 10%. The low profile agent significantly prevents the shrinkage to represent low contractility. The shrinkage of the molding artificial marble is reduced to less than 0.2%. [0029] However, the used optimum amount is obtained by taking into consideration excellent product appearance such as the shape of the artificial marble, a material curing rate, a molding temperature, and molding pressure. That is, the anti-shrink function is significantly reduced in a profile agent of 10 wt parts or less, and a low profile agent floats on a surface of the artificial marble in a profile agent of 100 wt parts or more to make the surface cloud so that transparent texture is degraded. Accordingly, the above-described range is used. [0030] A following Table 2 shows types of low profile agents which may be used in the present invention. [0000] TABLE 2 Type of low profile agent Product Name Characteristics PS based(poly L-01, APS50, PS40 Colorability, styrene) flowability PE based UF20, UF80 Smoothness, (polyethylene) flowability PVAc-based L73, L75 Dimensional (polyvinylacetate) stability, compatibility [0031] Then, the inorganic filler of 200 to 300 wt parts is used. [0032] A filler is used in order to increase the dimensional stability, precision, and surface smoothness of a molded article. It is preferred to use aluminum hydroxide as the filler. An inorganic filler applied to architectural molding compound based artificial marble includes aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3 . However, in a special case, an inorganic filler of a silica component may be used. In the case of using the silica component, there is a need for special equipment. Accordingly, it is difficult to apply the inorganic filler of a silica component to a field of a molding compound based artificial marble a little. There are various types of aluminum hydroxide being the inorganic filler by manufacturing countries, by particle sizes, by colors (ultra white), and by prices. A ultra-white product (Japan: H-320, H32) having excellent transparency and flowability and with stabilized mold is extensively used. [0033] In the present invention, if the amount of the inorganic filler is increased, the dimensional stability is increased but the physical properties (mechanical strength) are reduced. If a specific gravity of the inorganic filler is increased, the handling is inconvenient and brittle is lowered. If the specific gravity of the inorganic filler is insufficient, the dimensional stability becomes unstable and a product is modified. Accordingly, the transparent texture reduces the role, the range as described above is preferable, and the present invention uses the types listed in Table 3. [0000] TABLE 3 Product Types Name Characteristics ATH(Al(OH) 3 ) H32, Particle size (8 to 25 μm)/ (Aluminum H320, dimensional stability/ Trihydroxide) H10 flame retardant property/ transparency [0034] Then, a color chip or a UP chip of 10 to 100 wt parts expressing the texture of a natural stone is used. [0035] The color chip expresses texture patterns of the natural stone by crushing and classifying a molding which is obtained by mixing unsaturated polyester, aluminum hydroxide, curing agent, and pigment to cure to white, black, yellow, brown, and the like. The amount of the color chip contains generally about 10 to about 100 wt parts. However, if the color chip is excessively used, the flow of a material in the mold during the molding may be prevented. If the amount of the color chip is used too little, since the chip is concealed in a color of the material color to reduce the texture of the marble, the above range is determined. In the present invention, in order to achieve the object of the present invention, the coffee grounds are classified and used. Accordingly, the brown color chip is alternatively used so that the brown color chip may be inevitably used. [0036] Chips that can be used are listed in Table 4. [0000] TABLE 4 Particle size according to UP CHIP Color mesh Precautions UP COLOR CHIP WHITE 6/6~10/10~18/ Surface scratch of (for pattern of BROWN 18~30/30~100 product surface artificial YELLOW uneven mold, marble BLACK backlash phenomenon [0037] In addition, polyvinyl alcohol fibers (Poly vinyl alcohol fiber being organic fiber of 5 to 100 wt parts is used as a reinforcement material. [0038] The use of the reinforcement material represents the effect of increasing mechanical strength of the product and improving cracking and the dimensional stability of the molded product, due to the matric flow in the mold. The reinforcement material of the molding compound generally uses glass fiber (6 mm, 12 mm). However, an organic fiber is used for the artificial marble to achieve the object of the present invention. It is known that the organic fiber cannot be used because the use of the organic fiber significantly reduces the physical properties of the artificial marble and increases shrinkage to cause crack deformation of the product. In the present invention, it has also been found that the organic fiber has sufficient strength and has the texture of the artificial marble better than the glass fiber by adjusting the process. The above range is determined because the mechanical properties is reduced to be difficult to be used as the artificial marble in 5 wt parts or less, and the organic fiber is absorbed in a resin material not to mix materials in 100 wt parts or more. Used fibers are listed in a following table 5. [0000] TABLE 5 Type of organic Organic fiber fiber Characteristics Type of Poly vinyl alcohol Although there are organic fiber fiber several organic fibers, Nylon fiber organic fiber is firstly Polypropylene adopted as reinforcement fiber material of the Polyester fiber artificial marble in the world [0039] Also, a curing catalyst of 0.1 to 5 wt parts is used. [0040] The curing agent uses an organic peroxide. Since the molding compound based artificial marble is typically formed in the range of about 130° C. to 140° C., a Tert.Butylperoxybenzoate (TBPB) is a yellow liquid, and is an organic peroxide having a —OO— bond in the molecule. The curing agent serves as high-temperature curing agent for the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), or as an EPS and acrylic resin polymerization initiator. Since the curing agent exerts influence upon the productivity the appearance of the product, the curing agent should be carefully selected. [0041] Excessive or insufficient use or the curing agent damages the product or the product is not formed which results in causing great problems on the exterior so that the catalyst having the above range is shown in the following Table 6. [0000] TABLE 6 Half-life Purposes by Types Chemical names (10 hr) molding methods TBPB t-Butyl peroxybenzoate 104° C. Artificial marble TBPB t-Butyl isopropyl  99° C. Electrical monoperoxycarbonate   product TBPO t-Butyl peroxy-2-  77° C. Cold molding ethylhexanoate   [0042] Then, an internal release agent of 5 to 30 wt parts is used. [0043] The release agent is used to efficiently separate a molded article from the mold to prevent the mold from being damaged and to improve an appearance of the molded article. [0044] The general release agent includes a type of release agent which is buried in a material and is erupted outward during molding and a type of release agent which pastes on a surface of the molding by burying a liquid release agent in a piece of cloth. An internal release agent is used in the case of the molding compound. If the internal release agent is excessively used, yelling of the molded article easily occurs and a surface is softened. When the internal release agent is insufficiently used, the molded article is stuck to the mold to damage a produce and the mold so that the above-described range is determined. [0045] The release agents used are listed in the following Table 7. [0000] TABLE 7 Types of Melting internal point Purpose/ release agent (° C.) Appearance characteristics Aluminium 140 to 150 White powder For molding stearate compound Zinc stearate 115 to 125 White powder For molding compound Calcium 140 to 145 White powder For molding stearate compound [0046] Then, the pigment of 0 to 30 wt parts may be used. [0047] Pigments are used to represent the color required by customers. However, there are various types of pigments. The pigments include an inorganic pigment and an organic pigment. Pigment in conflict with the RoHS item environmentally detrimental so that the use of the pigment is prohibited. Thus, it is significantly difficult to select the pigment. If the pigment is particularly used in mixing colors of the artificial marble, it is preferable to use the pigment after confirming RoHS test results and MSDS. According to the type of the pigment, some pigments may serve to promote or delay the curing so that a sufficient test is required. In some cases, the white color is mainly used for a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) [0048] The pigment may not be used in the present invention. The pigment of 30 wt parts is preferably used. [0049] The reason for this is because sense of a marble may be degraded because the color chip and the transparent texture are concealed due to the pigment. [0050] And, in the present invention, an inorganic filler and color chips UP, and a brewed coffee ground of 10 to 100 wt parts being a coffee by-product instead of the pigment are used. [0051] In the present invention, by using the above UP color chip and the inorganic filler, and a brewed coffee ground pre-processed to be used instead a part of the pigment, so that the pigment is not used at all in order to achieve the object of the present invention. If the pigment is used, a color chip and the like are concealed so that the artificial marble has a rough surface even if the same amount is used. The surface of the artificial marble provides more beautiful and luxurious texture by using the pre-processed brewed coffee ground. Since coloring is difficult in 10 wt parts or less and the fluidity of the material in the mold is significantly reduced in 100 wt parts or more to generate stain, the above-described range is determined. [0052] In addition, in order to improve impregnation of the other materials, additives of surfactant component may be used. The additives improve physical properties by improving compatibility with the organic material and the inorganic material, which mainly uses BYK Co., in German. [0053] In order to delay a cure rate, a retarder of the quinone (quinone: US Eastman corporation) based component may be used. MgO (magnesium oxide) of 1% based on the resin may be used as thickener to facilitate handling of a material. A content of MgO is 0.5% or less being 50% level of the resin in order to achieve the object of the present invention. The reason for this is that the fluidity of a material is increased so that one-pointedness of a resin occurs if the Mg0 is not used. If an amount of MgO is too great, the material is solidified so that the flowability of the material is slow. Gas and non-molded part are generated on a surface of a molded article due to early gelation. The reason is why the raw material should be excessively provided in order to improve this. [0054] For the above reason using the above constituent elements, the present invention provides an artificial marble including thermoplastic low profile agent of 10 to 100 wt parts, an inorganic filler of 200 to 300 wt parts, a color chip of 10 to 100 wt parts, a reinforcing material of 5 to 100 wt parts, a curing catalyst of 0.1 to 5 wt parts, a release agent of 5 to 300 wt parts, and coffee grounds or a brewed coffee powder of 10 to 100 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin of 100 wt parts. [0055] The present invention may further include a pigment of 30 wt parts, and may include a surfactant, a cure rate retarder, a thickener, and the like. [0056] Constituent elements of the above constituent elements except for the coffee grounds may be selected from those which are available in the normal method of manufacturing the artificial marble. [0057] The present invention further provides a method for manufacturing an artificial marble includes: mixing thermoplastic low profile agent of 10 to 100 wt parts with a curing catalyst of 0.1 to 5 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin of 100 wt parts (S1); mixing by-products being coffee grounds with the mixture in the step S1 (S2); [0058] mixing an inorganic filler of 200 to 300 wt parts, a color chip of 10 to 100 wt parts, and an internal release agent of 5 to 30 wt parts with the mixture in the step S2 (S3); [0059] adding an reinforcement material of 5 to 100 wt parts and a thickener of 0.1 to 2 wt parts to the mixture to heat the mixture after step S3 (S4); and aging and forming the mixed mixture (S5). [0060] The mixing in the step S1 is performed in a range of 25° C. to 30° C. for 15 to 20 minutes. The reason for this is that the mixing is difficult if a temperature is too low and a time is too short, and there are no effects longer if the temperature is too high and the time is too long in order to optimize mixing the filler with an organic fiber being a reinforcement material. [0061] It is preferable that the mixing is performed for 15 to 20 minutes and the mixing temperature is in a range of 30° C. to 35° C. in the step S2. [0062] It is preferable that the mixing is performed for 15 to 20 minutes and a temperature of the mixture is in a range of 35° C. to 40° C. in the step S3. The reason for this is that mixing with the inorganic fiber being the reinforcement material is optimal when a viscosity of the mixture ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 Poise, and it is optimal so that the viscosity of the mixture becomes the above range in the above temperature and time. [0063] It is preferable that the mixing is performed for 5 to 10 minutes and a temperature of the mixture is in the range of 40° C. to 45° C. in the step S4. The reason for this is that the viscosity of the mixture is rapidly increased to 100,000 Poise if an organic fiber being a reinforcement material is mixed, the organic fiber is not sufficiently impregnated during mixing below the above temperate and time ranges, and a temperature of the material is increased to deteriorate the storage stability of the mixture greater than the above temperate and time ranges. [0064] Further, it is preferable that the aging in the step S5 is performed in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. cool dark condition for 24 to 48 hours. The reason for this is that the aging under the above condition maintains an optimal viscosity to flow in the mold to uniformize all physical properties of the molded article and so that the best texture of the artificial marble is expressed. The aging under the above condition is performed to make handling of the material easy. If the condition of the aging is beyond the above-mentioned range, it is difficult to satisfy the above condition. [0065] Also, the forming in the step (S5) is also carried out by a conventional method for forming an artificial marble. That is, the forming in the step (S5) may be performed under the conventional condition for forming the artificial marble including 130 to 150° C., 1 min./thickness of molded article (mm), and a molding pressure condition of 90 to 150 kgf/cm 2 . A specific gravity of the conventional artificial marble material is in the range of 1.7 to 1.9. However, it has been found that a specific gravity of the artificial marble material is in the range of 1.5 to 1.6 so that it is easy to handle in the present invention. [0066] The present invention also provides a method of processing by-products which is coffee grounds in the artificial marble or a method of manufacturing the artificial marble. [0067] The method of processing the coffee grounds includes drying the coffee grounds (generally moisture content of 45 to 55%) of collected brewed coffee (SS1); and removing impurities from the dried coffee grounds to classify the dried coffee grounds (SS2). [0068] It is preferable that the moisture content has about 5% by drying in the range of 70 to 100° C. for about 6 to 8 hours in the drying in step SS1. The reason for this is that the flowability of the material in the mold is deteriorated so that all physical properties are deteriorated if the moisture content is equal to or greater than 5% and the most effective target moisture content is obtained within the above temperature and time. [0069] Further, it is preferable to remove coffee grounds of a size having larger than 10 mesh in the classification in step SS2. The reason for this is that impurities are formed on a surface of the artificial marble to cause generation of a defective product if the coffee grounds of a size having larger than 10 meshes are not removed. [0070] It can also be further subjected to an additional step of adding insufficient coffee scent in the processing method. Embodiment [0071] An artificial marble is compounded using the processed brewed coffee grounds so that a molded article of the artificial marble is manufactured. In this case, the optimum conditions of the method for manufacturing the environment-friendly artificial marble are listed in a following table 8. [0000] TABLE 8 Comparative Comparative example 1 example 2 Example Unsaturated polyester 70~80 — — resin Unsaturated polyester — 70~80 70~80 PMMA Hybrid resin Low profile agent of 20~30 20~30 20~30 thermoplastic components Inorganic filler 200~220 200~220 170~200 (aluminum hydroxide) Color chip of texture 20~50 20~50 15~25 of marble Reinforcement organic  50~100 — — fiber Reinforcement organic 10~20 10~20 fiber (PVA fiber) Curing catalyst 0.5~3   0.5~3   0.5~30 Internal release agent  5~10  5~10  5~10 Pigments 10~15 10~15 — Pretreated brewed — — 30~50 coffee grounds Other additives 3 3 3 [0072] Applied materials use the above mentioned components. [0073] In effects of the embodiment, if the artificial marble is formed using the pigment according to the related art, thermal color fading was accompanied in the molding process for 10 minutes at the molding temperature of 140 to 150° C. [0074] For this reason, it is difficult to produce wood texture and brown color products. Even if wood texture and brown color products are produced, it is not uniform to have limitations in the color application. [0075] Meanwhile, no color stain occurs in the molded article of the present embodiment. Products using the brewed coffee grounds may reduce the cost in the range of 10% to 20% by reducing amounts of an organic filler and a color chip which are expensive. In particular, it may be confirmed that subtle coffee scent is remained on a surface of the artificial marble.

Disclosed are: an environment-friendly artificial marble which can release a coffee scent and shows a pleasing natural aesthetic by adding ground brewed coffee or coffee by-products, which are the grounds discarded when coffee is made with coffee powder or brewed coffee and the like, during the manufacture of an artificial marble; and a method for manufacturing the same. The present invention relates to an artificial marble comprising, in addition to normal additives, coffee grounds or ground brewed coffee of 10 to 100 wt parts based on an unsaturated polyester resin of 100 wt parts, and the present invention provides the advantages of: being environment-friendly since glass fiber is not used during the manufacture of the artificial marble; recycling resources and also protecting the environment by utilizing coffee grounds discarded as waste for the manufacturing of the artificial marble; exhibiting a more natural texture due to the color of the coffee itself; showing a healing effect for the human body due to the scent of the coffee; and saving other ingredients by adding the coffee grounds, thereby being more economical, remarkably environment-friendly, and having good texture.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the the wire end section of a paper making machine, and more particularly to the cooperation between the head boxes and the wire belt or wire at the wire end section. That section of the machine has a wire belt or wire, usually in the form of an endless belt that is driven and guided over guide rollers. There is at least one head box for supplying pulp suspension to the wire. The head box includes a channel that is defined between two guide walls, one wall more upstream in the direction of movement of the wire and one more downstream, and the channel terminates in an outlet opening through which a stream of pulp suspension is fed to the wire. One of the two flow guide walls, and particularly the downstream one, has an extension at its end closer to the wire which defines a convexly curved slide shoe which the wire moves past. The curved slide shoe cooperates with the wire passing it to define a web forming zone through which the pulp is moved. The pulp suspension is drained of water through the wire. One such arrangement is known from German Provisonal Patent Auslegeschrift 29 08 791 published Dec. 18, 1980, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,097. Before the endless wire belt, which carries the web of fiber that is being formed, travels over the curved continuation of the first flow-guide wall of the head box, it is guided over the outside of the other flow-guide wall of the head box. One disadvantage of this arrangement is that the channel which is defined by the two flow-guide walls must have a relatively sharp deflection in the vicinity of the outlet opening. Stated in other words, the central flow thread of the stream of pulp has a smaller radius of curvature in the region of the outlet opening from the head box than in the web-forming zone. As a result, there is a danger that with high operating speeds, secondary flows will be produced in the web-forming zone which will move transversely to the direction of the main suspension flow, as seen in longitudinal section. These secondary flows can lead to a non-homogeneous distribution of the fibers. Furthermore, in extreme cases, cavitation phenomena occur. Another disadvantage is that if a plurality of head boxes, arranged one behind the other, are associated with the wire belt for producing a multi-ply web, it is necessary to transfer the first layer of the fiber web onto a felt belt after that fiber layer has been formed. The wire belt must thereafter be led to the second head box, whereupon a layer of the fiber web formed there must again be transferred to the felt belt. This may be repeated several times. In this case, the head boxes must be arranged in a very narrow spaces between the wire belt on the one hand and the felt belt on the other hand. Therefore, as a rule, it is necessary to refrain from using the well-proven nozzle-like head box construction and to instead provide a "folded" flow channel. The object of the present invention is further to develop the known arrangement so that a fiber web of high quality, i.e with a homogeneous distribution of the fibers, can be produced, even with extremely high speeds of travel of the wire. This object is achieved by the slide shoe being located beyond the outlet opening of the head box toward the wire belt and downstream of the outlet opening with respect to the movement of the wire belt. The slide shoe includes a generally convexly curved first guide surface, which curves gradually from being oriented more transversely to the path of the wire belt past the head box at the outlet opening to being oriented more parallel to that path nearer the belt and further downstream from the outlet opening in the movement of the belt. The first guide surface cooperates with the belt to define a web-forming zone in which a web of the pulp suspension becomes formed. The radius of curvature of the convex first guide surface changes. In the region of the outlet opening from the head box, this radius is at least as large as the radius of curvature of the guide surface further downstream along the path of the wire belt, and preferably larger. Additionally, there is a supporting device at the opposite surface of the wire belt from the head box and this supporting device includes its own convexly curved second guide surface for engaging the opposite surface of the wire belt. The second guide surface is also curved gradually, from being more parallel to the path of the wire belt to being more transverse to that path downstream in the path of the wire belt. The second guide surface is located in the vicinity of the outlet opening, but upstream of the first guide surface in the path of the wire belt, so as to introduce the wire belt into the web-forming zone. With the second guide surface, the wire belt is no longer supported by the outer side of the upstream one of the two flow-guide walls of the head box, for introducing the wire belt into the web-forming zone. Instead, the supporting device, with its convexly curved wire support surface, is arranged for this purpose within the loop of the wire belt. This has two benefits. Sufficient space is obtained in the vicinity of the outlet opening of the head box to assure the stable construction of the flow guide walls of the box, without the channel defined by the guide walls having to be substantially curved. The flow of fibrous pulp suspension can preferably be guided even without curvature and therefore substantially linearly. In this way, it is possible to avoid transverse flows, which would disturb the homogeneity of the web of fibers being formed. It is now also possible to introduce the wire belt, together with a web of fibers previously formed on the wire belt, into the web-forming zone of an additional head box. In this way, as is known from other multi-ply paper making machines (German Unexamined Application for Patent Offenlegungsschrift 25 52 485 published June 2, 1977, FIG. 4), a second layer of a fiber web can be formed directly on the web layer which is already present on the wire belt. As is known, the first layer of fiber web, which is alredy present on the wire belt, serves as a filter-aid layer during removal of water from the additional layer through the wire belt, so that fewer fines and fillers are discharged together with the drainage water or backwater. In addition, there is no longer any space limits due to a felt belt having to cooperate with the arrangement of the head boxes. Therefore, use can be made, for instance, of well-proven nozzle head boxes. German Provisional Patent Auslegeschrift No. 19 31 686 published Feb. 26, 1970, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 3,582,467, shows a drainage box, having a convexly curved wire guide surface and the drainage box is located within a wire belt loop, which is within the region of the outlet opening of a head box. The drainage box is swingable toward the outlet opening of the head box or away from it. The drainage box has a plurality of bars extending transversly to the direction of travel of the wire. Drainage slits are present between these bars. However, such a drainage box has the disadvantage, particularly when it is arranged directly at the beginning of the web-forming zone, that it causes a non-uniform distribution of the fibers in the web of paper and a high loss of fines and fillers. Furthermore, the aforesaid German patent concerns a two-wire paper making machine. There is a high structural expense for providing two wire belts. Furthermore, a far greater amount of energy is required for driving two wire belts and a greater expense is incurred for cleaning them. In many two-wire paper making machines, the formation of the web is also disturbed because there is a long free jet of pulp between the outlet opening of the head box and the web-forming zone. To avoid this disadvantage, according to German Provisional Patent Auslegeschrift No. 1 931 686, it is necessary to provide flexible flow guide walls, which rest against the wire belts. According to the present invention, this disadvantage is avoided from the outset in that the jet of pulp is guided in any event on one side, without interruption, by the extended flow-guide wall or slide shoe. On the other or upstream side of the jet of pulp at the outlet opening, the free length of the wire belt can be kept particularly short by developing the wire belt supporting device that is within the wire-belt loop with its second guide surface having a radius of curvature which is less than 200 mm. and preferably even less than 100 mm., and so that the radius of curvature of the second guide surface of the wire supporting device is smaller than the means radius of curvature of the first guide surface of the slide shoe, which is at the opposite side of the wire belt and at the downstream side of the outlet opening. The wire belt supporting device with the convexly curved second guide surface comprises a simple, solid wire supporting rail which is free of drainage slits and has a radius of curvature which can be selected particularly small. As compared with a rotating roller, this construction has the advantage that it is not necessary to take critical speeds of rotation into consideration. The supporting device can therefore be shaped entirely independently of the speed of the machine. In order to be able to counteract possible inaccuracies in the manufacture of the wire supporting rail inside the loop of the wire belt or of the adjacent flow guide wall of the head box, the wire supporting rail is displaceable as a whole transversely to the stream of pulp, in the direction toward the outlet opening of the head box or back. In addition, the path of displacement of this rail over the width of the wire belt can be preferably set at different values. For this purpose, a plurality of individually adjustable threaded spindles can be provided, for instance, over the width of the rail. When the wire belt enters the web-forming zone, air may be introduced into the stream of pulp. This air disturbs the web-forming process. This danger is counteracted by providing the wire support rail that is typically within the wire belt loop with a downstream runoff line which is located upstream along the path of movement of the wire belt from the place along the path of the belt where the stream of pulp exiting from the channel at the head box impinges on the belt. The air present in the meshes of the wire belt, behind the line at which the wire belt runs off from the wire belt support rail, can escape from the meshes into the inside of the wire belt loop upon the impingement of the jet of pulp against the wire belt. French Unexamined Application for Pat. No. 2 457 340 published Dec. 9, 1980 (W080/02575 published Nov. 27, 1982 as an International Application under PCT) shows a wire end section of a paper making machine in which a wire belt is guided in the web-forming zone over a suction box. The suction box has a wire support rail only at the inlet end and at the outlet end. The vacuum in the suction box causes strong bending of the wire belt. In the web-forming zone, the stream of pulp is covered by a flexible lip, which is fastened to the upper flow-guide wall of the head box. This lip bends correspondingly to the bending of the wire belt. One disadvantage of this known construction is that a large amount of energy is required to produce the vacuum in the suction box. Another disadvantage is that the flexible lip can enter into oscillation. This generally produces large variations in the weight per unit of surface of the paper web produced. Furthermore, there is a danger of paper web breakage. In addition, the course of a curvature of the web-forming zone can be controlled at most by changing the tension of the wire or the vacuum. The invention, on the other hand, makes it possible for a given course of the curvature to be precisely determined at the stationary slide shoe that is downstream of the head box, both in the direction of travel of the wire belt, and also transversely thereto, for instance at the edges. The curved slide shoe of the invention can be developed as a rigid extension of the associated flow-guide wall. However, the slide shoe is preferably transversely displaceable to the flow of pulp. Preferably, there is a sealing surface which is located between the immovable, downstream flow guide wall and the relatively displaceable slide shoe. If necessary, the slide shoe can be moved to extend slightly into the pulp channel. This enables the size of the outlet opening to be adjusted in order to change the quantity of pulp that emerges. The slide shoe is adjustable so that its path of displacement over the width of the wire belt is adjustable to different extents. As a result, the stream of pulp can be made uniform over the width of the machine. Placing the sealing surface, which cooperates with the slide shoe, in front of the outlet opening, with respect to the direction of flow of the pulp suspension helps to stabilize the stream of pulp in the outlet opening. Because the radius of curvature of the slide shoe increases in the direction of flow of pulp, it is possible to take into account the fact that the removal of the water takes place faster at the beginning of the web-forming zone than at the downstream end. In this case, therefore, the wire belt is of approximately constant curvature in the drainage zone. However, it may also be advisable, particularly in the case where high homogeneity is required of the sheet to be formed, to cause the curvature of the slide shoe in the direction of flow to decrease for decreasing the pressure in the direction of flow, which compensates for the friction on the slide shoe. The mean radius of curvature of the slide shoe is generally between 100 and 800 mm and preferably between 150 and 300 mm. In order precisely to define the end of the drainage and web forming zine, the wire belt should preferably be deflected slightly, at most by 5°, by a run-off edge provided at the end of the slide shoe, i.e. it is deflected from being tangent to the slide shoe at the run-off edge. For furthr removal of water from the fiber web being formed, a pressure chamber is developed downstream of the slide shoe, with respect to the path of the wire belt and upstream of throttle means which are located near, but out of contact with, the wire belt. The air pressure in this chamber should in general be between 5,000 and 10,000 pascals, and preferably between 2,000 and 7,000 pascals. If a multi-ply sheet of fibers is to be produced, several, for instance two, head boxes are arranged behind one another at the same surface of the wire belt in such a manner that at least one second layer of fiber web produced from the second head box is formed on a first layer of the fiber web produced from the first head box. As already mentioned above, the first layer of fiber web serves here as a filter-aid layer for the removal of water from the second fiber web layer. By this process, there is a higher retention of fines and fillers. Each of the head boxes has a respective slide shoe at its downstream flow guide wall. The length of the arc of that slide shoe, measured in the direction of flow and of movement of the wire belt, is larger for each succeeding head box in the direction of travel of the wire belt. Correspondingly, the mean radius of curvature of each slide shoe becomes progressively smaller with each succeeding head box. Higher retention of fines and fillers upon the drainage of the first layer of fiber web is a further object of the invention. To achieve this, there is a separate drainage water or backwater recovery system for each head box. The drainage water from each of the head boxes is collected in a respective collection reservoir. The drainage water from the first head box is pumped to the pulp dispensing channel of the second head box, while the drainage water from the second head box is pumped to the pulp dispensing channel of the first head box. With a wire end section having two head boxes, the drainage or backwater coming from the first head box and having a relatively high proportion of fines and fillers, is used to dilute the pulp for the second head box. In this way, a large part of the fines and fillers, which are "lost" after drainage of water from the pulp from the first head box, still pass into the paper web which is being formed. In constrast, in known paper making machines, there is a frequent problem in that the content of fines and fillers in the backwater of the first head box gradually becomes so great, particularly with certain types of waste paper as raw material, that desired quality of paper can no longer be obtained. A larger proportion of the backwater than should otherwise be necessary must then be withdrawn from the circuit. As a result, the filter system of the conventional paper factory is subjected to a heavier load. All of these disadvantages can be eliminted with the above described features. This is best done if, in the above-indicated example with two head boxes, approximately equal amounts of backwater are produced in the two web-forming zones. Therefore, provision should be made for any excess backwater to be able to flow from the one backwater collection system into the other. Illustrative embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, longitudinal, cross-sectional view through the wire end section of a paper making machine having one head box; FIG. 2 shows a portion of FIG. 1 on a larger scale; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic, longitudinal, cross-sectional view through the wire end section of a paper making machine having two head boxes, and also showing the corresponding backwater circuits; and FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic, longitudinal, cross-sectional view through the wire end section of such machine having three head boxes. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In a paper making machine, the wire end section shown in FIG. 1 comprises an endless wire belt or wire 10, which passes over spaced apart guide rollers 11 to 14 supported on a frame (not shown). One of the guide rollers is a regulating roller 13 and another is a tensioning roller 14. The wire belt is driven by one or more of its wire guide rollers. The tension of the wire belt should be in the customary range between 3 and 10 kN/m. There is a head box 15. It and all of its below described parts (with obvious exceptions) extend over the entire width of the head box 15. The head box comprises a transversely extending pulp suspension distributing pipe 16, a bank of tubes 17 extending from the pipe 16 in an array across the wire belt and communicating between the pipe 16 and the outlet channel 20, and the outlet channel 20, which is defined by two flow-guide walls 18 and 19 at the upstream and downstream sides of the channel 20. The channel 20 has an outlet opening 21. The downstream flow-guide wall 19 has a continuation which extends beyond the outlet opening 21 in the direction of flow, and which is in the form of a slide shoe 22 with a first convexly curved guide surface. The wire belt 10 moves over the bottom outlet edge portion of the shoe 22. In the region of and just upstream of the outlet opening 21, the wire belt 10 is conducted over a stationary rail 23, which is arranged within the loop of the wire belt 10. The rail 23 has a convexly curved wire supporting second guide surface 24 shown in FIG. 2. The jet of pulp suspension emerging from the outlet opening 21 passes into a tapered web formation zone 25 at the wire belt 10. This zone is curved in a manner corresponding to the slide shoe 22, and the zone narrows downstream of the outlet opening 21. In this way, intensive removal of water occurs through the wire belt and toward the inside of the loop of the wire belt. The rail 23 is fastened to a cross member 26, which rests at each of its ends on a supporting pedestal 27. The cross 26 member is displaceable transversely to the direction of suspension flow within the web forming zone 25, i.e. toward or away from the outlet opening 21. A trough 28 receives the water drained from the web through the wire belt 10 at zone 25. For further draining water from the web of paper being formed, a suction box 29 may be provided downstream of the zone 25. There is a stiffening wall 30 of the head box 15, which suppots the slide shoe 22. A hollow space 31 is defined between the wall 30 and the flow guide wall 19. Compressed air is fed to this hollow space through a connection 32. The air passes through a plurality of openings 33 into a pressure chamber 34 located behind or downstream of the slide shoe 22. The pressure chamber is closed toward the outside of a labyrinth formed of three baffles 35 downstream of the slide shoe. These baffles 35 are supported on a rail carrier 36, which is fastened to the stiffening wall 30 and they are held near but out of contact with the wire belt and the pulp thereon. A felt belt 37 (or even another wire belt) passes over a suction pick-up roll 38, and removes the formed web of paper from the wire belt 10 and conducts it to further drainage and drying devices, not shown. The fixed wire-support rail 23 can be made, for instance, of ceramic. It is fastened to a rail holder 23b by means of a clamping piece 23a. The rail holder 23b is connected by a plurality of screws 41, distributed across the width of the rail, to the transverse member 26. In addition, a plurality of threaded spindles 42 each having two nuts 43 on it, are provided on the transverse member, and distributed over its width. Each of the threaded spindles 42 extends through an eye 44 which is developed on the rail holder 23b. After the loosening of one of the screws 41, the rail holder 23b, together with the rail 23 can be brought closer to or further from the flow-guide wall 18 than the spacing of the rail in the region of the rest of the spindles 42. This is done by turning the respective nuts 43 on one spindle. This compensates for manufacturing tolerances. After leaving the outlet opening 21, the jet of pulp suspension (dashed line 7 in FIG. 2) falls free for a short distance toward the facing side of the wire belt 10. The jet of pulp impinges at 8 upon the wire belt 10, which has previously left the rail 23 at 9. In general, the distance between the rail 23 and the bottom end of the flow-guide wall 18 is adjusted to be as small as possible so that the length of the free jet of pulp, and therefore the distance from the outlet opening 21 up to the place 8 of impingement of the jet of pulp on the wire belt 10, is as small as possible. The radius of curvature k of the rail 23 is, as a rule, less than 100 mm, which also contributes to shortening the free jet of pulp. The slide shoe 22 is fastened to a plurality of displacement bars 45 distributed over its width. The bars 45 lie in respective boreholes 46 in the stiffening wall 30 and are axially displaceable therein toward or away from the outlet opening 21. On each adjustment bar 45, an adjustment nut 47 is rotatably supported. The external thread of the nut engages a threaded borehole in the sealing-rail carrier 36. The adjustment nuts 47 can be turned individually. In this way, the path of displacement of the slide shoe 22 across the width of the machine can be adjusted to different values. The upper end of the movable slide shoe 22 contacts the lower end of the flow-guide wall 19 at a sealing surface 48. In the direction of flow of suspension, the surface 48 is located above the end of the flow-guide wall 18 and therefore in front of the outlet opening 21. The clearance of the outlet opening 21 and thus the quantity of the emerging flow can be changed by displacing the slide shoe 22. The curved surface of the slide shoe 22, which is contacted by the flow of pulp can advantageously be developed in the following manner. Within the region of the outlet opening 21, it is flat, or it is only slightly curved with a very large radius of curvature K. Adjoining this downstream is a region of relatively sharper curvature, with a radius of curvature r. Following this is a region with a lesser curvature, with a radius of curvature R, smaller than radius K, but larger than the radius r. In FIG. 2, there is a sharp run-off edge 50 on the slide shoe 22. There is a tangent t which can be drawn to the curved surface of the slide surface at the run-off edge 50. The wire belt 10 is preferably guided to form an angle a of about 0.5° to 5° with the tangent t, measured with the machine being stationary and the wire belt 10 being taut. In FIG. 1, the head box 15 is arranged vertically, with its outlet opening 21 located at the bottom. However, any other position or orientation of the head box is also possible. FIG. 3 shows the wire end of a paper making machine having two head boxes. The first head box 15a is arranged horizontally, while the second head box 15b is arranged vertically, as in FIG. 1. The two head boxes 15a and 15b differ in having different slide shoes 22a and 22b, respectively. In the first horizontal head box 15a, the curved surface of the slide shoe 22a is relatively short and only slightly curved. Accordingly, the flow of pulp is deflected only by about 45° in the web-forming zone. At the second head box 15b, there is a higher resistance to drainage of water from the web, which results from the presence on the wire belt of the layer of fiber web that was formed at the first head box 15a. To compensate for this higher resistance to drainage, the slide shoe 22 b of the second head box 15b has a longer curved surface of greater curvature than the slide shoe 22a. It is desired to obtain the smallest possible rate of drainage at the first head box 15a upon the formation of the first fiber web layer, and this is accomplished by the relatively large mean radius of curvature of the slide shoe 22a. In this way, the fibers of the pulp are less strongly washed into the wire meshes of the wire belt, so that the web of fibers can be more easily removed from the wire belt upon their deparature from the wire end section at a web removal means like 37, 38. Furthermore, fewer fines and fillers are passed through the wire belt. In FIG. 3, separate backwater or drainage water pans or collecting reservoirs 28a and 28b are associated with head head box 15a and 15b, respectively. From each of these pans, a respective backwater line 51a and 51b passes water into a respective backwater container 52a and 52b. As described above, during further operation, the collected backwaters from the two head boxes are interchanged for subsequent use. The circulating pump 53a, which pumps water to the first head box 15a, is connected on its suction side via the conduit 54a to the backwater pan 52b, while the other circulating pump 53b, which pumps water to the second head box 15b, is connected on its suction side via the pressure conduit 54b to the backwater pan 52a. There is a connection at 55 between the two backwater pans. Thus, some of the backwater which has entered the pan 52a and is not required by the pump 53b can flow over into the pan 52 b. The sealing baffle carriers 36 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are present for each head box, but are not illustrated. FIG. 4 shows the wire end section of a paper making machine adapted for producing a three-layer fiber web. The three head boxes 15', 15" and 15'" are again identical, except for their differently shaped respective slide shoes 22', 22" and 22'" which have the size and shape characteristics described above for slide shoes 22a and 22b. The baffle carriers 36 with the sealing baffles 35 present at the head boxes (see FIGS. 1 and 2) have also not been shown in FIG. 4. It is obvious that the baffle carriers must be adapted to the different inclinations of the wire belt. The stationary wire guide rails 23 which are associated with the head boxes 15" and 15'" are not fastened to a separate transverse member but are instead fastened to the run-off end of the preceding suction boxes 29' and 29" respectively. This reduces the structural expenses. In FIGS. 3 and 4, the individual head boxes can be swingably mounted to the frame, so that they can be easily lifted from the wire belt and so that, if necessary, the machine can operate, for instance, with one head box less and without its respective slide shoe contacting the wire belt. In all of the embodiments, the web of paper from the wire belt can be removed, not with the suction roller 38 of FIG. 1, but by means of a rail or smooth roller ("lick up") or a suction box or, finally, by means of a blow box. In accordance with a further development of the invention, the wire end section of a paper making machine according to the invention can be combined with one of the known sheet-forming units, for instance, with a traditional flat wire end or a suction head roll or with a twin-wire former. In this case a head box 15 of FIG. 1, or several of these, can preferably be arranged together with the parts 23 and 26 to 29 in front of the known sheet-forming unit in the direction of travel of the wire. With a twin-wire former, the head box of FIG. 1, inverted essentially with its direction of flow from the bottom to the top, could be arranged in front of the double wire zone on that wire belt which approaches the double wire zone in the direction from the bottom to the top. Although the present invention has been described in connection with a plurality of embodiments thereof, many variations and modifications will now become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.

The disclosure concerns the wire end section of a paper making machine. The wire belt is an endless loop and the pulp suspension is supplied by one or more head boxes. The head box has an upstream and a downstream flow guide wall defining a pulp outlet opening between them. The downstream guide wall has a convexly curved slide shoe which cooperates with the passing wire belt to define a web-forming zone. At the other side of the wire belt, upstream of the outlet opening, another convexly curved wire support surface is defined for leading the wire belt into the web-forming zone. Both of the convexly curved surfaces are displaceable transversely to the direction of pulp flow from the head box. The radius of curvature of the slide shoe is greater at the outlet opening and smaller away from the outlet opening. The radius of curvature of the cooperating supporting surface on the other side of the belt is smaller than the mean radius of curvature of the slide shoe. Where a plurality of head boxes are provided, drainage water from one head box is collected and is pumped to supply water for the other head box, and vice-versa.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION [0001] As stated in the title of this specification, the following invention relates to a removable surface covering applicable essentially to floors, terraces, etc., which has the feature of being easily removable and of permitting proper run-off of water and liquids that might fall onto its surface. [0002] These qualities make it particularly applicable to outdoor surfaces subject to rain and to swimming pool water, for example. [0003] Provision is also made for its being laid indoors, and even, with due adaptations, for covering vertical surfaces. [0004] So, it can be said that it is applicable in general to the following surfaces: Outdoors for swimming pools, terraces and gardens. Indoors for the home. Sailing boats. Premises for handling foods (cold storage rooms, industrial kitchens, etc.). Pedestrian areas in ports and beaches. [0010] Moreover, the inventive covering is not just used as a drainage system but also as a system for the laying of ceramic using plastic and ceramic materials together. [0011] An objective of the invention is to achieve a solid join between the pairs of parts that are connected together via one of their faces. [0012] Each pair of parts comprises an upper flat ceramic body and another base body with small legs for resting on the floor defining a run-off chamber for the water which falls on the covering and reaches as far as the separation channels demarcating the ceramic parts. [0013] Another objective is to achieve a better and faster drainage of the water or liquid falling on the free surface of each ceramic part. [0014] A further objective of the invention is to successfully compensate the small dimensional variations which ceramic parts can undergo during the manufacturing process. [0015] Another improvement is the possibility of vertically extracting each ceramic part without any need to act on the adjacent ones, which implies a major advantage when it comes to exchanging parts due to breakage, or due to a desire to change one covering for another. [0016] Another objective of the invention is the reinforcement of the actual decorative part endowing it with greater adherence and securing in its connection to the plastic support and, on an accessory basis, providing the assembly with better thermal and sound insulation qualities. [0017] We thus obtain a new covering with high resistance to impact, along with good grip in the join between the different component parts of the covering. PRIOR ART OF THE INVENTION [0018] There currently exist different coverings for floors, standing out among which are those which are applied to outdoor surfaces in order to facilitate the run-off of rainwater and also in areas around swimming pools. [0019] In some cases, the coverings consist of plastic parts with a hollow structure with a certain thickness which define a lower run-off chamber (S1017449). [0020] These coverings can present problems of hygiene, and at the same time they leave a great deal to be desired at the aesthetic level. [0021] In other case, the coverings comprise bodies manufactured from porous materials, which, although it is true that they are capable of draining off a certain flow of water, a certain point is reached at which saturation takes places. Also, the porosity of those bodies in some cases facilitates the proliferation of fungi and bacteria. [0022] Also known are coverings formed from lower base parts of a plastic material and upper parts of a ceramic material, notable among which are invention patents numbers WO03/040491, EP044371, EP256189 and DE199662812. [0023] These coverings present certain problems, for example, difficulties when it comes to exchanging ceramic parts due to breakage or for any other reason. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0024] In order to achieve the objectives and avoid the drawbacks mentioned in the previous section, the invention proposes a removable surface covering wherein it comprises in principle a combination of lower support elements for drainage and upper plates which are fixed on those support bodies, such that when water falls on that covering, whether it be rainwater, swimming pool water or any other, the water does not remain on the visible exterior surface but instead reaches the lower chamber formed by the support elements for drainage via some separation grooves between the plates when these are made of a ceramic or similar material. [0025] This combination of elements provides an inhibiting covering, both for damp and for water retention thanks to the fact that the water which has fallen reaches the lower chamber formed by the support elements made essentially of plastic material. [0026] It is also a hygienic product thanks to the inclusion of the upper plates which are the ones arranged externally. [0027] The support elements basically comprise a flat structure with passage windows or spaces containing an array of short support legs, the side edges also including means of engagement with other adjacent support elements. [0028] When the plates are ceramic parts, they are fixed to the lower supports leaving some separation grooves between them so that the water can, via those grooves, reach the lower chamber corresponding to the supports, thus achieving proper run-off or flow of liquid to drain. [0029] Another possibility could be that the ceramic parts are in contact along their entire side edges and those parts include small passage windows so that the water can reach the lower chamber. [0030] Another possibility is that the ceramic parts include channels, the bottoms of which have a certain descending inclination towards the perimeter of the ceramic parts with the aim of encouraging the water to fall towards the separation grooves or joints between the ceramic parts and thereby facilitate the run-off of the water. [0031] The material used for the support elements will preferably be low density polyethylene, though it could be any other. [0032] Another characteristic of the invention is that the connection between the upper plates and the support elements consists of applying an adhesive material at strategic points during the pressing of each pair of parts, in correspondence with some hollows in the support element and some slots in the upper plates, such that when the adhesive material hardens a chemical-mechanical connection is obtained. [0033] This connection is very solid and at the same time it is possible to detach and separate the plates when necessary without interfering with the adjacent plates. The connection material adopts a structure like a rivet, so that when an upper part needs to be separated, the breakage takes place of just the connection material corresponding to the different strategic points of that connection. [0034] This connection system economises on sticking material and at the same time permits a certain tolerance towards movements. It also allows the ceramic part or parts to be removed vertically for being exchanged. [0035] Another characteristic of the invention is that the visible surfaces of the ceramic parts are slightly swollen in order to improve the fall of the water towards the side edges of those parts. [0036] In any case, the aim is for the highest point of that visible surface to be higher than the rest of it. To achieve this, another possibility could be for it to consist of a surface shaped like a multiple-pitch roof. [0037] Another improvement is that the support element has a width and length slightly greater than those of the ceramic part, all this with the aim of compensating for the minor dimensional variations which those ceramic parts can undergo during the pressing stage of manufacture. [0038] The ceramic parts can include furrows, the ends of which lead to the edges of those parts in order to improve the drainage. The bottom of those furrows presents a slight inclination, and they can also have a bottom profile shaped like a double-pitch roof. [0039] The support elements include lateral fastenings in their edges for being able to be screwed to a lower surface corresponding to the floor, if necessary. [0040] So, each set of support and tile comprises a covering tile module which is connected and associated with other adjacent modules by means of a tongue-and-groove coupling. [0041] The connection between both parts of each module is done by means of tongue portions of the support which are complemented with groove portions located on the reverse side of the ceramic parts, thereby achieving a combined chemical-mechanical connection. [0042] The inventive covering is also wherein the plastic supports comprise a structure formed from an array of coplanar ribs and a peripheral frame with a staggered configuration, said ribs being complemented with some channels located on the reverse side of the ceramic parts, so that when the adhesive is poured over the contact surface between the two component bodies of the module the mechanical and chemical connection is made precisely via the said ribs and channels with the addition of the adhesive. [0043] The connection between the ceramic part and the plastic support is reinforced by means of a succession of small passage recesses located in an interior portion of the peripheral frame of the support, which will also receive adhesive. The reverse side of the ceramic parts in turn presents a peripheral notch corresponding to the plastic support. The adhesive layer is applied covering at least all the lower surface demarcated by the frame of the support, and the adhesive layer in turn exceeds the support ribs which remain embedded in it, achieving the desired mechanical and chemical fastening, in turn generating a reinforcing volume or lamina in the tile which stiffens it considerably, eliminating all the problems of impact resistance and also granting the unit certain thermal and sound insulating qualities that are highly advantageous for certain applications. [0044] Moreover, in the join of the short legs with the ribs, some small tronco-conical enlargements are generated which correspond to other complementary depressions of the ceramic parts located along the channels. The ribs of the supports include other tronco-conical enlargements. In this way, a more consistent and solid mechanical connection is achieved, since these enlargements are completely embedded without the adhesive. [0045] The short legs are also to be found in the peripheral frame, which also includes the elements for carrying out the tongue-and-grooving between the different modules. [0046] Finally, provision has been made for some narrow profiles arranged in the free edges of the covering in correspondence with the different modules, in which case they serve to terminate the covering of those sides which do not end in a wall or surface that can cover them. [0047] These narrow profiles include some anchoring extensions to the peripheral legs of the plastic supports. [0048] Below, in order to aid a better understanding of this specification and forming an integral part thereof, some figures are attached in which, on an illustrative rather than limiting basis, the object of the invention has been represented. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0049] FIG. 1 .—Shows an exploded perspective view of the removable surface covering, forming the object of the invention. [0050] FIG. 2 .—Shows a sectioned elevation view of the covering represented in the previous figure. [0051] FIG. 3 .—Shows another sectioned view of the covering of the invention. [0052] FIG. 4 .—Shows an exploded perspective view of the removable covering with a different embodiment from that shown in the previous figures. [0053] FIG. 5 .—Shows a sectioned view of that represented in the previous figure. [0054] FIG. 6 .—Shows another sectioned view of the covering shown in FIG. 4 . [0055] FIG. 7 .—Shows a plan view of the reverse side of a ceramic part which forms part of the removable surface covering. In this embodiment, the covering basically comprises a base support with short support legs and a ceramic part which is joined to the base support by means of an adhesive layer. [0056] FIG. 8 .—Shows a perspective view of a plastic support which forms part of the covering shown in the previous figure. [0057] FIG. 9 .—Shows a perspective view of the unit of a ceramic part and plastic support with the inclusion of some narrow terminal profiles for decoration and finishing. [0058] FIGS. 10 and 11 .—Represent respective sectioned details essentially showing the connection of the ceramic part and plastic support by means of the corresponding adhesive. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED FORM OF EMBODIMENT [0059] Considering the numbering adopted in the figures, the removable surface covering comprises the combination of some plastic support legs 1 , 1 ′, 1 ″ and some upper ceramic supports 2 . 2 ′, 2 ″, the two being joined via their contact faces by means of an adhesive 3 , or any other means. These plastic supports include some short legs 5 , 5 ′, 5 ″ for resting on the ground. [0060] In a first embodiment, the lower supports 1 include a set of passage windows 4 and also the short support legs 5 on the ground, thereby creating a run-off chamber for rainwater, swimming pool water, etc. The supports 1 also include some grooves 12 . [0061] The lower parts 1 in turn possess complementary anchoring elements 6 and 7 for associating the different lower parts 1 together. [0062] Moreover, the edges of the upper parts 2 coincide with the edges of the lower supports 1 , such that between the upper parts 2 some separation channels 8 are created which coincide with other separation channels 9 existing between the lower parts, these latter channels 9 being where the anchoring elements 6 and 7 between the different lower parts 1 are to be found. [0063] In this way, the water which falls on the ceramic parts 2 will reach as far as the run-off chamber precisely via the peripheral channels demarcating and separating the different parts. [0064] In addition, the ceramic parts 2 can include some furrows 10 , which lead to the peripheral channels, and at the same time those furrows possess a gentle and slight inclination descending towards the edges of the said ceramic parts 2 . [0065] Moreover, the lower face of the ceramic parts 2 can include depressions 11 which will be complemented with projections of the plastic supports 1 for improving the resistance to movement between the parts, as well as the connection and immobilisation of the said parts. [0066] The distribution of the short support legs 5 of the lower supports 1 permit the load to be borne by the covering to be distributed, such that it can be transited even by vehicles. [0067] In a second embodiment, the adhesive material 3 is located in correspondence with some slots 13 of the ceramic parts 2 ′ and in correspondence with some facing hollows of the lower parts 1 ′. [0068] Paying attention to FIG. 5 , the hollows consist of some passage openings 14 , such that, when the two parts are pressed together in order to proceed to their joining, the adhesive material, still soft, will adopt a structure in the form of a mushroom 15 by way of a rivet, in such a way that when the adhesive dries, a chemical and mechanical connection will be obtained via the different points where the adhesive has been applied. [0069] Paying attention now to FIG. 6 , the hollows consist of some conical shaped openings 16 , in such a way that when the adhesive dries a solid fastening with a rivet structure 17 is also obtained. [0070] The lower supports 1 ′ include the set of passage windows 4 , along with the short support legs 5 ′ on the ground, thereby creating a run-off chamber for rainwater, swimming pool water, etc., as occurred in the first embodiment. [0071] The lower parts 1 ′ in turn possess complementary anchoring elements 6 ′ and 7 ′ for associating the different lower parts 1 ′ together. [0072] Moreover, the edges of the upper parts 2 ′ are in correspondence with the edges of the lower supports 1 ′, such that, as occurred in the first embodiment, between the upper parts 2 ′ some separation channels 8 are created which coincide with other separation channels 9 existing between the lower parts, these latter channels 9 being where the anchoring elements 6 ′ and 7 ′ between the different lower parts 1 ′ are to be found. [0073] In this way, the water which falls on the ceramic parts 2 ′ will reach as far as the run-off chamber precisely via the peripheral channels demarcating and separating the different parts. [0074] In addition, the ceramic parts 2 ′ can include some furrows 10 ′, which lead to the peripheral channels, and at the same time those furrows possess a gentle and slight inclination, either descending towards the edges of the said ceramic parts 2 ′ or pairs of descending planes like a double-pitch roof. [0075] The distribution of the short support legs 5 ′ of the lower supports 1 ′ permit the load to be borne by the covering to be distributed, such that it can be transited even by vehicles. [0076] The decorative free surface of the ceramic parts 2 ′ is higher in the middle in order to facilitate the drainage of water. It can be a swollen surface, a surface shaped like a quadruple-pitch roof or similar. [0077] The plastic support 1 ′ includes in at least one of its sides a projecting opening which exceeds the perimeter of the ceramic part (similar to the anchorings) for the use of mechanical fastenings to the floor or wall. This permits the covering to be secured in zones where it could slip if it is simply held in position with the fastenings offered by the supports. [0078] In a third embodiment ( FIGS. 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 ) the removable covering comprises plastic supports 1 ″ and some upper parts of a ceramic nature 2 ″, which are connected via their contact faces by means of a thick layer of adhesive 3 which will cover virtually the entire contact surface of both parts, constituting covering modules which will be linked by means of a tongue-and-groove connection made up of small tongue 6 ″ and groove 7 ″ anchoring elements integral with the plastic supports 1 ″. [0079] The plastic support 1 ″ includes a staggered peripheral frame 18 and a cross-linkage of ribs 19 which are located in correspondence with a complementary cross-linkage of channels 20 located on the reverse side of the respective ceramic part 2 ″. [0080] In turn, the peripheral frame 18 of the plastic support 1 ″ is located in correspondence with a peripheral notch 21 of the reverse side of the respective ceramic part 2 ″, said notch 21 possessing a gentle exterior inclined plane 22 . [0081] This peripheral zone also receives the adhesive 3 , with part of the fastening being assured by means of a succession of small recesses 23 made in the interior portion of that frame 18 of the plastic support 1 ″. [0082] The plastic support 1 ″ includes an array of small support legs 5 ″ integral with the ribs 19 and also with the peripheral frame 18 . [0083] In the confluence of the legs 5 ″ with the different ribs 19 , some tronco-conical enlargements 24 are generated which are located in some complementary depressions 25 established along the channels 20 of the reverse side of the ceramic part 2 ″. [0084] The ribs 19 of the plastic supports 1 ″ present in their upper part a configuration with an inverted trapezoid section 26 which, added to the tronco-conical enlargements 24 , creates a stronger, more flexible and solid mechanical join, along with greater robustness and rigidity in each covering module comprising a ceramic part and plastic support. [0085] The areas of the reverse side bounded by the channels 20 and peripheral notch 21 comprise a multitude of tronco-pyramidal prominences with rectangular bases 27 which also help to provide better fastening between the plastic support and the respective ceramic part. [0086] Moreover, some narrow decorative profiles 28 and 29 are provided, with circular section, which serve to finish the free sides of the covering. [0087] These profiles 28 and 29 possess some T-shaped extensions 30 in one of their faces in order to facilitate their securing to the plastic support 1 ″ in correspondence with some of the short legs 5 ″ emerging from the peripheral frame 18 of that support 1 ″.

The invention relates to a removable surface covering comprising a combination of lower supports with plastic support legs and upper ceramic parts which are joined to the supports by means of contact faces and with the aid of an adhesive material, such as to form covering modules which are interconnected using tongue-and-groove anchoring elements. According to the invention, the plastic supports and the ceramic parts are joined using a thick layer of adhesive which covers almost all of the contact surfaces thereof. In addition, the ceramic parts are equipped with channels and a peripheral notch which house respectively ribs and a frame belonging to the plastic support. The thickness of the adhesive extends over at least part of the thickness of the ribs and the frame of the plastic support. In another embodiment of the invention, the parts are joined at strategic points with a chemical-mechanical connection.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to levitation devices and methods and more particularly to the levitation or suspension of a permanent magnet in a magnetic field produced by another magnet (either permanent or electromagnetic) using no mechanical restraints or supports. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Magnets, both permanent magnets and electromagnets, find a wide variety of uses, both practical and as entertainment devices. The poles of magnets have been named the north pole and the south pole, the north pole being the one that points northward in the Earth's magnetic field, i.e., the magnetic north-seeking pole. It is, of course, well known that like poles, i.e., two north poles, repel one another and unlike poles, i.e., a north pole and a south pole, attract one another. This phenomenon has been used to levitate one magnet above another and offers the possibility of substantially reduced friction. Magnetic levitation of trains, for example, is one practical application of the phenomenon. However, in such a levitation application, highly sophisticated control devices are required for controlling the magnetic fields of electromagnets to overcome the inherent instabilities of the repulsion forces of two like magnetic poles. In a simple levitation system wherein one pole of a first permanent magnet is attempted to be suspended above a like pole of a second permanent magnet, the inherent instability of such a system results in the flipping over of the first magnet so that the unlike poles attract and are brought together into a stable configuration. A number of simple levitation systems have been devised which employ specially configured permanent magnet arrangements intended to minimize the instability associated with magnetic levitation. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,323,8937 to Neal, for example, there is disclosed a magnetic system having a base magnet comprising a circular disk in which a first plurality of cylindrical magnets is disposed in a circular array about the axis of the circular disk. An upper magnet member comprising a spherical segment in which a second plurality of cylindrical magnets is disposed in a circular array of smaller diameter than the diameter of the circular array of the base magnet. The first plurality of magnets is disposed with like (north) poles and longitudinal axes directed vertically upwardly or inclined slightly toward the axis of the circular disk. The second plurality of magnets is disposed with like (north) poles and longitudinal axes directed vertically downwardly or inclined at the same inclination as the first plurality of magnets. This arrangement of the base magnet is said to produce an inverted magnetic field cone which embraces the smaller diameter magnetic field of like polarity of the upper magnet and thereby is said to stabilize the levitation system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,245 to Harrigan discloses another simple magnetic levitation system which utilizes a dish-shaped lower magnet to magnetically support or levitate a magnetic top spinning coaxially above the lower magnet. The dish-shaped or concave surface of the lower magnet is said to produce radially inwardly directed lines of magnetization which, together with the gyroscopic effect of rotation of the magnetic top, provide stabilization of the levitation system. The Harrigan patent discloses another embodiment in which stabilization is said to be provided by a combination of the concave lower magnet surface and a pendulum effect resulting from a non-magnetic mass supported below the lower magnet on an arm extending from the upper magnet through a central bore in the lower magnet. Other embodiments are disclosed in which the lower field is not provided by a dish-shaped magnet but is provided by a plurality of cylindrical magnets arranged similarly to the arrangement of the aforementioned Neal patent. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a magnetic levitation device that accomplishes stable, unrestrained levitation of one magnet above another magnet by utilizing a previously unrecognized characteristic of the magnetic field above a uniformly magnetized surface and by incorporation of a rotational motion of the levitated magnet. Although the magnetic levitation device of the present invention may have other applications not specifically described herein, it is intended to provide an educational or amusement device that may be readily manufactured at low cost and operated simply, reliably and reproducibly with minimal instruction. The invention described herein makes use of a uniformly magnetized flat or substantially planar magnetic base above which is caused to float or levitate a spinning magnetic top comprising a flat ring magnet, a nonmagnetic spindle and one or more nonmagnetic washer-shaped weights. Both the base magnet and the magnet of the top are preferably sheet-like materials magnetically polarized normal to their horizontal or flat surfaces and their magnetic fields are arranged in opposition. Sheet-like materials magnetized in this way are referred to as magnetic shells. The magnetic strength, S, of a shell is defined as the magnetic moment per unit area of its surface, i.e., the number of unit poles per unit area times the thickness of the shell. The magnetic field of a uniformly magnetized shell is the same as would be produced by an electric current flowing around the periphery of the shell, the current intensity, i, in abamperes, being numerically the same as the strength, S, of the shell. All shells of the same uniform strength and the same outer periphery give rise to the same field at all outside points. In other words, the profile or shape of the surface of the shell is immaterial. Making the surface of the base magnet concave instead of flat does not provide a magnetic centering force above the base magnet. A previously unrecognized characteristic of the magnetic field above a magnetic shell is that the shape of the outer periphery of a shell affects the stability of a levitation system using the shell. In particular, a magnetic shell with a polygonal shaped periphery, especially a rectangular or a square shaped periphery, has a region located a few centimeters above the surface of the shell and along the diagonals of the polygonal shape where the magnetic field gradients are such as to provide both lifting (dH x dz) and centering (dH x /dz) forces on a magnetic dipole positioned in that region. Other non-polygonal shapes, such as circular, elliptical, etc. do not appear to provide a region where both lifting and centering forces exist. With the foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention that will become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, the appended claims and to the several views illustrated in the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of a magnetic dipole +m, -m of length 1 and the coordinates r and ⊖ used to define the location of a point P in the magnetic field around the dipole; FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of the magnetic field of a Circular current loop with a magnetic dipole +m, -m located near the axis of symmetry of the field; FIG. 3 is a graph showing the calculated magnitudes of the vertical gradient (dH x /dz) of the horizontal component (H x ) of the magnetic field versus the distance (z) above a 10 cm square permanent magnet at increasing distances (h) from the central axis of the magnet along a diagonal of the square; FIG. 4 is a graph showing the calculated magnitudes of the horizontal component of the magnetic field gradient (dH x /dz) in the vertical direction (z) above a 10 cm square permanent magnet at increasing distances (h) from the central axis of the magnet along a diagonal of the square; FIGS. 5-9 are perspective views showing one embodiment of the magnetic levitation device of the present invention and the method steps in operating the device of the invention; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of other embodiments of the magnetic levitation device of the present invention; and FIG. 11 is a perspective view of still other embodiments of the magnetic levitation device of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION While the present invention is not intended to be limited thereby, the following explanation of the operation of the invention will aid in understanding the invention. Referring first to FIG. 1, there is graphically illustrated a magnetic dipole 2 of length 1 having a north pole (+m) and a south pole (-m). The dipole 2 is said to have a magnetic moment M equal to the product ml. Magnetic moment M is a vector having a direction from -m to +m along the axis of dipole 2. The magnetic field surrounding the magnetic dipole is given by: H.sub.r =2M cos ⊖/r.sup.3 (1) H ⊖=M sin ⊖/r.sup.3 (2) where M is the magnetic moment of the dipole; r and ⊖ define the point in space relative to the dipole at which the field is measured; and H r and H⊖ are the components of the field, in gauss, in the directions of increasing r and increasing ⊖. Equations (1) and (2) above also define the magnetic field produced by a circular loop of electric current where M is the product of the current i in the loop and the area A of the loop and is known as the magnetic moment of the current loop. It has been very difficult to achieve levitation of one permanent magnet above another permanent magnet without using some form of mechanical restraint to keep the levitated magnet stable, i.e., prevent it from sliding sideways and/or flipping over. This situation is illustrated in FIG. 2. A circular loop of current, i, lies in the x-y plane. The magnetic field produced by the current is shown by magnetic field lines emerging along a diameter d of the loop i. (By convention the direction of the magnetic field is the direction of the force the field exerts on a north (+) pole). The field lines diverge (i.e., the field becomes weaker) with increasing height above the current loop i. A dipole 2 (+m, -m) is shown located near the axis of symmetry of the field and is tilted by an angle, α, away from the vertical. The field causes an upward force on +m and a downward force on -m. These forces produce a torque tending to rotate the dipole clockwise. The torque T is, approximately: T=H.sub.z ml sin =H.sub.z M sin α (3) Note that the torque increases as α increases. The dipole 2 is unstable in the position shown and will flip over, putting the south pole (-m) downward to achieve a stable configuration. The dipole 2 also experiences a net upward force when oriented as shown because in the upwardly decreasing field, the upward force on +m is greater than the downward force on -m. The net upward force is given by: F.sub.z =M cos αdH.sup.x /dz (4) There is also a net sideways force in the X direction given by: F.sub.x =M cos αdH.sub.x /dz (5) If H x increases with z, the net sideways force will be directed toward the axis of the field, i.e., there will be a centering force, keeping the dipole from sliding sideways out of the field. The upward and sideways forces, or translational forces, on the dipole are proportional to the spatial rate of change (i.e., the gradient) of the field, not to the magnitude of the field. In a perfectly uniform field, the dipole 2 would experience no translational force even if the field were very intense; it would experience only the torque. According to the present invention, a previously unrecognized characteristic of the magnetic field above a magnetic shell is exploited, namely, that there can be a region a few centimeters above the surface of the shell where the gradients are such as to provide both a lifting (dH z /dz negative a force) and a centering (dH x /dz positive a force) on a magnetic dipole. This characteristic is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 with respect to a 10 cm square magnetic shell. In those Figures, curves showing dH z /dz (FIG. 3) and dH x /dz (FIG. 4) are plotted versus height z for points spaced 0.5 cm apart along a diagonal of a 10 cm square magnetic shell of strength 780 unit poles per cm 2 . In FIG. 3 dH z /dz reaches a maximum negative value at all radial locations, this maximum value being greater and its vertical location being lower at increasing distances from the center of the square (h=0.0 cm). As shown in FIG. 4, the dH x /dz curves all have positive, i.e., centering, values at vertical distances below about 2.3 cm along the diagonals of the square. Now, assume that a dipole, such as a small, thin ring magnet magnetized through its thickness, is raised up (increasing z) from the magnetic shell along the axis thereof. The upward force on the magnet increases until the peak negative gradient dH z /dz is reached, after which the force decreases. The peak dH z /dz for each distance h marks the height where the maximum weight dipole can be levitated against gravity. A dipole having a weight somewhat less than this maximum would be lifted by the magnetic field up past the peak dH z /dz and then would be levitated some small distance above that point. If dH x /dz is negative at that point, e.g., z>2.3 cm in FIG. 3, the dipole will slide sideways out of the field because of the absence of a positive centering force or field along the diagonal of the base magnet. Thus, the region of possible stable levitation is below z>2.3 cm, and the curves of FIGS. 3 and 4 suggest that the inner radius of the ring magnet should be no less than about 2 cm and the outer radius could be as much as 3 cm. With those dimensions, the ring would float and be centered (i.e., would not slip sideways out of the field). The calculated magnetic field of a circular magnetic shell results in no overlap of the centering region and the maximum negative dH z /dz, that is, the limiting height of the centering region (i.e., the height where dH x /dz changes from positive to negative) lies below the peak (dH z /dz negative) force at all radial distances corresponding to distance h. Thus, levitation of a permanent magnet over a circular base permanent magnet is not possible. Examination of a permanent magnet of other shapes, e.g., triangular, x-shaped, has shown that the square is near the optimal shape. Even though, potentially and theoretically, a ring magnet will levitate and stay centered above the 10 cm square magnetic shell base discussed above, if left unrestrained the ring magnet will flip over and fall to the base magnet. The restraint to prevent this lies in spinning the ring magnet about its axis and relying on gyroscopic action to keep it from flipping. If the ring magnet is spun faster than a certain angular velocity it will spin upright above the base without wobbling. As its speed decreases due to air friction, the ring magnet will begin to nutate and precess until it eventually flips over. The critical rotation speed above which the ring magnet will levitate in a stable condition and below which it will start nutation is given by: Ω.sup.2 =4MHI.sub.x /I.sub.z.sup.2 (6) where Ω=spin rate (radians/sec); M=magnetic moment of the ring magnet; H=intensity of the magnetic field produced by the base; I x =moment of inertia of the ring magnet about its diameter, I x =M(r 1 2 +r 2 2 )/4; I z =moment of inertia of the ring magnet about its axis of symmetry, I z =M(r 1 2 +r 2 2 )/2; and r 1 and r 2 are the inner and outer radii of the magnetized ring. For the dimensional parameters used herein to describe the present invention, spin rates of about 20 revolutions/sec are required to prevent the ring magnet from flipping over. A preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. A first or base ceramic magnet 10 having a square periphery 10 cm on a side and a thickness of about 0.7 cm is disposed horizontally on a surface T. Magnet 10 is magnetized normal to its large surface area with (for description purposes) its north (+) pole oriented upwardly. A non-magnetic lifter plate 12, such as a transparent plastic sheet, rests on the base magnet 10 with an edge 11 extending beyond the base magnet 10. On the lifter plate 12 a top 13 is held by the hand H of a user for operation in the manner described hereinafter. Top 13 comprises a second magnet, such as a ceramic ring magnet 14 with (for description purposes) its north (+) pole oriented downwardly toward the like north pole of the first or base magnet 10. A spindle 18, preferably made of a non-magnetic material, is fitted tightly into the central hole of ring magnet 14 for manually imparting spin to the ring magnet 14. One or more non-magnetic washers 16 are placed over the spindle 18 and fit snugly on the spindle 18 in the manner shown in FIG. 5. Washers 16 are used for weight adjustment of the magnetic top 13 as described in more detail hereinafter. Top 13 is held against the lifter plate 12 above the geometric center G of base magnet 10 and is spun, either by hand or by another appropriate mechanism, such as a cord. Referring now to FIG. 6 which shows top 13 spinning clockwise, the user grips and raises lifter plate 12 vertically upwardly in the direction of arrow 20. The user lifts the plate 12 slowly by hand until the spinning top 13 approaches the height of maximum negative gradient of the vertical component of the magnetic field. Now referring to FIG. 7, the top 13 has passed through the height of maximum negative gradient (dH z /dz) which causes it to lift or levitate upwardly in the direction of arrow 22 off the surface of lifter plate 12. As shown in FIG. 8, the lifter plate 12 may then be removed, e.g., in the direction shown by arrow 24. The spinning top 13 will remain levitating or floating above the geometric center G of base magnet 10 as shown in FIG. 9 until the rotation rate of the top 13 drops below that which will maintain the system stable. If the top 13 does not lift itself off the lifter plate 12 as shown in FIG. 7, it is too heavy and one or more washers 16 should be removed before the procedure is repeated. If the top 13 suddenly jumps off the lifter plate 12 becomes unstable and falls, the top is too light and one or more washers 16 should be added to the spindle 18 before the procedure is repeated. When the top is correctly weighted, it will rise gently off the lifter plate 12 as the peak negative dH z /dz is approached and levitate. In actual operation, the top 13 will levitate or float for several minutes during which time it precesses, nutates and moves gently up-and-down and from side-to-side until it slows and falls onto the base magnet. Further embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 10. These embodiments are substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5-9 except that the height at which the top 13 levitates can be increased by as much as 100%. This is accomplished by weakening the magnetic field at the geometric center G' of the base magnet 10'. A weakened magnetic field at the center G' may be achieved either by cutting a central hole 26 (shown in dashed lines) in the base magnet 10' or by mounting a magnet disk 28 of opposite polarity, i.e., with its south (-) pole oriented upwardly over the geometric center G' of the base magnet 10'. Disk 28 may be adhesively bonded or otherwise affixed to magnet 10'. Referring now to FIG. 11, still other embodiments of the invention are shown wherein an electromagnetic 30, such as a wire conductor 32 formed into a polygonal (square) shape is used for the base magnet instead of a permanent magnet. On one side of electromagnet 30, the conductor 32 is bent downwardly to form closely spaced terminal ends 34, 36 across which a DC voltage is applied to create a magnetic field similar to the magnetic field of magnet 10 of FIGS. 5-9. A magnet top 40 which may be identical to top 13 is levitated above electromagnet 30 according to the same method described above in connection with FIGS. 5-9. Optionally, another magnet 42 shown in dashed lines may be located at the geometric center E of electromagnet 30 for the same purpose as magnet 28 or hole 26 in the FIG. 10 embodiment. Magnet 42 may be a small electromagnet or a permanent magnet of circular, polygonal or other suitable shape with its field direction oriented opposite to the field direction of electromagnet 30. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that using a stronger magnetic material or a stronger electromagnet will permit the use of a heavier top with a greater moment of inertia to thus reduce the stable spin rate and increase the levitation time of the system. Although certain presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains that variations and modifications of the described embodiment may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.

A magnetic levitation device and method of levitating a magnet without mechanical restraining elements are disclosed. The levitation device comprises a first magnet with a polygonal, preferably square, periphery and a substantially planar upper surface magnetized normal thereto and a second magnet with an apparatus to rotate or spin the same. The second magnet is rotated or spun on a lifter plate disposed on the upper surface of the first magnet with like polar orientations of the magnets in confronting relation. When the lifter plate is raised above the first magnet the spinning second magnet levitates above the first magnet and the lifter plate and the lifter plate is removed from between the first and second magnets. The weight of the second magnet may be varied to change the height above the first magnet at which the second magnet levitates.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a flow-through measuring cell. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION To measure the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with fluids in a measuring cell, there must be permeable and transparent windows in the measuring cell for the region of the electromagnetic spectrum which is relevant to the measurement. The windows must seal a measurement space of the measuring cell relative to the environment, even at possibly higher pressures. This applies especially to inline measuring cells. In particular for absorption measurements it is necessary to know exactly the resulting layer thickness or the optical path length along the beam path of the electromagnetic radiation in order to be able to evaluate the measured values accordingly. In many measurement applications it is necessary to clean the measuring cell often and/or to make available another layer thickness. In the past, different measuring cells were used for this purpose or various inserts for different layer thicknesses were provided. U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,271 discloses a measuring cell with a complex mechanical structure in which the adjustment of the optical path length, therefore of the distance between the windows, is enabled in a very small region (by compression of the seal 31 on the stop 22). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of this invention is to devise a measuring cell which can be economically produced and which can be flexibly used. Advantageous developments of the invention are given in the dependent claims. All combinations of at least two of the features given in the specification, the claims and/or the figures also fall within the scope of the invention. At the given value ranges, values within the indicated limits will also be considered to be disclosed as boundary values and will be claimed in any combination. To avoid repetitions, features disclosed for the system are also to be considered to be disclosed and claimed for the device. Likewise features disclosed for the device are also to be considered to be disclosed and claimed for the system. The invention is based on the idea of making at least one of the windows located in the beam path settable, or at any time adjustable, without adjustment attachments on the measuring cell or on the measuring cell body along the beam path during installation so that (one-time) setting or adjustment of the distance A, A′ between the windows is enabled at least in an adjustment state of the measuring cell, especially for a given temperature range. In other words: The measuring cell has several operating positions to which the measuring cell can be set or adjusted. This measure makes it possible to produce a measuring cell with minimum costs since a wide range of distances A, A′ (corresponds especially to the optical path length of the measuring cell) along the adjustment range can be set, especially during installation. During or after installation and setting, the window or windows can be fixed so that adjustment is no longer necessary. When an adjustment capacity is provided (thus without fixing of the windows) it is no longer necessary to replace the measuring cell to change the layer thickness or at least to replace an insert of the measuring cell. The user can set the distance A, A′ within a positioning range at will. The construction of the measuring cell calls for the setting/adjustment to be able to take place without rotation. A complex mechanism is avoided in this way. Stops for limiting the movement can also be omitted. It is especially conceivable to provide the windows as claimed in the invention in a basic form which can be produced especially easily. Shaping of the outside contour, especially of stops and the like, can be omitted. In particular the outside contour of the windows is flat or without shoulders or in any cross section rectangular along the beam path. Transversely to the beam path the window can have a circular cross section with an identical diameter over the entire window length (optionally aside from a bevel on the face sides of the window). The window, in one version which can be produced especially easily, has the shape of a round cylinder. Alternatively the simple basic shape can also consist in a plate-shaped configuration with a cross section which is rectangular to the beam path. In other words, the operating position can be set by application of a compressive force to the windows in the direction of the beam path exclusively from outside of the measuring cell, optionally in combination with a spacer element between the windows to limit the movement. Exclusively from outside means that on the measuring cell itself there are no mechanical means for applying pressure. In one advantageous embodiment of the invention it is provided that the measuring cell after setting of a first operating position is adjustable within the positioning range, especially without mechanical positioning means attached to the measuring cell ( 1 , 1 ′), preferably exclusively in the direction of the opposite window. To the extent the measuring cell is formed from plastic at least on the window receiver, especially the predominant part of the measuring cell, preferably essentially the entire measuring cell, economical production of the measuring cell is possible. Moreover the measuring cell can be made as a disposable measuring cell. Moreover at least one of the windows can be made in a force fit/press fit so that the distance A, A′ can be set along the force fit and at least in the direction of the opposite window is easily adjustable by pressure from the outside. This simplifies the installation since with identical measuring cells different optical path lengths can be implemented. In the installation of the measuring cell the set distance A, A′ (or the optical path length) can be fixed and identified accordingly, especially by a coding of the measuring cell. It is also conceivable as claimed in the invention that the operating position can be set or adjusted along one fit of the window or one window receiver which accommodates the window in the measuring cell, preferably by direct fitting of the window relative to the guide channel of the measuring cell or of the measuring cell body, which channel is made especially as shaping of the measuring cell wall. Fitting takes place relative to the inlet or outlet openings and has a tolerance at which the window at least during installation can be moved along the beam path by applying pressure from outside the measuring cell. At the same time the tolerance of the fit ensures sealing of the measurement space relative to the vicinity of the measuring cell, especially without special sealing means (such as gaskets). The nominal diameter of the fit is the same along the adjustment range. In this connection one or both windows can be adjustable to one another along their alignment, especially along one window receiving channel which corresponds to the outside contour of the window, preferably by frictional engagement in the channel. To the extent the two windows are adjustable, a larger adjustment range can be implemented. The frictional engagement is caused by the corresponding fit of the window or of the window receiver. The window receiver channel preferably has parallel channel walls in the adjustment range. According to another advantageous embodiment of the invention it is provided that the positioning range extends from the smallest settable distance A, A′ at least by a factor of 1.5, especially at least by a factor of 2, preferably at least by a factor of 3 of the smallest settable distance A, A′. The larger the adjustment range, the more flexibly the measuring cell can be used. According to one alternative embodiment of the invention it is advantageously provided that at least one wall which borders the measurement space can be flexible deformed along the alignment of the windows and a spacer element for fixing the plane of the window at a distance which is dictated by the choice of the spacer element outside the measurement space can be inserted between the windows. An especially large adjustment range can be implemented by these embodiments. Here it is especially advantageous if the wall is made as bellows. An independent invention is a system composed of the above described measuring cell with several spacer elements of different length for setting a distance A′ which is defined by the respective spacer element. This makes it possible to offer a set with different stages for defined optical path lengths or distances A′. The user can use the set for correspondingly different application conditions without keeping various measurement cells in reserve. To the extent the spacer element/elements are made as U-shaped sections, the installation of the measuring cell, especially during adjustment, is facilitated. It is especially advantageous that it is not necessary to intervene in the measurement space or to open the measurement space when the distance A changes. To the extent at the same time the wall is located, especially fixed on one of the windows, forming a seal, to seal the measurement space, the wall performs a double function, as a result of which additional components such as gaskets, etc. are superfluous. Other advantages, features and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments and using the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a cross sectional view of a first embodiment of a measuring cell as claimed in the invention, FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of a second embodiment of a measuring cell as claimed in the invention, FIG. 3 a shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of a measuring cell as claimed in the invention, FIG. 3 b shows a cross sectional view of the embodiment according to FIG. 3 a along one sectional plane A S and FIG. 3 c shows a cross sectional view of the third embodiment along one sectional plane B S from FIG. 3 a. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the figures the same elements and elements with the same functions are identified with the same reference numbers. FIG. 1 shows a measuring cell 1 through which a fluid can flow and which has the measurement space 4 which is bordered by a measuring cell body 5 . A fluid flows through the measurement space 4 ; the interaction of the fluid with electromagnetic radiation, especially light from a light source, is to be measured. For this purpose there is a radiation measurement region 6 on which electromagnetic radiation is routed through the fluid transversely to the flow direction of the fluid from a radiation source which is not shown, especially a light source. The electromagnetic radiation is measured on the opposite side. In the beam path (beam direction transversely to the flow direction) there are windows 7 , 8 in order to allow the passage of the electromagnetic radiation through the measurement space 4 into the fluid. The windows 7 , 8 are each routed in the guide channels 11 , 12 whose inside contour corresponds to the outside contour of the windows 7 , 8 so that there is a fit between the windows 7 , 8 and the respective guide channel 11 , 12 . This enables an adjustment of the windows 7 , 8 along the inside contour of the guide channels 11 , 12 so that a distance A between the windows 7 , 8 can be set or adjusted. This distance A corresponds especially to the optical path length. The windows 7 , 8 are formed from quartz glass, while the measuring cell body 5 consists of plastic in this exemplary embodiment. The dimensions of the outside contour of the windows 7 , 8 and of the inside contours of the guide channels 11 , 12 are dimensioned such that the windows 7 , 8 at room temperature, therefore at roughly 20° C., can be moved along the guide channels 11 , 12 by sliding, even under process conditions, therefore at elevated temperatures, especially greater than 40° C., preferably greater than 60° C., there being frictional engagement between the outside contour of the windows 7 , 8 and the respective inside contour of the guide channels 11 , 12 so that the windows 7 , 8 seal the measurement space 4 relative to the environment even at pressures, especially greater than 3 bar. The tolerance of the fits is made accordingly, the different expansions of the different materials being considered. To do this it is advantageously provided as claimed in the invention that the windows 7 , 8 have a thickness D which is greater than usual at a ratio to a width B of the windows 7 , 8 . Preferably the ratio D to B is at least 1:10, especially at least 1:5, preferably at least 1:3, even more preferably at least 1:2. It is also conceivable as claimed in the invention to fix the windows 7 , 8 after setting of a distance A in the production/installation of the windows 7 , 8 so that adjustment of the windows is precluded. This is especially advantageous when using the measuring cell 1 as a disposable measuring cell. In the second embodiment which is made very similarly to the first according to FIG. 2 , in contrast to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1 , there is one window receiver 9 , 10 each for accommodating the windows 7 , 8 . The window receivers 9 , 10 are made tubular with an inside contour which corresponds to the outside contour of the windows 7 , 8 so that the windows 7 , 8 are fixed in the window receivers 9 , 10 . The windows 7 , 8 are each fixed in the window receivers 9 , 10 on the end of the window receiver 9 , 10 which points toward the measurement space 4 , especially flush with the window receivers 9 , 10 . The window receivers 9 , 10 with their outside contour correspond to the guide channels 11 , 12 such that the above described interaction between the windows 7 , 8 and the guide channels 11 , 12 applies as in the first embodiment according to FIG. 1 . Both the guide channels 11 , 12 and the window receivers 9 , 10 as well as the window receivers 9 , 10 and the windows 7 , 8 have a fit to one another. The fit can be made such that mutual displacement is possible for only one of the two fits. Advantageously the two fits can be made movable, as a result of which a larger adjustment range can be implemented. By the window receivers 9 , 10 on their ends facing away from the windows 7 , 8 projecting over the measuring cell body 5 or over the guide channels 11 , 12 , the adjustment of the distance A between the windows 7 , 8 is simplified, especially when the distance A is increased. This is because the window receivers 9 , 10 can be gripped on their ends which project above the measuring cell body 5 or the guide channels 11 , 12 . Using the dimensions of the window receivers 9 , 10 along the beam path, the distance A, therefore the optical path length, can be measured and computed and can accordingly be automatically set. In this case it is advantageous if the fit between the guide channels 11 , 12 and the window receivers 9 , 10 is made movable. The statements on the first embodiment also apply analogously to the second embodiment. FIG. 3 a shows a measuring cell 1 ′ with a measuring cell body 5 ′ which consists predominantly of flexible material, especially rubber. The fluid which is to be measured is routed via an inlet opening 2 into a measurement space 4 ′ and leaves the measurement space 4 ′ via an outlet opening 3 which is shown in FIG. 3 b . The inlet opening 2 and the outlet opening 3 have process connections for incorporating the measuring cell 1 ′ into the process line, therefore for inline measurement. Transversely to the flow direction of the fluid there is a radiation measurement region 6 in which the interaction of the fluid with electromagnetic radiation is measured. The radiation enters the measurement space 4 ′ through a window 7 ′ and emerges from the measurement space 4 ′ through a window 8 ′ which is located opposite. The electromagnetic radiation is produced by a radiation source which is not shown outside the measuring cell 1 ′ and is routed transversely to the flow direction of the fluid through the measurement space 4 ′ and the windows 7 ′, 8 ′. On the opposite side, therefore under the window 8 ′ and outside the measuring cell 1 ′, the radiation is detected by a corresponding measuring apparatus, by the interaction with the fluid along the optical path length between the windows 7 ′, 8 ′ the changes which identify the fluid being detectable. An important aspect of detection is the optical path length which exists by a distance A′ between the window 7 ′ and the window 8 ′. One wall 13 of the measuring cell body 5 ′ which is made as a peripheral wall is attached to the side of the window 7 ′ which points toward the measurement space 4 ′, especially in the center of the window 7 ′ there being a passage opening 14 so that the electromagnetic radiation can enter the measurement space 4 ′. A corresponding wall 15 which is made as a peripheral wall and which is located opposite is likewise made flexible. It is accordingly fixed on the window 8 ′ on one side of the window 8 ′ which points toward the measurement space 4 ′ and has a passage opening 16 for exit of the electromagnetic radiation through the window 8 ′. The measuring cell body 5 ′ or the measuring cell 1 ′ is fixed by at least one, in this exemplary embodiment two U-shaped spring clips 17 , 18 transversely to the flow direction of the fluid. The spring clips 17 , 18 extend around the measuring cell body 5 ′ and the windows 7 ′, 8 ′ from the side of the windows 7 ′, 8 ′ facing away from the measurement space 4 ′. To fix the distance A′ between the windows 7 ′, 8 ′ there is at least one, in this exemplary embodiment two spacer pieces 19 , 20 which are clamped outside the measuring cell body 5 ′ as rigid spacers between the windows 7 ′, 8 ′, in particular by the clamping action of the spring clips 17 , 18 . Accordingly by replacing the spacer pieces 19 , 20 and optionally the spring clips 17 , 18 an adjustment range of the distance A′ which is limited by the shape of the walls 13 , 15 can be implemented so that there is a system consisting of a standard measuring cell 1 ′ and a set of spring clips 17 , 18 and corresponding spacer pieces 19 , 20 . It is advantageously provided as claimed in the invention that the replacement of the windows 7 , 7 ′, 8 , 8 ′ is not necessary for adjusting the distances A, A′. The spring clips 17 , 18 and spacer pieces 19 , 20 which are intended for a defined distance A′ can be understood as sets with defined identifications so that replacement can be managed correspondingly easily. The spacer pieces 19 , 20 each have one installation opening 21 , 22 , especially in which the spacer pieces 19 , 20 are made as U-shaped sections so that adjustment of the distance A′ is enabled without decoupling of the measuring cell 1 from the process lines. The function of the spring clips 17 , 18 according to one advantageous embodiment which is not shown can be integrated into the spacer pieces by the windows 7 ′, 8 ′ being able to be received into the spacer pieces. The spacer pieces can have corresponding receivers, especially plug grooves, on their tops and bottoms. REFERENCE NUMBER LIST 1 , 1 ′ measuring cell 2 inlet opening 3 outlet opening 4 , 4 ′ measurement space 5 , 5 ′ measuring cell body 6 radiation measurement region 7 , 7 ′ window 8 , 8 ′ window 9 window receiver 10 window receiver 11 guide channel 12 guide channel 13 wall 14 passage opening 15 wall 16 passage opening 17 spring clip 18 spring clip 19 spacer piece 20 spacer piece 21 installation opening 22 installation opening

A flow-through measuring cell having one inlet opening for entry of the fluid, and one outlet opening for exit of the fluid. A single measurement space is located between the inlet opening and outlet opening. A radiation measurement region is provided for measuring the interaction of the fluid in the measuring cell with electromagnetic radiation from outside the measuring cell. The radiation measurement region is bordered by two opposite windows of which one is intended for inlet and the other for exit of the electromagnetic radiation. The measuring cell has a positioning range with several operating positions with a different distance A, A′ between the windows into which the measuring cell can be set without rotation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to prosthetic devices and more particularly to prosthetic devices having flexing and shock absorbing capabilities for use in vigorous activities, such as atheletics and the like. Amputees have many problems participating in active sports. For example, a person with a conventional hook type prosthetic hand ordinarily cannot participate in contact sports. There is a danger of causing physical trauma to the amputee's severed limb from the shock associated with physical contact. There is also a danger that the rigid hook will cause injury to others. Participation in sports such as gymnastics which require the use of the hands for balance is made difficult or impossible due to the fact that conventional prosthetic hands are not shaped to provide a stable platform. Additionally, conventional prosthetic hands are not capable of sufficient flexing to absorb shock and accomodate the rotation of the gymnast's hand relative to his or her arm during gymnastic maneuvers. Another problem relating to most sporting activities is the inability of existing prosthetic devices to store and release energy in a useful manner. Most existing prosthetic devices employ a cable system which is somewhat cumbersome and restricts the function, coordination, and timing necessary for athletics. PRIOR ART There are numerous prior art devices describing artificial hands of various shapes and construction; however, these devices may generally be placed within one of four categories. The first category consists of inactive terminal devices such as hooks. The second category might be described generally as artificial hands which seek to duplicate the grasping function of the opposed digits of an organic human hand. Such devices generally comprise opposed metallic jaw members which may be moved relative to one another to pick up or release a desired object. Such devices are "active" in that they are actuated by an external energy source, such as a cable or the like, in order to produce movement in the jaw members. Dorrance U.S. Pat. No. 1,271,448, McElroy U.S. Pat. No. 1,417,267 and Armstrong U.S. Pat. No. 1,423,296 are inventions of this type. Electromechanical or "bionic" hands which utilize an electrical energy source to provide movement of mechanical components constitute a third category which are also "active". Artificial hands in the fourth category might generally be described as those seeking to duplicate the appearance and "feel" of a natural human hand. Such devices generally are constructed from a resilient material simulating the texture of a natural hand and have a thumb and fingers simulating the external shape of a natural hand. In addition such devices may have an internal skelton made from wire, springs, or the like which in some cases may be bent to form various shapes and configurations. Such devices are generally referred to as "passive" since they are essentially immobile during ordinary use. Lucas U.S. Pat. No. 429,243, Broady U.S. Pat. No. 879,360, Ralston et al. U.S. Pat. No. 1,304,201, Everson U.S. Pat. No. 1,416,180, Hodgson U.S. Pat. No. 1,625,317, and Owen U.S. Pat. No. 1,893,714 are devices typical of the fourth category. There have been very few prosthetic devices which focus on duplicating the biomechanical functions performed by a natural limb during athletic activities. Those which do, deal primarily with devices useful on an artificial leg to reduce shock and torque transmitted to a leg stump by a prosthetic foot. Olowinski U.S. Pat. No. 3,706,465 discloses the use of two vane plates connected by compressible elastomeric bodies to produce an angular rotation in an artificial foot with respect to an artificial leg when a vertical load is experienced in the leg. Asbelle et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,280, discloses a functional ankle for a prosthetic limb comprising a complex arrangement of cables, shock absorbers and block members interconnecting a prosthetic foot and shin member. Owens U.S. Pat. No. 3,947,897 discloses an apparatus for connecting a prosthesis to a bone of a stump of an amputated limb. The apparatus includes a tubular female socket adapter to be inserted within a inter medullary cavity of the bone. The tubular socket has an open lower end with a sleeve of biocompatible material permitting access through the skin of the amputees stump. The prosthesis has a contoured support for receiving the stump of the amputee. Wilson U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,159 discloses a torque absorber for a lower limb prosthesis which includes a retaining flange, forming a portion of an assembly rotatably mounted in a hollow cylinder member which may be adapted to receive a skeletal portion of a prosthesis. The resilient portion is bondingly formed about the hollow cylindrical member so that a plastomeric prosthetic socket may be bondingly molded to the resilient portion and the retaining flange for cooperation therebetween to allow limited rotational movement of the prosthetic socket relative to the hollow cylindrical member. Although a step in the right direction these devices are relatively complex and limited to particular applications with an artificial leg. During normal athletic activities, a human limb is subject to flexing, twisting, and axial strain along multiple axes. The stresses which cause such strains may be generated by an external object such as, for example, the floor in a gymnastic routine, or the stresses may be generated by inertial forces within the limb itself such as the bending of the wrist in the followthrough of a baseball or golf swing. In a natural human limb, such stresses are absorbed by a complex interaction of cartilege, bone, flesh, and muscle tissue. It would be generally desireable to provide a prosthetic apparatus capable of duplicating this complex biomechanical function. It would also be desireable to provide a prosthetic apparatus capable of storing and releasing energy to duplicate functions performed by human muscles. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The prosthetic apparatus of the present invention comprises a flexible prosthetic hand constructed from an elastomeric material such as plastic or rubber having good resiliency characteristics. The hand has a generally scoop like shape comprising a finger portion, a palm portion, and a heel portion. The finger palm portion has one or more transverse pivot axes which allows the hand to be flexed about the pivot axes in either an inward (flexed) direction or an outward (extension) direction. The hand may be constructed with two pivot axes corresponding, approximately, to the second finger joint line and the finger-palm joint line of a natural human hand. The hand may be deformed under stress into the general shape of a human fist (flexed) or alternately stressed in the opposite direction to conform to the shape resembling a natural human hand with the fingers outstretched (extension) or bent backward with respect to the palm (hyper extension). The upper pivot axis corresponding generally to the second finger joints allows the upper finger portion to be bent initially with a smaller force than required to produce bending about the lower pivot axis. However, after the upper finger portion reaches a preselected angle of deflection about the upper axis, additional force will produce bending about the lower axis. Thus whether the finger portion of the hand is flexed or extended a force applied to the tip of the finger portion will produce segemented bending. An advantage of this arrangement is that the relatively low stress bending of the upper finger joint allows the upper finger portion to absorb shocks without transmitting the force through the hand to the prosthetic arm. Another benefit from this arrangement is that the finger portion undergoes a relatively large angle deflection under even moderate loads. This allows a recoil force to be applied to an object over a sufficient time and distance to provide a degree of control. This characteristic is important in ball handling and the like in that it allows the user to control the direction in which the recoil energy is discharged and therefore allows the user to accurately control the ball or other object which caused the intial deflection of the finger portion. For example, if the prosthetic hand were being used to tip a basketball, the inertia of the basketball would initially cause the fingertip portion to deflect backward storing energy in the resilient material of the prosthetic hand. The energy is released as the hand recoils accelerating the basketball away from the fingertip portion. The different torque requirements of the upper and lower bending axes also facilitate the use of the prosthetic hand as a stabilizing platform. For example, if the prosthetic hand were used to perform a handstand, the initial application of the hand to the floor would cause the upper finger portion to bend into a relatively straight line position relative the lower finger portion. Thereafter, the bending torque on the hand would be centered about the lower axis which would provide sufficient resistance to bending to hold a person stably in a handstand. If the gymnast were to convert the handstand into a forward flip, the recoil bending of the prosthetic hand would tend to complement the muscular force exerted by the natural hand. Although bending is concentrated in the two described bending axes of the prosthetic hand, the modulus of elasticity of the material is such that bending will take place, to some degree, throughout the entire hand in response to a stress force applied at any particular point. Thus the hand is universally deformable but will tend to assume the shape associated with a natural human hand under similar stress conditions. The hand may comprise an internal skeleton constructed of any suitable material to provide stiffening at a desired location. The prosthetic hand also includes an attachment means such as a male screw stud embedded in the elastomeric material in the heel of the hand to allow the hand to be connected directly to a prosthetic arm or alternatively to a second flexible prosthetic device. One such device to which the hand might be connected is a joint module designed to duplicate the biomechanical function of a natural human wrist or other joint. The joint module is constructed from an elastomeric material similar to that used in the prosthetic hand and may be constructed in a variety of shapes, depending on the particular function to be performed by the joint. A cylindrical shape would generally allow the joint module to be bent or twisted in any direction whereas a joint module having an ovoid cross section would tend to bend more easily about its major axis. A joint module adapted for use as a wrist would have an attachment device at one end for mounting a prosthetic hand and a second attachment device at the opposite end for attachment to a conventional prosthetic arm. The two attachment devices are constructed of rigid material and are separated by a sufficient area of resilient material to allow universal bending, stretching, twisting, and compression of the joint module. Used in combination with the flexible prosthetic hand the joint module provides freedom of movement beyond that capable of the hand used by itself. Particular characteristics of any individual module depend on the length, diameter, and cross sectional shape of the module as well as the modulus elasticity and the durometer of the material from which it is constructed. A joint module of similar construction could be used to connect a prosthetic foot to a prosthetic leg with an appropriate cross section employed to limit lateral/medial rotation while allowing relatively greater dorsi-plantar flexion. A modified version of the joint module might be used as a knee module. The prosthetic joint module, when used as a wrist module, may be connected to a prosthetic arm or may alternatively be connected to a prosthetic shock absorber device mounted on the prosthetic arm. Such a shock absorber device might also be used in conjunction with the prosthetic hand of the present invention without the joint module. It may also be used with any number of conventional prosthetic hands or other prosthetic members. The shock absorber device comprises a resilient body having a durometer somewhat higher than that of the material used in the flexible hand or joint module. The shock absorber resilient body has a generally cylindrical trunk portion adapted to fit into an aperture at the terminal end of a prosthetic limb. A radially extending plate portion of the resilient body is integrally formed with the trunk and positioned adjacent the planar surface at the terminal end of a prosthetic limb. It is attached thereto by suitable attachment means such as screws or the like. An attachment device, such as a female socket, is centrally positioned within the elastomeric body of the device and is essentially free floating therein. Thus in the case where a prosthetic hand is attached to the female socket of the shock absorber, a shock imparted to the hand and transmitted by the attachment portion of the hand to the female socket would cause the socket to be deflected within the resilient body of the shock absorber device. The energy imparted by the shock is absorbed by compression, twisting, and/or extention of the resilient body rather than being directly transmitted to the prosthetic limb. The shock absorber device may be equipped with conventional attachment means such as quick release mechanisms and the like to provide compatability with any prosthetic hand attachment member. The resilient body member of the shock absorber device may be constructed from a variety of materials to match the weight and strength of the user or to accomodate different activities. A characteristic of the resilient materials employed in the prosthetic hand, joint module, and shock absorber device is an elastic memory which allows the resilient member to return to its original shape after deformation. Although the various components of the invention might be considered "passive" in that they contain no cables or external energy source, each component might also be considered "active" in the sense that it has a capability of storing and releasing energy whereby force may be applied to an external object. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a prosthetic apparatus which may be used for soccer, football, volleyball, basketball, martial arts, boxing, tumbling, tennis, golf, swimming, and many other vigorous activities. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand designed to flex under specific stress conditions in segmental portions. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand comprising a flexible internal skeleton. It is a further object on the invention to provide a prosthetic hand which may be provided with various prosthetic hand attachment means including screw stud attachment means and quick release stud attachment means. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand having a resilient external surface with gross and fine texture characteristics as required for particular athletic applications. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand capable of multiple directional flexing and shock absorption. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand capable of storing mechanical energy. It is a further object of the invention to provide a prosthetic hand capable of imparting recoil energy to an external object. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a prosthetic hand which may be constructed in a variety of shapes and sizes from materials of various elastomeric properties. It is also among the objects of the present invention to provide a prosthetic joint module which may be used among other applications as a wrist module, ankle module, or knee module. It is a further object of the invention to provide a joint module which may be used in athletic and other vigorous activities. It is a further object of the invention to provide a joint module with omni-directional flex capabilities for providing a universal joint. It is a further object of the invention to provide a joint module which is capable of absorbing and dissipating shocks. It is a further object of the invention to provide a joint module which is capable of storing and releasing mechanical energy. It is a further object of the invention to provide a joint module which may be constructed in a variety of shapes and sizes and which may comprise materials of various elastomeric properties. It is also among the objects of the present invention to provide a prosthetic shock absorber device which may be mounted on a terminal portion of a prosthetic limb to absorb shocks transmitted by a prosthetic hand or the like. It is a further object of the invention to provide a shock absorber device having attachment means substantially coaxial with the prosthetic limb and resiliently deflectable therewith. It is a further object of the invention to provide a shock absorber device which allows a person having a prosthetic hand to engage in various striking activities such as the use of an ax, bat, or golf club without traumatizing the terminal portion of the severed limb. It is a further object of the invention to provide a shock absorber device which may be constructed from materials of various elastomeric properties. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Illustrative and presently preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawing in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a prosthetic hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device mounted on a prosthetic arm. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a prosthetic hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional rear elevation view of a prosthetic hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device; FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a prosthetic, hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device; FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a prosthetic hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device used to perform a fist push-up; FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of a prosthetic hand prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device used to perform a palm push-up; FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a prosthetic hand, used to perform a finger push-up; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a prosthetic joint module; FIG. 9 is a cut-away perspective view of a prosthetic joint module; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a female adapter; FIG. 11 is a side elevation view of the female adapter of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a female adapter; FIG. 13 is a side elevation view of the female adapter of FIG. 12; FIG. 14 is a side elevation view of a prosthetic joint module used to connect a prosthetic foot to a prosthetic leg; FIG. 15 is a cross sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a prosthetic joint module; FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view of yet another embodiment of a prosthetic joint module; FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of still another embodiment of a prosthetic joint module; FIG. 18 is a cut-away exploded perspective view of a shock absorber device; FIG. 19 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a prosthetic joint module adapted to be used as a prosthetic knee module; FIGS. 20-22 are side elevational views of a prosthetic hand, prosthetic joint module, and shock absorber device being used in ball handling; FIG. 23 is a side elevation view of another embodiment of a prosthetic hand used with a prosthetic joint module and shock absorber device; FIG. 24 is a side cross-sectional elevation view of another embodiment of a prosthetic joint module with elongation restraining apparatus attached to adapters; and FIG. 25 is an exploded perspective view of the restraining apparatus and adapters of the joint module of FIG. 24. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 1 it may be seen that the prosthetic apparatus 10 of the present invention comprises a flexible hand 11, a wrist module 13, and a shock absorber device 16, mounted on a conventional prosthetic arm 18. As shown by FIGS. 1 through 4 the flexible hand 11 comprises a resilient hand scoop shaped member 20 having an external shape generally similar to that of a cupped human hand with the fingers held tightly together. The resilient member is formed from foam plastic, rubber or other resilient elastomeric material. The resilient hand member 20 like a natural human hand comprises a finger portion 22, a palm portion 23, and a heel portion 24; each portion forming a part of a continuous front surface 26, back surface 27 and lateral side surface 28. The front surface 26 is generally of a double concave shape having both a longitudinal and transverse arc of curvature producing the scoop shape referred to above. The back surface 27 has a generally double convex shape conforming to the double concave shape of the front surface 26. However the front and back surfaces 26, 27 converge along an arc from the heel portion 24 toward the terminal end of the finger portion 22 whereby the thickness of the hand member 20 diminishes from the heel 24 to the terminal end of the finger portion 22. As shown most clearly by FIGS. 2 and 3 the thickness of the lateral side surface 28 is substantially reduced in two areas corresponding roughly to the second finger joints and finger-palm connection joints of a natural human hand. The reduced area corresponding to the second finger joints of a human hand is produced by an indention 31 in the back surface 27 which forms a first bending axis CC. The area of the finger portion 22 between axis CC and the terminal end of the finger portion 34 will hereinafter be referred to as the upper finger portion 22A. A second indented area 32 in the back surface 27 produces a second bending axis DD corresponding generally to the fingers and palm connecting joints of a human hand. The area of the finger portion between axis CC and DD will hereinafter be referred to as the lower finger portion 22B. As shown by FIGS. 2 and 3 the heel 24 and palm 23 portions of the resilient member 20 have a longitudinal axis ZZ lying within a plane of bilateral symmetry (not shown) dividing the hand into equal left and right sections. The lower finger portion 22B has a longitudinal axis YY also lying within the plane of bilateral symmetry positioned at an acute angle "a" with respect to axis ZZ. The upper finger portion 22A has a longitudinal axis XX lying within the plane of bilateral symmetry and positioned at an acute angle "b" with respect to axis YY. The resilient hand member 20 is attached to wrist module 13 by an attachment means embedded within the resilient material of the hand member 20. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 the attachment means is a male stud adapter 37 comprising a stud member 40 protruding from the terminal end of the heel portion 24 which is intregrally formed with a keeper means such as a radially extending flange 39 that acts as a deadman to prevent the adapter from being pulled out of the resilient material. The flange 39 may contain holes 41 which become impregnated with the resilient material while it is in a liquid forming state. The addition of holes 41 to the flange further aids in anchoring the male stud adapter and helps to prevent the adapter from breaking free of the resilient material as by twisting about the ZZ axis. The resilient hand member 20 may be provided with the desired resilient characteristics by a choice of the proper resilient material or laminated materials. The resilient member 20 may alternatively be provided with an internal skeleton 44 which serves to provide stiffness in the heel and palm portions 23, 24. The skeleton 44 may be allowed to float within the hand member 20 but is preferably mounted on the male stud adapter 37 as by longitudinal flange 42. The skeleton 44 may also be provided with holes 45 to stabilize and anchor the skeleton within the hand member 20. The skeleton 44 may be constructed of metal, high strength plastic, or any other material having suitable strength and resiliency characteristics. The wrist module 13 may be more universally described as a joint module 12 because of its many possible substitution applications for various joints of the human body. As shown in FIG. 8 the joint module 12 has an elongate shape having a longitudinal axis FF. In the embodiment of FIGS. 8 and 9 the joint module 12 has a cylindrical cross section, however joint modules with various other cross sectional shapes may also be provided as illustrated by FIGS. 15 through 17. Referring again to FIGS. 8 and 9 it will be seen that the joint module 12 comprises two attachment means postioned at opposite ends of a resilient cylindrical joint member 48. Resilient joint member 48 is, like hand member 20, constructed of a resilient elastomeric material such as foam plastic, rubber, or the like. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 the attachment means comprises a female adapter 50 having a threaded female socket 51 embedded within the joint member 48. The female adapter 50 may be provided with a radially extending flange member 52 fixedly mounted at one end thereof to anchor the adapter in the resilient joint member 48. A joint module male stud adapter 55 having a male stud member 54 protruding from the resilient member 48 and a radially extending flange 56 fixedly attached to an end portion of the stud member 54 is embedded within the resilient member 48 at the end opposite the female adapter 50. The flange portion 56 may also comprise holes 57 therein for the purpose of further anchoring the stud adapter 55 and preventing rotation thereof with respect to the resilient member 48. As shown by FIG. 9 the male stud adapter 55 and female adapter 50 are separated by a portion 58 of the resiliet member 48 whereby the two adapters 50, 55 may be displaced with respect to one another by deformation of the compressable member 48 without deformation of either adapter 50, 55. The female adapter 50 may be provided with a flange 52 having a rounded terminal surface 53 to allow the female flange 52 to "rock" with respect to the male flange 56 even when the resilient member 48 is compressed. Most of the bending deformation produced in the module will be centered in portion 58 and further discussion of the bending will be made in reference to perpendicular axes GG and HH positioned perpendicular to longitudinal axis FF at a point approximately midway between the two adapters 50, 55. As shown by FIG. 14 the joint module 12 may function as an ankle module 14 to connect a prosthetic leg 92 to a prosthetic foot 94. In another embodiment of the invention as shown by FIG. 19 the joint module 12 may be rendered functional as a knee module 100 by inserting a pivot pin 106 in a bushing 103 affixed in a bore 107 coaxial with axis GG. Pin 106 is mounted in opposed holes 104 in the prongs 105 of a clevis 102. A clevis male stud member 108 threadably mounted in the clevis trunk portion 109 is adapted to mate with female adapter 50. Operation of the various embodiments of the joint module 12 will be discussed below. The prosthetic shock absorber device 16 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4, 18, and 10 through 13. As may be seen from FIG. 18, the shock absorber device 16 comprises a mushroom shape resilient body member 70 having an axially extending trunk portion 71 intregally connected with a radially extending plate portion 72. A shock absorber female adapter 74 having a threaded female socket portion 75 connected to a radially extending flange 76 is embedded in the resilient member 70 substantially coaxial with the longitudinal axis thereof. As illustrated by FIG. 10, 11 and 18 the flange portion 76 may comprise a rounded shape for the purpose of allowing the adapter 74 to rock relative to a planar surface at the base of the prosthetic arm internal cavity 87 in which the shock absorber device 16 is mounted. As shown by FIGS. 2, 3, and 18 the shock absorber device 16 may be provided with a stiffening ring 78 embedded in the resilient plate portion 72 in annular relationship with the female socket adapter 74. Axially aligned bores 80 in the resilient body plate portions 72 are coaxial with bores 79 in the stiffening ring 78 and may be aligned in coaxial relationship with bores 83 at the terminal end of the prosthetic arm 18. Shock absorber device 16 may be attached to the prosthetic arm 18 as by screws 81 with small washers 82 embedded for further strengthening within the resilient body plate portion 72 immediately below the stiffening ring bores 79. It may be seen from FIG. 18 that the internal cavity 87 of the prosthetic arm 18 has a diameter substantially equal to that of the outer diameter of the resilient member trunk portion 71. Thus any angular deflection of the female adapter 74 is resisted by the compression of the trunk portion 71 against the inner wall of the prosthetic arm cavity 87. As shown by FIG. 18, an O-Ring groove 91 may be provided in the upper surface of plate portion 72 in circumscribing relationship with the open end of female adapter 74. An O-ring 93 may be frictionally or otherwise firmly embedded in the groove to provide a raised circular surface which will frictionally engage the terminal end of a prosthetic attachment to facilitate rotational adjustment thereof. In an alternate embodiment a quick release female adapter 84, as shown in FIG. 12 and 13, may be used in place of the threaded socket female adapter 50, 74 of either the joint module 12 or shock absorber device 16 to make them compatible with a conventional quick release mechanism of a prosthetic hand. The quick release female adapter 84 comprises a female adapter plate 85 which is positioned in coplanar relationship with the outer surface of the particular resilient body 48, 70. A flange 89 having the shape of a truncated cone is rigidly attached in coaxial relationship with the female adapter plate 85 and may comprise holes 90 impregnated with resilient body member material to prevent to rotation of the quick release female adapter 84 with respect to the resilient body member 45, 70 in which it is embedded. Various other attachment devices may of course be employed to accommodate different attachment devices of prosthetic hands, wrists, joints, etc. and are within the scope of the invention. Particular functions of the prosthetic apparatus 10 and the various components thereof will now be described. It may be seen from FIGS. 1-4 that the shock absorber device 16, wrist module 13, and heel portion 24 of hand 11 are coaxial with axis ZZ when the prosthetic apparatus 10 is in an unstressed position. The lower finger portion 22B has a longitudinal axis YY positioned at an angle "a" with respect to axis ZZ equal to approximately 30 degrees. Fingertip portion 22A has an axis XX positioned at an angle "b" with respect to axis YY equal to approximately 15 degrees. Similar to a natural human hand and wrist, the prosthetic apparatus 10 is bendable, twistable, compressable, and stretchable in all directions, with bending of the hand 11 centered about transverse bending axes CC and DD. The torque required to produce a deformation about any particular portion of the apparatus 10 is dependant upon the durometer, modulus of elasticity and cross sectional area in that particular portion and is also dependant upon the placement of non resilient attachment members and skeleton members. Thus the characteristics of the prosthetic apparatus 10 may be changed by altering the shape or the composition of the resilient members. It may also be changed by use of various stiffening means embedded in the resilient members. The prosthetic apparatus 10 may be adapted to various requirements of the user based on considerations such as the user's body weight, the user's strength, and the type of activity in which the user will participate. Surface characteristics of the apparatus 10 may also be varied depending upon the particular use enviroment. For example, a waterproof surface may be employed if the device is to be used in swimming or water sports. A surface having a roughened frontal area 26 might be employed for aid in ball handling and the like. Alternate unstressed states might also be employed to allow the hand to perform specific functions such as grasping a baseball bat or golf club. As illustrated by FIG. 22 such a configuration might be provided by forming the hand resilient member 20 in a configuration wherein angle "a" is equal to approximately 90 degrees and angle "b" is on the order of 110 degrees. With such an arrangement a bat 19 or the like could be held by the frictional contact forces of the inwardly biased fingertip portion 22A, lower finger portion 22B, and palm portion 23. The male stud adapter 37 used in such a device might also be skewed (not shown) with respect to axis ZZ to allow the hand 11 to be properly aligned with the striking instrument. For prosthetic apparatus 10 to be used in non-grasping activities such as ball handling as illustrated in FIGS. 20-22 or gymnastics as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7 it is generally desirable to provide bending axes CC, DD with characteristics whereby the upper finger portion 22A and lower finger portion 22B will deflect at different rates and different degrees in response to a force applied to the fingertip 34. The forces required to cause deformation of the apparatus 10 will be dependant upon the size and uses for which a particular apparatus 10 is designed. Parameters indicated in the below tables are representative of an embodiment of the apparatus 10 designed for all-around use by a vigorous individual approximately 6 feet in height, weighing approximately 150-160 pounds, with an amuatation approximately 5 inches below the elbow. The durometer of the hand flexible member 20 in this embodiment is approximatley 50A with a modulus of elasticity of approximately 200-250 psi. A similar or smaller unit might be appropriate for smaller, lighter individuals with similar amputations. A unit having heavier loading capabilities may be needed by larger individuals or for individuals with longer residual limbs. Of course, in actual use the segments of the hand 11 do not flex and extend separately but rather are integrally related. TABLE A______________________________________Typical Dimensions of a FlexibleProsthetic HandSegment Upper Lower Palm-Parameters Finger Finger Heel______________________________________Cord 1.46 inches 1.57 inches 3.16 inchesLength (along XX Axis) (along YY (along ZZ Axis) Axis)Width at 2.63 inches 2.96 inches Not appli-Bending Axis (at CC axis) (at DD axis) cableThickness .70 inches 1.02 inches Not appli-at Bending (midline) (midline) cableAxis .35 inches .65 inches (edge) (edge)Thickness 27% (midline) 35% (midline) Not appli-to width 14% (edge) 22% (edge) cableratio atbending axisMaximum width 2.7 inches 3.0 inches 2.9 inches______________________________________ TABLE B__________________________________________________________________________Typical Segmental Loading and DeflectionAbout a Bending Axis With RemainderOf The Hand Held RigidDeflection from Unloaded Static Pounds of Pounds ofPosition by a Force Applied at Force Required Force Requiredterminal end of heel perpendicular Upper Finger Loading/ Lower Finger Loading/to the ZZ and bending axes Bending about CC Axis Bending about DD Axis__________________________________________________________________________15° Flexion 5-10 20-3030° Flexion 20-25 30-4060° Flexion 25-35 40-5090° Flexion 40-50 55-60+15° Extension 10-15 15-2030° Extension 25-35 20-3060° Extension 35-40 40-5090° Extension 40-50 55-60+__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE C______________________________________Typical Dimensions for WristModule & Shock Absorber DeviceHaving Circular Cross Sections Length Diameter______________________________________Wrist 1.25 inches 1.60 inchesModuleShock Absorber .34 inches 2.00 inchesDevice PlateShock Absorber .34 inches 1.25 inchesDevice Trunk______________________________________ The properties of the resilient members 20, 48, 70 used in the prosthetic hand 20, wrist module 12, and shock absorber device 16 may vary greatly depending upon particular use for which the prosthetic device is designed. Accordingly, the members may be constructed from a wide variety of materials including polyurethane, neoprene, and other natural and synthetic rubbers and plastic having varying capacities for shock dampening and energy storage. The modulus of elasticity of the resilient members 20, 48, 70 will generally fall within a range from 100 psi to 400 psi. The durometer of the shock absorber device resilient body 70 is generally higher than the other members, measured in A-Scale Durometer, ranging from approximately 60 A to 80 A, but may range from 30 A to 90 A. The durometer of a wrist module 12 may range from approximately 40 A to 75 A for a resilient member 48 having dimensions as described in Table C, but applications other than the wrist may require durometers from 30 A to 90 A. Higher durometer material would be used for example in handstands and other gymnastics. Lower durometer material might be used where greater flexibility is desired, such as in golf or baseball applications. The durometer of the hand resilient member 20 will similarly range from about 30 A to 90 A but will usually comprise a range from approximately 30 A to 70 A. However, at lower durometers there may be a tendency for the resilient body member 48 of the wrist module 12 to tear. As shown by FIGS. 24 and 25, a restraining means 115 may be provided, such as interlocking wire members 116, 117 mounted in slots 118 on flanges 52, 56 of adapters 50, 55 and anchored thereto by means of circular wire rings 120, 121 in abutting engagement with the inward surfaces of said flanges 52, 56 and passing through looped portions 124, 125 at the ends of each wire member 116, 117. The restraining means 115 by restricting the longitudinal stretching of the resilient member 48, prevents tearing without substantially interfering with bending, twisting, or compression of the member 48. Other types of restraining means 115 such as a single strand of cable (not shown) connecting the adapters 50, 55 might also be used and are within the scope of the invention. The characteristics of the prosthetic apparatus 10 will of course be altered by removal of any of the resilient components 11, 13 16. For example FIG. 7 illustrates the use of the flexible prosthetic hand 11 without the wrist module 13 and shock absorber 16. Similarly the shock absorber 16 might be used for shock reduction with a conventional prosthetic hand and the wrist module 13 might be employed as a joint module 12 in a number of different applications such as an ankle module 14 or knee module 100 as illustrated in FIG. 14 and 19 respectively. Although the prosthetic apparatus 10 of the present invention may be considered passive in that it is not activated by cables or other attached energy sources it may act as a substitute for natural muscles by absorbing and releasing energy inherent in the relative motion of the apparatus 10 with respect to objects which it contacts. By appropriate motion of the user's arm, stored energy may be dissipated as by moving the apparatus 10 slowly away from the object. Or, the stored energy may be retransmitted to the object to produce a desired result such as acceleration of a ball as illustrated by FIGS. 20-22. Similarly the stored energy may be used to accelerate or support the user's body when the object contacted is a stationary surface such as a floor, wall, or balance beam, as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7. This second type of application may be particularly appreciated when the joint module 12 is used in the form of a knee module 100, illustrated in FIG. 19. In this application the clevis 102 which holds the resilient member 48 is attached to the terminal end of a thigh prothesis and the male stud adapter 54 at the lower end of the resilient member 48 is attached to an artificial leg apparatus. The lack of bending energy at a knee joint has been an acute problem in the use of artificial legs. For example, when a person sits down in a chair the force required to again assume an erect position must be generated entirely by the natural limb. When the knee module 100 of the present invention is used the resilient member 48 stores energy generated by the displacement of the person's body from a raised to a lowered position. When the person desires to stand the resilient member supplies torque which helps the person to raise his body from the lowered position. Similarly, when a person is walking or running the resilient member 48 is deformed by the weight transfered to it when the foot first makes contact with the walking surface. As the person's body moves forward with respect to the foot the resilient member straightens out, tending to accelerate the person forward. Interchangeable resilient members of various shapes may be used to accomodate the demands of different activities. It is contemplated that the inventive concepts herein disclosed may be variously otherwise embodied and it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments of the invention except insofar as limited by the prior art.

A prosthetic device for duplicating biomechanical action of the human body is disclosed. The device is mountable on a prosthetic appendage such as a prosthetic arm and is particularly suited for use in vigorous activities such as athletics and the like. Various embodiments of the device including a flexible prosthetic hand, a flexible prosthetic joint module and a prosthetic shock absorber device as well as various modifications and combinations thereof are described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS N/A STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT N/A COPYRIGHT NOTICE A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrights rights whatsoever. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to doorway or passageway arches and a mold and method for making doorway arches, and more particularly, to a pre-fabricated plaster arch having exposed flanges that allow it to be easily installed in any doorway and a mold and method for making plaster arches that allows plaster arches to be completely made prior to installation. 2. Description of the Background Art The construction of arches in doorways, or passageways, can be tedious, expensive and time-consuming work. In fact, this type of work invariably has to be done by a trained carpenter. The construction of arches typically involves cutting plywood and drywall into the desired semi-circle arched shape, making cross-members (usually from 2×4 studs) for securely joining the plywood in a manner that corresponds to the thickness of the passageway wall, securing the plywood to the cross-members to form the framework, mounting the drywall to the plywood, attaching comer beads, taping all seams, and floating or filling the seams. Some pre-framed arches are known in the art, however, they are not complete. That is, they still require the use of plaster or stucco, drywall, tape, floating and comer beads, and can be difficult to install. There are no known devices, molds or methods that allow a plaster arch to be made before installation so that it only needs to be mounted to the comer of the passageway and made flush with the wall. A pre-fabricated plaster-based arch would help carpenters save time and customers save money and could be installed by non-professionals as well. Consequently, a device or method for simplifying the construction of passageway arches would be well received. Several arch members and methods for making arches are known in the background art. However, none of these addresses or solves the above-noted problems associated with making and mounting arches. The patent references found fail to disclose important structural elements of the instant invention. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 1,782,147 discloses a metal arch member for openings comprising a box-like arcuate member that is mounted to a comer of a doorway for adhering plaster. U.S. Pat. No. 1,931,889 discloses a metal cove and bracket for producing an arcuate cove between a wall and ceiling. U.S. Pat. No. 2,344,279 discloses a plastering base comprising a pre-formed base strip for attachment to doorway studs and applying plaster. U.S. Pat. No. 2,442,929 discloses an arch member for openings comprising a support or base adapted to be covered with plaster. U.S. Pat. No. 3,008,273 discloses a hollow preformed arch and method of making the same comprising plasterboard panels and metal comer beads having a plurality of slits for gripping cement. The method generally comprises forming a curved panel by making a plurality of parallel kerf cuts therein, placing the panel over an arcuate form and applying plaster in the kerf cuts. U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,632 discloses a prefabricated full archway module having a pair of parallel upright panels extending between the floor and ceiling with internal braces and modules defining the upper portion of an archway. U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,917 discloses a unitary structure for a full arch-shaped passageway, which is adapted for drywall construction. The unitary structure includes a front panel, a rear panel and an arcuate panel portion therebetween. U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,138 discloses a prefabricated unitary body forming an archway including a comer bead and a recess therefor. U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,834 discloses a prefabricated arch form for use in constructing an archway wherein opposing sheet metal cheek are spaced apart by a curved throat to permit the cheeks to reside between the adjacent wall support and drywall and to fasten drywall. The foregoing art fails to disclose a prefabricated plaster arch or a mold, kit and/or method for making a prefabricated plaster arch as contemplated by the instant invention. As the above noted art fails to provide a device or method that fills the foregoing gap in the prior art, there exists a need for a prefabricated plaster arch and mold, kit and method for making the same. The instant invention solves this problem by providing a prefabricated plaster arch that is installation ready, and a mold or kit and method for making plaster arches. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Based on the foregoing, it is a primary object of the instant invention to provide a prefabricated plaster arch or semi-arch that is installation ready. It is an additional object of the instant invention to provide a prefabricated plaster arch or semi-arch that is easy to install and inexpensive. It is another object of the instant invention to provide a prefabricated plaster arch or semi-arch that can be installed with common fasteners and only requires that the gap between the arch and wall be covered. It is also an object of the instant invention to provide a mold that facilitates the making of plaster arches or semi-arches. It is a further object of the instant invention to provide a method for making plaster arches or semi-arches. In light of these and other objects, the instant invention comprises a prefabricated plaster arch or semi-arch ready for installation in the corner of a passageway, and a mold, kit and method for making a plaster arch. The plaster arch generally comprises two substantially perpendicular leg portions that meet at a common end, a concave arcuate surface between the two free ends of the leg portions and securing tabs extending outward from each leg. The leg portions form a right angle so that the arch fits within the comer of an opening, passageway or any wall and upper horizontal surface, such as a ceiling. The securing tabs are adaptable for securely receiving and/or passing conventional fasteners, such as screws, nails and anchors, that attach the tabs, and hence the arch, to the horizontal ceiling-like surface and vertical wall-like surface forming the opening. A full arch is formed by placing a prefabricated arch in opposing corners. The width of the arch corresponds to the width of the wall, but can vary. The length of the legs can vary to accommodate the desired look of the arch or arches and can be based on the size of the mold. The plaster arch can also include arcuate corner beads set in the plaster. The arcuate corner beads have slits at predetermined distances, such as an inch, to facilitate easy bending and shaping. The securing tabs may be defined by and project out from a securing clamp that provides a surface for the fill to adhere or grip to. The securing clamp is set in the fill and also includes a plaster retaining surface, locking tabs and/or additional reinforcement members extending therefrom plaster to improve the structural integrity of the arch and to prevent removal of the securing clamps and tabs. The invention also comprises a mold, kit and method for making pre-fabricated doorway arches. The mold generally comprises a main mold body formed by a box-like structure having a bottom panel, at least two substantially perpendicular and removable side panels and one concave and arcuate panel bridging the side panels and defining a chamber therebetween and therein for filling with plaster or plaster-like material. The mold may also include a second set of substantially perpendicular and removable side panels opposing the first set of side panels and a second concave and arcuate panel joining the second set of side panels. The second set of side panels and second arcuate panel define a chamber therebetween and therein such that the mold forms a second arch when the second chamber is filled with plaster or a plaster-like material. The mold of the instant invention can therefore form up to two substantially uniform plaster arches by setting the securing tabs in the voids and filling the chambers with plaster, paste, concrete, stucco, liquid plastic, joint compound or other suitable filler. The side panels are preferably removable from the main body to facilitate convenient removal of the arches once they have set. The side panels may slide within tracks formed in the bottom panel. The mold body also makes it convenient to uniformly and evenly remove excess filler from the chamber(s) with a trowel blade and to set an arcuate corner bead in the fill. The kit of the invention includes the mold main body, at least two securing tabs and a filler mix for filling the chamber(s). The kit may further include at least one pair of corner beads having slits cut therein for facilitating easy shaping. The main body comprises at least one set of side panels and at least one arcuate panel, but preferably includes two sets of side panels and two arcuate panels. The side panels are preferably removable. The main body may also include a removable top for accessing the chamber(s) when filling and covering the chamber(s) when the fill is setting and curing. The mold and kit may also include a retaining strap for holding the side panels in place. The method of making prefabricated plaster arches generally comprise setting up the mold, filling at least one chamber in the mold with a suitable fill, leveling the fill, allowing the fill to set, removing the side panels and removing the arch or arches from the mold. The mold is set up by securely installing or mounting the side panels, setting the arcuate panels if not already fixed to the bottom panel, and setting and orienting the securing clamps in the chambers adjacent the side panels. The arches are then made by filling the chamber or chambers with a suitable fill, leveling the fill with a trowel or other suitable instrument, allowing the fill to set and cure, removing the side panels and removing the arch or arches once the fill has set or cured. The method may also include securing a strap around the outside of the mold to secure the side panels and/or placing a first corner bead along the bottom of the arcuate panel before filling and placing a second comer bead along the top of the arcuate panel after filling the chamber or chambers. The method of the invention may further include installation of at least one arch or two arches, which comprises the steps of aligning the plaster arch in the desired corner of the desired opening, passing or forcing at least one fastener through each securing tab into the corresponding wall surface behind the securing tab, filling or concealing the seams between the arch and wall/ceiling surface with a joint compound, sanding or texturing the surface smooth and painting the arch. In accordance with these and other objects, which will become apparent hereinafter, the instant invention will now be described with particular reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 a is a front perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention installed in a passageway. FIG. 1 b is a front elevational full cut-away view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention as installed in a passageway to make a semi-arch. FIG. 1 c is a front elevational view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention showing two arches installed in a passageway to make a full arch. FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention showing the securing clamp in phantom. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention. FIG. 4 is an end elevational view of the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention. FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the securing clamp used in the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the preferred securing clamp used in the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention. FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative securing clamp used in the preferred embodiment of the prefabricated plaster arches of the instant invention. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the preferred embodiment of the mold and kit of the instant invention used in simultaneously making two prefabricated plaster arches in accordance with the instant invention. FIG. 9 is a plan view of the preferred embodiment of the mold and kit of the instant invention used in making one prefabricated plaster arch in accordance with the instant invention. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the mold and kit of the instant invention showing one chamber filled and another chamber empty. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the mold and kit of the instant invention, with the side panels shown removed, illustrating two prefabricated plaster arches before removal from the mold as made in accordance with the instant invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION With reference to the drawings, FIGS. 1 a - 11 depict the preferred and alternative embodiments of the prefabricated plaster arches and mold of the instant invention, which are generally characterized by reference numerals 10 and 50 respectively. Referring to FIGS. 1 a - 1 c , the instant invention comprises a prefabricated plaster arch 10 that fits in the corner of an opening or passageway 1 and may also be classified as a quarter arch. With reference to FIGS. 1 a - 4 , the prefabricated plaster arch 10 comprises a first leg portion 12 , a second leg portion 14 , a concave arcuate surface 16 and securing tabs 18 . The prefabricated arch 10 is preferably made from a plaster fill 30 or plaster-like material, paste, concrete, stucco, liquid plastic, joint compound or other suitable filler. The first and second leg portions 12 , 14 meet at a common end in a substantially perpendicular orientation. The concave arcuate surface 18 joins the two free ends of the leg portions 12 , 14 . The width of the arch 10 corresponds to the width of the corresponding wall, which typically vary between 2.5 inches and 5.0 inches. The length of the leg portions 12 , 14 can also vary to accommodate the desired look of the archway. For instance, the top leg portions 12 can comprise half the width of an opening 1 such that the securement of a prefabricated arch 10 in opposing corners creates a full archway, as shown in FIG. 1 c . Conversely, the top leg portions 12 may comprise a length that is less than half the width of an opening 1 , so as to form only two opposing quarter arches, as shown in FIG. 1 c . A securing tab 18 projects outward from each leg portion 12 , 14 and is adaptable for receiving fastening hardware, such as screws, nails, anchors and/or other known fasteners, to secure the arch 10 to a wall and/or ceiling surface, as shown in FIGS. 1 a and 1 b . The securing tabs 18 may define securing apertures 19 , as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. With reference to FIGS. 5-7, the securing tab 18 is preferably defined by a securing clamp 17 , which resides in the body of the prefabricated arch. The securing clamp 17 comprises a securing tab 18 , fastening apertures 19 , at least one plaster retaining projection 20 , at least one locking tab 22 and locking tab apertures 26 . Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the plaster retainer projection 20 projects upward from a base section and comprises an arcuate top edge having a radius of curvature corresponding to the arcuate surface 18 of the arcuate molding surface 56 and hence the prefabricated arch. The locking tab 22 preferably comprises at least one upward projecting plate having a plurality of apertures for reinforcing the plaster or plaster-like fill making up the arch 10 . n an alternative embodiment, the securing clamp 17 ′ may comprise at least two plaster retaining projections 20 ′ and at least two locking tabs 22 ′ extending upward from the base section along and proximal to opposing edges, as shown in FIG. 7 . The alternative retaining projections also define top arcuate edges having radii of curvature corresponding to the arcuate molding surface 56 and the arcuate surface defined by the arch 10 . The securing clamps 17 , 17 ′ provide reinforcement for the plaster 30 or plaster-like fill to strengthen the structural integrity of the arches 10 , prevent removal of the clamps 17 , 17 ′ and tabs 18 , 18 ′ from the arches 10 and provide a surface for securing the arches 10 to a wall and/or ceiling. The securing tabs 18 , 18 ′ may include fastening apertures 19 , 19 ′ for passing hardware requiring an aperture. With reference to FIGS. 8 and 9, the invention also comprises a mold 50 , kit and method for making pre-fabricated doorway arches. Referring to FIG. 9, the mold 50 generally comprises a main mold body formed by a box-like structure having a bottom panel 52 , at least two substantially perpendicular and removable side panels 54 and at least one concave and arcuate panel 56 bridging the side panels 54 . The side panels 54 , bottom panel 52 and arcuate panel 56 define a chamber 59 therebetween and therein for filling with plaster 30 or plaster-like material for making at least one arch 10 . The base 52 defines at least one track or channel 53 for slidably receiving each side panel 54 . The mold 50 may also provide at least one securing clamp 17 or securing tab 18 . The arcuate molding surface may be defined by an arch forming boss 55 projecting upward from the bottom panel 52 . The arch forming boss 55 comprises one arcuate molding surface 56 for making one arch 10 and two arcuate molding surfaces 56 for making two arches 10 . The arcuate molding surface 56 may include a molding stile or plate 60 for separating and providing for convenient separation of the molded arch 10 from the mold 50 . A comer bead 28 may be placed in the bottom of the chamber 59 along the arcuate molding surface 56 before pouring in the fill. Thereafter, a corner bead 28 may be placed at the top of the chamber 59 along the arcuate molding. The corner beads 28 provide structural integrity along the edges of the arches 10 . Prior to filling the chamber with the required fill, as disclosed herein, the securing clamp(s) 17 or 17 ′ should be positioned in the chamber 59 adjacent the side panels 54 . With reference to FIG. 8, the mold 50 may comprise structure for forming and making at least two arches 10 in another embodiment. In this embodiment, the mold generally includes two sets of substantially perpendicular and removable side panels 54 and two arcuate molding panels or surfaces 56 . Two sets of comer beads 28 and securing clamps 17 and/or tabs 18 may also be provided with the mold and/or kit. The bottom panel 52 defines and/or provides a track or channel 53 for each side panel 54 . The two sets of side panels 54 comprise four slidably removable panels, wherein the first and second sets are in opposing positions. The two concave and arcuate panels/surfaces 56 are preferably defined along opposite surfaces of the boss 55 and engage the first and second sets of side panels 54 . The two sets of side panels 54 , arcuate panels 56 and bottom panel 52 define two independent chambers 59 therebetween and therein for filling with plaster 30 or a plaster-like material to make at least two arches 10 . A cover or top may be provided to conceal the fill while it sets and cures. The side panels 54 may each include a notch 17 for slidably receiving the end of a side panel 54 to effectuate a substantially modular fit that stabilizes the side panels 54 during the filling, setting and curing steps. The side panels 54 may be further stabilized with a removable and adjustable strap that may be tightened and loosened. The process of making arches 10 in accordance with the invention generally comprises securely setting the side panels 54 on the bottom panel 52 , installing or inserting a securing clamp 17 or securing panel 18 in each chamber 59 , filling each chamber with a predetermined filler, such as plaster, concrete or other filler provided for herein, leveling and floating the poured fill, allowing the fill to set, removing the side panels after the fill has fully cured, and/or removing the arch or arches 10 . The method of the invention may also include placing a comer bead 28 in each chamber adjacent the arcuate molding surface 56 , tightly securing a strap around the outer peripheral surfaces of the mold 50 and/or leveling the fill with a trowel or other instrument to remove excess fill spilling over or rising above the side panels' 54 top edges and the top surface of the arch forming boss 55 . The side panels 54 are slidable set or placed within the tracks 53 defined by the bottom panel 52 . A securing clamp 17 or tab 18 is placed in each chamber 59 so that the plaster retaining projection(s) 20 and locking tab(s) 22 are substantially parallel with the bottom panel and the securing tabs 18 project outward from the chamber(s) 59 . The chambers 59 are preferably filled with a plaster 30 , but may also be filled with a paste, concrete, stucco, liquid plastic, joint compound or other suitable filler. Once the fill 30 is completely set and cured, the strap is removed (if one was used), the side panels 54 are removed from the main body and the arches 10 removed. The side panels may slide within tracks formed in the bottom panel. The mold body also makes it convenient to uniformly and evenly remove excess filler from the chamber(s) with a trowel blade and to set an arcuate corner bead 28 in the fill. The kit of the invention includes the mold 50 with at least one chamber 59 , at least one securing clamp 17 , 17 ′ and/or tab 18 , 18 ′ and a filler mix 30 for filling the chamber(s). The kit may further include at least one pair of corner beads 28 having slits cut therein for facilitating easy shaping and a retaining strap. The method of the invention may further include installation of at least one arch 10 or two arches 10 , which comprises the steps of aligning the plaster arch 10 in the desired comer of the desired opening, passing or forcing at least one fastener through each securing tab 18 , 18 ′ into the corresponding wall surface behind the securing tab 18 , 18 ′, filling or concealing the seams between the arch and wall/ceiling surface with a joint compound, sanding or texturing the surface smooth and painting the arch. The instant invention has been shown and described herein in what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment. It is recognized, however, that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention and that obvious structural and/or functional modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.

Doorway or passageway arches and a mold and method for making doorway arches, wherein the arches comprise pre-fabricated plaster, two sides that are substantially perpendicular to each other, a concave arcuate side extending between the sides and flanges extending outward from each side for securing the arch to adjoining walls defining a comer, and the mold comprises a base, at least two perpendicularly disposed slots, at least one slidably insertable and removable board for each slot, a mold projecting upward from said base and having a convex side extending between opposing ends of said boards, flanges disposable along the boards and a volume for receiving a hardening agent, such as plaster.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/738,744 filed May 20, 2010. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to an elevator having a car and a counterweight coupled by a suspension including a tie beam arrangement. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] An elevator conventionally comprises a car which can move in a shaft and can be coupled via a suspension to a counterweight moving in the opposite direction to the car in order to reduce the lifting work to be applied. The suspension can in this case at least partially loop around one or more drive wheels to which a drive of the elevator applies a torque in order to hold or to move the car. The counterweight can in the process ensure the driving capacity of drive wheels of this type. In order to reduce the torque to be applied by the drive, the suspension can loop around pulley block-like deflection wheels which are fastened to the car, the counterweight or in an inertially secure manner in the shaft. The drive and deflection wheels will be referred to hereinafter jointly as wheels. [0004] In addition to steel cables, flat belts are also known, for example from WO 99/43885 and JP 49-20811 A, as suspensions for elevators in which four, five or six tie beams are arranged next to one another in a shell encasing the tie beams. These flat belts have a longitudinal structure in the form of a plurality of grooves which are formed between adjacent tie beams and run in the longitudinal direction of the suspension. In this connection, WO 99/43885 also proposes a drive wheel with a flute in which the flat belt is received and the flute base of which has an outer contour which is complementary to the longitudinal profile of the flat belt and has projections which engage with the longitudinal grooves and in this way additionally guide the flat belt in the axial direction. [0005] On account of the at least four tie beams arranged next to one another and a shell encasing the tie beams with a substantially uniform wall thickness, the known flat belts have a width/height ratio, i.e. a quotient of the axial line through the radial extension of the flat belt looping around a wheel that is much greater than 1. In this regard, WO 99/43885 specifies values of 2, preferably 5, as preferred lower limits of the width/height ratio. [0006] Flat belts of this type have the advantage over conventional steel cables of allowing smaller radii of deflection. [0007] However, high transverse forces occur in wide suspensions of this type, which have a high geometrical moment of inertia in the direction of their width, in particular as a result of skew on the wheels looped around by flat belts of this type, but for example also in the event of twisting of flat belts of this type about their longitudinal axis in order to loop around successive wheels in opposite directions with the same side. The transverse forces can lead to premature wear of the suspension or the wheel. In addition, the installation of suspensions of this type, which are rigid in the width direction, is hampered. [0008] If the flute base is, as proposed in WO 99/43885, contoured, this impedes a compensation of internal pressure, which is desired in particular in the event of a displacement or turning of the belt, within the suspension; this also leads to premature wear. In addition, installation is hampered still further on account of the necessary orientation of the flute structure and suspension longitudinal structure relative to each other. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] An object of the present invention is therefore to reduce the wear of the suspension and to increase the ease of installation. [0010] A suspension according to the present invention comprises a tie beam arrangement and a shell which encases the tie beam arrangement and the outer surface of which has a longitudinal structure at least in the region provided for looping around a wheel of the elevator. [0011] The tie beam arrangement consists in this case of just two tie beams. This allows the suspension to be formed with a width/height ratio which is greater than 1 and at the same time less than or equal to 3. The lower limit of 1 ensures that the suspension is overall flat and allows, compared to known cables having a circular cross section, i.e. a width/height ratio equal to 1, smaller radii of deflection and thus smaller wheels. At the same time, the upper limit of 3 ensures that the transverse forces occurring in the suspension do not become too great and in this way prevents excessive wear. At the same time, a suspension, the width/height ratio of which is, on account of the two tie beams, in the proposed range, is sufficiently flexible in the width direction, thus increasing the ease of installation. [0012] The tie beams can be made of carbon, aramid or other plastics materials having sufficiently high tensile strength. However, they are preferably made from metallic wires, in particular steel wires which are particularly beneficial with respect to manufacturability or deformability, strength and service life. The wires may be singly or multiply stranded to form cables, wherein a cable can be stranded from a plurality of braids which are, for their part, made from stranded wires. A core, in particular a textile or plastics material core, can be arranged in the braids. However, the intermediate spaces between the wires or braids are preferably partially or completely filled by material of the shell encasing the tie beams. [0013] In a preferred embodiment, the two tie beams are laid in opposite directions, i.e. the cable forming one tie beam is laid to the right and the cable forming the other tie beam of the tie beam arrangement is laid to the left. This cancels out tendencies of the two tie beams to become twisted in relation to each other and in this way counteract turning of the suspension. [0014] Preferably, the tie beams or the steel cables forming the tie beams or the wires stranded to form the cables have a maximum dimension in the range between 1.25 mm (millimeters) and 4 mm, preferably in a range between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm and in particular substantially equal to 1.5 mm. This has been found to be an optimum compromise between weight, strength and manufacturability. Tie beams of this type allow advantageously small radii of deflection, in particular, to be achieved. On use of suspensions of this type in elevators having high weights, steel cables having a diameter of up to 8 mm are preferably used. [0015] The tie beams can for example have a substantially round cross section. In this case, the aforementioned maximum dimension corresponds to the diameter of the tie beam. A suspension of this type can be manufactured particularly easily, as no attention has to be paid to the orientation with respect to the longitudinal axis in the arrangement of the tie beams in the shell. Equally, the tie beams can also have oval or rectangular cross sections which are particularly suitable for implementing the width/height ratio between 1 and 3. [0016] An alternative embodiment provides for the two tie beams to touch each other at least at certain points. This allows particularly compact suspensions to be manufactured. [0017] Preferably, the longitudinal structure of the outer surface of the suspension has at least one groove running in the longitudinal direction of the suspension. This advantageously increases the flexibility of the suspension without significantly reducing its tensile strength. A groove is in this case preferably provided in the region of the outer surface with which the suspension loops around a wheel of the elevator. [0018] A groove of this type can for example be generated in that the outer surface of the suspension follows substantially an outer contour of the two tie beams arranged next to each other. As a result, both tie beams are advantageously encased substantially at each point with the same wall thickness, so that tensions are distributed homogeneously within the suspension. At the same time, an above-described advantageous groove between the two tie members is produced in a simple manner on each of the mutually opposing wide sides of the suspension. Furthermore, an outer surface or sheathing of this type can be designed using little sheathing material; this has a cost-beneficial effect. [0019] The groove or a channel can also be arranged just below the outer surface of the suspension; on the one hand, this allows transverse contraction, especially in set-apart tie beams, while the compression of the suspension is concentrated in the region of the tie beam and a central region of the suspension is not compressed. The central region, corresponding to the non-compressed region of the suspension and the flute, is in this case advantageously about 20% to 50% of the width of the suspension. [0020] The shell can enclose the two tie beams, in each case in a trapezoidal manner. This advantageously produces inclined outer flanks of the suspension that advantageously increase, on account of the wedging effect, the contact pressure and thus the driving capacity of a drive wheel while the initial tension remains the same. [0021] Preferably, the suspension is embodied symmetrically with respect to its transverse axis running in the width direction, i.e. an axial direction of a wheel looped around by the suspension. This facilitates installation, as the suspension can also be applied turned through 180°, and advantageously allows looping in opposite directions of successive wheels having identical outer surface contours. [0022] An elastomer in particular, for example polyurethane (PU) or ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, which is advantageous with respect to damping and frictional properties and also wear behavior, has proven to be a suitable shell material. [0023] The outer surface can be influenced in a targeted manner; for this purpose, different regions of the suspension can be provided with coatings or else with different coatings. Thus, one region can be provided with a coating for achieving a good sliding property. This region may for example be a region remote from the traction region or it may be a lateral region of the suspension. One region, in particular the traction region of the suspension, is advantageously provided with a coating for achieving good traction or force transmission. One region can also be provided with a colored coating. This is advantageous, as this allows the suspension to be easily installed or applied, as any accidental turning can easily be detected and corrected. It goes without saying that the sheathing can also be constructed in a plurality of layers. In this way, a state of wear or abrasion may easily be detected when differently colored layers are used. A coating of this type can for example be sprayed on, adhesively bonded on, extruded on or flocked on and be made of plastics material and/or woven fabric. [0024] An elevator comprises a car and a counterweight coupled thereto via a suspension. The suspension interacts with the car and the counterweight in order to hold or to lift the car and the counterweight and can for this purpose be fastened to the car and/or the counterweight in each case directly, for example via a wedge lock, or loop around one or more wheels connected to the car or the counterweight. [0025] The elevator has a tie beam arrangement and a shell which encases the tie beam arrangement and has a longitudinal structure in a region of the outer surface that loops around a wheel of the elevator, the wheel having a flute for laterally guiding the suspension, in which the suspension is at least partially received. The suspension loops around the wheel at least partially, for example by substantially 180°. [0026] The flute base of the flute, on which the suspension rests with one wide side and which is looped around by the suspension, is embodied so as to be substantially constantly planar or flat. This simplifies the manufacture of a wheel of this type. The ease of installation of the elevator is also increased, as the longitudinal structure of the suspension no longer has to be aligned with a structure of the flute base that is complementary thereto. However, in particular, the planar flute base allows slight internal deformations within the suspension, so that a tension in the suspension can be distributed more uniformly over the cross section thereof. In this case, the flute, as a lateral stop, ensures sufficient lateral guidance of the suspension without impeding microdeformations of this type. Advantageously, the flute follows, at the edges on both sides of the suspension, roughly the shape of the suspension, that is to say the flute has an inlet region on which there is generally no contact with the suspension via the looping region; the inlet region merges with a guide region which is in contact with the suspension via the looping region. This means that the flute can follow, at its lateral boundaries corresponding to the wide side of the belt, the structure of the suspension, but that the flute base extending between these lateral boundaries is planar, that is to say it does not display any intermediate elevations. [0027] The wheel, which is looped around by the suspension and receives the suspension in its flute having a flat flute base, can equally be a deflection or drive wheel. It is also possible for a plurality of, preferably all, the wheels of the elevator that are looped around by the suspension to be provided with flutes in which the suspension is in each case at least partially received and which have a planar or flat flute base. In an advantageous embodiment, the wheel is designed in such a way that a plurality of flutes having a flat flute base is arranged next to one another. This allows a plurality of similar suspensions to be guided, deflected and/or driven next to one another. [0028] One or more drive wheels can in this case be coupled to a drive of the elevator, of which the torques applied to the wheel are introduced into the suspension with frictional engagement as longitudinal forces. A drive of this type can comprise one or more asynchronous motors and/or permanent magnet motors. This embodiment allows drives having small dimensions, so that the space required overall for the elevator can be reduced in a building. For this purpose, the elevator can in particular be embodied without a machine room. [0029] A suspension, such as has been described hereinbefore, is particularly advantageously used in an elevator. The advantages described in this regard, in particular with respect to lower wear and greater ease of installation, are accordingly obtained. [0030] The wheel, in particular the drive wheel, is advantageously made of steel or casting material (GG, GGG). Preferably, the flutes of the drive wheel are formed directly in a spindle which is directly, preferably integrally, connected to a motor. In a preferred embodiment, the flute base has in this case in the circumferential direction an average roughness in a range between 0.1 μm (micrometers) and 0.7 μm, in particular between 0.2 μm and 0.6 μm and particularly preferably between 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm. In the axial direction, the flute base preferably has an average roughness in a range between 0.3 μm and 1.3 μm, in particular between 0.4 μm and 1.2 μm and particularly preferably between 0.5 μm and 1.1 μm. These roughnesses allow a coefficient of friction which imparts an adequate driving capacity to be set in the circumferential direction, whereas the suspension is guided with frictional engagement in the axial direction and excess wear to the flute flanks is in this way prevented. In order to achieve a desired surface property, the wheel can also be coated. Alternatively, the wheel, in particular a deflection wheel without a driving function, can be made of plastics material in which the required flutes are formed or directly shaped. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0031] Further advantages and features of the present invention emerge from the exemplary embodiments. In the drawings, some of which are schematized: [0032] FIG. 1 is a lateral cross section of an elevator according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0033] FIG. 2 shows a suspension with a suspension pick-up according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0034] FIG. 3 shows a suspension with a suspension pick-up according to a further embodiment of the present invention; [0035] FIG. 4 shows another suspension with a suspension pick-up according to a further embodiment of the present invention; [0036] FIG. 5 shows an alternative suspension with a suspension pick-up according to a further embodiment of the present invention; [0037] FIG. 6 shows another suspension with a suspension pick-up according to a further embodiment of the present invention; [0038] FIG. 7 shows a further alternative suspension with a suspension pick-up; [0039] FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of a flute with a suspension; and [0040] FIG. 9 shows an arrangement of a suspension with a drive wheel according to one embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0041] Mutually corresponding components or features are denoted in the figures by identical reference numerals. [0042] FIG. 1 shows schematically an elevator according to one embodiment of the present invention. The elevator comprises a car 3 which can move along rails 5 in a shaft 1 and a counterweight 8 which is coupled to the car, moves in the opposite direction and is guided on a rail 7 . A suspension 12 , which will be described hereinafter in greater detail, is inertially fastened at one end at a first hang-up point 10 in the shaft 1 . Starting from there, it loops around a deflection wheel 4 . 3 , which is connected to the counterweight 8 , through 180° and subsequently a drive wheel 4 . 1 , also through 180°. Starting from there, it loops, after twisting through 180° about its longitudinal axis, around two deflection wheels 4 . 2 , which are integrated into the floor 6 of the car 3 , in the same direction, in each case through 90°, and is fastened at its other end at a second hang-up point 11 in the shaft 1 . Between the two deflection wheels 4 . 2 connected to the car 3 , two further deflection wheels 4 . 4 , which each loop around the suspension 12 by about 12°, tension the suspension against the car floor 6 and in this way improve guidance thereof in the deflection wheels 4 . 2 . The drive wheel 4 . 1 of the elevator without a machine room is in this case driven by an asynchronous motor 2 arranged in the shaft 1 in order to hold or to lift the car 3 and the counterweight 8 . [0043] FIG. 2 is a cross section of the upper half of the drive wheel 4 . 1 of the elevator from FIG. 1 and the suspension 12 looping around the drive wheel. [0044] The suspension 12 has two lateral tie beams 14 , i.e. tie beams arranged axially next to each other with respect to the drive wheel, which each consist of nine interstranded braids. The core strand is in this case produced in three layers from nineteen interstranded steel wires and surrounded by eight two-layered outer braids each stranded from seven steel wires. The two tie beams 14 are laid in opposite directions. For this purpose, the outer braids of one tie beam are laid around the respective core braid to the right, those of the other to the left. This counteracts turning of the suspension 12 . [0045] The tie beams 14 have in this case a diameter of about 2.5 mm. This allows advantageously much smaller radii of deflection, and thus smaller drive and deflection wheels, to be achieved while maintaining an advantageous diameter ratio of D/d≧40, for example, wherein D denotes the diameter of the drive wheel and d denotes the diameter of a steel cable; this advantageously reduces the overall space required by the elevator. It goes without saying that even smaller diameter ratios can be achieved using high-strength tie beams. [0046] The two tie beams 14 are embedded in a shell 13 made of EPDM. The shell has an outer surface 13 . 1 following substantially the outer contour 14 . 1 , indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 2 , of the two tie beams 14 . As these tie beams arranged next to each other each have a substantially circular outer contour 14 . 1 , the outer surface 13 . 1 has in cross section substantially the shape of a horizontal hourglass, a groove 13 . 2 being formed on the two wide sides (top, bottom in FIGS. 2 , 3 ) in the longitudinal direction of the suspension 12 . [0047] As a result, the wall thickness of the shell 13 surrounding the tie beams 14 is advantageously the same substantially everywhere, leading to an improved distribution of tension in the suspension 12 . At the same time, the grooves 13 . 2 facilitate a slight internal movement of the tie beams 14 in the shell 13 in relation to one another, so that transverse forces in the tie beam 12 can be reduced. However, it may also be desired for the tie beams 12 to be securely embedded in the shell 13 . Accordingly, a shell material or a production method is selected allowing the shell material to be effectively bound into the tie beam. [0048] On account of its construction, the tie beam 12 has a ratio of its width B in the axial direction of the drive wheel 4 . 1 to its height H in the radial direction of the drive wheel 4 . 1 of two. Equally, this ensures small radii of deflection and nevertheless sufficient flexibility of the suspension, in particular in its width direction. This increases in particular also the ease of installation of the more flexible suspension 12 which can be applied to the wheels 4 . 1 to 4 . 4 more easily. In order to increase the ease of installation still further, the suspension is embodied symmetrically with respect to its transverse or vertical axis which is positioned perpendicularly to its longitudinal direction and runs in the width or vertical direction, so that it can also be applied turned through 180° and can loop around successive wheels in opposite directions with identical outer surface contours. [0049] The suspension 12 is received in a flute 15 of the drive wheel 4 . 1 in such a way that it is in the example positioned almost completely within the flute 15 , touches the two lateral flanks or the inlet region 15 . 2 (left, right in FIG. 2 ) of the flute 15 and rests on the flute base 15 . 1 of the flute. The flute base 15 . 1 , which is looped around by the suspension 12 in this way, is embodied in a planar or flat manner. This facilitates the above-described internal movement of the suspension 12 , so that transverse forces in the suspension 12 , and thus wear of the suspension 12 and the drive wheel 4 . 1 , are reduced. [0050] The deflection wheels 4 . 2 to 4 . 4 have precisely such flutes which have a planar flute base (not shown) and in which the suspension 12 , which loops around the deflection wheels 4 . 2 to 4 . 4 , is received in each case in the same manner as was described for the drive wheel 4 . 1 with reference to FIG. 2 . [0051] FIG. 3 shows a suspension 12 such as is already known from FIG. 2 . In this example, the suspension 12 is, again, received in a flute 15 of the drive wheel 4 . 1 . The flute 15 contains the flute base 15 . 1 , a lateral guide region 15 . 3 and a lateral inlet region 15 . 2 . The flute base is designed in a flat or planar manner. The flute 15 follows roughly the shape of the suspension 12 at the edges of the suspension on both sides. The inlet region 15 . 2 is not in contact with the suspension via the looping region. The inlet region 15 . 2 merges with the guide region 15 . 3 which is in contact with the suspension 12 via the looping region. This means that the flute follows, at its lateral boundaries corresponding to the wide side of the suspension 12 , the structure of the suspension; the flute base 15 . 1 extending between these lateral boundaries is planar; it does not display any intermediate elevations. In FIG. 2 and FIG. 4 , which will be described hereinafter, the guide region 15 . 3 is in practice dispensed with, as the insertion region 15 . 2 and the flute base 15 . 1 strike each other substantially directly. If the flute 15 of a drive wheel is provided with surfaces influencing the coefficient of friction, for example, the insertion region 15 . 2 is advantageously designed so as to reduce the coefficient of friction and the flute base 15 . 1 is designed so as to increase the coefficient of friction, the guide region 15 . 3 is embodied as a transition. The part positioned close to the insertion region 15 . 2 is designed so as to reduce the coefficient of friction and the part positioned close to the flute base 15 . 1 is designed so as to increase the coefficient of friction; this allows safe transmission of traction from the flute to the suspension and at the same time the lateral guidance is designed so as to be as friction-free as possible. [0052] Now, FIG. 4 shows a modification of the drive wheel 4 . 1 of the elevator which is shown in FIG. 1 and is looped around by a suspension 12 according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Only the differences from the embodiment according to FIGS. 1 to 3 will be examined hereinafter. [0053] The shell 13 of the suspension 12 according to the further embodiment of the present invention as shown in FIG. 4 is embodied in a trapezoidal manner. In particular, the shell regions, which each surround a tie beam 14 , have a trapezoidal cross section on mutually opposing wide sides (top, bottom in FIG. 4 ) of the suspension 12 . Thus, both the two grooves 13 . 2 formed between the tie beams 14 and the adjoining regions of the outer surface 13 . 1 of the suspension 12 have a trapezoidal cross section on both wide sides. The mutually opposing narrow sides (left, right in FIG. 4 ) of the suspension 12 are thus likewise embodied in a trapezoidal manner and are at an angle in relation to the radial direction of the drive wheel 4 . 1 . [0054] The flanks 15 . 2 , which oppose one another in the axial direction, of the flute 15 formed in the drive wheel 4 . 1 are inclined by the same angle in relation to the radial direction, so that the suspension 12 , which is received in the flute 15 having a trapezoidal cross section, rests on these flanks 15 . 2 with its outer oblique faces facing the drive wheel 4 . 1 . As a result of the wedging effect thereby caused, the driving capacity is advantageously increased while the initial tension remains the same. [0055] As indicated in the figures, the suspension does not have to be completely received in the flute 15 in the radial direction, but can protrude radially outward beyond the flute. However, in a modification (not shown), the suspension 12 is completely received in the flute 15 in order to protect it from damage. [0056] FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the suspension 12 based on the embodiment according to FIG. 3 . According to this embodiment, the two tie beams 14 touch each other at least at certain points. An outer contour of the individual tie beam 14 is naturally structured, as the tie beam 14 is composed of individual wires. The two tie beams 14 are now pushed together only to the extent that the outermost wires touch one another. The groove 13 . 2 or a depression is located in the shell region between the two tie beams. The flute base 15 . 1 of the flute 15 of the drive wheel 4 . 1 is planar. Via a region R of the flute base, compression between the flute base 15 . 1 and shell 13 is accordingly low. The illustrated suspension has the width B and the proportion (R/B) of the compression-free region R is about 30% in the illustrated example. [0057] Now, FIG. 6 shows a combination of the embodiments according to FIG. 4 and the tie beam arrangement according to FIG. 5 . The groove 13 . 2 allows the shell material 13 to be adapted slightly in accordance with an effective flute width and shape. Minor deviations are obtained as a result of manufacturing tolerances of the parts involved such as the drive wheel 4 . 1 and suspension 12 . This not only becomes valid as a result of the embodiment according to FIG. 6 ; it applies to all the illustrated embodiments. [0058] FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment of the suspension 12 which is received in a flute 15 having a planar flute base 15 . 1 . In this embodiment of the suspension 12 , the groove 13 . 2 or a channel is arranged just below the outer surface 13 . 1 of the suspension 12 . This also allows a transverse contraction, while the compression of the suspension is concentrated in the region of the tie beams 14 and a central region R of the suspension 12 remains uncompressed. [0059] FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of the flute 15 having a planar flute base 15 . 1 for receiving the suspension 12 . The guide region 15 . 3 is widened in the direction of the inlet region 15 . 2 in such a way that an air gap 19 is left between the guide region 15 . 3 and the unloaded suspension 12 . This is advantageously achieved in that a guide region radius RR of the guide region 15 . 3 is larger than a suspension radius RT of the unloaded suspension 12 . The suspension 12 is deformed under loading. The shape produced under loading is obtained as a result of a tensile stress, which is produced by way of example by a car load hanging from the suspension, and a flexural stress which results from the suspension being placed around the drive wheel 4 . 1 . Now, the widening of the guide region 15 . 3 enables the suspension to assume a natural shape freely, without restrictive transverse movements, under loading. [0060] Advantageously, the guide region radius RR or the widened guide region 15 . 3 is designed in such a way that the suspension 12 can ovalize, in the event of a deflection via the drive wheel 4 . 1 under a loading force which is normally to be expected, in such a way that it is substantially adapted to the guide region radius RR or the widened guide region 15 . 3 . The loading force which is normally to be expected generally corresponds to a normal operating state of the elevator installation. This enables the suspension 12 in the loaded state, when it runs around the drive wheel 4 . 1 under force, to be ovalized or obtained such as is illustrated in FIG. 8 by dashed line 12 . 1 . As a result, the suspension 12 is not impeded in the transverse contraction; this reduces lateral wear while the suspension is centered in the flute 15 as a result of the shape of the guide region. [0061] FIG. 9 shows schematically a drive such as could be used in an elevator according to FIG. 1 . A motor 2 drives a drive wheel 4 . 1 which in the illustrated example is integrated directly into a spindle of the drive or the motor 2 . The drive wheel 4 . 1 has a plurality of flutes 15 , a suspension 12 being placed in each of the flutes 15 . The flute base 15 . 1 is planar and it merges with the lateral insertion regions 15 . 2 by means of the radius. The radius corresponds roughly to an outer shape of the suspension in this region. The number of flutes or suspensions required is determined by a carrying force of the suspension and the weight of the car or counterweight. [0062] The foregoing explanations have been given predominantly in relation to a drive wheel 4 . 1 . They apply analogously also to deflection rollers 4 . 2 , 4 . 3 , 4 . 4 . It goes without saying that the embodiments shown are combinable. Thus, the suspensions 12 of the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 2 to 6 can of course also be provided with grooves 13 . 2 or a channel positioned just below the outer surface 13 . 1 of the suspension 12 and the outer contours of the suspension 12 can be varied by the person skilled in the art. The outer contour may in particular also be oval, ribbed or corrugated, or both symmetrical and unsymmetrical outer surfaces 13 . 1 or sheathings may be used. Furthermore, the ovalized flute shape according to FIG. 8 may also be applied to other outer contours. [0063] In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the present invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment. However, it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope.

An elevator includes a car, a counterweight, a suspension working together with the car and the counterweight, and a wheel at least partially wound around by the suspension. The suspension includes a tie beam arrangement with two tie beams and an encasing shell wherein a ratio of the width of the suspension to the height thereof is in a range between one and three. The wheel includes a flute having a flat base for guiding the suspension. When the suspension is unloaded, there is an air gap between the suspension and a guide region of the flute. The suspension is ovalized under loading to close the air gap. The shell is coated, at least in areas, on the outer surface thereof, wherein the coating optionally has a friction-reducing, friction-increasing, and/or wear-detecting effect.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to a process for the racemization of N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acids by heating their melts at high temperatures. Such N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acids are obtained in the form of their salts in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the salts of N-acetyl-D,L-α-aminocarboxylic acids by means of an L-aminoacid acylase. They consist predominantly of N-acetyl-D-α-aminocarboxylics and in addition can also contain small amounts of the corresponding N-acetyl-L-α-aminocarboxylic acids. They are generally racemized after separation of the L-α-aminocarboxylic acid formed in the hydrolysis and employed again for the enzymatic cleavage. It is already known to racemize N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acids by heating their melts to high temperatures. However, to obtain a complete racemization, relatively large residence times are required which lead to a strong discoloration and to the formation of considerable amounts of decomposition products. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The process of the invention comprises adding to the melt 0.1 to 2 weight percent, based on the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid, of acetic anhydride and then heating for a residence (dwell) time τ (in minutes) to a temperature between 115° and 210° C., whereby the melting temperature of the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid is the lower limit of the heating temperature T (in °C.) and the heating temperature and residence time are correlated by the relationship: T=ln (e.sup.-50τ+215 +e.sup.-5/3τ+155) and the melt is quenched after the end of the residence time with an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia solution. Illustrative alkali metal hydroxides are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Illustrative N-acetyl compounds are N-acetyl-D(L)-methionine, N-acetyl-D(L)-alanine, N-acetyl-D(L)-phenylalanine, N-acetyl-D(L)-valine, N-acetyl-D(L)-leucine, N-acetyl-D(L)-isoleucine, N-acetyl-D(L)-serine, N-acetyl-D(L)-threonine, N-acetyl-D(L)-cysteine, N-acetyl-D(L)-glutamic acid and N-acetyl-D(L)-tyrtophane. Preferably, the acetic anhydride is added to the melt in an amount between 0.5 and 1 weight percent. Advantageously, there is chosen as heating temperature for the melt treated with acetic anhydride a temperature which is 5° to 10° C. above the melting temperature of the particular N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid employed. The melting of the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid and the heating of the melt are preferably carried out under nitrogen. However, the melting and the heating of the melt can also be carried out without a protective gas or in a vacuum. Unexpectedly, the process of the invention requires only relatively short residence times for a practically complete racemization, which times are considerably less than those which must be used in heating the melt in the absence of acetic anhydride. As a result, discoloration and the formation of decomposition products is substantially avoided. The N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acids employed in the process of the invention are suitably obtained by sending the solution formed by enzymatic hydrolysis over a strong acid ion exchanger which adsorbs the cations present and the L-α-aminocarboxylic acid. The solution leaving the ion exchanger then consists practically of only water, acetic acid, and the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid. It is evaporated to dryness while maintaining the shortest possible residence times, for example, by a combination of a falling film evaporator and a thin film evaporator having a solid material discharge, and the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid is subjected to the treatment of the invention in this form. Also, the residence time required for melting the N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acid suitably should be maintained as short as possible. If the melting is undertaken in a heated extruder, then generally a residence time of less than one minute suffices for the complete melting. In this case, the extruder can convey the melt into a heated reaction tube, where at the beginning of the residence zone a correspondingly designed pump continuously doses in the required amount of acetic anhydride via a mixing system. After the end of the residence time needed for the racemization, calculated from the addition of the acetic anhydride, the melt is quenched with an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia solution. Thereby, it is suitable to establish the same concentrate of substrate which is required for the subsequent repeated enzymatic cleavage. The invention is explained in more detail in the following examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all percents are by weight. The process can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the recited steps with the stated materials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The N-acetyl-D(L)-α-amino-carboxylic acids employed and the racemized samples in each case were investigated as to their specific rotation [α] D 20 in degrees·cm 3 /dm·g. EXAMPLE 1 10 grams (0.053 mole) of N-acetyl-D(L)-methionine (melting temperature ˜108° C.) were melted at 118° C. under nitrogen in a forced conveyer auxiliary heated extruder within a residence time of one minute. The melt was treated with 0.1 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently stirred for 21 minutes more at 120° C. under nitrogen, then quenched with about 80 ml of a 1 percent aqueous ammonia solution, whereby the temperature dropped to about 40° C. The solution was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of further aqueous ammonia and by dosing in of water adjusted to the substrate concentration (0.6 molar) employed in the enzymatic reaction. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 99.1% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). EXAMPLE 2 Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the melt obtained at 118° C. subsequently was heated in a vacuum for 18 minutes at 125° C. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 97.3% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). EXAMPLE 3 Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the N-acetyl-D(L)-methionine was melted in an auxiliary heated extruder in continuous manner at 160° C. without a protective gas within a residence time of 30 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.05 gram of acetic anhydride and heated for another 1.5 minutes at 160° C. in a reaction tube connected at the outlet side. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 98.5% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). EXAMPLE 4 Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the N-acetyl-D(L)-methionine was melted at 200° C. in a forced conveyer auxiliary heated extruder in continuous manner within a residence time of 45 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.05 gram of acetic anhydride and heated at 200° C. for a further 18 seconds in a reaction tube connected at the outlet side. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 96.2% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). EXAMPLE 5 Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the N-acetyl-D(L)-methionine was melted at 115° C. The melt was treated with 0,1 gram of acetic anhydride and heated for annother 24 minutes at 115° C. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 99% theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85 (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). COMPARISON EXPERIMENT 1 Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the melt obtained at 118° C. was treated with 0.5 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently was heated for another 18 minutes at 125° C. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-methionine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 93% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.85° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=4 in water). EXAMPLE 6 10 grams (0.076 mole) of N-acetyl-D(L)alanine (melting temperature ˜130° C.) was melted at 135° C. in a forced conveyer auxiliary heated extruder within a residence time of one minute. The melt was treated with 0.1 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently stirred under nitrogen for another 12 minutes at 135° C. and then quenched with 50 ml of 4 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide. The further working up was carried out in a manner analogous to Example 1. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-alanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 99.2% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +65.4° (c=2 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: +0.1° (c=2 in water). EXAMPLE 7 Example 6 was repeated with the difference that the N-acetyl-D(L)-alanine was melted in an auxiliary heated extruder in continuous manner at 170° C. within a residence time of 50 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.05 gram of acetic anhydride and heated for about one minute longer at 170° C. in a reaction tube connected at the outlet side. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-alanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 98.7% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +65.4° (c=2 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: +0.4° (c=2 in water). COMPARISON EXPERIMENT 2 Example 6 was repeated with the difference that the melt obtained at 135° C. was treated with 0.5 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently was stirred for another 12 minutes at 135° C. The content of N-acetyl-D-L-alanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 92.7% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +65.4° (c=2 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=2 in water). EXAMPLE 8 20 grams (0.097 mole) of N-acetyl-D(L)-phenylalanine (melting temperature ˜167° C.) was melted at 175° C. under nitrogen in an auxiliary heated extruder within a residence time of 45 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.1 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently held at 170° C. for an additional 55 seconds in a reaction tube connected at the outlet end, and then quenched with 90 ml of 4 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide. The solution was adjusted to pH 7 by the addition of more aqueous sodium hydroxide and by the feeding in of water adjusted to the substrate concentration (0.4 molar) employed in the enzymatic cleavage. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-phenylalanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 99% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: -46.85° (c=2 in ethanol). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=2 in ethanol). EXAMPLE 9 Example 8 was repeated with the difference that the melt obtained at 175° C. was treated with 0.2 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently was heated at 175° C. for another 50 seconds. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-phenylalanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 98.5% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: -46.85° (c=2 in ethanol). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=2 in ethanol). EXAMPLE 10 Example 8 was repeated with the difference that the melt obtained at 175° C. was treated with 0.4 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently was held at 170° C. for an additional 50 seconds. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-phenylalanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 97.5% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: -46.85° (c=2 in ethanol). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=2 in ethanol). COMPARISON EXPERIMENT 3 Example 10 was repeated with the difference that the melt was treated with 1.0 gram of acetic anhydride. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-phenylalanine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 92.2% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: -46.85° (c=2 in ethanol). [α] D 20 after the racemization: ±0° (c=2 in ethanol). EXAMPLE 11 10 grams (0.041 mole) of N-acetyl-D(L)-tryptophane (melting temperature ˜193° C.) were melted at 205° C. under nitrogen in an auxiliary heated extruder within a residence time of 45 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.05 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently held at 205° C. for an additional 12 seconds in a reaction tube connected at the outlet end and subsequently quenched with 150 ml of 1 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide and adjusted to the substrate concentration (0.2 molar) employed in the enzymatic cleavage. The NMR spectrum was identical with that of the starting material which indicates a content of N-acetyl-D,L-tryptophane of at least 95% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: -23.0° (c=5 in methanol). [α] D 20 after the racemization: -0.02° (c=5 in methanol). EXAMPLE 12 10 grams (0.063 mole) of N-acetyl-D(L)-valine (melting temperature ˜162° C.) were melted at 170° C. under nitrogen in an auxiliary heated extruder within a residence time of 40 seconds. The melt was treated with 0.05 gram of acetic anhydride and subsequently held for an additional 55 seconds at 170° C. in a reaction tube connected at the outlet end and subsequently quenched with 50 ml of a 4 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide. The further processing was carried out in a manner analogous to Example 1. The content of N-acetyl-D,L-valine determined by high pressure liquid chromatography was 99.1% of theory. [α] D 20 before the racemization: +17.7° (c=4 in water). [α] D 20 after the racemization: +0.6° (c=4 in water). The entire disclosure of German priority application P3435095.0 is hereby incorporated by reference.

N-acetyl-D(L)-α-aminocarboxylic acids are thermally racemized by melting, adding a small amount of acetic anhydride to the melt and heating to a temperature between the melting temperature and about 210° C. and subsequently quenching the melt with an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia solution. The residence time needed for complete racemization depends on the heating temperature of the melt in the manner that the higher the heating temperature the shorter the residence time.

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a method of orienting a wafer of Group III-V semiconductor material. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Optical, electronic and optoelectronic devices are currently being developed using Group III-V semiconductor materials. In particular, many of these devices are being developed on InP or InP-substrate based systems. Long wavelength, index guided, injection lasers are one example of devices formed on an InP substrate. Fabrication techniques for making these devices including the index guided, injection lasers depend upon a knowledge of the substrate wafer orientation prior to such processing steps as photolithographic masking or etching, for example. In the case of the index guided laser, it is necessary to obtain the substrate wafer orientation in order to form either the mesa or channel which defines the optical waveguide of the laser. Various techniques have been used to orient substrate wafers. In general, the prior techniques have incorporated a processing step which causes at least partial destruction of the working surface, i.e., the (100) surface, by either etching or masking. For example, T. Kambayashi et al. in Jap. J. of Appl. Phys., Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 79-85 (1980), show an orientation technique wherein the working surface of a Group III-V semiconductor material substrate is chemically etched to produce geometrically definable etch pits such as long, narrow grooves or ellipsoids or the like at the sites of dislocations, defects or other imperfections in the surface of the crystalline structure. The etch pits are then examined to determine the relative orientation of an axis of each etch pit. One drawback of this technique is the requirement that the defects or imperfections exist in the crystalline structure so that the desired etch pits are produced when the material is chemically etched. Another exemplary orientation technique is shown by K. Iga et al. in IEEE J. of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-16, No. 10, pp. 1044-1047 (1980). In this technique, the working surface of the material is photo-lithographically masked with a cross-hatched pattern. Subsequently, unmasked portions of the working surface are contacted by a chemical etchant to reveal different sidewall geometries in the etch pits so made. The material is cleaved through the cross-hatched pattern in order to reveal different cross-sectional views on the (011) and (011) surfaces. Inspection of the sidewall geometries allows one to identify the (011) or (011) surfaces. However, this technique suffers from the drawback that photolithographic masking must be performed on the working surface of the material in order to orient the crystal. Furthermore, a portion of the working surface is destroyed in orienting the material. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Orientation of a substrate wafer is performed simply and through nondestructive means, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, contacting at least a first edge surface with a chemical etchant to expose features having a predetermined shape on the at least first edge surface, and designating a particular crystallographic direction on the substrate wafer in accordance with the orientation of the features on the first edge surface. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the following description of a specific illustrative embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the appended drawing in which: FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the steps in the method of crystallographic orientation for a substrate wafer and FIG. 2 shows an InP substrate wafer after etching in a solution of HCl. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Generally, during device fabrication on a (100) InP substrate wafer, the wafer is subjected to a photolithographic masking technique which requires proper alignment of the mask on the (100) surface. Proper alignment is required because (100) InP wafers etches anisotropically in HCl, for example, to expose only the (011) and (011) crystal planes which are perpendicular to the (100) surface. Two other crystal planes, namely the (011) and (011) planes which are perpendicular to the (100) surface and the (011) planes, are not exposed by etching in HCl. Hence, when it is necessary to expose surfaces perpendicular to the (100) surface, the (100) substrate wafer must be properly oriented so that etching of the masked wafer will produce the desired result. FIG. 1 illustrates method steps designed in accordance with the principles of this invention which produce proper orientation of a (100) InP substrate wafer. According to this method, it is possible to distinguish the (011) and (011) planes from the (011) and (011) planes without destroying or processing large portions of the substrate wafer. The first step calls for designation of a working surface of the wafer. The working surface is also called the (100) surface. Designation of this surface is arbitrary. However, the working surface is usually specified by previous processing steps, such as polishing or epitaxial layer growth, although this is not necessary. Following the designation of the working surface, at least one edge of the substrate wafer is exposed. This is accomplished by cleaving or cracking the substrate wafer to remove scrap portions of the wafer. The edge or edges exposed in this step are perpendicular to the working (100) surface. These edges correspond to at least one of the following cleavage planes: (011), (011) (011), or (011). It is desirable to expose two edges perpendicular to each other such as (011) and (011), for example, for purposes of identification and comparison in later steps. Contacting the exposed edge or edges of the substrate wafer with a chemical etchant is the next step of the method. Preferential, anisotropic etchants such as a solution of HCl or the like are preferred chemical etchants. Etching is performed for a sufficient period of time to create features on the wafer edge having a predetermined shape as the triangular protrusions and indentations shown in FIG. 2. In an example, a (100) InP substrate wafer is etched in concentrated HCl (greater than 25% HCl concentration in aqueous solution) at 20 degrees Centigrade for 20 seconds to produce features resembling those shown in FIG. 2. Longer etching times, for example, several minutes, at this concentration and temperature enhance the depth or height of the triangular features. It is to be understood that variations in temperature, exposure time to etchant, and concentration of etchant affect the size of the features. The next step of the method is to identify the type and orientation of the etched features on each exposed edge of the substrate wafer. Etch features exposed by HCl on the {011} edge surfaces of the (100) InP substrate wafer are substantially triangular and either protrude from or are indented in each edge. It is important to determine whether the type of feature is an indentation or a protrusion and, then, whether the feature is oriented up toward the working surface of down away from the working surface. Determination of whether a feature is a protrusion or an indentation is sometimes difficult. This difficulty can be alleviated by observing the features through a stereoscopic microscope. Alternatively, the features may be observed through a standard microscope using a shallow depth of field and adjusting the focus at an edge of the feature. The final step of the method is to identify the crystallographic plane corresponding to each exposed substrate wafer edge. It has been determined that triangular protrusions point down, that is, away from the working surface, on the (011) and (011) surfaces. Triangular indentations are oriented in the opposite direction in that they point up on these same surfaces, (011) and (011). On the other hand, triangular protrusions point up toward the working surface on the (011) and (011) surfaces. On these latter surfaces, the triangular indentations point down away from the working surface. After an edge surface containing the triangular features is identified as a crystallographic plane, a crystallographic direction is designated on the substrate wafer. For example, the direction normal to the edge surface can be designated for the substrate wafer. The method described in conjunction with FIG. 1 permits relative identification of the stop etch planes, the (011) and (011) surfaces, perpendicular to the (100) working surface. For example, the method results in a relative identification of an edge as one of two parallel planes such as the (011) and (011) planes or the (011) planes. There is no chemical difference between the (011) and (011) planes because of the symmetry of the crystal. Similarly, there is no chemical difference between the (011) and (011) planes. Thus in practice, only this relative identification is necessary for complete orientation of the substrate wafer because the method identifies each edge as a surface having either a {111}A or {111}B plane intersecting the particular edge normal and the normal to the working surface. The location of one or the other of the polar generic {111} planes is important to know when etching (100) InP because the {111}A planes are more difficult to etch than the {111}B planes. FIG. 2 shows a portion of the (100) InP substrate wafer after etching in a solution of HCl in the contacting step of the method. Because the orientation is relative, a reference coordinate system is shown along with an alternative reference coordinate system which is included in parentheses. In FIG. 2, surface 20 of the (100) InP substrate wafer is the working surface. Surface 20 is usually identified as the working surface because it is polished or has photolithographic mask films or epitaxial layers thereon. Protrusions 21 point away from working surface 20 on edge 23. Indentation 22 points up toward working surface 20 on edge 23. Triangular protrusions 26 point up toward working surface 20 on edge 25. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the substrate wafer is oriented with surface 23 as the (011) plane (or (011) plane) and with surface 25 as the (011) plane (or (011) plane).

A method for determining crystallographic orientation of an InP substrate wafer includes the steps of immersing at least a portion of the substrate wafer in a chemical etchant for a predetermined amount of time to expose features having a predetermined shape and designating a particular crystallographic direction on the substrate wafer in accordance with relative positions of features on the portion of the substrate wafer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Related Application This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/909,170 entitled MTREE DATA STRUCTURE FOR STORAGE, INDEXING, AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION, filed on Jul. 6, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,717, in the names of Seann Gibson and Kerr Gibson. 2. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to storing, indexing, and retrieving digital information and, more particularly, to tree configurations by which digital information is stored in a memory and accessed by a processor. 3. Prior Art In many computer applications, large amounts of information must be stored and accessed. Generally, during the process of deciding how this information is to be stored, a tradeoff must be made between time and memory. The time variable includes the amount of time necessary to store information, to locate a particular piece of information, and to recreate the information once located. The memory variable includes the amount of memory necessary to store the information and to store and execute the software necessary to store, locate, and recreate the information. There are actually two time/memory issues related to storing information, the first issue being how the information itself is stored in an information data base and the second issue being how a particular item of information is found within the information data base. The simplest way to store information is linearly, that is, information is stored in data memory as it is received and is not modified or compressed in any way. In such a system, a given amount of information occupies a proportional amount of data memory. The main advantage of such a system is that the amount of time needed store and retrieve the information is minimized. The main disadvantage is that data memory requirements grow in direct proportion to the amount of information stored. An alternate method for storing information is to compress the information prior to storage so that at least some of the common elements are not duplicated. The resultant information data base is typically called a tree structure. This method is advantageous in that the amount of required data memory is minimized. However, the amount of time necessary to store and recreate the information is increased due to the fact that the information must be fed through one algorithm to be stored and another algorithm to be recreated. In addition, the memory required for the software needed to implement the algorithms is substantially greater than that for information stored linearly. The simplest way to find a particular item of information is to linearly search the entire information data base for the item until it is found. This method is advantageous in that it is simple to implement, but the amount of time needed to find particular information is unpredictable in the extreme and the average time to find a particular piece of information can be unduly great. An alternate method for finding information is to use a keyword data base, also called an index. The index is stored in memory separate from the information data base. Each keyword of the index points to one or more locations in the information data base that correspond to that keyword. Thus, rather than search a large information data base for particular items of data, a relatively small index is searched for keywords. The index can be stored linearly or as a tree structure, as described above. The typical tree structure for storing information or keywords consists of a group of related nodes, each node containing a subset of the stored data, where the relationship between the nodes defines the information or keywords. Each unique item of information is stored as a set of linked nodes. The node containing the first part of the item is called the root node and is common to more than one item of information. The node containing the last part of the item is called the leaf node and is unique for each item of information. The way in which the nodes are related depends upon whether an information data base or an index is being implemented. An index is used by searching from the root node for a known keyword. When the search reaches the leaf node for that keyword, a pointer or other identifier in the leaf node is used to locate the particular items of information associated with the keyword in the information data base. The information data base, on the other hand, is designed to store and recover particular items of information. The pointer in the index leaf node points to a leaf node within the information data base. From that leaf node, previous node pointers in each node are used to trace back through the information data base to the root node, creating a list of nodes, data from which are used to sequentially recreate the item of information. Because the configuration of the trees necessary for storing information and indexes are different, they are typically implemented using different node structures. Using different node structures precludes the use of common algorithms for modifying both information data bases and indexes. Different algorithms require different software for implementation, needing more memory for storage and execution, and creating the potential for more software errors. Thus, there continues to be a need for a data structure for both information data bases and indexes that provides for heavy concentration of data, rapid and predictable information location and recreation times, and that is common to both information and indexes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a tree structure that is common to both an information data base and an index. Another object of the present invention is to provide a tree structure that is easily adaptable to a variety of information data base configurations. Another object of the present invention is to provide a tree structure wherein information and keywords are heavily concentrated in computer memory and rapidly accessible. More particularly, the present invention contemplates a digital computation system that includes a processor means and memory means for executing digital programs and memory means for storing information and/or indexes upon which the digital programs act. The system includes coded instructions and coded data elements as follows. The processor establishes, in the memory, a tree of nodes that are interrelated by a particular distribution of pointers. The tree includes successor nodes and predecessor nodes. The pointers allow each node to find its successor and predecessor nodes. The digital computation system comprises an architecture including a central processing unit, a memory, and input/output devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, display, and printer. Residing within the memory is the operating system, user applications including the software implementing the present invention, and the data stored in the way prescribed by the present invention. For convenience, a tree embodying the present invention is referred to as an enhanced metatree or EMTree. An EMTree according to the present invention is used to store data in such a way that the storage and manipulation of the data become extremely practical and efficient. This structure has the following major advantages over standard data storage techniques: (1) a constant search time; (2) a constant sort time; (3) automatic data encryption; (4) non-duplication of redundant prefix data elements; (5) slow memory growth for massive amounts of data; and (6) extremely fast relational functionality between two or more EMTrees. There are two types of nodes used in an EMTree, an alternate list node, or alt node, and a packed node. The alt node has four basic members: (1) the previous node pointer, (2) the previous unit, (3) the alternate list size, and (4) at least one alternate. The alternate list size contains the number of alternate EMTree branches available from this node. The alternate contains one of the alternatives that can be traced from this node. The alternate is composed of two submembers, the alternate unit and the alternate node pointer. The packed node has five basic members: (1) the previous node pointer, (2) the previous unit, (3) the element size, (4) the element, and (5) the next node pointer. Any node that contains the last unit of a data item is called a terminal node. When a terminal node is a packed node or an alt node where each alternate contains the last unit of its corresponding data item, it is also a leaf node. Conversely, an alt node where at least one alternate does not contain the last unit of its corresponding data item is not a leaf. An alt node alternate that contains the last unit of its corresponding data item is a terminal alternate. The next node pointer of a nonterminal packed node and the alternate node pointer of a nonterminal alternate contain a pointer to the next node in the sequence of nodes containing the elements of the data item. The next node pointer of a terminal packed node and the alternate node pointer of a terminal alternate contain one of the following: (1) a pointer to another terminal node in the EMTree, (2) a pointer to a terminal node in another EMTree, (3) a pointer to an external object, or (4) a data item identifier. Items of data are added to an EMTree by first finding as much of the data item that already exists in the EMTree and then adding the remainder of the new data item. If the first nonmatching unit is in an alt node, a new alternate is added to that alt node and a new packed node is added for the remainder of the new data item. If the first nonmatching character is in a packed node, that packed node is split into zero, one, or two new packed nodes and a new alt node with two alternates consisting of the two nonmatching characters. A new packed node containing the remainder of the new data item is added. The process of finding a data item in an EMTree includes traversing the EMTree from the root node, looking for matches between the units of the data item in sequence and possible consecutive nodes. The search continues until a nonmatch occurs, all the data item units are matched, or a leaf node is reached. If a nonmatch occurs or a leaf node is reached but not all the data item units have been matched, the data item is not in the EMTree. If a leaf node is reached and all the data item units are matched, the data item is found in the EMTree. Deleting a data item from an EMTree begins with finding the data item terminal node. After the terminal node is found, all nodes tracing backwards from the terminal node are removed until an alt node with more than one alternate is reached. Then the alternate of the data item to delete is removed and the delete is complete. Retrieving a data item begins with the terminal node. The nodes are traced backwards from the terminal node, buffering the data units, until the root node is reached. Because the data is retrieved in reverse order, after all the data units are retrieved, they are reversed. Any alt nodes that are changed in size by adding or removing an alternate or any packed nodes that are decreased in size by splitting may be relocated to a node that uses the appropriate amount of memory for that size node. This ability provides for more efficient memory usage. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference is made to the following specification which is to be taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a typical data storage tree; FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the data storage tree of FIG. 1 optimized according to the present invention; FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an information data base/index combination; FIG. 4 shows a diagram of one configuration of a single tree information data base; FIG. 5 shows a diagram of another configuration of a single tree information data base; FIG. 6 shows a diagram of one configuration of a multiple tree information data base; FIG. 7 shows a diagram of another configuration of a multiple tree information data base; FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the hardware of a digital data processing system incorporating a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the software of a digital data processing system incorporating a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 is a diagram of an alt node; FIG. 11 is a diagram of a packed node; and FIGS. 12 to 16 are diagrams showing a sequence for creating an EMTree of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Data Base Tree Structure--FIGS. 1 and 2 As an initial matter, this description of the present invention refers to a complete unique part of the information being stored as a data item, to a portion of the data item as an element, and to the smallest possible portion of a data item as a unit. In the typical information data base, the data will take the form of strings of characters, so that a data item is a string such as a sentence terminated by a NULL character (.O slashed.), an element is a substring (which can also be a single character), and a unit is a character. It is to be understood, however, that strings of characters are merely illustrative of a broad range of other data formats. Such other data formats, for example, include binary numbers as well as single bits. As previously discussed, data in a tree structure is stored so that successive duplicate elements are not duplicated in memory. For example, a simple tree containing the six data items Copy.O slashed., CopyDisk.O slashed., CopyRecord.O slashed., Paint.O slashed., Print.O slashed., and Store.O slashed. is shown in FIG. 1. In the typical prior art tree structure, each of the smallest possible elements of the data items are characters that are stored in separate nodes 10. Note that where the elements are no longer common to at least one data item, such as the vertical element groups `C`--`P`--`S` 12, `a`--`r` 14, and `.O slashed.`--`D`--`R` 16, a list of alternatives for the next unit is established and a selection must be made from this list as to which path to take. Also note that some elements, such as the `i` in CopyDisk.O slashed. 18 are followed by only one element rather than a list of alternatives. These two characteristics of the tree permit the data items to be stored in the compressed tree shown in FIG. 2. Instead of 34 separate nodes of one type, each containing one unit, there are only 9 separate nodes of two types, each containing elements of multiple units. The first type of node 22 contains a list of alternative units and the other type of node 24 contains a group of successive common units. Data Base Organizations--FIGS. 3 to 7 This section describes the environment in which the present invention is used. Data is stored in data bases, of which there are a variety of organizations. The present invention is a structure by which data is stored within these various data organizations. Data organizations include, but not limited to, (1) an information data base/index combination, (2) a single tree information data base, and (3) a multiple tree information data base. In the information data base/index combination organization, shown in FIG. 3, each unique data item 202 in the information data base 200 typically has a unique identifier 204 associated with it stored in its leaf node 206. The leaf node 212 of each keyword 210 in the index 208 contains one or more identifiers 214, where each identifier 214 corresponds to a data item 202 in the information data base 200 that is associated with the keyword 210. To find particular items of information 202, the index 208 is searched for keywords 210 and the identifiers 214 in the keyword leaf nodes 212 are used to locate the data items 202 in the information data base 200, as at 216. In the single tree information data base, shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, a pointer 224 in the leaf node 222 points to another leaf node 226 in the same tree 220. The pointers form a ring, as at 230, so that the ring eventually returns to the starting leaf node. An example of such an organization is the data base for a thesaurus. To find the synonyms for a particular word, the data base is searched for that word. The leaf node of that word contains a pointer to the leaf node of a synonym. The leaf node of that synonym, in turn, contains a pointer to another synonym. This pointer chain continues until a pointer to the original word is reached. Thus, a ring of pointers corresponds to a particular group of synonyms and finding any one of the words of the group allows all of the other words of the group to be located. As an alternative, shown in FIG. 5, rather than containing a ring of pointers, the leaf node 232 contains at least one identifier 234, corresponding to a group of synonyms, as at 236. All leaf nodes 232 are searched for that particular identifier 234 to recover all the synonyms of the group. This alternative organization is more flexible because, to continue the thesaurus example, each word can now be a member of more than one group. However, this flexibility comes at the price of having to check every leaf node for the identifier, which is more time-consuming than following a pointer chain. In a multiple tree information data base, shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, there are a plurality of trees, each corresponding to, for instance, one field of a record. For example, a data base consisting of names, addresses, and telephone numbers of people would have three separate trees, one for each of the person's name, address, and telephone number. In the organization of FIG. 6, the trees 240, 246, 252 are related to each other in a manner similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 4. Each leaf node 242 has a pointer 244 to the leaf node 248 corresponding to the same record in the next tree 246 that represents the next field of the record. The second leaf node 248, in turn, has a pointer 250 to the appropriate leaf node 254 in the next tree of the record sequence 252. This pointer chain continues until a pointer to the original leaf node 242 is reached. Thus, a ring of pointers, as at 258, corresponds to a particular record, and finding any one of the fields of the record allows all of the other fields of the record to be found. In the above example, the leaf node for the person's name points to the leaf node for the address, the leaf node for the address points to the leaf node for the telephone number, and the leaf node for the telephone number points to the leaf node for the person's name. As an alternative, shown in FIG. 7, rather than containing a ring of pointers, the leaf node 260 contains at least one identifier 262, corresponding to a particular record, as at 264. All leaf nodes of each tree 260 are searched for that particular identifier 262 to recover all the fields of the record. As with the tree of FIG. 5, this alternative organization is more flexible because it permits multiple fields in each tree to be found. However, this flexibility comes at the price of having to check every leaf node for the identifier, which is more time-consuming than following a pointer chain. Computer Configuration--FIGS. 8 and 9 The graphic illustrations and pseudocode described below are implemented in a digital computation system as shown in FIG. 8. This system comprises an architecture including a central processing unit (CPU) 102, memory 104, mass storage 106, and input/output devices, including a keyboard 108, a mouse 110, and a display 112. Residing within the memory 104 as CPU-executable code is the operating system and user applications, as in FIG. 9. In the illustrated system, executable code 132 is generated from two inputs. The first input is the source code 122 written in the language chosen by the programmer and generated using a text editor 120. The source code 122 is processed by a compiler 124 into an intermediate code 126. The second input is a library of standard functions 128 that has previously been compiled. The intermediate code 126 and the library functions 128 are processed together by a linker 130 into machine-readable code 132, executable by the CPU 102, and stored in memory 104. It is to be understood that the principles of the present invention are applicable to all digital computation systems. For example, the type of CPU 102 is not limited to a particular family of microprocessors, but can be chosen from any group of suitable processors. This is also true of the memory 104, mass storage 106, and input/output devices 108, 110, 112. Likewise, the programmer may choose from a variety of programming languages, such as C, Pascal, BASIC, and FORTRAN, the appropriate compiler, linker, and libraries. EMTree Nodes--FIGS. 10 and 11 The essence of the enhanced metatree (EMTree) is its data storage structure, which is significantly different from any other previously implemented data storage structure. While the typical tree structure is based on a single node structure, the EMTree structure of the present invention is based on two optimized node structures that contain successive parts of the items of data to be stored. The EMTree structure is used easily in information storage and retrieval applications, as both the information data base structure and the index structure. The EMTree of the present invention is based on the two types of nodes previously described with reference to FIG. 2. The node containing a list of alternative units 22 is called an alternate list node or alt node 26 and a node containing successive common units 24 is called a packed node 40. The alt nodes 26 and packed nodes 40 of an EMTree are interrelated by a distribution of pointers. Every node, with the exception of the root node and the leaf nodes, has a predecessor node and at least one successor node. Pointers within each node facilitate the location of these predecessor and successor nodes, as described below. The alt node 26, shown in FIG. 10, has four basic members: (1) the previous node pointer (BP) 28, (2) the previous unit (BC) 30, (3) the alternate list size (AK) 32, and (4) at least one alternate 34. If the node 26 is not a root node, the previous node pointer 28 contains the location in memory where the node preceding this node in the ordering of elements for a data item, the predecessor node, can be found. The previous unit 30 contains the previous unit associated with the same data item stored in that previous node. If the previous node is a packed node 40, the previous unit 30 contains the last unit of the element 48 of that node, as described below. If the previous node is an alt node 26, the previous unit 30 contains one of the alternate units 36, as described below, of that node. These two members 28, 30 facilitate the retrieval of the information stored, as described below. The alternate list size 32 contains the number of alternatives available from this alt node 26. The alternate 34 contains one of the alternatives that follows this node 26, and the number of alternates 34 dictates the value of the alternate list size 32. FIG. 10 shows a second alternate 34a in phantom. The alternate 34 is composed of two submembers, the alternate unit (AC) 36 and the alternate node pointer (AN) 38. The alternate unit 36 contains the unit that sequentially follows the unit contained in the previous unit member 30 for a particular data item. If any of the alternate units 36 contain the last unit of a data item, the node is a terminal node. If all of the alternate units 36 contain the last unit of a data item, the node is also a leaf node. Any alternate 34 having an alternate unit 36 that contains the last unit of a data item is a terminal alternate. When the alternate 34 is not a terminal alternate, the alternate node pointer 38 contains a pointer to the next node, or successor node, in the sequence of elements representing the data item that includes the unit contained in the alternate unit submember 36. When the alternate 34 is a terminal alternate, the alternate node pointer 38 contains one of the following: (1) a pointer to another terminal node in the EMTree, (2) a pointer to a terminal node in another EMTree, (3) a pointer to an external object, or (4) a data item identifier. Which of these values is contained in the alternate node pointer 38 depends on the configuration of the data base into which the alt node structure 26 is incorporated. The packed node 40, shown in FIG. 11, has five basic members: (1) the previous node pointer (BP) 42, (2) the previous unit (BC) 44, (3) the element size (PK) 46, (4) the element (PE) 48, and (5) the next node pointer (PN) 50. If the node 40 is not a root node, the previous node pointer 42 contains the location in memory where the predecessor node can be found. The previous unit 44 contains the previous unit associated with the same data item stored in that previous node. If the previous node is a packed node 40, the previous unit 44 contains the last unit in the element 48 of that node, as described below. If the previous node is an alt node 26, the previous unit 30 contains one of the alternate units 36 of that node. These two members 42, 44 facilitate the retrieval of the information stored, as described below. The element size 46 contains the size, in units, of the element contained in this node 40 and the element 48 contains the element data itself. If the last unit of the element 48 is the last unit of a data item, the node is a terminal node and a leaf node. When the node 40 is not a terminal node, the next node pointer 50 contains a pointer to the successor node. When the node 40 is a terminal node, the next node pointer 50 contains one of the following: (1) a pointer to another terminal node in the EMTree, (2) a pointer to a terminal node in another EMTree, (3) a pointer to an external object, or (4) a data item identifier. Which of these values is contained in the next node pointer 50 depends on the configuration of the data base into which the packed node structure 40 is incorporated. Adding a Data item to an EMTree--FIGS. 12 to 16 FIGS. 12 to 16 graphically illustrate how an EMTree is created, by beginning with the data item `CopyDisk.O slashed.`, and sequentially adding the five data items `Copy.O slashed.`, `Store.O slashed.`, `CopyRecord.O slashed.`, `Print.O slashed.`, and `Paint.O slashed.`. In this example, the unit size is one character. To begin the EMTree, a packed node 60a containing the element `CopyDisk.O slashed.` is stored in memory, as shown in FIG. 12. Note that, because this node 60a is a root node, there is no previous node pointer 42 or previous unit 44. Also note that, because this node 60a is a terminal node, the next node pointer 50 (P/ID1) actually contains a pointer to another terminal node or external object or it contains a data item identifier. The length of the element is 9 characters, so the element size 46 contains the value 9 and the element 48 contains the element `CopyDisk.O slashed.`. As shown in FIG. 13, the new data item `Copy.O slashed.` is stored in the EMTree by first comparing each character of the existing node element 60a48 to the new data item in sequence until there is no longer a match. Only the first four characters, `Copy`, of the existing node element 62a48 match the new data item. As a result, node 62a is shortened to a length of 4 and the element 62a48 is changed to `Copy`. A new node 62b is added to the EMTree, and the next node pointer of the first node 62a50 is set to point to the new node 62b. This new node 62b is an alt node containing two alternates, one each for the units `.O slashed.` 62b34a and `D` 62b34b. Because there are two alternates 62b34a, 62b34b, the alternate list size 62632 is set to 2. The previous node pointer 62628 is set to point to the node 62a and the previous unit 62630 is set to the unit `y`, which is the last character of the previous node's element 62a48. The first alternate unit 62b36a is set to the character `.O slashed.` and, because it is the last unit of the data item, it is a terminal alternate and its alternate node pointer 62b38a is set to the pointer/data item identifier P/ID2. The second alternate unit 62b36b is set to the character `D` and, because it is not the last unit of the data item, a new node 62c is added to the EMTree to complete the data item `CopyDisk.O slashed.`. The node 62c is a packed node, where the previous node pointer 62c42 points to the previous alt node 62b, the previous unit 62c44 contains the character `D`, the element size 62c46 contains the value 4, the element 62c48 contains the characters `isk.O slashed.`, and the next node pointer 62c50 contains the P/ID1 that is copied from the original next node pointer 60a50. It is to be noted that adding any new data item beginning with the characters `Copy` allocates only a new alternate 34 in the node 62b for the fifth character and a new packed node for any additional characters. In other words, the existing `Copy` node will be used for every data item in the EMTree containing `Copy` as its first four characters. Hence the slow memory growth of the EMTree structure. As shown in FIG. 14 the next data item `Store.O slashed.` is stored in the EMTree by first comparing each character of the existing node element 62a48 to the new data item in sequence until there is no longer a match. Because the first character does not match, packed node 62a is replaced by an alt node 64a and a packed node 64b. The alt node 64a, which is also the new root node, has two alternates. The first alternate unit 64a36a contains the first character of the packed node 62a being replaced, namely `C` and its alternate pointer 64a38a points to the replacement packed node 64b containing the remainder of the original node element 62a48, `opy`. The second alternate unit 64a36b contains the first character of the new data item, namely `S` and its alternate pointer 64a38b points to a new packed node 64e containing the remainder of the new data item, `tore.O slashed.`. Original nodes 62b and 62c of FIG. 13 (64c and 64d in FIG. 14) are unaffected. As shown in FIG. 15, the next data item `CopyRecord.O slashed.` is stored in the EMTree by comparing the first character `C` to the alternates 66a36a, 66a36b of the root node 66a. Because the first character matches one of the alternates 66a34a, the node pointed to by the alternate pointer 66a38a is compared. The comparison is between the element of the packed node 66648 and the characters of the new data item starting with the second character. All three characters of the packed node 66b match the next three characters of the new data item, so the next node pointer 66650 is taken to the next node 66c, an alt node. Each alternate unit 66c36a, 66c36b is compared to the next character of the new data item, `R`, and because it is not found among the alternates, a new alternate 66c34c containing the unit `R` is added to the alternates and the number of alternates 66c32 is increased to 3. Since `R` is not the last character of the new data item, a new packed node 66e containing the element `ecord.O slashed.` is added to the EMTree to complete the addition of the new data item. The new alternate node pointer 66c38c is set to point to the new packed node 66e. The next data item `Print.O slashed.` is added in the same way as the data item `Store.O slashed.`, as described above, and the data item `Paint.O slashed.` is added in the same way as the data item `CopyRecord.O slashed.`, as described above. The resultant EMTree is shown in FIG. 16. Searching for a Data Item in an EMTree To find a data item in the EMTree, one begins at the root node, which in the majority of cases, will be an alt node 26. The alternate units 36 are searched until the first unit of the data item is found. The search proceeds to the node pointed to by the alternate node pointer 38 associated with the found alternate unit 36. If the next node is a packed node 40, the search verifies that the element 48 matches the next set of units in the data item and the search continues with the node pointed to by the next node pointer 50. If the next node is an alt node 26, the alternates 34 are searched as previously described. The search continues until the entire data item is found. If, at any time, an element of the data item cannot be found in the node following the previous matching node or a leaf node is reached without matching all of the units of the data item, the data item does not exist in the EMTree. Depending on the purpose of the search, the data item may ignored, it may be added to the EMTree, as described above, the operator may be notified, etc. For example, a search for the data item `CopyRecord.O slashed.` in the EMTree of FIG. 16 begins at the root node 68a. The alternate units 68a36 of that node's alternate list 68a34 are scanned until the character `C`, the first unit in the data item, is found. That character is found in alternate unit 68a36a. The search proceeds to the node pointed to by the alternate node pointer 68a38a associated with the `C` unit, which is the packed node 68b. The search tests the next three characters of the data item, namely `opy`, and because the element of the packed node 68648 matches, the scan proceeds to the node pointed to by the next node pointer 68650. The next node is an alt node 68c. That node's alternate units 68c36 are scanned until the next character in the data item, `R`, is found. The alternate pointer 68c38c associated with the alternate unit `R` 68c36c points to the packed node 68e, which contains the remainder of the data item, `ecord.O slashed.`, so the search ends. Note that the next node pointer 68e50 contains either a pointer to another terminal node, a pointer to external object, or an identifier (P/ID4). Removing a Data Item from an EMTree A data item is removed from the EMTree by searching for the data item. After the terminal node for the data item is found, all nodes tracing backwards are removed until an alt node 26 with more than one alternate 34 is reached. That corresponding alternate 34 is removed from the alt node 26. Any time an alternate 34 is removed, the alternate list size 32 is decremented by 1. If only one alternate 34 remains, the alt node 26 can be combined with the previous or next packed node 40, if one exists. Otherwise, the alt node 26 can be left alone or converted to a packed node 40 where the element has only one unit. As an example, the data item `Paint.O slashed.` is removed from the sample EMTree of FIG. 16. The EMTree is searched for the data item and found to exist in the node sequence 68a, 68f, and 68g. The first node removed is the terminal node 68g. One alternate 68f34a of its previous alt node 68f points to it, which is removed and the alternate list size 68f32 is decremented by one. At this point the data item has been removed. However, the EMTree is no longer optimized because the alt node 68f now only has one alternate 66f34b, namely `r`. This alt node 68f can be combined with the packed node 68h that follows it into one larger packed node containing the element `rint.O slashed.` and then the alt node 68f can be removed. If this is done, the pointer 68a38b that points to old node 68f must be changed to point to the new combined packed node. Retrieving a Data Item from an EMTree A data item is retrieved by tracing the nodes of the EMTree backwards from the terminal node to the root node. First, the terminal node is found, such as by the identifier or pointer methods described above. If the terminal node is a packed node 40, the previous node pointer 42 is used to located the node prior to the terminal node in the sequence. If the terminal node is an alt node 26, the identifier or pointer method determines which alternate 34 contains the correct unit, and the previous node pointer 28 is used to locate the node prior to the terminal node in the sequence. The previous node pointer 28, 42 of the previous node is then used to locate the node prior to it. This process is followed until the root node is reached. As each previous node is found, the elements 48 from the packed nodes and the alternate units 44 from the alt nodes are saved in a buffer. After all of the units of the data item are retrieved, the buffer is reversed, because the units are retrieved in reverse order. The Pseudocode of the Preferred Embodiment Pseudocode is shown herein to illustrate code for performing functions and establishing relationships embodying the present invention. Pseudocode does not represent a particular programming language, but is similar to a flowchart in that it shows the sequence of instructions that perform a function. The pseudocode is designed to operate on strings of characters. In the majority of software implementations, a character string is a sequence of characters that end with a consistent terminating character, which is typically a NULL character. This allows the software to be written knowing that a character string will always end with the terminating character. Node Definitions The data structures for the alt node and the packed node are defined below. Most of the elements are as described above. There are several additional elements in this preferred implementation of the present invention. The element `T` in both data structures describes the type of node, which is either an alt node or a packed node. The element `R` in both data structures denotes whether or not the node is a root node. Specific to the alternate node structure, the element AT flags if that alternate is a terminal alternate. In a leaf node, all the AT elements will be TRUE. Specific to the packed node structure, the element PT flags whether or not the node is a terminal (leaf) node. ______________________________________NODE DEFINITIONS______________________________________let alternateNode define T, R, (BP, BC), AK, ((AC.sub.1, AT.sub.1, AN.sub.1) ... (AC.sub.ak, AT.sub.ak, AN.sub.ak))// Where T is type: always "alternateType".// Where R is root: one of TRUE or FALSE.// Where BP is back pointer: a pointer to the previous node// containing the BC.// Where BC is back character: the previous character.// Where AK is alternate count: the number of alternate// characters in this node.// Where AC is one alternate character.// Where AT is one terminator: one of TRUE or FALSE - does// this alternate terminate the data item this alternate// is part of. If this is a leaf node, all the// alternates must be terminators. But a terminal// alternate may exist in a non-leaf node.// Where AN is one next Ptr: a pointer to the next node or// if this is a terminating alternate, AN is a user// pointer or ID.let packedNode define T, R, (BP, BC), PK, PT, PN, (PC.sub.1 ... PC.sub.pk))// Where T is type: always "packedType".// Where R is root: one of TRUE or FALSE.// Where BP is back Pointer: a pointer to the previous node// containing the BC.// Where BC is back character: the previous character// Where PK is packed count: the number of packed characters// in this node.// Where PT is terminator: one of TRUE or FALSE - does this// packed list terminate the data item this packed node is// a part of. If TRUE, this must be a leaf node.// Where PN is next Ptr: a pointer to the next node or if// this is a terminating packed node, PN is a user pointer// or ID.// Where PC is one packed character. PC.sub.1 ... PC.sub.pk is also// referred to as PE.______________________________________ Free Nodes The following discussion assumes that free nodes are available for use when needed. In the preferred embodiment, a plurality of free nodes are maintained in memory. The number of free alt nodes available is generally equal to the number of possible alternates, where each free alt node has a different number of available alternatives. The number of free packed nodes available is generally equal to the number possible characters in an element, where each free packed node has an element of a different size. A list is maintained that keeps track of the available free nodes and their locations. When a node is replaced or deleted from the EMTree, it is added to the free node list. When a node is added to the EMTree, it is removed from the free node list. The function CREATE -- NODE retrieves a free node for use in the EMTree. Adding a String The following pseudocode routines are used to add the string S of length j to an EMTree EMT. The main routine "AddString" begins by executing a match loop that finds as much of the string that already exists, starting with the first alternate or first packed character of the root node. Within the match loop, the routine looks for each character of the string in sequence in possible consecutive nodes. If the first character matches a node character, the next character of the EMTree is retrieved and compared to the next character of the new string. If the current node is a packed node and the current character is not the last character, the next character of the packed node is retrieved for comparison. If the current node is a packed node and the current character is the last character of the packed node or the current node is an alt node, the next node is retrieved using the next node pointer. The match loop continues until either a character of the new string does not match any possible next characters or a terminal node is reached. If the match loop terminated because there are no more characters of the new string to match, the new string already exists in the EMTree. If the match loop terminated because a terminal node was reached, this means that the new string is a continuation of an already existing string. Normally, this will not happen. If every string ends in the same terminating character, then a string cannot have another string as a subset. For example, the string "Copy.O slashed." is not a subset of "CopyDisk.O slashed." because of the `.O slashed.` terminating character. The loop would have ended when the `.O slashed.` of "Copy.O slashed." did not match the `D` of "CopyDisk.O slashed.". However, for the sake of completeness, this contingency is provided for. The terminal alternate is flagged as no longer the terminal alternate and a new packed node is added, containing the remainder of the new string. The alternate node pointer of the former terminal alternate points to the new packed string. If the match loop terminated because the next character could not be found in an alt node, a new alternate is added to that alt node. If the new alternate is the last character of the new string, the alternate is flagged as a terminal alternate and the routine terminates. If the new alternate is not the last character of the new string, a packed node is added to the EMTree, which is pointed to by the next node pointer of the new alternate. The new packed node is also flagged as a terminal or leaf node. If the match loop terminated because the next character could not be found in a packed node, the packed node is converted to zero, one, or two packed nodes and an alt node is inserted. The routine "splitPackedNode" provides this function. First an alt node of size 2 is created. The two alternates are the unmatched characters, one from the packed node and the other from the new string. If the unmatched character is the only character of the packed node, the new alt node replaces the original packed node. If the unmatched character is the first character of the packed node, a new packed node containing all the characters of the original packed node except the first character is created. The previous node pointer of the new alt node points to the previous node of the original packed node and the next node pointer of that previous node points to the new alt node. The next node pointer of the alternate taken from the original packed node points to the new packed node and the previous node pointer of the new packed node points to the new alternate node. The next node pointer of the new packed node points to the same node as the original packed node and that node's previous node pointer points to the new packed node. If the unmatched character is the last character of the original packed node, a new packed node containing all the characters of the original packed node except the last character is created. The next node pointer of the previous node of the original packed node points to the new packed node and the previous node pointer of the new packed node points to the previous node of the original packed node. The next node pointer of the new packed node points to the new alt node and the previous node pointer of the new alt node points to the new packed node. The next node pointer of the alternate derived from the original packed node points to the node pointed to by the original packed node and that node's previous node pointer points to the new alt node. If the unmatched character is neither the first nor last character of the packed node, two packed nodes and an alt node are created. The first packed node ("leftNode") contains all the characters of the original packed node up to but not including the unmatched character. The second packed node ("rightNode") contains all of the characters of the original packed node following the unmatched character. After the original packed node is split into an alt node and zero, one or two packed nodes, a new packed node is created that contains all the characters of the new string following the unmatched character. The previous node pointer of this packed node points to the new alt node and the new alternate derived from the new string unmatched character points to this new packed node. Any alt nodes that are increased in size by adding an alternate or any packed nodes that are decreased in size by splitting may be relocated in memory to a free node that is of the same size as the newly sized node. This ability provides for more efficient memory usage. If a node is relocated, its previous node must have its next node pointer updated and any subsequent nodes pointed to by the relocated node must have their previous node pointers updated. The routine "NodeMayHaveMoved" provides these functions. ______________________________________ADDING A STRING - AddString______________________________________Addstring(EMT, S.sub.1...S.sub.j, userDataPointer) // First we need to find as much of the string as already // exists in the EMTree. Loop as long as S.sub.n matches the // next character and the node is not the terminator. // Get the root node for the EMTree EMT. node = GetRootNode(EMT) // Start with first alt or packed char of root node. i = 1 // Start at S.sub.1. n = 1 loop while n < j AND FindAlternate(S.sub.n, node, i) AND NOT IsTerminator(node, i) n = n + 1 // If this is a packed node and i is not at the last // packed character then simply increment i. if node.T = packedType if i < node.PK i = i +1 // If this is a packed node and not a terminator // node then get the next node and start i at the // first character. else if node.PT = FALSE READ.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node, node.PN) i = 1 end if // If this is an alternate node, then read the node for // the ith alternate's next pointer. Set I to start at // the first alternate by default. else if node.AT.sub.i = FALSE READ.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node, node.AN.sub.i) i = 1 end if end loop // If there is no more string left (n = j) then the // string is already in the EMTree. Otherwise add the // rest (n < j). if n < j // Set isTerminator TRUE if n = j. isTerminator = (n = j) // Whether alternate or packed, if the current // characters of the string and node match, match loop // (above) ended because this is the terminator // character. This means the new string is a // continuation of an already existing string in the // EMTree. if FindAlternate(S.sub.n, node, i) // Flag that node is no longer the terminator and // store it. NOTE: The next pointer for node will // be set later. if node.T = packedType node.PT = FALSE else node.AT.sub.fi = FALSE end if nodePointer = STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node) // Ended on an alternate node. Add the unmatched // character of the string to the alternate node and // then continue. NOTE: Make sure the size of the // node is sufficient to merely increment the node // count and add the new alternate. Also, probably // want to add the new alternate character in some // sorted order with the other alternates - the pseudo // code ignores this. Else if node.T = AlternateType node.AK = node.AK + 1 x = node.AK node.AC.sub.x = C node.AT.sub.x = isTerminator if isTerminator node.AN.sub.x = userDataPointer else node.AN.sub.x = NULL endif nodePointer = STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node). NodeMayHaveMoved(EMT, node, nodePointer) // Ended in a packed node. Split the packed node up // into an alternate list of the two current non- // matching characters and packed lists of any previous // and next characters in node. else node, nodePointer, i = SplitPackedNode(EMT, S.sub.n, isTerminator, node, i, userDataPointer) end if // If we did not just add the last character, add the // remainder of the string. if NOT isTerminator n = n + 1 // Create a new packed node of j-n characters and // initialize the node data. newNode, newNodePointer = CREATE.sub.-- NODE(packedType, j-n) newNode.BC = GetCurrentCharacter(node, i) newNode.BP = nodePointer newNode.PK = j-n newNode.PT = TRUE newNode.PN = userDataPointer m = 1 loop while m <= j newNode.PC.sub.m = S.sub.m m = m + 1 end loop // Now update the node to point to the new one. if node.T = packedType node.PN = newNodePointer else node.AN.sub.i = newNodePointer end if STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node) end if end ifend AddString______________________________________FindAlternate______________________________________// Does the given node contain R as an alternate.FindAlternate (R, node, i) // A packed node has only one `alternate` for each packed // character. Therefore, it contains R if the current // ith packed character equals R. if node.T = packedType return (node, i, node.PC.sub.i = R) // An alternate node contains R if one alternate in the // list is R. So loop through the alternates and return // TRUE if R is matched. else i = 1 loop while i <= node.AK if (node.AC.sub.i = R) return (node, i, TRUE) end if i = i+1 end loop return (node, i) // Don't return bad i, just return 1. end if end FindAlternate______________________________________SplitPackedNode______________________________________SplitPackedNode(EMT, C, isTerminator, node, i, userDataPointer) // First, create the alternate node. We know that we // must at least have this node. Set as much information // as we can right now. NOTE: For simplicity in this // pseudocode, do not sort the 2 characters put into the // new alternateNode. // alternateNode, alternateNodePointer = CREATE.sub.-- NODE(alternateType, 2) alternateNode.AK = 2 alternateNode.AC.sub.1 = node.PC.sub.i // AT.sub.1 and AN.sub.1 will be set later. alternateNode.AC.sub.2 = C alternateNode.AT.sub.2 = isTerminator if isTerminator alternateNode.AN.sub.2 = userDataPointer else alternateNode.AN.sub.2 = NULL // Will be set later end if // If i > 1, there is at least 1 character to the left of // the split position (i). So move those characters to a // leftNode, which is a packed node with i-1 characters.if i > 1 leftNode, leftNodePointer = CREATE.sub.-- NODE(packedType,i-1) leftNode.BC = node.BC leftNode.BP = node.BP leftNode.PK = i-1 leftNode.PT = FALSE leftNode.PN = alternateNodePointer n = 1 loop while n <= i-1 leftNode.PC.sub.n = node.PC.sub.n n = n + 1 end loop // Store the node and call nodeMayHaveMoved because we // need to make sure that the previous node (backwards // pointer) will point to leftNode now. STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, leftNode) nodeMayHaveMoved(EMT, leftNode, leftNodePointer) // Now we know some more information to be stored in // the alternate list. alternateNode.BC = leftNode.PC.sub.i -1 alternateNode.BP = leftNodePointer // No characters to the left, so the alternate's back // information is the same as the original node's. NOTE: // The backwards node will have to have its pointer // changed to the new alternate pointer. This will // happen when STORE.sub.-- NODE is called for alternateNode // later. else alternateNode.BC = node.BC alternateNode.BP = node.BP end if // if i < node.PK, there are character to the right of // the split position (i) so move those characters to a // rightNode, which is a packed node with node.PK-i // characters. if i < node.PK rightNode, rightNodePointer = CREATE.sub.-- NODE (packedType, node.PK-i) rightNode.BC = getCurrentCharacter (node, i) rightNode.BP = alternateNodePointer rightNode.PK = node.PK - i rightNode.PT = node.PT rightNode.PN = node.PN n = i + 1 loop while n <= node.PK rightNode.PC.sub.n-i = node.PC.sub.n n = n+1 end loop // Store the node and call nodeMayHaveMoved because we // need to make sure that the next node (next pointer) // will point to rightNode now. STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, rightNode) NodeMayHaveMoved(EMT, rightNode, rightNodePointer) // Now we know some more information to be stored in // the alternate list. alternateNode.AT.sub.1 = FALSE alternateNode.AN.sub.1 = rightNodePointer // If there are no characters to the right of the split. else alternateNode.AT.sub.1 = node.PT alternateNode.AN.sub.1 = node.PN end if // Delete the initial packed node and restore the // alternateNode. Must call nodeMayHaveMoved to fix the // previous node's next pointer (if needed - if no left // characters). Return the new alternateNode. Also, // return 2 so that when rest of string is added, it will // continue from the second alternate (the // alternate added for the given string). DELETE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node) alternateNodePointer = STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, alternateNode) NodeMayHaveMoved(EMT, alternateNode, alternateNodePointer) return (alternateNode, alternateNodePointer, 2) end SplitPackedNode______________________________________ Finding a String The following pseudocode routine is used to find a particular string within an EMTree, where the name of the EMTree is EMT, the string to find is S, and the string length is j. The routine starts with the root node of the EMTree. A loop is executed that looks for each character of the string in sequence in possible consecutive nodes. The loop continues as long as (1) the last character of the string has not been matched, (2) one of the next characters of the EMTree matches the next character of the string, and (3) a packed terminal node or terminal alternate has not been reached. When the loop terminates and, if the all the string characters have been matched and a packed terminal node or terminal alternate has been reached, the string is located. In such a case, the terminal node ("node"), the number of the alternate or the number of the last packed character (`i`), and a TRUE flag are returned to the calling routine. If any of the above conditions are not true, then the string does not exist in the EMTree and a FALSE flag is returned to the calling routine. ______________________________________FINDING A STRING - FindString______________________________________FindString(EMT, S.sub.1...S.sub.j) // Get the root node for the EMTree EMT. node = GetRootNode(EMT) // Start with first alt or packed char of root node. i = 1 // Start at S.sub.1. n = 1 // Loop as long as S.sub.n is an alternate in the node and the // node is not at the terminator. loop while n < j AND FindAlternate(S.sub.n, node, i) AND NOT IsTerminator(node, i) n = n +1 GoNextCharacter(node, i) end loop // Return TRUE if at the end of S and S.sub.j is an alternate // and the node is at the terminator. return (node, i, (n = j AND FindAlternate (S.sub.n, node, i) AND IsTerminator(node, i)))end FindString______________________________________ Deleting a String The following pseudocode routine is used to delete a particular string from an EMTree, where the name of the EMTree is EMT and the string to delete is S. The routine starts first attempts to locate the string in the EMTree by a call the "FindString" routine, described above. If the string is not found, the routine terminates. If the string is found, a loop is executed that traces the string back, deleting any nodes that are specific only to the string. If the terminal node is an alt node with more than one alternate, the terminal alternate of the string is deleted. If the terminal node is a packed node or an alt node with only one alternate, the entire node is deleted. Then the loop repeats, operating on the node pointed to by the previous node pointer of the deleted node. After all nodes and alternates specific to the string are deleted, the routine terminates. Any alt nodes that are reduced in size by deleting an alternate may be relocated in memory. This provides for more efficient memory usage. If a node is relocated, the previous node that points to it must have its next node pointer updated and any successor nodes pointed to by the relocated node must have their previous node pointers updated. The routine "NodeMayHaveMoved" provides these functions. ______________________________________DELETING A STRING - DeleteString______________________________________DeleteString(EMT, S...)// First find the string and retrieve the node and I,// which are the last node for the string.node, i, found = FindString (EMT, S)done = NOT foundloop while NOT done// If this is an alternate node with more than one alternate,// remove the one alternate and we are done. Since all previous// nodes point to multiple entries in the EMTree, we cannot// delete any more.if node.T = alternateType AND node.AK > 1 thenloop while i <= node.AK node.AC.sub.i = node.AC.sub.i +1 node.AT.sub.i = node.AT.sub.i +1 node.AN.sub.i = node.AN.sub.i +1 i = i+1end loop// Store the changed node. This may cause the node to be moved// since it has changed size by the removal of the one alternate.// Thus, we must inform all next nodes and the one back node of// the possible new node position.nodepointer = STORE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node)NodeMayHaveMoved(EMT, node, nodePointer)done = TRUE// In this case, the node is either a packed node or an alternate node// with only one alternate. In either case, the entire node is deleted.else// NOTE: If the node being freed is the root node, the tree is now// empty, which may imply some special conditions.if IsAtRootCharacter(node, 1)FREE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node)done = TRUEelsebackNode, I = GoPreviousCharacter(node, 1)FREE.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node) node = backNode // Set to continue the loop.end ifend ifend loopend DeleteString______________________________________ Retrieving a String The following pseudocode routine is used to retrieve a particular string from an EMTree, where the name of the EMTree is EMT, terminal node is "node", and the location in node of the last character of the string is specified by `i`. The routine executes a loop that traces the string back one character at a time via the previous node pointers, reading and buffering the characters that make up the string. If the current character is in a packed node and is not the last character of the packed node, the next character to store is merely the previous character of the packed node. If the current character is the first character of a packed node or is an alternate of an alt node, the previous node pointer is used to retrieve the previous node. If the previous node is a packed node, the next character to store is the last character of the packed node. If the previous node is an alt node, the previous character of the current node is used to determine the alternate for the string. The loop executes until the root node is reached, at which time the entire string has been retrieved and the routine terminates. ______________________________________RETRIEVING A STRING - RetrieveString______________________________________RetrieveString(EMT, node, i, S...)n = 1// Loop until the root node is reached.loopS.sub.n = GetCurrentCharacter(node, i)n = n + 1// Get the node and I for the character just before the current// character. This may or may not mean going to the previous node.// If the current node is a packed node and i is beyond the first// packed character, just decrement i.if node.T = packedType AND i > 11 = i - 1// If not at root node, back up to the previous node.else if NOT isAtRootCharacter(node, i) then// Store the back character since we will need it later if previous// node is an alt node.backCharacter = node.BC// Read in the previous node using the back pointer.READ.sub.-- NODE(EMT, node, node.BP)// Now make sure i is set correctly. If a packed node, go to// last packed character.if node.T = packedTypei = node.PK// If an alt node, find the correct alternate.elseFindAlternate(backCharacter, node, i)end if end ifwhile NOT IsAtRootCharacter(node, i)// Reverse the string characters, putting the last character first and// the first character last.REVERSE.sub.-- STRING(S, n-1)return (S)end RetrieveString______________________________________

Data storage space and access time are significantly decreased by use of an Enhanced MTree data structure, in which data is stored in the nodes of the tree. Two kinds of nodes--predecessor nodes and successor nodes--are coexisting in the data structure and are interrelated by a distribution of pointers. Both types of nodes may be further subdivided into packed nodes and alternate list nodes where the distribution of pointers includes next node pointers in the packed nodes and alternate node pointers in the alternate list nodes. The progressions of nodes are associated with progressions of items of coded data with each of the progressions of nodes associated with at least one identifier. The identifiers give the progression of nodes the ability to locate other progressions of nodes or the ability to be located by another progression of nodes or by an external object.

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/001,783 filed Dec. 31, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,932. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A. FIELD OF INVENTION This invention pertains to a novel knit material constructed and designed for a hook-and-loop type fastener, said material being stronger and longer lasting then previous such materials. The invention further pertains to a method of making said material. B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Hook-and-loop fasteners are very popular for a large variety of applications because they have many properties which make them inherently more desirable then other types of fasteners. For instance, because these types of fasteners are made of woven or knit fabrics, they can be made of any color, are more decorative and they can blend easily with the base layers supporting the same. The fasteners are especially preferable for both infants and old people because they require much less physical dexterity then other types of fasteners (such as for example, buttons). Typically, hook-and-loop fasteners consist of two facing flat components, each component being formed of a flat, usually ribbon-type base fabric which can be cut to any desired size. One of the components, the hook or male component includes a plurality of relatively stiff curved, open elements made of a monofilament yarn and extending away from the base fabric. The loop or female component consists of a plurality of pile type closed loops extending away from the base fabric so that when the two components are mated with each other, some of the hooks engage or pass through many of the loops thereby providing a coupling between the two components. When a normal force is applied between the two components, for example by pulling one of the components away from the other, the hooks separate from the loops. Typically, the hooks were made in the prior art from a monofilament while the loops were made from a multifilament yarn (as described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,453, incorporated herein by reference). The loop component was typically made using a two bar knitting machine and conventional napping and related processes. A problem with existing hook-and-loop fasteners is that the loops wear off and/or are matted down easily and hence very soon there is insufficient ‘adherence’ between the two components. Therefore the fastener becomes ineffective because it is easy to peel and has low shear strength. A further disadvantage is that the existing fastener has a high proportion of yarn in the base of the fabric, rather than the pile. However since the primary function of the fabric is to provide the pile loops, this structure results in a fabric which is cost ineffective and has a weight which is not optimal for the physical performance. One reason why the existing fasteners have poor cycle life is that the multifilament construction allows the loops to mat because of the fine denier of the loops which makes them easy to deform from the optimal erect position. Moreover, because standard loop components are made using a two bar knitting process, the resulting fabric has only a limited stability. However in some applications the component must be stable and rigid. Stability in these applications is achieved by applying additional bonding materials or foam. This step renders the loop component more expensive and adds the complication that it may delaminate. Attempts to resolve this problem has included increasing the density and/or the weight of the yarns making up the loops however, this solution makes the fasteners more expensive. As discussed in more detail below, part of the problem with the existing fasteners is that the hooks engage only some of the filaments making up the loops. As a result, when the components are separated, the filaments are relatively weak and break. Therefore, after several uses, many of the loops become-open and the whole fastener becomes useless. OBJECTIVES AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an objective of the present invention to provide a hook-and-loop fastener with an improved loop component which has a long useful life when compared to other, existing loop components. A further objective is to provide a loop component which can be used with a variety of different hook components. Yet another objective is to provide a loop structure which is inexpensive to manufacture yet it is strong and resilient to wear and tear when compared to existing loop structures. A further objective is to provide an efficient method of making the improved loop component. These objectives are achieved in the present invention by providing a hook-and-loop fastener wherein the loop component is a knit fabric with said loops being formed by a monofilament yarn. Importantly the loop component is made using a special knitting technique and unconventional napping and processing steps. More specifically, a loop component constructed in accordance with this invention includes a knit base fabric and a pile of a plurality of loops extending erect away from one surface thereof, said loops being made of monofilament pile yarn. Preferably, the fabric is made on a three-or-four-bar knitting machine. One bar is used to knit the base structure while the other two bars are used to generate floats. A very aggressive napping process is then applied to force the floats to form the erect pile loops. A backing may be applied to the side opposite the loop. The fabric is then heat set to stabilize the loops as well as dimensions of the fabric. Preferably the loops are formed from nylon or other synthetic material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a prior art arrangement point diagram for knitting a loop component; FIG. 2 shows a point diagram for knitting a loop component of a hook-and-loop fastener in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the process used to generate the subject loop component; FIG. 4 shows a side view of the napping process; and FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional microscopic view of the loop component constructed in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention presents a hook-and-loop fastener with the loop component having a new and improved loop structure with a superior performance and outstanding stability through its useful life. The fastener incorporating the improved loop structure is preferably designed for specific industrial applications such as footwear, upholstery, safety devices, health care equipment, sports equipment, geriatric apparatus, hospital and other medical devices, automotive devices and so on. The fastener is made of light yarns and provides excellent performance based on its specific weight. More specifically, a hook-and-loop fastener constructed in accordance with this invention includes an improved loop component comprising a base fabric formed of a warp knit from nylon or similar threads and having a raised pile made of a monofilament yarn, said pile defining the loops for the fastener. First referring to FIG. 1 , prior art loop components for hook-and-loop fasteners were knitted using only two bars 10 , 12 . Moreover, in the prior art, the front or pile bar 10 was moved over only four needle spaces as indicated. In the present invention a three bar knitting process is used (see FIG. 2 ), i.e., a loop component is constructed using a back bar 14 , a middle bar 16 and a front bar 18 . The two bars 16 , 18 cooperate to jointly form the loop pile whereby a much higher density of surface loops is obtained per unit area because the number of threads in the pile has been doubled as compared to the prior art. Preferably the pile yarn 20 is not a multifilament yarn but instead it is a monofilament yarn made of nylon or other similar synthetic fabric and having a denier in the range of 10-150, depending on the particular end use of the fastener for many applications. For example, a loop pile of 20 denier monofilament yarn is particularly suited for many applications. The fabric shown in FIG. 2 may be produced on a 3-bar or 4-bar tricot machine. The fabric is knit preferably on a 24, 28 or 32 gauge machine. The bar structure is knit using the back guide bar 14 executing a movement of 1-0/1-2//. The two front guide bars are used to produce the floats over 6 needles executing a movement of 1-0/6-7// using the above-mentioned monofilament. The floats are then pulled out to produce the superior loops as described in more detail below. The six needle jump shown is necessary for the napping process to be successful in raising the loops of the monofilament yarns. Of course, longer jumps in the range of suitable for napping may also be used. Referring now to FIG. 3 , the loop component is generated using the following steps. First in step 100 , the basic loop component is knit using the three bar technique described above, The result is a basic fabric which may be for example about 168″ wide. If desired, the basic fabric may be cleaned and scoured of dirt and stains. Next, in step 110 , the basic fabric is dyed to any desired color using conventional techniques and is allowed to dry. Next, in step 120 , the fabric is framed and treated with lubricant to facilitate napping. Preferably during this step, the fabric is pulled down by about 50-60% of its original width, to induce buckling of the yarn floats. Hence, the napping hooks can properly engage and pull out the floats. Next in step 130 the fabric is napped. More specifically, as shown in somewhat diagrammatically in FIG. 4 , the fabric 40 from step 120 is moved passed a drum 42 with wheels 43 having a plurality of wire hooks 44 . These hooks are flexible enough so that they engage the floats of the material 40 . The floats are pulled out of the fabric plane and extend generally perpendicularly thereto to form unbroken loops. Importantly, step 130 is repeated several times in succession to cause more and more loops 46 to gradually rise and extend above the plane of fabric 40 as far as possible. It has been found that good results are obtained if the napping is repeated at least four more times. The actual details of the napping process depend to a large extent on the construction of fabric, the denier of the monofilament yarn and other desired parameters of the final product. During napping, the fabric 40 shrinks in width to about 40% of its original width. The thickness of the fabric with the loops at the end of napping may be about 0.097 in., dependant on how many times napping is repeated. In the prior art the thickness of the fabric is about 0.04 inches. While napping is conventional in the art to make other types of fabrics, such as velvets, the present fabric has different surface characteristics. More specifically, the napped surface of the fabric does not have the soft smooth ‘velvety’ feel and touch or appearance because the napped floats are made of relatively rigid monofilament yarns. The novel process of forming the loops in this manner provide important advantages which are not found in the prior art loop components. Next, in step 140 the fabric is framed again to stretch it to its nominal width, for instance about 60 inches. Next, in step 150 the fabric is heat set by passing through an oven and subjecting it to about 320 degrees F for about 1-2 minutes. This heat setting step causes the size and shape of the raised loops and the thickness of the fabric to be stabilized. In order to insure that the loop component can withstand numerous opening and closing cycles (in the order of several thousands) and to enhance the fabric's stability, the loops are next locked into place. For this purpose a backing is applied to the fabric in step 160 . More specifically the backing process involves running the fabric on a tenter frame over a steel drum and under a reservoir of the backing solution and allowing the solution to impregnate the fabric. A doctor blade (not shown) is used to scrap off excess backing material. Typically the backing solution consists of an acrylic, melamine or other similar resinous material mixed in an aqueous solution. To complete the application of the backing, the fabric, while still on the tenter frame is ran through another heating station where radiant heat is applied to the fabric to dry and set the resin. Once dried, the fabric becomes stiff. The degree of stiffness is determined by the speed of the tenter frame, the viscosity of the resin, the thickness of the backing (set by the position of the doctor blade) and the temperature of the radiant heat. Finally, in step 170 the fabric is stretched again to its nominal width and heat set at a temperature of 320-325 degrees F and the backing is stabilized and cured. The backing further increases the dimensional stability and adds rigidity to the fabric. Steps 160 and 170 are preferably performed sequentially on the same tenter frame. FIG. 5 shows a microscopic photograph of a cross section of the loop component using the present invention. As can seen in this picture, the component includes a dense population of monofilament loops, the loops being randomly distributed in various directions As previously mentioned the loop component thus generated has a high cycle life. For instance, prior art loop components had a life cycle of 50-5000 operations, In fact some loop components used for certain specific applications such as diapers may have a life time of only 3-4 cycles. Typical prior art loop components have about 2400 loops per sq. in. The present component may have about 2000 loops per sq. in. Because of the rigidity and strength of the loops of the present loop component, it has been determined that the present loop component has a lifetime of up to over 100,000 cycles. This effect is due in addition to the fact that the loops of the pile are more resistant to matting and remain erect for a much longer time than multifilament loop components. Another advantage of the invention is that because of the higher density of loops per unit area, more hooks and loops are engaged then in the prior art, and hence the fastener using the subject loop component has a high peel and sheer strength, as well as a high tension and latched strength. It is believed that by using a three bar construction, only 25% of the pile yarns is contained in the base fabric, the rest being disposed in the loops. Moreover the subject loop component is has a low weight for its closure performance it requires less materials and hence cheaper to make. Finally, the fabric is more stable then previous loop components. Obviously numerous modifications may be made to the invention without departing from its scope as defined in the appended claims.

A loop component for a hook-and-loop fastener includes a knit fabric and a plurality of loops extending along one surface of the fabric and made of a monofilament pile yarn such as nylon. The component is knit on a three or more bar machine with one bar forming the base and two or more additional bars forming floats which are then pulled out of the knit fabric by napping to obtain a fabric having a predetermined thickness. The fabric is then heat sense to stabilize is dimensions, stiffness and other physical properties.

GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DE-FC36-07G017052 awarded by the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention. BACKGROUND The present invention relates to methods for generating solar energy, and more particularly, to modular solar arrays having electrically interconnected solar collectors for generating solar energy. Solar power is becoming an increasingly important component of electricity production. However, due to the diffuse nature of solar energy, it is necessary to concentrate solar energy in order to generate electrical power. Photovoltaic solar concentrators typically are used to generate electrical power by concentrating sunlight onto photovoltaic devices by means of lenses which concentrate solar energy onto electricity-producing solar cells. By concentrating sunlight from a large area onto a relatively small area, high efficiency solar cells, such as gallium arsenide-based (“GaAs”) solar cells may be used in place of less efficient silicon solar cells, thereby producing more energy per unit area. While improved efficiency can increase the energy production per unit area, the relatively small amount of electricity generated per unit area (compared to fossil fuel or nuclear electricity sources) requires a large number of solar cells distributed over a wide area. Therefore, a number of solar collectors must be assembled and placed in order to generate a meaningful amount of electricity. One method of providing energy is the use of multiple solar collectors within one housing unit to create a solar collector array, such as that described in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0275972 to Benitez, et al., herein incorporated in its entirety. The housing unit provides thermal and environmental protection for the solar collectors as well as providing an optical element that concentrates solar energy onto a solar cell. Each individual solar cell is electrically connected to an adjoining cell in series, thereby providing a large voltage drop across the entire solar collector array. A concern with this type of assembly is the high degree of accuracy that is required to align the solar cells within the housing unit. Incident solar energy must be carefully controlled to impact a relatively small area on the solar cell. This results in a high manufacturing cost to accurately align an array of solar cells to one another and to individual optical elements on the housing unit. A further complication present in prior art devices is the need to electrically couple adjacent solar cells. This electrical connection is required to be located within the thermal and environmental protection of the housing unit due to the very high voltage above ground that may pass through the connection, and to lessen the risk of damage to the electrical connection, which may reduce the amount of power generated. Further, these electrical connections are required to be relatively robust to carry high levels of electrical current generated by the solar collectors. Finally, while the solar collector may receive a large amount of incident solar radiation, solar cells typically are able to convert only approximately 30% to 60% of such radiation to electricity. The remaining incident radiation is converted to heat that must be dissipated. It is the object of the present invention to overcome these and other problems identified in the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, a solar collector array may include a housing, a modular solar collector, and a seal between the housing and solar collector. The housing may include a first optical element and a receiver plate with the receiver plate including openings for receiving the modular solar collector and an electrical element for transmitting power between and from the modular solar collectors. The solar collector may be inserted into the opening and may include an electrical connector that engages the electrical element. The seal may provide a thermal and environmental barrier between the collector and housing, while maintaining a thermal connection through the housing. Further aspects of the disclosed solar array may include a photovoltaic cell on the solar collector, a second optical element on the solar collector, and a heat sink on the solar collector in thermal communication with the photovoltaic cell. Also disclosed is a novel method of manufacturing a solar collector from an environmentally enclosed housing and a solar collector. The housing includes an optical element and an electrically conductive pathway extending between openings in the housing for transmitting electricity therefrom and therebetween. The solar collector may include a heat sink, a photovoltaic cell in contact with the heat sink, an optical element for focusing solar energy onto the cell, a receiver for coupling the collector to the housing and an electrical connector. A portion of the receiver may be inserted into the opening and coupled to the housing. The electrical connector then may be electrically coupled to the electrically conductive pathway and the components are sealed together to provide protection from the ambient. Other aspects of the disclosed solar array may include making the connector a spring-biased clip and providing a receiver shaped to engage the housing mechanically and provide an electrical connection between the solar collectors and housing. In a further aspect, a method of generating solar energy includes providing a solar collector with a housing and modular solar collectors such as those described above. The receiver of the modular solar collector is inserted into the housing and twisted to couple the modular solar collector to the housing mechanically, and at the same time, electrically connect the solar collector to the circuit of solar collectors contained within the housing. Incident solar radiation is focused through a first optical element in the housing onto the second optical element and through the second optical element onto a photovoltaic cell. Electrical energy is then transferred from the photovoltaic cell to a clip and from the clip to an electrical path within the housing, thereby providing a source of solar generated electricity. The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present invention or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the disclosed solar collector array; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a housing for the solar collector array of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3A is a top perspective view of a receiver plate of the housing of FIG. 2 ; FIG. 3B is a bottom perspective view of the receiver plate shown in FIG. 3A ; FIG. 4 is an exploded, perspective view of a receiver assembly for the solar collector array of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 5A is a perspective view showing a first stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5B is a perspective view showing a second stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5C is a perspective view showing a third stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5D is a perspective view showing a fourth stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5E is a perspective view showing a fifth stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5F is a perspective view showing the sixth stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 5G is a perspective view showing the seventh stage of assembly of the receiver assembly of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 6A is a top perspective view showing the attachment of the receiver assembly to the receiver plate; FIG. 6B is a top perspective view showing the attachment of the receiver assembly to the receiver plate; FIG. 7A is a bottom perspective view showing the attachment of the receiver assembly to the receiver plate; and FIG. 7B is a bottom perspective view showing the attachment of the receiver assembly to the receiver plate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present general inventive concept, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below in order to explain the present general inventive concept by referring to the figures. As shown in FIG. 1 , the solar collector array 100 may include a housing 102 and a number of receiver assemblies 104 A-F (generally referred to as 104 ). The solar collector array 100 as shown in this figure includes six receiver assemblies 104 A-F, although the number of receiver assemblies 104 may be varied according to need. FIG. 2 illustrates the housing 102 that may include optical elements 106 , side walls 108 , back 110 , and a receiver plate 112 . The receiver plate 112 includes a number of receiver interfaces 114 A-F (generally referred to as 114 ) that receive corresponding receiver assemblies 104 A-F ( FIG. 1 ). FIGS. 3A and 3B show an individual receiver interface 114 that may be located on the receiver plate 112 . The receiver plate 112 includes an inside surface 116 that faces the interior of the housing 102 ( FIG. 2 ) and an outside surface 118 facing away from the housing 102 . As shown in FIG. 3A , the inside surface 116 includes a conductor 120 that runs substantially the length of the receiver plate 112 and is interrupted by the receiver interfaces 114 . Elongate conductor strip segments 120 are mounted on the inside surface 116 of the receiver plate 112 are shaped to engage the receiver assemblies 104 , as shown in FIGS. 6A-B , and extend between and electrically interconnect the receiver assemblies 104 A-F (see FIG. 1 ). In one embodiment, the conductor strip segments 120 each comprise a copper strip 0.002″ thick and 0.375″ wide. These conductor strip segments 120 must be sufficiently robust to carry current generated by the assembly. As further shown in FIG. 3A , each receiver interface 114 includes a central, generally circular receiver opening 122 and a number of arcuate slots 124 spaced from and positioned about the receiver opening 122 . The slots 124 are shaped to provide a twist lock tab interface or bayonet connection and include a wide end 124 a and a narrow end 124 b (see also FIGS. 6A and 6B ). Other types of interfaces may be used that provide a positive mechanical connection between the receiver interfaces 114 and the receiver assemblies 104 , including snap fit, screws, adhesives, welding or other fittings or interfaces that are well known. The receiver opening 122 and slots 124 are designed to receive and lock in place the receiver assemblies 104 as shown in FIGS. 6A-B . The conductor strip segments 120 each terminate in tabs 126 that extend into the receiver openings 122 and engage the receiver assembly 104 when it is inserted into the opening 122 and engaged, as shown in FIGS. 6A-B and described in greater detail below. FIG. 3B shows the outside 118 of the receiver plate 112 . This side of the receiver plate 112 includes a seal groove 128 and seal 130 that may fit within the groove 128 . The seal 130 surrounds the opening 122 and slots 124 and provides part of an air and thermal barrier between the housing 102 and receiver assembly 104 . The seal 130 may be an O-ring formed of, for example, synthetic or natural rubber, nylon, or other material commonly used as a gasket seal. The receiver assembly 102 is shown in exploded view in FIG. 4 . The receiver assembly 102 may include a secondary optical element (“SOE”) 132 , a disk-shaped light shield 134 , a pair of conductor clips 136 , receiver 138 , concentrator cell assembly (“CCA”) 140 , gasket 142 and heat sink assembly 144 . As described in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2010/0275972, the SOE 132 may focus light received by the optical elements 106 (see FIG. 1 ) and direct it onto the CCA 140 . The light shield 134 may be positioned between the SOE 132 and CCA 140 and cover sensitive elements of the CCA 140 , preventing damage due to highly focused solar energy. The light shield 134 allows light to focus onto the photovoltaic elements of the CCA 140 , which generate electricity from the incoming solar energy. The CCA 140 may be attached directly to the inner surface of the heat sink assembly 144 by a thermally conductive adhesive, and may include tape, glue, or other well-known or commercially available thermally conductive adhesive. The gasket 142 may be positioned between the heat sink assembly 144 and receiver 138 as a thermal barrier and prevents damage to the receiver 138 by heat from the heat sink assembly 144 . The conductor clips 136 are mounted on the receiver 138 and extend in a generally radial direction. The clips 136 are electrically connected to the CCA 140 at their radially inner ends and include enlarged, radially outer ends shaped to engage the conductor tabs 126 of the receiver interface 114 as shown in FIG. 6B . Receiver 138 provides engagement between the receiver assembly 102 and receiver interface 114 , as shown in FIGS. 6A-B . As further shown in FIG. 4 , the receiver 138 may be generally annular in shape and shaped to engage the receiver interface 114 on the receiver plate 112 . The receiver 138 may include a recessed cup 146 that receives the SOE 132 and attaches to other components as shown in FIGS. 5A-G . The receiver 138 may also include bayonet prongs 148 shaped to engage the receiver interface 114 as shown in FIGS. 6A-B and 7 A-B. These bayonet prongs 148 each may include a stem 150 projecting from the receiver 138 and terminating in a tang 152 that extends outwardly from the stem 150 . While the bayonet prongs 148 shown are one type of fastener that may be used, a number of different types of fasteners may be substituted to accomplish the desired result. For example, screw fasteners, pins, snap fasteners, adhesives, or other fasteners may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. Assembly of the receiver assembly 102 is generally demonstrated in FIGS. 5A-G . FIG. 5A shows the heat sink assembly 144 to which the other components are attached. FIG. 5B shows the gasket 142 attached to the heat sink assembly 144 . In FIG. 5C , the CCA 140 is positioned on the heat sink assembly 144 . In FIG. 5D , the receiver cup 138 is positioned about the CCA 140 and is thermally isolated from the heat sink 144 by the gasket 142 . In FIG. 5E , the conductors 136 have been attached to the receiver 138 and electrically engage the CCA 142 to conduct electricity away from the CCA 142 . In FIG. 5F , the light shield 134 has been added, providing a barrier that only allows sunlight to impact the photovoltaic elements of the CCA 140 . Finally, in FIG. 5G , the SOE 142 has been attached to the receiver 138 to further focus incident light onto the CA 140 . FIGS. 6A-B show the method of attaching a receiver assembly 104 to the receiver interface 114 at the inside surface 116 of the receiver plate 112 . The receiver assembly 104 is positioned adjacent the opening 122 in the receiver plate 112 and is inserted into the receiver interface 114 . The bayonet prongs 148 are inserted into the enlarged ends 124 a of the slots 124 . The wide end 124 a of the slot 124 is sized to receive the tangs 152 of the bayonet prongs 148 . As shown in FIG. 6B , the receiver assembly 104 is then rotated (counterclockwise as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B ) so that the bayonet prongs 148 engage the narrow ends 124 b of the slots 124 , which are sized to receive the stems 150 of the bayonet prongs 148 . In this orientation, the tangs 152 prevent the removal of the bayonet prongs 148 from the slots 124 , and therefore prevent removal of the receiver assembly 104 from the receiver interface 114 . As further shown in FIGS. 6A-B , as the receiver assembly 104 is rotated relative to the receiver interface 114 , the conductor clips 136 on the receiver assembly 104 engage the conductor tabs 126 on the receiver interface. The conductor clips 136 preferably include a spring component, either as a separate piece or as part of the clip itself, that is biased towards engagement with the conductor tabs 126 . In the embodiment shown, the clips 136 are biased away from the inside surface 116 and engage the tabs 126 when the receiver assembly 104 is secured in place. However, those having skill in the art may appreciate that other types of tabs 126 and clips 136 may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the clips 136 may be spring-biased radially outward from the assembly, biased towards the inside surface 116 , or may alternatively be secured by screws or other fittings. FIGS. 7A-B show the receiver assembly 104 being secured to the receiver interface 114 from the outside surface 118 of the receiver plate 112 . In this view, the heat sink assemblies 144 are visible and are rotated from approximately 10° offset from a long axis of the receiver plate 112 to approximately parallel to the receiver plate 112 . When fully assembled, the heat sink assemblies 144 preferably are located external to the housing 102 , thereby allowing maximum dissipation of heat from the CCA 140 . While the forms of apparatus described herein constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that the invention should not be limited to these precise embodiments, and variations may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.

A method and apparatus for efficient manufacture, assembly and production of solar energy. In one aspect, the apparatus may include a number of modular solar receiver assemblies that may be separately manufactured, assembled and individually inserted into a solar collector array housing shaped to receive a plurality of solar receivers. The housing may include optical elements for focusing light onto the individual receivers, and a circuit for electrically connecting the solar receivers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention concerns separation apparatuses and methods, and particularly those systems that separate two or more mixed fluid components through centrifugation. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Centrifugal systems of separation use centrifugal force generated through rotation to separate fluid components of differing densities. In many fundamental aspects, these systems are used as a substitute for and improvement on gravitational separation techniques and devices, since the gravitational force and the force exerted on a fluid through rotation (centrifugal) are identical in that they increase in magnitude as the fluid increases in mass. Those fluids with lesser density will be less influenced by the force and therefore less inclined toward the source of the force, the earth for gravitational, the outside of the rotating container for centrifugal, than fluids with greater density. The fluids will thus separate out and can be directed to separate collection ports by using weirs or other suitable separating structures. Centrifugal separation is often more desirable than gravitational because the force applied to the fluid can be controlled through rotation speed and can be made to be many times that of gravity. A common example of fluid separation is that of oil from water. There are many situations in which separation of these two elements is desired, such as oil spills on an ocean or lake, mixing of the two fluids in ships' bilges, gasoline spills, etc. This process is often important for maintenance of quality of life in a particular geographic area. These two fluids are susceptible to centrifugal separation because water is denser than oil and thus will "sink" relative to the other under application of centrifugal force. This can easily be understood by the fact that oil floats on water in a gravitational field. Other fluid separation applications include wine clarification, waste-water treatment, blood plasma separation, and the like. Centrifugation is also used to separate solids out of liquids through sedimentation. It is often desirable to separate dissolved elements in solution or emulsion. Standard centrifugal separation equipment alone cannot carry out such a separation since the dissolved elements will move with the solution. A solvent must therefore be introduced into the fluid stream to extract the dissolved elements. Such a process requires that the solvent be thoroughly mixed with the fluid to extract all dissolved elements. The solvent and fluid are then separated through centrifugation. An example of this type of separation is solvent extraction and separation of transuranic elements from radioactive waste streams at nuclear processing plants. Meikrantz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,158, is an example of a typical centrifugal separator in the prior art. In that apparatus, the fluid to be separated is introduced into a space between an inner rotor and an outer stationary housing, where shear mixing of the fluid occurs. A large amount of power is required to maintain the speed of the rotor against the viscous drag of the shearing liquid which makes the apparatus energy inefficient. The power loss increases with angular velocity, limiting the rotor speed. The rotor is an open top cylinder with the separating weirs at the top. Meikrantz uses the space between the rotor and its housing to introduce the oil-water mixture to be separated. Thus the bottom portion of the space is filled with liquid during operation. The top portion of the space, where the liquids separate and transfer from the rotor to the housing, must contain air for proper operation. (This requires the separator to operate in an upright position). In this space, no seals can be made between the incoming liquid and the air because of the large diameter of the interface; the drag would be unacceptable. This highly agitated air/liquid interface causes the fluid input into the rotor to mix with the air, reducing flow capacity and causing foaming with many substances such as detergents in motor oil. This foaming dramatically reduces the effectiveness of the separator and further increases viscous drag. Meikrantz allows a second air-water interface to exist within the rotor, as a core of air forms radially inward from the first weir, at the center of the rotor. Energetic flow of liquid through the separator causes surface waves to form on this interface, which further degrades the separation process. Additionally, the lighter separated liquid spreads along the full length of the rotor between the air core and the partially defined liquid/liquid interface. This disperse unstable mass is difficult to collect over the relatively short first weir. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art. It is a further object of the invention to input and mix the fluid to be separated without admitting air. It is a further object of the invention to provide a centrifugal separator which can be made to operate in any orientation. It is a further object of the invention to minimize fluid motion and contact of fluid with air, and to minimize the power required to operate a separator while maximizing flow capacity. It is a further object of the invention to optimize the weir structure in centrifugal separators so that the fluid will separate under a wide range of conditions such as various flow rates, different ratios of liquid mixtures, differing component fluid densities, and differing viscosities, and to control air pressure over the weirs and remove formed gases. It is a further object of the invention to utilize lipophilic surfaces more effectively than in stationary separators. It is a further object of the invention to utilize optimized weir structures in centrifugal separators so that the fluid will separate under a wide range of conditions, automatically, without need for external control or adjustment, and to control air pressure over the weirs, and remove gases. It is a further object of the invention to utilize lipophilic surfaces more effectively than in stationary separators, to provide means for controlling fluid motion in the rotor, and to allow for complete automatic draindown and flushing. It is a further object of the invention to provide a two-stage separator using solvent extraction or other chemical means for separation both of immiscible materials and dissolved materials, removal of foams and emulsions, and to obviate the need for a secondary process. In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, an apparatus for centrifugally separating into its component parts a mixture having immiscible component parts of a first liquid and a second liquid of differing densities, comprises an elongate inlet shaft having an open receiving end for receiving mixture and an open discharge end through which the mixture is delivered into the apparatus, a rotor disposed substantially coaxially to and surrounding the inlet shaft and adapted for rotational movement thereabout, and a housing surrounding the rotor for receiving and collecting the separated liquids from the rotor. The rotor contains an optional mixing chamber around the inlet shaft with walls comprising the inlet shaft itself and a frustoconical center wall surrounding the inlet shaft, an annular separation chamber which receives the mixture from the mixing chamber, whose inner wall is the frustoconical center wall and whose outer wall slopes oppositely the center wall, and further comprising an annular first weir disposed at the larger end of the separation chamber. A lighter liquid channel is formed between the base of the first weir and the center wall, and a heavier liquid channel is formed between the first weir and the outer wall. A discharge passage for the lighter liquid is provided from the first weir to a collection chamber in the housing. A second weir is formed beyond the first weir for the discharge of the heavier liquid into a second collection chamber in the housing. In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, a method of centrifugally separating a mixture containing component parts of first and second immiscible liquids comprises the steps of inputting the mixture through an input shaft into the approximate center of a rotatable rotor having a radially outwardly sloping center wall with an annular outer edge surrounding the input shaft, rotating the rotor causing the mixture to move down the slope of the center wall and flow over the edge thereof into a separation chamber formed by the center wall and a coaxial outer wall having an opposite radial slope from the center wall and a first weir disposed oppositely from the center wall edge, separating the mixture into its component parts in the separation chamber, discharging the first liquid from the separation chamber through a first annular channel between the center wall and the first weir, channeling the first liquid to a first collection chamber, discharging the second liquid from the separation chamber through a second segmented annular channel between the outer wall and the base of the first weir, and channeling the second liquid to and over a second weir and into a second collection chamber. In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, an apparatus for centrifugally separating into its component parts through solvent extraction a liquid mixture, containing first and second immiscible liquids and contaminants dissolved or emulsified in the second liquid, comprises a first separation chamber which separates the immiscible liquids, a first discharge channel for discharging the first liquid into a housing, a mixing chamber for mixing the second liquid with a solvent, a second separation chamber for separating the second liquid from the solvent, and second and third discharge channels for discharging the solvent and second liquid, respectively, into the housing. In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, a method of separating a mixture of first and second liquids into its component parts comprises injecting the mixture into a rotatable rotor, separating the first and second liquids from each other in a first separation chamber, discharging the first liquid from the rotor, injecting a solvent into the rotor, mixing the second liquid with the solvent, separating the second liquid from the solvent in a second separation chamber, discharging the solvent from the rotor, and discharging the second liquid from the rotor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects, aspects, and embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and accompanying drawing figures, of which: FIG. 1 is a partial elevational view in cross-section of an example of a single stage centrifugal separator according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a partial elevational view in cross-section of the separator of FIG. 1 showing an alternative inlet port and vanes in the separation chamber; FIG. 3 is a view along line 3--3 in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a view along line 4--4 in FIG. 2; FIG. 5 is a view along line 5--5 in FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is an elevational view in cross-section of an example of a two stage centrifugal separator according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring first to FIG. 1, a single stage centrifugal separator 10 according to the invention separates a combined stream of two immiscible liquids of differing densities into its component parts. The invention will be described as separating a stream of oil mixed with water, though it will be understood that the invention efficiently separates other fluid combinations. The separator 10 comprises three principal components: a stationary shaft inlet port 12, a rotor 14 adapted for rotational movement around the inlet port 12, and a stationary housing shell 16 surrounding the rotor 14. The components comprise in construction a suitably rigid material such as steel or plastic in the preferred embodiment. The oil and water mixture enters the separator 10 through a mouth 18 of the stationary shaft 12. This inlet arrangement has the advantage of eliminating contact of the mixture with the air between the rotor 14 and the housing 16, minimizing agitation and foaming which hamper separation. Additionally, the separator 10 can be used in any orientation as long as the output structures are appropriately designed since the oil/water mixture does not enter the space between the rotor 14 and the housing 16, and thus can not interfere with transfer of the separated liquids from the rotor to the housing. Nevertheless, the described embodiment of the separator 10 is intended for use in a vertical position with the fluid combination downwardly traveling through the inlet shaft 12, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 1. The inlet shaft 12 comprises a single hollow shaft in the single-stage version or a plurality of smaller shafts, such as a bundle of shafts or a concentric arrangement, which will be described later in conjunction with the two-stage embodiment of the invention. The rotor 14 comprises a rotatable drive shaft 22, located coaxially to and beneath the inlet shaft 12, which is rotated by any suitable means such as a motor and accompanying drive train (not shown). The drive shaft 22 rotates the rotor at a speed determined to be suitable in light of weir structure, relative densities of the fluids being separated, size of the separator components, magnitude of desired centrifugal force, and other factors familiar to those skilled in the art. If desired, the drive shaft 22 may contain a drain channel 24, having a stopper or closure 26 secured therein by threading or other means, for convenient flushing and draindown of the separator 10 by running a suitable cleansing fluid through the inlet port 12, allowing the fluid to run through the separator, and draining the excess through the unstopped drain channel 24. A center wall 28 rises from the drive shaft 22, creating a mixing chamber 30 where the input fluid is mixed through shearing between the moving center wall 28 of the rotor and the outer wall of the stationary input shaft 12. The mixing chamber 30 has a small volume relative to, e.g., a mixing chamber at the periphery of a separator, minimizing shear resistance and thus the power required to maintain the rotor at the desired speed. The volume of the mixing chamber optionally can be further decreased by mounting a frustoconical protrusion 32 on the stationary shaft 12 or by otherwise building up the volume displaced by the stationary shaft 12 or center wall 28. The mixing chamber may be optionally deleted where the mixing function is not needed as will be further described with reference to FIG. 2. A primary purpose of the mixing chamber is for addition of a conditioning material, such as a solvent for reducing viscosity or for solvent extraction. The fluid mixture flows with the aid of externally applied pressure and centrifugal force from the mixing chamber, or optionally from the inlet shaft, into the separation chamber 34, formed by the center wall 28 and the coaxial outer wall 36, where the component fluids are separated. The outer wall 36 slopes oppositely from the center wall 28, causing the separated oil and water to move downwardly along the inner and outer walls, respectively, toward the separator's weir structures. The top of the outer wall 36 meets the stationary shaft 12 in annular engagement. At that location, bearings 38 are mounted between the wall 36 and the shaft 12 to enable the rotor 14 to rotate relative to the stationary shaft 12. Shaft seal 80 is provided to protect the bearing from contact with the internal fluids. FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative inlet port 40 comprising a stationary shaft 42 which differs from the stationary shaft 12 in that it is shorter and capped by a disc 44 which extends out from the shaft 42 as a flange. The input fluid enters the rotor 14 through holes 46 near the bottom of the shaft 42 and in the disc 44. The center portion of the rotor 14 inside the center wall 28 and below the inlet port 40 is sealed off by a top wall 48, whereby the input fluid is shear mixed in the region between the disc 44 and the top wall 48 and the region between the disc 44 and the top of the outer wall 36 before entering the separation chamber 34. The inlet port 40 allows for complete flushing and draindown of the separator without a drain channel in the drive shaft 22, since no liquid collects in the region inside the center wall 28. Optionally, mixing of the input flow may eliminated from the design of FIG. 2 by deleting the shear disk 44. Referring again to FIG. 1, the oil and water of the input fluid combination separate in the separation chamber 34 owing to the lighter density of oil relative to water. In the field of the centrifugal force created by the rotation of the rotor 14, the oil "rises" radially inwardly toward the center wall 28 while the water "sinks" radially outwardly toward the outer wall 36. If desired, an optional sieve 50 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3 can be mounted between the center wall 28 and the outer wall 36 in the upper portion of the separation chamber 34 to aid the separation. The sieve 50 comprises a plurality of closely spaced, radially oriented plates parallel to the axis of rotation in the preferred embodiment. For oil/water separation, the plates are coated with or formed from a lipophilic material such as polypropylene. While the fluid mixture travels through the sieve 50, finely dispersed or emulsified oil, which may be difficult to separate simply through centrifugal force, condenses on the surface of the plates and is thereby collected and separated from the water. Sieves used in gravitation separators have not been effective since they must be large with widely spaced plates in order to operate in a 1-g field. When used in the separator 10, however, the sieve can be small with closely spaced plates due to the higher magnitude of the g field. These modifications greatly improve separation effectiveness. The sieve 50 also redirects and aligns the flow of incoming fluid. It has been found effective to guide the fluid in the axial direction to avoid shearing against the center and outer walls 28 and 36. Vanes or ribs 52, illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, may alternatively be mounted on the walls of the separation chamber to accomplish the same purpose. The vanes 52 may partially or completely traverse the separation chamber 34 in the radial direction. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5, the separation chamber 34 contains a weir 54 at its bottom for direction of the separated oil and water. The weir 54 comprises an annular baffle plate attached to and extending from the drive shaft 22 toward the outer wall 36. The plate bends back upon itself to extend toward the center wall 28 before reaching the wall 36, at 54a, creating a segmented annular passage 56 between the bend 54a and the outer wall 36 for the passage of water from the separation chamber 34. The weir plate ends a short distance from the center wall 28, creating an annular passage 58 between the edge of the weir 54 and the center wall 28 for the collection of oil from the separation chamber 34. The bent weir plate creates an intermediate oil collection chamber 59 under the top plate of the weir 54. The oil collected in the intermediate chamber 59 is shunted through a plurality of channels 61 formed through the bend 54a in the weir 54, the water passage 56, and the outer wall 36. The outer wall 36 bends beneath and parallels the curvature of the weir 54 to shunt the collected water back toward the drive shaft 22. The outer wall 36 ends before contacting the drive shaft 22, thereby forming a second weir 60. An annular groove 62 is formed in the side of the outer wall 36 opposite the water passage 56 to receive wall 84 which divides the collection chambers 78 and 72 that respectively conduct outflows of water and oil. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the outer wall 36 is formed of an upper wall piece 36a and a lower wall piece 36b secured to each other by screws or other means. This component configuration is solely for convenience of construction. The wall 36 may if desired comprise a unitary piece without affecting separation. A sloped outcropping 64 extending from the drive shaft 22 guides water away from the shaft seal 82. The outflow of separated fluids around the weir 54 is controlled so that a stationary oil/water interface is maintained between the outlets in the passages 56 and 58 during rotation. The interface must not approach either outlet too closely or mixed fluid may be discharged. As in prior art apparatuses, air must be present adjacent the edges of each of the weirs 54 and 60 since separated liquid outflow rates are determined by free-surface flow over the weirs 54 and 60. In the present invention, however, the air/liquid interface at the center of the rotor 14 is largely eliminated by the radially outward slope of the center wall 28, which causes most of the center wall to be radially more outward than the edge of the weir 54, confining the necessary air/oil interface to a narrow pocket region adjacent the edge of the weir 54 where the center wall is sufficiently inward relative to the weir edge to establish a free liquid surface. Thus, the rotor 14 separates substantially all the input liquid without interaction with air and consequent foaming and interference with separation. A similar pocket of air is disposed near the edge of the weir 60. Air ducts 66 formed through the bottom plate of the weir 54 equalize pressure between the two pockets of air and remove excess gases therefrom which form, e.g., by bubbles of air mixed with the input fluid which "rise" to the center wall and migrate along it until they join with the pocket of air near the edge of the weir 54. The sloping of the center and outer walls 28 and 36 allows the weirs 54 and 60 to be large in relation to overall rotor size, improving flow rate and separation efficiency. The formula for the position of the liquid/liquid (oil/water) interface between the separated liquids in the separation chamber 34 is ##EQU1## where r b is the radial distance of the liquid/liquid interface from the axis of rotation, r w is the radial distance of the heavier liquid surface over the second weir edge, r o is the radial distance of the lighter liquid surface over the first weir edge, p w is the density of the heavier liquid, and p o is the density of the lighter liquid. The liquid/liquid interface in the separation chamber 34 must lie between the edge of the weir 54 and the bent portion 54a of the weir to avoid discharge of mixed fluid. This is expressed in mathematical terms as: r.sub.1 <r.sub.b <r.sub.p, (2) where r p is the radial distance of the bent portion 54a of the first weir r 1 is the radial distance of the edge of the first weir. Thus, as the distance between the edge of the first weir 54 and the bent portion 54a of the weir increases, the range of possible positions of the liquid interface increases and thus the range of liquid densities that can be separated by the weirs. These relationships can be used to design a weir structure that performs optimally for any particular application. It has been found that the optimum weir construction for a separator designed to separate common crude oils from water where the crude oils have specific gravities ranging from 0.82 to 0.92 satisfies the following relationship: ##EQU2## The depth of the liquid over the edge of a weir, indirectly represented in the equations by r w and r o , depends on the relative proportions of the component fluids in the input mixture, viscosity, input flow rate, and speed of the rotor 14. The most effective designs will maintain a shallow flow over the weir edges. Air pressure at the weir edges must be equal in order for the above equations to be valid, accomplished by the air ducts 66 or other equivalent means. The housing 16 collects the separated liquids from the rotor 14. The housing 16 is a single shaped wall which is formed around the rotor 14 and which completely encloses it. The annular top 68 of the housing, secured to the input shaft 12 by suitable means, extends out horizontally past the rotor 14. A sidewall 70 meets the edge of the top 68 and descends parallel to the outer wall 36 of the rotor. In the described embodiment the sidewall 70 is formed from two pieces 70a and 70b for convenience of construction, which are joined near the bottom of the sidewall 70 by screws or other suitable means in a fashion similar to the outer wall 36 of the rotor. An oil collection chamber 72 is formed at the bottom of the sidewall 70 to receive the separated oil from the oil channels 61 through the wall 36. A water collection chamber 78 is formed adjacent to and radially inward from the oil collection chamber 72. An intermediate wall 84 is formed between the oil and water collection chambers 72 and 78 to keep the separated fluids apart. The end of the wall 84 fits into the annular groove 62 of the rotor to effectively prevent cross-contamination of the separated fluids. The collection chambers 72 and 78 are provided with attachments (not shown) for connection of pipes or hoses that remove the separated fluids. The end of the radially inward wall 86 of the water collection chamber 78 fits against the drive shaft 22 underneath the outcropping 64 in annular engagement. Bearings 88 are mounted between the end of the wall 86 and the drive shaft 22 to allow the rotor 14 to rotate within the housing 16. A seal 82 is provided to protect the bearing from the internal fluids. The separator 10 can be flushed and cleaned by operating it with a cleaning slurry containing water, hexane, and a suitable detergent, or another similar slurry formulation. The weirs and flow channels of the separator are sloped so that no liquid is trapped inside when the separator and the input liquid flow are stopped. The separator 10 can be made in various sizes, all of which are functionally equivalent except that larger sizes will have a lower angular velocity in equivalent applications. The range of liquids that can be separated remains the same. FIG. 6 shows a two-stage separator 110 according to the invention. The separator 110 separates immiscible liquids containing dissolved contaminants or immiscible liquids that are resistant to separation, such as those in an emulsion. The one-stage separator 10 is not able to separate out dissolved contaminants in mixed fluids in a single operation. The separator 10 is able to separate fluids resistant to separation to a degree, particularly with the help of the sieve 50, but does so inefficiently. This is the case especially with very stable, finely dispersed colloidal suspensions and solutions. As is known in the art, a separator such as the separator 10 can be used in two stages to separate immiscible liquids and dissolved contaminants. The immiscible liquids first are separated through the process described above, and the separated liquid containing the contaminants is mixed with a solvent that has a higher affinity for the contaminants, by which means the solvent breaks down the solution or emulsion and absorbs the dispersed contaminant into itself. The solvent and liquid, which preferably are immiscible, are then separated by putting them through the separator 10 a second time. The solvent can conveniently be mixed with the liquid containing the contaminant by putting them into the separator 10 in combination and allowing them to mix through the shear action in the mixing chamber 30 of separator 10 (FIG. 1). If it is required that the liquid be of very high purity, the solvent purification process can be repeated until the desired level of purity is obtained. Solvent extraction separation is desirable for mixtures such as commercial motor oil mixed with water, since commercial motor oils contain detergents that cause foaming and emulsions. A further example is a mixture of commercial gasoline with water: gasoline formulations contain carcinogenic substances as additives, such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes, and naphthalene. The additives are slightly soluble in water, allowing a few parts per thousand to exist in solution. The two-stage separator 110 carries out the required stages of initial separation, solvent extraction, and final separation in a single operation. The separator 110 will be described as separating motor oil mixed in water with the oil containing benzene contaminants which slightly dissolve in water. The solvent used preferably is hexane or, alternatively, pentane. It will be understood that various other mixtures and solvents can be used. The separator 110 is similar in construction to the separator 10 in many aspects, except that, among other differences, it contains two separation chambers with the high-density liquid output of the first chamber continuing into the second, radially more outward, chamber after being injected with a solvent. The separator 110 comprises a stationary input shaft 112, a rotor 114, and a housing shell 116. The input shaft 112 comprises two coaxial shafts, an inner shaft 118 through which the oil/water mixture enters the separator, and an outer shaft 120 through which the hexane solvent enters. The rotor 114 is driven by a rotatable drive shaft 122 under the power of a motor or other means (not shown). A drain channel 124 having a stopper 126 is provided in the drive shaft 122 for complete flushing and draindown of the separator 110. The center wall 128 of the rotor 114 extends downwardly from its point of origin at the side of the mouth 130 of the inner input shaft 118, and slopes radially outwardly before ending near the top of the drive shaft 122. The center wall 128 is sealed from the outer input shaft 120 by an annular seal 132, preventing solvent from entering the chamber 134 formed by the center wall 128. An intermediate wall 136 attaches to the top of the rotatable shaft 122 and extends up and radially outward, creating a separation chamber 138 between the intermediate wall 136 and the center wall 128. The input oil/water mixture enters the chamber 134 from the inner shaft 118 and is urged downwardly by external pressure and centrifugal force during rotation. The mixture then flows around the edge of the center wall 128 into the separation chamber 138, wherein the separated components are urged upwardly by the radially outward slope of the intermediate wall 136 (for the water) and the radially inward slope of the center wall 128 (for the oil) toward a weir 140 disposed at the top of the separation chamber 138. The weir 140 is similar in construction to the weir 54 in the single stage separator 10. The weir 140 comprises a baffle plate which originates from the center wall 128, extends radially outward, and bends back upon itself, creating an annular oil passage 142 between the edge of the weir 140 and the center wall 128. A water passage 144 is formed between the bent portion 140a of the weir and the intermediate wall 136, the latter curving around the weir 140 to continue the passage 144 and form a weir 146. For convenience of construction, the intermediate wall comprises two portions, a lower portion 136a and an upper portion 136b which are joined by welding or other suitable means near the bent portion 140a of the weir 140. An intermediate oil chamber 148 is formed in the interior of the weir 140, and an oil channel 150 is formed through the bent portion 140a of the weir, the water passage 144, and the intermediate wall 136. The weirs in the two-stage separator 110 are preferably made in accordance with the optimal weir construction previously described. The separation chamber 138 separates the oil/water mixture, after which the separated oil is directed through the passage 142, into the chamber 148, and through the channel 150. The water is directed into the passage 144 and over the edge of the weir 146. The air pockets over the weirs 140 and 146 communicate through air ducts 152, thereby equalizing their pressure. An outer wall 156 is provided over the intermediate wall 136 to form an outer water passage 158 over the weir 146, and has air ducts 160 formed therethrough to allow the air pocket over the weir 146 to communicate with the housing space. The end of the outer wall 156 meets the input shaft 112 in annular engagement. Bearings 162 are mounted between the wall 156 and the shaft 112 to allow rotation of the rotor 114 around the input shaft 112. A seal 164 also is provided between the outer wall and the inlet shaft. A lip 166 is formed on the end of the center wall 128 at the point at which it meets the outer wall 156 in order to guide the water around the weir 146 and to direct solvent into the water stream. A solvent channel 168 is formed at the juncture of the outer wall 156 and the center wall 128 between the outer inlet shaft 120 and the outer water passage 158, supplying hexane solvent into the water stream just above the weir 146. The solvent and water mix in the outer passage 158 to remove emulsions and dissolved contaminants. The solvent channel 168 is directed so that the solvent is introduced into the high-velocity water stream flowing over the weir 146 to facilitate mixing. The weir 146 is formed with an appropriate slope and contour to prevent the water flow from separating from the face of the weir, which facilitates mixing and mitigates weir erosion. All weirs in the various illustrations are intended to illustrate similar slope and contour for this same purpose. It can be seen that the oil channel 150 continues from the intermediate wall 136 through the outer water passage 158 and outer wall 156 to a collection chamber in the housing 116. The outer water passage 158 continues down between the intermediate wall 136 and outer wall 156 until it enters a second separation chamber 170 formed between the walls 136 and 156. The separation chamber 170 separates the water from the solvent, which contains the extracted contaminants. The outer wall 156 slopes radially outward to urge the cleaned and separated water down to a weir 172 formed at the bottom of the separation chamber 170 which directs the separated liquids out of the separation chamber 170. Hexane has lesser density than water, so the hexane "rises" radially inward toward and is urged downward by the radially inwardly-sloped intermediate wall 136 while the water "sinks" radially outward against the outer wall 156. The weir 172 is formed from a baffle plate originating on the drive shaft 122, extending radially outward, bending back on itself, and ending before reaching the drive shaft 122 forming an annular solvent passage 174. A water passage 176 is formed between the bent portion 172a of the weir and the outer wall 156, which curves under the weir 172 and ends to form a weir 178. A solvent channel 180 is formed through the bent portion 172a, passage 176, and outer wall 156 to shunt the collected solvent into the housing 116. The outer wall 156 is formed from three secured pieces 156a, 156b, and 156c for convenience of construction. An annular groove 181 is formed on the outer side of the lower section 156c. An outcropping 182 extends from the bottom of the weir 172 around the edge of the weir 178 to guide the water into the housing 116. A small air channel 184 underneath the outcropping 182 leads from the housing air space to a cavity 186. Air ducts 188 lead from the cavity 186 to the air pocket at the edge of the weir 172 to equalize the pressure therein. The housing 116 comprises a top wall 190 secured in annular attachment to the inlet shaft 112 by welding or other means. The top wall 190 extends horizontally outward over the outer wall 156 of the rotor 114, and a side wall descends from it to form an oil collection chamber 192 below the oil channel 150. The chamber 192 receives and collects the separated oil. An attachment (not shown) to the chamber 192 affords connection to a pipe or hose for discharge of the separated oil. The radially inward wall 198 of the oil collection chamber 192 descends substantially parallel to the outer wall 156 of the rotor, and forms a solvent collection chamber 200 below the solvent channel 180 for the collection of solvent and accompanying contaminants. An attachment (not shown) to the solvent collection chamber 200 affords connection to a pipe or hose for discharge of the solvent. The discharged solvent may be recycled and reused in the separator 110, if desired. The inner wall 206 of the solvent collection chamber 200 ends inside the annular groove 181 to effectively prevent cross-contamination with purified water in chamber 208. The wall 206 also serves as the outer wall of the water collection chamber 208 formed beneath the weir 178 for collection of water which has been separated from the oil and additionally purified of benzene or other impurities. In other words, the purified water contains neither immiscibles nor solubles. An attachment (not shown) to the water collection chamber is provided for connection of a pipe or hose for removal of the purified water. The inner wall 210 of the water collection chamber ends in annular engagement with the drive shaft 122. Bearings 212 are mounted between the wall 210 and the drive shaft 122 to allow the drive shaft to rotate within the housing. An annular seal 204 is placed adjacent to bearings 212 to protect them from the internal fluids. One run through the separator 110 is sufficient to separate out immiscibles and solubles from the water. If desired, the operation can be repeated in order to achieve a higher level of purity. It will be understood that many different combinations of liquids can be separated by the separator 110. It will also be understood that the different auxiliary structures described with regard to the separator 10 such as the sieve 50 and vanes 52 can also be used beneficially in the separator 110. The present invention includes modifications and variations of the described embodiments, which constitute only a few examples of how the invention may be applied in practice.

An apparatus and method for centrifugally separating a mixture of liquids comprises a central inlet shaft, a surrounding rotor, and a housing shell. The mixture is injected into the rotor through the inlet shaft and the rotor separates the mixture in a radially sloped separation space containing a first weir, discharges the lighter liquid into the housing through a channel through the weir and wall of the separation chamber, and discharges the heavier liquid into the housing over a second weir. The inlet shaft may be built up to provide for efficient shear mixing and a sieve may be provided in the separation chamber. A two-stage separator may be constructed by providing a second separation chamber radially outward of the first after mixing of a separated liquid with a solvent and providing suitable discharge ports.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a camera lens unit including plural lenses and used in a camera device. BACKGROUND ART Small digital camera devices, such as digital cameras and portable telephones with camera have been recently used. According to the decreasing of the sizes and high image quality of the digital camera devices, camera lens units including plural lenses, having short optical axes, and being applicable to high image quality are used in these digital camera devices. A conventional camera lens unit including plural lenses is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-302225. These lenses face each other. Each of the lenses has a lens section as an optical system and a flange which is provided at an outer circumference of the lens section for positioning and holding the lens. The flange is held with a lens holder. The lenses are positioned with respect to each other while flanges thereof contacting each other. The camera lens unit receives not only light for forming an image on an image sensor but also unnecessary light. The unnecessary light, upon reflecting diffusely in a lens holder, may enter into the image sensor and produce flare on a taken image. In this conventional lens unit, light may reflect diffusely at the flanges contacting each other. In order to prevent the diffuse reflection, a light-shield sheet is provided between the flanges of the lenses. One of the lenses has a cylindrical section extending from the flange thereof along an optical axis, and another of the lenses is engaged with the cylindrical section, so that the center of each of the lenses can be positioned regardless of the lens holder. The conventional lens unit may produce the flare due to the diffuse reflection of the unnecessary light at a surface on which the lenses contact each other. SUMMARY OF INVENTION A camera lens unit includes a first lens including a first lens section having a first optical axis along which light runs, and a second lens. The second lens includes a second lens section having a second optical axis along which the light runs, a flange provided on an outer circumference of the second lens and having a surface facing the first lens, and a cylindrical section having an inner circumference extending from the flange along the second optical axis. The inner circumference of the cylindrical section faces the second lens section. The first lens contacts the inner circumference of the cylindrical section of the second lens and is engaged into the cylindrical section. The cylindrical section of the second lens includes plural protrusions protruding along the second optical axis, such that plural crenels are provided between the protrusions and have heights along the second optical axis lower than the protrusions. The camera lens unit prevents diffuse reflection caused by unnecessary incident light. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a camera lens unit in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the camera lens unit at line 2 - 2 shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a light shield of the lens unit in accordance with the embodiment. FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a second lens of the lens unit in accordance with the embodiment. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another second lens of the lens unit in accordance with the embodiment. REFERENCE NUMERALS 1 First Lens 2 A Second Lens 3 First Lens Section 4 Flange 5 Cylindrical Section 6 Second Lens Section 7 Flange 8 Protrusion 14 Light Shield Sheet (Light Shield) 15 Light Shield Board 16 First Annular Section 17 Second Annular Section 18 Joint 20 Lens Holder 21 Hole 22 Notch 23 Crenel 102 A Lens (Second Lens) 108 Cylindrical Section 208 Protrusion DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 is a sectional view of camera lens unit 1001 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of lens unit 1001 at line 2 - 2 shown in FIG. 1 . FIGS. 3A and 3B are perspective views of light shield sheet 14 as a light shield and second lens 2 A of lens unit 1001 . Lens unit 1001 includes first lens 1 and second lens 2 A located in this order from an object along direction D 1 . Lens unit 1001 has optical axis 1001 A extending through these lenses. First lens 1 includes first lens section 3 , flange 4 , and cylindrical section 5 . First lens section 3 is placed at center portion 101 through which optical axis 1001 A extends. Flange 4 is provided at an outer circumference of first lens section 3 . Cylindrical section 5 extends in direction opposite to direction D 1 , i.e., extends from an outer circumference of flange 4 toward an imaging surface 2001 . First lens section 3 , flange 4 , and cylindrical section 5 are unitarily formed together as first lens 1 made of light-transmittable material, such as glass or resin. First lens 3 through which optical axis 1001 A extends has first optical axis 1 E coinciding with optical axis 1001 A, and functions as an optical system for transmitting light from the object to imaging surface 2001 . Second lens 2 A includes second lens section 6 placed at center portion 12 A through which the optical axis extends, flange 7 provided on an outer circumference of second lens section 6 , and cylindrical section 108 extending from the outer circumference in direction D 1 . Second lens 6 , flange 7 , and cylindrical section 108 are unitarily formed together as second lens 2 A made of light-transmittable material, such as glass or resin. Second lens section 6 through which optical axis 1001 A extends has second optical axis 2 E coinciding with optical axis 1001 A and functions as the optical system for transmitting the light from the object to imaging surface 2001 . Cylindrical section 108 is cut out to have a comb-tooth shape having its height in a direction along optical axis 1001 A changing at six positions at constant intervals along the circumference direction of the cylindrical section. Crenels 23 are provided between respective ones of protrusions 8 adjacent to each other. Height H 1 of protrusions 8 in the direction of optical axis 1001 A ( 2 E) is larger than height H 2 of crenels 23 in the direction of optical axis 1001 A ( 2 E). Height H 2 of lens unit 1001 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3B is zero. Cylindrical section 108 has inner wall 108 A extending along second optical axis 2 E and facing second lens section 6 . First lens 1 securely contacts inner wall 108 A and engaged into cylindrical section 108 . According to this embodiment, surface 1 C of first lens section 3 is convex toward the object, and surface 1 D is concave from imaging surface 2001 . Surface 2 C of second lens section 6 is convex from the object, and surface 2 D is convex toward imaging surface 2001 . Lens sections 3 and 6 may have any shapes according to their optical design. While second optical axis 2 E of second lens 2 A coincides with first optical axis 1 E of first lens 1 , flange 4 and cylindrical section 5 of first lens 1 is engaged into cylindrical section 108 of second lens 2 A. Flange 7 of second lens 2 A has top surface 7 A facing first lens 1 . Light shield sheet 14 , the light shield, has surface 14 A and surface 14 B opposite to surface 14 A. Light shield sheet 14 is placed on top surface 7 A of flange 7 , so that surface 14 A of sheet 14 contacts top surface 7 A of flange 7 . End surface 5 A of cylindrical section 5 of first lens 1 faces imaging surface 2001 and contacts surface 14 B of light shield sheet 14 . In other words, light shield sheet 14 is placed between end surface 5 A of cylindrical section 5 of first lens 1 and top surface 7 A of flange 7 of second lens 2 A. Light shield sheet 14 is made of resin, such as polyethylene telephthalate (PET), in black color, and has an annular shape. Outer diameter 14 C of sheet 14 is substantially identical to the outer diameter of flange 7 facing the object. Sheet 14 has six notches 22 provided at its outer circumference into which protrusions 8 of second lens 2 A are inserted. Hole 21 provided in the center of sheet 14 has an area such that sheet 14 does not block light path 1001 B through which the light from the object runs through the optical systems (lens sections 3 and 6 ) of lenses 1 and 2 A. Light shield sheet 14 may function as an aperture designed with the optical system. Sheet 14 covers top surface 7 A of flange 7 and crenels 23 provided between protrusions 8 of cylindrical section 108 , thereby blocking the light. Lens unit 1001 includes light shield board 15 placed between lens 1 and lens 2 A. Light shield board 15 has first annular section 16 contacting surface 1 D of first lens 1 , second annular section 17 contacting surface 14 A of light shield sheet 14 , and joint 18 coupling an inner circumference of first annular section 16 to an outer circumference of second annular section 17 . Light shield board 15 blocks unnecessary incident light entering into lens unit 1001 securely, thereby preventing diffuse reflection of the incident light. Lens unit 1001 is held with an inner wall of lens holder 20 . Lens holder 20 includes flange 9 . Flange 9 extends from the bottom which directs toward imaging surface 2001 to the inside along the radial direction. Recess 10 is provided in the inner wall near the top end directing toward the object, so that the inner diameter is large at recess 10 . Outer circumference 7 C of flange 7 securely contacts inner wall 20 A of lens holder 20 . Flange 7 of second lens 2 A contacts the top surface of flange 9 of lens holder 20 facing towards the object. This structure allows lens holder 20 to accommodate second lens 2 A while the center axis of lens holder 20 coincides with second optical axis 2 E of second lens 2 A. Aperture 11 including annular section 12 is placed on surface 1 C of first lens 1 facing toward the object. The outer circumference of annular section 12 bent inside toward imaging surface 2001 , and the inner circumference thereof is bent outside toward the object. Aperture 11 is engaged into recess 10 provided near the top end of lens holder 20 , so that annular section 12 securely contacts top surface 4 A of flange 4 of first lens 1 . Energy, such as ultrasonic wave energy, is applied to top end 20 B so that top end 20 B can be softened and squashed, and aperture 11 is fixed to lens holder 20 together with first lens 1 and second lens 2 A. Flange 9 of lens holder 20 has flaring section 13 having an inner wall flaring toward imaging surface 2001 . Flaring section 13 prevents light coming from second lens 2 A from diffusely reflecting on the inner wall of flange 9 . Lens unit 1001 together with lens holder 20 is engaged into a lens-barrel, and are placed on an image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS. Light running through lens unit 1001 forms an image on a light receiving section of the image sensor, and the image is then converted into electronic data. Top surface 7 A of flange 7 of second lens 2 A is flush with crenels 23 provided between protrusions 8 of cylindrical section 108 . This structure allows single light shield sheet 14 to block the light between lens 1 and lens 2 A, hence simplifying processes of manufacturing lens unit 1001 and reducing its cost. Top surface 7 A may not be necessarily flush with crenels 23 . FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another second lens 102 A of lens unit 1001 . Lens 102 A includes lens section 106 at the center portion through which optical axis 1001 A runs, flange 107 provided on an outer circumference of lens section 106 , and cylindrical section 118 extending from an outer circumference of flange 107 along direction D 1 . Lens section 106 , flange 107 , and cylindrical section 118 are unitarily formed together as lens 102 A made of light-transmittable material, such as glass or resin. Lens section 106 through which optical axis 1001 A runs has second optical axis 2 E coinciding with optical axis 1001 A, and functions as an optical system transmitting the light from the object to imaging surface 2001 . Cylindrical section 118 has a height changing at six positions apart at constant intervals along the circumferential direction, that is, is cut out to have a comb tooth shape having plural protrusions 208 . Crenels 208 are provided between respective ones of protrusions 208 adjacent to each other. Height H 1 of protrusions 208 along optical axis 1001 A ( 2 E) is larger than height H 2 B of crenels 123 along optical axis 1001 A ( 2 E). Cylindrical section 118 has inner wall 118 A extending from flange 107 facing lens section 106 along second optical axis 2 E. That is, protrusions 208 and crenels 123 have inner walls 208 A and inner walls 123 A facing lens section 106 , respectively. First lens 1 securely contacts another second lens 102 A at inner wall 118 A of cylindrical section 118 of lens 102 A. That is, first lens 1 securely contacts inner wall 208 A of protrusions 208 and inner wall 123 A of crenels 123 , so that lens 1 is engaged into cylindrical section 118 . The lens unit including second lens 102 A instead of second lens 2 A has cylindrical section 118 cut out to have a comb tooth shape along the circumferential direction, thus having protrusions 208 . A small contacting area is provided between the outer circumference of first lens 1 and inner wall 208 A of protrusions 208 of lens 102 A. This structure reduces diffuse reflection caused by unnecessary incident light into the lens unit. As a result, the structure having second lens 102 A reduces diffuse reflection caused by unnecessary incident light into the lens unit, accordingly providing a clear image. Lens unit 1001 in accordance with this embodiment is not limited to that discussed above. Lens unit 1001 is applicable to any application. For instance, in lens unit 1001 in accordance with this embodiment, first optical axis 1 E of first lens 1 coincides with second optical axis 2 E, and coincides with optical axis 1001 A of lens unit 1001 . However, these optical axes may not necessarily coincide with each other. The number of the lenses may be three or more. Cylindrical sections 108 (protrusions 8 and 208 ) are provided at the interface between the lenses, providing the same effects. The size and intervals of protrusions 8 along the circumferential direction may be changed appropriately. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY A camera lens unit according to the present invention reliably prevents diffuse reflection caused by unnecessary incident light, thus being applicable for a camera lens unit including plural lenses.

A lens unit including a first lens including a first lens section having a first optical axis along which light passes, and a second lens. The second lens includes a second lens section having a second optical axis along which light passes, and a flange provided at the outer circumferential part of the second lens section and having a surface opposed to the first lens, and a tubular section extending from the flange in the direction of the second optical axis and having an inner side face opposed to the second lens section. The first lens is fitted in the tubular section and in contact with the inner side face of the tubular section of the second lens. The tubular section of the second lens has a plurality of protrusions protruding in the direction of the second optical axis and a plurality of valleys provided between the protrusions.

BACKGROUND Open trailers with tail gates are often used to transport lawn care equipment and other products. As the tail gate may be long and heavy, it can be difficult to operate by hand. In a typical arrangement, with a tail gate that is five feet long from the hinge to the free end, a force of 80 pounds must be applied at the free end of the tail gate in order to lift the tail gate when it is in the open position. Several types of lift devices have been used in the past, but they all have problems. In many cases, the lift device includes a spring or other elastic member which substantially increases the resistance against which a person must work in order to open the tail gate from its closed position, making it much more difficult to open the tail gate than if there were no assist at all. So, while the elastic member does provide an advantage in that it helps with lifting the tail gate, it also creates a substantial disadvantage by making the tail gate more difficult to open than it would be without the assist. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,004 “Licata” shows a lift spring for a tail gate in which the lift spring is mounted to the side rail of the trailer and to the tail gate. The spring extends upwardly from the side rail to the tail gate when the tail gate is closed and downwardly from the side rail to the tail gate when the tail gate is fully open. The spring is in tension throughout the entire distance of travel of the tail gate and its length does not increase substantially from the raised position to the lowered position, so the spring force does not change appreciably from the closed position to the open position. In this case, since the spring force is roughly the same throughout the travel of the tail gate and since the angles at which the spring applies its force are not advantageous, the operator must exert a substantial force against the spring in order to open the tail gate, and very little of the spring force actually helps counteract the weight of the tail gate in order to help the operator raise the tail gate. At the beginning of travel from the closed position, the spring is pulling primarily downwardly on the tail gate, but it also exerts a horizontal force against which the operator must pull in order to open the tail gate. As the operator begins to open the tail gate and throughout the rest of the travel of the tail gate, the spring force acts primarily in the horizontal direction, so the operator has to pull the tail gate outwardly against that spring force in order to open the tail gate. Even in the fully open position, the spring angle is such that most of the spring force is acting in the horizontal direction and very little of the spring force is acting in an upward direction to help counteract the weight of the tail gate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,223 “Rayburn” mounts an elongated assist system along the top of the side rail of the trailer. This occupies a substantial distance along the side rail, which is undesirable, because it prevents that space from being used for other purposes. In this design, the elastic member includes a spring and a cable mounted onto the spring. The cable passes over rollers and the elastic member does not remain in a straight line but rather bends around the rollers. Again, the elastic member does not elongate appreciably from the fully closed position to the fully open position, so it is exerting a substantial spring force against the tail gate in all positions. In order to begin opening the tail gate, the operator must apply a substantial horizontal force to counteract the horizontal force of the spring, and most of the spring force continues to be applied in a horizontal direction, even at the fully opened position of the tail gate, so only a small portion of the spring force actually helps act against gravity to help lift the tail gate. SUMMARY The present invention provides a tail gate assist for an open trailer in which an elastic member is oriented to provide help in acting against gravity to help the operator raise the tail gate with very little effort while, at the same time, not creating a substantial force against which the operator has to act in order to open the tail gate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a trailer including a tail gate assist arrangement made in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a side view of the rear portion of the trailer of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 is the same view as FIG. 2 but showing the tail gate and the assist arrangement in various positions as the tail gate is moved from the fully closed position to the fully open position; FIG. 4 is a view taken along the line 4 — 4 of FIG. 2 , showing the upper portion of the upright post; FIG. 5 is a side view of the upper portion of the upright post of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 6 is a view taken along the line 6 — 6 of FIG. 2 , showing the bracket and connection between the elastic member and the tail gate; FIG. 7 is a side view of the bracket and connection of FIG. 6 ; FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but showing an alternative connection between the elastic member and the upright post; FIG. 9 is a side view of the arrangement of FIG. 8 ; FIG. 10 is a side view of an alternative connection between the elastic member and the upright post and an alternative upright post, in which the post is made of telescoping members; FIG. 11 is an enlarged side view of the mounting bracket and tail gate portion of FIG. 7 but with the tail gate in the open position; FIG. 12 is the same view as FIG. 11 but with the mounting bracket mounted in a first alternative way on the tail gate; FIG. 13 is the same view as FIG. 11 but with the mounting bracket mounted in a second alternative way on the tail gate; and FIG. 14 is the same view as FIG. 11 , but with the mounting bracket mounted in a third alternative way on the tail gate. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a trailer 10 including a tail gate assist arrangement made in accordance with the present invention. The trailer 10 includes a frame 12 , and a floor 13 , with left and right parallel side rails 14 , 16 extending at an elevation above the floor 13 . In this case, the side rails 14 , 16 are parallel to the floor 13 . However, other arrangements are known in which the side rails lie at an angle to the floor. Typically, the floor 13 or bed of the trailer 10 is about sixteen to twenty inches above the ground, and the side rails 14 , 16 are about one foot above the bed 13 of the trailer or twenty-eight to thirty-two inches above the ground. This trailer 10 also has a front rail 18 and a tongue 20 . This trailer 10 also has two wheels 22 , which support the frame 12 , floor 13 , and rails 14 , 16 , 18 . A tail gate 24 is pivotably mounted to the frame 12 by means of a hinge 26 , having a horizontal pivot axis. Typically, the tail gate 24 is about forty-two to sixty inches long from its first end, which is mounted to the hinge 26 , to its free end. The tail gate 24 is shown in the closed position in FIG. 1 . An upright post 28 is mounted onto the top of the left side rail 14 near the rear of the trailer 10 . This particular post 28 is three feet long, but it could be longer or shorter, depending upon the trailer. In this case, since the post 28 is mounted on top of the side rail 14 , it projects upwardly above the hinge 26 a distance of four feet, putting it a bit lower than the top of the tail gate 24 , or roughly at the same elevation as the tail gate when the tail gate is in the closed position. It is preferred that the top of the upright post 28 be a distance above the hinge 26 that is at least half the length of the tail gate 24 . A helical coil spring 30 is secured at one end 34 of the post 28 near the top of the post 28 and at the other end to the side of the tail gate 24 . A retaining cable 32 extends through the longitudinal opening in the spring 30 and is also secured to the post 28 and to the side of the tail gate 24 . The retaining cable 32 is substantially non-elastic and is intended to retain the spring 30 in the event that the spring 30 breaks. FIGS. 2 and 3 show that the spring 30 (the elastic member) extends in a straight line and at a downward angle from the post 28 to the tail gate 24 at all positions of the tail gate 24 , from the substantially vertical closed position shown in FIG. 2 (and shown in phantom in FIG. 3 ) to the substantially horizontal open position shown in FIG. 3 . The downward angle “a” between the spring 30 and the upright post 28 when the tail gate 24 is closed is an acute angle, and the downward angle “b” between the spring 30 and the upright post 28 when the tail gate is open is also an acute angle. It is preferred that the angles “a” and “b” be less than 60 degrees and more preferred that they be less than 45 degrees so that the vertical component of the spring force is substantial and preferably greater than the horizontal component. FIG. 3 shows that the spring 30 elongates substantially from the closed position to the open position, so the spring force increases substantially from the closed position to the open position, with the spring 30 applying very little force on the tail gate when the tail gate is closed, and with the spring force increasing as the tail gate opens, until the maximum spring force is applied when the tail gate is in the open position. In this embodiment, the spring is 30 inches long in the retracted position and 50 inches long in the open position. It is preferred that the length of the spring increase at least 20% from the closed position to the open position. In this embodiment, the horizontal force required to begin opening the tail gate 24 when it is in the closed position is very little—approximately two pounds. This is about the same as the force that would be required to begin opening the tail gate 24 if the spring 30 were not present. It is preferred that the spring 30 not increase the force needed to open the tail gate by more than five pounds over what would be required without the spring. In this embodiment, if the spring were not present, the user would have to apply about 80 pounds of upward force at the free end of the tail gate 24 in order to begin closing the tail gate 24 when it is in the open position. With the spring present, the force that is required at the free end of the tail gate 24 in order to begin lifting it is less than fifteen pounds, reducing the required force by more than 80%. It is preferred that the external lifting force that needs to be applied by the user in order to begin closing the tail gate 24 be reduced by 75% or more. FIG. 4 shows the top portion of the upright post 28 with a bolt 36 extending through a hole in the upright 28 , through a loop 38 in the cable 32 through a loop 40 on the end of the spring 30 , through a washer 42 and through a nut 44 to secure the spring 30 and cable 32 to the upright 28 . FIG. 5 is a side view of the same arrangement. In this view it can be seen that there are multiple holes 46 through the upright 28 , which effectively allows adjustment of the height of the upright 28 . FIG. 6 shows the bottom end of the spring 30 and cable 32 , showing how they are secured to the tailgate 24 . A bolt 36 extends through a washer 42 , through a loop 40 in the bottom of the spring 30 , through a loop 38 in the bottom of the cable 32 , through a nut 44 A, through a hole 50 A in a bracket 50 secured to the tail gate 24 , and through another nut 44 B in order to secure the cable and spring to the tail gate 24 . The bracket 50 is a flat piece, having parallel flat faces, with one of the flat faces lying against the tail gate 24 . The bracket 50 has three holes 50 A, 50 B, 50 C, one of which receives the bolt 36 that secures the spring 30 and cable 32 , and the other two of which receive bolts that secure the bracket 50 to the side of the tail gate 24 . The three bolt holes 50 A–C form a triangle, and the hole 50 A is closer to the hole 50 C than to the hole 50 B. This permits the bracket to be used to adjust the point at which the spring 30 and cable 32 are secured without changing the positions of the holes through the tail gate 24 through which the bracket 50 is secured to the tail gate 24 . FIGS. 11–14 show the spring 30 mounted in four different positions using the same bracket 50 mounted through the same two holes in the tail gate 24 . FIG. 11 has the bracket 50 mounted as shown in FIG. 7 , with the first flat face of the bracket against the side of the tail gate 24 and the hole 50 A projecting above the tail gate 24 . In FIG. 12 , the first flat face of the bracket 50 is still against the side of the tail gate 24 , but the bracket 50 has been rotated 180 degrees, so the hole 50 A now projects below the tail gate 24 . The arrangement of FIG. 13 is produced by taking the bracket as shown in FIG. 12 and flipping it over, so the second flat face of the bracket lies against the side of the tail gate 24 . In this position, the hole 50 A projects downwardly as in FIG. 12 , but it is shifted toward the hinge 26 . To go from the arrangement of FIG. 13 to the arrangement of FIG. 14 requires rotating the bracket 50 180 degrees, so the hole 50 A projects above the tail gate 24 . This is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 11 , except the hole 50 A is farther away from the hinge 26 . FIGS. 8–10 show different mounting arrangements for mounting the spring 30 and cable 32 to the upright post 28 . In FIGS. 8 and 9 , an eye bolt 36 A is used instead of the straight bolt of FIG. 4 . In FIG. 10 , a second eye bolt 36 B is mounted through the first eye bolt 36 A. The spring 30 and cable 32 are secured to the second eye bolt 36 A, and the second eye bolt 36 B can be rotated relative to its nut to effectively lengthen or shorten the cable 32 and spring 30 . Also, as shown in FIG. 10 , the upright post 24 is a telescoping member, which can be lengthened or shortened depending upon which pair of holes is aligned and receives the pin 52 . A preferred method for mounting the tail gate assist arrangement of this embodiment to the trailer 10 is accomplished with the following procedure. 1. Hold the upright post 28 in a desired position on the left or right trailer side rails 14 , 16 near the rear of the trailer 10 (usually about a foot from the rear). 2. With the tailgate 24 closed, mark the desired location for the gate bracket 50 on the same side (left or right) of the tailgate by measuring 30 inches (the retracted length of the spring in this embodiment) from the hole 46 to the tailgate. For most tailgates, this will be approximately 14 inches from the hinge 26 . 3. Open the tailgate and measure the distance from the hole 46 in the top of the upright 24 to the location marked in Step 2. The distance should not be more than 53 inches, which, in this embodiment, is the maximum length of the spring. If it is more than 53 inches, then the position of the upright post 28 should be adjusted and Steps 1–3 repeated. Once the proper locations for the upright 28 and bracket 50 are determined, proceed to Step 4. 4. Attach the upright post 28 to the left or right trailer side rails 14 , 16 by drilling four holes through the side rail and attaching it with four ⅜ inch grade “5” bolts and lock nuts. 5. Attach the gate bracket 50 to the tailgate 24 at the marked location by using the two small holes 50 B, 50 C in the bracket and two ½ inch by 1½ inch grade “5” bolts and lock nuts (Note: holes will have to be drilled through the tailgate). 6. Insert one end of the cable 32 inside the spring 30 and feed it through the spring until it exits the other end of the spring. 7. Attach one end of the spring and cable to the upright post 24 with a % inch by 4½ inch grade “5” bolt using the following configuration. (Shown in FIGS. 4 & 5 ) a. Slide the bolt 36 through the hole 46 at the top of the upright post 24 such that the head of the bolt is on the inside (toward the trailer) and the threads are on the outside (away from the trailer). b. Slide the end loop of the cable 32 over the bolt. c. Slide the end loop of the spring 30 over the bolt. d. Slide a ⅝ inch washer 42 over the bolt. e. Thread a lock nut 44 onto the bolt until a minimum of three threads are showing on the bolt. 8. Make sure the tailgate is in the closed position and attach the other end of the spring and cable to the gate bracket with a ⅝ inch by 4½ inch grade “5” bolt using the following configuration. (Shown in FIGS. 6 & 7 ) a. Slide a ⅝ inch washer 42 over the bolt 36 . b. Slide the end loop of the spring 30 over the bolt. c. Slide the end loop of the cable 32 over the bolt. d. Securely tighten a ⅝ inch standard nut 44 A against the shoulder of the bolt. e. Insert the bolt 36 through the remaining large hole 50 A in the gate bracket 50 such that the head of the bolt is on the outside (away from the trailer) and the threads are on the inside (toward the trailer). f. Thread a lock nut 44 B onto the bolt until it tightens against the bracket 50 . 9. The tail gate assist arrangement is now ready for use. To change the leverage (or lift) of the tailgate, the bracket 50 can be repositioned using the same two holes 50 B, 50 C in the tailgate (See FIGS. 11–14 ). To reposition the bracket, first make sure the tailgate is in the closed position. Then, unscrew the two lock nuts and remove the bracket. Depending on the desired position, it may also be necessary to remove the bolt 36 from the bracket by removing the third lock nut 44 B. For instance, changing from the position shown in FIG. 11 or 12 to the position shown in FIG. 13 or 14 would require removal of the bolt 36 to “flip” the bracket 50 , but changing from the position shown in FIG. 11 to the position shown in FIG. 12 would not require removal of the bolt. Once the desired position is chosen by rotating and/or flipping the bracket, the bracket is simply reattached to the same holes 50 B, 50 C with the bolts and lock nuts. The leverage or tension also may be adjusted by changing the mounting position on the upright post 28 or by telescoping the upright post, or by adjusting the length of the turnbuckle 36 B, or other similar means. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention.

A tail gate assist is provided for an open trailer and includes an elastic member mounted so as to provide assistance in raising the tail gate without substantially adding to the force required to open the tail gate.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure This disclosure relates to quick-release connectors for connecting lines such as ropes and cables. 2. Description of the Related Art Connecting devices for attaching floating devices, such as life rings, pool inflatables, and inflatable rafts, to one another are known in the art. Generally these comprise a female-type receiver and male-type protuberance on the inflatable, such that the male-type protuberance of one inflatable is inserted and locked within the receiver of another, thereby linking the two inflatables. The male is often a t-shape key that is inserted and twisted within the receiver. One drawback is the proximity of the inflatables, often making it difficult to access the male and female components to effect the linking and disengagement. Another drawback to close proximity is that, in the case of pool inflatables, the proximity of the two users may be “too close for comfort.” A length of cable between the two inflatables would provide some distance while maintaining a connection that is easily accessible. What is needed is a simple device for quickly connecting and releasing such a line. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Disclosed is a line connector, including a line attachment portion defining a line axis, a snap-in portion, a snap-on portion, wherein the snap-in and snap-on portions may be disposed such that the snap-on portions of first and second line connectors will simultaneously attach onto the snap-in portions of one another along a direction of attachment, and wherein an angle between a direction of attachment is no more than about ninety degrees to an axis of line tension. In another aspect of the apparatus, the snap-in portion may include a shaft. In another aspect of the apparatus, the shaft is preferably perpendicular to the snap-on portion, said snap-on portion defining an opening for receiving the shaft. In another aspect of the apparatus, the angle is preferably less than 90 degrees. In another aspect of the apparatus, the line axes of the first and second connectors are not congruent with one another. In another aspect of the apparatus, the line axes of said first and second connectors are congruent with one another. In another aspect of the apparatus, the line may be permanently molded to the line connector. Disclosed is a line connector, including means for attaching a line, snap-on means for attaching to a snap-in means of a second line connector, snap-in means for attaching to a snap-on means of the second line connector, wherein the snap-in and snap-on portions disposed such that the snap-on portions of first and second line connectors will simultaneously attach onto the snap-in portions of one another along a direction of attachment, and wherein an angle between a direction of attachment is no more than about ninety degrees to an axis of line tension. Disclosed is a line connector, including a line attachment portion for connecting a line to a snap-in portion, the snap-in portion including a shaft disposed parallel to a line axis defined by said line attachment portion, a snap-on portion having an opening adapted to receive the snap-in portion of a second line connector, the opening having one or more resilient protuberances narrowing the mouth of the opening to a dimension smaller than that of the shaft, wherein the snap-in and snap-on portions disposed such that the snap-on portions of first and second line connectors will simultaneously attach onto the snap-in portions of one another along a direction of attachment, and wherein an angle between a direction of attachment is no more than about ninety degrees to an axis of line tension. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a connector of the disclosure. FIG. 2 shows a pair of connectors unattached. FIG. 3 shows a pair of connectors in attachment. FIG. 4 shows a connector attached to an inflatable by a line. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a line connector 10 of the disclosure having a line attachment portion 5 by which a line 12 (see FIG. 4 ), such as a cord or wire, may be attached (see also FIG. 4 ) and thereby define a line axis 15 . In this case, the line attachment portion 5 simply comprises an opening 5 b adapted to receive the line. Of course, any suitable type of line attachment known in the art may be used. Alternatively, the line 12 may be a part of the connector 10 itself by simply molding a plastic line and connector as a single unit, in which case the line attachment portion 5 is simply the portion where the line ends and the connector begins. The line connector 10 also has a snap-in portion 7 and a snap-on portion 9 . In the embodiment shown, the snap-in portion 7 is a shaft, optionally cylindrical, and the snap-on portion 9 defines an opening 9 b adapted to receive and attach to the snap-in portion 7 of another connector. The terms “snap-on” and “snap-in” are used because a simple “snap-on” type of attachment is anticipated for most uses, but of course other types of attachment may be substituted. The “snap-on” attachment is effected by providing one or more protuberances 9 c that cause the mouth of the opening 9 b to be smaller than the snap-in portion 7 , thereby requiring the resilient material to give way as the snap-in portion 7 is received into the opening 9 b , but which, by virtue of the shape of the snap-in portion 7 , substantially returns to its original configuration once the snap-in portion 7 is full in place. Referring to FIG. 2 , there is shown a pair of connectors 10 , 10 ′ spaced part and ready to be connected so as to cause their respective lines (not shown) to be attached. For the embodiment shown, this is achieved by positioning each line connector 10 , 10 ′ for movement toward one another along a direction of attachment 17 such that the snap-in portions 7 , 7 ′ of each engage and attach to the snap-on portions 9 , 9 ′ of the other. Note that in the embodiment shown, the direction of attachment is substantially perpendicular to the line axes 15 , 15 ′. Referring to FIG. 3 there is shown the line connectors 10 , 10 ′ in a state of attachment wherein the snap-in portions 7 , 7 ′ of each are engaged and attached to the snap-on portions 9 , 9 ′ of the other. An axis of line tension 20 is now defined which is the axis along which tension upon the connectors is applied when the lines are pulled apart. Note that, in the embodiment shown, the line axes 15 , 15 ′ of the line attachment portions 5 , 5 ′ are not congruent, though parallel, such that the axis of line tension is not quite parallel to the line axes. This is purely optional, it being a simple matter to design the line attachment portions 5 , 5 ′ so that the line axes are superimposed with one another and the axis of line tension. Regardless, it is desirable that the angle θ for each connector between the direction of attachment 17 be less than or about 90 degrees to the axis of line tension 20 . This is so that tension placed on the lines will not cause the connectors 10 , 10 ′ to be pulled apart. In fact, an angle less than 90-degrees is superior in preventing the connectors from being pulled apart. Note also that in the embodiment shown, the snap-in portions 7 , 7 ′ are longer than needed to make the connection. This provides leverage for the user to make it easier to twist the two connectors 10 , 10 ′ apart. For smaller applications, the connectors may be twisted apart with one hand. Referring now to FIG. 4 , there is shown a line connector 10 attached to a line 12 , which is attached to on object 25 , such as a flotation device. A point of attachment 21 is provided to attach the line to the object. The connector 10 of the disclosure will preferably be made of a resilient material, such as a polymer plastic, so as to enable the use of the “snap-on” feature. Of course, to effect a “snap-on” capability, only one of the other of the snap-on 9 or snap-in 7 portions need be resilient, but molding the entire connector of the same material is easier and more cost efficient. Nevertheless, for heavy loads, it may be found necessary to use different materials for different portions of the connector or even to abandon a “snap-on” type of attachment altogether. While various values, scalar and otherwise, may be disclosed herein, it is to be understood that these are not exact values, but rather to be interpreted as “about” such values, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Further, the use of a modifier such as “about” or “approximately” in this specification with respect to any value is not to imply that the absence of such a modifier with respect to another value indicated the latter to be exact. Changes and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art to the embodiments as disclosed herein and such examples, illustrations, and theories are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Further, the abstract of this disclosure is provided for the sole purpose of complying with the rules requiring an abstract so as to allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the disclosures contained herein and is submitted with the express understanding that it will not be used to interpret or to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.

Disclosed is a line connector having a line attachment portion, a snap-in portion, a snap-on portion, wherein the snap-in and snap-on portions disposed such that the snap-on portions of first and second line connectors will simultaneously attach onto the snap-in portions of one another along a direction of attachment, and wherein an angle between a direction of attachment is no more than about ninety degrees to an axis of line tension.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates generally to a charge forming device for internal combustion engines and specifically to an apparatus for efficiently and precisely supplying vapor to the gasoline and air mixture fed to the cylinders of a gasoline engine. With the advent of higher gasoline prices and the possibility of shortages of gasoline, a new interest has developed in gasoline economizing devices. One such device previously available has been the fuel-air moisturizing system. Typical patents upon such devices are U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,715,392 by Grevas; 2,378,319 by Olson, et al; and 2,811,146 by Spillman. These units were not, however, designed to be accommodated into modern automobiles. The automobile engine compartments now being produced are an example of putting the maximum number of devices into a limited space and the requirements for a fuel moisturizer to be used with present automobiles are that it be compact and relatively insensitive to tilting. The approach of simply shrinking the units of the prior art does not suffice because such a device has very much smaller liquid and vapor volumes available and the reduction in vapor volume reduces the effectiveness of the moisturizing action. The benefits to be derived from a precisely controlled moisture induction system include not only fuel economy but also increased power, reduction in "knock", and a decarburizing action. It is an object of the present invention to provide an effective system for mixing liquid vapors into the combustion charge of automobiles in a compact configuration which can be placed in the restricted area of present engine compartments. It is further object of the present invention to precisely regulate the amount of liquid in the moisturizing chamber to optimize the vaporization, regardless of vehicle vibration or variations in vehicle orientation. It is a still further object of this invention to disperse the air prior to contact with the moisturizing liquid so that optimum vaporization occurs. It is a still further object of this invention to distribute the moisturized air in a balanced manner to the various cylinders of the engine to prevent one or more cylinders from being over or under supplied. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other objects may be obtained by the use of the invention described where the preferred embodiments include a balanced precision air moisturizing and distribution system. In one embodiment this system consists of a small diameter tubing entering the center of the top of the chamber and feeding a distribution manifold at the bottom of the chamber. The distribution manifold is formed of a multiplicity of small grooves cut into the bottom surface of a plate slightly smaller than, and fitting flat upon, the bottom of the chamber. This furnishes a flow of air to the bottom of the walls of the chamber, which, because of the small size of the grooves, forms a well distributed pattern of very small bubbles which rise in proximity to the chamber walls. A toroidal shaped float is used to control the level of liquid in the chamber. The toroidal shape permits mounting the float in a centered location coaxial to the air input tube. The central location and toroidal shape make the float much less sensitive to any tilting of the chamber and prevents interference with the float function by the bubbles rising at the chamber walls. Even greater precision is afforded the system by using two vapor outlets from the chamber in order to properly supply vapor to the bi-level manifolds used in today's automobiles. These outlets are further divided down into a total of four entries into the engine manifold. Such division assures that the moisture laden air is equally effective at all cylinders, rather than affecting only the cylinders nearest the point of entry of the air into the intake manifold. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the invention with the facing side of the chamber removed for viewing. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cutaway bottom portion of a second embodiment of the invention showing an alternate manifold design. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1 where moisturizer 10 is used to load air fed to the intake manifolds of a gasoline engine with an amount of moisture sufficient to reduce gasoline consumption, but not so much as to cause the engine performance to deteriorate. The vacuum created in the engine intake manifold (not shown) is sufficient to create a flow of air from the upper portion 12 of chamber 14 through exit ports 16 and 18, tubes 20 and 22, "Y" fittings 24 and 26 and manifold tubes 28, 30, 32, and 34 to the engine manifold. This flow of air creates a vacuum in upper portion 12 of chamber 14 which draws air through air tube 36 into chamber 14. Air tube 36 pierces the center of bottom plate 38 and is sealed into it so that air exiting air tube 36 flows to the underside of bottom plate 38 where it enters grooves 40 machined into the underside of bottom plate 38. In the preferred embodiment pictured, bottom plate 38 is manufactured from transparent plastic for ease of machining and this also results in the pattern of grooves being visible on the top side of bottom plate 38 although they are cut into the bottom side. Grooves 40 cut into plate 38 radiate out from centered air tube 36 to form a manifold to distribute the air entering through air tube 36 to the air exits 42 at the base of the vertical walls 44 of chamber 14. The grooves in the radial pattern should be of a size and quantity such that the air bubbles formed at the base of walls 44 are small and evenly distributed around the entire periphery of bottom plate 38. In the preferred embodiment shown, there are 32 grooves, but the exact number is not critical. While the ideal distribution requires the maximum number of grooves that can practically be machined into the bottom plate, beneficial results can be attained with as few as three grooves. The size of grooves 40 is critical in the sense that if they become too large, the air flow is such that the bubbles formed at exits 42 are too large. Large bubbles cause excessive agitation which interferes with the proper action of float 46 and can cause chamber 14 to fill completely with liquid. Even without float malfunction, large bubbles can add unvaporized liquid to the charge and cause engine malfunction. The size of grooves 40 also affects the optimization of the quantity of grooves because the total quantity of air flowing through the grooves affects the quantity of vapor eventually furnished to the engine. A small number of shallow grooves furnishes too little vapor and the benefits derived are reduced, while a large number of large grooves may cause float agitation and flooding or too much vapor in the engine to run efficiently. The groove used in the preferred embodiment is a "V" shaped cut 1/32 inch deep and 1/32 inch across the base. This size groove is used in conjunction with a quantity of grooves between 24 and 72 in a chamber with bottom dimensions of 4 inches × 31/2 inches. Float 46 and liquid valve 48 maintain a liquid level 51 at an appropriate height so that upper vapor portion 12 of chamber 14 is large enough to permit free flow and equalization of the vapor-laden air. In the preferred embodiment the liquid level is maintained at approximately one inch depth in a chamber of 3 inch inside height. This one inch depth of liquid is sufficient to permit complete vapor-loading of the small bubbles of air as they rise through the liquid. If the liquid level becomes too high, erratic operation of the engine occurs. If the bubbles were permitted to be larger, a greater liquid depth would be required to moisturize them, and since a sizeable vapor section is required in the chamber, a compact size chamber will not operate properly without use of multiple sources of small bubbles. Float 46 operates valve 48 to stop the supply of liquid through liquid tube 50 and hose 52 from the liquid supply (not shown). When float 46 drops because it is no longer floating on the liquid surface which has dropped to low, valve 48 opens to permit more liquid to enter at source 54 which causes float 46 to be raised and close valve 48. Float 46 is toroidal shaped to improve the reliability of the invention and reduce the sensitivity to tilting of the vehicle. The toroidal shape permits centering the float geometry despite the presence of air tube 36 in the center of chamber 14. The centering reduces the sensitivity of the float to tilting of chamber 14 because the geometric center of the chamber experiences only one half the change in liquid level that the sides of the chamber experience. Moreover, the center location for the float places it as remote from the bubbles rising at the sides as is possible. When the bubbles rise near the float, the agitation causes the float to bounce letting excess liquid into the chamber and because the increased liquid level causes more agitation eventually filling it with liquid to the exclusion of vapor. This causes liquid to be sucked directly into the engine and causes an engine malfunction. FIG. 2 shows an alternate embodiment of a manifold 61 which yields the benefits of ease of assembly and adaptability to high volume production. In FIG. 2, lower portion 62 of chamber 60 is shown in a cutaway view. Approximately one half of the lower portion has been removed for ease of inspection. Chamber 60 is constructed so that bottom edges 64 are rounded both inside and out. This permits the lower edges of bottom plate 66 to rest against the walls 68 near their points of intersection with chamber bottom 70. Because of the curvature on the inside of bottom edge 64 and the dimensions of bottom plate 66, which are just slightly smaller than the inside dimensions of chamber 60 at any point above the inside curvature of bottom edge 64, bottom plate 66 will rest at a point slightly above chamber bottom 70 forming air chamber 72 adjacent to chamber bottom 70. Pads 74 are attached to walls 68 and follow the curvature of bottom edges 64 such that bottom plate 66 actually rests upon and forms an air tight seal where its lower edges touch pads 74. Pads 74 are spaced from each other by approximately 1/32 of an inch and are themselves approximately 1/32 of an inch high. Thus, controlled air leaks 76, approximately 1/32 inch square, are formed between pads 74 which permit air to bubble up only through controlled air leaks 76 and rise along side vertical walls 68 of chamber 62. The number of controlled air leaks 76 along any wall 68 is determined by the width of pads 74 along the edge of bottom plate 66. While FIG. 2, for clarity, shows pads 74 as relatively wide and only a few controlled air leaks 76, pads 74 can easily be small ribs moulded into chamber 62 and can be of dimensions approximately equal to the width of controlled air leaks 76. In such a configuration approximately sixteen air leaks would be result for every linear inch of perimeter of bottom plate 66. FIG. 2 also shows an alternate embodiment of the means for furnishing air to manifold 61. In this embodiment air tube 78 enters chamber 60 by piercing and being sealed into chamber bottom. To prevent draining liquid from chamber 60, when the engine is not operating and creating vacuum, air tube 78 is curved upward and made long enough so that its open end 80 is above the highest liquid level anticipated. It is to be understood that the form of the invention herein shown is merely a preferred embodiment. Various changes may be made in the size, shape and the arrangement of parts; equivalent means may be substituted for those illustrated and described; and certain features may be used independently from others without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. For example, controlled air leaks can be formed by cutting grooves directly into the walls of the chamber and thus forming pads from the existing wall surface.

A moisture feed system for the fuel-air charge used in an internal combustion engine. It includes float control of the moisturizing chamber and air dispersion to the periphery of the moisturizing chamber by a manifold built into the chamber.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to antifriction bearings and more particularly concerns an improved removable seal ring for use between relatively rotating parts such as inner and outer rings of an antifriction bearing. Several attempts have been made to simplify the seals of bearing units and reduce the overall costs involved. One such attempt provides a seal construction having three component members for insertion into a seal retaining groove of inner and outer bearing members. The seal members comprise a stiff annular backing ring, and a stiff removable split ring, with a yieldable annular seal ring compressed between the stiff rings for wiping contact with an inner bearing ring. Such a seal is disclosed in Howe U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,694 issued June 8, 1982 and assigned to the assignee of this application. Another seal of the general type to which this invention pertains is shown in Van Dorn U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,545 issued Nov. 30, 1976 and assigned to the assignee of this application. The Van Dorn patent discloses a two-piece end seal cap for an antifriction bearing wherein an annular elastomeric seal member of yieldable material is bonded to a formed-metal member. The seal member is in sealing contact with an inner ring cylindrical land, and the formed-metal member has a deformable outer mounting means insertable into an outer ring groove. While such seals as those specifically noted above have performed well for retaining bearing lubricants and for protecting against entry of contaminants, their construction incorporates different individual members in a composite seal assembly with concomitant manufacturing costs. BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved bearing seal ring of significantly simplified construction, particularly suited for low cost production, for retention of bearing lubricant and for protection against entry of contaminants. Another object of this invention is to provide an improved bearing seal ring compatible with mass production techniques while providing a seal ring for extended life under high speed and/or extreme temperature operating conditions. Still another object of this invention is to provide a bearing seal ring exhibiting thermal expansion and contraction characteristics and requisite resilience to accommodate and compensate for any undesired seal ring end play and misalignment within a bearing ring retaining groove thereby to maintain seal effectiveness. Still another object of this invention is to provide such a bearing seal ring of inherently low cost construction which permits more simple and effective ring seal disassembly and re-assembly for inspection and maintenance of the bearing. Other objects will be in part obvious and in part pointed out in more detail hereinafter. A better understanding of the objects, advantages, features, properties and relations of the invention will be obtained from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings which set forth certain illustrative embodiments and are indicative of the various ways in which the principles of the invention are employed. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention achieves the foregoing objects by providing a bearing seal ring having a multiplicity of resilient retaining projections extending from an annular rim for compression within a retaining groove of an outer ring of a bearing to provide for positive seals to be maintained against the seal surfaces of the inner and outer race rings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of this invention will be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a view, partly broken away and partly in cross section, of an antifriction bearing and bearing seal ring construction of this invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view, partly in cross section, of the seal ring of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an end view, partly broken away, of an antifriction bearing and seal ring assembly of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a fragmentary profile of a different embodiment of a seal ring of this invention; FIG. 5 is a fragmentary profile of another embodiment of a seal ring of this invention; and FIG. 6 is a fragmentary profile similar to that of FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrating yet another embodiment of this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Antifriction bearing 1 of FIG. 1 comprises steel or other hardened alloy rings, such as inner ring 10 and an outer ring 11, with interposed antifriction elements in the form of balls 12 riding respective raceways 13 and 14 of rings 10 and 11. A one piece injection molded plastic retainer (not shown) with ball retaining fingers may be used to hold a complement of balls such as at 12 in angularly spaced relation within raceways 13 and 14. Both axial ends of the bearing 1 may be closed and sealed by a cap structure or seal ring 30 of this invention. As shown in FIG. 1, seal ring 30 is secured in a mounting recess defined by radial shoulder portion 15 and continuously curved contour groove 16 of outer ring 11. The groove 16 terminates via a ramp 17 merging with a land 18 at an axial end of outer ring 11. In the bearing 1 as shown, ramp 17 is defined by a reverse curvature of the predominant curve of groove 16 and that reverse curvature continues into tangency with land 18. Shoulder 15 provides a surface for sealing contact with face 33 of seal ring 30. Axial ends of inner bearing ring 10 are rabbeted to define an axially extensive sloping seal surface 20 bounded by a crylindrical land 22 and a shoulder 23 concentric to land 22. It is preferred that seal surface 20 be inclined at an angle of about 60° with respect to shoulder 23 of inner bearing ring 10. Seal ring 30 is insertable into circumferential retaining groove 16 and compressed by bearing outer ring 11 such that the sealing faces 37 and 33 of ring 30 are, respectively, in circumferentially continuous and axially extensive sealing contact with sloping seal surface 20 of inner ring 10 and in circumferentially continuous sealing contact with radial shoulder 15 of outer ring 11. More specifically, and in accordance with this invention, the one-piece seal ring 30 is preferably formed in its entirety of thermoplastic or thermo-set materials or other similar resilient, wear and contaminant-resistant plastic materials. Such materials may also include fibers of carbon, "Kevlar" and glass, for example, as strength enhancing components. These materials and the following described structure of a seal ring construction of this invention eliminate any need whatsoever for commonly encountered metal inserts of prior art seals and accordingly lend this seal ring 30 to facile manufacture by a suitable quick and easy molding operation, such as by injection molding. As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, seal ring 30 has an annular central body portion 32 of generally rectangular cross section. Body portion 32 has an integral skirt 36 of reduced thickness terminating adjacent an inside diameter of seal ring 30 in a pad 37 having an annular face 37A for resiliently-loaded, wiping contact with sloping seal surface 20 of inner bearing ring 10. Body portion 32 has an axially protruding boss defining a face 33 for sealing contact with radial shoulder 15 of outer ring 11. To maintain the above described positive sealing contact with sealing surfaces 20 and 15 of inner and outer race rings 10 and 11, respectively, a multiplicity of ring retaining fingers or projections 34 are provided on the outer rim of seal ring 30 in accordance with this invention. These projections 34 each extend outwardly from body portion 32, preferably at an angle to a radial line segment extending from a center of seal ring 30, such that when seal ring 30 expands, e.g., under high temperature conditions, the projections 34, which engage outer race ring 11 surrounding groove 16, bend and compress radially inwardly toward annular body portion 32 without exceeding the yield point and thereby compensate for the effects of such thermal expansion. A preferred projection angle is about 45° from body portion 32, but because of the inherent flexibility of the disclosed structure, it will be appreciated that it is possible to vary the angle of the projections 34 in accordance with the application of the bearing or any special conditions under which it may operate. Projections 34 are also preferably placed approximately 4° apart from each other on the circumference of body portion 32 in the disclosed embodiment of FIGS. 1-3. Upon assembly, projections 34 of seal ring 30 are slipped under land 18 into groove 16. To ensure compression of projections 34 by outer ring 11, the maximum outer diameter of seal ring 30 as defined collectively by projections 34, is greater than the diameter of groove 16, thereby holding seal ring 30 securely in place and resiliently loading seal ring face 37A to provide wiping contact with sloping seal surface 20 of inner ring 10 to positively ensure a more effective seal between inner and outer rings 10 and 11. It is to be understood that projections 34 may flex within groove 16 during normal operating conditions without affecting the performance of seal ring 30. In accordance with another feature of this invention, each retaining projection 34 is an individual multifaceted member dimensioned and configured to allow easy insertion upon assembly under land 18 and into groove 16. More specifically, and with particular reference to FIG. 2, each projection 34 is shown having flat inside and outside shoulders 34A and 34B (extending radially outwardly from the rim 30A of seal ring 30). These shoulders 34A and 34B extend outwardly from rim 30A toward one another in opposite angular directions. Inside shoulder 34A is shown intersecting a plane containing a flat ramp 34C. The latter extends both radially and axially outwardly from shoulder 34A to terminate in a tip 34D defined by an intersection between ramp 34C and outside shoulder 34B. By virtue of the disclosed construction, inside shoulder 34A and ramp 34C cooperate to promote the ability of each projection finger 34 to quickly and easily slide under land 18. Tip 34D forms an outer compression surface at the intersection of ramp 34C and outside shoulder 34B and is compressively wedged within groove 16 in fixed relationship with outer ring 11. While this invention has been described in detail for a preferred form, it will be understood that modifications may be made without departure from the claimed invention. For example, FIGS. 4-6 each illustrate different embodiments. Throughout these different embodiments, it is to be understood that the dimensioning and configuration of the projections as shown are generally the same or similar to those of the projections illustrated in the embodiments described below. FIG. 4 represents a second embodiment of a seal ring 130 in accordance with the invention, wherein projections 134 each extend outwardly from rim 130A of ring 130 in an angular direction opposite that of the adjacent projections. Each projection 134 terminates in an outer free end. Seal ring 230 of FIG. 5 is provided with adjacent projections 234 each extending outwardly from rim 230A of ring 230 in an angular direction opposite that of the adjacent projections. Adjacent projections are shown merging with one another at their respective inner and outer terminal ends to define hollow triangular forms, in profile. The hollow triangular form of these projections facilitate compression against the outer ring, not shown, when inserted within its retaining groove. FIG. 6 represents still another embodiment of a seal ring 330. In this seal ring 330, projections are formed in at least two adjacent groups shown collectively at 334A and 334B, extending about the circumference of annular body portion 332. The individual projections of each group protrude in a common angular direction, with adjacent groups having their projections extending in opposite angular directions relative to a radial line segment extending from the center of the seal ring 330. The present invention features an effective one-piece seal ring in which the described seal ring faces provide positive and circumferentially continuous sealing faces against sealing surfaces of outer and inner bearing rings. The special form, shape and arrangement of the disclosed projections enable the seal ring to accommodate greater thermal expansion and contraction during operating conditions and to maintain effective seals with bearing rings during extreme high and low temperature operations. Accordingly, exceptionally accurate tolerances need not be demanded during manufacture of the seal rings of this invention, since variations in the outer diameter of the projections will not prevent proper sealing operation. As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, various modifications, adaptations and variations of the foregoing specific disclosure can be made without departing from the teachings of this invention.

An antifriction bearing having inner and outer race rings and a seal ring featuring a multiplicity of resilient seal ring retaining projections for compressive wedging engagement within a retaining groove of the outer bearing ring.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] One or more embodiments of the invention are related to the field of knives. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, embodiments of the invention implement a folding survival knife with integrated tools that may include a bottle opener/pot lifter/quick opening feature, wire breaker/choil, jimping/wire strippers, hex nut driver/lashing point, pry bar/scraper, glass breaker. Embodiments may be constructed from materials that can withstand hostile environments. [0003] 2. Description of the Related Art [0004] Standard knives generally include a long, yet thin blade with a handle. The blade generally includes one cutting edge, and an opposing non-cutting edge. Some knives have cutting edges on both sides of the blade. Knives also are built in folding varieties and generally have a pivot on one or both ends of the handle. However, most knives are non-folding and have one cutting edge. Folding knives are generally more portable and tend to enclose the sharp cutting edge of the knife when folded for safety reasons. Some folding knives include multiple types of blades including saws, can openers, screw drivers, and other tools, but generally only provide one function per blade or only provide cutting blades that have no other function. [0005] Hunting knives generally include thicker and hence more robust blades than standard knives and may include and cross-guards to protect the hand while cutting. Survival knives came into service during World War II and evolved during the Viet Nam war to include serrations on the top portion of the knife blade. The serrations could be used to cut through the fuselage of aircraft to rescue crewmen for example. [0006] Modern survival knives are limited in the number of functions they provide since the number of elements utilized to create a survival knife is limited to a blade, optionally with serrations and a handle. There are no known survival knives that include a single robust blade configuration of a survival knife with structural elements on the single blade or frame such as a bottle opener/pot lifter/quick opening feature, wire breaker/choil, jimping/wire strippers, hex nut driver/lashing point, pry bar/scraper, glass breaker. [0007] Generally, survivalists and military personnel in hostile or hazardous environment carry a multitude of other tools along with a survival knife. In minimalistic survival scenarios, carrying a multitude of tools is not possible. In such hostile environments, life may depend on having a survival tool such as a knife that is robust and capable of performing other functions. For at least the limitations described above there is a need for a folding survival knife with integrated tools. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] One or more embodiments described in the specification are related to a folding survival knife with integrated tools. Embodiments of the invention include a knife blade that is highly durable with a thick top cross section. This thick top enables the blade to endure being struck when using the knife blade as a wood splitting wedge. [0009] An indentation on the top of the blade enables a bottle cap opener, and also enables use of the knife as a pot lifter. The indentation can also be used in combination with an indentation on the cutting edge of the blade as lashing points to enable the blade to be utilized as a spear, axe or dead drop trap when lashing the blade to a pole for example. In addition, the indentation can be used as an aid for quickly opening the blade when the indentation catches on the inside of a pocket for example. [0010] The indentation on the cutting edge of the blade enables a wire breaker. This indentation is also known as the wire break notch. The wire break notch is situated near the handle and also acts as a “choil” that allows sharpening for the entire blade length. The wire break notch may be aligned to indent towards the bottle cap opener indentation and visa versa so that the top and bottom indentations cooperate in the lashing configuration. [0011] Jimping slots on the top of the blade near the handle enable thumb contact with the blade that provides better control. In addition, the jimping slots generally vary in size so that they can be used as wire strippers and for different diameters of wire insulation. [0012] One or more hexagonal hole may be included on the blade or frame. Each hexagon hole enables the knife to be utilized as a hex nut wrench. The hexagonal hole may also be located in the center portion of the frame near the blade or in the rear portion of the frame, furthest way from the tip. Locating the hexagonal hole on the frame allows the knife to be utilized as a wrench in the open or folded configuration. In one or more embodiments, the hexagonal hole or frame may be magnetized to hold bits. If more than one hexagonal hole is implemented, then different sizes of hexagonal holes may be provided. In one or more embodiments, square or other shape holes may be provided in the blade or frame to enable the embodiments to rotate any type of nut or connector element. [0013] Lashing points may also be implemented as holes in the blade or frame. Lashing points may be located anywhere on the knife as desired. In one or more embodiments, the lashing points may be placed anywhere on the knife blade or frame or anywhere else that does not comprise strength. In addition, the hexagonal hole(s), bottle opener, jimping slots and wire breaker may also be utilized to lash the knife frame to another object. [0014] One or more embodiments include a projection from the frame than enables a pry bar. The pry bar may be located anywhere on the knife, including near the butt of the knife In one embodiment, the projection points at about a right angle from the frame in the same direction as the cutting edge points with respect to the flat top of the blade. This configuration enables the rear portion of the frame to be struck to drive the pry bar into an object or between two objects to separate them. For example, the pry bar may be utilized in lieu of the blade, to split open objects, remove staples, chisel rock or ice or any other material instead of using and potentially damaging the blade. In other embodiments, the pry bar may point away from the handle or frame at any other angle. In addition, the projection may be utilized in any other manner, such as a chisel or pick or for any other purpose. Embodiments of the projection may take any shape so long as they project away from the handles or frame or spacer. [0015] Embodiments may be folded to provide a shorter overall length format for carrying in pockets for example and may rotate about a pivot between the blade and handle. Embodiments may utilize any type of folding mechanism including automatic, assisted, quick opening, spring assisted or manual and may include any type of locking mechanism as is utilized to describe an exemplary embodiment herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein: [0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective left side view of an embodiment of the invention. [0018] FIG. 2 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the invention. [0019] FIG. 3 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the invention. [0020] FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of the invention. [0021] FIG. 5 illustrates a bottom view of an embodiment of the invention. [0022] FIG. 6 illustrates a front view of an embodiment of the invention. [0023] FIG. 7 illustrates a rear view of an embodiment of the invention. [0024] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. [0025] FIG. 9 illustrates a right side view of the an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. [0026] FIG. 10 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. [0027] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective left side view of an embodiment of the invention without the handle to show the internal components of the knife. [0028] FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective top view of an embodiment of the invention without the locking handle to show the internal components of the knife. [0029] FIG. 13 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the handle. [0030] FIG. 14 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the handle, i.e., the inner portion of the handle. [0031] FIG. 15 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the locking handle. [0032] FIG. 16 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the locking handle, i.e., the inner portion of the locking handle. [0033] FIG. 17 illustrates a right side perspective view of an embodiment of the optional pocket clip. [0034] FIG. 18 illustrates a front perspective view of an embodiment of the optional pocket clip. [0035] FIG. 19 illustrates a side view of a first embodiment of space 108 . [0036] FIG. 20 illustrates a side view of a second embodiment of the spacer employing a second projection, which may be utilized as a scraper or pry bar. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0037] A folding survival knife with integrated tools will now be described. In the following exemplary description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific details described herein. In other instances, specific features, quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the invention. [0038] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention 100 . The distal end of blade 101 is shown in the leftmost portion of the figure. Blade 101 has two substantially flat faces, one that is visible as shown between cutting edge 102 and non-cutting edge 103 having a flat top, the other flat face is on the opposite side of the blade and which is visible in FIG. 3 . Cutting edge 102 is situated on a first side of blade 101 where the two substantially flat faces meet at the bottom portion of the blade as shown. Cutting edge 102 may also include serrated portions depending on the intended environment or application. Non-cutting edge 103 includes a flat top that is located on a second side of the blade opposite the cutting edge as shown. [0039] Non-cutting edge 103 includes a first indentation 104 that extends toward cutting edge 102 of the blade. In one or more embodiments of the invention, indentation 104 includes a first and second wall that both slant down and back away from the distal end of the blade. The first and second wall may be any shape including linear or curved. The first and second walls meet at the inner most portion of indentation 104 . The innermost portion of indentation 104 may also be liner or curved. Generally, the second wall provides a hook like area to pry a bottle cap as the first wall rests on top of the bottle cap. First indentation 104 is configured to engage a bottle cap on a top side of the bottle cap with a first portion of the first indentation, for example the left side of the indentation as shown, and also configured to engage a bottom edge of the bottle cap with an opposing side of the first indentation, for example the right side of the indentation as shown, to enable removal of the bottle cap. The depth of indentations 104 may be any depth deep enough and wide enough to remove a bottle cap. In addition, indentation 104 may also be utilized as a pot lifter wherein opposing sides of the indentation may be utilized to lift a hot pot by the handle, or on the edge of a pan to lift the pan. In folding versions of the knife, the indentation provides an element to catch on the edge of a pocket, for example to initiate quick opening, e.g., rotation of the blade with respect to the frame that begins the process of opening the knife. In this manner, only one hand is utilized to grab and open the knife. In one or more embodiments, the flat top at non-cutting area 103 is greater than ⅛ of an inch, or at least 3/16 of an inch wide or any other dimension thicker than a standard knife. This enables the knife to be utilized as a wedge or splitter, to split wood for example. The wide flat top may be struck with a hammer or rock for example without breaking the blade. [0040] Cutting edge 102 generally includes a second indentation 105 configured to engage a wire to enable lateral angular movement of the blade to break the wire. Second indentation 105 is referred to as a wire breaker. Second indention 105 effectively constitutes a “choil”, i.e., an unsharpened area of the knife-edge. The second indentation includes a flat portion that is not sharp in one or more embodiments, for example in the innermost portion of the indentation. [0041] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the first indentation, i.e., bottle cap opener, and second indentation, i.e., the wire breaker are indented toward one another to enable the blade to be lashed to another object, such as a stick, with a line wrapped around the stick and within the first indentation and the second indentation. In this manner it is possible to use the knife as a spear, axe or dead drop trap. [0042] In one or more embodiments of the invention, non-cutting edge 103 further comprises jimping 106 configured to provide a thumb grip on the non-cutting edge wherein the jimping is configured as two or more indentations of different size configured to grip wire insulation of different gauge to enable lateral translation movement of the blade to remove the wire insulation. [0043] Embodiments of the invention include a spacer, generally shown to the right of the knife and which holds handle 112 to locking handle 109 at a fixed distance from one another. The handle and locking handle are also held at substantially the same distance by the thickness rotational element about which the blade rotates as will be described. [0044] One or more embodiments of the invention include hexagonal hole 107 through the spacer, handle and locking handle or any other portion of the knife. The hexagonal hole for example is configured to engage a hex nut to enable rotation of the hex nut. The hexagonal size may be of any desired dimension depending on the desired application. Alternatively, the hexagonal hole may be located on the blade. In other embodiments, hexagonal hole 107 may be implemented as two or more different sized holes if desired. The hexagonal hole may be located for example near a distal end of the handle area. [0045] One or more embodiments of the invention include first pointed projection 110 coupled with the distal end of the spacer that extends substantially parallel to the longest axis of the handle. The first pointed projection is known as a “glass breaker” and is configured break glass when struck against glass. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the glass breaker may be implemented as a conical projection that ends in a point or line or curve for example. In one or more embodiments, the first pointed projection is removably coupled to the spacer. [0046] Embodiments may be constructed from any type of rugged material for the blade, frame and optional handles. Embodiment may be implemented with a blade made from 1095 Carbon steel, or Milspec black coated D2 tool steel or SLEIPNER® tool steel, Niolox, ELMAX®, or any other material having a flat top thickness of nearly 0.2 inches or more and 3 inch cutting edge or in any other dimensions. In this embodiment, the knife weighs about 5 ounces and has a full length of 7.6 inches. Handles may be made from any material including wood or canvas such as MICARTA®, or fiberglass based laminates such as G10 or FR-4. Other embodiments, may utilize titanium for the spacer or other components or any other material depending on the intended application. FIG. 2 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the invention. [0047] FIG. 3 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the invention. Locking handle 109 and optional pocket clip 130 are visible in this figure. Locking handle 109 has a locking element that may spring toward the center portion of the blade and lock the blade in place until the locking element is pushed outwardly, i.e., out of the page as shown to enable rotation of the blade to the folded position. Pocket clip 130 is optional and allows for clipping the knife to a pocket or any other item such as a belt for example. Pocket clip 130 may be located over locking handle 109 to provide a limit of travel on locking handle 109 so that locking handle 109 does not extend outward past a desired distance. In one or more embodiments, pocket clip 130 rests on locking handle 109 and is bendable and also provides inward force when the knife is gripped to ensure that locking handle 109 engages the lower locking portion of the blade. [0048] FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of the invention. As shown, first and second thumb opener 126 and 127 enable thumb assisted opening of the blade. Handle 112 may include a hidden compartment and may separated in any manner to access contents thereof. In one or more embodiments, an inner portion of the handle may be flat while the outer portion has an internal indentation for hiding items. Any other component of the knife may be utilized for a hidden compartment so long as the component may be formed with an internal space. FIG. 5 illustrates a bottom view of an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 illustrates a front view of an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 illustrates a rear view of an embodiment of the invention. [0049] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. As shown, top face 103 of the blade is exposed while the cutting edge is tucked into the inner space provided by the spacer that holds the handle and locking handle apart. FIG. 9 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. FIG. 10 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the invention in the folded configuration. [0050] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective left side view of an embodiment of the invention without the handle to show the internal components of the knife. Stop pin 125 engages an upper rear portion of blade 101 to limit the total rotation of the blade to approximately parallel to the longest axis of the handle. The stop pin also maintains the spacing between the handle and locking handle at the upper blade area. Pivot nut 121 enables tension of the blade rotation to be set by rotating pivot nut 121 which is threaded and engages a pivot bolt on the other side of the knife as is shown in the next figure. First washer 122 lies between the handle and blade 101 and may be made of any material such as bronze or nylon or any other material. Spacer 108 provides holes for screws 141 , 142 and 143 to hold the handle to spacer 108 . [0051] FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective top view of an embodiment of the invention without the locking handle to show the internal components of the knife Screw sockets 151 , 152 and 153 enable the locking handle to be screwed to the handle via the screws shown in FIG. 11 , i.e., screws 141 , 142 and 143 respectively. Also shown are pivot bolt 124 and second washer 123 that lie on opposing sides of the locking handle and which enable the blade to rotate from the open to folded orientation. Also shown are roto lock 128 and roto screw 129 wherein the roto lock rotates and keeps the locking element of the locking handle from extending outwardly, i.e., keeps the rear portion of the blade from rotating by ensuring the engagement of the locking element with the rear portion of the blade. Any type of locking mechanism may be utilized in any embodiment of the invention as desired. [0052] FIG. 13 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the handle. As shown, hole 107 a in the handle enables hole 107 in spacer 108 to engage a hex nut. Pivot nut indentation 121 a provides an indented area for the pivot nut. FIG. 14 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the handle, i.e., the inner portion of the handle. Pocket clip indentation 130 a provides an area for the end of the pocket clip to wrap into. [0053] FIG. 15 illustrates a right side view of an embodiment of the locking handle. As shown, indentation 109 a provides for a thinner section of the locking element, which shown traveling to the right on the lower portion of the locking handle toward pivot bolt indentation 124 a. The thinner section enables high strength material used to make the locking handle, such as titanium, to flex more. The locking element is generally set as a spring to extend inward when the blade rotation enables a flat portion of the blade to engage the rightmost portion of the locking element. Also shown in the locking handle is roto lock indentation 128 a. Various other indentations for screws and screw sockets are optional and are not labeled for brevity. [0054] FIG. 16 illustrates a left side view of an embodiment of the locking handle, i.e., the inner portion of the locking handle. The locking element 109 b is shown as a long separate element with a flat face on the left portion and with knurling or jimping on the bottom left portion to enable firm engagement of a finger to push locking element 109 b back into a parallel configuration, i.e., parallel to the upper portion of the locking handle, which enables the left portion of the locking element to clear the lower rear portion of the blade, which enables the blade to rotate to the folded orientation. [0055] FIG. 17 illustrates a right side perspective view of an embodiment of the optional pocket clip. As shown, clip indentation 131 and clip engagement lip 132 are formed as curves in the pocket clip, for example during manufacture. FIG. 18 illustrates a front perspective view of an embodiment of the optional pocket clip. Hole 133 enables engagement of a lashing ring or first projection point, e.g., a glass breaker or pick or any other type of implement that may couple with the spacer. [0056] FIG. 19 illustrates a side view of a first embodiment of space 108 . FIG. 20 illustrates a side view of a second embodiment of the spacer employing second projection 111 , which may be utilized as a scraper or pry bar. One or more embodiments of the invention include second pointed projection 111 coupled to the spacer that extends substantially perpendicular to a longest axis of the handle. The second pointed projection is known as a “pry bar”, or “chisel”, or “scraper”. The second pointed projection is configured to extend between two objects to enable rotation of the knife to pry the two objects apart. The second pointed projection may also be used as a chisel by providing a force to the top portion of the distal end of the knife, directly above the downward pointing second pointed projection for example. [0057] While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.

A folding survival knife that includes structural elements to implement any combination of a bottle opener/pan holder/quick opening feature, wire breaker/choil, jimping/wire strippers, hex nut driver/lashing point, pry bar/scraper, glass breaker in a single blade configuration.

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to the provisional application entitled “Data Synchronization System Modeling and Optimization for Support of Disconnected Operation and High Data Availability,” filed on Feb. 2, 2000, and bearing the Ser. No. 60/179,761. This application is also related to applications entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Providing Data Synchronization by Facilitating Data Synchronization System Design,” “Apparatus and Methods for Optimizing Traffic Volume of Wireless Email Communications,” and “Apparatus and Methods for Providing Coordinated and Personalized Application and Data Management for Resource-Limited Mobile Devices,” bearing Ser. Nos. 09/776,598, 09/776,165, and 09/776,594, respectively. These applications were filed on Feb. 1, 2001 and all claimed priority to the above provisional application bearing Ser. No. 60/179,761. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to apparatus and methods for providing personalized application search results in a wireless device. In particular, this invention relates to apparatus and methods for providing personalized application search results based on user profiles. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Computer devices connected by a network are typically capable of sharing information. In a world wide network, such as the Internet, client computers or devices connected to the network are capable of accessing information stored in virtually any server computers connected to the network. Many modern server computers provide rich media that are accessible across the Internet. Examples of rich media are audio, video, image, software, applications, games, data, and other multimedia information. Typically, transmission of rich media across the Internet requires a wide bandwidth. Further, the cost and efficiency for a user to retrieve rich media is dependent on the capacity of the user's computer or device. Partly due to size constraints, most existing wireless/mobile devices do not have the capacity to effectively retrieve rich media. In particular, most wireless/mobile devices have very limited memory space for caching and inadequate processing capability for retrieving complex objects. Generally, wireless/mobile devices include a user interface, such as a micro-browser, pre-installed on a wireless/mobile device and a set of fixed applications and hierarchical menus for Internet access. Using the micro-browser, a user typically browses the Internet using the fixed menus or by manually entering specific uniform resource locators (URLs). Such fixed menus are not tailored to a user's preferences. Through the micro-browser, a user typically performs a search for an application or data on a network by entering keywords into an input area. Based on the keywords, a search engine, which typically resides on the gateway, performs a search and returns a set of search results. Often, hundreds or thousands of search results are returned. The user then has the option of narrowing the search by entering more keywords or browsing through the entire search results for the application or data set he/she is looking for. This latter option is especially problematic in wireless/mobile devices where the output device (e.g., screen) and working memory are typically small and connection to the network is costly. Further, existing search engines do not take into account personal preferences by each user. At a given time, different users entering the same set of keywords will get identical search results. Thus, it is desirable to provide apparatus and methods for providing personalized application search results in a mobile device. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An exemplary method for providing personalized application search results in a mobile device comprises the steps of receiving a search request from a user, the search request including at least one search keyword and a user identifier, searching an application registration database for a first set of matching applications based on the search keyword, searching an application selection table for a second set of matching applications based on the search keyword and the user identifier, ordering the second set of matching applications based on frequency of use parameters in the application selection table to obtained an ordered second set of matching applications, appending a set of applications that are included in the first set of matching applications but not included the second set of matching applications to the end of the ordered second set of matching applications to obtain a third set of matching applications, generating a response to the search request based on the third set of matching applications, and sending the response to the user. In one embodiment, the exemplary method further comprises the steps of collecting application registration information for each application and storing the application registration information in the application registry database. In an exemplary embodiment, the application registration information includes: a uniform resource locator, a brief description, and at least one associated keyword. In another embodiment, the exemplary method further comprises the steps of receiving application selection records from the user and storing the application selection records in the application selection table. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the application selection records includes a uniform resource locator, at least one associated keyword, parameter values indicating a frequency of use, and a time stamp indicating a last use of the application. In one embodiment, the associated keyword is provided by a user for having been successful in searching the application. Another exemplary method for providing personalized search results in a mobile device comprises the steps of receiving a set of keywords from a user, searching an application selection table for a first set of applications matching the set of keywords, examining a local file system to locate each of the first set of applications, generating a second set of applications including applications located in the local file system based on the examining, and displaying the second set of applications to the user. In one embodiment, the exemplary method further comprises the steps of receiving a user selection of an application from a set of displayed applications, loading and executing the application, and updating the application selection table based on the user selection. In another embodiment, the exemplary method further comprises the steps of sending a set of application selection records from the application selection table to a gateway, receiving an acknowledgment from the gateway, and removing the set of application selection records from the application selection table. An exemplary computer program product for providing personalized application search results in a mobile device comprises logic code for receiving a search request from a user, the search request including at least one search keyword and a user identifier, logic code for searching an application registry database for a first set of matching applications based on the search keyword, logic code for searching an application selection table for a second set of matching applications based on the search keyword and the user identifier, logic code for ordering the second set of matching applications based on frequency of use parameters in the application selection table to obtain an ordered second set of matching applications, logic code for appending a set of applications that are included in the first set of matching applications but not included in the second set of matching applications to the end of the ordered second set of matching aplications to obtain a third set of matching applications, logic code for generating a response to the search request based on the third set of matching applications, and logic code for sending the response to the user. In one embodiment, the exemplary computer program product further comprises logic code for collecting application registration information for each application and logic code for storing the application registration information in the application registry database. In an exemplary embodiment, the application registration information includes: a uniform resource locator, a brief description, and at least one associated keyword. In another embodiment, the exemplary computer program product further comprises logic code for receiving application selection records from the user and logic code for storing the application selection records in the application selection table. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the application selection records includes: a uniform resource locator, at least one associated keyword, parameter values indicating a frequency of use, and a time stamp indicatin a last use of the application. Another exemplary computer program product for providing personalized search results in a mobile device comprises logic code for receiving a set of keywords from a user, logic code for searching an application selection table for a first set of applications matching the set of keywords, logic code for examining a local file system to locate each of the first set of applications, logic code for generating a second set of applications including applications located in the local system based on the examining, and logic code for displaying the second set of applications to the user. In one embodiment, the exemplary computer program product further comprises logic code for receiving a user selection of an application from a set of displayed applications, logic code for loading and executing the application, and logic code for updating the application selection table based on the user selection. In another embodiment, the exemplary computer program product further comprises logic code for sending a set of application selection records from the application selection table to a gateway, logic code for receiving an acknowledgment from the gateway, and logic code for removing the set of application selection records from the application selection table. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2A schematically illustrates an exemplary mobile device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2B schematically illustrates an exemplary application selection table maintained in a mobile device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3A schematically illustrates an exemplary gateway in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3B schematically illustrates an exemplary application selection table maintained in a gateway in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate exemplary processes in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 illustrates another exemplary process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 illustrates another exemplary process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 illustrates another exemplary process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 illustrates another exemplary process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art system 100 . The system 100 includes multiple servers connected to multiple gateways that service multiple mobile devices. For ease of explanation, only a representative number of servers, gateways, and mobile devices are shown in FIG. 1 . The system 100 includes servers 102 - 106 , gateways 108 A- 108 B, and mobile devices 110 A- 110 C. FIG. 2A schematically illustrates an exemplary mobile device 110 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The mobile device 110 includes a communications interface 202 for communicating with a network, a microprocessor 204 , a user interface, and a memory 208 . In an exemplary embodiment, the user interface includes a user input device (e.g., keyboard) and an output device (e.g., screen). The memory 208 includes an operating system 210 , a micro-browser application 212 , a user operation history tracking module 214 for tracking user operation history, a directory module 216 , an application selection table 218 , a local file system 220 , and a communications transport protocol module 222 for adapting to different transport protocols in the network. In an exemplary embodiment, the micro-browser application 212 provides a menu that enables keyword-based application search in the network or in the local application selection table 218 . For example, the menu may include an application search button and a help button. In one embodiment, when the application search button is selected, an input bar is presented to a user to enter search keywords. A search is performed based on the keywords and the results are displayed to the user. The user can select an application in a list of applications displayed. In one embodiment, each item in the list of applications includes a uniform resource locator (URL) and a brief description of the application. For example, the brief description includes a function description, product promotion, or URLs to other related web pages. In an exemplary embodiment, the user can select an application by browsing the list and highlighting the application or by entering an application number. When an application is selected, it is either uploaded from the local file system 220 or from the gateway 108 . The application selection information is tracked by the user operation history tracking module 214 and recorded in the application selection table 218 . The directory module 216 defines and maintains the application selection table 218 . In an exemplary embodiment, the application selection table 218 includes application selections records that are dynamically updated based on user operation history. In an exemplary embodiment, each application selection record includes various parameters, such as the user inputted keywords (keywords), the name of the selected application (name), the number of times that application was executed (nExec), and the time of the last execution (lastExecTime). An exemplary application selection table 218 is illustrated in FIG. 2 B. In an exemplary embodiment, when a user's request to search for applications is received while the mobile device 110 is disconnected from the gateway 108 (e.g., mobile device out of all service areas), a search in the application selection table 218 is performed instead. In one embodiment, each selected (and executed) application is associated with one or more keywords in the application selection table 218 . In another embodiment, these selected applications are continuously monitored by the mobile device 110 . In an exemplary embodiment, if a connection to the gateway 108 cannot be established, the directory module 216 begins search in the application selection table 218 using the user provided keywords. For example, the user provided keywords are compared to the keywords associated with each application selection record. In an exemplary embodiment, bandwidth utilization policies are implemented to allow continuous operations even when the mobile device 110 is disconnected from the gateway 108 . For example, for short-lived disconnections, the directory module 216 remains in an active state and will retry periodically to re-connect with the gateway 108 . If a connection is established before a time out, the communication between the mobile device 110 and the gateway 108 will resume at the point of previous failure to minimize bandwidth usage. For long-lived disconnections, the directory module 216 terminates the current communication transaction and saves the status of the transaction in the local file system 220 . When the mobile device 110 is reconnected to the gateway 108 , the communication between the mobile device 110 and the gateway 108 will resume at the point of previous failure based on the transaction status saved in the local file system 220 . In an exemplary embodiment, if communication fails during an application search transaction, the search will be automatically redirected from the gateway to the local storage (e.g., the application selection table 218 ) of the mobile device 110 . FIG. 3A schematically illustrates an exemplary gateway 108 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The gateway 108 includes a communications interface 302 for communicating with a network, a CPU 304 , a user interface 306 , and a memory 308 . The memory 308 includes an operating system 310 , gateway applications 312 , a directory (application search) module 314 , an application registration module 316 , a gateway synchronization module 318 , an application registry database 320 , a subscriber registry database 322 , a gateway information database 324 , an application selection table 326 , a transaction manager module 328 , a subscriber manager module 330 , and a communications transport and protocol module 332 . In an exemplary embodiment, the communications transport and protocol module 332 includes transport protocols for communicating with other gateways (e.g., HTTP, file transfer protocol (FTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), etc.) and with mobile devices (e.g., wireless application protocol (WAP), TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.). The gateway applications 312 include standard gateway applications that are known in the art for performing gateway functions. In an exemplary embodiment, the application registration module 316 collects application registration information from servers or application service providers connected to the network, such as the Internet. In one embodiment, the registration includes an application URL, a brief description of the application, and any assigned keywords for identifying the application. Such registration information is stored in the application registry database 320 via the application registration module 316 . Contents in the application registry database 320 in each gateway 108 is synchronized periodically with contents in other gateways. In an exemplary embodiment, such gateway-to-gateway synchronization is triggered and facilitated by the application registration module 316 and the gateway synchronization module 318 . The gateway information database 324 includes information about other gateways that is useful for achieving gateway-to-gateway synchronization. The transaction manager module 328 prevents violations of transaction semantics and data integrity. In one embodiment, the transaction manager module 328 tracks and logs the progress of each transaction, including application search and data synchronization transactions. Transaction tracking also facilitates billing by providing a detailed record of each user's billable activities. The subscriber manager module 330 facilitates registration of user/subscriber IDs into the subscriber registry database 322 . In an exemplary embodiment, user requests to the gateway 108 typically includes the user's subscriber ID. That subscriber ID is checked by the subscriber manager module 322 against the subscriber registry database 322 before the requested services are performed. The application selection table 326 is a database table maintained on gateways 108 . Contents of each application selection table 326 is synchronized with application selection tables in other gateways. Generally, the application selection table 326 contains information similar to the mobile application selection table 218 , except the gateway application selection table 326 generally may include additional rows listing the associated subscriber IDs and a description for each application selection record. An exemplary application selection table 326 maintained on a gateway 108 is illustrated in FIG. 3 B. Further, in an exemplary embodiment, the gateway application selection table 326 maintains selective application information from all users serviced by the gateway 108 and for a longer period of time relative to information stored on mobile devices. The period of maintenance on the gateway application selection table 326 can be an automatic default time or a manually configured time. Typically, applications searches are performed by the directory module 314 based on contents in the application registry database 320 and the application selection table 326 . An exemplary application search is described in FIG. 6 below. The directory modules 216 and 314 facilitate communications between the mobile device 110 and the gateway 108 . In an exemplary embodiment, the directory modules 216 and 314 include a directory protocol as its application layer protocol. The directory protocol is a family of sub protocols that includes an application search protocol and an application usage upload protocol. The application search protocol searches for a set of matching applications based on keywords provided by a user of a mobile device 110 . An exemplary application search protocol process is described in FIG. 7 below. The application usage upload protocol submits application selection records stored in a mobile device 110 to the gateway 108 that services the mobile device 110 . In an exemplary embodiment, validated application selection records in the mobile application selection table 218 are periodically uploaded to the gateway 108 , such that the gateway application selection table 326 is kept current. After an application selection record in the mobile device 110 is uploaded to the gateway 108 , that application selection record is removed from the application selection table 218 . An exemplary application usage upload protocol process is described in FIG. 8 below. FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate exemplary processes performed by the mobile device 110 in accordance with embodiments of this invention. In FIG. 4A, the device 110 performs three functions to maintain and update the application selection table 218 . At step 402 , a function call is received. If the application search function is called (step 404 ), the process continues in FIG. 4B (step 406 ). If an add application selection record function is called (step 408 ), the process continues in FIG. 4C (step 410 ). If an add select count function is called (step 412 ), the process continues in FIG. 4D (step 414 ). Otherwise, the called function is ignored and the process ends (step 416 ). FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary process when the application search function is called. At step 418 , a set of keywords and/or an application URL is received. The application selection table 218 is searched for a match of the keywords or the URL (step 420 ). If no match is found (step 422 ), a “null” code is returned (step 424 ). If a match is found (step 422 ), the found applications are returned (step 426 ). In an exemplary embodiment, the found applications may be uploaded from the mobile local file system 220 or remotely. FIG. 4C illustrate an exemplary process when the add application record function is called. At step 428 , a set of keywords and/or an application URL representing a new application selection is received. Any free space in the mobile device is determined and compared with the needed space for storing the application selection record (step 430 ). If there is enough free space, the new application selection record is added to the application selection table (step 432 ). If there is not enough free space, the device 110 attemps to connect to the gateway (ste 434 ). If connected, the device 110 uploads some or all application selection records from the device 110 to the gateway (step 438 ), removes the successfully uploaded application selection records from the mobile application selection record (step 440 ), and the new application selection record is added to the local application selection table on the device 110 (step 432 ). If the connection was not successful, an error code is returned and the function fails (step 442 ). FIG. 4D illustrates an exemplary process when the add select count function is called. At step 444 , a pointer to an application selection record is received. Next, the nExec value for that application selection record is increased by 1 (step 446 ). The lastExecTime value is updated to the current time (step 448 ). FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process performed by the gateway 108 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. At step 502 , the gateway 108 receives a search request from a mobile device. In an exemplary embodiment, the search request includes user specified keywords. In one embodiment, the search request also includes the user or subscriber ID. The search request is parsed for any keywords (step 504 ). The application registry DB 320 and the application selection table 326 are searched for any applications matching the keywords (step 506 ). If the search was successful (step 508 ), a response is constructed based on the search result (step 510 ). FIG. 6 below illustrates an exemplary process to organize search result applications. The response is sent to the mobile device (step 512 ). Referring back to step 508 , if the search in step 506 is unsuccessful (i.e., no matching application is found), an error code is returned to the mobile device and the user may be prompted to revise the keyword query (step 514 ). FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary application search process performed by the gateway 108 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. At step 602 , the application registry DB 320 is searched for any matching application to the user specified keywords; all matching applications are included in a first list of applications. Next, the application selection records, which are associated with the user's ID in the application selection table 326 , are searched for any matching application to the user specified keywords; all matching applications are included in a second list of applications (step 604 ). The first list of applications is compared to the second list of applications (step 606 ). Applications present in both the first and the second lists are selected sorted first in decreasing order of the nExec parameters and then in decreasing order of the lastExecTime parameters, such ordered applications are placed in a third list of applications (step 608 ). For example, an application having a higher nExec parameter value has a higher position in the third list than an application having a lower nExec parameter value. Similarly, among applications having the same nExec values, the application having the most recent lastExecTime has a higher position on the third list than other applications. For example, if both applications A and B are selected 3 times, but application A was more recently selected than application B, then application A has higher priority on the third list than application B. Applications that are not present in both the first and second lists are randomly attached to the end of the third list (step 610 ). Thus, the third list contains applications in the descending order of frequency of use by the user based on the user's past preferences. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary application search protocol process performed by the directory modules 216 and 314 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. At step 702 , a search request sent by a mobile device 110 is received by the gateway 108 . At the gateway 108 , the message is forwarded to the application search module 314 (step 704 ). After the search is completed by the application search module 314 , a response is generated and sent to the directory module 216 in the mobile device 110 (step 708 ). In an exemplary embodiment, the response includes the number of matching applications, the URLs for those applications, a brief description of each application, and assigned keywords for each application. After the mobile directory module 216 received the response, it passes the response to the micro-browser 212 (step 710 ). The micro-browser 212 then displays the results to the user via the output device 206 (step 712 ). Further, the micro-browser 212 monitors the user's reactions and updates the application selection table 218 accordingly (step 714 ). FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary application usage upload protocol process performed by the directory modules 214 and 314 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. At step 802 , an application post request sent by the mobile device 110 is received by the gateway 108 . In an exemplary embodiment, the post request includes a user ID and an array of application selection records from the application selection table 218 of the mobile device 110 . At the gateway 108 , the directory module 314 updates the application selection table 326 (step 804 ). The directory module 314 sends an acknowledgment message back to the mobile device 110 (step 806 ). At an appropriate time (e.g., when the network is least congested), the directory module 314 triggers and facilitates database synchronization with other gateways to update the application selection tables (step 808 ). After receiving the acknowledgment from the gateway 108 , the directory module 216 at the mobile device 110 removes that array of application selection records that were successfully posted at the gateway 108 (step 810 ). The foregoing examples illustrate certain exemplary embodiments of the invention from which other embodiments, variations, and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention should therefore not be limited to the particular embodiments discussed above, but rather is defined by the claims.

An exemplary method for providing personalized application search results in a mobile device comprises the steps of receiving a search request from a user, the search request including at least one search keyword and a user identifier, searching an application registry database for a first set of matching applications based on the search keyword, searching an application selection table for a second set of matching applications based on the search keyword and the user identifier, ordering the second set of matching applications based on frequency of use parameters in the application selection table to obtain an ordered second set of matching applications, appending a set of application in the first set of matching applications but not in the second set of matching applications to the end of the ordered second set of matching applications, generating a response to the search request based on the third set of matching applications, and sending the response to the user.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention herein pertains to furniture construction and particularly to elastic seat and back webbings which are attached to furniture frames for cushion support. The webbings provided are knit with an elastomeric yarn and include a control yarn which limits the elongation of the elastomeric yarn and webbing when they are subjected to high loads such as when the webbings are used as seat supports for a sofa that is occupied by several adults. 2. Background and Objective of the Invention In recent years the furniture industry has increased its output of chairs, sofas and other structures manufactured without metal springs. In their place, various types of supports such as elastic fabric webbings and the like have been used with varying degrees of success. Conventional metal coil springs provide durable, comfortable seating but are expensive, heavy and difficult to repair and maintain. Various types of fabrics, including elastic fabrics and webbing have been substituted in certain furniture structures but have not always proved satisfactory for their intended purposes. Furniture webbings in the past that have provided sufficient stretch and elongation have often failed under maximum use conditions or high loads. Such elastic webbings which have provided the necessary load support have been uncomfortable for the user due to their "stiff" or rigid feel. Thus with the disadvantages and problems associated with prior art resilient cushion supports, the present invention was conceived and one of its objectives is to provide an improved elastic webbing for furniture frames or the like and a method of making the same. It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a furniture elastic webbing which will endure years of adverse use conditions while offering comfort and durability. It is still another objective of the present invention to provide an elastic webbing which is warp knit with an elastomeric yarn and a control yarn which limits the elongation of the elastomeric yarn. It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a furniture frame utilizing the elastic webbing described herein which is economical to assemble and easy to repair and maintain. Various other objectives and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art as a more detailed description is set forth below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The aforesaid and other objectives are realized by providing a knit elastic webbing for furniture construction which includes a plurality of walewise parallel stitch loop chains which form successive courses with a plurality of knit-in elastomeric yarns. A pair of parallel filling yarns are positioned weftwise in the fabric and contain the elastomeric yarns therebetween. A walewise control yarn is knit into the fabric between the parallel elastomeric yarns along side each of the elastomeric yarns. The control yarn passes walewise along one side of the elastomeric yarn for a short distance (1-3 stitch loops) where it then crosses the elastomeric yarn and continues along the opposite side for the same distance or number of stitch loops. It again crosses the elastomeric yarn and so forth in alternating fashion along the entire length of the stitch loop chain. This crossing pattern of the control yarn is mirrored along adjacent elastomeric yarns to provide strength to the elastic webbing and for a limiting effect when the webbing is loaded or stretched. Thus an elastic webbing which, without the control yarn, may stretch for example to 200% of its original, relaxed length, with the control yarns added, may stretch only 80 to 120% of its relaxed length. This "control" stretch provides strength to the elastic webbing while giving the ultimate user comfort in seating without a "mushy" or "too soft" feel. The elastic webbing of the invention can be attached to, for example, conventional wooden furniture sofa or chair frames to support usual covered polyurethane cushions thereon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a roll of elastic webbing of the invention which may be for example 30 meters in length and 7.6 cm in width; FIG. 2 demonstrates a close-up top view of a section of the elastic webbing as shown in FIG. 1 along lines 2--2; FIG. 3 shows a side view of the elastic webbing as seen in FIG. 2 along lines 3--3; FIG. 4 depicts a top view of yet another embodiment of the elastic webbing as shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 5 pictures a side view of the elastic webbing as shown in FIG. 4 along lines 5--5; FIG. 6 shows a top view of a third embodiment of the webbing as shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 7 illustrates a side view of the elastic webbing as seen in FIG. 6 along lines 7--7; and FIG. 8 demonstrates a conventional furniture frame having the elastic webbing of FIG. 1 mounted in place thereon for cushion support. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred form of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 which show an elastic knit webbing for furniture which has a prefertable width of 7.6 cm and includes 38 ends of elastomeric yarn and 38 walewise parallel stitch loop chains. The webbing is formed on a conventional flatbed warp knitting machine such as a Comez in which a plurality of extruded rubber elastomeric yarns of 22 gauge are knit into walewise parallel stitch loop chains formed from 600 (2 ply×300) denier polyester yarn which form successive courses from side to side. A pair of parallel filling yarns are positioned weftwise in the elastic webbing and are held by the looped chains with the elastomeric yarns contained therebetween. The filling yarns preferrably consist of 1200 denier polypropylene yarn of the bulk continuous filament (bcf) type. A control yarn is likewise knitted into the elastic webbing and consists of a 1000 denier polypropylene yarn which is positioned walewise alongside the elastomeric yarn for 2 stitch loops where it then crosses the elastomeric yarn and continues alongside for 2 additional stitch loops, and so forth. Adjacent courses of elastomeric yarns demonstrate the control yarn passing across alternating top and bottom surfaces of the elastomeric yarns. As hereinbefore explained, the control yarns are positioned in the webbing to limit the amount of stretch or elongation of the elastomeric yarn in the walewise direction. The elastic knit webbing construction as shown herein will not substantially elongate in the weftwise direction. The preferred use of the elastic webbing of the invention is for furniture construction and manufacture and is particularly useful for providing cushion supports to the back and seating areas of chairs, sofas or the like. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND OPERATION OF THE INVENTION Turning now to the drawings which are not represented in scale but to clearly show the various embodiments and constructions, FIG. 1 demonstrates a perspective view of a roll of elastic webbing 10 as may be sold to furniture manufacturers. Webbing 10 may be for example 7.6 cm wide and 30 meters in length although other widths and lengths could be manufactured and packaged as desired. Elastic webbing 10 is formed on a conventional warp knit machine such as a Comez as is standard and well known in the knitting industry. In FIG. 2 an enlarged top plan view of a section of the fabric as shown in FIG. 1 along lines 2--2 is depicted which has been somewhat longitudinally stretched to better illustrate its construction. As seen, elastic webbing 10 includes a plurality of walewise parallel stitch loop chains shown generally at 11 which form successive courses 12 therealong utilizing loop stitch yarn 16. Walewise stitch loop chains 11 are preferrably formed from a 600 denier polyester (2 ply×300 d.). Elastomeric yarn 13 is inlaid in and walewise extends along said loop chains 11. Elastomeric yarn 13 may be an extruded rubber yarn of 22 gauge although other stretchable yarns of various gauges such as 28 or 34 gauge could also be employed, depending on the particular end use of elastic webbing 10. Filling yarn 14 may consist of a 1200 denier polypropylene yarn of the brief continuous filament type and as shown, a second parallel filling yarn 14' is seen beneath top filling yarn 14. As would be understood, elastic webbing 10 will stretch or elongate along its longitudinal axis (walewise) a controlled amount, for example up to 120% of its normal, relaxed length. Other elastomeric yarns having less elasticity and other knitting constructions can be employed which will further limit the walewise elongation as just described. As elastic webbing 10 is used in furniture structures, for example in seat webbing, it must carry a high load when used on sofa frames where 3 or more adults may sit simultaneously. Thus, to prevent undue elongation and to strengthen elastic webbing 10, control yarn 15 is employed which is knit between parallel filling yarns 14, 14' and between said filling yarns 14, 14'. Control yarn 15 may be for example a 1000 denier fibulated polypropylene yarn although other strong yarn types and sizes could be utilized, depending on the particular end use intended for elastic webbing 10. As further shown in FIG. 2, control yarns 15 are knit beside elastomeric yarns 13 where they cross elastomeric yarns 13 every 2 walewise stitch loops 17. As elastic webbing 10 is stretched in a walewise direction, control yarns 15 become taut, until further stretching is not possible. Control yarns 15 alternate in passing along the top and bottom surfaces of adjacent elastomeric yarns 13 as seen in FIG. 2. From right to left in FIG. 2, as yarn control 15 passes across the bottom surface of elastomeric yarn 13 in wale A, it passes across the upper surface of elastomeric yarn 13 in wale B and so forth in alternating fashion throughout elastic webbing 10. FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of webbing 10 as shown in FIG. 2 along lines 3--3 and likewise showns the placement of control yarn 15 along with loop stitch yarn 16 which may comprise a 600 denier polyester yarn. In FIG. 4, a second webbing embodiment is seen whereby warp knit elastic webbing 20 is featured which is similar to elastic webbing 10 except that control yarn 21 crosses elastomeric yarn 22 at every stitch loop 25. As would be understood, elastic webbing 20 would have less longitudinal stretch than elastic webbing 10 with all other factors constant as control yarn 21 would extend less and therefore provide less longitudinal stretch to elastic webbing 21. In FIG. 5, a side view of elastic webbing 20 is shown with control yarn 21 crossing at every loop stitch. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate yet another embodiment with elastic webbing 30. Control yarn 31 in FIG. 6 crosses walewise parallel stitch loop chains 32 every 3 loop stitches 36. As further seen, control yarn 32 is knit into elastic webbing 30 between filling yarns 34, and 34'. FIG. 7 depicts a side view of one elastomeric yarn 33 to illustrate control yarn 32 crossing thereover. In FIG. 8 conventional wooden sofa frame 40 is pictured with elastic webbing 10 stapled thereto. As would be understood, elastic webbing 10 can be placed longitudinally on seat frame 41 or back frame 42 of sofa frame 40 or can be placed laterally thereacross. Elastic webbing 10 was selected for its particular stretch and durability based on the seat opening and strength of webbing required. The illustrations, examples and embodiments provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. Modifications can be made to the elastic webbing as are known in the art such as providing a ravel resistant edge or by using other yarn sizes and types or other stitch patterns for particular purposes.

A furniture elastic webbing is provided for use on sofa frames or the like to support seat and back cushions. The elastic webbing has a unique structure which provides controlled longitudinal stretch to support heavy loads such as the body weight of several adults simultaneously. The elastic webbing is warp knit by conventional methods with an inlaid, strong, durable control yarn generally walewise along each elastomeric yarn therein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a method of solid or semi-solid fermentation of food material, a method of reducing the viscosity of food material and a method for enhancing the organoleptic and/or nutritional properties of food material. In addition the present invention relates to the use of conical vessels for conducting fermentation. [0002] There are numerous raw food materials that are nutritionally extremely valuable. The soy-bean is examplary to illustrate this: it contains up to 48% proteins and 22% oil. Furthermore, a huge range of secondary metabolites, for example isoflavones, micronutrients (folate, zinc, calcium, iron), soluble fibers and prebiotic oligosaccharides are found. [0003] Likewise, grains of cereals, such as rice, and seeds of other plants, for example other legumes, comprise nutritionally valuable ingredients. [0004] Very often, however, the valuable parts of different raw food material, even if cooked, are not easily accessible to a human or animal consumer. This is so because the food can not be sufficiently broken into small units that may be absorbed during digestion, or the food material may comprise other components (for example fibres) that hamper a complete digestion and absorption of valuable components. Especially infants or children, but also patients suffering from a disease, generally exhibit difficulty in accessing a maximum of the nutritionally valuable parts of certain food. [0005] This is one reason why fermentation of food material has been conducted ever since: Enzymes not present in the mammal digestive tract, but in specific micro-organisms, break down components like carbohydrates, proteins and so forth. The fermentation may thus have the consequence that the end product is more readily absorbed in the digestive tract of humans, for example. [0006] Of course, fermentations are also conducted for other purposes, such as the development of specific flavors, the acidification, production of specific metabolites, for example. [0007] Fermentation of food material, such as soy beans, for example, entails a lot of difficulties. [0008] One problem of known processes of soy fermentation is the development of off-flavors. This is often due to the prolonged action of micro-organisms on a food substrate. During the fermentation, proteins are split to bad-tasting parts, undesired metabolites are accumulated, for example. [0009] Another problem is that fermentation processes, especially when soy beans form part of the food base, often take a long time. [0010] Other issues are the problem of contamination. In industrial processes, the food material must be sufficiently freed from undesired micro-organisms prior to a fermentation process. [0011] In general, the literature presents an endless number of processes for fermenting soybeans, for example. Depending on the particular wishes with respect to taste, viscosity and solubility, these processes may vary starkly. [0012] Some of the known fermentation processes of soy, for example if fermentation is carried out with Rhizopus, a mould, implicate the release of a high amount of enzymes. This may be due to non-optimal aeration during fermentation, which is usually carried out in a flat tray-like container, or due to the prolonged fermentation time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] With respect to the present invention, it is wished to reduce viscosity and undesired tastes of food material, for example, legumes or cereals, in order to create a food base generally applicable in different kinds of food products. In so doing, the nutritionally beneficial parts are made more available to the consumer, hence the nutritional and organoleptical properties of food material is improved. [0014] Another objective is to ferment food material rapidly and in a more economic, streamlined manner and at the same time prevent contamination and ensure impeccable product safety. [0015] It is a further objective to develop new and unexpected tastes. [0016] The present invention addresses the problems set out above. [0017] Remarkably, it has been found that a solid or semi-solid fermentation of food material may be conducted in vessels so far not known to be suitable for fermentation. In particular, such fermentation could be successfully conducted in a vessel of a conical mixer and equipped with the mixing instruments of a mixer. [0018] Unexpectedly, it was found that such fermentation could be conducted at a high dry matter content while yielding a food base with an excellent taste and texture properties enabling a broad application in different foods. [0019] Consequently, in a first aspect the present invention provides a method of solid or semi-solid fermentation of food material, which is conducted in a conical vessel. [0020] In a second aspect the invention provides a method of reducing the viscosity of food material, wherein a solid or semi-solid fermentation is conducted in a conical vessel. [0021] In a third aspect the invention provides a method for increasing the organoleptic and/or nutritional properties of food material, wherein a solid or semi-solid fermentation is conducted in a conical vessel. [0022] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides the use of a conical mixer for conducting fermentation. [0023] Surprisingly, it was found that fermentation could most efficiently be conducted in a conical vessel, for example in a conical mixer. [0024] It is indeed surprising that a fermentation of a food material may be carried out in a reduced time and at a high dry matter content. From the state of the art it is known that fermentation of soy at a high dry matter content (solid or semi-solid) takes 40 hours or more. [0025] An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a surprisingly efficient way of fermenting food material, for example, soy-beans, yielding an added value food base comprising soy. [0026] Another advantage of the present invention is that it generally provides a new and efficient way of conducting fermentation. [0027] Yet another advantage of the present invention is that the filling and emptying of the vessel of fermentation is particularly easy and efficient to perform. [0028] An important advantage of the present invention is that vessels so far only known for mixing of doughs, for example, are particularly suitable to conduct fermentation at a high dry matter content. [0029] It is an advantage that the conical vessel allows a streamlined and safe process, because also cooking, sterilization or pasteurization may be conducted in the same vessel. A streamlined and efficient process of fermentation is allowed for. [0030] Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description of the Invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0031] Within the context of this specification the word “comprises” is taken to mean “includes, among other things”. It is not intended to be construed as “consists only of”. [0032] Within the context of this specification the term “conical vessel” is used, because the fermentation according to the invention was successfully carried out in a conical mixer. However, the term is also intended to include fermentation vessels that were modelled on mixers, but in fact are no longer mixers, owing to minor changes of a mixer. Such changes include for example changes in size and material, as long as the conical principle is adhered to. For example, a fermentation vessel may be modelled on a mixer, but with a bigger size or a different rotary element or mixing equipment. Such modifications are also intended by the concept of the present invention. Additionally, the characteristic “conical” does not necessarily also apply to the outer shape of the fermentation vessel, but essentially to the inner surface of the vessel. [0033] The word “seeds” is understood to encompass at least all fruits of legumes, for example, peas, beans, such as soybeans, lenses or chickpeas, just to mention a few. However, the term “seeds” is not understood to be restricted to the fruits or seeds of legumes only, but encompasses plant material suitable for processing to food products of other taxa, too. [0034] In an embodiment of the present invention, the food material has a dry matter content of 35 to 75% in percent by weight at the start of the fermentation. [0035] In another embodiment the dry matter content of the material is 40 to 70% in percent by weight at the start and during the fermentation. In a preferred embodiment, the dry matter content is 45 to 65%, more preferably 50 to 60%. [0036] In a further embodiment, the conical vessel comprises a rotary element. [0037] Preferably, the rotary element of the conical vessel is a mixing screw penetrating into the mixing vessel. More preferably the screw is a rotary screw and/or an orbital screw. [0038] Preferably, the rotary screw of the conical vessel is moved along the inner wall during at least the beginning of the fermentation. [0039] Preferably, the screw of the mixer, when rotating and moving along the inner wall of the conical vessel, conveys the material upwards along the inner wall during the fermentation. [0040] Preferably, the conical vessel comprises a downwardly converging, generally conical inner wall. [0041] In an embodiment of the present invention the conical vessel is a conical orbital mixer. [0042] More preferably, it is a convective random batch mixer. [0043] In a preferred embodiment, the food material according to the method of the present invention comprises material selected form the group comprising cereals, seeds of legumes, potatoes and mixtures thereof. [0044] More preferably, the food material comprises material selected from the group consisting of soy beans, rice, wheat, potatoes and mixtures thereof. [0045] In an even more preferred embodiment, the food material consists of whole or crushed grains or seeds, or grits or groats of the grains or seeds. [0046] Preferably, if soybeans form at least part of the food material, the soybeans are de-hulled and crushed or milled soybeans. For example, the soybeans are in the form of soybean grits. In another example, the soybeans are in the form of soybean flower, semolina, bruised grain, groats or pellets. [0047] In an embodiment, starchy material is added to the soybeans or the material based on soy prior to fermentation. Preferably, the starchy material is based on rice, cereals and/or potatoes. [0048] In still another embodiment of the present invention, the fermentation is conducted with at least one agent selected from the group consisting of micro-organisms, fungi, enzymes and/or mixtures thereof. [0049] Preferably, in an embodiment according to the invention the fermentation is conducted with at least one micro-organism selected from strains of the genus Lactobacillus, Rhizopus and combinations thereof. [0050] In a further embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the fermentation is conducted with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of protease, hemicellulase, cellulase, (α-amylase, (α-glucosidase, phytase, galactosidase and combinations thereof. [0051] In a still further embodiment, the fermentation is conducted for 5 to 25 hours at a temperature of 25 to 45° C. Preferably, the fermentation time is 6 to 16, even more preferably 7 to 12 hours. The fermentation temperature preferably is 30 to 40° C. [0052] In a more preferred embodiment, the method according to the present invention is directed to produce a food base comprising soy, which comprises the steps of hydrating and heat treating de-hulled soybeans, thereby obtaining a hydrated food material based at least on soy, and conducting a solid state or semi-solid fermentation of the hydrated food material with at least one micro-organism or fungus, wherein at least the fermentation is conducted in a conical vessel. [0053] In an embodiment of the use of a conical mixer for conducting fermentation, the conical vessel as described above is used. In a preferred embodiment, the conical vessel is a conical mixer. [0054] In order to carry out the invention, no strict rule with respect to the fermentation vessel, the fermented food material and fermenting organisms or enzymes must be established. [0055] Hence, the fermentation vessel may be a conical mixer. A suitable fermentation vessel is, for example, a double jacketed mixer of the type “Summix™”. The advantage with this system is that also the hydrating and heat treating steps of the food material may be easily conducted in this vessel before the fermentation step. Other suitable vessels are the Vricco-Nauta™ mixers, which are worldwide acknowledged as the industrial standard mixers and of which a range of different types with different working volumes are available (up to 4000 l). However, any conical system may be suitable. For example, a vessel, which is conical and which has a downwardly converging inner wall may be suitable. Such vessels must not necessarily be “mixers” originally, but they may be constructed on purpose to carry out the fermentation according to the present invention. However, they preferably are modelled on conical mixers as those named above, for example. [0056] If a solid state or a semi solid fermentation is to be conducted, the food material or substrate is preferably moved, mixed, stirred or agitated during or at the beginning of the fermentation process. This can be achieved by different means, for example with a rotary screw, which penetrates into the mixing vessel. For example, the mixing screw may be situated in a way that it extends through the entire mixing vessel along the inner wall from an upper opening to a bottom end, as is the case with the Vricco-Nauta™mixers, for example. [0057] A mixing screw in the sense of the present invention may thus be called a revolving stirring system. It may, alternatively, be described as conical orbital mixing system. With such a mixing system, usually a random mixture is obtained in which the final position of the particles is determined purely by chance. For this reason, the mixers according to the invention may be described as three-dimensional convective random batch mixers. The mixing during fermentation may be described by the following three factors occurring during mixing: [0058] The screw conveys the material upwards along the vessel wall. A screw to wall clearance avoids any tendency of the material to rotate at the same speed as the screw to prevent conveyance. [0059] A planetary movement of an orbital arm, which is connected to the screw, causes a continuous exchange of particles between the screw and the batch material over the full length of the screw. [0060] The remaining batch material, sinking by gravity, is subjected to a form change due to the conical shape of the vessel. [0061] The stirring or revolving system need not necessarily be active during the whole fermentation process. It may be sufficient to mix the food material to be fermented together with the micro-organisms and/or enzymes just at the beginning and to let fermentation take place in the unstirred conical vessel. This way of carrying out the invention is even preferred if the micro-organism is a fungus that while growing on the substrate develops a mycel, and stirring would impede the growing of the micro-organism. [0062] Likewise, the skilled person acknowledges that the revolving or stirring system described above is not the only means to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the substrate and the micro-organisms/enzymes. Accordingly, the stirring system may be absent totally and replaced by other mixing means. [0063] The food material subjected to fermentation may be of versatile origin. For example, seeds of legumes may form part of the material. Hence, peas, beans, lenses or chickpeas may form part of the food material. Preferably, soybeans form part of the fermented food material. The food material may also comprise starchy material or material comprising carbohydrates. For example, rice, wheat, barley, oat, corn, potatoes, jerusalem artichoke, tapioca, sugar cane and the like may be added. In general, any kind of cereal or starch containing vegetable is preferred. For example, fermentation may be conducted based on 1 part by weight of soy and another part of rice or rice and other cereals. Hence, de-hulled full fat and crushed soybeans may be mixed with any kind of rice in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 0.1:1. The weight ratio of soybean to rice preferably is from 1:0.5 to 0.5:1. More preferably, it is about 1:1. Of course, soybean may also be fermented alone. [0064] The food material to be fermented may be treated with water to gelatinize the starch and hydrate the fiber, thus allowing the fermenting units (micro-organisms, enzymes) to access the substrate. This may be done by soaking, cooking, steam treating or any other process known to the skilled person. Before fermentation, also sterilization, pasteurization, or at least a reduction of undesired germs, usually by heat treatment, may be performed. For the sake of convenience the term “pasteurization” is used to refer to any kind of process aiming at reduction of germs. For example, the food material may be treated with hot steam of a temperature of 100-200° C. [0065] Preferably, the hydrating and/or pasteurization may be conducted in a way that the water content is controlled. Preferably, they are conducted in a way that the dry matter ranges indicated below are not exceeded, so that a solid or semi-solid fermentation may be directly conducted afterwards. [0066] Preferably, the grits, groats, crushed or whole grains or seeds keep their shape during and after the hydrating or pasteurizing process, albeit being sufficiently hydrated. If the particles (groats, grits, and so forth) keep their form, the fermentation according to the present invention is facilitated and yields better results. [0067] If soy is to be fermented, alone or together with other food material, full fat, de-hulled and crushed soybeans (45-75% by weight of dry matter) may be hydrated in a suitable vessel by soaking with water for 10 to 60 minutes, for example. Preferably, soaking may be conducted for 20-40 minutes at 40-120° C., preferably 60-90° C. Thereafter, the food material may be sterilized at 100-160° C. for 1-10 minutes. By cooling to 30-50° C. and adjusting the pH to 5-7 with a suitable organic acid, the food material may be prepared for the following fermentation step. For example, citric acid is a suitable organic acid. Preferably, the pH is adjusted to 5-6. At this moment, the dry matter content preferably lies between 40% to 70%, more preferably between 45% to 65%. [0068] The food material (hydrated food material) thus obtained may then be subjected to fermentation. If the food material is not yet placed in a conical mixing vessel as described above, it may be transferred to it at this stage. Fermentation may be conducted with a variety of micro-organisms, fungi and/or enzymes. According to the kind of fermentation and to the desired organoleptic properties or nutritional value of the food base, fermentation may be conducted with one or several organisms. In the case of a fermentation of soybeans, it may be conducted with a rhizopus or a lactobacillus strain. Preferably, any Rhizopus oligosporus strain as used for the production of tempeh is used. Rhizopus may be selected because it also hydrolyses fiber or because of the specific taste it produces in the end product. [0069] If fermentation is conducted with a Lactobacillus strain, Lactobacillus plantarum may be used. Lactobacilli strains may be selected because of their capability to acidify the medium and thus conferring protection against contamination. For example, a Lactobacillus plantarum culture may be added to the food material described above in an amount of 0.5 to 2% by weight of the total food material. Prior to fermentation, a starter culture may be obtained by cultivating Lactobacillus plantarum in a commercially available MRS broth medium at 20-40° C. for 5-24 hours, for example 7-18 hours, and keeping it at 1-5° C. until inoculation. [0070] For example, fermentation may be conducted with deposited micro-organisms as Lactobacillus plantarum (CNCM I-2757) and/or Rhizopus oligosporus (ATCC 22959). [0071] A strain may be selected because of its ability to acidify the medium or because of its probiotic properties. The skilled person is aware of the huge number of possible strains that will be suitable to accomplish this task. EP 0862863 lists a few strains that may prove useful to carry out the present invention. [0072] In addition to one or several micro-organisms or fungi, also specific enzymes may be added according to preferences. For example, proteases, like alcalase®, neutrase® or flavourzym® may be added. Also, hemicellulases and cellulases, amylases, for example αamylases, α-glucosidases and the like may be used. In addition, phytases, α-galactosidases and also transglutaminases may be added, if this is desired. If preferred, enzymes obtained from non-GMOs may be used (GMO=genetically modified organism). For example, endogeneous phytases from plant species, for example as naturally present in wheat flour, may be used. Usually, cellulases and hemicellulases may be used to digest fibers, proteases to improve the solubility of soybean proteins, phytase to degrade phytic acid and α-galactosidase to hydrolyze flatulent sugars. [0073] The amount of enzymes added should be adjusted to the efficiency or activity of the enzyme and the desired intensity of the effect obtained by the enzyme. [0074] For example, 0.4 to 1% by weight of α-amylase (Dexlo P, B 250, commercially obtainable from Gist-brocades, the Netherlands) and 0.1 to 0.25% of α-glucosidase (for example, AMG 300® obtainable from Novo Nordisk) may be added to the food material together with the micro-organism or the fungus when starting fermentation. [0075] The fermentation duration and temperature strongly depend on the used organisms. For example, if a soy based food material based on hydrated crushed and de-hulled soybeans is fermented with a Lactobacillus plantarum strain, with or without addition of enzymes, fermentation may carried out at 35 to 43° C. for 5 to 25 hours, preferably 7 to 12 hours. [0076] If the same food material is to be fermented with Rhizopus solely or together with enzymes as proteases, phytases and galactosidase, fermentation may be carried out at 25 to 34° C. for 8 to 26 hours, preferably, 10 to 24 hours, more preferably 12 to 20 hours. [0077] Generally, fermentation takes place at a temperature from 25 to 45° C., preferably from 28 to 43° C. for 5 to 30 hours, preferably 6 to 25 hours. It is worthwhile noting that fermentation time is clearly reduced with respect to so far known fermentation of food material based on soy. [0078] The fermentation is a solid state or a semi-solid fermentation, meaning that the dry matter content of the food material is relatively high during fermentation. For example, the food material may have a dry matter content of 20 to 80% in percent by weight. Preferably, it is between 35 to 70%, more preferably between 40 to 70%. For example, the dry matter content may be adjusted to 50 to 65%. In a preferred embodiment, the dry matter content is 45 to 60% by weight. These values may be valid also for the food material at the start of the fermentation. Since the dry matter content should not change in a way to leave the indicated ranges significantly during the fermentation, the above ranges generally are valid for the entire fermentation process and also for the food base obtained directly after having performed the fermentation. [0079] After the time of fermentation has expired, enzymes and micro-organisms or fungi may be inactivated by a short heat treatment. For example, a treatment of 80 to 110° C. for 20 seconds to 1 minute may be adequate. [0080] Depending on the further processing of the fermentation product, the food base, a heat treatment may not even be necessary. For example, if the food base comprises fermented soy-beans, which will be later processed to soy milk, the food base will be milled and heat-treated. In such cases, the food base may just be cooled, for example at or below 4° C., until further processing is initiated. [0081] Upon termination of fermentation in a conical vessel, the food base so obtained may be easily removed from the conical vessel by opening the bottom of the vessel, which allows the food base to exit by gravity. [0082] If a food material, for example comprising soybean and/or rice, is treated in the manner as set out above, the nutritional quality is clearly improved, the viscosity is lowered and a food base without off-taste and bitterness may be obtained. Such a base may be used directly in any food product. [0083] Alternatively, the food base obtained according to the method of the present invention may be further processed utilizing existing technology. For example, the food base may be further liquefied by addition of a liquid, such as water, or it may be dried and processed to a powder. [0084] For example, the food base obtained by the process according to the invention may be further liquefied by addition of water and then milled. Thereafter, the hard parts and/or insolubles may be removed by filtration. The resulting liquid may be readily processed to a ready-to-drink beverage or concentrated by evaporation, for example, and dried, by means of any known technology (spray drying, fluidized bed drying, for example). In this way a powder will be obtained that is reconstitutable in water or other liquids, such as milk, for example. If soy beans formed at least part of the fermented food material, the powder may be used as a reconstitutable soy milk, for example. [0085] The examples below are given by way of an illustration of the process according to the present invention and the products, which can be obtained thereby. The percentages and parts here are given by weight. EXAMPLE 1 Fermentation of Soybeans with Lactobacillus and Enzymes [0086] 60 kg of de-hulled and de-fatted soybean grit was mixed with 28 l water into a double-jacketed reactor (Summix, type DF-18-MO, with a capacity of 175 l, commecially available from Techno G, Nijkerk, the Netherlands) equipped with a revolving system and hydrated for 15 minutes at 70° C. [0087] Thereafter, steam (120° C.) was injected and the hydrated soybean grit was cooked at 120° C. at 1.3 bar for 3 minutes. After cooking, the soybeans were cooled down to 40° C. Prior to fermentation, the pH was adjusted to 5.5 by addition of citric acid. At this moment, the soy based material had a dry matter content of about 57% and the total weight of the material was 100 kg. [0088] An inoculum of L. plantarum (CNCM I-2757) was prepared in advance in a MRS broth medium at 30° C. for 16 hours and then kept at 4° C. until start of fermentation. [0089] Fermentation was started by incubating the cooked soybean grit with the inoculum (1% of inoculum by weight of soybeans). In so doing, an initial cell count of 4.2×10 7 cfu was obtained. [0090] Then, enzymes were added. In particular, 0.08 kg of cellulases and hemicellulases (Viscozym® L, 100 units/g, purchased from Novo Ferment AG) and 0.04 kg cellulases (Celluclast® 1.5 L, 1500 units/g, from the same manufacturer) were added. Per kg of food material, 600 units of the Celluclast® and 80 units of Viscozym® were present. The fermentation was continued at 40° C. for 8 hours. [0091] At the beginning of the fermentation, the substrate was gently agitated at 250 rpm for 5 minutes by the revolving system of the summix mixer to achieve even distribution of all ingredients in the food material. During fermentation, there was no agitation. [0092] After 8 hours, a cell count of >10 9 cfu was measured and the fermentation was stopped by cooling the fermented food material to 4° C. The fermented material (the food base) was later processed to soy milk powder, simply by milling it, removing the insolubles (hard parts) by filtration, concentrating by evaporation and, finally, drying. [0093] Analysis of the soy food base before and after the fermentation revealed the following results (table 1): TABLE 1 Effects of fermentation with Lactobacillus and enzymes on hydrated and cooked soy grits. Before After Unit fermentation fermentation Dry matter % 57.64 55 total germs cfu/g* 4.2 × 10 7 >10 9 pH 5.5 5.17 Viscosity mPa 80518 42060 *cfu = colony forming units [0094] The product obtained from the fermentation was a food base with good organoleptic properties (no beany or bitter taste) and a substantially reduced. The product can easily be further processed according to the manufacturer's desire or, alternatively, directly be applied to food products. [0095] In conclusion, the process according to the present invention enables within a short fermentation time (8 hours) to remarkably reduce viscosity of food material based on soy and thus improve its nutritional and organoleptical properties. EXAMPLE 2 Fermentation of Soy and Rice with Rhizopus [0096] A substrate for fermentation of rice and soybeans was prepared as follows: Water (48 l) was added to rice (46 kg) and de-hulled, de-fatted crushed soybeans (46 kg) in a summix reactor (same type as in example 1). The mixture was heated to 70° C. for 15 minutes to allow hydration by soaking. Thereafter a cooking step involved heating the mixture to 120° C. for 3 minutes at a pressure of 1.3 bar. Then the mixture was cooled to 35° C. [0097] An inoculum of Rhizopus oligosporus (ATCC 22959) was prepared by growing spores on mycological agar at 30° C. for 5 days. The sporangiospore suspension (2%) was used to inoculate a sterile FS (Soy flour) medium (3% soy flour, 1% glucose, 0.5% CSC powder). The mixture was kept under shaking at 100 rpm at 30° C. for 24 hours, then homogenised and kept at 4° C. until use for fermentation. [0098] The Rhizopus culture (1%) was added to the substrate and mixed. The initial pH was adjusted to 5-6 with citric acid (25%). Two different enzymes were added (α-amylase, 0.8 kg, Dexlo-P®, Gist-brocades, the Netherlands and α-glucosidase, 0.18 kg, AMG®, Novo Nordisk, the Netherlands). The fermentation was carried out in one step, at 30° C. for 12 hours under slight agitation (250 rpm). The dry matter throughout the fermentation was high (above 50%). [0099] After 12 hours, the fermentation was stopped by chilling (4° C.) after removal of the substrate by gravitation. The food base obtained was further processed to a powder as set forth in example 1. [0100] Analysis of the soy and rice based material before and after the fermentation with Rhizopus and enzymes revealed the following results (table 2): TABLE 2 Effects of fermentation with Rhizopus and enzymes on hydrated and cooked soy grits and rice. After Unit Before fermentation fermentation Dry matter % 57.1 53.2 total germs Cfu/g <10 300 pH 5.5 5.5 Viscosity mPa 80518 42060 Phytic acid % (based on protein) 3.4 2.9 SI*, pH 6.8 % 21.4 48.9 NSI** % 0.8 12.8 DE*** 1.4 20 *Solubility index; **Nitrogen solubility index; ***Dextrose equivalents [0101] The taste of the food base obtained directly after fermentation was sweet and pleasant. [0102] In summary, a food base useful for further processing or for direct application to other foods and consumption was obtained from a base comprising soy and rice by fermentation in an extremely short time in a conical vessel, in this case a conical mixer. The nutritional value of the food base was clearly improved within little time. [0103] It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

The present invention relates to a process of solid or semi-solid fermentation of food material. The process includes the utilisation of a conical vessel to carry out the fermentation at a high dry matter content. One of the beneficial effects of the process is that fermentation time can be drastically reduced. Thus, it is possible to conduct the fermentation of soy, for example, within less than 16 hours while obtaining a tasty, nutritionally valuable paste based on soy. The invention also relates to the use of conical vessels to conduct fermentation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to new chemical compounds and the method for preparing the same. It relates further to the use of the new compounds for treating and preventing coccidiosis. This invention still more particularly relates to a novel mixture of degradation products obtained by acid treatment of boromycin and the use of the same in the control and treatment of coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a widespread poultry disease which is produced by infections of protozoa of the genus Eimeria which causes severe pathology in the intestines and ceca of poultry. Some of the most significant of these species are E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. maxima. This disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the infectious organism in droppings on contaminated litter or ground, or by way of food or drinking water. The disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood in the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances. The disease often terminates in the death of the animal, but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value substantially reduced as a result of the infection. Coccidiosis is, therefore, a disease of great economic importance and extensive work has been done to find new and improved methods for controlling and treating coccidial infections in poultry. Boromycin is an ionophoric macrolide and methods for obtaining it are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,418, issued Oct. 30, 1973. The use of boromycin as an anticoccidial agent is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,479, issued Feb. 4, 1975. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention is based on the surprising and totally unexpected discovery that treatment of boromycin with acid results in a mixture of degradation products which has a surprisingly and unexpectedly high degree of activity against coccidiosis of poultry. Administering a small amount of this mixture, preferably in combination with poultry feed, is effective in preventing or greatly reducing the incidence of coccidiosis. The mixture is effective against both the cecal form (caused by E. tenella) and the intestinal forms (principally caused by E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima and E. necatrix). In addition to preventing the pathology caused by coccidia, these compounds also exert an inhibitory effect on the oocysts by greatly reducing the number and/or the sporulation of those produced. The novel mixture of boromycin degradation products of this invention is prepared from the starting material, boromycin. This starting material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,418 which is herein incorporated by reference. The novel mixture of compounds of the present invention is prepared by treating boromycin or a salt of boromycin dissolved in a suitable solvent with an excess of acid. The resulting reaction solution is neutralized and the boromycin degradation products separated from inorganic salts. Any suitable solvent in which boromycin or the salt of boromycin is soluble and to which both are inert, may be used in preparing the degradation products of boromycin. However, the preferred solvents are polar organic solvents such as alcohols or halogenated hydrocarbons. The preferred alcohols are those containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol. The preferred halogenated hydrocarbons are those such as chloroform, bromoform and methylene chloride. The most preferred solvents are absolute ethanol and chloroform. The preferred salt of boromycin is an alkali metal salt, selected from any of the univalent basic metals of Group I of the periodic table such as lithium, sodium or potassium. The sodium salt is the preferred salt in the present invention. The salts are prepared by neutralizing boromycin with a weak base such as sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate or other such weak bases having a monovalent anion to form the sodium, potassium or like salt. The details of salt formation are well known to those skilled in the art. The acids used for preparing the degradation products of boromycin are selected from any of the following groups: mineral acids, aromatic sulfonic acids, Lewis acids and strongly acidic cation exchange resins. The preferred mineral acids are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The preferred aromatic sulfonic acids are sulfosalicylic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The preferred Lewis acid is titanium tetrachloride (in chloroform solvent) and the preferred strongly acidic cation exchange resins are the sulfonic acid type having a styrenedivinylbenzene matrix such as Dowex-50, hydrogen form (manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan). In a preferred process for preparing the acid degradation products of boromycin of the present invention one equivalent of boromycin or sodium salt of boromycin is dissolved in ethanol. To this is added an excess of concentrated HCl. The reaction solution is agitated from 2 to 4 hours, preferably at about room temperature. The solution is diluted with water and the pH adjusted to about neutral with inorganic base or neutralized by passage through a column packed with a polystyrene amine anion exchange resin and the eluate concentrated in vacuo to a syrup containing the degradation products. In the case wherein the reaction solution is neutralized with inorganic base, the precipitated salts are removed by centrifugation and the supernatant fluid containing the desired degradation products is decanted and concentrated in vacuo to a syrup. The concentrates can be incorporated as such into poultry feed to treat coccidiosis or the concentrates can be further purified by chromatography on silica gel. It is, therefore, a primary object of this invention to provide a novel mixture of acid degradation products of boromycin which mixture is useful in the control of coccidiosis. Another object of this invention is to provide novel anticoccidial agents. Still another object of this invention is to provide novel feed compositions useful for the prevention and suppression of coccidiosis in poultry. A further object of this invention is to provide a new and useful method for the control of coccidiosis in poultry which comprises administering to the poultry minor amounts of the anticoccidial substances of this invention. A still further object of this invention is to provide a method for preparing a novel mixture of acid degradation products of boromycin. These and further objects of this invention will become apparent or be described as the description thereof herein proceeds. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In accordance with this invention, coccidiosis in poultry is controlled or suppressed by administering to the poultry a non-toxic, anticoccidially effective quantity of a mixture of acid degradation products of boromycin. In preparing the novel coccidiostat of this invention, boromycin on the sodium salt of boromycin is dissolved in absolute ethanol to which is added 10 equivalents of concentrated HCl. The solution is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and neutralized by passage through a column packed with the polystyrene amine resin, IR-45 in the hydroxide form. The eluate is collected and concentrated in vacuo to a syrup. Alternatively, the reaction solution is neutralized by the addition of a methanolic solution of KOH. The inorganic salts are removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant liquid containing the boromycin degradation products is concentrated to a syrup. Thin Layer Chromatography of Boromycin Acid Degradation Products The mixture of degradation products resulting from the acid treatment of boromycin or a salt of boromycin can be defined by its TLC profile on silica gel plates using the solvent system chloroform:methanol (19:1). The separated components of the degradation mixture, as well as, boromycin, can be visualized with reagents such as iodine, ninhydrin, vanillin-sulfuric acid and water. A diagrammatic representation of a TLC profile for the degradation mixture appears in FIG. 1. With reference to FIG. 1, the thin layer chromatography was run on a E. Merck 60-254F silica gel plate in chloroform:methanol (19:1). The spots were visualized with iodine vapor. With reference to FIG. 1, the Channels 1 to 3 were spotted at the origin with the following components: Channel 1: boromycin Channel 2: boromycin and acid degradation products of boromycin Channel 3: acid degradation products of boromycin. Column Chromatography of Boromycin Acid Degradation Products The mixture of degradation products resulting from acid treatment of boromycin or a salt of boromycin can also be defined by its behavior on silica gel column chromatography. For example, 1.09 g. of the degradation mixture in chloroform was charged to a silica gel column (100 ml. bed volume) formed in chloroform. Five fractions were obtained using solvents of increasing polarity to elute the column. The solvents used and the weights of the residues obtained after evaporation of the solvent from each fraction are given below. ______________________________________Solvent Residue Weight (g.)______________________________________Chloroform (250 ml.) 0.00130% Ether in chloroform (400 ml.) 0.024Ethyl acetate (400 ml.) 0.182Acetone (400 ml.) 0.760Methanol (400 ml.) 0.353*______________________________________ *This fraction contained material not soluble in acetone and thus contains material solubilized from the adsorbant by methanol. It should be noted that none of the fractions from the column chromatography of the degradation mixture showed activity against coccidiosis when assayed at levels corresponding to their actual presence in the mixture. However, when the column fractions were recombined in amounts proportional to their levels in the degradation mixture, the resulting mixture was as active as the unseparated degradation mixture. The novel compounds of this invention are orally administered to poultry for the control and prevention of coccidiosis. Any number of conventional methods are suitable for administering the coccidiostat of this invention to poultry, as for example, they may be given in the poultry feed or included in drinking water. The actual quantity of the coccidiostat administered to the poultry in accordance with this invention will vary over a wide range and be adjusted to individual needs, depending upon species of the coccidia involved and severity of the infection. The limiting criteria are that the minimum amount is sufficient to control coccidiosis and the maximum amount is such that the coccidiostat does not result in any undesirable effects. A feed will typically contain from about 0.0005 to about 0.05%, preferably from about 0.0025 to about 0.01% by weight of the coccidiostat of this invention. The optimum levels will naturally vary with the species of Eimeria involved, and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. Levels of acid degradation products of boromycin of this invention, in poultry feed of from about 0.004% to about 0.008% by weight of the diet are especially useful. Levels of 0.005% to 0.05% possess the effects of reducing the number of oocysts passed in the droppings of infected chickens and/or inhibiting the subsequent division and maturation to infectivity, scientifically designated as the process of sporulation. Thus, the combination of prevention of pathology, coupled with the inhibiting effects on the reproductive product of these organisms, the oocysts, present a unique two-fold method for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. The quantity or concentration of the novel coccidiostat of this invention in any admixture in which it is administered to the poultry will, of course, vary in accordance with the type of admixture utilized. Of the various methods of administering the coccidiostat of this invention to poultry, it is most conveniently administered as a component of a feed composition. The novel coccidiostat may be readily dispersed by mechanically mixing the same in finely ground form with the poultry feedstuff, or with an intermediate formulation (premix) that is subsequently blended with other components to prepare the final poultry feedstuff that is fed to the poultry. Typical components of poultry feedstuffs include molasses, fermentation residues, corn meal, ground and rolled oats, wheat shorts and middlings, alfalfa, clover and meat scraps, together with mineral supplements such as bone meal and calcium carbonate and vitamins. Suitable compositions also include feed premixes in which the active ingredient is present in relatively large amounts and which are suitable for addition into the feed either directly or after an intermediate dilution or blending step. Such compositions may also be added to the animals feed in the form of a top dressing. Typical carriers or diluents suitable for such compositions include for example, distillers dried grains such as corn distiller's dried grains and corn distiller's grains, corn meal and corn meal germ, citrus meal, fermentation residues, ground oyster shells, wheat shorts and wheat standard middlings, molasses solubles, corncob meal, edible bean mill feed, soyagrits, crushed limestone and the like. The coccidiostat is intimately dispersed throughout the carrier by methods such as grinding, stirring, milling or tumbling. Compositions containing from about 0.1 to 50% by weight, especially from about 0.5 to 25% by weight of the compound are particularly suitable as feed premixes. Examples of typical feed premixes containing boromycin acid degradation products dispersed in a solid inert carrier are: ______________________________________ lbs.______________________________________A. Boromycin acid degradation products 6.0 Wheat standard middlings 94.0B. Boromycin acid degradation products 10.0 Corn distiller's dried grains 90.0C. Boromycin acid degradation products 20.0 Corn germ meal 30.0 Corn distiller's grains 50.0______________________________________ The following non-limiting examples will serve to further illustrate the instant invention. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Boromycin Acid Degradation Products Boromycin, 100 g. (0.113 moles), was dissolved in 200 ml. absolute ethanol. To this solution was added 100 ml. concentrated HCl (1.20 moles, approx. 10 equivalents of boromycin). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction solution was neutralized by passing through a column packed with 2 liters IR-45 in the hydroxide form. The effluent was concentrated in vacuo to a syrup and flushed with ethyl acetate. The final volume of the syrup was 950 ml. containing a total of 103.6 g. boromycin acid degradation products. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Boromycin Acid Degradation Products Boromycin sodium salt, 250 mg., was dissolved in 25 ml. absolute ethanol. To this solution was added 0.25 ml. concentrated HCl with stirring and the solution agitated for 24 hours. To the reaction solution was added 2 ml. 1N KOH in methanol with stirring. The reaction mixture was centrifuged to remove the precipitate. The supernatent liquid was decanted and evaporated in vacuo to a syrup. The syrup was taken up in a minimum volume of CHCl 3 and applied on a column packed with 75 ml. silica gel in CHCl 3 . The column was eluted with 300 ml. 5% methanol in CHCl 3 followed by 300 ml. 10% methanol in CHCl 3 . The 5% methanol in CHCl 3 eluate was evaporated in vacuo to give 157 mg. of boromycin acid degradation products in the form of a syrup. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Boromycin Acid Degradation Products Treatment of sodium boromycin (1 equivalent) with the following acids (10 equivalents) in absolute ethanol gave reaction mixtures whose TLC profiles resembled that from the hydrochloric acid treatment. The reaction mixtures showed activity against coccidiosis. Mineral Acids Sulfuric, Nitric, Hydrochloric Aromatic Sulfonic Acids Sulfosalicylic, p-Toluenesulfonic Lewis Acid Titanium tetrachloride (reaction in chloroform) Strong Cation Exchange Resin Dowex-50, hydrogen form Although this invention has been described in relation to specific embodiments, it will be apparent that obvious modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the intended scope thereof as defined by the appended claims.

A novel mixture of degradation products of boromycin is prepared by treating boromycin with acid. This mixture of compounds has anticoccidial activity and is useful for controlling cecal and/or intestinal coccidiosis when administered in minor quantities to animals, in particular to poultry, usually in admixture with animal sustenance.

This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/256,641, filed Sep. 27, 2002 and still pending which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/053,076, filed Jan. 17, 2002 and still pending and is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/792,184, filed Feb. 23, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,604,400 which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/603,756, filed Jun. 26, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,488 which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/165,530, filed Oct. 2, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,933 which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/007,532, filed Jan. 15, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,432. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to fittings for connecting electrical metallic tubing (EMT) to a panel and specifically to an improved fitting that allows EMT to be snap fitted into the fitting to provide a quick and easy connection to a panel. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Historically, electrical metal tubing (EMT) was connected to electrical boxes by a tubular fitting including a leading end with a threaded nose for insertion into a circular aperture in the box and a trailing end including a screw mounted laterally through the fitting wall for securing the EMT to the fitting. This arrangement, although providing an adequate means for securing EMT to boxes, junctions, and various electrical housings, is time consuming. For every connection, an installer must first stab the leading end of the fitting into the box and thread a lock nut onto the threaded nose to secure the fitting to the box and, secondly, secure the EMT to the trailing end of the fitting by tightening the laterally mounted screw through the fitting wall. For any given installation of EMT in a building or factory, electrical contractors may be required to make hundreds or even thousands of such connections to completely wire the building. Additionally, tools must typically be used to achieve a secure connection, including a wrench on the lock nut and a screw on the laterally mounted screw. Therefore, it should be appreciated that completing all of these connections can be very time consuming, with the contractors typically using both a wrench and a screwdriver on each connection. Recently, snap engagement fittings have become popular as a means of connecting cables or EMT to electrical junction boxes. One such type of snap fitting is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,106 (hereinafter the '106 patent) issued Dec. 13, 1994, and entitled “Snap In Cable Connector”. This patent disclosed a quick connect fitting for an electrical junction box including a split ring member that improved the ease of use and reduced the time involved in securing electrical fittings to electrical junction boxes. However, the fitting of the '106 patent included the traditional method of securing the EMT or cable to the trailing end of the fitting, thereby requiring the use of a screwdriver to complete the connection on the trailing end. Although inclusion of a split ring on the leading end of the fitting in the '106 patent reduced installation time for the fitting to the box, it did not reduce installation time at the trailing end of the fitting, in which the EMT is secured to the fitting in the traditional manner. Therefore, what is needed is a fitting for securing EMT to panels and the like that does not require the use of any tools, at either the leading or trailing end, and that allows the leading end to be snap fitted into the panel and the EMT to be snap fitted into the trailing end. A fitting that allows snap engagement at both ends of the fitting, without the use of tools, would vastly reduce the time involved for installing EMT in a structure. Additionally, the fitting should be designed to work with standard electrical panels, boxes, housings, etc., including snap fit engagement with standard size knockout apertures. These and other advantages will become apparent by reading the attached specification and claims in conjunction with reference to the attached drawings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises a fitting that provides a trailing end designed for snap-in engagement of EMT. The fitting comprises a hollow, tubular, electrically conductive electrical connector having a leading for connecting to a panel and a trailing end for connecting to EMT. A fastening arrangement is provided on the leading end to allow snap-in engagement to a panel. A resilient, electrically conductive, cylindrical-shaped split ring is secured within the trailing end of the connector. A plurality of locking tangs are lanced longitudinally and bent inwardly to a smaller diameter than the outer diameter of EMT that the fitting will be used in conjunction with. Arcuate edges are included on the leading ends of the locking tangs. The arcuate edges are capable of digging into the outer surface of the EMT and holding it fast to the trailing end of connector. The fastening arrangement on the leading end of the fitting is typically a split ring affixed to the nose of the connector. The connector, split ring affixed to the nose of the connector, and the split ring secured within the trailing end of the connector comprise the fitting of the present invention that provides snap-in engagement on both ends of the fitting. The fitting allows the leading end of the connector to be snapped into a standard sized aperture in a panel and also allows EMT to be snapped into the trailing end of the fitting. The large contact area between the locking tangs and the EMT provide a large amount of surface contact between the locking tangs and the EMT, thereby improving continuity and lowering the millivolt drop. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the snap engagement electrical fitting according to the present invention in alignment with an electrical box and with the snap ring exploded away from the connector. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a blank that will be formed into the cylindrical snap ring. FIG. 3 is a front end view of the preferred embodiment of the cylindrical snap ring, or view from the leading end of the ring or the end facing the box in FIG. 1 . FIG. 4 is a back end view of the preferred embodiment of the cylindrical snap ring, or view from the end of the ring facing away from the box in FIG. 1 . FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the snap ring taken along line 5 — 5 of FIG. 3 . FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the snap ring taken along line 6 — 6 of FIG. 3 . FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the snap ring taken along line 7 — 7 of FIG. 4 . FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the snap ring of FIG. 3, from the front side of the ring. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the snap ring of FIG. 4, from the back side of the ring. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the snap engagement electrical fitting according to the present invention in alignment with an electrical box and with a portion of the trailing end of the connector cut away to reveal portions of the split ring inserted in the trailing end. FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the trailing end of the fitting with electrical metallic tubing secured therein. INDEX TO REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS 20 snap engagement electrical fitting 22 hollow electrical connector 24 split ring 26 fastening arrangement 28 aperture 30 junction box 32 leading end of connector 34 trailing end of connector 36 electrically conductive snap ring 38 central flange 40 leading flange 42 blank 44 leading edge of split ring 46 trailing edge of split ring 48 M-shaped slot 50 locking tang 52 trailing end of locking tang 54 leading end of locking tang 56 arcuate edge 58 U-shaped slot 60 securing tab 62 stabilizer 64 leading end of securing tab 66 trailing end of securing tab 68 panel engagement tangs 70 grounding tangs 72 window 74 leading end of fitting 76 trailing end of fitting 78 EMT (electrical metallic tubing) 80 inner, wall of split ring 82 end of stabilizer 84 circular engagement surface DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises a fitting for connecting EMT to a panel or junction box and providing snap-fit engagement of the leading end of the fitting with a panel and snap-fit engagement of EMT to the trailing end. This invention relates to and incorporates herein by reference in its entirety U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/256,641, filed Sep. 27, 2002, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/053,076 filed Jan. 17, 2002, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/792,184, filed Feb. 23, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,488 issued Jan. 1, 2002, U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,933 issued Jun. 27, 2000, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,432 issued Mar. 28, 2000. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a preferred embodiment of the snap engagement electrical fitting 20 for EMT according to the present invention. The snap engagement fitting 20 includes a hollow, tubular, electrically conductive electrical connector 22 , a resilient, electrically conductive, cylindrical-shaped split ring 24 , and a fastening arrangement 26 for snap engagement with an aperture 28 in a panel or junction box 30 . The electrical connector 22 includes a leading end 32 facing the box 30 and a trailing end 34 facing away from the box. A preferred embodiment of the fastening arrangement 26 includes an electrically conductive snap ring 36 disposed on the leading end 32 of the connector 22 between a central 38 and a leading 40 flange. The split ring 24 fits within the hollow interior of the trailing end 34 of the tubular connector 22 as will be described herein. The cylindrical-shaped split ring is formed from a flat piece or blank 42 of spring steel as shown in FIG. 2 . Details of the split ring will be described with reference to its eventual alignment with the junction box. The edge 44 of the blank 42 shown on the top of FIG. 2 will therefore become the leading edge 44 of the split ring after it is formed into its cylindrical shape and the opposite edge is the trailing edge 46 . In the preferred embodiment of the blank 42 shown in FIG. 2, four M-shaped slots 48 are cut in the blank to form eight locking tangs 50 arranged substantially along the length of the blank near the leading edge 44 . The locking tangs 50 include a trailing end 52 that is integral with the blank and a free leading end 54 that include arcuate edges 56 . The arcuate edges 56 have radii that will maximize surface contact of the arcuate edges with the particular standard sized EMT that they will be used in conjunction with. It should be noted that the pairs of locking tangs 50 are staggered different distances from the leading edge 44 , with the first and third pairs of locking tangs 50 , as numbered from the left to right hand side of FIG. 2, closer to the leading edge 44 than the second and fourth pairs of locking tangs 50 . This will insure that, once the split ring 24 is formed into its cylindrical shape, such as shown in FIG. 3, the pairs equidistant from the leading edge will be approximately opposite each other across the split ring 24 . As shown in FIG. 2, the preferred embodiment of the blank 42 includes two U-shaped slots 58 near the trailing edge 46 that define securing tabs 60 . Four stabilizers 62 have also been formed in the blank 42 near the trailing edge 46 . FIG. 3 depicts the blank 42 of FIG. 2 after it has been formed into its cylindrical-shaped split ring 24 as viewed from the leading end 44 . The locking tangs 50 have been bent with the arcuate edges 56 of the free ends 54 facing inwards as shown. The trailing ends 52 of the locking tangs 50 are cantilevered from the split ring 24 . The securing tabs 60 are bent outwards of the ring. Referring now to FIG. 4, the cylindrical-shaped split ring 24 as viewed from the trailing end 46 shows the stabilizers 62 , which are raised areas pressed inwards of the ring near the trailing edge 46 . The stabilizers 62 narrow the effective inner diameter of the split ring 24 near the trailing edge 46 . As shown in the sectional view of the split ring 24 in FIG. 5, the securing tabs 60 are bent outwards of the split ring 24 and include a leading end 64 cantilevered from the ring and a free end 66 . Two securing tabs 60 are depicted in the preferred embodiment of the split ring 24 . The sectional view of the split ring 24 in FIG. 6 depicts the locking tangs 50 bent inwards of the ring. The locking tangs 50 include a trailing end 52 that is cantilevered from the split ring 24 and a free leading end 54 that extends inwards of the ring. The locking tangs 50 include sharp arcuate edges 56 that point toward the leading edge 44 of the split ring 24 as shown. Referring to FIG. 7, the stabilizers 62 are raised areas in the wall of the split ring 24 . The stabilizers 62 are located near the trailing edge 46 of the split ring 24 and will serve to reduce the effective diameter of the trailing end of the split ring 24 . FIG. 8 depicts a perspective view of the split ring 24 as viewed from the leading end 44 . The locking tangs 50 are spaced around the periphery of the split ring 24 near the leading end 44 and include arcuate edges 56 that extend inward of the ring and are directed toward the leading end 44 . Securing tabs 60 include leading ends 64 that are cantilevered from the split ring 24 and free trailing ends 66 . FIG. 9 depicts a perspective view of the split ring 24 as viewed from the trailing end 46 . The stabilizers 62 project into the inner bore through the split ring 24 and reduce the effective diameter at the trailing end 46 . The operation of the snap engagement electrical fitting may best be understood by reference to FIG. 1 . The fitting 20 typically includes a hollow, tubular, electrically conductive connector 22 that having a central 38 and leading 40 flange. A securing arrangement on the leading end 32 of the connector typically consists of an electrically conductive snap ring 36 . The snap ring 36 is typically constructed of spring steel and is formed to a smaller diameter than the leading end 32 of the connector 22 between the two flanges 38 and 40 . The snap ring 36 , being constructed of the resilient spring steel, therefore is typically slid over the leading flange 40 and snaps to its relaxed diameter over the leading end of the connector. The snap ring 36 , thus seated on the leading end 32 of the connector 22 , forms a fastening arrangement 26 for securing the leading end of the connector 22 to a panel. In the preferred embodiment of the fastening arrangement 26 as depicted in FIG. 1, the snap ring 36 includes outward bent panel engagement tangs 68 and grounding tangs 70 . On its trailing end 34 , the tubular bore of the electrically conductive connector 22 includes windows 72 into which securing tabs 60 extend from the electrically conductive split ring 24 . The electrically conductive split ring 24 is formed to a larger diameter than the interior diameter of the trailing end 34 of the connector 22 . Therefore, the split snap ring 24 may be secured to the trailing end 34 of the connector 22 by compressing the ring 24 from its relaxed diameter to a smaller diameter and inserting the ring 24 in such a manner that the securing tabs 60 align with the windows 72 in the connector 22 . After being inserted into the hollow trailing end 34 of the connector 22 , the split ring 24 may be released, and, being constructed of spring steel, will spring back to the diameter of the hollow trailing end 34 , whereupon the securing tabs 60 lock into the windows 72 and secure the split ring 24 to the connector 22 . As shown in FIG. 10, the snap engagement electrical fitting 20 according to the present invention consists of the connector 22 , the split ring 24 disposed within the trailing end 34 of the connector 22 , and the fastening arrangement 26 on the leading end 32 of the connector 22 . With reference to FIG. 10, the fitting 20 of the present invention is operated by simply snapping the leading end 74 of the fitting 20 into an appropriately sized knockout aperture 28 in a panel or junction box 30 . After the leading end 74 of the fitting 20 is secured to the box 30 , Electrical metallic tubing 78 is then simply inserted into the trailing end 76 of the fitting 20 until the EMT 78 is inserted past the locking tangs 50 of the split ring 24 . The arcuate edges 56 of the locking tangs 50 dig into the outer surface of the EMT 78 and secure it within the trailing end 76 of the fitting 20 . As should be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the snap engagement electrical fitting 20 according to the present invention simplifies the task of connecting EMT to panels, junction boxes, and the like. The fitting of the present invention saves time over prior art fittings by eliminating the time required to fasten locking nuts on the leading end of the connector to fasten it to a panel or to tighten lateral screws on the trailing end of the connector to secure the EMT. FIG. 11 depicts a sectional view of the trailing end 76 of the fitting 20 after EMT 78 has been secured therein. EMT with a nominal conduit size of ½-inch has an outer diameter of 0.706 inch. The locking tangs 50 typically are at an angle of 60° from the walls of the split ring 24 and extend into the inner bore of the split ring to an extent such that the distance between the opposing arcuate edges 56 of the locking tangs 50 is typically 0.645 inch. The distance between the opposing arcuate edges 56 of the locking tangs 50 is therefore approximately 0.060 inch less than the outer diameter of the conduit 78 . Insertion of the ½-inch conduit 78 into the trailing end 76 of the fitting 20 therefore deflects the locking tangs 50 and displaces them 0.030 inch toward the inner wall 80 of the split ring 24 , or a total deflection of approximately 0.060 inch for the opposing locking tangs. After insertion of the EMT 78 , the locking tangs 50 are typically at an angle of 45° with respect to the inner wall 80 . The arcuate edges 56 , which extend substantially around the outer perimeter of the EMT 78 , bite into the outer wall of the EMT and hold it fast within the fitting 20 . As the EMT 78 is inserted into the fitting 20 , the split ring 24 is restrained from expanding in diameter by the inner wall 80 of the trailing end 76 of the fitting 20 . The stabilizers 62 extend into the inner bore of the split ring 24 such that the opposing ends of the stabilizers 82 are typically 0.730 inch apart. Insertion of the 0.706 inch diameter EMT 78 therefore allows a clearance of 0.024 inch on each side of the conduit. The stabilizers thus act to restrain the inserted conduit from sideways movement caused by a force applied to some portion of the conduit 78 . As shown in FIG. 3, the arcuate edges 56 on the locking tangs 50 form a circular engagement surface 84 for engaging the outer periphery of the conduit (not shown). The radii of the arcuate edges 56 preferably approximate the radius of the conduit (EMT) that it will be used in conjunction with. For a ½-inch nominal size conduit then, with an outer diameter of 0.706 inch, the radius of curvature of the conduit is therefore 0.353 inch. The radius of curvature of each arcuate edge 56 in the preferred embodiment is preferably 0.323 inch. When the locking tangs 50 engage a conduit 78 , such as shown in FIG. 11, the engaged locking tangs 50 are at an angle of approximately 45° to the wall 80 , and the radius of the arcuate edges 56 are selected to maximize surface contact with the outer periphery of the conduit 78 at the selected angle of engagement. The material of construction of the split ring is typically hardened spring steel. A preferred material of construction is AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 1050 CRS (cold rolled steel), annealed #3 edge, hardened to Rc 42-44, zinc plated to 0.0005″ thick minimum. With a Rockwell C hardness of 42-44, the arcuate edges 56 of the locking tangs 50 easily penetrate the outer surface of the conduit 78 that is typically manufactured to the standards of the National Electrical Code (Article 348 of the NEC). A typical thickness for the split ring 24 is 0.020 inch, which insures that the arcuate edges are sharp enough to penetrate the softer EMT 78 . Displacement of the locking tangs as described herein and the intimate contact of the arcuate edges on the inserted conduit create a connection between the box and the conduit that exhibits improved continuity and lowers the millivolt drop across the fitting. The locking tangs and arcuate edges also serve to lock the conduit within the fitting, thereby providing proper strain relief to the conduit and preventing accidental withdrawal of the conduit from the fitting and box. Use of the fitting saves a lot of time over traditional prior art fittings, as snap in engagement on both ends of the fitting eliminates the need for manual manipulation of tools to connect the prior art device. Electrical metallic tubing of course is supplied in a myriad of nominal conduit sizes. The snap engagement electrical fitting of the present invention can therefore be produced in a myriad of sizes to accommodate the various conduit sizes. Although the relative sizes of the connector and split ring will vary with the conduit size, the principle of controlling the angle of the locking tangs with respect to the wall of the split ring and the sideways displacement of the locking tangs to create a hold on the inserted conduit remains the same. Additionally, the fastening arrangement including the electrically conductive snap ring can be varied in size to fit different standard aperture sizes that are typically provided for EMT connection to panels, boxes, and the like. Although the description above contains many specific descriptions, materials, and dimensions, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.

A fitting that provides snap-in engagement of EMT to a panel. The fitting includes a hollow, tubular, electrically conductive electrical connector including a fastening arrangement on the leading end to allow snap-in engagement to a panel and a resilient, electrically conductive, cylindrical-shaped split ring within the trailing end to allow snap-in engagement of EMT. A plurality of locking tangs on the split ring are lanced longitudinally and bent inwardly to a smaller diameter than the outer diameter of EMT that the fitting will be used in conjunction with. Arcuate edges included on the leading ends of the locking tangs dig into the outer surface of the EMT thereby holding it fast to the trailing end of connector. The large contact area between the locking tangs and the EMT provide a large amount of surface contact between the locking tangs and the EMT, thereby improving continuity and lowering the millivolt drop. The fastening arrangement on the leading end of the fitting is typically a split ring affixed to the nose of the connector.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/574,858 filed May 27, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,916, filed Sep. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,686, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/408,503, filed Sep. 6, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/437,736 filed Jan. 2, 2003, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. GOVERNMENT INTEREST This invention was made with government support under grant CA 78039 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in this invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to analogs of dictyostatin, intermediates for the synthesis of such analogs and methods of synthesis of such intermediates and analogs. References set forth herein may facilitate understanding of the present invention or the background of the present invention. Inclusion of a reference herein, however, is not intended to and does not constitute an admission that the reference is available as prior art with respect to the present invention. The discovery and development of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer is currently of high importance. Some of the best currently available chemotherapeutic agents are natural products or natural product analogs. For example, Taxol (paclitaxel) is a natural product that is currently being used to treat patients with breast and ovarian cancer among others. A number of analogs of Taxol, including Taxotere (docetaxel), are also powerful anticancer agents. Recently, the natural product (+)-discodermolide and its analogs have shown great promise as anticancer agents. Discodermolide has been shown to have a mechanism of action similar to Taxol, but it is active against Taxol-resistant cell lines and it is more water soluble than Taxol. Accordingly, it may have a different and/or broader spectrum of action than Taxol and be easier to formulate and administer. Analogs of discodermolide have been made and tested for activity. For example, see Myles, D. C. Emerging microtubule stabilizing agents for cancer chemotherapy, Annual Reports In Medicinal Chem ; Academic Press: San Diego, Calif., 2002; pp 125-132. An interesting feature of discodermolide is that both enantiomers are biologically active. Recently, an unusual macrolactone natural product dictyostatin 1 (sometimes called simply “dictyostatin”) was isolated from two different sponges and a partial structure was assigned as shown below. See Pettit, G. R.; Cichacz, Z. A. Isolation and structure of dictyostatin 1. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,053; 1995; Pettit, G. R.; Cichacz, Z. A.; Gao, F.; Boyd, M. R.; Schmidt, J. M. Isolation and structure of the cancer cell growth inhibitor dictyostatin 1 . J Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 1111-1112. The configurations at C16 and C19 were not yet assigned in the natural product and the absolute configuration was not known. Dictyostatin shows extremely high potencies against and array of cancer cell lines. Dictyostatin was also shown to stabilize microtubules, like discodermolide and Taxol. See Wright, A. E.; Cummins, J. L.; Pomponi, S. A.; Longley, R. E.; Isbrucker, R. A. Dictyostatin compounds for stabilization of microtubules. In PCT Int. Appl.; WO62239, 2001. Accordingly, dictyostatin and its analogs show great promise as new anticancer agents. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,916, it was shown that novel analogs of dictyostatin are promising anti-cancer agents with potential advantages over Taxol and discodermolide, and taught the syntheses of these analogs. It remains desirable to further develop analogs of dictyostatin as well at to develop methods of synthesis of dictyostatin analogs and intermediates for use in such methods. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors of the present invention have shown that the proposed structures of (−)-dictyostatin set forth above are incorrect and that the correct structure is as shown below. In several aspects of the present invention, new and improved methods and new intermediates for the synthesis of dictyostatin and analogs are provided. In several other aspects of the present invention, analogs of dictyostatin as well as methods and intermediates for the synthesis of these analogs are provided. The present inventors have shown that of the dictyostatin analogs set forth in the specification and claims of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,916, those analogs having a stereostructure similar to that of dictyostatin are relatively highly biologically active. In that regard, compounds having the following structure were found to be relatively highly active: wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; provided that the compound is not dictyostatin 1. When groups including, but not limited to, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , and/or COR e are set forth as a substituent for more than one group in compounds of the claims and the specification of the present invention (for example, as a substituent of R 2 and R 23a above), it is to be understood that the groups of those substituents (R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e in this example), are independently, the same of different within each group and among the groups. In one embodiment, the compound has the followings stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 2 is H; R 3 is —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ), CH 2 CH 2 , —CH═CH, or —CH═C(CH 3 ). In one such compound (16-desmethyldictyostatin), R 3 is CH 2 CH 2 , R 5 is OH, R 1 is CH═CH 2 and R 23a , R 23b are H. In another embodiment, R 5 is OH or OSiR a R b R c . In several embodiments, C2-C3 E-stereoisomers of the compounds or their enantiomers are provided. Several intermediates are useful in synthesizing such compounds. For example, one such intermediate is a compound of the following structure or its enantiomer. wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 and R 2d are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 10 is H or alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure, or its enantiomer: wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 2 is H; R 2d is H, OC(O)CH 3 or OC(O)NR g R h wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is CH 2 CH(CH 3 ), CH 2 CH 2 , CH═CH or CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 5 is OH or OSiR a R b R c ; and R 10 is H or alkyl. In one embodiment, R 1 is —CH═CH 2 , and R 2d is H, C(O)CH 3 or C(O)NH 2 . In another aspect, a compound of the following structure or its enantiomer is provided: wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 and R 2d are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; and R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO, wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 2 and R 2d are independently, H, OC(O)CH 3 or OC(O)NR g R h wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 , CH═CH or CH═C(CH 3 ); R 11a and R 11b are H or together form a portion of a six-membered acetal ring containing C(H)(p-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) or C(CH 3 ) 2 ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO, wherein R 2c is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl. In one embodiment, R 1 is —CH═CH 2 , R 2d is H, —C(O)CH 3 or —O(O)NH 2 , and R 12 is —CH 2 OH, —CHO or —CO 2 R 10 . In another aspect, a compound having the following stereostructure or its enantiomer is provided: wherein R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c or CH═CHCHO, CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; and R 14a and R 14b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 14a and R 14b together form a six-membered ring containing CR v R w , wherein R v and R w are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group. In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 2 is H; R 3 is CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or CH═C(CH 3 ); R 11a and R 11b are H or together form a portion of a six-membered acetal ring containing C(H)(p-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) or C(CH 3 ) 2 ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl. In another aspect, a compound having the following formula, or its enantiomer is provided: R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; and R 14a and R 14b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 14a and R 14b together form a six-membered ring containing CR v R w , wherein R v and R w are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group. In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 3 is CH 2 CH 2 , CH═CH, CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or CH═C(CH 3 ); R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl. In a further aspect, a compound having the following formula or its enantiomer is provided: wherein R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; R 16 is H or alkyl; and R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2f is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 24 is C≡C, cis or trans CH═CH, or CH 2 CH 2 . In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 2 is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 24 is C≡C or cis CH═CH. In one embodiment, a process for synthesizing dictyostatin analogs includes a process for conversion of a first compound having the following formula or its enantiomer: wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR , or COR e ; R 2d is H; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; and R 10 is H; to a second compound with the formula comprising the step of reacting the first compound under conditions suitable to effect macrolactonization. In one embodiment, the first compound has the following stereostructure or its enantiomer: wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 2d is H; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; and R 10 is H; and the second compound has the following formula or its enantiomer In one embodiment, R 1 is alkenyl; R 3 is CH 2 CH 2 , CH═CH, CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 5 is OR 2b . In one embodiment of the process, the first compound is reacted with 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride. In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound having the following formula, or its enantiomer R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; and R 14a and R 14b are independently H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 14a and R 14b together form a six-membered ring containing CR v R w , wherein R v and R w are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group. In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure, or its enantiomer wherein R 3 is CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 , CH═CH, or CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 11a and R 11b are H or together form a portion of a six-membered acetal ring containing C(H)(p-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 ) or C(CH 3 ) 2 . In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound having the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11 is a protecting group, an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; R 16 is H or alkyl; R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2f is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 24 is C≡C, cis or trans CH═CH, or CH 2 CH 2 . In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 24 is C≡C or cis CH═CH. In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound having the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein X is H, NCH 3 (OCH 3 ), or a leaving group; R 11 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound having the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 11a and R 11b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; In another aspect, the present invention provides a process of conversion of a compound with the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11b′ is an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; R 16 is H or alkyl; and R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2f is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 24 is C≡C to a compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 11a is H, an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e and R 11b is an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring containing CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; and R 24 is cis CH═CH, including at least the steps of semi-reduction of the alkyne and asymmetric reduction of the ketone, or asymmetric reduction of the ketone and semihydrogentation of the alkyne. In one embodiment, the process includes at least the steps of semi-reduction of the alkyne, asymmetric reduction of the ketone and protection of a resulting alcohol, or asymmetric reduction of the ketone, protection of a resulting alcohol and semihydrogentation of the alkyne, or asymmetric reduction of the ketone, semi-hydrogentation of the alkyne and protection of a resulting alcohol. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 16 is H or alkyl; and R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CHO, CONHCH(CH 3 )CH(OH)Ph, CO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2f is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 25 is CO 2 R 10 , CHO, CH═CBr 2 , C≡CH, or C≡C SiR a R b R c ; and R 10 is H or an alkyl group. In another aspect the present invention provides a process for reacting a first compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 16 is H or alkyl; and R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CHO, CO 2 R v , wherein R 2f is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 25 CH═CX 2 , C≡CH or C≡CSiR a R b R; X is Cl, Br or I with a second compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein X is NCH 3 (OCH 3 ), or a leaving group; R 11 an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CO 2 R v , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c or CH═CHCO 2 R v , wherein R 2c is an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R v is alkyl, including the steps of metalation of the first compound and addition of the second compound to produce a compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 24 is C≡C. In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for reacting a first compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 2 a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 16 is H or alkyl; R 17 is CH 2 OR 2f , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2f is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 25 CH═CX 2 , C≡CH or C≡CSiR a R b R; with a second compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein X is H; R 11 an alkyl group, and aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e ; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c or CH═CHCO 2 R 10 , wherein R 2c is an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is alkyl, including the steps of metalation of the first compound and addition of the second compound to produce a compound of the following formula, or its enantiomer wherein R 24 is C≡C In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the following structure wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is (CH 2 ) p where p is an integer in the range of 4 to 12, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k4 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, wherein y1 and y2 are 1 and y3, y4 and y5 are independently 0 or 1, R k1 , R k2 , R k3 , R k4 and R k5 are independently H, CH 3 , or OR 2a , and R s1 , R s2 , R s3 , and R s4 are independently H or CH 3 , wherein R 2a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 26 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, —SiR a R b R c , or COR e ; In one embodiment, the compound of has the following stereostructure, or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 3 is —CH 2 CH 2 , —CH═CH, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or —CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group. In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the following structure wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is (CH 2 ) p where p is an integer in the range of 4 to 12, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, wherein y1 and y2 are 1 and y3, y4 and y5 are independently 0 or 1, R k1 , R k2 , R k3 , R k4 and R k5 are independently H, CH 3 , or OR 2a , and R s1 , R s2 , R s3 , and R s4 are independently H or CH 3 , wherein R 2a is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 26 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, —SiR a R b R c , or COR e ; In one embodiment, the compound has the following stereostructure, or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 3 is —CH 2 CH 2 , —CH═CH, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or —CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for synthesizing a compound having the following structure wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is (CH 2 ) p where p is an integer in the range of 4 to 12, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) 1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 )CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )CH(R s4 )—, wherein y1 and y2 are 1 and y3, y4 and y5 are independently 0 or 1, R k1 , R k2 , R k3 , R k4 and R k5 are independently H, CH 3 , or OR 2a , and R s1 , R s2 , R s3 , and R s4 are independently H or CH 3 , wherein R 2a is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 26 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a aryl group, —SiR a R b R c , or COR e ; including the step of reacting a starting compound having the formula: wherein R 10 is H, under conditions suitable to form the macrolactam ring. In one embodiment of the process, the starting compound has the following structure, or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 3 is —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or —CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group and the product compound has the following structure, or its enantiomer In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for converting a starting compound of the following structure wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 and R 2d are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is (CH 2 ) p where p is an integer in the range of 4 to 12, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 )CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )C(R s3 )═C(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 C(R s1 )═C(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, —(CHR k1 ) y1 (CHR k2 ) y2 (CHR k3 ) y3 (CHR k4 ) y4 (CHR k5 ) y5 CH(R s1 )CH(R s2 )CH(R s3 )CH(R s4 )—, wherein y1 and y2 are 1 and y3, y4 and y5 are independently 0 or 1, R k1 , R k2 , R k3 , R k4 and R k5 are independently H, —CH 3 , or OR 2a , and R s1 , R s2 , R s3 , and R s4 are independently H or CH 3 , wherein R 2a is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; and R 10 is H or alkyl to a compound of the following structure where R 26 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a aryl group, —SiR a R b R c , or COR e , including at least the steps of alcohol oxidation and reductive amination. In one embodiment of the process, the starting compound has the following structure, or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is alkenyl; R 3 is —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) or —CH═C(CH 3 ); and R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group and the product compound has the following structure, or its enantiomer In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the following structure or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 and R 2d are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 10 is H or alkyl; and R 27 is CH═CHC(O), CH═CHCH(OH), or CH 2 CH 2 C(O). In still a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the following structure or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 and R 2d are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 11a and R 11b are independently H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , COR e , or R 11a and R 11b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; R 12 is a halogen atom, CH 2 OR 2c , CHO, CO 2 R 10 , CH═CHCH 2 OR 2c , CH═CHCHO, wherein R 2c is H, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , and R 10 is H or alkyl; and R 27 is CH═CHC(O), CH═CHCH(OH), or CH 2 CH 2 C(O). The above general structures for the compounds of the present invention include all stereoisomers thereof (other than the natural compound dictyostatin 1). Moreover, the structures of the compounds of the present invention include the compounds in racemic form, enantiomerically enriched form or enantiomerically pure form. Wherein double bonds (for example, with the groups —CH═CH— or —CH═C(CH 3 )—) a present in R 3 , a preferred stereoisomer is Z. The terms “alkyl”, “aryl” and other groups refer generally to both unsubstituted and substituted groups unless specified to the contrary. In that regard, the groups set forth above can be substituted with a wide variety of substituents to synthesize analogs retaining biological activity. Unless otherwise specified, alkyl groups are hydrocarbon groups and are preferably C 1 -C 15 (that is, having 1 to 15 carbon atoms) alkyl groups, and more preferably C 1 -C 10 alkyl groups, and can be branched or unbranched, acyclic or cyclic. The above definition of an alkyl group and other definitions apply also when the group is a substituent on another group (for example, an alkyl group as a substituent of an alkylamino group or a dialkylamino group). The term “aryl” refers to phenyl or naphthyl. As used herein, the terms “halogen” or “halo” refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. The term “alkoxy” refers to —OR, wherein R is an alkyl group. The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group with at least one double bond, preferably with 2-15 carbon atoms, and more preferably with 2-10 carbon atoms (for example, —CH═CHR or —CH 2 CH═CHR; wherein R can be a group including, but not limited to, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an amino alkyl group, an aryl group, or a benzyl group). The term “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group with at least one triple bond, preferably with 2-15 carbon atoms, and more preferably with 2-10 carbon atoms (for example, —C≡CR or —CH 2 —C═CR; wherein R can be a group including, but not limited to, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an amino alkyl group, an aryl group, or a benzyl group). The terms “alkylene,” “alkenylene” and “alkynylene” refer to bivalent forms of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively. The term “trityl” refers to a triphenyl methyl group or —C(Ph) 3 . Certain groups such as amino and hydroxy groups may include protective groups as known in the art. Preferred protective groups for amino groups include tert-butyloxycarbonyl, formyl, acetyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, trityl. Preferred protecting groups for alcohol include trialkylsilyl (for example, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl and tributyldimethylsilyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl, and (in the case of 1,3-diols) p-methoxyphenyl acetals. Other suitable protecting groups as known to those skilled in the art are disclosed in Greene, T., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , Wiley (1991), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other aspects of the present invention include the synthesis of the compounds of the present invention as well as the biological assaying of such compounds and the biological activity of such compounds against, for example, cancer (such as breast, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer). For example, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a patient for cancer, including the step of administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a biologically active compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention, along with the attributes and attendant advantages thereof, will best be appreciated and understood in view of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates two embodiments of the synthesis of dictyostatin bottom fragment 15. FIG. 2 illustrates two embodiments of the syntheses of dictyostatin middle fragment 29. FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of the coupling of bottom and middle fragments of dictyostatin and elaboration to build the upper fragment. FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of the construction of dictyostatin 1 and representative analogs 50 and 59. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the synthesis of representative analog C16-desmethyldictyostatin 79. FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the synthesis representative C6-epi,C14-epi intermediate 95. FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the synthesis of representative analog C2-E,C6-epi,C14-epi dictyostatin 100 and its C2-C3 Z-isomer. FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the synthesis of representative analog C6-epi,C14-epi,C19-epi dictyostatin 108 and its C2-C3 E-isomer. FIG. 9 illustrates representative examples and methods of synthesis of lactam analogs of the present invention. FIG. 10 illustrates representative turbidity profiles of 16-desmethyldictyostatin in comparison to that of dictyostatin 1 in a tubulin-only (no MAPs, no GTP, assembly supported by monosodium glutamate) assay. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGS. 1-9 show exemplary synthetic pathways and intermediates for the synthesis of dictyostatin analogs. The synthesis of an exemplary “bottom fragment” 15 for making dictyostatin and analogs is shown in FIG. 1 . 1,3-Propanediol 3 was elaborated via Evans chiral auxiliary-based methods to the known, bis-TBS-protected Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons product 10 in nine steps. See, Phukan, P.; Sasmal, S.; Maier, M. E. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1733, and Andrus, M. B.; Argade, A. B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5049. This unsaturated ester was reduced to the allylic alcohol 11, which was protected with a trityl group and its primary TBS group removed with HF-pyridine to give alcohol 13, which was oxidized in two steps to the carboxylic acid and coupled with the Weinreb reagent to give amide 15. The fifteen-step process from 3 to 15 yielded this intermediate in 9.5% overall yield. A shorter route to 10, also illustrated in FIG. 1 , was also deployed. Brown crotylmetalation of TBS-protected 3-hydroxypropanal 16 (prepared quantitatively in two steps from 3), was followed by protection of the resulting alcohol 17, OsO 4 -catalyzed dihydroxylation and diol cleavage with periodate, and finally Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons homologation. This second generation route improved the overall yield of 15 from 3 to 27%. The synthesis of an exemplary “middle fragment” 29 for making dictyostatin and analogs is shown in FIG. 2 . The secondary alcohol of known compound 19 (see, Smith, A. B.; Beauchamp, T. J.; LaMarche, M. J.; Kaufman, M. D.; Qiu, Y. P.; Arimoto, H.; Jones, D. R.; Kobayashi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8654-8664. ), prepared in four steps from the (S)-Roche ester, was protected with a TBS group and the Evans auxiliary was removed with LiBH 4 to give alcohol 21. Oxidation to the aldehyde and Horner-Emmons reaction gave the ester 22. Alkene reduction with nickel boride, saponification with LiOH and coupling with the Evans auxiliary gave amide 25. Asymmetric methylation provided one diastereomer 26 very predominantly. Removal of the chiral auxiliary, TBS protection, and PMB deprotection with DDQ gave the primary alcohol 28. Corey-Fuchs reaction gave the desired alkyne 29. This route from 19 to 29 proceeded in 16% overall yield. Another route to 29, also illustrated in FIG. 2 , involved conversion of 21 to its iodide and asymmetric alkylation with Myers' auxiliary 30 to give amide 31. See, Myers, A.; Yang, B. Y.; Chen, H.; McKinstry, L.; Kopecky, D. J.; Gleason, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6496-6511. Removal of the auxiliary gave 27 in high yield, which was converted to 29 by the steps described above. This second generation approach to 29 doubled the overall yield from 19 to 31%. By using the enantiomer of Myers' auxiliary 30, the epimer of 29 at C16 (dictyostatin numbering) is prepared. The bottom and middle fragments were then coupled and the synthesis of dictyostatin was completed as summarized in FIGS. 3 and 4 . The route is flexible and generally allows access to many analogs. The Weinreb amide 15 was reacted with two equivalents of the anion from alkyne 29 to give the coupling product 32 in high yield. Reduction with the (S,S)-Noyori catalyst gave predominantly one isomer of the alcohol 33 (see, Matsumura, K.; Hashiguchi, S.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738-8739), whose alkyne group was reduced by Lindlar hydrogenation to alkene 34. The newly generated secondary hydroxy group was protected with a TBS group to give 35. Selective deprotection of the primary TBS group with HF-pyridine in buffered pyridine at 0° C. gave 36. The aldehyde formed by Dess-Martin oxidation was reacted with the phosphonate 38 (prepared from 37) under Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons conditions to give the conjugated alkene 39 in good yield. Selective reduction with nickel boride gave the ketone 40, which was reduced in a purposefully unselective manner with NaBH 4 to give a 2.4:1 mixture of C19 epimers of 41, with the β isomer, necessary for preparation of (−)-dictyostatin, predominating. The isomers of 41 were readily separated by silica gel chromatography. A ratio favoring 41β (5:1) was obtained by use of the bulkier reducing agent LiAl(O-t-Bu) 3 H, whereas a 1:1 ratio of the α and β isomers was obtained when L-Selectride was employed. Alcohol 41β was protected with a TBS group to give 42, whose PMP acetal was cleaved with DIBAL-H to give alcohol 43 ( FIG. 4 ). Oxidation to the aldehyde followed by Nozaki-Hiyama addition and Peterson-type elimination installed the (E,Z)-diene to give 44 in high yield. The allylic trityl group was removed with ZnBr 2 to give alcohol 45. Dess-Martin oxidation to the aldehyde and Still-Gennari reaction gave the (E,Z)-conjugated ester 46. The PMB group was removed with DDQ to give 47 and saponification with aqueous KOH in EtOH-THF to give acid 48. Yamaguchi macrolactonization gave 49 in good yield. Global deprotection with 3N HCl in MeOH-THF gave (−)-dictyostatin 1. The sample exhibited spectral data identical to the natural product and the optical rotation matched well. Thus, the previously proposed structures of dictyostatin are incorrect. Also shown in FIG. 4 are the synthetic steps leading to two representative analogs, the open-chain methyl ester 50 and C19-epi-dictyostatin 59. Ester 50 was prepared by global removal of the TBS groups from 48 in 36% yield. The C19-epi analog 59 was prepared from alcohol 41α, as made in FIG. 3 , by the same methods used for preparation of 1. Synthesis of C16-desmethyl dictyostatin 79, another exemplary analog, is shown in FIG. 5 . The synthesis proceeded from ester 23 in a manner similar to the existing route to 1, but with omission of the C16-methyl group. Thus, a considerably simpler-to-make middle fragment 64 lacking the awkward C16 stereocenter was used for construction of 79. Intermediate 23 was elongated to ester 60 by Horner-Wadsorth-Emmons reaction. Nickel boride then DIBAL-H reduction of the ester gave alcohol 61 in 76% yield. The primary hydroxy group was protected with TBSCl to give 62 quantitatively, then the PMB group was removed to give alcohol 63 in 90% yield. Oxidation of 63 to the aldehyde by using Parikh-Doering conditions, followed by Corey-Fuchs reaction, afforded the middle fragment alkyne 64. The remainder of the synthesis from 64 to C16-desmethyldictyostatin 79 was then completed by using the same synthetic pathway described above for 1. Interestingly, reduction of ketone 70 (not shown, the desmethyl homologue of 40) with 3 equivalents of LiAl(O-t-Bu) 3 H gave the desired 71β in 95% yield, with only 5% of the α-isomer. The synthesis of yet other representative analogs are shown in FIG. 6-8 . These are epimers of dictyostatin at C6, C14 and/or C19. The alkyne 80 was added to bottom fragment 81 to give alkyne 82 in 98% yield ( FIG. 8 ). When this alkynyl ketone was subjected to Noyori reduction conditions, one major isomer 83 was formed in 87% yield. Also in this case, about 20 mol % of the (S,S)-Noyori catalyst was preferred. The Noyori product 83 was reduced by using Lindlar catalyst to give the cis-alkene 84 in 90% yield. When the reaction time was extended (˜1 day), partial over-reduction of other multiple bonds occurred. In order to assign the configuration of the newly generated stereocenter at C9, 84 was treated with TBAF to remove both TBS groups. The resulting triol was reacted with excess 2,2-dimethoxypropane (3.0 equiv) to form the acetal, whose HMQC (500 MHz) NMR spectrum showed the two methyl groups of the acetonide at similar chemical shifts (24.5 ppm and 25.1 ppm) and the tertiary carbon at 100.4 ppm. These data show an anti-relationship between the C7 and C9 hydroxy groups based on the Rychnovsky method. The C9 hydroxy group in 84 was protected with a TBS group to give 85 in quantitative yield. The PMB group was then removed with DDQ to give 86 in 84% yield. The resulting secondary hydroxy group was protected again by a TBS group, giving 87 in 94% yield. Selective deprotection of the primary TBS group was accomplished in 66% yield by treatment with HF-pyridine complex in buffered pyridine at 0° C. for 2 days to give 88 along with other deprotected byproducts. After the successful coupling of the middle and bottom fragments, 88 was oxidized to the aldehyde, which then was subjected to Horner-Emmons reaction with the phosphonate 38, yielding 89 in 78% yield. The alkene in α,β-unsaturated ketone 89 was reduced with nickel boride giving 90 in 76% yield. As a side reaction, some over-reduction of the C4-C5 alkene in the bottom fragment was also observed. The C19 ketone was reduced by NaBH 4 yielding a 1.7:1 ratio of diastereomers of 91, with the β isomer as the major (62%), less polar product and the α isomer as the minor (36%), more polar product. These two diastereomers could be separated by silica gel column chromatography. The newly generated C19 hydroxy group in 91β was protected by a TBS group to give 92 in 86% yield, then the PMB acetal was cleaved with DIBAL-H to give the primary alcohol 93 in 97% yield. Oxidation to the aldehyde and subsequent Nozaki-Hiyama and Peterson syn-elimination reactions gave the diene 94 in 85% yield. Removal of the trityl group in 94 with ZnBr 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH gave 95 in 83% yield. This was oxidized to the aldehyde and the (E,Z)-diene was installed by Still-Gennari reaction in 90% yield ( FIG. 7 ). The PMB group in 96 was removed by DDQ to give 97 in 90% yield, and the resulting methyl ester was hydrolyzed with 1N aqueous KOH in EtOH-THF. Macrolactonization by the Yamaguchi method gave, surprisingly, mainly the C2E,C4E macrolactone 99 in 78% yield. Final global TBS deprotection yielded 100 in 25% yield. The C19 epimer of 100 was prepared from 91α using similar reaction pathways ( FIG. 8 ). After Yamaguchi lactonization, and global TBS deprotection, the (E,Z)-isomer 108 (less polar, 45%) could be isolated along with the isomerized (E,E)-isomer 109 (more polar, 15%) in a 3:1 ratio. The methods outlined in FIGS. 1-8 are only exemplary of many possible variants. For example, analogs containing a C15-C16 Z-alkene can be prepared by the methods outlined in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,916. Analogs lacking the C9 oxygen atom (C9-deoxy analogs) can likewise be prepared by methods shown in that application. See, for example, FIGS. 8 and 11 , among others. The preferred method for forming the macrolactones (often called macrocyclic lactones or macrolides) is the Yamaguchi lactonization. See, for example, Inanaga, J.; Kuniko, H.; Hiroko, S.; Katsuki, T.; Yamaguchi, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1989. An example of the Yamaguchi lactonization is the conversion of hydroxy acid 48 to lactone 49 in FIG. 4 . Many other commons conditions suitable to effect macrolactone formation from hydroxy acids are well known to those skilled in the art, and these can also be used. See, for example, Kirst, H. A. Macrolides. Large Ring Molecules ; Wiley: NY; 1996; pp 345-375, and Boeckman, R. K., Jr; Goldstein, S. W. The Total Synthesis of Macrocyclic Lactones. The Total Synthesis of Natural Products ; Wiley: New York, 1988; p 1. The steps of semi-reduction of the C10-C11 alkyne, asymmetric reduction of the C9 ketone and (optionally) protection of the resulting alcohol can be conducted under and assortment of different reaction conditions. For one example, see the conversion of alkynyl ketone 32 to alkynyl alcohol 33, to alkenyl alcohol 34, to silyl ether 35 in FIG. 3 . The preferred conditions for reduction of the ketone involve use of the Noyori reagent, see K. Matsumura, S. Hashiguchi, T. Ikariya, R. Noyori, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8738-39. However, many other common ketone reducing agents, both chiral and achiral, can also be used. See, for example, Itsuno, S. Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones. Org. React . (N.Y.) 1998, 52, 395-576. In cases were two epimers of the alcohol are formed, chromatographic separation is used to isolate the individual epimers (see, for example, separation of 41 in FIG. 3 ). The Lindlar reduction is the preferred method of semi-reduction of the alkyne to the Z-alkene, but other methods can also be used. See for example, Siegel, S. Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of C═C and Alkynes. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis ; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991; pp 417, and Takaya, H. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of C═C and Alkynes. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis ; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991; pp 443. The reactions in this sequence of steps can also be conducted in several orders. The preferred order is semi-reduction of the C10-C11 alkyne, followed by asymmetric reduction of the C9 ketone followed by (optionally) protection of the resulting alcohol. Other orders of reactions are asymmetric reduction of the ketone, protection of the alcohol and semi-reduction of the alkyne, or asymmetric reduction of the ketone, semi-reduction of the alkyne and protection of the alcohol. The preceding steps of coupling of an alkynyl anion with an activated carboxylic acid, see for example conversion of 15 and 29 to 32 in FIG. 3 , also can be conducted under different sets of conditions. A preferred method is the deprotonation of the alkyne with a strong base, for example BuLi, followed by addition of a carboxylic acid derivative that is activated with a suitable leaving group. Preferred activated carboxylic acids for acylation (acylating agents) are Weinreb amides where the leaving group is the N-methoxy-N-methyl amide group. Many other agents such as esters, acid halides, acid imidazolides, etc. can also be used. These have standard leaving groups such as alkoxide, imidazole and halide. The alkynyl anion can also be generated in situ from a silylalkyne by desilylation or from a geminal-haloalkene by treatment with two or more equivalents of a lithiating agent like BuLi. In an alternative route, the alkynyl anion can be reacted with an aldehyde instead of an activated carboxylic acid to produce a C9 alcohol directly after workup. This route is more direct, but mixtures of epimers at C9 may result and chromatographic separation of the epimers may be required. One epimer of a C9 (or other) alcohol can be converted to the other by a Mitsunobu reaction. Lactam analogs of dictyostatin are important as anticancer agents because of their increased hydrolytic stability compared to the lactones, both in vivo and in vitro. These analogs are readily made by starting with intermediates of the current invention, as exemplified in FIG. 9 . Standard oxidation of the free C21 alcohol of 110 to a ketone followed by reductive amination provides 111. If desired, the C21 amine stereoisomers can be separated by chromatography. Hydrolysis of the ester to the acid followed by macrolactamization provides lactam 112. The specific example of dictyostatin macrolactam 115, made for example by the sequence 113→114→115, is exemplary of a lactam analog of this invention. The steps in the sequence can be conducted in different orders and also on different intermediates. When the C21 nitrogen atom is installed earlier in the synthesis, it is optionally protected with a standard nitrogen protecting group for the subsequent steps prior to macrolactamization. In another approach, this nitrogen can be installed by a Mitsunobu reaction of a suitably acidic nitrogen nucleophile (for example, azide) with a C21 alcohol. This reaction occurs with inversion, so the configuration of C23 is chosen accordingly. For exemplary methods and conditions of reductive amination, see Baxter, E. W.; Reitz, A. B. Reductive aminations of carbonyl compounds with borohydride and borane reducing agents. Org. React . (N.Y.) 2002, 59, 1-714. Methods of synthesizing macrolactams (macrocyclic lactams) are related to those for macrolactones. For exemplary methods and conditions, see Nubbemeyer, U. Top. Curr. Chem. 2001, 216, 125-196. For exemplary methods and conditions for Mitsunobu reactions, see Hughes, D. L. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1996, 28, 127-164. Biology Tubulin Polymerization. The abilities of the new compounds to cause tubulin polymerization were determined under reaction conditions consisting of purified bovine brain tubulin (1 mg/mL) in the presence or absence of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs, 0.75 mg/mL) and GTP (100 μM). Test agents were initially screened at 10 and 40 μM. In these experiments, test agent-induced assembly of soluble tubulin into polymer, with respect to the presence and absence of cofactors and at different temperatures, was monitored in a multi-cuvette, temperature-controlled spectrophotometer via development of turbidity in the solution. The initial temperature was closely controlled at 0° C., then rapidly raised to 10° C., to 20° C., then finally to 30° C. to determine both the temperature at which a test agent induced assembly as well as the extent of agent-induced assembly. The temperature increases were followed by a rapid decrease in temperature back to 0° C. to determine the cold-stability of polymer formed. The effects of dictyostatin 1 and discodermolide 2 were similar and far more potent than those of paclitaxel. The C16-desmethyl compound 79 is especially potent among the analogs. FIG. 10 shows the simplest of its turbidity profiles in comparison to that of dictyostatin 1 in a tubulin-only (no MAPs, no GTP, assembly supported by monosodium glutamate) assay wherein initial temperature was 0° C. for 2 min, followed by rapid rise in temperature to 30° C. for 20 min, then rapid decrease to 0° C. Turbidity profiles showed that analogs 50 and 59 also caused tubulin assembly at temperatures lower than 30° C. The results showed that all of the compounds had effects on the isolated target, tubulin, but with a range of potencies. Antiproliferative Activity. Representative analogs were examined for their antiproliferative activities against human ovarian carcinoma 1A9 cells and their paclitaxel-resistant mutants, 1A9/Ptx10 and 1A9/Ptx22. Each of these resistant lines contains single mutations in the major β-tubulin gene that confer to the cells, which do not express drug efflux pumps, appreciable tolerance to paclitaxel. Paclitaxel had subnanomolar potency against the parental 1A9 cells, but the mutant cells showed ca. 90- and 70-fold resistance to the drug (Table 1). Analogs 50 and 59 gave GI50 values in the mid-nanomolar range. C6-epi,C14-epi-C19-epi-dictyostatin 108 and its C2E-diene derivative 109 were antiproliferative agents, giving mid micromolar GI50 values. Even though 100 also had three stereo/geometric alterations (C2E,C6-epi,C14-epi), it was a more potent antiproliferative agent than 108 and 109, showing high nanomolar GI50 values. With one notable exception (vide infra), the fold-resistance values for 1 and its analogs against 1A9/Ptx10 and 1A9/Ptx22 cell lines were much lower than that observed for paclitaxel. The one exception was compound 79, which appeared to be essentially equipotent to 1 against the parental 1A9 cells and the Ala364→Thr β-tubulin mutant 1A9/Ptx22 cells, but experienced resistance from the Phe270→Val β-tubulin mutant 1A9/Ptx10 cells. Because these mutant cells are not clinically relevant, the result of reduced potency is primarily of mechanistic importance. TABLE 1 Antiproliferative potencies of dictyostatin (1) and analogs as compared to discodermolide (2) and paclitaxel against human ovarian carcinoma cells (1A9) and their paclitaxel-resistant, β-tubulin mutant clones (1A9/Ptx10 and 1A9/Ptx22). GI50 ± S.D., nM (fold-resistance) 1A9/Ptx10 1A9/Ptx22 Compound 1A9 (Phe270 −> Val) (Ala364 −> Thr) dictyostatin-1 0.69 ± 0.80  3.2 ± 2.4 (4.6)  1.3 ± 1.0 (1.9) (1) discodermolide  1.7 ± 1.2  6.2 ± 3.6 (3.6)  7.0 ± 8.4 (4.1) (2) paclitaxel 0.71 ± 0.11  64 ± 8 (90)  51 ± 9 (72) 50   56 ± 16  79 ± 13 (1.4)  85 ± 2 (1.5) 59   21 ± 14 120 ± 60 (5.7)  43 ± 12 (2.0) 79 0.41 ± 0.52 470 ± 70 (1146)  5.6 ± 4.7 (14) 107 >500 >500 (—) >500 (—) 100  310 ± 40 780 ± 200 (2.5) 790 ± 560 (2.5) 108   28 ± 1 μM  26 ± 0 μM (0.9)  30 ± 1 μM (1.1) 109   25 ± 2 μM  25 ± 1 μM (1)  30 ± 1 μM (1.2) Pelleting Assay (EC 50 Determination). Dictyostatin and representative analogs were evaluated in a quantitative assay for their ability to promote tubulin polymerization. The EC 50 value (defined as test agent concentration required to polymerize 50% of tubulin compared to control) observed for dictyostatin 1 under these conditions was 3.1±0.2 μM, similar to that obtained for discodermolide 2 (3.6±0.4 μM). Both were far superior to paclitaxel, which gave an EC 50 value of 25±3 μM. The C16-desmethyl analog 79 an EC 50 of 14±7 μM. When the percent polymer formed was determined in the reactions, a comparison of the activities of all the analogs could be made. Compounds 50 and 59 showed moderate activity. These EC 50 data correlated well with the relative antiproliferative potencies of the analogs. TABLE 2 Tubulin Assembly EC 50 determinations. a % Tubulin polymerized by Compound EC 50 (μM) ± SD (N) 50 μM test agent dictyostatin  3.1 ± 0.2 (3) 99 ± 4 (1) discodermolide  3.6 ± 0.4 (3) 98 ± 5 (2) paclitaxel 25 ± 3 (3) 89 ± 6 50 >50 (2) 39 ± 7 59 >50 (2) 30 ± 2 79 14 ± 7 (3) 91 ± 6 100 >50 (2)  1 ± 1 108 >50 (2)  5 ± 1 109 >50 (2)  5 ± 4 a Bovine brain tubulin (10 μM) in 0.2 M MSG, 15 min at 20° C., centrifugation and Lowry determination of remaining soluble tubulin Radiolabeled Ligand Binding Assays. The abilities of test agents to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled forms of the microtubule stabilizers paclitaxel, discodermolide and epothilone B from tubulin polymer were determined. Dictyostatin 1 was equipotent to discodermolide in inhibition of the binding of radiolabeled paclitaxel and epothilone B to microtubules. These two compounds were the most potent of all agents tested. The open chain methyl ester 50 and the 16-desmethyl analog 79 were ca. 60% as potent as 1 in inhibiting the binding of radiolabeled paclitaxel to microtubules. TABLE 4 Percent inhibition of radiolabel from microtubules (±SD (N, number of independent determinations)). Test Agent [ 3 H]Disco- [ 14 C]Epo- (4 μM) [ 3 H]Paclitaxel dermolide thilone B dictyostatin 75 ± 5 (3) 40 ± 3 (3) 88 ± 1 (3) (1) discodermolide 76 ± 6 (4) nd 90 ± 1 (3) (2) paclitaxel nd  6 ± 5 (3) 26 ± 1 (3) 50 42 ± 1 (3) nd nd 59  7 ± 2 (3) nd nd 79 48 ± 3 (3) nd nd 100  0 ± 1 nd nd 108  0 ± 1 nd nd 109  0 ± 1 nd nd epothilone B nd 14 ± 3 nd docetaxel 63 ± 8 (4)  8 ± 6 (3) 36 ± 1 (3) epothilone A 53 ± 4 (4)  6 ± 6 (3) 25 ± 3 (3) Multiparameter Fluorescence Analysis of Cellular Effects. HeLa cells were plated on collagen-coated 384-well microtiter plates, allowed to attach, then treated for 24 h with test agents. Test agent concentrations began at 1 μM, and two-fold dilutions were made to levels below 1 nM. After the treatment period, the cells were fixed with formalin and their chromatin stained with Hoechst 33342. Cells were permeabilized and treated with primary antibodies for α-tubulin and phosphohistone H3, and then with fluorophore-labeled secondary antibodies. The three fluorescent channels were then examined on an ArrayScan II, which gives quantitative pixel distribution and density information in each channel on a per cell basis. Dictyostatin 1 was the most potent of all compounds tested, followed by paclitaxel, discodermolide and the 16-desmethyl analog 79. TABLE 5 Minimum detectable cellular changes determined by multiparameter fluorescence high information content analysis. Nuclear Phosphohistone Tubulin Compound condensation H3 polymer intensity dictyostatin 32.7 ± 11.7 (3)  9.6 ± 2.4 (4)  7.4 ± 2.5 (4) (1) 50  479 ± 182 (4)  149 ± 23.6 (4)  219 ± 36 (4) 59  363 ± 146 (2)  261 ± 91 (4)  284 ± 108 (4) 79 71.5 ± 18.0 (4) 34.4 ± 10.5 (4) 26.9 ± 2.9 (4) 100 >5000 (4) >5000 (4) >5000 (4) 108 >5000 (4) >5000 (4) >5000 (4) 109 >5000 (4) >5000 (4) >5000 (4) discodermolide   62.5 (1) 38.4 ± 21.9 (2) 64.6 ± 0.0 (2) (2) Paclitaxel 40.2 ± 13.9 (4) 17.5 ± 6.8 (4)  8.0 ± 2.9 (4) EXAMPLES Chemistry Ethyl (4R,5S,2E)-5,7-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methylhept-2-enoate (10) A solution of triethyl phosphonoacetate (3.5 mL, 17.6 mmol) was added to a cooled (0° C.) stirred suspension of NaH (0.43 g, 17.0 mmol, 95% dispersion in mineral oil) in THF (46 mL) dropwise over a 10 min period. The mixture was brought to room temperature with a water bath (30 min) and then cooled back to −78° C. and the aldehyde (2.73 g, 7.58 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. then pH7 phosphate buffer solution (10 mL) and Et 2 O (50 mL) were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with sat'd NH 4 Cl solution (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give oily crude product. Purification by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) afforded pure ester 10 (2.92 g, 59% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2930, 2857, 1724, 1651, 1472, 1463, 1367, 1256, 1180, 1098, 1036, 836, 775 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε6.88 (dd, J=15.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (ddd, J=6.7, 4.7, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (m, 2H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 1.53 (m, 3H), 1.22 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (s, 18H), 0.02 (m, 12H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.4, 150.9, 121.3, 71.8, 59.9, 59.5, 42.0, 36.8, 25.82, 25.78, 26.1, 18.1, 18.0, 14.4, 14.2, −4.6, −4.7, −5.4; LRMS (EI) 415 (M−CH 3 ), 373, 303, 147; HRMS (EI) calcd for C 21 H 43 O 4 Si 415.2710 (M−CH 3 ), found 415.2712; [α] 20 D +3.8 (c 0.21, CHCl 3 ). (4R,5S,2E)-5,7-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methylhept-2-en-1-ol (11) DIBAL-H (26.5 mL, 26.5 mmol, 1.0 M solution in hexane) was added to the ester 10 (3.14 g. 7.30 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (35 mL) at −78° C. dropwise and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by EtOAc (5 mL) and sat'd sodium potassium tartrate solution (20 mL) followed by vigorous stirring for 4 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×30 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL). After drying over MgSO 4 and evaporation under vacuum, flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) provided 2.75 g of alcohol 11 (97%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3349, 2956, 2928, 2857, 1471, 1462, 1255, 1099, 836, 774 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε5.57 (m, 2H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.70 (ddd, J=9.7, 6.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 2.00 (s, 1H), 1.53 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 0.96 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.00 (m, 12H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 134.7, 129.2, 72.4, 63.6, 60.1, 41.8, 36.3, 25.9, 18.2, 18.0, 15.1, 10.7, −4.6, −5.4; LRMS (EI) 370 (M−H 2 O), 303, 171, 147; HRMS (EI) calcd for C 20 H 42 O 2 Si 2 370.2723 (M−H 2 O), found 370.2725; [α] 20 D −3.0 (c 0.57, CHCl 3 ). ((4R,5S,2E)-5,7-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methylhept-2-enyloxy)triphenylmethane (12) Trityl chloride (4.1 g, 14.7 mmol) and DMAP (1.8 g, 14.7 mmol) were added to a solution of alcohol 11 (2.75 g, 7.1 mmol) in pyridine (71 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 18 h, cooled to ambient temperature and added to a solution of sat'd CuSO 4 (200 mL). The mixture was extracted with Et 2 O (2×20 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed sat'd CuSO 4 (2×20 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) provided 12 (4.46 g, quantitative) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2954, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1095, 835, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.56 (m, 6H), 7.32 (m, 9H), 5.79 (dd, J=15.6, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dd, J=15.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 1.70 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.154 (s, 3H), 0.150 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 134.2, 128.7, 127.7, 126.9, 126.8, 86.8, 72.6, 65.1, 60.2, 42.1, 36.6, 26.0, 18.3, 18.1, 15.3, −4.4, −5.3; LRMS (EST) 653.3 [M+Na]+, 422.4, 243.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 39 H 58 O 3 Si 2 Na 653.3822 [M+Na] + , found 653.3851; [α] 20 D −1.9 (c 0.42, CHCl 3 ). (3S,4R,5E)-3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methyl-7-(trityloxy)hept-5-en-1-ol (13) HF-pyridine in pyridine (40 mL, prepared by slow addition of 12 mL pyridine to 3 mL HF-pyridine complex followed by dilution with 25 mL THF) was added to a solution of TBS ether 12 (4.46 g, 7.07 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched with sat'd NaHCO 3 (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et 2 O (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with sat'd CUSO 4 (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated. Flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:4) afforded 3.26 g (89%) of alcohol 13 as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3407, 2955, 2928, 2856, 1490, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1058, 1031, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.57 (m, 6H), 7.37 (m, 9H), 5.78 (dd, J=15.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dt, J=15.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.82 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.22 (br, 1H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.13 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 0.21 (s, 3H), 0.19 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.2, 134.1, 128.6, 127.7, 127.1, 126.9, 86.8, 74.3, 64.9, 60.4, 42.0, 34.8, 25.9, 18.0, 14.5, −4.4, −4.6; LRMS (ESI) 539.2 [M+Na]+, 243.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 33 H 44 O 3 Si 1 Na 539.2957 [M+Na] + , found 539.2976; [α] 20 D −2.8 (c 2.0, CHCl 3 ). (3S,4R,5E)-3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-N-methoxy-N,4-dimethyl-7-(trityloxy)hept-5-enamide (15) Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (3.02 g, 19.1 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 13 (3.26 g, 6.31 mmol) and triethylamine (2.6 mL, 19.1 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (6 mL) and DMSO (12 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the ambient temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (100 mL) and washed with aqueous 0.5 N HCl (50 mL) and brine (10 mL). The separated organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. A solution of the aldehyde in THF (25 mL) and H 2 O (12 mL) was treated with 2-methyl-2-butene in THF (2M, 18 mL, 9.0 mmol), NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O (2.6 g, 18.8 mmol) and NaClO 2 (2.1 g, 18.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, diluted with 1N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated in vacuo and the crude acid was used for the next reaction without further purification. N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.62 g, 6.36 mmol), Et 3 N (0.88 mL, 6.31 mmol), DMAP (0.63 mmol) were successively added to a solution of the crude acid in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and DCC (1.30 g, 6.30 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 h and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 0.5 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography over silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) gave the Weinreb amide 15 (2.65 g, 73% for 3 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2855, 1663, 1448, 1252, 1083, 1032, 836 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.58 m, 6H), 7.37 (m, 9H), 5.89 (dd, J=15.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (dt, J=15.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (ddd, J=8.0, 5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.79 (dd, J=15.1, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.22 (s, 3H), 0.16 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 172.6, 144.2, 133.3, 128.5, 127.7, 127.5, 126.8, 86.7, 72.4, 64.8, 61.2, 42.4, 36.3, 31.9, 25.8, 18.0, 15.7, −4.6, −5.0; LRMS (ESI) 596.2 [M+Na] + , 449.2, 243.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 35 H 47 O 4 NSiNa 596.3172 [M+Na] + , found 596.3165; [α] 20 D− 14.7 (c 0.65 , CHCl 3 ). (R)-3-((2R,3S,4S)-5-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4-dimethylpentanoyl)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (20) 2,6-Lutidine (5.14 mL, 44.2 mmol) and TBSOTf (9.36 mL, 40.8 mmol) were added to a solution of 19 (15.0 g, 33.9 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (340 mL) stirred at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 . The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic phases were washed with 0.5 M aqueous NaHSO 4 . The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) to give 20 (17.9 g, 95%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 1781, 1696, 1513, 1383, 1248, 1209, 1110, 1042 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.35-7.28 (m, 7H), 6.85 (d, J=8,7 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=11.7 Hz), 4.03 (m, 3H), 3.81 (m, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.54 (dd, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=13.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=9.1, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (dd, J=13.3, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.25 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.07 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 176.4, 159.4, 153.1, 135.8, 131.1, 129.8, 129.3, 129.2, 127.6, 75.6, 72.9, 72.0, 66.1, 55.8, 55.6, 41.9, 39.3, 38.0, 26.4, 18.7, 15.3, 15.2, −3.5, −3.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 31 H 45 NO 6 SiNa 578.2914 [M+Na] + , found 578.2923; [α] 20 D −8.1 (c 7.6, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,4S)-5-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol (21) Dry MeOH (1.05 mL, 26.0 mmol) then LiBH 4 (13 mL, 2.0 M solution in THF, 26 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of 20 (4.79 g, 8.62 mmol) in THF (75 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min and at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and treated carefully with a 1.0 M aqueous NaOH (50 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 7:3) to give the alcohol 21 (2.98 g, 90%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 3425, 1613, 1513, 1463, 1249, 1091, 1037 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.75 (dd, J=5.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (m, 3H), 3.28 (dd, J=9.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (br, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.81 (m, 1H), 0.97 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.87 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 130.7, 129.3, 113.8, 74.8, 72.8, 72.7, 66.3, 55.4, 39.0, 37.7, 26.2, 18.4, 15.2, 12.0, −4.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 18 H 31 O 3 SiNa 323.2042 [M+Na] + , found 323.2035; [α] 20 D −0.76 (c 2.9, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5R,6S,2E)-Ethyl-7-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6-dimethylhept-2-enoate (22) The procedure for 10 was used with the aldehyde from 21 (17.5 g, 31.6 mmol), Py.SO 3 (15.2 g, 95.5 mmol) and Et 3 N (13.3 mL, 95.5 mmol), NaH (0.90 g, 39.7 mmol) and triethylphosphonoacetate (7.2 mL, 40.3 mmol) to yield 8.96 g (63% for 3 steps) of the ester 22 by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2957, 2931, 2856, 1720, 1651, 1613, 1513, 1463, 1366, 1250, 1180, 1093, 1077, 837 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J=15.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.91 (m, 2H), 5.83 (dd, J=15.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.48b -4.40 (m, 2H), 4.23 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.67 (m, 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.30 (dd, J=9.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.08 (m, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.5, 159.0, 152.7, 130.6, 129.0, 120.4, 113.6, 76.8, 72.5, 71.8, 60.0, 55.1, 40.2, 38.0, 26.0, 18.2, 14.8, 14.3, 14.2, −4.0, −4.2; LRMS (ESI) 473.2 [M+Na]+; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 25 H 42 O 5 SiNa 473.2699 [M+Na] + , found 473.2716; [α] 20 D −28.3 (c 0.41, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5R,6S)-Ethyl-7-(4-methoxy)benzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6-dimethylheptanoate (23) NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (2.4 g, 10.1 mmol) then portionwise NaBH 4 (1.50 g, 39.7 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of unsaturated ketone 22 (8.96 g, 19.9 μmol) in MeOH (66 mL), THF (20 mL) at 0° C. After 1 h, the solvent was evaporated and filtered with Celite using Et 2 O as an eluent (60 mL). The organic phase was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 8.76 g of 23 (97%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2957, 2856, 1737, 1613, 1513, 1463, 1374, 1249, 1172, 1091, 1038, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.40-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.50 (m, 2H), 4.25 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.40 (dd, J=8.8, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.00 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.19 (s, 3H), 0.18 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 173.6, 158.9, 130.7, 129.0, 113.5, 76.8, 72.5, 60.0, 55.0, 38.0, 35.6, 32.5, 29.9, 26.0, 18.3, 14.9, 14.1, 13.7, −3.9, −4.2; LRMS (ESI) 475.3 [M+Na] + ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 25 H 44 O 5 SiNa 475.2856 [M+Na] + , found 473.2877; [α] 20 D −6.0 (c 1.9, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6-dimethylheptanoic acid (24) Aqueous LiOH (1N, 193 mL, 0.19 mol) was added to a THF-H 2 O solution of 23 (8.76 g, 19.4 mmol). The resulting solution was warmed to 60° C. and stirred with heating for 6 h. Aqueous 1N HCl was added to give a neutral pH and the mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 , dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to yield 8.22 g of crude acid 24, which was used without further purification: 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.24-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.83 (m, 2H), 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.69 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.47 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 0.92-0.85 (m, 12H), 0.81 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.00 (m, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 181.0, 158.9, 130.6, 129.1, 113.6, 72.5, 65.8, 58.0, 55.1, 37.8, 30.6, 26.1, 18.3, 18.1, 15.2, 14.0, −3.5, −4.1. (R)-3-((4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6-dimethylheptanoyl)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (25) A solution of the acid 24 (8.22 g, 19.4 mmol) and Et 3 N (5.40 mL, 38.8 mmol) in 100 mL of dry THF was cooled to −78° C. and treated dropwise with pivaloyl chloride (2.86 g, 23.3 mmol), stirred in the cold for 2 h and warmed to 0° C. prior to the addition of the oxazolidinone (3.5 g, 19.8 mmol) and LiCl (2.46 g, 58.8 mmol). This mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and diluted with water (200 mL). The separated aqueous phase was extracted with ether (100 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried and evaporated to give a residue that was chromatographed to yield 7.91 g (70% for 2 steps) of imide 25 by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:4) as a colorless oil: 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.41-7.23 (m, 7H), 6.94-6.91 (m, 2H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.14-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=13.3, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.97 (m, 12H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 173.1, 158.8, 153.3, 135.2, 130.7, 129.3, 129.0, 128.8, 127.1, 113.5, 77.1, 72.5, 72.4, 65.9, 55.1, 54.9, 37.9, 37.7, 35.6, 33.7, 29.2, 26.0, 18.3, 14.9, 13.9, −3.8, −4.2. (R)-3-((2R,4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6-trimethylheptanoyl)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (26) NaHMDS (1 M in THF, 14.9 mL, 14.9 mmol) was added dropwise over a 30 min period to a cooled (−78° C.) suspension of the imide 25 (7.91 g, 13.6 mmol) in THF (45 mL). After 15 min of stirring, the resulting cold solution was treated with MeI (2.53 mL, 40.8 mmol) and allowed to stir at −78° C. for 3 h before being warmed to 25° C. overnight (12 h) The reaction was quenched with H 2 O (100 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to provide 5.97 g (74%) of 26 as a colorless oil: 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.42-7.26 (m, 7H), 6.95-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.51 (m, 2H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.63 (dd, J=8.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=6.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=13.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 2.10-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.38 (ddd, J=14.1, 9.8, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.95 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 176.8, 158.8, 152.8, 135.1, 130.8, 129.3, 128.9, 128.7, 127.1, 113.5, 77.6, 72.6, 72.4, 65.7, 55.0, 38.9, 38.0, 37.6, 35.3, 33.8, 26.0, 18.8, 18.3, 14.9, 13.8, −3.8, −4.2. (2R,4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6-trimethylheptan-1-ol (27) n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 17.6 mL, 44 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (6.65 mL, 47.4 mmol) in THF (48 mL) stirred at −78° C. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 5 min and warmed to 0° C. for 15 min. Borane-ammonia complex (90%, 1.55 g, 45.2 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min, warmed to room temperature for 15 min and then cooled to 0° C. A solution of amide 26 (6.62 g, 11.3 mmol) in THF (35 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched carefully with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl. The mixture was extracted with Et 2 O and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (step gradient of 4:1 to 7:3 hexane/EtOAc) to afford the alcohol 27 (4.57 g, 96%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 3410, 1612, 1513, 1249, 1067, 1038 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.44 (dd, J=5.6, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=10.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=9.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.03-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.53 (br, 1H), 1.41 (ddd, J=13.5, 7.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 130.9, 129.4, 113.9, 77.5, 72.8, 67.7, 55.4, 38.3, 38.0, 33.6, 33.2, 26.3, 18.6, 18.0, 15.6, 15.5, −3.5, −3.8; [α] 20 D −6.3 (c 1.7, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,45,6R)-3,7-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6-trimethylheptan-1-ol (28) TBSCl (4.16 g, 27.6 mmol) was added to a solution of alcohol 27 (5.86 g, 13.8 mmol), imidazole (2.89 g, 41.4 mmol), and DMAP (169 mg, 1.38 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (55 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in hexane and brine. The phases were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 19:1) to afford the TBS protected alcohol (7.04 g, 95%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 1513, 1471, 1463, 1249, 1091, 1039 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.30 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.48 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.49 (m, 3H), 3.39-3.28 (m, 3H), 2.05-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.02 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.0-0.91 (m, 24 H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 131.1, 129.3, 127.9, 77.3, 73.1, 72.8, 68.4, 55.3, 38.9, 38.5, 33.5, 26.4, 26.2, 18.7, 18.6, 18.1, 15.3, 15.1, −3.4, −3.8, −5.2; [a] 20 D −15.9 (c 0.47, CHCl 3 ). A solution of above TBS protected alcohol (5.28 g, 9.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (332 mL) and pH 7 phosphate buffer solution (33 mL) was treated with DDQ (3.34 g, 14.7 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic extracts were washed with water, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 97:3 to 93:7) to afford 28 (4.01 g, 98%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 3353, 1472, 1463, 1388, 1360, 1255, 1091, 1030, 1005 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.60 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.32 (dd, J=9.7, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (br, 1H), 1.45 (ddd, J=13.5, 7.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.93-0.87 (m, 6H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 80.9, 68.0, 66.2, 38.4, 37.8, 35.4, 33.5, 26.3, 26.1, 18.5, 18.3, 16.2, 15.7, −3.6, −3.9, −5.3; [α] 20 D −16.1 (c 4.4, CHCl 3 ). (3S,4R,5S,7R)-4-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-3,5-dimethyloct-1-yne (29) Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (5.44 g, 34.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 28 (4.78 g, 11.4 mmol) and triethylamine (4.77 mL, 34.2 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (23 mL) and DMSO (46 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then diluted with Et 2 O. The organic phase was washed with cold 0.5 M aqueous NaHSO 4 and then with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to afford the crude aldehyde as a golden oil which was used directly in the next reaction without further purification. Carbon tetrabromide (7.56 g, 22.8 mmol) was added to a solution of triphenylphosphine (12.3 g, 45.6 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (56 mL) at 0° C. The resulting dark-red mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. A solution of the crude aldehyde and 2,6-lutidine (2.66 mL, 22.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (45 mL) was added dropwise. The dark-brown mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then quenched with a saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic extracts were washed with H 2 O, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short flash chromatography (hexane 100%) to afford the dibromoolefin (4.76 g, 73% yield from the alcohol) as a colorless oil that was used without further purification. A solution of the dibromoolefin (4.76 g, 8.2 mmol) in THF (40 mL) stirred at −78° C. was treated with n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexane, 15.4 mL, 24.6 mmol). The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and then quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and was diluted with Et 2 O. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc 97:3) to afford the pure alkyne 29 (3.26 g, 95%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 3313, 2100, 1472, 1463, 1252, 1088, 1005 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.53-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.33 (d, J=9.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (ddddd, J=7.2, 7.2, 7.2, 5.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.97-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.6 (m, 1H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.21 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.91 (m, 6H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 87.9, 77.8, 70.2, 68.5, 39.2, 33.9, 33.7, 32.3, 26.4, 26.3, 18.6, 17.9, 17.5, 15.7, −3.6, −5.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 22 H 45 O 2 Si 2 Na 397.2958 [M+Na] + , found 397.2950; [α] 20 D −8.2 (c 3.1, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-N-((1S,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)-N,2,4,6-tetramethylheptanamide (31) PPh 3 (7.05 g, 26.2 mmol), imidazole (1.78 g, 26.2 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (4.6 mL, 26.2 mmol) in benzene (80 mL), diethyl ether (165 mL) and acetonitrile (33 mL) were stirred at room temperature and treated with iodine (6.65 g, 26.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred until the formation of a beige suspension. A solution of the alcohol 21 (5.0 g, 13.1 mmol) in Et 2 O (20 mL) was added dropwise to the suspension and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and diluted with Et 2 O. The aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with hexane and the triturate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This procedure was repeated two more times to afford the iodide as a colorless oil that was used directly in the next reaction. A solution of n-BuLi in hexane (2.5 M, 21 mL, 52.4 mmol) was added to a suspension of LiCl (7.05 g, 166.4 mmol) and diisopropylamine (7.85 mL, 56.3 mmol) in THF (40 mL) at −78° C. The suspension was stirred at −78° C. for 5 min, 0° C. for 15 min and then cooled to −78° C. A solution of (S,S)-pseudoephedrine propionamide (Meyer's auxiliary, 30) (6.09 g, 27.5 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, at 0° C. for 15 min and at room temperature for 5 min. The suspension was cooled to 0° C. and the iodide was added as a solution in THF (6 mL followed by a 6 mL rinse). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h and quenched with half-saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 1:1) to afford the amide 31 (6.69 g, 87%) as a colorless oil: IR (film) 3387, 1616, 1513, 1463, 1248, 1087, 1037 cm −1 ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 34 H 56 NO 5 Si 586.3928, found 586.3940; [α] 20 D +23.2 (c 1.26, CHCl 3 ). (4R,5S,10S,11R,12S,14R,2E)-5,1 1,1 5-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-one (32) Alkyne 29 (4.12 g, 10.0 mmol) was dissolved in THF (100 mL) and cooled to −78° C. n-BuLi (6.25 mL, 1.6 M hexane solution) was added slowly. After 5 min, the mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 min. The mixture was then cooled to −78° C. and amide 15 (6.47 g, 11.3 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added slowly. After 5 min, the solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl and the mixture was partitioned in a separatory funnel. The aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, followed by flash chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 19:1), afforded the ynone 32 (9.70 g, 93%) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2928, 2856, 2209, 1676, 1471, 1462, 1252, 1085, 836, 774 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.56 m, 6H), 7.36 (m, 9H), 5.80 (dd, J=15.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (dt, J=15.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 3.69 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=9.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=9.7, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.59 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (m, 1H), 1.00 (m, 3H), 0.194 (s, 3H), 0.190 (s, 3H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 186.1, 144.2, 132.9, 128.6, 127.7, 126.9, 96.8, 86.8, 83.1, 71.5, 68.0, 64.9, 50.0, 42.3, 38.1, 34.4, 33.2, 32.1, 26.01, 25.96, 25.85, 18.3, 18.0, 17.9, 17.2, 15.5, 15.4, −3.8, −4.1, −4.6, −4.7, −5.4; LRMS (ESI) 947.5 [M+Na]+, 562.3, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 88 O 5 Si 3 Na 947.5837 [M+Na] + , found 947.5875; [α] 20 D −12.0 (c 0.54, CHCl 3 ). (4R,5S,7S,10S,11R,12S,14R,2E)-5,11,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-ol (33) Ynone 32 (5.28 g, 5.71 mmol) was taken up in i-PrOH (58 mL). The (S,S)-Noyori catalyst (0.77 g, 1.15 mmol, 20 mol %) was added in one portion and the solution was stirred overnight. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 97:3), affording propargylic alcohol 33 (4.18 g, 79%) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3469, 2955, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1252, 1084, 836, 774 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.55 (m, 6H), 7.36 (m, 9H), 5.71 (m, 2H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.03 (quint, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (dd, J=4.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=10.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J=9.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.23 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (m, 34H), 0.20 (s, 3H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 134.0, 128.6, 127.8, 127.1, 126.9, 88.1, 86.8, 83.0, 72.6, 68.3, 65.8, 65.1, 59.5, 41.9, 40.3, 38.7, 33.5, 33.2, 32.1, 26.0, 25.9, 18.4, 18.1, 17.7, 17.4, 15.7, 15.3, 14.2, −3.9, −4.0, −4.4, −4.5, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 949.7 [M+Na]+, 413.3, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 90 O 5 Si 3 Na 949.5994 [M+Na] + , found 949.6018; [α] 20 D −10.0 (c 1.2, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14R)-5,11,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadeca-2,8-dien-7-ol (34) A catalytic amount of Lindlar catalyst (ca. 200 mg) was added to a solution of alcohol 33 (4.18 g, 4.51 mmol) in toluene (100 mL). The flask was flushed with H 2 via a balloon several times, then stirred under an atmosphere of H 2 until starting material was consumed (usually 1 h) as indicated by TLC analysis. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the alkene 34 as a colorless oil (3.82 g, 91%): IR (CHCl 3 ) 3436, 2954, 2926, 2855, 1461, 1378, 1252, 1061, 836, 773 cm −11 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.56 (m, 6H), 7.34 (m, 9H), 5.73 (m, 2H), 5.60 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=10.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 3.98 (q, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=9.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dd, J=9.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.23 (br, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (m, 34H), 0.22 (s, 3H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 6H), 0.13 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 135.3, 134.6, 131.5, 128.7, 127.7, 127.0, 126.8, 86.8, 79.6, 73.0, 68.2, 65.0, 64.7, 42.0, 39.6, 38.0, 36.4, 34.9, 33.4, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 19.9, 18.4, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 15.2, 14.5, −3.4, −3.7, −4.2, −4.4, −4.5, −5.4; LRMS (ESI) 951.7 [M+Na] + , 413.3, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 92 O 5 Si 3 Na 951.6150 [M+Na] + , found 951.6172; [α] 20 D 1.0 (c 0.62, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14R)-5,7,11,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethylpentadeca-2,8-dienyloxy)triphenylmethane (35) TBSOTf (2.08 mL, 9.07 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the alcohol 34 (3.82 g, 4.11 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (1.14 mL, 9.85 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (14 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of H 2 O (25 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 which was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 19:1) to obtain 35 (4.27 g, 99%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1471, 1462, 1449, 1255, 1089, 1005, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.60 (m, 6H), 7.39 (m, 9H), 5.77 (m, 2H), 5.56 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (dd, J=9.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.40 (dd, J=9.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 1.89 (m, 3H), 1.59 (m, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6H), 1.04 (m, 42H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.24 (s, 3H), 0.19 (s, 6H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.17 (s, 6H), 0.16 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 134.5, 132.9, 132.6, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 86.8, 79.9, 72.3, 68.3, 66.5, 65.1, 64.1, 42.4, 41.6, 37.9, 36.0, 35.3, 33.6, 26.3, 26.02, 25.97, 25.7, 19.4, 18.5, 18.4, 18.20, 18.15, 18.1, 15.5, 13.3, −2.9, −3.5, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 1065.9 [M+Na] + , 413.3, 359.3, 328.3, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 106 O 5 Si 4 Na 1065.7015 [M+Na] + , found 1065.7026; [α] 20 D −10.4 (c 0.53, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4S,5R,6S,7Z,9S,11S,12R,13E)-5,9,11-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6,12-tetramethyl-15-(trityloxy)pentadeca-7,13-dien-1-ol (36) HF-pyridine in pyridine (40 mL, prepared by slow addition of 12 mL pyridine to 3 mL HF-pyridine complex followed by dilution with 25 mL THF) was slowly added to a solution of TBS ether 35 (4.27 g, 4.10 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 21 h at 0° C. and quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et 2 O (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous CuSO 4 (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. Flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:4) afforded 2.55 g (67%) of the alcohol 36 as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3350, 2956, 2928, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1086, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.52 (m, 6H), 7.32 (m, 9H), 5.68 (m, 2H), 5.50 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dd, J=10.9, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (dd, J=10.6, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dd, J=9.9, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.48 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 3H), 1.49 (m, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.97 (s, 18H), 0.93 (m, 6H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 6H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 134.4, 133.0, 132.1, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 86.7, 79.8, 72.3, 67.7, 66.5, 65.1, 42.4, 41.5, 37.3, 35.7, 35.5, 33.3, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 18.4, 18.14, 18.06, 17.98, 15.7, 13.2, −2.9, −3.6, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 951.8 [M+Na] + , 771.6, 328.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 92 O 5 Si 3 Na 951.6150 [M+Na] + , found 951.6162; [α] 20 D −12.0 (c 0.71, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4E,6R,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-4,11,17-trien-3-one (39) The alcohol 36 (2.55 g, 2.75 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1.74 g, 4.10 μmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (30 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (2×30 mL) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. A mixture of ketophosphonate 38 (1.06 g, 2.75 mmol) and Ba(OH) 2 (0.38 g, activated by heating to 100° C. for 1-2 h before use) in THF (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. A solution of the above aldehyde in wet THF (4×1 mL washings, 40:1 THF/H 2 O) was then added. After stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (30 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic solution was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to yield 39 (2.60 g, 80% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2928, 2855, 1688, 1618, 1518, 1471, 1461, 1338, 1251, 1080, 1038, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.50 (m, 6H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 9H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 6.73 (dd, J=15.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (m, 2H), 5.46 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=11.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=11.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=10.0, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.39 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (m, 1H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 1H), 1.61 (m, 1H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.44 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.79 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 200.7, 159.8, 152.3, 144.3, 134.3, 132.8, 132.1, 131.0, 128.6, 127.7, 127.1, 126.8, 126.6, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 82.7, 80.0, 72.8, 72.1, 66.4, 65.0, 55.2, 47.1, 42.4, 41.4, 39.3, 35.8, 34.7, 34.6, 32.2, 26.1, 25.92, 25.86, 20.8, 19.7, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 15.0, 13.0, 12.4, 10.8, −2.9, −3.7, −3.8, −4.18, −4.25, −4.35; LRMS (ESI) 1209.6 [M+Na] + , 828.4, 715.3, 449.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 110 O 8 Si 3 Na 1209.7406 [M+Na] + , found 1209.7474; [α] 20 D −6.7 (c 0.11, CHCl 3 ). (2R,6S,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-3-one (40) NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (0.26 g, 1.09 mmol) then portionwise NaBH 4 (0.17 g, 4.49 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of unsaturated ketone 39 (2.60 g, 2.19 μmol) in 80 mL of 3:2 MeOH/THF at 0° C. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was evaporated and filtered through Celite using Et 2 O (30 mL) as an eluent. The organic phase was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 1.98 g of 40 (76%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2927, 2855, 1711, 1614, 1518, 1461, 1251, 1076, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.46 (m, 6H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 5.60 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 5.40 (m, 1H), 5.27 (m, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J=11.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.55 (m 2H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 1H), 1.68 (m, 3H), 1.41 (m, 5H), 1.23 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (m, 1H), 0.87 (m, 3H), 0.80 (s, 9H), 0.78 (m, 6H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 211.9, 159.8, 144.5, 144.3, 134.4, 132.9, 132.4, 130.9, 128.6, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.1, 126.8, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 83.1, 79.9, 72.8, 72.2, 66.4, 65.1, 55.1, 48.3, 42.3, 41.5, 41.2, 38.1, 35.7, 35.0, 31.2, 29.8, 29.7, 26.2, 25.92, 25.87, 20.2, 19.4, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 15.2, 13.2, 12.1, 9.6, −3.0, −3.5, −3.7, −4.2, −4.28, −4.34; LRMS (ESI) 1211.9 (30 mL), 1031.8, 870.4, 684.3, 366.4, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 112 O 8 Si 3 Na 1211.7563 (30 mL), found 1211.7616; [α] 20 D +1.6 (c 0.50, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,6S,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-7,11-dien-3ol (41β) NaBH 4 (0.095 g, 2.51 mmol) was added to a solution of ketone 40 (1.98 g, 1.67 mmol) in MeOH (28 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 2 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was evaporated and water (30 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was extracted with ether (2×40 mL) and washed with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield major product the title compound 41β (1.39 g, 70%, less polar) and minor product 41α (0.58 g, 28%, more polar) as a colorless oil. 41β: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3398, 2954, 2926, 2854, 1517, 1460, 1251, 1072, 835 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.50 (m, 6H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 9H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 5.66 (m, 2H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 5.46 (m, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=11.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.72 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H), 3.24 (br, 1H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.53 (m, 5H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.06 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.90 (m, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.78 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.14 (m, 6H), 0.09 (m, 12H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 160.0, 144.5, 144.3, 134.4, 132.9, 132.4, 130.7, 128.7, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.2, 127.1, 126.8, 113.6, 101.2, 89.1, 86.7, 80.0, 76.9, 73.1, 72.2, 66.5, 65.1, 42.3, 41.5, 41.4, 37.0, 36.7, 35.1, 32.5, 32.1, 30.4, 30.3, 26.2, 25.93, 25.87, 20.4, 19.4, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 15.4, 13.2, 11.8, 5.4, −3.0, −3.5, −3.7, −4.2, −4.27, −4.33; LRMS (ESI) 1213.7 [M+Na] + , 1033.6, 570.9, 364.3, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 114 O 8 Si 3 Na 1213.7719 [M+Na] + , found 1213.7861; [α] 20 D +6.5 (c 0.31, CHCl 3 ). 41α: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3540, 2956, 2929, 2855, 1615, 1518, 1461, 1383, 1251, 1074, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.61 (m, 6H), 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.32 (m, 9H), 7.00 (m, 2H), 5.77 (m, 2H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=11.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.60 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.24 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.46 (m, 6H), 1.42-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (s, 18H), 1.03 (m, 6H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.27-0.18 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.9, 144.4, 144.3, 134.3, 132.9, 132.4, 131.0, 128.6, 127.6, 127.2, 126.8, 113.5, 101.0, 86.7, 82.8, 79.8, 74.8, 73.2, 72.2, 66.4, 65.0, 55.1, 42.3, 41.5, 37.8, 35.9, 34.9, 33.2, 32.4, 30.3, 30.2, 26.2, 25.92, 25.87, 20.4, 19.3, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 15.3, 13.2, 11.8, 11.0, −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −3.9, −4.2, −4.28, −4.34; LRMS (ESI) 1213.9 [M+Na] + , 987.7, 659.3, 437.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 114 O 8 Si 3 Na 1213.7719 [M+Na] + , found 1213.7760; [α] 20 D +2.3 (c 0.75, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5S)-4-((2R,3R,6S,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-3,9,13,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-2-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane (42) TBSOTf (0.40 mL, 1.74 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 41β (1.39 g, 1.17 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.27 mL, 2.33 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (23 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h at ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water (50 mL) and extracted by CH 2 Cl 2 . After drying over MgSO 4 , followed by the evaporation of the solution under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by short column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to yield 42 (1.51 g, 99%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2928, 2855, 1615, 1517, 1461, 1250, 1074, 1039, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.59 (m, 6H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.41 (m, 9H), 7.01 (m, 2H), 5.74 (m, 2H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.43 (m, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=11.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 3H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 3H), 1.54 (m, 6H), 1.14 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.02 (s, 12H), 0.98 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.87 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.24 (s, 3H), 0.22 (s, 3H), 0.17 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.6, 144.5, 144.3, 134.4, 133.1, 132.6, 131.5, 128.6, 127.7, 127.6, 127.1, 126.8, 126.7, 113.3, 100.4, 86.7, 81.9, 79.8, 74.9, 73.3, 72.2, 66.4, 65.1, 55.1, 42.3, 41.5, 38.8, 35.9, 34.5, 31.3, 31.2, 30.8, 30.7, 26.3, 25.99, 25.97, 25.91, 22.6, 20.3, 19.2, 18.5, 18.10, 18.05, 15.1, 14.1, 13.1, 12.4, 10.6, −3.0, −3.2, −3.6, −4.2, −4.25, −4.30; LRMS (ESI) 1327.8 [M+Na] + , 1147.7, 833.3, 631.3, 429.2, 364.3, 301.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 128 O 8 Si 4 Na 1327.8584 [M+Na] + , found 1327.8693; [α] 20 D +7.6 (c 0.17, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3S,4R,5R,8S,10S,11R,12S,13Z,15S,17S,18R,19E)-3-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,11,15,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,8,10,12,18-hexamethyl-21-(trityloxy)henicosa-13,19-dien-1-ol (43) DIBAL-H (1.0 M in hexane, 11.7 mL, 11.7 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of TBS protected acetal 42 (1.53 g, 1.17 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (2.3 mL) under an atmosphere of N 2 at 0° C. After stirring for additional 30 min at 0° C. the reaction mixture was quenched by the careful addition of aqueous saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate (30 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted by CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 followed by the evaporation of the organic solution under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to obtain pure 43 (1.35 g, 88%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3464, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1252, 1087, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.46 (m, 6H), 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 5.61 (m, 2H), 5.39 (m, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.46 (dd, J=6.2, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.66 (m, 3H), 1.35 (m, 5H), 1.11 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (m, 27H), 0.85 (m, 10H), 0.81 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 6H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.4, 144.3, 134.3, 133.0, 132.4, 130.5, 129.1, 128.6, 127.6, 126.7, 113.8, 86.7, 85.4, 79.8, 75.1, 73.8, 72.2, 66.4, 65.0, 55.0, 42.3, 41.6, 41.5, 40.5, 37.1, 35.8, 34.8, 32.0, 31.9, 30.7, 26.2, 25.94, 25.86, 20.3, 19.2, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 15.6, 15.2, 13.2, 10.0, −3.0, −3.4, −3.8, −3.9, −4.2, −4.28, −4.34, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1329.8 [M+Na] + , 707.3, 413.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 130 O 8 Si 4 Na 1329.8741 [M+Na] + , found 1329.8779; [α] 20 D −8.9 (c 0.46, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2, 8,21,23-tetraenyloxy)triphenylmethane (44) The alcohol 43 (1.35 g, 1.03 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.66 g, 1.56 μmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (2×20 mL) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. CrCl 2 (1.06 g, 8.62 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the crude aldehyde and 1-bromoallyl trimethylsilane (1.28 g, 5.20 mmol) in anhydrous THF (26 mL) under an atmosphere of N 2 at room temperature and the mixture was stirred for additional 14 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with hexane followed by filtration through celite. After the evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by short silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc/hexane (1:9) as eluent. The foregoing product in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and NaH (95% w/w, 0.52 g, 20.6 mmol) was added in one portion. The ice bath was removed after 15 min and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with H 2 O (5 mL) and extracted with Et 2 O (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 49:1) to obtain 44 (1.17 g, 85% for 3 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2928, 2856, 1614, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1249, 1088, 836, 772 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.46 (m, 6H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.86 (m, 2H), 6.58 (ddd, J=17.0, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (m, 3H), 5.31 (m, 2H), 5.17 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (m, 3H), 3.90 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.56 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.63 (m, 3H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 1.21 (m, 2H), 1.10 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (m, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.86 (m, 6H), 0.82 (m, 6H), 0.80 (s, 9H), 0.79 (m, 3H), 0.08 (m, 6H), 0.05 (m, 6H), 0.04 (m, 6H), 0.01 (m, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 146.2, 144.5, 144.4, 134.6, 134.5, 133.1, 132.7, 132.3, 131.4, 129.0, 128.9, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 117.1, 113.7, 86.8, 84.4, 79.9, 75.0, 72.9, 72.3, 66.5, 65.1, 55.2, 42.4, 41.9, 41.6, 40.6, 36.0, 35.6, 35.3, 34.5, 32.5, 31.7, 30.5, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 20.2, 19.2, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 15.1, 13.3, 9.3, −2.9, −3.0, −3.3, −3.6, −3.7, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1351.8 [M+Na] + , 1171.7, 1043.7, 889.6, 707.3, 536.1, 453.3, 413.2, 359.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 81 H 132 O 7 Si 4 Na 1351.8948 [M+Na] + , found 1351.9012; [α] 20 D +1.1 (c 1.7, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2,8,21,23-tetraen-1-ol (45) ZnBr 2 (0.41 g) in 1.2 mL of 5:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH was added dropwise for 30 min to a stirred solution of trityl compound 44 (0.24 g, 0.18 μmol) in 1.4 mL of 6:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH at 0° C. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and extracted with Et 2 O (2×10 mL). The organic phase were separated, dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 45 (0.15 g, 77%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3432, 2956, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1360, 1250, 1082, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.29 (m, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.58 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (m, 3H), 5.38 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dd, J=11.2, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 3H), 4.08 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.62 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 2.99 (ddd, J=10.0, 6.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.63 (m, 3H), 1.42 (m, 3H), 1.28 (m, 5H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 18H), 0.89 (m, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.81 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 6H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.03 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 146.9, 135.2, 134.6, 133.0, 132.7, 132.3, 131.4, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 127.93, 127.90, 127.2, 84.4, 80.0, 75.0, 72.8, 72.2, 66.6, 63.9, 55.2, 42.4, 41.8, 41.7, 40.5, 35.9, 35.2, 34.6, 32.6, 31.6, 30.5, 26.3, 25.99, 25.96, 25.93, 20.2, 19.2, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 15.1, 13.2, 9.2, −3.0, −3.3, −3.6, −3.7, −4.2, −4.4, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1109.8 [M+Na] + , 823.6, 691.5, 559.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 118 O 7 Si 4 Na 1109.7852 [M+Na] + , found 1109.7897; [α] 20 D +1.6 (c 0.94, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-21-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (46) The alcohol 45 (127 mg, 0.117 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (4 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (75 mg, 0.18 μmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (5 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (2×10 mL) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used for the next reaction without further purification. KHMDS (0.28 mL, 0.14 μmol, 0.5M solution in toluene) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) phosphate (0.030 mL, 0.14 μmol) and 18-crown-6 (0.15 g, 0.57 mmol) in THF (2.3 mL) at −78° C. Thereafter, the aldehyde in THF (0.5 mL) was added and the solution was stirred for 4 h at −78° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of a saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (5 mL) and diluted with Et 2 O (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (30 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) yielding (E,Z)-doubly unsaturated ester 46 (0.12 g, 86% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2929, 2856, 1722, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1250, 1174, 1085, 1041, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.39 (dd, J=15.4, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.59 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.8, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (dd, J=15.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dd, J=11.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (m, 3H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 3H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.46 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 1.26 (m, 5H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.83 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 159.0, 147.3, 145.5, 134.6, 132.9, 132.8, 132.4, 131.4, 129.0, 128.9, 126.9, 117.1, 115.5, 113.7, 84.4, 80.0, 75.0, 72.9, 72.1, 66.5, 55.2, 50.9, 43.5, 42.5, 41.8, 40.5, 36.0, 35.3, 34.5, 32.5, 31.6, 30.5, 26.3, 25.99, 25.96, 25.91, 20.2, 19.2, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 15.0, 13.4, 9.2, −3.0, −3.2, −3.3, −3.6, −3.7, −4.1, −4.4, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1163.9 [M+Na] + , 1009.8, 684.3, 610.2, 513.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 65 H 120 O 8 Si 4 Na 1163.7958 [M+Na] + , found 1163.7985; [α] 20 D −9.3 (c 1.2, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (47) The ester 46 (81 mg, 71 μmol) was added to CH 2 Cl 2 (2 mL) and H 2 O (0.1 mL) and DDQ (20 mg, 88 μmol) was added at 0° C. After 1 h of stirring at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (5 mL). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (3×10 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) furnished 47 (64 mg, 88%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3541, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1722, 1639, 1471, 1462, 1377, 1360, 1254, 1175, 1086, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.34 (dd, J=15.4, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (dd, J=15.4, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (dd, J=11.0, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=18.7 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.44 (m, 1H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.31 (br, 1H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 1.26 (m, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (m, 27H), 0.84 (m, 6H), 0.82 (m, 12H), 0.05 (s, 9H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 147.3, 145.5, 135.3, 132.7, 132.6, 132.3, 129.9, 126.8, 117.7, 115.5, 79.9, 77.6, 76.6, 72.1, 66.5, 51.0, 43.5, 42.4, 41.5, 37.7, 36.1, 35.7, 35.0, 32.1, 31.5, 30.6, 26.3, 25.9, 25.9, 20.4, 19.4, 18.5, 18.1, 17.9, 17.7, 15.3, 13.3, 6.9, −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1043.6 [M+Na] + , 889.6, 757.5, 625.4, 393.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 57 H 112 O 7 Si 4 Na 1043.7383 [M+Na] + , found 1043.7417; [α] 20 D −25.3 (c 0.61, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoic acid (48) A stirred solution of alcohol 47 (25 mg, 24 μmol) in 3.4 mL of 12:5 EtOH/THF was treated with 1N aqueous KOH (0.24 mL) and the mixture was refluxed gently for 3 h. The ethanolic solution was concentrated and then diluted with Et 2 O (4 mL). After the solution was acidified to pH3 with 1N aqueous HCl, the organic phase was separated and aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (2×5 mL). The combined organic phase was dried with MgSO 4 , filtered, concentrated and the residue was used without further purification: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2857, 1693, 1635, 1600, 1471, 1462, 1254, 1088, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.33 (dd, J=15.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (m, 1H), 6.07 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (dd, J=15.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (m, 2H), 5.23 (dd, J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=7.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 4H), 1.42 (m, 4H), 1.24 (m, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (m, 30H), 0.84 (m, 15H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 171.2, 148.2, 147.3, 135.2, 133.2, 132.7, 132.3, 123.0, 127.0, 117.7, 115.2, 79.9, 77.6, 76.5, 72.1, 66.4, 43.5, 42.6, 41.6, 37.8, 36.0, 35.8, 34.9, 32.1, 31.5, 30.6, 26.2, 25.93, 25.87, 20.3, 19.4, 18.4, 18.10, 18.05, 17.7, 15.3, 13.6, 6.9 −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −4.1, −4.19, −4.24, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1029.7 [M+Na] + , 875.6, 743.6, 611.4, 593.4, 393.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 110 O 7 Si 4 Na 1029.7226 [M+Na] + , found 1029.7274; [α] 20 D −25.7 (c 0.54, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20R)-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-(7R,13S,15S,17S,21S)-pentamethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (49) A solution of 48 in THF (2 mL) was treated at 0° C. with Et 3 N (0.020 mL, 147 μmol) and 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.019 mL, 122 μmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then added to 4-DMAP (12 mL, 0.02 M solution in toluene) at 25° C. After stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated, Et 2 O (10 mL) was added and the crude was washed with 1N HCl (2×5 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 . Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:49) furnished the macrolactone (19 mg, 78% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2929, 2857, 1716, 1642, 1474, 1225, 1043, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.98 (dd, J=14.8, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (m, 1H), 6.52 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (dd, J=15.4, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (m, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dd, J=11.3, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (dd, J=7.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.19 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 1.81 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 3H), 1.25 (m, 3H), 1.09 (m, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.77 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.75 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.033 (s, 6H), 0.026 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.5, 143.1, 141.8, 133.9, 132.7, 131.8, 130.2, 129.8, 128.0, 118.4, 118.1, 81.0, 78.0, 70.4, 66.5, 62.5, 43.1, 42.3, 41.4, 39.1, 35.2, 34.8, 34.5, 31.6, 30.3, 29.7, 29.3, 26.2, 26.0, 25.94, 25.85, 20.2, 19.7, 18.5, 18.24, 18.16, 18.08, 16.2, 14.0, 9.9, −2.7, −3.4, −3.5, −3.8, −3.9, −4.2, −4.3; [α] 20 D −18.1 (c 0.24, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20R)-Tetrahydroxy-(7R,13S,15S,17S,21S)-pentamethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (Dictyostatin, 1) A stirred solution of macrolactone 49 (18 mg, 18 μmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. was treated with 3N HCl (10 mL, prepared by adding 2.5 mL of conc. HCl to 7.5 mL MeOH). After 24 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (4 mL) and H 2 O (4 mL). The organic phase was saved and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×4 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (10 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:2) to yield 1 as a white solid (5.3 mg, 55%): IR (CHCl 3 ) 3406, 2960, 2924, 2872, 1693, 1637, 1461, 1378, 1274, 1181, 1069, 998, 738 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.21 (dd, J=15.6, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (ddd, J=16.9, 11.0, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J=11.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J=15.6, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J=11.1, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, J=11.0, 11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (dd, J=11.1, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=10.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J=7.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (ddd, J=9.5, 9.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (ddd, J=10.6, 3.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (ddq, J=10.1, 6.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=8.1, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.84 (dddd, J=12.9, 11.2, 6.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.54 (m, 1H), 1.50 (ddd, J=14.1, 10.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (ddd, J=14.0, 10.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (ddd, J=13.7, 10.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (m, 1H), 1.07 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.90 (m, 1H), 0.71 (dddd, J=12.9, 12.8, 8.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 168.10, 146.42, 144.90, 134.87, 134.54, 133.43, 131.32, 131.27, 128.60, 118.58, 118.04, 80.37, 78.64, 73.73, 70.41, 65.53, 44.07, 42.28, 40.84, 40.65, 35.84, 35.78, 35.33, 32.75, 32.51, 31.23, 21.81, 19.36, 18.08, 15.98, 13.80, 10.41; LRMS (ESI) 555.3 [M+Na] + , 449.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 32 H 52 O 6 Na 555.3662 [M+Na] + , found 555.3665; [α] 20 D −22.6 (c 0.27, MeOH). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19R,20S,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19,21-penta-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (50) 3N HCl (10 mL, prepared by adding 2.5 mL of conc. HCl to 7.5 mL MeOH) was added to a stirred solution of the macrolactonization precursor 48 (23 mg, 23 μmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. After 24 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (4 mL) and H 2 O (4 mL). The organic phase was retained and aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×4 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (10 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:2) to yield the product 50 (4.5 mg, 36%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3399, 2917, 2849, 1713, 1635, 1600, 1461, 1439, 1197, 1178, 970, 757 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.36 (dd, J=15.3, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (ddd, J=16.9, 11.1, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=11.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dd, J=15.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (dd, J=11.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=10.7, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J=10.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=10.4, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dd, J=16.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (ddd, J=12.9, 8.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (ddd, J=8.9, 4.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 3.46 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (dd, J=8.0, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.36 (m, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (m, 2H), 0.94 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 168.4, 148.5, 146.9, 135.7, 135.4, 133.85, 133.82, 130.6, 128.2, 117.7, 116.2, 79.2, 78.5, 74.8, 72.4, 65.8, 51.5, 45.1, 43.2, 43.0, 41.0, 37.2, 36.5, 34.0, 33.3, 33.1, 31.0, 20.7, 18.6, 18.4, 16.7, 13.8, 7.8; LRMS (ESI) 587.5 [M+Na] + , 559.2, 485.2, 413.3, 355.1, 212.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 33 H 56 O 7 Na 587.3924 [M+Na] + , found 587.3953; [α] 20 D +8.7 (c 0.30, CDCl 3 ). (4S,5S)-4-((2R,3S,6S,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-3,9,13,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-trityloxynonadeca-11,17-dien-2-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane (51) The procedure for 42 was used with 41α (0.58 g, 0.49 mmol), TBSOTf (0.17 mL, 0.74 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.11 mL, 0.97 mmol) to yield 0.62 g (97%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2856, 1615, 1518, 1462, 1385, 1251, 1082, 835, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.55 (m, 6H), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.27 (m, 9H), 6.96 (m, 2H), 5.72 (m, 2H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 5.38 (m, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J=11.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (m 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.68 (m, 3H), 1.61-1.37 (m, 6H), 1.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.02-0.91 (m, 36H), 0.81 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.22-0.13 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.7, 144.5, 134.4, 132.8, 132.6, 131.7, 128.7, 127.7, 127.3, 126.8, 113.4, 100.9, 86.7, 81.4, 80.1, 73.4, 72.3, 71.5, 66.5, 65.1, 55.1, 42.4, 41.5, 37.9, 35.5, 35.1, 31.3, 30.8, 30.2, 27.9, 26.3, 26.01, 25.99, 25.93, 25.7, 20.6, 19.5, 18.4, 18.11, 18.07, 15.4, 13.4, 13.3, 12.2, 9.2, −2.9, −3.5, −3.7, −3.9, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.9; LRMS (ESI) 1328.0 [M+Na] + , 782.5, 659.3, 437.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 128 O 8 Si 4 Na 1327.8584 [M+Na] + , found 1327.8624; [α] 20 D +6.1 (c 0.93, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3S,4R,5S,8S,10S,11R,12S,13Z,15S,17S,18R,19E)-3-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy))-5,11,15,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,8,10,12,18-hexamethyl-21-trityloxyhenicosa-13,19-dien-1-ol (52) The procedure for 43 was used with 51 (0.62 g, 0.47 mmol) and DIBAL-H (1.0 M in hexane, 4.7 mL, 4.7 mmol) to yield 0.54 g (87%) of the product after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3479, 2955, 2928, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1251, 1084, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.56-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 9H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 2H), 5.72 (m, 2H), 5.52 (m, 1H), 5.38 (m, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.70 (m, 3H), 3.65 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.64 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.34 (m, 8H), 1.09-0.90 (m, 54H), 0.21-0.12 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.5, 144.3, 134.4, 132.8, 132.4, 130.6, 129.0, 128.6, 127.7, 126.8, 113.8, 86.7, 84.7, 80.0, 74.8, 74.5, 72.2, 66.5, 66.2, 65.1, 55.1, 42.3, 41.4, 38.7, 35.5, 35.2, 35.0, 31.5, 30.9, 30.7, 29.8, 26.2, 26.00, 25.95, 25.89, 20.5, 19.4, 18.4, 18.13, 18.08, 1,8.02, 15.4, 15.2, 13.2, 10.4, −3.0, −3.6, −3.7, −3.8, −4.18, −4.24, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1329.8 [M+Na] + , 782.4, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 130 O 8 Si 4 Na 1329.8741 [M+Na] + , found 1329.8782; [α] 20 D−6.8 (c 0.66, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14S,17S,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2, 8,21,23-tetraenyloxy)triphenylmethane (53) The procedure for 44 was used with 52 (0.54 g, 0.41 μmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (0.26 g, 0.61 μmol), 1-bromoallyl trimethylsilane (0.50 g, 2.60 mmol) and CrCl 2 (0.42 g, 3.42 mmol), NaH (95% w/w, 0.21 g, 8.31 mmol) to yield 0.46 g (83% for 3 steps) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2928, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1462, 1250, 1069, 835, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.58-7.54 (m, 6H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 9H), 7.33-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.69 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.67 (m, 3H), 5.52 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (m, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (m, 3H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 3.38 (m, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.37 (m, 7H), 1.31-1.23 (m, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (m, 6H), 1.03-0.92 (m, 45H), 0.23-0.10 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.1, 144.5, 144.4, 134.7, 134.5, 133.0, 132.6, 132.2, 131.4, 129.1, 129.0, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 117.5, 113.7, 86.8, 84.6, 79.9, 74.7, 73.6, 72.3, 66.5, 65.1, 55.2, 42.5, 42.4, 41.6, 36.1, 35.9, 34.8, 32.0, 30.8, 29.8, 26.3, 26.02, 25.96, 20.5, 19.3, 18.6, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 15.4, 13.3, 10.5, −2.9, −3.4, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1352.0 [M+Na] + , 782.5, 647.6, 619.6, 437.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 81 H 132 O 7 Si 4 Na 1351.8948 [M+Na] + , found 1351.8987; [α] 20 D −8.6 (c 1.6, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,14S,17S,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2,8,21,23-tetraen-1-ol (54) The procedure for 45 was used with 53 (0.46 g, 0.35 μmol) and ZnBr 2 (0.41 g in 5.8 mL of 24:5 CH 2 Cl 2 MeOH) to yield 0.21 g (55%) of the product after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3410, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1614, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1251, 1075, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.60 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.67-5.57 (m, 3H), 5.41 (m, 1H), 5.29 (m, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (m, 3H), 4.10 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.40 (dd, J=4.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=6.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.19 (m, 8H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92-0.86 (m, 45H), 0.11-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 135.2, 134.7, 132.8, 132.7, 132.3, 131.4, 129.2, 129.1, 129.0, 117.4, 113.7, 84.6, 80.0, 74.7, 73.6, 72.2, 66.6, 63.9, 63.3, 55.3, 42.4, 41.7, 36.1, 35.8, 34.8, 31.9, 30.8, 29.8, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 20.5, 19.4, 19.3, 18.6, 18.5, 18.1, 15.3, 13.3, 10.5, −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −4.2, −4.3, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1109.9 [M+Na] + , 947.8, 782.5, 689.2, 615.2, 541.1, 413.3, 306.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 118 O 7 Si 4 Na 1109.7856 [M+Na] + , found 1109.7902; [α] 20 D −12.0 (c 1.7, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-21-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-7,9,13,1 9-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (55) The procedure for 46 was used with 54 (117 mg, 0.108 μmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (69 mg, 0.16 μmol), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) phosphate (0.027 mL, 0.13 μmol), 18-crown-6 (0.14 g, 0.53 mmol) and KHMDS (0.26 mL, 0.13 μmol, 0.5 M solution in toluene) to yield 69 mg (56% for 2 steps) of the product after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1722, 1640, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1250, 1174, 1080, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.44 (dd, J=15.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.60 (ddd, J=16.7, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (dd, J=15.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (m, 2H), 5.42 (m, 1H), 5.27 (m, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (m, 3H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.41 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.20 (m, 4H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.85 (m, 42H), 0.13-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 159.0, 147.3, 145.5, 134.7, 132.9, 132.7, 132.3, 131.4, 129.1, 129.0, 126.9, 117.4, 115.5, 113.7, 84.6, 80.0, 74.7, 73.6, 72.1, 66.5, 55.3, 51.0, 43.5, 42.4, 41.6, 36.1, 35.8, 34.8, 31.9, 30.7, 29.8, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 20.5, 19.3, 18.6, 18.5, 18.1, 15.3, 13.4, 10.5, −3.0, −3.3, −3.7, −4.10, −4.15, −4.19, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1163.8 [M+Na] + , 1057.7, 782.4, 541.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 65 H 120 O 8 Si 4 Na 1163.7958[M+Na] + , found 1163.8000; [α] 20 D −16.7 (c 0.33, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23, 25-pentaenoate (56) The procedure for 47 was used with 55 (68 mg, 60 μmol) and DDQ (15 mg, 66 μmol) to yield 56 mg (92%) of the product after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3499, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1723, 1641, 1471, 1462, 1255, 1175, 1081, 836, 773 cm − ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.35 (dd, J=15.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (dd, J=15.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44-5.33 (m, 2H), 5.26-5.21 (m, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=16.7 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.67 (m, 5H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 3.25 (br, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.44-1.16 (m, 7H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.88-0.81 (m, 42H), 0.08-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 147.3, 145.5, 136.5, 132.8, 132.7, 132.6, 129.6, 126.8, 117.3, 115.5, 79.8, 78.4, 74.2, 72.1, 66.5, 51.0, 43.5, 42.5, 41.4, 36.0, 35.9, 35.8, 35.0, 32.4, 31.9, 30.7, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 20.4, 19.4, 18.5, 18.12, 18.08, 17.98, 17.4, 15.3, 13.4, 10.8, −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.8; LRMS (ESI) 1043.7 [M+Na] + , 889.6, 758.2, 684.2, 610.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 57 H 112 O 7 Si 4 Na 1043.7383 [M+Na] + , found 1043.7435; [α] 20 D −9.4 (c 0.62, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoic acid (57) The procedure for 48 was used with 56 (56 mg, 55 μmol) and 1N aqueous KOH (0.54 mL) to yield 57, which was used without further purification: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2857, 1693, 1634, 1471, 1462, 1254, 1082, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.34 (dd, J=15.1, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (ddd, J=16.5, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (dd, J=15.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.23 (dd, J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.20 (m, 7H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.90-0.82 (m, 45H), 0.09-0.01 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 171.1, 148.2, 147.4, 136.4, 132.7, 132.6, 129.6, 127.0, 117.4, 115.1, 79.8, 78.4, 74.2, 72.1, 66.5, 43.5, 42.6, 41.5, 36.0, 35.9, 35.8, 35.0, 31.9, 30.8, 29.7, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 20.4, 19.3, 18.5, 18.13, 18.08, 17.97, 17.4, 15.4, 13.7, 10.8, −3.0, −3.4, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.8; LRMS (ESI) 1029.8 [M+Na] + , 832.3, 758.3, 684.3, 610.2, 541.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 110 O 7 Si 4 Na 1029.7226 [M+Na] + , found 1029.7255; [α] 20 D −6.5 (c 0.17, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20S)-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-(7R,13S,15S,17S,21S)-pentamethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)-oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (58) The procedure for 49 was used with 57, Et 3 N (0.046 mL, 33 μmol), 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.043 mL, 28 μmol) and 4-DMAP (27 mL, 0.02 M solution in toluene) to yield 42 mg (78% for 2 steps) of 58 after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:49) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1704, 1638, 1471, 1462, 1378, 1361, 1255, 1086, 1044, 1004, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.98 (dd, J=15.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (dd, J=9.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.42 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.21 (m, 3H), 5.12 (d, J=15.1 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.44 (m, 1H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.42 (m, 7H), 1.37-1.18 (m, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.98-0.82 (m, 36H), 0.79 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.66 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.11-0.01 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.4, 146.5, 143.9, 134.3, 132.7, 132.2, 130.8, 129.8, 127.9, 117.4, 117.1, 81.6, 78.0, 77.1, 73.0, 66.7, 46.9, 45.7, 41.2, 37.5, 35.8, 35.1, 34.5, 31.1, 29.7, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 20.5, 19.5, 19.1, 18.5, 18.4, 18.2, 17.9, 17.3, 16.9, 7.9, −2.6, −3.4, −3.5, −4.3, −4.4, −4.6; LRMS (ESI) 1011.7 [M+Na] + , 803.5, 633.1, 544.2, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 108 O 6 Si 4 Na 1011.7121 [M+Na] + , found 1011.7164; [α] 20 D −61.6 (c 2.8, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20S)-Tetrahydroxy-(7R,13S,15S,17S,21s)-pentamethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)-oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (59) 3N HCl (10 mL, prepared by adding 2.5 mL of conc. HCl to 7.5 mL MeOH) was added to a stirred solution of macrolactone 58 (42 mg, 42 μmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. After 24 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (4 mL) and H 2 O (4 mL). The organic phase was retained and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×4 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (10 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:2) to yield 59 (7.9 mg, 35%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3415, 2961, 2917, 2849, 1681, 1637, 1461, 1279, 1067, 965, 758 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.05 (dd, J=15.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.2, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J=15.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (dd, J=11.0, 11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd, J=10.8, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=10.5, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (dd, J=16.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (dd, J=9.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, J=10.1, 9.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (ddd, J=11.0, 2.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (ddd, J=9.8, 3.0,2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (ddq, J=13.0, 7.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=8.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.23(ddd, J=9.3, 7.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (ddd, J=7.0, 2.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.56 (ddd, J=14.0, 10.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.47 (ddd, J=14.1, 10.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 1.17 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (m, 1H), 1.11 (d, j=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 1H), 0.76 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). 0.74 (m, 1H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 168.3, 147.6, 145.3, 135.4, 134.3, 133.5, 131.3, 131.0, 130.1, 118.1, 81.2, 79.9, 77.6, 72.0, 65.1, 45.9, 44.8, 42.4, 38.7, 36.0, 35.6, 31.8, 29.8, 27.8, 22.2, 19.8, 18.4, 17.6, 16.4, 9.1; LRMS (ESI) 555.3 [M+Na] + , 443.2; HRMS (EST) calcd for C 32 H 52 O 6 555.3662 [M+Na] + , found 555.3655; [α] 20 D −76.2 (c 0.45, MeOH). (4S,5R,6S)-7-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6-dimethylheptan-1-ol (61) DIBAL-H (19.8 mL, 19.8 mmol, 1.0 M solution in hexane) was added at −78° C. dropwise to ester 60 (3.59 g. 7.94 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (40 mL). After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of EtOAc (5 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium potassium tartrate (80 mL), followed by vigorous stirring for 4 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×20 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (40 mL). After drying over MgSO 4 , filtration and evaporation under vacuum, flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 3:7) provided 60 (2.51 g, 77%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3387, 2934, 2856, 1612, 1513, 1472, 1462, 1360, 1302, 1249, 1172, 1039, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.98 (m, 2H), 4.58 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (m, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=8.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (br, 1H), 2.16-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.28 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.01 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.17 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 130.7, 129.0, 113.6, 77.4, 72.6, 72.5, 62.8, 55.1, 37.8, 36.1, 30.8, 30.4, 26.0, 18.3, 15.2, 14.5, −3.8, −4.2; LRMS (ESI) 433.3 [M+Na] + ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 23 H 42 O 4 SiNa 433.2750 [M+Na] + , found 433.2765; [α] 20 D −10.2 (c 1.0, CHCl 3 ). 1-(((2S,3R,4S)-3,7-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4-dimethylheptyloxy)methyl)-4-methoxybenzene (62) TBSCl (0.92 g, 6.11 mmol) was added to a solution of above alcohol 61 (2.51 g, 6.11 mmol) and imidazole (0.46 g, 6.76 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The organic phase was washed with water (100 mL) and brine (2×100 mL). After drying over MgSO 4 , filtration and evaporation under vacuum, the residue was used directly in next step: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2930, 2856, 1613, 1513, 1471, 1360, 1250, 1098, 1040, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.29-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.46 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.62 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.58-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.28 (dd, J=8.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.18 (m, 1H), 0.99 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.09 (s, 6H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 130.9, 129.0, 113.6, 77.5, 72.8, 72.6, 63.4, 55.1, 38.0, 36.3, 31.1, 30.8, 26.1, 25.9, 18.4, 18.3, 15.2, 14.4, −3.8, −4.1, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 547.4 [M+Na] + 413.3, 212.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 29 H 56 O 4 Si 2 Na 547.3615 [M+Na] + , found 547.3638; [α] 20 D −9.9 (c 2.5, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,4S)-3,7-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4-dimethylheptan-1-ol (63) The PMB alcohol 62 (6.11 mmol) was added to CH 2 Cl 2 (19 ML) then H 2 O (1 mL) and DDQ (1.80 g, 7.93 μmol) were added. After 1 h of stirring, the reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (3×100 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO 4 filtered and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) furnished 63 (2.23 g, 90%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3403, 2928, 2856, 1472, 1463, 1388, 1256, 1100, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε3.59-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.46 (dd, J=5.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 1.83-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.05 (m, 1H), 0.91 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.87-0.84 (m, 21H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 80.4, 65.8, 63.3, 38.1, 37.8, 31.1, 29.6, 26.0, 25.9, 18.2, 15.9, 14.9, 4.0, −4.2, −5.4; LRMS (ESI) 427.3 [M+Na]+, 256.8, 212.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 21 H 48 O 3 Si 2 Na 427.3040 [M+Na]+, found 427.3050; [α] 20 D −14.0 (c 0.6, CHCl 3 ). (3S,4R,5S)-4,8-bis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3,5-dimethyloct-1-yne (64) Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (2.63 g, 16.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 63 (2.23 g, 5.51 mmol) and triethylamine (2.25 mL, 16.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (12 mL) and DMSO (22 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (100 mL) and washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and brine (10 mL). The separated organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. A mixture of carbon tetrabromide (3.65 g, 11.0 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (5.78 g, 22.0 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (50 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. A solution of the crude aldehyde and 2,6-lutidine (1.27 mL, 11.0 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) was transferred via cannula to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred for an additional 2 h at 0° C., then quenched with a saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (20 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2×20 mL). The combined layers were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash column chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) afforded the vinyl dibromide as a colorless oil. The vinyl dibromide in THF (18 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated with n-BuLi (8.6 mL, 13.8 mmol, 1.6 M solution in hexane). The reaction was stirred for 1 h at −78° C., warmed to 20° C. and stirred an additional 1 h. Saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl(5 mL) was added, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O. The combined organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) furnished 64 (1.20 g, 55% for 3 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3313, 2930, 2857, 1472, 1463, 1387, 1361, 1254, 1099, 835, 774, 627 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε3.74 (m, 2H), 3.66 (dd, J=4.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.14 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.31 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.05-1.01 (m, 18H), 0.23 (s, 3H), 0.20 (s, 3H), 0.18 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 87.4, 77.9, 69.9, 63.4, 36.5, 31.5, 31.0, 30.7, 26.1, 26.0, 18.4, 18.3, 17.5, 15.0, −3.9, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 421.3 [M+Na] + , 372.8, 359.3, 256.8, 212.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 22 H 46 O 2 Si 2 Na 421.2934 [M+Na] + , found 421.2942; [α] 20 D −5.3 (c 1.3, CHCl 3 ). (4R,5S,10S,11R,12S)-5,11,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12-trimethyl-1-trityloxypentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-one The procedure for 32 was used with 15 (1.31 g, 2.28 μmol), 64 (1.20 g, 3.01 mmol) and n-BuLi (1.88 mL, 1.20 mmol) to yield the ynone (1.79 g, 86%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2929, 2856, 2209, 1675, 1471, 1462, 1385, 1254, 1093, 836, 775, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.56-7.53 (m, 6H), 7.38-7.25 (m, 9H), 5.79 (dd, J=15.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (dt, J=15.6, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.63 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.34 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.00-0.97 (m, 28H), 0.18-0.13 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 186.0, 144.2, 132.8, 128.6, 127.9, 127.7, 126.8, 96.7, 86.8, 83.1, 77.8, 71.6, 64.8, 63.2, 50.1, 42.3, 37.2, 31.7, 30.9, 30.2, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 18.3, 18.2, 18.0, 17.3, 15.4, 14.8, −3.9, −4.1, −4.6, −4.7, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 933.6 [M+Na] + , 795.5, 665.2, 496.1, 413.2, 243. 1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 86 O 5 Si 3 Na 933.5681 [M+Na] + , found 933.5692; [α] 20 D −9.5 (c 0.55, CHCl 3 ). (4R,5S,7S,10S,11R,12S,2E)-5,11,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12-trimethyl-1-trityloxypentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-ol (65) The procedure for 33 was used with the above ynone (1.77 g, 1.94 μmol), (S,S)-Noyori catalyst (0.26 g, 20 mol %) and i-PrOH (19 mL) to yield 65 (1.69 g, 95%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3464, 2929, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1386, 1254, 1090, 836, 774, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.56-7.54 (m, 6H), 7.39-7.26 (m, 9H), 5.78 (dd, J=15.7, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dt, J=15.6, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.46 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.54 (m, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.04-0.94 (m, 27H), 0.21-0.14 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 133.8, 128.6, 127.7, 127.2, 126.8, 87.8, 86.8, 83.1, 77.7, 72.5, 65.0, 63.5, 59.4, 41.9, 40.6, 36.4, 31.7, 30.7, 26.01, 25.96, 25.9, 18.3, 18.0, 17.4, 15.2, 14.5, −4.0, −4.1, −4.4, −4.5, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 935.4 [M+Na] + ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 88 O 5 Si 3 Na 935.5837 [M+Na] + , found 935.5851; [α] 20 D −10.5 (c 0.86, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S)-5,11,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12-trimethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadeca-2,8-dien-7-ol (66) The procedure for 34 was used with alkyne 65 (1.69 g, 1.85 μmol) and Lindlar catalyst (ca. 200 mg) to yield 66 (1.70 g, quantitative) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3477, 2955, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1386, 1254, 1057, 835, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.63-7.60 (m, 6H), 7.43-7.27 (m, 9H), 5.88-5.77 (m, 2H), 5.70 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=10.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.58 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (m, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.20 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.73-1.48 (m, 7H), 1.18 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.02 (m, 27H), 0.29-0.20 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 134.9, 134.4, 131.5, 128.6, 127.7, 127.0, 126.8, 86.7, 79.8, 72.8, 65.0, 64.7, 63.5, 42.1, 39.7, 37.9, 35.9, 31.4, 29.9, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 20.1, 18.4, 18.3, 18.0, 14.9, 14.5, −3.6, −3.8, −4.5, −4.6, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 937.5 [M+Na] + ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 90 O 5 Si 3 Na 937.5994 [M+Na] + , found 937.6016; [α] 20 D +2.1 (c 0.92, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S)-5,7,11,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12-trimethylpentadeca-2,8-dienyloxy)triphenylmethane (67) The procedure for 35 was used with alcohol 66 (1.70 g, 1.85 μmol), TBSOTf (0.94 mL, 4.07 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.51 mL, 4.44 mmol) to yield 67 (1.82 g, 96%) by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1092, 1004, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.77-7.75 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.47 (m, 9H), 6.02-5.87 (m, 2H), 5.76 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (dd, J=10.8, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 4H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 2.94 (m, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.31 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.30(d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.24-1.13 (m, 39H), 0.44-0.34 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 134.4, 132.9, 132.2, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 86.8, 80.2, 72.3, 66.6, 65.1, 63.6, 42.4, 41.6, 38.4, 35.7, 31.6, 29.9, 26.3, 26.0, 19.6, 18.5, 18.4, 18.2, 15.1, 13.2, −2.9, −3.6, −3.7, −4.2, −5.2; LRMS (ESI) 1051.6 [M+Na] + , 918.6, 769.5, 637.4, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 61 H 104 O 5 Si 4 Na 1051.6859 [M+Na] + , found 1051.6848 [α] 20 D −8.3 (c 2.4, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5R,6S,7Z,9S,11S,12R,13E)-5,9,11-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,6,12-trimethyl-15-(trityloxy)pentadeca-7,13-dien-1-ol (68) The procedure for 36 was used with 67 (1.82 g, 1.77 μmol) and HF-pyridine in pyridine (100 mL) to yield 68 (1.15 g, 71%) by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3349, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1060, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.58-7.55 (m, 6H), 7.39-7.27 (m, 9H), 5.81-5.65 (m, 2H), 5.56 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (dd, J=11.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.64 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.03-0.92 (m, 30H), 0.23-0.14 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.3, 134.3, 132.9, 132.0, 128.6, 127.7, 126.8, 86.7, 80.1, 72.3, 66.4, 65.0, 63.1, 42.4, 41.7, 38.2, 35.5, 31.2, 29.5, 26.2, 25.95, 25.89, 19.6, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 15.1, 13.3, −2.9, −3.7, −3.8, −4.17, −4.24, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 937.6 [M+Na] + ; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 90 O 5 Si 3 Na 937.5994 [M+Na] + , found 937.6035; [α] 20 D −10.8 (c 0.84, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4E,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl) -8,10,16-trimethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-4,11,17-trien-3-one (69) The procedure for 39 was used with alcohol 68 (1.15 g, 1.26 μmol), Dess-Martin reagent (0.80 g, 1.89 mmol) and Ba(OH) 2 (0.17 g, 1.01 mmol) and 38 (0.49 g, 1.27 mmol) to yield 69 (1.22 g, 83%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1693, 1618, 1518, 1461, 1388, 1251, 1080, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.70-7.68 (m, 6H), 7.60-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.39 (m, 9H), 7.11 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=15.6, Hz, 1H), 5.94-5.78 (m, 2H), 5.67 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=11.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J=9.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.73 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.45 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.16-1.05 (m, 30H), 0.96 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.36-0.26 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 200.4, 159.6, 147.2, 144.2, 134.1, 133.0, 131.9, 130.9, 128.5, 127.8, 127.6, 127.1, 126.7, 113.3, 100.6, 86.6, 82.7, 79.8, 72.7, 72.1, 66.3, 64.9, 55.0, 46.8, 42.3, 41.5, 37.9, 35.3, 32.0, 31.7, 30.8, 26.1, 25.9, 19.5, 18.3, 18.0, 17.9, 14.7, 13.1, 12.3, 10.4, −3.0, −3.7, −3.9, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1195.7 [M+Na] + , 1051.8; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 71 H 108 O 8 Si 3 Na 1195.7250 [M+Na] + found 1195.7297; [α] 20 D +9.1 (c 1.2, CHCl 3 ). (2R,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-8,10,16-trimethyl-19-trityloxynonadeca-11,17-dien-3-one (70) The procedure for 40 was used with 69 (1.22 g, 1.04 μmol), NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (0.12 g, 0.52 mmol) and NaBH 4 (0.079 g, 2.08 mmol) to yield 70 (0.80 g, 65%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2855, 1713, 1615, 1518, 1461, 1388, 1251, 1077, 1037, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.70-7.66 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.92-5.77 (m, 2H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 5.52 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=11.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.79 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.56 (m, 3H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.43 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.20 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.14-1.12 (m, 21H), 1.08 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.05-1.03 (m, 9H), 0.96 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.34-0.25 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 6 211.5, 159.8, 144.4, 144.3, 134.3, 132.9, 132.2, 130.9, 128.6, 127.6, 127.1, 126.8, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 83.0, 80.1, 72.8, 72.2, 66.4, 65.0, 55.0, 48.2, 42.3, 41.6, 40.6, 38.0, 35.7, 33.5, 31.2, 27.6, 26.2, 25.91, 25.87, 23.9, 19.4, 18.4, 18.05, 17.99, 14.8, 13.2, 12.0, 9.5, −3.0, −3.6, −3.8, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1197.7 [M+Na] + , 684.2, 541.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 71 H 110 O 8 Si 3 Na 1197.7406 [M+Na] + , found 1197.7411; [α] 20 D +4.6 (c 1.1, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-8,10,16-trimethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-3-ol (71) LiAl(O-t-Bu) 3 H (2.0 mL, 1.0 M solution in THF) was added to a solution of 70 (0.80 g, 0.68 mmol) in THF (7 mL). After 30 min of stirring at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (1 mL), stirring for 1 h, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and chromatographed (EtOAc/hexane 3:17) to provide the β isomer of 71 (0.76 g, 95%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3538, 2929, 2855, 1615, 1518, 1461, 1385, 1251, 1072, 835, 773, 734 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.70-7.66 (m, 6H), 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.39 (m, 9H), 7.08-7.05 (m, 2H), 5.93-5.77 (m, 2H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.67 (t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.48 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=11.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.88 (dd, J=10.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.38 (br, 1H), 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 2.22-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.66-1.54 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.34 (m, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 21H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (m, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.34-0.25 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 160.0, 144.4, 144.3, 134.3, 132.8, 132.2, 130.6, 128.6, 127.6, 127.1, 126.7, 113.6, 101.1, 88.9, 86.7, 80.1, 76.2, 73.0, 72.2, 66.4, 65.0, 55.1, 42.3, 41.6, 38.2, 37.4, 35.7, 35.0, 33.6, 30.3, 28.0, 26.5, 26.1, 25.91, 25.87, 19.5, 18.4, 18.05, 17.99, 15.0, 13.2, 11.8, 5.6, −3.0, −3.7, −3.8, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1199.7 [M+Na] + , 937.6, 782.4, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 71 H 112 O 8 Si 3 Na 1199.7563 [M+Na] + , found 1199.7538; [α] 20 D +8.9 (c 0.46, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,8S,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16R,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-8,10,16-trimethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-3-ol (72) The procedure for 42 was used with 71 (0.76 g, 0.65 μmol), TBSOTf (0.22 mL, 0.98 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.15 mL, 1.30 mmol) to yield 72 (0.76 g, 92%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2929, 2856, 1615, 1518, 1471, 1388, 1251, 1074, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.60-7.57 (m, 6H), 7.52-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.27 (m, 9H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 2H), 5.83-5.67 (m, 2H), 5.56 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=10.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (m, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.00 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.40 (m, 5H), 1.34-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (m, 3H), 1.05-0.95 (m, 42H), 0.84 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.25-0.17 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.7, 144.5, 144.3, 134.3, 132.9, 132.4, 131.6, 128.7, 127.7, 127.1, 126.8, 113.4, 100.5, 86.7, 81.9, 80.2, 74.7, 73.3, 72.3, 66.5, 65.0, 55.1, 42.3, 41.6, 38.9, 38.2, 35.9, 34.0, 33.7, 30.7, 28.4, 26.2, 26.0, 25.96, 25.9, 25.7, 19.4, 18.4, 18.1, 14.8, 13.2, 12.3, 10.6, −3.0, −3.5, −3.8, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1313.8 [M+Na] + , 782.4, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 77 H 126 O 8 Si 4 Na 1313.8428 [M+Na] + , found 1313.8402; [α] 20 D +9.5 (c 0.38, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3S,4R,5R,10S,11R,12S,13Z,15S,17S,18R,19E)-3-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,11,15,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,10,12,18-pentamethyl-21-trityloxyhenicosa-13,19-dien-1-ol (73) The procedure for 43 was used with 72 (0.76 g, 0.59 μmol) and DIBAL-H (5.9 mL, 5.9 mmol) to yield 73 (0.69 g, 90%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 3:17) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3484, 2928, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1360, 1251, 1037, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.62-7.58 (m, 6H), 7.47-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.82-5.68 (m, 2H), 5.55 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.46-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (dd, J=6.6, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J=5.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 2.02 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.55-1.47 (m, 3H), 1.41-1.33 (m, 5H), 1.25 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.05-0.94 (m, 42H), 0.25-0.16 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.3, 144.2, 134.3, 132.9, 132.2, 130.5, 129.2, 128.6, 127.6, 126.8, 113.8, 86.7, 85.6, 80.1, 75.1, 73.4, 72.2, 66.4, 65.0, 55.0, 42.3, 41.5, 40.5, 38.2, 37.0, 35.7, 34.7, 33.7, 28.3, 26.2, 25.9, 19.4, 18.4, 18.1, 15.7, 14.8, 13.1, 10.1, −3.0, −3.6, −3.8, −3.9, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1315.8 [M+Na] + , 937.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 77 H 128 O 8 Si 4 Na 1315.8584 [M+Na] + , found 1315.8534; [α] 20 D −4.2 (c 1.5, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,18,20-pentamethyltetracosa-2,8,21,23-tetraenyloxy)triphenylmethane (74) The procedure for 44 was used with 73 (0.69 g, 0.53 μmol), Dess-Martin reagent (0.34 g, 0.80 mmol) and 1-bromoallyltrimethylsilane (0.66 g, 2.65 mmol), CrCl 2 (0.54 g, 4.39 mmol) and NaH (0.27 g, 10.7 mmol) to yield 74 (0.58 g, 82% for 3 steps) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2929, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1250, 1063, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.63-7.60 (m, 6H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.74 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.86-5.71 (m, 3H), 5.58 (t, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=11.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.63 (m, 3H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.18 (m, 1H), 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.49-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.26 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10-0.97 (m, 42H), 0.28-0.19 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.5, 144.4, 134.6, 134.4, 133.0, 132.5, 132.4, 131.3, 129.1, 129.0, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 117.2, 113.7, 86.8, 84.3, 80.3, 75.0, 72.6, 72.3, 66.5, 65.1, 55.1, 42.4, 41.6, 40.7, 38.0, 36.0, 35.3, 35.2, 34.0, 28.2, 26.3, 26.03, 26.00, 25.97, 25.7, 19.4, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2, 18.14, 18.09, 14.8, 13.3, 9.4, −2.9, −3.5, −3.6, −3.8, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1337.8 [M+Na] + , 537.4, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 80 H 130 O 7 Si 4 Na 1337.8791 [M+Na] + , found 1337.8785; [α] 20 D +5.1 (c 0.37, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4R,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,18,20-pentamethyltetracosa-2,8,21,23-tetraen-1-ol (75) The procedure for 45 was used with 74 (0.58 g, 0.22 μmol), ZnBr (0.25 g, 1.11 mmol) to yield 75 (0.42 g, 89%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:17) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3402, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1614, 1514, 1471, 1251, 1085, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.47-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.76 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.87-5.72 (m, 3H), 5.59 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=10.9, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.65 (m, 3H), 4.22 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.55 (m, 8H), 1.53-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.29 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.56-1.06 (m, 45H), 1.01 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.29-0.22 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 158.9, 134.8, 134.5, 132.8, 132.4, 132.3, 131.2, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 117.1, 113.6, 84.3, 80.2, 75.0, 72.4, 72.2, 66.5, 63.6, 55.1, 42.3, 41.5, 40.5, 37.9, 35.7, 35.2, 33.8, 28.1, 26.2, 25.9, 25.6, 19.3, 18.8, 18.4, 18.2, 18.0, 14.6, 13.0, 9.2, −3.0, −3.5, −3.7, −3.9, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1095.7 [M+Na] + , 809.6, 677.5, 537.4, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 61 H 116 O 7 Si 4 Na 1095.7696 [M+Na] + , found 1095.7712; [α] 20 D +4.8 (c 1.7, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-21-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,12,14,20,22-pentamethylhexacosa -2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (76) The procedure for 46 was used with 75 (0.42 g, 0.39 μmol), Dess-Martin reagent (0.25 g, 0.59 mmol) and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) phosphate (0.10 mL, 0.47 μmol), 18-crown-6 (0.52 g, 1.97 mmol) and KHMDS (0.94 mL, 0.47 mmol) to yield 76 (0.38 g, 86% for 2 steps) by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2856, 1722, 1640, 1514, 1462, 1250, 1174, 1084, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.44 (dd, J=15.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.29 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.04 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (m, 1H), 5.66-5.60 (m, 2H), 5.44 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dd, J=11.1, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.61-4.51 (m, 3H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.68 (m, 1H), 3.42 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=7.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.14 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.87 (m, 39H), 0.16-0.07 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.7, 159.0, 147.1, 145.4, 134.5, 132.6, 132.3, 131.3, 129.0, 128.9, 126.8, 117.1, 115.4, 113.6, 84.3, 80.2, 75.0, 72.5, 72.1, 66.4, 55.1, 50.8, 43.4, 42.4, 40.6, 37.9, 35.9, 35.2, 33.9, 28.1, 26.2, 26.0, 25.90, 25.87, 25.6, 19.3, 18.8, 18.4, 18.1, 18.05, 18.04, 14.6, 13.3, 9.3, −3.0, −3.5, −3.7, −3.8, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1149.7 [M+Na] + , 995.7, 436.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 64 H 118 O 8 Si 4 Na 1149.7802 [M+Na] + , found 1149.7813; [α] 20 D −3.8 (c 0.85, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6R,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,20,22-pentamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (77) The procedure for 47 was used with 76 (0.38 g, 0.34 μmol) and DDQ (0.084 g, 0.37 mmol) to yield 77 (0.28 g, 82%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3542, 2956, 2856, 1722, 1640, 1462, 1254, 1175, 1086, 1004, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.39 (dd, J=15.2, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.5, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (t, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (dd, J=8.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.39 (m, 2H), 5.26 (dd, J=10.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.11(d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.47 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 2.82 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.20 (br, 1H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.35 (m, 5H), 1.32-1.10 (m, 5H), 1.04 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.83 (m, 48H), 0.12-0.03 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.7, 147.1, 145.4, 135.2, 132.6, 132.5, 132.3, 130.0, 126.8, 117.7, 115.5, 80.2, 77.3, 76.2, 72.1, 66.5, 50.9, 43.4, 42.5, 38.3, 38.1, 36.1, 35.8, 34.7, 33.7, 28.3, 26.2, 25.94, 25.89, 25.5, 19.5, 18.4, 18.1, 17.7, 14.9, 13.3, 7.2, −3.0, −3.6, −3.8, −4.18, −4.20, −4.37, −4.41; LRMS (ESI) 1029.7 [M+Na] + , 875.6, 379.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 110 O 7 Si 4 Na 1029.7226 [M+Na] + , found 1029.7244; [α] 20 D −18.7 (c 0.62, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20R)-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-(7R,13S,15S,21S)-tetramethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)-oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (78) The procedure for 48 was used with 77 (0.28 g, 0.28 μmol) and 1N KOH (2.8 mL, 2.8 mmol) to yield the acid (0.27 g, quantitative) as a pale yellow oil, which was used directly in next step: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2930, 1693, 1635, 1462, 1387, 1255, 1089, 838, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.36 (dd, J=15.0, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.6-6.57 (m, 2H), 6.08 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (dd, J=15.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.39 (m, 2H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=17.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H), 2.82 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.41 (m, 5H), 1.31-1.12 (m, 5H), 1.04 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.84 (m, 48H), 0.12-0.04 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 170.9, 147.7, 146.8, 134.9, 132.5, 132.4, 132.2, 130.0, 126.9, 117.6, 115.5, 80.1, 75.7, 72.0, 66.4, 58.1, 43.4, 42.5, 38.3, 38.1, 35.9, 35.6, 34.7, 33.5, 28.3, 26.2, 25.90, 25.85, 25.5, 25.1, 19.5, 18.4, 18.1, 18.0, 17.7, 14.9, 13.3, 7.3, −3.1, −3.7, −3.8, −3.9, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5; LRMS (ESI) 1015.7 [M+Na] + , 861.6, 729.5, 651.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 108 O 7 Si 4 Na 1015.7070 [M+Na] + , found 1015.7091; [α] 20 D −14.6 (c 1.4, CHCl 3 ). The procedure for 49 was used with the acid (0.26 g, 0.26 μmol), 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.21 mL, 1.30 mmol), Et 3 N (0.22 mL, 1.56 mmol) and 4-DMAP (130 mL, 2.6 mmol) to yield 78 (0.19 g, 76% for 2 steps) by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1714, 1640, 1471, 1255, 1088, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.16 (dd, J=15.6, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.5 Hz; 1H), 6.52 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J=9.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (dd, J=11.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.14 (m, 2H), 5.09 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.35 (m, 6H), 1.28 (m, 1H), 1.24-1.12 (m, 4H), 1.08 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.93-0.88 (m, 39H), 0.81 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.14-0.05 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.2, 144.1, 142.6, 133.9, 132.1, 131.5, 129.7, 128.0, 127.5, 117.8, 117.6, 80.3, 74.0, 71.2, 66.5, 62.4, 43.7, 39.8, 39.3, 34.9, 34.0, 33.0, 31.8, 27.8, 26.1, 26.05, 25.98, 20.1, 18.33, 18.28, 18.14, 18.11, 17.8, 16.1, 14.0, 10.7, −2.7, −3.8, −4.0, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 997.7 [M+Na] + , 843.6, 711.5, 579.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 55 H 106 O 6 Si 4 Na 997.6964 [M+Na] + , found 997.6989; [α] 20 D −26.4 (c 0.59, CHCl 3 ). (8S,10S,14R,20R)-Tetrahydroxy-(7R,13S,15S,21S)-tetramethyl-(22S)-((1S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)-oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (79) The procedure for 1 was used with 78 (0.19 g, 0.19 μmol), 3N HCl in 15 ml of 2:1 MeOH/THF to yield 79 (25 mg, 24%) after flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:7) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3414, 2965, 2930, 1708, 1637, 1454, 1375, 1273, 1182, 1046, 968 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) 6 7.22 (dd, J=15.4, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (ddd, J=17.3, 11.0, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (dd, J=11.4, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J=15.4,7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (dd, J=10.9,10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=10.9, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dd, J=10.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=16.7 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=5.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (m, 1H), 3.86 (ddd, J=8.4, 4.7, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 3.14 (dd, J=8.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.31 (m, 1H), 1.20 (m, 1H), 1.14-1.11 (m, 1H), 1.08 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.07-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 168.2, 146.6, 144.8, 134.3, 133.8, 133.4, 132.2, 131.3, 129.1, 118.5, 118.0, 79.9, 79.3, 72.4, 71.0, 65.5, 44.9, 41.7, 40.7, 37.9, 36.0, 35.4, 35.2, 33.9, 27.4, 27.2, 19.5, 18.3, 16.4, 15.1, 10.1; LRMS (ESI) 541.3 [M+Na] + , 483.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 31 H 50 O 6 Na 541.3505 [M+Na] + , found 541.3521; [α] 20 D −34.4 (c 0. 18, MeOH). (3S,4SE)-3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-N-methoxy-N,4-dimethyl-7-(trityloxy)hept-5-enamide (81) (3S,4S,E)-3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methyl-7-trityloxyhept-5-en-1-ol (0.34 g, 0.66 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.41 g, 0.99 mmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether (10 mL×2) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 8:2) to remove the Dess-Martin residue provided the aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used for the next reaction without further purification. A solution of the above aldehyde in THF (10 mL) and H 2 O (5 mL) was treated with a 2 M solution of 2-methyl-2-butene (1.9 mL, 0.95 mmol) in THF, NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O (0.27 g, 1.96 mmol) and NaClO 2 (0.22 g, 1.96 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, diluted with 1N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated in vacuo and the crude was used for the next reaction without further purification. To a solution of acid in CH 2 Cl 2 , N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.064 g, 0.65 mmol), Et 3 N (0.09 mL, 0.65 mmol), DMAP (8 mg, 0.065 mmol) were successively added. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., DCC (0.14 g, 0.65 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 h and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 0.5 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography over silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) gave the Weinreb amide 81 (0.37 g, 81 % for 3 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2855, 1661, 1448, 1385, 1251, 1089, 1054, 1003, 836, 775, 706 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.64-7.61. m, 6H), 7.45-7.33 (m, 9H), 6.09 (dd, J=15.7, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dt, J=15.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.70 (m, 2H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 2H), 1.18 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.20 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 172.5, 144.2, 133.5, 128.5, 127.6, 126.8, 86.5, 72.8, 64.6, 61.1, 42.2, 36.0, 31.9, 25.8, 18.0, 14.8, −4.7, −4.8; LRMS (El) 573, 558, 516, 246, 165; HRMS (EI) calcd for C 35 H 47 O 4 N 1 Si 1 573.3290, found 573.3290; [α] 20 D −40.1 (c 1.2, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5S,10S,11R,12R,14R,E)-11-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,15-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,1 4-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-one (82) Alkyne 80 (7.75 g, 18.5 mmol) was taken up in THF (185 mL) and cooled to −78° C. n-BuLi (11.6 mL, 1.6 M solution in hexane) was added slowly. After 5 min, the mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 min. The mixture was then cooled to −78° C. and amide 81 (5.31 g, 9.26 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added slowly. After 5 min the solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with aq NH 4 Cl and the mixture was partitioned in a separatory funnel. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (50 mL×3) and combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, followed by flash chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 95:5) afforded ynone (8.45 g, 98%) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2929, 2856, 2208, 1674, 1514, 1470, 1249, 1092, 836, 775, 706 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ε7.50-7.47. m, 6H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 1H), 6.88-6.84 (m, 2H), 5.81 (dd, J=15.6, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (dt, J=15.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.59 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.44-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (m, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (m, 1H), 0.99 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (m, 1H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.84 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.09-0.05 (m, 12H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 186.4, 159.1, 144.3, 133.5, 130.7, 129.2, 128.7, 127.7, 127.3, 126.9, 113.7, 96.8, 86.8, 86.2, 82.6, 74.0, 72.3, 69.2, 64.9, 55.2, 50.5, 42.3, 34.9, 33.2, 33.0, 29.5, 26.0, 25.9, 18.3, 18.1, 17.2, 16.3, 15.9, 14.8, −4.50, −4.55, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 953.6 [M+Na]+, 855.4, 797.4, 577.5, 413.4, 359.3, 328.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 58 H 82 O 6 Si 2 Na 953.5548 [M+Na]+, found 953.5552; [α] 20 D −9.5 (c 2.8, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5S,7S,10S,11R,12R,14R,)-11-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,15-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadec-2-en-8-yn-7-ol (83) Ynone 82 (7.06 g, 7.59 mmol) was taken up in i-PrOH (100 mL). Noyori catalyst (1.02 g, 1.52 mmol, 20 mol %) was added in one portion and the solution was stirred for 12 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc 9:1), affording propargylic alcohol 83 (6.16 g, 87%) as a pale yellow oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3434, 2955, 2928, 2855, 1613, 1513, 1462, 1250, 1091, 836, 775 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.59-7.57 (m, 6H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 11H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 2H), 5.96 (dd, J=15.7, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dt, J=15.2, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, j=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.22 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 2.67 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 1.36 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.24 (s, 3H), 0.22 (s, 3H), 0.15 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 158.9, 144.3, 133.2, 131.0, 129.1, 128.6, 127.7, 127.0, 126.8, 113.5, 87.5, 86.79, 86.74, 82.6, 74.0, 73.3, 69.3, 65.0, 59.6, 55.1, 41.4, 40.2, 34.5, 33.1, 32.7, 29.1, 25.9, 18.3, 18.0, 17.9, 16.6, 15.8, 15.3, −4.3, −4.5, −5.4; LRMS (ESI) 955.6 [M+Na]+, 707.3, 633.3, 559.2, 413.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 58 H 84 O 6 Si 2 Na 955.5704 [M+Na]+, found 955.5734; [α] 20 D −8.5 (c 1.5, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14R)-11-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-15-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy))-4,10,12,14-tetramethyl-1-(trityloxy)pentadeca-2,8-dien-7-ol (84) A catalytic amount of Lindlar catalyst (ca. 200 mg) was added to a solution of alcohol 83 (3.11 g, 3.33 mmol) in toluene (100 mL). The flask was fitted with a H 2 balloon, and stirred under an atmosphere of H 2 until starting material was consumed (usually 1 h), as indicated by TLC analysis. The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the olefin 84 as a colorless oil (2.81 g, 90%): IR (CHCl 3 ) 3434, 2956, 2928, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1249, 1062, 836, 774 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.58-7.55 (m, 6H), 7.4-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 5.90 (dd, J=15.6, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dt, J=15.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd, J=11.1, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J=11.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.66 (dd, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.89 (br, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.12 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.19 (s, 6H), 0.14 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 158.9, 144.3, 134.1, 133.5, 132.6, 131.0, 129.0, 128.6, 127.7, 126.8, 126.7, 113.5, 88.4, 86.7, 74.9, 73.5, 69.4, 65.2, 65.1, 55.1, 41.8, 40.2, 35.0, 34.6, 33.1, 25.9, 19.1, 18.3, 18.0, 16.6, 15.8, 15.6, −4.4, −4.5, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 957.6 [M+Na]+, 781.4, 707.3, 559.3, 485.2, 413.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 58 H 86 O 6 Si 2 Na 957.5861 [M+Na]+, found 957.5900; [α] 20 D +2.0 (c 1.2, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14R)-11-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,15-tris(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethylpentadeca-2,8-dienyloxy)triphenylmethane (85) TBSOTf (1.05 mL, 4.57 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the alcohol 84 (3.89 g, 4.16 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.58 mL, 5.01 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (14 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water (25 mL), and extracted by CH 2 Cl 2 and dried over MgSO 4 , followed by the evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to obtain the product 85 (4.36 g, quantitative) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2928, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1250, 1088, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.61-7.58 (m, 6H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.97-6.94 (m, 2H), 5.95 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (dt, J=15.7, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.53-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.32 (m, 1H), 1.22 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.06-0.96 (m, 27H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.25-0.17 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 158.9, 144.4, 134.3, 133.7, 131.4, 129.4, 129.0, 128.6, 127.7, 126.8, 126.4, 113.5, 88.8, 86.7, 74.8, 72.8, 69.5, 66.3, 65.1, 55.1, 43.0, 42.3, 35.4, 35.1, 33.4, 33.1, 26.1, 26.0, 18.8, 18.3, 18.1, 16.7, 15.7, 14.6, −2.8, −3.9, −4.1, −4.2, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 1071.9 [M+Na]+, 413.4, 359.3, 243.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 64 H 100 O 6 Si 3 Na 1071.6725 [M+Na]+, found 1071.6779; [α] 20 D −9.5 (c 3.0, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4R,5R,6S,7Z,9S,11S,12S,13E)-1,9,11-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6,12-tetramethyl-15-(trityloxy)pentadeca-7,13-dien-5-ol (86) The above PMB alcohol 85 (2.90 g, 2.77 mmol) was added to CH 2 Cl 2 (25 mL) and H 2 O (1 mL), and DDQ (0.94 g, 4.15 μmol) was added. After 1 h of stirring, the reaction mixture was quenched by adding sat'd NaHCO 3 (200 mL). The organic phase was washed by sat'd NaHCO 3 solution (3×100 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 5:95) furnished 86 (2.16 g, 84%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3477, 2956, 2928, 2856, 1471, 1386, 1254, 1088, 836, 774 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.55-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.38-7.25 (m, 9H), 5.92 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (dt, J=15.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (dd, J=11.1, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.63 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.51-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.18 (m, 1H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.27 (m, 2H), 1.17 (m, 1H), 1.08 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 135.2, 134.1, 131.1, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 126.4, 86.7, 79.8, 72.8, 69.6, 66.2, 65.2, 43.0, 42.1, 35.5, 33.7, 32.8, 32.5, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 18.4, 18.1, 17.6, 16.8, 16.3, 14.7, −2.9, −4.0, −4.15, −4.22, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 951.7 [M+Na]+, 823.7, 577.4, 413.3, 328.4, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 92 O 5 Si 3 Na 951.6150 [M+Na]+, found 951.6165; [α] 20 D 30.0 (c 3.6, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14R)-5,7,11,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14-tetramethylpentadeca-2,8-dienyloxy)triphenylmethane (87) The procedure for 85 was used with above 86 (3.34 g, 3.60 μmol), TBSOTf (1.82 mL, 7.9 mmol) to yield 3.53 g (94%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 5:95) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2928, 2856, 1471, 1462, 1361, 1254, 1088, 836, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.50-7.48 (m, 6H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 9H), 5.82 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (dt, J=15.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J=11.0, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=11.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (dd, J=9.6, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.62(m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.20-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.02 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.78 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.74 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.13-0.05 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 134.5, 133.0, 131.8, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 126.4, 86.7, 81.2, 72.8, 69.3, 66.6, 65.3, 43.1, 42.3, 35.9, 35.1, 33.3, 29.7, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 19.6, 18.4, 18.3, 18.2, 16.3, 16.0, 14.6, −2.8, −3.5, −3.6, −4.0, −4.1, −5.3; LRMS (ESI) 1065.7 [M+Na]+, 953.7, 615.1, 577.3, 359.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 106 O 5 Si 4 Na 1065.7015 [M+Na]+, found 1065.7068; [α] 20 D −22.5 (c 2.0, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4R,5R,6S,7Z,9S,11S,12S,13E)-5,9,11-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,6,12-tetramethyl-15-(trityloxy)pentadeca-7,13-dien-1-ol (88) HF-pyridine in pyridine (40 mL, prepared by slow addition of 12 mL pyridine to 3 mL HF-pyridine complex followed by dilution with 25 mL THF) was slowly added to a solution of TBS ether 87 (3.54 g, 4.10 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 2 days at 0° C. and quenched with sat'd NaHCO 3 (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et 2 O (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with sat'd CuSO 4 (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated. Flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 15:85) afforded 2.08 g (66%) of the alcohol as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3400, 2956, 2928, 2856, 1471, 1448, 1254, 1075, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.52-7.48 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 9H), 5.87 (dd, J=15.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (dt, J=15.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, J=10.6, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dd, J=11.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 1.59 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.09 (m, 1H), 1.04 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.79 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.75 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.15 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 144.4, 134.0, 132.7, 131.3, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 126.5, 86.8, 81.0, 73.0, 69.2, 66.5, 65.3, 42.6, 42.2, 36.2, 35.5, 34.6, 33.3, 26.2, 26.1, 25.9, 20.0, 18.4, 18.2, 18.1, 15.7, 15.6, 14.9, −2.8, −3.7, −3.8, −4.0, −4.1, −4.2; LRMS (ESI) 951.6 [M+Na]+, 705.1, 631.1, 557.0, 397.2, 381.2, 353.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 92 O 5 Si 3 Na 951.6150 [M+Na]+, found 951.6158; [α] 20 D −33.5 (c 2.0, CHCl 3 ). (2R,4E,6R,8R,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16S,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxy)phenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl) -6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-4,11,17trien-3-one (89) The alcohol 88 (2.04 g, 2.20 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1.40 g, 3.30 1mol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 (30 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether (30 mL×2) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography filtration (hexane/EtOAc 4:1) to remove the residue from the Dess-Martin reagent provided crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used for the next reaction without further purification. A mixture of ketophosphonate 38 (0.85 g, 2.20 mmol) and Ba(OH) 2 (0.30 g, activated by heating to 100° C. for 1-2 h before use) in THF (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. A solution of the above aldehyde in wet THF (4 mL+4×1 mL washings, 40:1 THF/H 2 O) was then added. After stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (30 mL) and washed with sat'd NaHCO 3 (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic solution was dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to yield 89 (2.04 g, 78% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2957, 2929, 2855, 1618, 1518, 1461, 1388, 1251, 1078, 1036, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.49-7.46 (m, 6H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.21 (m, 9H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 6.79 (dd, J=15.7, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (dd, J=15.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (dt, J=15.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=11.0, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=11.1, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=11.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.57 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J=5.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (m, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.25 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.82 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 200.7, 159.8, 153.3, 144.3, 134.0, 133.3, 131.1, 130.8, 128.6, 127.7, 127.2, 126.8, 126.5, 125.7, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 82.7, 80.4, 72.8, 66.5, 65.8, 65.2, 55.2, 47.0, 42.8, 42.1, 39.1, 35.6, 34.9, 34.0, 32.3, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 19.7, 18.39, 18.36, 18.1, 16.4, 15.2, 14.7, 12.4, 10.7, −2.8, −3.6, −3.7, −4.0, −4.1; LRMS (ESI) 1209.7 [M+Na]+, 577.4, 359.2, 243.1, 165.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 110 8 Si 3 Na 1209.7406 [M+Na]+, found 1209.7466; [α] 21 D 8.6 (c 2.5, CHCl 3 ). (2R,6S,8R,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16S,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-3-one (90) NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (0.20 g, 0.84 mmol) then portion wise NaBH 4 (0.17 g, 4.49 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of unsaturated ketone 89 (2.60 g, 1.72 μmol) in MeOH (60 mL), THF (20 mL) at 0° C. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was evaporated and filtered with celite using Et 2 O as an eluent (30 mL). The organic phase was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 90 (1.55 g, 76%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2855, 1713, 1616, 1518, 1462, 1251, 1076, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.52-7.50 (m, 6H), 7.42-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.86 (m, 2H), 5.87 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (dt, J=15.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=10.9, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J=11.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 2H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.32 (m, 2H), 1.27 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (m, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.94 (m, 27H), 0.90-0.84 (m, 2H), 0.83 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.69 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 3H), 0.17-0.05 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 211.7, 159.8, 144.4, 134.3, 133.1, 131.4, 130.9, 128.6, 127.9, 127.6, 127.1, 126.8, 126.4, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 82.9, 81.0, 72.8, 66.5, 65.2, 55.2, 48.3, 43.0, 42.2, 39.8, 38.3, 35.2, 35.1, 31.9, 31.3, 29.7, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 18.6, 18.4, 18.1, 16.3, 14.6, 12.1, 9.7, −2.9, −3.5, −3.6, −4.0, −4.1, −4.2; LRMS (ESI) 1211.8 [M+Na]+, 577.3, 463.3, 413.3, 359.2, 316.9, 284.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 112 O 8 Si 3 Na 1211.7563 [M+Na]+, found 1211.7629; [α] 20 D −4.3 (c 1.0, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3R,6S,8R,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16S,17E)-9,13,15-tris(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-((4S,5S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl) -6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-3-ol (91) NaBH 4 (0.074 g, 1.96 mmol) was added to a solution of ketone 90 (1.55 g, 1.30 mmol) in MeOH (21 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 2 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was evaporated and water (30 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was extracted with ether (2×40 mL) and washed with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 1.02 g of major product β (less polar, 62%) and 0.60 g (more polar, 36%) of minor product α as colorless oils: (91β) IR (CHCl 3 ) 3540, 2956, 2929, 2855, 1615, 1518, 1461, 1385, 1252, 1074, 835, 773, 706 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.54-7.50 (m, 6H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 9H), 6.94-6.91 (m, 2H), 5.88 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (dt, J=16.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=10.8, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J=11.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.53 (m, 3H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.20 (br, 1H), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m,1H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.32 (m, 3H), 1.26 (m, 1H), 1.08 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (m, 2H), 1.06 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 0.98-0.85 (m, 2H), 0.82 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.18-0.09 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 160.0, 144.5, 144.4, 134.4, 132.9, 131.6, 130.7, 128.6, 127.6, 127.2, 126.8, 126.7, 126.4, 113.6, 101.2, 89.1, 86.7, 81.1, 76.8, 73.1, 72.8, 66.5, 55.2, 43.0, 42.3, 39.9, 37.2, 35.3, 35.1, 34.7, 32.3, 30.4, 30.2, 26.2, 26.1, 25.9, 19.6, 18.8, 18.4, 18.13, 18.10, 16.3, 14.6, 11.9, 5.5, −2.8, −3.56, −3.61, −4.0, −4.1, −4.16, −4.25; LRMS (API-ES) 1213.6 [M+Na]+, 557.0, 359.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 114 O 8 Si 3 Na 1213.7719 [M+Na]+, found 1213.7717; [α] 20 D −0.68 (c 7.1, CHCl 3 ): (91α) IR (CHCl 3 ) 3531, 2956, 2929, 2855, 1615, 1518, 1462, 1383, 1252, 1075, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.53-7.49 (m, 6H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 9H), 6.94-6.91 (m, 2H), 5.86 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dt, J=15.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 5.56-5.47 (m, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=11.0, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J=11.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.62 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.61-3.53 (m, 2H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m,1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.14 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.06 ((d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.92 (m, 27H), 0.90-0.85 (m, 2H), 0.81 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 3H), 0.17-0.09 (m, 18H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 160.0, 144.6, 144.4, 134.4, 133.0, 131.6, 131.1, 128.7, 127.7, 127.6, 127.3, 126.8, 126.7, 126.4, 113.6, 101.0, 86.7, 82.8, 81.2, 75.1, 73.3, 72.8, 66.6, 65.2, 55.2, 43.0, 42.3, 39.9, 37.9, 35.3, 35.1, 34.6, 33.4, 30.3, 26.3, 26.1, 26.0, 19.7, 19.0, 18.4, 18.1, 16.4, 14.6, 11.9, 11.1, −2.8, −3.5, −4.0, −4.07, −4.13; LRMS (ESI) 1213.8 [M+Na]+, 633.2, 359.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 72 H 114 O 8 Si 3 Na 1213.7719 [M+Na]+, found 1213.7766; [α] 20 D −1.4 (c 4.7, CHCl 3 ). (4S,5S)-4-((2R,3R,6S,8R,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16S,17E)-3,9,13,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-2-yl)-2 -(4-meyhoxypheny)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane (92) TBSOTf (0.30 mL, 2.57 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 91β (1.02 g, 0.86 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.20 mL, 1.71 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (17 mL) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water (50 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted by CH 2 Cl 2 and dried over MgSO 4 followed by the evaporation of the solution under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to yield product (0.97 g, 86%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2928, 2856, 1615, 1518, 1471, 1462, 1387, 1251, 1074, 1038, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.52-7.46 (m, 6H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 9H), 6.92-6.89 (m, 2H), 5.86 (dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (dt, J=15.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (m, 1H), 5.47 (s, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=11.1, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=11.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m 1H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.21 (m, 3H), 1.14 (m, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.96-0.92 (m, 36H), 0.88-0.84 (m, 3H), 0.80 (m, 1H), 0.77 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.71 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 3H), 0.16-0.03 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.7, 144.6, 144.4, 134.4, 133.2, 131.7, 131.4, 128.7, 127.7, 127.2, 126.8, 126.4, 113.4, 100.4, 86.7, 81.8, 81.4, 75.0, 73.3, 72.8, 66.5, 65.2, 55.2, 43.1, 42.3, 39.7, 38.9, 35.3, 35.0, 34.0, 31.2, 30.7, 30.6, 26.2, 26.1, 26.00, 25.95, 19.5, 19.1, 18.4, 18.13, 18.10, 16.5, 14.5, 12.4, 10.6, −2.8, −3.4, −3.95, −3.98, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1327.8 [M+Na]+, 977.8, 739.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 128 O 8 Si 4 Na 1327.8584 [M+Na]+, found 1327.8534; [α] 20 D +6.7 (c 0.65, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3S,4R,5R,8S,10R,11R,12S,13Z,15S,17S,18S,19E)-3-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,11,15,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,8,10,12,18-hexamethyl-21-(trityloxy)henicosa-13,19-dien-1-ol (93) DIBAL (1.0 M in hexane, 7.4 mL, 7.4 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of TBS protected acetal 92 (0.97 g, 0.74 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (3 mL), under an atmosphere of N 2 at 0° C. dropwise. After stirring for additional 30 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by the careful addition of aqueous sat'd potassium sodium tartrate solution (30 mL) and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 followed by the evaporation of the organic solution under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to obtain 93 (0.94 g, 97 %) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3501, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1251, 1075, 835, 773, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.55-7.51 (m, 6H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 11H), 6.94-6.92 (m, 2H), 5.90 (dd, J=15.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (dt, J=15.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.56-5.48 (m, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J=11.2, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (m, 1H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.64 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 2.99 (m 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.33 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.20 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.00-0.96 (m, 36H), 0.92-0.86 (m, 2H), 0.82 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 0.19-0.11 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.5, 144.4, 134.3, 133.1, 131.5, 130.5, 129.2, 128.6, 127.6, 126.8, 126.4, 113.8, 86.7, 86.0, 81.1, 75.3, 73.6, 72.8, 66.5, 65.1, 65.0, 55.1, 43.0, 42.3, 40.5, 40.0, 36.8, 35.2, 35.1, 34.0, 32.1, 30.4, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 18.9, 18.4, 18.1, 16.5, 15.8, 14.6, 9.9, −2.8, −3.4, −3.5, −3.8, −4.0, −4.2, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1329.8 [M+Na]+, 1087.7, 801.5, 669.4, 537.3, 480.2, 359.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 130 O 8 Si 4 Na 1329.8741 [M+Na]+, found 1329.8778; [α] 20 D −9.9 (c 0.36, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-7,11,17-tris(tert -butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy))-4,10,12,14, 18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2,8,21,23-tetraenyloxy)triphenylmethane (94) The alcohol 93 (0.94 g, 0.72 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.46 g, 1.08 μmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether (20 mL×2) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to remove Dess-Martin residue provided crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used for the next reaction without further purification. To a stirred solution of the above crude aldehyde and 1-bromoallyl trimethylsilane (0.89 g) in anhydrous THF (18 mL) under an atmosphere of N 2 at room temperature was added CrCl 2 (0.73 g, 5.94 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for additional 14 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with hexane followed by filtration through celite. After the evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by short silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc/hexane (1:9) as an eluent. The foregoing product in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and NaH (95% w/w, 0.36 g, 14.4 mmol) was added in one portion. The ice bath was removed after 15 min and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with H 2 O (5 mL), extracted with ethyl ether (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 followed by the evaporation of the organic solution under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 98:2) to obtain 94 (0.81 g, 85% for 3 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2955, 2928, 2856, 1614, 1514, 1471, 1462, 1249, 1076, 835, 772, 705 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.60-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.43-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.71 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J=15.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.82-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.74-5.70 (m, 1H), 5.68-5.62 (m, 1H), 5.61-5.56 (m, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=11.1, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (m, 3H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.69 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.32 (m, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (m, 2H), 1.11 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.03 (m, 36H), 0.98-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 3H), 0.25-0.13 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 146.2, 144.6, 144.4, 134.5, 134.3, 133.2, 132.4, 131.4, 130.2, 129.0, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 126.5, 117.2, 113.7, 86.7, 84.5, 81.3, 75.1, 72.9, 66.6, 65.2, 55.1, 43.0, 42.3, 40.6, 40.2, 35.6, 35.25, 35.19, 33.9, 32.6, 30.3, 26.3, 26.1, 26.04, 25.99, 19.6, 18.9, 18.4, 18.2, 16.6, 14.7, 9.2, −2.8, −3.36, −3.4, −3.5, −3.9, −4.1, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1351.8 [M+Na]+, 837.1, 763.1, 689.541.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 81 H 132 O 7 Si 4 Na 1351.8948 [M+Na]+, found 1351.8973; [α] 20 D +0.4 (c 0.51, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14S,17R,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2, 8,21,23-tetrean-1-ol (95) ZnBr 2 solution (0.42 g in 5 mL CH 2 Cl 2 and 0.8 mL of MeOH) was added to a stirred solution of trityl ether 94 (0.50 g, 0.38 μmol) in MeOH (3 mL), CH 2 Cl 2 (18 mL) at 0° C. dropwise for 30 min. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (20 mL) and extracted with Et 2 O (10 mL×2). The organic phase was separated, dried with MgSO 4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) to yield 0.34 g of product 95 (83%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3410, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1251, 1076, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.31-7.29 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.60 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (dd, J=15.6, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=10.7, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (m, 3H), 4.07 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.24 (br, 1H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.21 (m, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.02-0.99 (m, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94-0.89 (m, 40H), 0.79 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.11-0.06 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 134.9, 134.5, 133.1, 132.4, 131.5, 131.4, 129.1, 128.9, 128.7, 117.2, 113.7, 84.5, 81.3, 75.1, 72.7, 66.4, 64.1, 55.3, 42.7, 42.0, 40.5, 40.4, 35.5, 35.23, 35.20, 33.9, 32.6, 30.5, 26.3, 26.03, 26.00, 25.96, 19.7, 18.9, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2, 18.1, 16.6, 14.7, 9.2, −2.8, −3.47, −3.53, −4.03, −4.05, −4.2, −4.5, −4.7; LRMS (ESI) 1109.7 [M+Na]+, 945.3, 797.3, 723.2, 577.4, 499.2, 413.3, 359.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 180 O 7 Si 4 Na 1109.7852 [M+Na]+, found 1109.7898; [α] 20 D −2.0 (c 2.6, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-21-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (96) The alcohol 95 (0.34 g, 0.31 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (0.20 g, 0.47 μmol). After 1 h, the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 (5 mL) and Na 2 S 2 O 3 (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether (10 mL×2) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . Filtration and concentration followed by short flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 9:1) to remove the Dess-Martin residue provided the crude aldehyde as a colorless oil, which was used for the next reaction without further purification. To a stirred solution of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) phosphate (0.080 mL, 0.37 μmol), 18-crown-6 (0.41 g, 1.55 mmol) in THF (6 mL) cooled to −78° C. was added dropwise potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.75 mL, 0.37 μmol, 0.5M solution in toluene). Thereafter the above aldehyde in THF (1 mL) was added and the solution was stirred for 4 h at −78° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of a sat'd NH 4 Cl solution (5 mL) and diluted with diethyl ether (20 mL). The layers were separated and organic phase was washed with brine (30 mL) and dried with MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 5:95) to obtain (E,Z)-doubly unsaturated ester 96 (0.32 g, 90% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2885, 1722, 1641, 1514, 1471, 1250, 1174,1075, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.34 (dd, J=15.5, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.56 (ddd, J=17.0, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (dd, J=15.5, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (m, 3H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dd, J=7.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (m, 1H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.29-1.16 (m, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.8Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.93-0.83(m, 39H), 0.77 (m, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.83 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.71 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 0.10-0.02 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 159.0, 147.2, 145.6, 134.5, 133.1, 132.4, 131.5, 131.4, 129.0, 128.9, 126.4, 117.1, 115.1, 113.7, 84.4, 81.3, 75.0, 72.8, 72.7, 66.4, 55.2, 50.9, 42.9, 42.6, 40.5, 40.2, 35.3, 35.2, 33.8, 32.6, 30.5, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 18.9, 18.8, 18.4, 18.2, 18.1, 16.7, 14.5, 9.2, −2.8, −3.4, −3.5, −3.6, −4.07, −4.14, −4.24, −4.49; LRMS (ESI) 1163.8 [M+Na]+, 1107.9, 782.5; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 65 H 120 O 8 Si 4 Na 1163.7958 [M+Na]+, found 1163.8004; [α] 20 D −27.3 (c 5.0, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23, 25-pentaenoate (97) The ester 96 (0.15 g, 0.14 μmol) was added to CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) and H 2 O (0.2 mL) and DDQ (34 mg, 0.15 μmol) was added at 0° C. After 1 h of stirring at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by adding sat'd NaHCO 3 (5 mL). The organic phase was washed by sat'd NaHCO 3 solution (3×10 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) furnished 97 (0.12 g, 90%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3540, 2956, 2929, 2856, 1641, 1601, 1471, 1462, 1407, 1379, 1361, 1255, 1174, 1089, 1004, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.33 (dd, J=15.5, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.5, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J=15.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.37 (m, 2H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 3.23 (m, 1H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 2H), 2.29 (br, 1H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.02 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.90-0.84 (m, 40H), 0.81 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.08-0.01 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 147.3, 145.5, 135.3, 133.0, 132.3, 131.5, 129.9, 126.4, 117.6, 115.2, 81.3, 77.5, 76.7, 72.7, 66.4, 50.9, 42.9, 42.6, 40.1, 37.9, 36.1, 35.4, 35.2, 33.8,.32.2, 30.6, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 19.0, 18.4, 18.10, 18.05, 17.7, 16.6, 14.4, 6.9, −2.8, −3.5, −3.6, −3.7, −4.1, −4.15, −4.21, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1043.7 [M+Na]+, 889.8, 757.6, 625.5, 544.3, 364.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 57 H 112 O 7 Si 4 Na 1043.7383 [M+Na]+, found 1043.7433; [α] 20 D −40.3 (c 2.1, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19R,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,1 6,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoic acid (98) 1N aqueous KOH solution (1.2 mL) was added to a stirred solution of the above 97 (0.12 g, 0.12 μmol) in EtOH (12 mL), THF (1 mL) and the mixture was refluxed gently until the ester disappeared (about 5 h) as determined by TLC analysis. The ethanolic solution was concentrated and then diluted with ether (4 mL). After the solution was acidified to pH3 with 1N HCl solution, organic phase was separated and aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (2×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried with MgSO 4 , concentrated and used without further purification: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2957, 2929, 2857, 1692, 1471, 1462, 1254, 1089, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.34 (dd, J=15.1, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (ddd, J=16.0, 10.8, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=15.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.49-5.39 (m, 2H), 5.34-5.28 (m, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=16.7 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.44-1.31 (m, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.96-0.89 (m, 40H), 0.81 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 0.11-0.05 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 171.1, 148.1, 147.3, 135.2, 132.8, 132.3, 131.6, 129.9, 126.6, 117.6, 115.0, 81.3, 77.6, 72.7, 66.4, 58.3, 43.0, 42.6, 40.1, 37.9, 36.0, 35.4, 35.2, 33.8, 32.2, 30.6, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 25.2, 19.6, 19.0, 18.4, 18.09, 18.05, 17.7, 16.6, 14.5, 7.0, −2.8, −3.45, −3.54, −3.7, −4.1, −4.2, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1029.7 [M+Na]+, 915.7, 897.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 110 O 7 Si 4 Na 1029.7226 [M+Na]+, found 1029.7257; [α] 20 D −41.7 (c 1.4, CHCl 3 ). 8(S),10(S),14(R),20(R)-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7(S),13(S),15(R),17(S),21 (S)-pentamethyl-22(S)-(1(S)-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl)oxacyclodocosa-3,5,11-trien-2-one (99) A solution of above acid 98 in THF (2mL) was treated at 0° C. with Et 3 N (0.10 mL, 0.72 μmol) and 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.095 mL, 0.60 μmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then added to 4-DMAP (60 mL, 0.02 M solution in toluene) at 25° C. and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, Et 2 O (10 mL) was added and the crude was washed with 0.5 N HCl (2×10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 . Purification by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 2:98) furnished macrolactone 99 (93 mg, 78% for 2 steps) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2957, 2929, 2856, 1745, 1715, 1581, 1471, 1369, 1270, 1117, 1082, 836, 773 cm 1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.11 (dd, J=15.3, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.7, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=15.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J=15.4, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.35-5.27 (m, 2H), 5.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.94 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 2H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.29 (m, 3H), 1.26-1.15 (m, 3H), 1.00-0.85 (m, 52H), 0.74 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.63 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.08-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.9, 144.93, 144.88, 136.0, 135.0, 133.5, 132.4, 130.7, 129.3, 120.2, 117.2, 80.3, 75.7, 73.9, 72.7, 66.3, 42.4, 41.0, 40.6, 39.3, 36.5, 35.8, 35.1, 34.5, 31.9, 29.7, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 21.6, 19.8, 19.7, 18.4, 18.11, 18.07, 17.9, 14.9, 11.3, −2.6, −3.6, −3.8, −4.2, −4.5, −4.6; LRMS (ESI) 1011.8 [M+Na]+, 857.7, 725.6, 633.2, 413.3, 375.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 108 O 6 Si 4 Na 1011.7121 [M+Na]+, found 1011.7148; [α] 20 D −16.9 (c 1.24, CHCl 3 ). 8(S),10(S),14(R),20(R)-Tetrahydroxy-7(S),13(S),15(R),17(S),21 (S)-pentamethyl-22(S)-(1(S)-methyl-penta-2,4-dienyl)-oxa-cyclodocosa-3(E),5(E),11(Z)-trien-2-one (100, YSS665-2) 3 N HCl (10 mL, prepared by adding 2.5 mL of conc. HCl to 7.5 mL MeOH) was added to a stirred solution of the above macrolactone 99 (61 mg, 6.17 μmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. After 24 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (4 mL) and H 2 O (4 mL) and the organic phase was separated and aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×4 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with sat'd NaHCO 3 (10 mL), dried with MgSO 4 , concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 3:2) to yield the product 100 (8.2 mg, 25%) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3404, 2962, 2916, 1692, 1639, 1455, 1244, 1061, 1001 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.15 (dd, J=15.3, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J=15.4, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=15.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44-5.37 (m, 2H), 5.25 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (dd, J=9.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (ddd, J=9.9, 7.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (ddd, J=9.2, 6.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (ddd, J=10.2, 6.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=8.0, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.55 (ddd, J=14.0, 10.5, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (ddd, J=12.3, 9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.34-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.12 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.88 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.82 (m, 1H), 0.79 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 0.68 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); 3 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 0D) δ 168.5, 147.7, 147.4, 135.7, 134.4, 133.6, 131.7, 130.8, 129.1, 120.7, 118.0, 80.7, 76.9, 74.2, 72.8, 65.9, 44.0, 42.5, 40.9, 39.5, 36.5, 36.3, 36.1, 35.5, 31.7, 31.2, 21.1, 19.0, 17.9, 17.7, 15.7, 11.3; LRMS (ESI) 555.6 [M+Na]+, 541.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 32 H 52 O 6 555.3662 [M+Na]+, found 555.3684; [α] 20 D −6.5 (c 0.17, MeOH). (4S,5S)-4-((2R,3S,6S,8R,9R,10S,11Z,13S,15S,16S,17E)-3,9,13,15-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,8,10,16-tetramethyl-19-(trityloxy)nonadeca-11,17-dien-2-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane (101) The same procedure for 92 was used with above 91α (0.60 g, 0.50 μmol), TBSOTf (0.17 mL, 0.75 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.12 mL, 1.0 mmol) to yield 0.61 g (93%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2928, 2856, 1518, 1471, 1462, 1251, 1075, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.56-7.48 (m, 8H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 9H), 6.97-6.94 (m, 1H), 5.91 (dd, J=15.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (dt, J=15.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 5.41 (dd, J=10.8, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J=11.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m 1H), 2.48 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.56 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.05-0.94 (m, 42H), 0.93-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.21-0.13 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.7, 144.6, 144.4, 134.4, 133.0, 131.9, 131.8, 128.7, 127.7, 127.3, 126.8, 126.4, 113.4, 100.8, 86.7, 81.6, 81.3, 73.4, 72.8, 72.0, 66.6, 65.2, 55.1, 43.1, 42.3, 39.7, 38.2, 35.4, 35.3, 31.3, 30.8, 30.7, 30.3, 26.2, 26.1, 26.04, 25.97, 19.5, 18.8, 18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 14.6, 12.2, 9.1, −2.8, −3.4, −3.6, −3.9, −4.0, −4.1, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1327.9 [M+Na]+, 1037.9, 803.6, 647.6, 619.6, 413.3, 359.2, 229.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 128 O 8 Si 4 Na 1327.8584 [M+Na]+, found 1327.8622; [α] 20 D +5.9 (c 0.3, CHCl 3 ). (2S,3S,4R,5S,8S,10R,11R,12S,13Z,15S,17S,18S,19E)-3-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,11,15,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2,4,8,10,12,18-hexamethyl-21-(trityloxy)henicosa-13,19-dien-1-ol (102) The procedure for 93 was used with 101 (0.61 g, 0.47 μmol), DIBAL (4.6 mL, 4.6 mmol) to yield 0.53 g (87%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 0.5:9.5) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3453, 2956, 2929, 1514, 1471, 1251, 1075, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.56-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 11H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 2H), 5.91(dd, J=15.7, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (dt, J=15.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J=11.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.58 (m, 3H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.48 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.55 (m, 3H), 1.51-1.26 (m, 1H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.01-0.98 (m, 39H), 0.93-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.78 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H), 0.21-0.13 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.2, 144.5, 144.4, 134.3, 133.1, 131.7, 130.6, 129.1, 128.6, 127.6, 126.8, 126.7, 126.4, 113.8, 86.7, 85.1, 81.3, 74.9, 74.4, 72.8, 66.5, 65.9, 65.1, 55.1, 43.0, 42.3, 41.8, 40.1, 38.4, 35.3, 35.1, 32.8, 30.7, 30.5, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 19.5, 18.6, 18.4, 18.13, 18.10, 16.5, 15.4, 14.6, 10.5, −2.8, −3.4, −3.6, −3.9, −4.0, −4.2, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1329.8 [M+Na]+, 801.6, 659.3, 637.3, 437.2, 243.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 78 H 130 O 8 Si 4 Na 1329.8741 [M+Na]+, found 1329.8788; [α] 20 D −9.8 (c 2.6, CHCl 3 ). ((2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14S,17S,18R,19S,20S,21z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2, 8,21,23-tetraenyloxy)triphenylmethane (103) The procedure for 94 was used with 102 (0.52 g, 0.40 μmol), Dess-Martin reagent (0.25 g, 0.59 mmol) and 1-bromoallyl trimethylsilane (0.49 g, 2.0 mmol), CrCl 2 (0.41 g, 3.32 mmol) and NaH (0.20 g, 8.0 mmol) to yield 0.46 g (88%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2856, 1614, 1514, 1471, 1249, 1074, 835, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.59-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.41-7.27(m, 1H), 6.98-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.71 (ddd, J=16.7, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (dd, J=15.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.67 (m, 2H), 5.64-5.55 (m, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=11.0, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.62 (m, 3H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.57-1.31 (m, 5H), 1.21 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05-1.01 (m, 36H), 0.96-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.89 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 0.25-0.11 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.1, 146.2, 144.6, 144.4, 134.4, 134.3, 132.2, 131.3, 130.2, 129.0, 128.7, 127.7, 126.8, 126.5, 117.5, 113.7, 86.7, 84.9, 81.4, 74.9, 73.1, 72.9, 66.6, 65.2, 55.1, 43.1, 42.9, 42.3, 40.4, 35.9, 35.6, 35.3, 35.1, 34.5, 30.2, 29.4, 26.3, 26.1, 26.0, 19.6, 18.8, 18.6, 18.5, 18.2, 18.14, 18.11, 16.5, 14.7, 10.5, −1.1, −2.8, −3.0, −3.3, −3.5, −3.9, −4.2, −4.3; LRMS (ESI) 1351.8 [M+Na]+, 911.1, 837.1, 763.1, 689.1, 541.1, 413.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 81 H 132 O 7 Si 4 Na 1351.8948 [M+Na]+, found 1351.8998; [α] 20 D −9.3 (c 1.5, CHCl 3 ). (2E,4S,5S,7S,8Z,10S,11R,12R,14S,17S,18R,19S,20S,21Z)-19-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-5,7,11,17-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4,10,12,14,18,20-hexamethyltetracosa-2, 8,21,23-tetraen-1-ol (104) The procedure for 95 was used with 103 (0.33 g, 0.25 μmol) and ZnBr (0.28 g, 1.25 mmol) to yield 0.18 g (65%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:9) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3417, 2956, 2856, 1613, 1514, 1471, 1250, 1074, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.60 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (dd, J=15.7, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.67-5.60 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=11.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.52 (m, 3H), 4.10 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.42 (m, 5H), 1.36-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94-0.89 (m, 38H), 0.84 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.13-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 159.0, 135.0, 134.5, 133.2, 132.2, 131.5, 131.4, 129.1, 129.0, 128.7, 117.4, 113.7, 84.8, 81.4, 74.8, 73.1, 72.7, 66.5, 64.1, 55.2, 42.8, 42.7, 42.0, 40.4, 35.9, 35.4, 35.2, 34.4, 30.3, 29.4, 26.3, 26.03, 26.97, 25.95, 19.6, 18.7, 18.6, 18.5, 18.1, 16.6, 14.7, 10.5, −2.8, −3.4, −3.5, −4.0, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1109.8 [M+Na]+, 707.2, 633.2, 541.1, 429.1, 355.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 62 H 118 O 7 Si 4 Na 1109.7852 [M+Na]+, found 1109.7874; [α] 20 D −15.0 (c 0.94, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-21-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoate (105) The procedure for 96 was used with 104 (0.18 g, 0.16 μmol), Dess-Martin reagent (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol) and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) phosphate (0.041 mL, 0.19 μmol), 18-crown-6 (0.21 g, 0.19 mmol) and KHMDS (0.39 mL, 0.19 mmol) to yield 0.16 g (84%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2929, 2856, 1721, 1514, 1462, 1250, 1174, 1074, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.38 (dd, J=15.4, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.29 (m, 2H), 6.91-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.60 (ddd, J=17.0, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=15.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.68-5.56 (m, 2H), 5.50-5.43 (m, 1H), 5.38-5.31 (m, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.61-4.52 (m, 3H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.12 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.94-0.89 (m, 38H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.14-0.00 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 159.1, 147.2, 145.7, 134.4, 133.2, 132.2, 131.6, 131.4, 129.2, 129.0, 126.4, 117.5, 115.2, 113.7, 84.7, 81.5, 74.9, 73.0, 72.7, 66.4, 55.2, 50.9, 42.9, 42.8, 42.6, 40.3, 35.9, 35.4, 35.2, 34.4, 30.4, 29.5, 26.3, 26.03, 25.98, 19.6, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5, 18.1, 16.7, 14.5, 10.5, 2.8, −3.3, −3.5, −4.0, −4.1, −4.17, −4.22, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1163.8 [M+Na]+, 1009.7, 877.6, 513.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 65 H 120 O 8 Si 4 Na 1163.7958 [M+Na]+, found 1163.7981; [α] 20 D −45.3 (c 0.36, CHCl 3 ) (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-Methyl-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23, 25-pentaenoate (106) The procedure for 97 was used with 105 (0.16 g, 0.14 μmol) and DDQ (0.034 g, 0.15 mmol) to yield 0.13 g (90%) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: IR (CHCl 3 ) 3512, 2956, 2929, 2857, 1772, 1639, 1471, 1462, 1255, 1193, 1076, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.35 (dd, J=15.4, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (ddd, J=16.9, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (dd, J=15.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=11.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.25 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.04 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91-0.86 (m, 41H), 0.81 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.11-0.05 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 166.8, 147.2, 145.6, 136.4, 133.2, 132.6, 131.5, 129.5, 126.4, 117.3, 115.2, 81.3, 78.6, 74.3, 72.7, 66.4, 50.9, 42.9, 42.6, 39.7, 36.2, 35.8, 35.4, 35.3, 34.1, 32.4, 30.6, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 19.6, 19.2, 18.5, 18.1, 18.0, 17.4, 16.7, 14.5, 10.9, −2.8, −3.4, −3.5, −4.06, −4.11, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4; LRMS (ESI) 1043.7 [M+Na]+; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 57 H112O 7 Si 4 Na 1043.7383 [M+Na]+, found 1043.7424; [α] 21 D −37.8 (c 1.4, CHCl 3 ). (2Z,4E,6S,7S,9S,10Z,12S,13R,14R,16S,19S,20R,21S,22S,23Z)-7,9,13,19-tetrakis(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-21-hydroxy-6,12,14,16,20,22-hexamethylhexacosa-2,4,10,23,25-pentaenoic acid (107) The procedure for 99 was used with 106 (0.13 g, 0.13 μmol) and 1N KOH (1.2 mL, 1.3 mmol), 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.094 mL, 0.60 μmol) and Et 3 N (0.10 mL, 0.78 mmol), 4-DMAP (60 mL, 1.3 mmol) to yield 0.054 g (45% for 2 steps) of the product by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:19) as a colorless oil: (seco acid) IR (CHCl 3 ) 2956, 2857, 1692, 1634, 1471, 1462, 1254, 1076, 836, 773 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.34 (dd, J=15.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.8, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=15.3, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 5.48-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.35-5.28 (m, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.44-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.86 (m, 41H), 0.82 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.12-0.05 (m, 24H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 171.5, 148.3, 147.4, 136.4, 133.1, 132.6, 131.5, 129.5, 126.6, 117.3, 115.0, 81.3, 78.6, 74.3, 72.7, 66.4, 43.0, 42.7, 39.7, 36.2, 35.8, 35.5, 35.3, 34.1, 32.4, 30.6, 26.3, 26.0, 25.94, 25.92, 19.6, 19.2, 18.5, 18.1, 18.0, 17.4, 16.7, 14.5, 11.0, −2.8, −3.4, −3.5, −4.1, −4.25, −4.32, −4.7; LRMS (ESI) 1029.7 [M+Na]+, 915.8; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 56 H 110 O 7 Si 4 Na 1029.7226 [M+Na]+, found 1029.7252; [α] 20 D −32.7 (c 0.51, CHCl 3 ). 8(S),10(S),14(R),20(S)-Tetrahydroxy-7(S),13(S),15(R),17(S),21(S)-pentamethyl-22(S)-(1(S)-methyl-penta-2,4-dienyl)oxacyclodocosa-3(Z),5(E),11(Z)-trien-2-one (194, YSS675-1) and 8(S),10(S),14(R),20(S)-Tetrahydroxy-7(S),13(S),15(R),17(S),21(S)-pentamethyl-22(S)-(1(S)-methyl-penta-2,4-dienyl)oxacyclodocosa-3(E),5(E),11(Z)-trien-2-one (108, YSS675-2) The procedure for 100 was used with 107 (0.054 g, 0.054 μmol) in 3N HCl (5 mL) and THF (2 mL) to yield 13 mg (45%) of 108 and 4.5 mg (15%) of the 109 by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 7:3) as a colorless oil: (108) IR (CHCl 3 ) 3416, 2961, 2927, 2873, 1692, 1635, 1455, 1421, 1379, 1190, 1086, 998 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.26 (dd, J=15.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.6, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (dd, J=15.2, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=16.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (dd, J=9.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (ddd, J=11.5, 7.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (ddd, J=10.0, 7.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dd, J=6.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.66 (ddd, J=11.5, 8.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (ddd, J=14.1, 10.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.38 (m, 1H), 1.32 (m, 1H), 1.27 (m, 1H), 1.11 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (m, 1H), 1.03 (ddd, J=11.3, 7.2, 4.4 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (m, 1H), 0.89 (m, 1H), 0.85 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.75 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 168.1, 148.7, 146.6, 135.7, 134.0, 133.7, 132.9, 131.1, 128.2, 118.0, 117.0, 80.9, 78.4, 74.4, 72.4, 66.3, 46.4, 43.4, 42.5, 40.9, 36.3, 35.90, 35.88, 35.7, 31.8, 31.5, 19.9, 19.3, 18.3, 17.5, 8.5; LRMS (ESI) 555.3 [M+Na]+, 537.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 32 H 52 O 6 555.3662 [M+Na]+, found 555.3680; [α] 20 D +76.5 (c 0.52, MeOH): (109) IR (CHCl 3 ) 3428, 2962, 2928, 1690, 1635, 1380, 1243, 1145, 1064, 1000 cm −1 ; 1 H NMR (600 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 7.20 (dd, J=15.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (ddd, J=17.0, 10.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J=15.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=14.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 5.40-5.39 (m, 2H), 5.23 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=18.1 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J=8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 3.90 (ddd, J=7.6, 5.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=9.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.95 (dd, J=9.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.46 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (m, 2H), 0.78 (m, 1H), 0.71 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.68 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (150 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 169.4, 147.5, 147.4, 135.9, 134.3, 133.7, 131.0, 128.9, 120.0, 118.0, 80.5, 78.5, 72.6, 72.0, 65.2, 43.6, 42.6, 42.1, 39.3, 36.3, 35.8, 35.6, 35.3, 31.4, 29.7, 19.3, 18.5, 17.4, 17.1, 14.8, 9.0; LRMS (ESI) 555.5 [M+Na]+; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 32 H 52 O 6 555.3662 [M+Na]+, found 555.3687; [α] 20 D −17.3 (c 0.15, MeOH). Biology Tubulin Polymerization Assay Tubulin assembly was monitored turbidimetrically in Gilford 250 spectrophotometers equipped with electronic temperature controllers as described previously (ter Haar et al., 1996). The reaction mixtures without the compounds consisted of tubulin (1 mg/ml), heat-treated MAPs (0.75 mg/ml, if present), GTP (100 μM, if present), and 0.1M (4-morpholinyl)ethane sulfonate (MeS). Baselines were established after addition of all reaction components except the compounds to the cuvettes held at 0° C. Compounds, at 10 μM or 40 μM final concentration, were then added and each reaction mixture (0.25 mL final volume) was subjected to the indicated temperature changes. Antiproliferative Assay The effects of dictyostatin and its analogs on growth inhibition of parental (A549) and paclitaxel-resistant (1A9/Ptx10 and Ptx22) ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated following the antiproliferative assay protocol as described earlier (Minguez et al., 2003; Choy et al., 2003; Lazo et al., 2001). Cells were maintained in RPMI medium with 10% FBS in it, plated in tissue culture plates, and allowed to grow for 48-72 h before transferring them into 96-well plates. Cells were allowed to attach and grow for 48 h in 96-well plates after which they were treated with either control (DMSO) or drug in triplicate/quadruplicate. Cells were incubated with the compounds for 72 h. Cells were treated with MTS reagent before reading the plate in a Dynamax plate reader for determining the cell number. The fifty percent growth inhibition values (GI 50 values) were calculated for the compounds against all the three cell lines. Pelleting Assay (Determination of EC 50 ) The assay was performed under three different reaction conditions following the procedure reported earlier (Gapud et al., 2004). Reaction condition 1 included 0.2 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), 10 μM tubulin, 5% DMSO and varying concentrations of test agents. Reaction condition 2 included 0.8 M MSG, 400 μM GTP, 10 μM tubulin, 5% DMSO, and varying concentrations of test agents. Reaction condition 3 had 0.6 M MSG, 200 μM GTP, and 10 μM tubulin, and 5% DMSO, and varying concentrations of the test agents. The experimental protocol for all the three reaction conditions was the following. The reaction mixtures were incubated at room temperature (20-22° C.) for 15 min and spun for 10 min at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf microtube centrifuge. Aliquots of the supernatants were removed and assayed for protein content by the method of Lowry. The EC 50 was defined as drug concentration required to polymerize 50% of tubulin compared to the pellet found in the DMSO control reaction determined for each test system. On average 5.5±4.0% of the tubulin pelleted in the DMSO control. Multiparameter Fluorescence Microscopy High Information Content Cell-Based Fluorescence Screening HeLa cells growing at log phase were trypsinized and plated in 40 μL at a density of 7,000-8,000 cells per well in calf skin collagen I-coated 384-well plates (Falcon #3962; Fisher Scientific). Cells were exposed to test agents or 0.5% DMSO within 2-8 h of plating. Concentrated DMSO stock solutions of all test agents were diluted into solutions of HBSS medium plus 10% FBS and added to the microplate wells (10 μL per well), using an automated liquid handling system (Biomek® 2000; Beckman-Coulter, Inc.) to provide a serial 2-fold dilution of each test agent. The cells were incubated in the presence of test agents for 24 h. At the end of the incubation, the medium was removed and replaced with HBSS containing 4% formaldehyde and 10 μg/mL Hoechst 33342 (25 μL/well) to fix the cells and fluorescently label their chromatin. After incubation at room temperature for 20-30 min, the solution was removed from each well and replaced with HBSS (100 μL/well). Further reagent additions were made to the microplates using the Biomek 2000. After removing the HBSS from each well, cells were permeabilized for 5 min at room temperature with 0.5% (w/w) Triton X-100 in HBSS (10 μL/well). This step extracts a fraction of the soluble cellular components, including soluble tubulin. The wells were washed with HBSS (100 μL/well), followed by addition of a primary antibody solution containing mouse anti-α-tubulin (1:3000) and rabbit anti-phosphohistone H3 (1:500) in HBSS (10 μL/well). After 1 h at room temperature, the wells were washed with HBSS as above, followed by the addition of a secondary antibody solution containing fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled donkey anti-mouse (1:300) and Cy3-labeled donkey anti-rabbit (1:300) antibodies diluted in HBSS (10 μL/well). After 1 h at room temperature, the wells were washed as above, and HBSS was added (100 μL/well). The plates were placed in an ArrayScan® HCS Reader with the Target Activation BioApplication Software coupled to Cellomics® Store and the vHCS™ Discovery Toolbox (Cellomics, Inc.) to analyze images. Briefly, the instrument was used to scan multiple optical fields, each with multiparameter fluorescence, within a subset of the wells of the 384-well microplate. The BioApplication software produced multiple numerical feature values, such as subcellular object intensities, shapes, and location for each cell within an optical field. Data were acquired from a minimum of 1,000 cells per well, except in cases where added test agents reduced the attachment of cells to the substrate. A nuclear mask was generated from Hoechst 33342-stained nuclei, and object identification thresholds and shape parameters were set such that the algorithm identified over 90% of the nuclei in each field. Objects that touched each other or the edge of the image were excluded from the analysis. Tubulin mass was defined as the average green (FITC) pixel intensity in an area defined by the Hoechst-defined nuclear mask. This cytoplasmic area around the nucleus contains cytoskeletal components is a region from which sensitive measurements of cytoplasmic characteristics can be made. The percentage of phospho-histone H3 positive cells was defined as the number of cells whose average red (Cy3) staining intensity exceeded the average Cy3 intensity plus two standard deviations of vehicle-treated cells, divided by the total number of cells. Radiolabeled Ligand Binding Assays [ 3 H]Paclitaxel, [ 3 H]discodermolide and [ 14 C]epothilone B solutions were prepared as 125 μM stock solutions in 50% DMSO. Radiolabeled compound (final concentration, 4.0 μM) and test agents at final concentrations noted in the text and tables were mixed in 50 μL of 4:1 (v/v) 0.75 M aqueous MSG/DMSO and warmed to 37° C. Meanwhile, a reaction mixture containing 0.75 M MSG, 2.5 μM tubulin, and 25 μM ddGTP was prepared and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min to form microtubuless. A 200 μL aliquot of the microtubule mixture was added to the drug mixtures, and incubation continued for 30 min at 37° C. Reaction mixtures were centrifuged in an Eppendorf 5417C centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at room temperature. Radiolabel in the supernatants (100 μL) was determined by scintillation spectrometry. Bound radiolabeled compound was calculated from the total radiolabel added to each reaction mixture minus the amount of radiolabel found in the supernatant. The foregoing description and accompanying drawings set forth the preferred embodiments of the invention at the present time. Various modifications, additions and alternative designs will, of course, become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing teachings without departing from the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes and variations that fall within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Dictyostatin and its analogs show great promise as new anticancer agents. The present invention provides dictyostatin analogs, synthetic intermediates for the synthesis of dictyostatin analogs, and synthetic methods for the synthesis of such analogs and intermediates. Dictyostatin analogs can have the following structure or its enantiomer wherein R 1 is H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or a halogen atom; R 2 is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R a , R b and R c are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group; R d is an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxylalkyl group, —R i SiR a R b R c or a benzyl group, wherein R i is an alkylene group; R e is an alkyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or —NR g R h , wherein R g and R h are independently H, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is (CH 2 ) n where n is and integer in the range of 0 to 5, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH 3 )—, or —C≡C—; R 4 is wherein R 23a is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; R 23b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e , or R 23a and R 23b together form a portion of six-membered acetal ring incorporating CR t R u ; R t and R u are independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxyaryl group; and R 5 is H or OR 2b , wherein R 2b is H, a protecting group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, a trityl group, —SiR a R b R c , CH 2 OR d , or COR e ; provided that the compound is not dictyostatin 1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a method for producing hydrogen by using magnesium scrap and an apparatus thereof, and particularly to a method for producing hydrogen by spontaneous chemical reaction without consumption of extra energy. [0003] 2. Related Art [0004] In recent years, fossil sources are excessively exploited and utilized, taking a risk of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Consequently, hydrogen-based energy recycle gradually takes the place of the fossil-based carbon energy recycle. Although hydrogen exists in the earth's crust under particular conditions, it is too little in quantity to be exploited or recycled. As a result, production of hydrogen has to rely on artificial technology. [0005] Nowadays, industrial production of hydrogen mostly employs fossil fuels (petroleum, savageness, coal and etc.) to generate hydrogen by different processes, for example steam reforming, partial oxidation and gasification. In view of human ecology, these hydrogen production processes using fossil fuels generate a lot of carbon dioxide (which brings about earth's greenhouse effect) and other contaminants. Hydrogen production method eliminating secondary pollution, instead of using fossil fuels, is economical and environment-protective, and therefore meets the tendency of hydrogen source development. [0006] Electrolysis of water is a relatively easy and clean way for producing hydrogen. However, it consumes a great deal of power, requiring high production cost, and correspondingly, cannot accord with long-term environment protection. Saving power is needed in hydrogen production to obtain actual environment-protective effect. Currently, a new method for producing hydrogen attracts people's attention, where NaBH 4 is immersed in alkaline solution, and then hydrogen is generated by using catalyst, such as Ru, Pt, etc. The hydrogen is readily and quickly produced by this method. But NaBH 4 has to be abstracted from borate ore. Abstraction of 1 kilogram NaBH 4 costs about 80 dollars, and borate ore is mostly collected in several countries, for instance the United States and Turkey. So this method is not economical, either. [0007] In addition, metal scrap is used to recycle hydrogen. As an example, aluminum scrap is grinded to powder and acquires high chemical vigor. The aluminum is put into the sodium hydroxide solution, generating hydrogen. It's reported in documentations that magnesium powder serves as source for producing hydrogen. However, in these methods, these metals as source for producing hydrogen, namely aluminum powder and magnesium powder, need to be firstly grinded to tiny powder, which often takes extra energy and elevates cost. Additionally, the metal powder has to be stored rather careful to avoid powder blast. [0008] On the other hand, some research involves that recycled aluminum can serve as material for producing hydrogen. However plastic coated on recycled aluminum can has to be cleaned out by vitriolic solution, which also produces industrial waste liquid. [0009] Thus, a method which is high efficient and takes less energy without secondary pollution is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing hydrogen by using magnesium scrap and an apparatus thereof, which is more efficient than traditional hydrogen generation methods. [0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing hydrogen by magnesium scrap and an apparatus thereof, which prevents from secondary pollution. [0012] A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing hydrogen by magnesium scrap and an apparatus thereof, which consumes less power than traditional hydrogen generation methods and which is economic. [0013] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for producing hydrogen by magnesium scrap is provided. [0014] Firstly, at least a platinum-coating titanium mesh is provided as catalyst of hydrogen production reaction. In a preferred embodiment, a platinum film is plated on the titanium mesh to form the platinum-coating titanium mesh. Magnesium alloy scrap is heated to form melted magnesium scrap. In a preferred embodiment, the melted magnesium scrap has temperature between 570.degree.C. and 580.degree.C. The melted magnesium scraps are adhered to the platinum-coating titanium meshes to form magnesium alloy-platinum-coating titanium combination as material of hydrogen production reaction. [0015] Secondly, magnesium alloy-platinum-coating titanium combination is put in an airtight reaction chamber. Sodium chloride solution of 3.5 wt. % is loaded in the airtight reaction chamber. A valve of airtight reaction chamber is not closed until solution reaches a prescribed quantity. A spontaneously hydrogen producing reaction is carried out. [0016] Finally, the gas produced by the reaction is conducted to a low temperature exsiccator for condensing the vapor involved in the gas. Next, the gas is collected by a collector immediately. [0017] According to another aspect of the present invention, the apparatus for producing hydrogen comprises a liquid container, an airtight reaction chamber, a motor, a cooler, a low temperature exsiccator, and a gas collector. Ducts connect with each component and control the gas/solution pass in and out by valves. [0018] The liquid container is provided to store sodium chloride solution. The motor loads the sodium chloride solution from the liquid container to the airtight reaction chamber. The airtight reaction chamber accommodates the sodium chloride solution and a plurality of platinum-coating titanium meshes for performing hydrogen production reaction. A duct connects the liquid container and the airtight reaction chamber, and a valve is provided to control quantity of the sodium chloride solution entering into the airtight reaction chamber. The cooler adjusts temperature of the sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber. In terms of a preferred embodiment, a thermocouple is provided to immerse into the sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber for monitoring temperature varying of the reaction system. The cooler adjusts the temperature of the sodium chloride solution to sustain the temperature under 30.degree.C. [0019] A duct connects the low temperature exsiccator and the airtight reaction chamber. The gas produced by the hydrogen production reaction passes through the low temperature exsiccator, and condenses vapor involved in the gas. A gas collector connects with the low temperature exsiccator by a duct for collecting the gas produced by the hydrogen production reaction. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a gas mass flow meter is mounted between the low temperature exsiccator and the gas collector for real-time supervising ratio of the gas and time change. In a preferred embodiment, a gas sampling packet specific for gas chromatography is mounted on the duct of the gas collector, and controls flux by a valve. A part of gas, which passes through the gas mass flow meter, is collected, and is analyzed by the gas chromatography to acquire components of the gas. [0020] According to embodiments of the present invention, the method for producing hydrogen of the present invention is highly efficient than prior methods for producing hydrogen. Moreover, the platinum-coating titanium meshes can be used repeatedly, assuring high production efficiency. Consequently, the present invention has the following advantages: [0021] 1. The material for producing hydrogen is magnesium scrap. Magnesium alloy is popularly employed in 3C electronic products and automotive components, and correspondingly, more and more magnesium scraps, for example, magnesium shells, components and mechanisms, would be produced in future. In the instant invention, the magnesium scraps is recycled to produce hydrogen energy of economic value, which does not only produce mass energy, but also promotes recycling of resources, contributing to long-running environment protection. [0022] 2. In the instant invention, magnesium scraps and sodium chloride solution serve as material of reaction, and platinum-coating titanium meshes serve as catalyst for a spontaneously hydrogen producing reaction. These materials are readily obtained and cheap. The magnesium scraps produce hydrogen efficiently without need of extra energy in the reaction. The platinum-coating titanium mesh is cheap and used repeatably, and therefore assures consistent efficient hydrogen production, reducing cost and promoting yield of hydrogen. [0023] In order to further illustrate features, operating methods, objects and advantages of the instant invention, embodiments of the instant invention are described below accompanying with drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for producing hydrogen by using magnesium scrap in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [0025] FIG. 2 is a depiction of a platinum-coating titanium meshes. [0026] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of apparatus for producing hydrogen of the present invention. [0027] FIG. 4 is a relation diagram of time and accumulation of hydrogen produced by the method according to the present invention, and comparison of efficiency of other hydrogen production methods with the efficiency of the instant invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0028] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for producing hydrogen by using magnesium scrap in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [0029] As shown in Step 110 , the magnesium alloy scrap is heated to form melted magnesium scrap. The melted magnesium scrap is at temperature ranged from 570.degree.C. to 580.degree.C. [0030] As shown in Step 120 , appropriate quantity of melted magnesium scraps are adhered to the platinum-coating titanium meshes to for a magnesium alloy-platinum-coating titanium combination as material of hydrogen production reaction. FIG. 2 shows platinum-coating titanium meshes. In a preferred embodiment, a platinum film of 2˜3 micron width is plated on surfaces of a titanium mesh to form a platinum-coating titanium mesh. Each sheet of platinum-coating titanium mesh is dimensioned of 2*8 square centimeters or an appropriate size as desired. In a preferred embodiment, the platinum-coating titanium meshes may be used repeatably by removing used magnesium scraps therefrom and then adhering new magnesium scraps thereto. [0031] As shown in Step 130 , magnesium alloy-platinum-coating titanium combination is put in an airtight reaction chamber. FIG. 3 is a schematic view of apparatus for producing hydrogen. The apparatus 300 for producing hydrogen at least comprises a liquid container 310 , an airtight reaction chamber 320 , a motor 330 , a cooler 322 , a low temperature exsiccator 340 , a gas mass flow meter 350 and a gas collector 360 . [0032] The liquid container 310 is provided to store sodium chloride solution. According to an embodiment of the present invention, sodium chloride solution of 3.5 weight percent concentration and about 24.degree.C.˜30.degree.C. temperature is loaded in the airtight reaction chamber 320 for producing hydrogen. The sodium chloride solution and a plurality of platinum-coating titanium meshes are put in the airtight reaction chamber 320 . The motor 330 is provided to load sodium chloride solution from the liquid container 310 to the airtight reaction chamber 320 . A dust 335 connects the liquid container 310 and the airtight reaction chamber 320 . A valve controls quantity of the sodium chloride solution entering into the airtight reaction chamber 320 . [0033] The hydrogen production reaction is an exothermic reaction. The temperature of the sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber 32 goes up gradually during the reaction. In terms of an embodiment, a thermocouple 326 and a cooler 322 are provided in the airtight reaction chamber 320 . The thermocouple 326 is immersed into the sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber 320 for monitoring temperature varying of the reaction system. The cooler 322 adjusts temperature of the sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber 320 . The cooler 322 adjusts the temperature of the sodium chloride solution to sustain the temperature below 30° C. [0034] As shown in Step 140 , the motor 330 loads the sodium chloride solution and takes the sodium chloride solution through the dust 335 to the airtight reaction chamber 320 . As solution reaches a predetermined quantity, in step 150 , the valve of the airtight reaction chamber 320 is closed to perform hydrogen production reaction. The hydrogen production reaction lasts about 50˜60 minutes. During the reaction, the platinum-coating titanium meshes 324 are regarded as catalyst to speed up reaction. The hydrogen production reaction is a spontaneous reaction without need of extra magnesium scraps. The reaction equation is disclosed as below: [0000] Mg+2H 2 O→Mg(OH) 2 +H 2 [0035] The reaction goes on in the sodium chloride solution (components of sea water). Besides eliminating extra energy consumption, facile material and low cost, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ) byproducts are produced, which can act as flame retardant for fire protection. [0036] As shown in Step 160 , gas produced by the reaction is conducted to the low temperature exsiccator 340 for condensing vapor involved in the gas. Further referring to FIG. 3 , the low temperature exsiccator 340 is connected with the airtight reaction chamber 320 by a duct 345 . The duct 345 is an only exit of the airtight reaction chamber 320 , which allows gas produced by the hydrogen production reaction passes the low temperature exsiccator 340 and condenses the vapor. According to a preferred embodiment, temperature of the low temperature exsiccator 340 is set at about −15.degree.C.±1.degree.C. [0037] Finally, as shown in Step 170 , a gas collector collects gas produced by hydrogen production reaction. Referring to FIG. 3 , the gas collector 360 connects with the low temperature exsiccator 340 by a duct 355 for collecting the gas produced by the hydrogen production reaction. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a gas mass flow meter 350 is mounted between the low temperature exsiccator 340 and the gas collector 360 for real-time supervising ratio of the gas and time change. In a preferred embodiment, the gas collector 360 further includes a gas sampling packet 376 specific for gas chromatography to analyze gas sample by a gas chromatography. [0038] In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen production apparatus 300 further comprises a real-time supervising system 370 having a data capture 372 connecting with a computer 374 . The data capture 372 receives data from the gas mass flow meter 350 for real-time supervising relation of ratio of production and flux of the hydrogen, or temperature varying detected by the thermocouple 326 for real-time adjusting temperature of sodium chloride solution in the airtight reaction chamber 320 for maintaining reaction. The computer 374 is adapted to process, analyze and store data input by the data capture 372 . Embodiment 1 [0039] 40 sheets of platinum-coating titanium meshes with the magnesium scraps adhering thereto are prepared for producing hydrogen. After a constant period of time (about 50-56 minutes), removing remains on the platinum-coating titanium meshes. Appropriate quantity of magnesium scraps are adhered again for next test, whereby it is known whether efficiency of hydrogen production descends after the platinum-coating titanium meshes are used repeatedly. [0040] FIG. 4 is a relation diagram of time and accumulation of hydrogen produced by the method according to the instant invention. The horizontal axis stands for time (minute, min) of the reaction, while the vertical axis stands for volume of hydrogen (liter, liter). The curves 411 , 412 , 412 respectively represent relation of hydrogen quantity and time when the platinum-coating titanium meshes are used repeatedly. The curve 411 dictates the state when the magnesium scraps are adhered to the platinum-coating titanium meshes at the first time, the curve 412 dictates the state at the second time, and the curve 413 dictates the state at the third time. [0041] The result shows that, volume of hydrogen always reaches about 28 liters when time is 50 minutes, which proves that the platinum-coating titanium meshes work well in repeated use, and efficiency of hydrogen production each time is rather similar. In the three experiments, volume of hydrogen and the consumed magnesium weight is as following: 1.14 liter/gram of magnesium weight at the first time, 0.90 liter/gram of magnesium weight at the second time, 0.94 liter/gram of magnesium weight at the third time. The purity of the hydrogen is 97.2 molar percent or so, the other components are vapor. It is notable that anode and cathode of PEMFC need vapor, and the instant invention exactly meets this need. As a result, gas produced by the instant invention can be directly introduced into the PEMFC without extra wetting, which is a novel feature of the instant invention. [0042] FIG. 4 also depicts comparison of efficiency of other hydrogen production methods with the efficiency of the instant invention. The curve 420 and the curve 430 respectively show aluminum can and aluminum powder reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen. The curve 440 shows NaBH4 solution reacts with Ru catalyst to produce hydrogen. The curve 450 shows magnesium powder reacts with potassium chloride to produce hydrogen. FIG. 4 evidently shows efficiency of the four prior methods are all far lower than efficiency of the instant invention. [0043] Therefore, the instant invention has merits as below. [0044] Firstly, in the instant invention, magnesium scraps and sodium chloride solution serve as reaction material in the hydrogen production reaction, and the platinum-coating titanium meshes act as catalyst to conduct spontaneous hydrogen production reaction. The materials are easily acquired and low cost, and react in the hydrogen production reaction without need of extra energy. Efficiency of the instant invention is far higher than traditional hydrogen production methods. Correspondingly, hydrogen production method of the instant invention markedly decrease cost and increase yield. [0045] Secondly, hydrogen production method of the instant invention does not produce secondary pollution and protects environment. Moreover, byproduct magnesium hydroxide of the hydrogen production method may serve as flame retardant for fire protection, and therefore promotes additional value as for high industrial utility. [0046] Thirdly, in the instant invention, vapor is involved in the hydrogen gas and may be directly introduced into proton exchange fuel cell without wetting. Thus, production steps and complexity are reduced, and the instant invention can join current technology to be directly applied to the industry. [0047] The method of the instant invention employs recycled magnesium scraps to produce economic hydrogen, which is a low cost and high yield energy generation method, and promotes reuse of source for long-term environment protection. [0048] It is understood that the invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. Thus, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein.

A method for producing hydrogen by using magnesium scrap is provided. First, adhering the melting magnesium scrap to platinum-coating titanium meshes, and putting the adhered meshes in an airtight reaction chamber, which is loaded with sodium chloride solution, to carry out a spontaneously hydrogen producing reaction. The gas produced by the reaction is then conducted to a low temperature exsiccator for condensing the vapor involved in the gas. Next, the gas is collected by a collector immediately. The apparatus comprises a sodium chloride solution container, an airtight reaction chamber, a low temperature exsiccator, and a gas collector. Ducts connect with each component and control the gas/solution pass in and out by using valves.

This is a continuation-in-part of application for United States Patent, Ser. No. 08/926,821 filed Sep. 10, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,123, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to systems for the transportation and/or storing of viscous materials such as grease, oil, ink, and the like, and semisolid materials such as comminuted food products, and the like, in bulk quantity and, more particularly, to a tank and piston structure therefor. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Tanks for the bulk transport and/or storage of semisolid and liquid materials of the kind comprising a tank with a movable piston therein are well known in the art. Examples of such tanks may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,828,988; 4,721,235; 5,114,054; and 5,341,726. The tanks usually have follower pistons with pneumatically expandable seals surrounding one end of the tank for seating the piston relative to the tank to accommodate changes in the interior cross-section of the tank. The seal is generally positioned between circumferential flanges affixed to the outer surface of the tank in order to axially retain the seal during movement of the piston. The tanks also generally have pads positioned about the piston and extending radially outwardly therefrom for preventing canting of the piston as the piston moves within the tank. As indicated above, the prior art seals are usually hollow and capable of being filled with air to cause the seals to expand. The hollow portion or chamber of the seal may be filled and depleted of air through a valve structure in communication with the chamber and disposed within the piston. The valve is accessible through a rear opening in the piston. Since the seal is naturally between the outer surface of the piston and the inner surface of the tank, and is in contact with the inner surface of the tank as the piston reciprocates within the tank, the seal is subject to abrasion and wear. Also, because the seal is pneumatic, there is always the possibility that a puncture will develop and render the seal useless. Thus, although pneumatic seals are efficient, they are prone to failure. Furthermore, the friction created on the seal by the reciprocating piston may occasionally cause the seal to roll out of position. Additionally, pneumatic seals are difficult to fasten securely to the piston because they cannot be punctured by a fastener. It has been suggested that the design of the seal be such as to effect a wiping action against the inner surface of the tank. This however, is subjecting the seal to more wear and exposing the seal to a greater possibility of failure. In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved seal structure for a tank piston. It is another object of the present invention to provide a piston seal that will accommodate expansion while providing a longer wear life. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a tank piston structure that includes an improved wiper structure. It is still another object of the present invention to provide a tank piston that has an improved wiper structure for the inner surface of the tank, and having an improved seal structure that moves along the inner surface of the tank with less friction. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the present invention, an elastic, deformable seal structure for a tank piston includes an interior, annular chamber that is filled with an open celled foam material. The seal is preferably defined by an annular base coupled to a crown portion, which together define the interior, annular chamber. The open celled material may be rubber, polyurethane, or like resilient material that is compressible and is elastic to expand back substantially to its original volume. The seal is substantially annular and disposed on the outer surface of the piston and surrounding the same, preferably near one end, and is axially retained by a circumferential groove or channel disposed in the outer surface of the piston. In one embodiment of the seal, the crown portion is defined by a dome-shaped member. In another embodiment, the crown portion is defined by two axially spaced, parallel walls, each coupled to an angled top wall. The top walls join to form an apex. According to another aspect of the present invention, the seal is surrounded by a friction reducing layer, possibly of Teflon®, which may be shrink-wrapped around the seal. The friction reducing layer specifically reduces the kinetic coefficient of friction between the seal and the inner surface of the tank. According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a circumferential wiper structure extends from the outer surface of the piston near the discharging end of thereof, and is in abutting relationship with the inner surface of the tank. The end of the wiper abutting the inner surface of the tank preferably includes a bevel. Optionally, a second wiper may be disposed at the opposite end of the tank. In one form, the wiper is an elongated circumferential ring that extends at a 45θ angle, relative to an axis of the piston, towards the inner surface of the tank. The ring may be formed of a suitable plastic. In the preferred embodiment of the seal, a support strip is placed between the open cell foam material and the base portion. The support strip is preferably made of the same material as the seal itself. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS So that the manner in which the above-recited features, advantages, and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and is therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. Reference the appended drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an end portion of a tank showing a piston in partial cross-section, movable within the tank, in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the piston showing the seal mounted in its channel; FIG. 2A is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the piston showing an alternate embodiment of the present seal mounted in its channel; FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the seal depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2; FIG. 3A is an enlarges sectional view of the seal of FIG. 3 with an optional friction reducing layer; FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the present seal depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2A; FIG. 4A is an enlarged sectional view of the seal of FIG. 4 with an optional friction reducing layer; FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the piston showing the seal mounted in its channel with a pair of wipers coupled to the piston body; FIG. 6 is an exploded sectional view of the components in the preferred embodiment of the seal; FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view of the assembled seal of FIG. 6; and FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of the seal of FIG. 7 with an optional friction reducing layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a portion of a tank, designated 10 , defined by a generally cylindrical wall 11 , preferably formed of a suitable metal in order to effectively contain the material to be stored and/or transported therein (hereinafter “the material”). The wall 11 defines a generally cylindrical interior volume or space 12 of the tank that is bounded by an interior or inner surface 14 of the wall 11 . The tank 10 has an opening 16 at one end thereof, which for convenience will be deemed the front of the tank 10 . The opening 16 is a combination inlet and outlet for introducing and removing the material respectfully into and out of the tank volume 12 . Disposed within the volume 12 is a tank piston 18 of a generally cylindrical configuration and preferably formed of a suitable metal. The outside diameter of the piston 18 is slightly less than the inner diameter of the tank 10 such that the piston 18 is movable back and forth within the tank 10 . The piston 18 divides the whole interior volume 12 of the tank 10 into a front volume 22 forward of a curved front portion 20 of the piston 18 and a rear volume 21 rearward of a curved rear portion 19 of the piston 18 . The front and rear volumes 22 , 21 are variable depending on the position of the piston 18 within the tank. The front volume 22 receives and holds the material. The more material, the larger front volume 22 becomes with the rear volume 21 becoming less as the piston 18 moves rearward. As the material exits the tank 10 the rear volume 21 becomes greater with the front volume 22 becoming less as the piston 18 moves forwardly. It should be immediately understood that the above describes the introduction of the material into the front volume 22 of the tank 10 via the opening 16 and the evacuation of the material from the front volume 22 of the tank 10 via the opening 16 . The piston 18 is defined by the curved front portion or wall 20 and the rear portion or wall 19 and a middle, generally cylindrical portion or wall 23 . Disposed on the outside surface or periphery 24 of the wall 23 of the middle portion 23 are two sets of anti-canting pads 26 and 28 . The anti-canting pads 26 are disposed in an annular pattern about the piston 18 proximate the front portion 20 while the canting pads 28 are disposed in an annular pattern about the piston 18 proximate the rear portion 19 . The anti-canting pads 26 , 28 extend radially outward from the surface 24 and are respectfully fastened thereto by bolts that extend through the wall 23 and are secured by nuts 27 , 29 on the inner surface 25 . The anti-canting pads 26 , 28 abut the inner surface 14 of the wall 11 to prevent the piston 18 from canting within the tank 10 . The pads are preferably of a low friction material (e.g. nylon) to permit the piston 18 to move freely within the tank 10 . Of course, alternate devices may be used to accomplish this result. The pads 26 , 28 are axially and circumferentially spaced on the piston surface 24 accordingly. Also disposed on the outer surface or periphery 24 of the piston 18 between the front portion 20 and the pads 26 is a circumferential groove or channel 35 (see FIG. 2 ). Disposed at least partly within the channel 35 is an elastic seal structure 68 . FIG. 2A shows an alternate seal structure 36 disposed within channel 35 . With additional reference to FIGS. 3 and 3A the seal 68 is preferably formed of an elastic material such as rubber, VITON®, neoprene, nitrile, or other suitable material. The seal 68 is defined by an annular base 70 formed of a rubber as again described above, to which is coupled an annular dome-shaped (in cross-section) cap or crown 72 . The cap 72 and base 70 define an annular cavity or chamber 74 which is filled with an open celled foam 76 . Such open celled foam material 76 may be a rubber compound, polyurethane, or the like which is elastically compressible, to provide and impart a resiliency effect to the seal structure 68 . Optionally, a gel, such as silica may be used in place of the open celled foam material 76 . As shown in FIG. 3A, an optional an outer layer 77 may be disposed about the seal 68 to reduce the kinetic coefficient of friction as the seal moves across the inside surface 14 of the tank 10 . The outer layer 77 may be made of any suitable low friction material, such as teflon, rayon, nylon, or any high-density alkenes. It is preferable that such outer layer 77 be shrink wrapped around the seal 68 to provide the best friction reduction. Referring to FIGS. 2A, 4 , and 4 A there is shown an alternative embodiment of a seal, generally designated 36 that may be used. It should here be understood that various seal configurations may work, as long as they have an interior cavity filled with an open celled foam as described above with reference to the seal 36 . The seal 36 is defined by an annular base portion 50 , a first or left perpendicular annular wall portion 52 , a second or right perpendicular annular wall portion 54 , a first or left angled annular wall portion 56 , and a second or right angled annular wall portion 58 . The first perpendicular wall portion 52 is attached to the base portion proximate one end thereof, while the second perpendicular wall portion 54 is attached to the base portion proximate another end thereof. The first angled wall portion 56 is attached at one end to a top end of the first perpendicular wall portion 52 , while the second angled wall portion 58 is attached at one end to a top end of the second perpendicular wall portion 54 . The other ends of the first and second angled wall portions 56 , 58 are joined together to form an apex 60 . Preferably, the wall portions are integrally formed such that the seal 36 is substantially seamless. The wall portions 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , form a crown or cap, and an annular interior hollow, cavity, or chamber 62 that is filled with an open celled foam material 64 . Such open celled foam material 64 may as described above in reference to celled foam material 76 . To prevent the base 50 from bowing outward (i.e. to keep it flat) it is possible with this embodiment of the seal 36 to provide a base 50 that is somewhat thicker than the other walls 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 . An optional outer layer 65 may be disposed around seal 36 in the same manner as outer layer 77 . It should here be understood that various seal configurations may work, as long as they have an interior cavity filled with an open celled foam as described above with reference to the seals 36 and 68 . With any embodiment of the seal that may be used, a plurality of cotter pins 80 may be used to further prevent the seal from rolling out of the channel 35 . The cotter pins 80 may be inserted through two sidewalls 44 , 48 defined by channel 35 and through the celled foam material of the seal. Referring back to FIG. 2A again, the seal 36 is where the apex 60 is abutting the inner surface 14 , and the first and second angled wall portions 56 , 58 are radially downwardly compressed. Compression of the seal 36 between the piston and the inner surface of the tank prevents the intrusion of the material from the front volume 22 and the rear volume 21 . Also, because the cavity 62 of the seal 36 is filled with the resilient foam material 64 , the walls of the seal tend to radially outwardly expand, particularly if the base 50 is made thicker than the remaining walls. Thus, if a puncture or rupture occurs in the seal, there will be no deflation of the seal as in “air seals” nor a significant loss of the sealing effect. It should be recognized that after a certain amount of wear and tear, even the present seal would need replacement. However, the lifetime of the present seal is generally greater than the “air seals.” With reference to FIGS. 1 and 5, the piston 18 may include an essentially annular wiper generally designated 38 preferably formed of a plastic such as nylon or the like. The wiper 38 in the embodiment shown extends about the piston 18 from the area forming a juncture between the curved front portion 20 and the cylindrical middle portion 23 . The wiper 38 is angled upwardly relative to a major axis of the piston 18 towards the inner surface of the tank. If a wiper 38 is used it should extend at a 45θ angle relative to the piston axis. The end of the wiper 38 abutting the inner surface of the tank has a bevel 39 such that a flat portion of the bevel abuts the inner surface of the tank. This provides a wiping or scraping action against the inner surface of the tank to clean the same. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 through 5, the wiper 38 is mounted to the piston 18 by disposing a lower portion 82 of the wiper 38 within a circumferential groove or channel 84 axially spaced parallel to the seal channel 35 . The channel 84 defines two sidewalls 86 , 88 . The sidewall 86 closest to the front of the piston 18 should be at 45° relative to the piston axis. If the sidewall 86 is vertical or at an angle other than 45°, a fill material 90 should be disposed against the sidewall 86 as shown in FIG. 5 . The fill material 90 may be metal, polymer, or any other material that can provide a smooth 45° surface for the wiper 38 . The wiper 38 may then be secured to the fill material 90 or angled sidewall as appropriate by means of a screw or nut 92 and a bolt 94 . Optionally a second wiper 38 a may be disposed near the rear of the piston 18 , in mirror image to the first wiper 38 (i.e. the bevel 39 a of the rear wiper 38 a is oriented in the opposite direction of wiper 38 ). Referring now to FIGS. 6 through 8, a preferred embodiment of the seal 100 is shown generally. The seal 100 is similar to the seal 36 of FIGS. 2A, 4 , and 2 A. Unlike the seal 36 , the seal 100 has an annular base portion 102 that is the same thickness as the wall portions, 104 , 106 , 108 , and 110 . A thickness of 0.375″ has been discovered to be effective. The annular chamber 112 defined by the annular base 102 and the wall portions 104 , 106 , 108 , and 110 is filled with the support assembly 114 . The support assembly 114 comprises one or more open cell foam material layers 116 , 118 and a support strip 120 . The support assembly 114 is combined into an integral part by placing an adhesive between the various components layers—the foam material layers 116 , and 118 and the support strip 120 . After the adhesive cures, the edges of the support assembly 114 are cut down, possibly with a band saw, to match the approximate profile of the annular chamber 112 . FIG. 6 shows how the cuting has left beveled surfaces 122 on the support assembly 114 to correspond to the wall portions 106 and 108 . It is best if a small section of the support strip 120 extends beyond the open cell foam material layers 116 , 118 . This allows the entire support assembly 114 to be pulled through the annular chamber 112 , the open cell foam material layers 116 , 118 , thus being compressed during this process. After the support assembly 114 is in place, it is given time to relax, the protruding portion is removed after which the ends of the two ends of the seal 100 may be glued together thereby forming a ring. It has been discovered that a support strip of 0.25″ works well with 0.375″ walls in the seal. The support strip 120 is preferably made of the same material as the base portion 102 (and wall portions 104 , 106 , 108 , 110 ). The support strip 120 performs two functions. It provides rigidity to the support assembly 114 facilitating its insertion into the annular chamber 112 . It also provides extra support to the base portion 102 to limit the amount of bowing that occurs. In FIGS. 7 and 8 it can be seen that the base portion 102 will bow slightly even with the support strip 120 . By the time the seal is formed into a ring and placed around the piston, this bowing becomes negligible. It should be noted that it is ideal not to have any gaps remaining in the annular chamber 112 after the support assembly 114 is in place. Of course this is not always possible, but any gaps should be kept to an absolute minimum. The compression of the open cell foam material layers as they are inserted into the chamber helps in this regard. Lastly, FIG. 8 shows that the optional outer layer 124 may be added to this embodiment similar to the outer layer 77 of FIG. 3 A. While the foregoing is directed to preferred embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims, which follow.

A tank piston is shown with an improved seal and wiper. The piston is used in conjunction with tanks used for transporting semi-solid and viscous materials such as grease, oil, ink, and the like. The improved seal consists of an annular rubber member with a hollow chamber filled with an open cell foam material such as polyurethane, or a gel such as silica gel. The material in the chamber is compressible and expandable to provide a seal about the piston. Optionally, the piston is provided with an annular wiper structure that extends about the outer forward periphery of the piston, and is forwardly angled at about 45° relative to an axis of the piston. The wiper has a beveled end that makes contact with the interior surface of the tank to provide a cleaning action. A complementary second wiper may be added near the outer rearward periphery of the piston. A preferred embodiment is also shown that uses a tiered support assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a battery state monitoring circuit that monitors a state of a battery, and a battery device that is equipped with a plurality of the battery state monitoring circuits. 2. Description of the Related Art For example, JP 2005-117789 A discloses a protective IC that monitors voltages of a plurality of batteries that are connected in series with each other. FIG. 15A shows an example of the protective IC that is disclosed in JP 2005-117780 A. Referring to FIG. 15A , reference numbers 31 a , 31 b , and 31 c denote protective ICs, respectively. The protective IC 31 a monitors the voltages of batteries 1 a to 1 c , the protective IC 31 b monitors the voltages of batteries 1 d to 1 f , and the protective IC 31 c monitors the voltages of batteries 1 g to 1 i , respectively. In a normal state, that is, when the voltages of the batteries 1 a to 1 i are not abnormal, because all FETs 51 , 53 , and 55 of the respective protective ICs 31 a , 31 b , and 31 c are on, a current flows through a resistor 81 , and a monitor output terminal 42 becomes at high level. On the other hand, for example, when the voltage of any one of the batteries 1 a to 1 c becomes overvoltage (overcharged state), a signal of high level is output from an overvoltage detector circuit 34 a ′ that is disposed in the protective IC 31 a with the results that an FET 73 is turned on, and an FET 75 is turned on. In this situation, because the FET 51 is turned off, no current flows in the resistor 81 , and the monitor output terminal 42 becomes at low level. The same is applied to overdischarge detection. As described above, when the voltage of any one of the batteries 1 a to 1 c becomes overvoltage, the monitor output terminal 42 becomes at low level because the FET 73 is turned on, the FET 75 is turned on, and the FET 51 is turned off. However, a parasitic diode having an anode terminal connected to a drain terminal of the FET 51 and a cathode terminal connected to a source terminal of the FET 51 exists between the drain terminal and a gate terminal of the FET 51 . Therefore, when a load is connected between external terminals 41 and 44 in the above state, a current path is formed as shown in FIG. 15B , which leads to such a problem that electricity is discharged from the batteries 1 d to 1 i to generate discharge leak current. The voltages of the batteries 1 d to 1 i are decreased due to an influence of the above discharge leak current, but the other batteries 1 a to 1 c have the high voltage close to the overvoltage. As a result, the voltage balance of the batteries 1 a to 1 i is disrupted. A state in which the voltage balance is disrupted is advanced so that the batteries 1 a to 1 c become voltages close to the overvoltage, and the batteries 1 d to 1 i become voltages close to overdischarge. As a result, because the overvoltage is detected by small charge, charging cannot be conducted. Also, because the overdischarge is detected by slightly using an application program, the batteries cannot be used. Such batteries are exchanged with fresh batteries. However, because the phenomenon of the discharge leak current is repeated so far as the conventional protective IC is used, the conventional protective IC not only causes inconvenience for a user, but also causes a large load such as costs and time required for battery replacement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and therefore an object of the present invention is to provide a battery state monitoring circuit and a battery device which are capable of preventing the discharge leak current from the battery so as to eliminate the load conventionally imposed on the user. In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, as means for solving the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a battery state monitoring circuit, including: a battery state detector circuit that detects a state of a battery based on a voltage of the battery; a transmitting terminal that transmits battery state information indicative of the state of the battery to an outside; a receiving terminal that receives battery state information of another battery from the outside; a transistor that is used for transmitting the battery state information, and has any one of two terminals except for a control terminal connected to the transmitting terminal; and a diode that is connected in a direction opposite to a direction of a parasitic diode disposed between the two terminals of the transistor, the diode being disposed between the transmitting terminal and one terminal of the transistor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings: FIG. 1 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing a discharge leak current preventing principle in the battery device according to the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a discharge leak current preventing principle in the battery device according to the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 13 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 14 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing a conventional technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, a description will be given of embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. First Embodiment FIG. 1 is a circuit configuration diagram showing a battery device according to a first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1 , the battery device according to the first embodiment includes n batteries BT 1 to BT n , that are connected in series, n switches (cell balance switch circuits) SW 1 to SW n which are connected in parallel with each of the batteries Bt 1 to BT n , n battery state monitoring circuits BM 1 to BM n that are disposed in correspondence with the respective batteries BT 1 to BT n , individually, a first transistor (charging p-channel transistor) 10 , a second transistor (discharging p-channel transistor) 11 , a first resistive element (first bias resistive element) 20 , a second resistive element (second bias resistive element) 21 , a first external terminal 30 , and a second external terminal 31 . The battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 includes an overcharge detector circuit A 1 , a first NOR circuit B 1 , a first output transistor C 1 , a diode Do 1 , a first inverter D 1 , a second inverter E 1 , a first current source F 1 , an overdischarge detector circuit G 1 , a second NOR circuit H 1 , a second output transistor I 1 , a third inverter J 1 , a fourth inverter K 1 , a second current source L 1 , a cell balance circuit M 1 , a first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 , a second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 , a first transmitting terminal PC 1 , a second transmitting terminal PD 1 , a first receiving terminal PE 1 , a second receiving terminal PF 1 , and a control terminal PG 1 . The battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 having the above components is configured as an IC (semiconductor device) of one chip. The other battery state monitoring circuits BM 2 to BM n have the same components as those of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 , and therefore are shown with a change in only symbols. For example, the symbol of the overcharge detector circuit in the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is A 2 whereas the symbol of the overcharge detector circuit in the battery state monitoring circuit BM n is A n . The same is applied to other components. Since all of the battery state monitoring circuits BM 1 to BM n are identical in circuit configuration with each other as described above, the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 corresponding to the battery BT 1 will be representatively described below. In the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 , the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 is connected to a positive terminal of the battery BT 1 and one terminal of the switch SW 1 . Also, the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 is connected to a positive side common power source wire within the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 . The second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 is connected to a negative terminal of the battery BT 1 and another terminal of the switch SW 1 . Also, the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 is connected to a negative side common power source wire within the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 . In the following description, the positive side common power source wire is VDD 1 and the negative side common power source wire is VSS 1 within the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 , and the positive side common power source wire is VDD 2 and the negative side common power source wire is VSS 2 within the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 . In the same manner, the positive side common power source wire is VDD n and the negative side common power source wire is VSS n within the battery state monitoring circuit BM n . The overcharge detector circuit A 1 has one end connected to the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 , and another end connected to the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 . The overcharge detector circuit A 1 detects a voltage between the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 and the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 (that is, voltage of battery BT 1 ). When the voltage of the battery BT 1 is equal to or higher than an overcharge voltage, the overcharge detector circuit A 1 outputs an overcharge detection signal of high level to one input terminal of the first NOR circuit B 1 . Also, when the voltage of the battery BT 1 is lower than the overcharge voltage, the overcharge detector circuit A 1 outputs an overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 . Here, the overcharge voltage is an upper limit chargeable voltage. The overcharge detector circuit A 1 has a function of stopping the operation when the overdischarge detection signal of high level is input to the overcharge detector circuit A 1 from the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 . To the first NOR circuit B 1 , the above overcharge detection signal and an output signal of the first inverter D 1 are input, and the first NOR circuit B 1 outputs a negative OR signal of both of those signals to a gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . The first output transistor C 1 is an n-channel type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor. The first output transistor C 1 has the gate terminal connected to an output terminal of the first NOR circuit B 1 , a drain terminal connected to a cathode terminal of the diode Do 1 , and a source terminal connected to the VSS 1 . The diode Do 1 1 is a discharge leak current prevention diode. The diode Do 1 has the cathode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the first output transistor C 1 , and an anode terminal connected to the first transmitting terminal PC 1 . The first inverter D 1 outputs a logical inversion signal of an output signal from the second inverter E 1 to the first NOR circuit B 1 . The second inverter E 1 has an input terminal connected to the first receiving terminal PE 1 and an output terminal of the first current source F 1 , and outputs a logical inversion signal of an input signal to an input terminal to the first inverter D 1 . The first current source F 1 is a current source having an input terminal connected to the VDD 1 , and the output terminal connected to the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 and the first receiving terminal PE 1 . The overdischarge detector circuit G 1 has one end connected to the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 , and another end connected to the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 . The overdischarge detector circuit G 1 detects a voltage between the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 and the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 (that is, voltage of battery BT 1 ). When the voltage of the battery BT 1 is lower than an overdischarge voltage, the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 outputs an overdischarge detection signal of high level to one input terminal of the second NOR circuit H 1 , the overcharge detector circuit A 1 , and the cell balance circuit M 1 . Also, when the voltage of the battery BT 1 is equal to or higher than the overdischarge voltage, the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 outputs an overdischarge detection signal of low level. Here, the overdischarge voltage is a lower limit dischargeable voltage. To the second NOR circuit H 1 , the above overdischarge detection signal and an output signal of the third inverter J 1 are input, and the second NOR circuit H 1 outputs a negative OR signal of both of those signals to a gate terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . The second output transistor I 1 is an n-channel type MOS transistor. The second output transistor I 1 has the gate terminal connected to an output terminal of the second NOR circuit H 1 , a drain terminal connected to the second transmitting terminal PD 1 , and a source terminal connected to the VSS 1 . The third inverter J 1 outputs a logical inversion signal of an output signal from the fourth inverter K 1 to the second NOR circuit H 1 . The fourth inverter K 1 has an input terminal connected to the second receiving terminal PF 1 and an output terminal of the second current source L 1 , and outputs a logical inversion signal of an input signal to the input terminal to the fourth inverter K 1 . The second current source L 1 is a current source having an input terminal connected to the VDD 1 , and the output terminal connected to the input terminal of the fourth inverter L 1 and the second receiving terminal PF 1 . The cell balance circuit M 1 has one end connected to the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 , and another end connected to the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 . The cell balance circuit M 1 detects a voltage between the first voltage monitor terminal PA 1 and the second voltage monitor terminal PB 1 (that is, voltage of battery BT 1 ). When the voltage of the battery BT 1 is equal to or higher than a cell balance voltage, the cell balance circuit M 1 outputs a cell balance signal to the switch SW 1 through the control terminal PG 1 . Also, when the voltage of the battery BT 1 is lower than the cell balance voltage, the cell balance circuit M 1 outputs a cell balance signal of low level to the switch SW 1 through the control terminal PG 1 . Here, the cell balance voltage is a voltage that is equal to or lower than the overcharge voltage in the case in which the battery BT 1 comes to a state close to the overcharged state (voltage in the case in which voltage of battery BT 1 is adjusted to voltages of other batteries to start to balance). The cell balance circuit M 1 has a function of stopping the operation when the overdischarge detection signal of high level is input to the cell balance circuit M 1 from the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 . The first transmitting terminal PC 1 is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor 10 and one end of the first resistive element 20 . The second transmitting terminal PD 1 is connected to a gate terminal of the second transistor 11 and one end of the second resistive element 21 . The first receiving terminal PE 1 is connected to a first transmitting terminal PC 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 . The second receiving terminal PF 1 is connected to a second transmitting terminal PD 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 . Also, a first receiving terminal PE 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is connected to a first transmitting terminal PC 3 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 3 , and a second receiving terminal PF 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is connected to a second transmitting terminal PD 3 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 3 . The same is applied to the battery state monitoring circuits BM 3 to BM n , and the first receiving terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on an upstream side (battery BT 1 side) is connected to the first transmitting terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on a downstream side (battery BT n side). The second receiving terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the upstream side is connected to the second transmitting terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the downstream side. A first receiving terminal PE n and a second receiving terminal PF n of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n which is the most downstream side are connected to a negative terminal of the battery BT n . The switch SW 1 is connected in parallel with the battery BT 1 , and changes over between the connection and the disconnection of the two terminals (that is, positive terminal and negative terminal of battery BT 1 ) according to the cell balance signal that is input to the switch SW 1 through the control terminal PG 1 . The switch SW 1 is turned on, that is, changes over the two terminals to the connection state when the cell balance signal is input. The same is applied to the other switches SW 2 to SW n . The first transistor 10 is a p-channel type MOS transistor. The first transistor 10 has the gate terminal connected to the first transmitting terminal PC 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 and the one end of the first resistive element 20 . The first transistor 10 also has a drain terminal connected to a drain terminal of the second transistor 11 , and a source terminal connected to another terminal of the first resistive element 20 and the first external terminal 30 . The second transistor 11 is a p-channel type MOS transistor. The second transistor 11 has the gate terminal connected to the second transmitting terminal PD 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 and the one end of the second resistive element 21 . The second transistor 11 also has the drain terminal connected to the drain terminal of the first transistor 10 , and a source terminal connected to another terminal of the second resistive element 21 and the positive terminal of the battery BT 1 . On the other hand, the second external terminal 31 is connected to the negative terminal of the battery BT n on the most downstream side. In the battery device configured as described above, a load or a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to conduct discharging or charging. Subsequently, a description will be given of the operation of the battery device according to the first embodiment, which is configured as described above. (Normal State) First, a description will be given of a normal state, that is, a case in which all the voltages of the batteries BT 1 to BT n are lower than the overcharge voltage, and equal to or higher than the overdischarge voltage. In the normal state thus defined, the overcharge detector circuit A 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 . In this situation, a first output transistor C 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is on (the reason will be described later). As a result, the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 is at low level, and the output signal of low level is output from the first inverter D 1 to the first NOR circuit B 1 . Because, to the first NOR circuit B 1 , the overcharge detection signal of low level and the output signal of low level of the first inverter D 1 are input, the first NOR circuit B 1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . As a result, because the first output transistor C 1 is turned on, the first transmitting terminal PC 1 becomes at low level, and the first transistor 10 is turned on. Now, the reason why the first output transistor C 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is on will be described below. Because the first receiving terminal PE n of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n on the most downstream side is connected to the negative terminal of the battery BT n , an input terminal of a second inverter E n is always held at low level. Accordingly, a first inverter D n always outputs the output signal of low level to a first NOR circuit B n , and the overcharge detector circuit A n outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n . With the above arrangement, the first NOR circuit B n outputs the negative OR signal of high level to a gate terminal of a first output transistor C n , and the first output transistor C n of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n is turned on. As a result, an input terminal of a second inverter E n-1 in the battery state monitoring circuit BM n-1 becomes at low level, and the output signal of low level is output to a first NOR circuit B n-1 from a first inverter D n-1 . On the other hand, since an overcharge detector circuit A n-1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n-1 , the first NOR circuit B n-1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to a gate terminal of a first output transistor C n-1 . As a result, the first output transistor C n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n-1 is turned on. The above operation is repeated in the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the first output transistor C 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is turned on. Also, in the above normal state, the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H 1 . In this situation, because a second output transistor I 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is also on, the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 becomes at low level, and the output signal of low level is output to the second NOR circuit H 1 from the third inverter J 1 . Because, to the second NOR circuit H 1 , the overdischarge detection signal of low level and the output signal of low level of the third inverter J 1 are input, the second NOR circuit H 1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . As a result, because the second output transistor I 1 is turned on, the second transmitting terminal PD 1 becomes at low level, and the second transistor 11 is turned on. As described above, in the normal state, because the first transistor 10 and the second transistor 11 are turned on, the battery device is chargeable and dischargeable. (Overcharged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overcharged state, that is, a case in which a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to charge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In this case, the overcharge detector circuit A 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 outputs the overcharge detection signal of high level to a first NOR circuit B 2 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from a first inverter D 2 , the first NOR circuit B 2 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to a gate terminal of the first output transistor C 2 . As a result, the first output transistor C 2 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 is pulled up to high level by means of the first current source F 1 and the output signal of high level is output to the first NOR circuit B 1 from the first inverter D 1 . On the other hand, because the overcharge detector circuit A 1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 , the first NOR circuit B 1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . As a result, the first output transistor C 1 is turned off. As described above, when the first output transistor C 1 is turned off, the gate terminal of the first transistor 10 becomes at high level by means of the first resistive element 20 , and the first transistor 10 is turned off. As a result, the charging from the charger is prohibited. In the above description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. The same is applied to a case in which the voltages of the other batteries are equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. That is, a fact that the overcharged state occurs is communicated from the battery state monitoring circuit corresponding to the battery that has become in the overcharged state to the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the communication reaches the most upstream side battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 . As a result, the first transistor 10 is turned off to prohibit the charging from the charger. (Overdischarged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overdischarged state, that is, a case in which a load is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to discharge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes lower than the overdischarge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. In this case, an overdischarge detector circuit G 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of high level to a second NOR circuit H 2 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from a third inverter J 2 , the second NOR circuit H 2 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to a gate terminal of the second output transistor I 2 . As a result, the second output transistor I 2 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 is pulled up to high level by means of the second current source L 1 , and the output signal of high level is output to the second NOR circuit H 1 from the third inverter J 1 . On the other hand, because the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H 1 , the second NOR circuit H 1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . As a result, the second output transistor I 1 is turned off. As described above, when the second output transistor I 1 is turned off, the gate terminal of the second transistor 11 becomes at high level by means of the second resistive element 21 , and the second transistor 11 is turned off. As a result, the discharging to the load is prohibited. Also, in the above overdischarge state, the overdischarge detector circuit G 2 that has detected the overdischarged state outputs the overdischarge detection signal of high level to the overcharge detector circuit A 2 and a cell balance circuit M 2 . With the above configuration, because the overcharge detector circuit A 2 and the cell balance circuit M 2 stop the operation, it is possible to reduce the power consumption. Also, a first voltage monitor terminal PA 2 also functions as a VDD power source terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 , and the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 receives a power from the battery BT 2 . As a result, the voltage of the overdischarged battery BT 2 becomes low, and the power consumption of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 is reduced as much. In this example, when the characteristic variation occurs in the respective batteries to decrease the voltage of the battery BT 2 earlier than the voltages of the other batteries during discharging, the overdischarge detector circuit G 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 outputs the overdischarge detection signal earlier than other battery state monitoring circuits. Then, the second transistor 11 is turned off to prohibit the discharging. In this situation, in the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 , the power consumption is reduced more than those of the other battery state monitoring circuits. The battery BT 2 is lower than the other batteries in discharge speed as much as the power consumption is reduced, and the other batteries discharge electricity in the usual manner. Therefore, since the discharge speed of the overdischarged battery BT 2 becomes low, the battery device is capable of conforming the voltages of the respective batteries to each other (taking cell balance). In the above description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. The same is applied to a case in which the voltages of the other batteries are lower than the overdischarge voltage. That is, a fact that the overdischarged state occurs is communicated from the battery state monitoring circuit corresponding to the battery that has become in the overdischarged state to the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the communication reaches the most upstream side battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 . As a result, the second transistor 11 is turned off to prohibit the discharging to the load. (Cell Balance State) Subsequently, a description will be given of a cell balance state, that is, a case in which a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to charge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes equal to or higher than the cell balance voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is equal to or higher than the cell balance voltage. In this case, the cell balance circuit M 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 outputs the cell balance signal to the switch SW 2 through a control terminal PG 2 . With the above configuration, the switch SW 2 is turned on, and the charged battery BT 2 discharges electricity through the switch SW 2 . In this example, when the characteristic variation occurs in the respective batteries to increase the voltage of the battery BT 2 earlier than the voltages of the other batteries during charging, the battery state monitoring circuit BM 2 outputs the cell balance signal earlier than the other battery state monitoring circuits. Then, the switch SW 2 is turned on earlier than the other switches, and the battery BT 2 is different from the other batteries in change in amount of charge. For example, the battery BT 2 is lower in charging speed than the other batteries, and the other batteries are charged in the usual manner. Alternatively, the battery BT 2 is discharged, and the other batteries are charged in the usual manner. As a result, since the charging speed of the overcharged battery BT 2 becomes low, or since the overcharged battery BT 2 is discharged, the battery device is capable of taking the cell balance. Hereinafter, a description will be given of the reason why the discharge leak current can be prevented with the provision of the diode Do 1 in the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 on the premise of the above operation. FIG. 2 shows the circuit configuration of the battery device in which no diode Do 1 is provided. For example, in FIG. 2 , it is assumed that the battery BT 1 is overdischarged during the discharging to the load, and the second transistor 11 is turned off. In this case, the first output transistor C 1 of the most upstream side battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 becomes off. However, because a parasitic diode having a cathode terminal on the drain side and an anode terminal on the source side exists between the drain terminal and the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 , a current path is formed as shown in FIG. 2 . As a result, the electric discharge of the batteries BT 2 to BT n does not stop, thereby causing the discharge leak current to occur. On the other hand, according to the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 of the first embodiment, because the diode Do 1 of a direction opposite to the parasitic diode of the first output transistor C 1 is provided, it is possible to prevent the discharge leak current shown in FIG. 2 from occurring. As described above, in the battery device according to the first embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user, such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Second Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a second embodiment. In the above first embodiment, the description is given of a case in which the n-channel type MOS transistors are used as the first output transistor and the second output transistor in the battery state monitoring circuit. In contrast, in the second embodiment, a description will be given of a battery device in the case where p-channel type MOS transistors are used as the first output transistor and the second output transistor. FIG. 3 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the second embodiment. In FIG. 3 , the same components as those of FIG. 1 are denoted by identical symbols, and their description will be omitted. In order to distinguish from FIG. 1 , the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits are BMA 1 to BMA n , the symbol of the first transistor is 12 , the symbol of the second transistor is 13 , the symbol of the first resistive element is 22 , and the symbol of the second resistive element is 23 . Also, since the circuit configurations of those battery state monitoring circuits BMA 1 to BMA n are identical with each other, the most downstream side battery state monitoring circuit BMA n will be representatively described below. The battery state monitoring circuit BMA n according to the second embodiment includes the overcharge detector circuit A n , the first NOR circuit B n , a first inverter Q n , a first output transistor R n , a diode Do n , a second inverter S n , a first current source T n , an overdischarge detector circuit G n , a second NOR circuit H n , a third inverter U n , a second output transistor V n , a fourth inverter W n , a second current source X n , a cell balance circuit M n , a first voltage monitor terminal PA n , a second voltage monitor terminal PB n , a first transmitting terminal PC, a second transmitting terminal PD n , a first receiving terminal PE n , a second receiving terminal PF n , and a control terminal PG n . The battery state monitoring circuit BMA n having the above components is configured as an IC of one chip. To the first NOR circuit B n , an overcharge detection signal that is output from the overcharge detector circuit A n , and an output signal of the second inverter S n are input, and the first NOR circuit B n outputs a negative OR signal of those signals to the first inverter Q n . The first inverter Q n outputs the logical inversion signal of the negative OR signal that is input from the first NOR circuit B n to a gate terminal of the first output transistor R n . The first output transistor R n is a p-channel type MOS transistor. The first output transistor R n has the gate terminal connected to an output terminal of the first inverter Q n , a drain terminal connected to an anode terminal of the diode Do n , and a source terminal connected to the VDD n . The diode Do n is a discharge leak current prevention diode, and has the anode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the first output transistor R n , and a cathode terminal connected to the first transmitting terminal PC n . The second inverter S n has an input terminal connected to the first receiving terminal PE n and an input terminal of the first current source T n , and outputs the logical inversion signal of the input signal to the input terminal to the first NOR circuit B n . The first current source T n is a current source that has the input terminal connected to the first receiving terminal PE n and the input terminal of the second inverter S n , and an output terminal connected to the VSS n . To the second NOR circuit H n , an overdischarge detection signal that is output from the overdischarge detector circuit G n and the output signal of the fourth inverter W n are input, and the second NOR circuit H n outputs a negative OR signal of those signals to the third inverter U n . The third inverter U n outputs the logical inversion signal of the negative OR signal that is input from the second NOR circuit H n to a gate terminal of the second output transistor V n . The second output transistor V n is a p-channel type MOS transistor, and has the gate terminal connected to an output terminal of the third inverter U n , a drain terminal connected to the second transmitting terminal PD n , and a source terminal connected to the VDD n . The fourth inverter W n has an input terminal connected to the second receiving terminal PF n and an input terminal of the second current source X n , and outputs the logical inversion signal of the input signal to the input terminal to the second NOR circuit H n . The second current source X n is a current source that has the input terminal connected to the second receiving terminal PF n and the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n , and an output terminal connected to the VSS n . The first transmitting terminal PC n is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor 12 and one end of the first resistive element 22 . The second transmitting terminal PD n is connected to a gate terminal of the second transistor 13 and one end of the second resistive element 23 . The first receiving terminal PE n is connected to a first transmitting terminal PC n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 . The second receiving terminal PF n is connected to a second transmitting terminal PD n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 . The same is applied to the other battery state monitoring circuits, and the first receiving terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the downstream side (battery BT n side) is connected to the first transmitting terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the upstream side (battery BT 1 side). The second receiving terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the downstream side is connected to the second transmitting terminal of the battery state monitoring circuit on the upstream side. The first receiving terminal PE 1 and the second receiving terminal PF 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA 1 which is the most upstream side are connected to the positive terminal of the battery BT 1 . The first transistor 12 is an n-channel type MOS transistor. The first transistor 12 has the gate terminal connected to the first transmitting terminal PC n of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n and the one end of the first resistive element 22 . The first transistor 12 also has a drain terminal connected to a drain terminal of the second transistor 13 , and a source terminal connected to another terminal of the first resistive element 22 and the negative terminal of the battery BT n . The second transistor 13 is an n-channel type MOS transistor. The second transistor 13 has the gate terminal connected to the second transmitting terminal PD n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n and the one end of the second resistive element 23 . The second transistor 13 also has the drain terminal connected to the drain terminal of the second transistor 12 , and a source terminal connected to another terminal of the second resistive element 23 and the second external terminal 31 . On the other hand, the first external terminal 30 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery BT 1 on the most upstream side. Subsequently, a description will be given of the operation of the battery device according to the second embodiment, which is configured as described above. The operation in the cell balance state is identical with that in the first embodiment, and therefore its description will be omitted. (Normal State) First, a description will be given of a normal state, that is, a case in which the voltages of all the batteries BT 1 to BT n are lower than the overcharge voltage, and equal to or higher than the overdischarge voltage. In the normal state thus defined, the overcharge detector circuit A n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n . In this situation, a first output transistor R n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 is on (the reason will be described later). As a result, the input terminal of the second inverter S n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n becomes at high level, and the output signal of low level is output from the second inverter S n to the first NOR circuit B n . The first NOR circuit B n outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the first inverter Q n , and the first inverter Q n outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n . As a result, because the first output transistor R n is turned on, the first transmitting terminal PC n becomes at high level, and the first transistor 12 is turned on. Now, the reason why the first output transistor R n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 is on will be described below. Because the first receiving terminal PE 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA 1 on the most upstream side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery BT 1 , an input terminal of a second inverter S 1 is always held at high level. Accordingly, the second inverter S 1 always outputs the output signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 , and the overcharge detector circuit A 1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 . With the above arrangement, the first NOR circuit B 1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to a first inverter Q 1 , and the first inverter Q 1 outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to a gate terminal of a first output transistor R 1 . As a result, the first output transistor R 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA 1 is turned on. In this situation, an input terminal of a second inverter S 2 in the battery state monitoring circuit BMA 2 that is the downstream side of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA 1 becomes at high level, and the output signal of low level is output from the second inverter S 2 to the first NOR circuit B 2 . Since the overcharge detector circuit A 2 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level, the first NOR circuit B 2 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to a first inverter Q 2 , and the first inverter Q 2 outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to a gate terminal of a first output transistor R 2 . As a result, the first output transistor R 2 is turned on. The above operation is repeated in the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the first output transistor R n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 is turned on. Also, in the above normal state, the overdischarge detector circuit G of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H n . In this situation, because a second output transistor V n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM n-1 is also on, the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n in the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n becomes at high level, and the output signal of low level is output to the second NOR circuit H n from the fourth inverter W n . The second NOR circuit H n outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the third inverter U n , and the third inverter U n outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor V n . As a result, because the second output transistor V n is turned on, the second transmitting terminal PD n becomes at high level, and the second transistor 13 is turned on. As described above, in the normal state, because the first transistor 12 and the second transistor 13 are turned on, the battery device is chargeable and dischargeable. (Overcharged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overcharged state, that is, a case in which a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to charge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In this case, the overcharge detector circuit A n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of high level to the first NOR circuit B n-1 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from a second inverter S n-1 , the first NOR circuit B n-1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to a first inverter Q n-1 , and the first inverter Q n-1 outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to a gate terminal of the first output transistor R n-1 . As a result, the first output transistor R n-1 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the second inverter S n is pulled down to low level by means of the first current source T n , and the output signal of high level is output to the first NOR circuit B n from the second inverter S n . On the other hand, because the overcharge detector circuit A n outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n , the first NOR circuit B n outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the first inverter Q n , and the first inverter Q n outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n . As a result, the first output transistor R n is turned off. As described above, when the first output transistor R n is turned off, the gate terminal of the first transistor 12 becomes at low level by means of the first resistive element 22 , and the first transistor 12 is turned off. As a result, the charging from the charger is prohibited. In the above description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. The same is applied to a case in which the voltages of the other batteries are equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. That is, a fact that the overcharged state occurs is communicated from the battery state monitoring circuit corresponding to the battery that has become in the overcharged state to the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the communication reaches the most downstream side battery state monitoring circuit BMA n . As a result, the first transistor 12 is turned off to prohibit the charging from the charger. (Overdischarged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overdischarged state, that is, a case in which a load is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to discharge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes lower than the overdischarge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. In this case, an overdischarge detector circuit G n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n-1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of high level to a second NOR circuit H n-1 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from a fourth inverter W n-1 , the second NOR circuit H n-1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to a third inverter U n-1 , and the third inverter U n-1 outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to a gate terminal of the second output transistor V n-1 . As a result, the second output transistor V n-1 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n is pulled down to low level by means of the second current source X n , and the output signal of high level is output to the second NOR circuit H n from the fourth inverter W n . On the other hand, because the overdischarge detector circuit G n outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H n , the second NOR circuit H n outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the third inverter U n , and the third inverter U n outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor V n . As a result, the second output transistor V n is turned off. As described above, when the second output transistor V n is turned off, the gate of the second transistor 13 becomes at low level by means of the second resistive element 23 , and the second transistor 13 is turned off. As a result, the discharging to the load is prohibited. In the above description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. The same is applied to a case in which the voltages of the other batteries are lower than the overdischarge voltage. That is, a fact that the overdischarged state occurs is communicated from the battery state monitoring circuit corresponding to the battery that has become in the overdischarged state to the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and the communication reaches the most downstream side battery state monitoring circuit BMA n . As a result, the second transistor 13 is turned off to prohibit the discharging to the load. Hereinafter, a description will be given of the reason why the discharge leak current can be prevented with the provision of the diode Do n in the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n on the premise of the above operation. FIG. 4 shows the circuit configuration of the battery device in which no diode Do n is provided. For example, in FIG. 4 , it is assumed that the battery BT n is overdischarged during the discharging to the load, and the second transistor 13 is turned off. In this case, the first output transistor R n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n becomes off. However, because a parasitic diode having a cathode terminal on the source side and an anode terminal on the drain side exists between the drain terminal and the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n , a current path is formed as shown in FIG. 4 . As a result, the electric discharge of the batteries BT 1 to BT n-1 does not stop, thereby causing the discharge leak current to occur. On the other hand, according to the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n of the second embodiment, because the diode Do n of a direction opposite to the parasitic diode of the first output transistor R n is provided, it is possible to prevent the discharge leak current shown in FIG. 4 from occurring. As described above, in the battery device according to the second embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented as in the first embodiment, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user, such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Third Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a third embodiment. FIG. 5 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the third embodiment. As shown in the figure, in the third embodiment, two types of diodes are disposed in the battery state monitoring circuit of the first embodiment. That is, when it is assumed that the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits are BMB 1 to BMB n , the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 is newly equipped with a first diode (first clamp diode) Da 1 , a second diode (second clamp diode) Db 1 , a third diode (third clamp diode) Dc 1 , and a fourth diode (fourth clamp diode) Dd 1 in addition to the components of the first embodiment. The same is applied to the other battery state monitoring circuits. In the following description, the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 will be representatively described. The first diode Da 1 has an anode terminal connected to the VSS 1 , and a cathode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . The first diode Da 1 has such a characteristic as to generate a reverse current when a reverse voltage corresponding to a voltage (for example, 4.5V) that exceeds the withstand voltage of the battery state monitoring circuit is applied between the anode terminal and the cathode terminal. The second diode Db 1 has an anode terminal connected to the VSS 1 , and a cathode terminal connected to the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 . It is assumed that the voltage drop of the second diode Db 1 is 0.7 V. The third diode Dc 1 has an anode terminal connected to the VSS 1 , and a cathode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . The third diode Dc 1 has such a characteristic as to generate a reverse current when a reverse voltage corresponding to a voltage that exceeds the withstand voltage of the battery state monitoring circuit is applied between the anode terminal and the cathode terminal. The fourth diode Dd 1 has an anode terminal connected to the VSS 1 , and a cathode terminal connected to the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 . It is assumed that the voltage drop of the fourth diode Dd 1 is 0.7 V. Also, resistive elements are connected between the first transmitting terminal of the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the first receiving terminal of the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and between the second transmitting terminal of the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the second receiving terminal of the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit, respectively. Specifically, a resistive element Ra 1 is connected between the first transmitting terminal PC 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 and the first receiving terminal PE 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 , and a resistive element Rb 1 is connected between the second transmitting terminal PD 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 and the second receiving terminal PF 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 , respectively. Subsequently, a description will be given of the operation of the battery device according to the third embodiment, which is configured as described above. The operation in the cell balance state is identical with that in the first embodiment, and therefore its description will be omitted. (Normal State) First, a description will be given of a normal state, that is, a case in which all the voltages of the batteries BT 1 to BT n are lower than the overcharge voltage, and equal to or higher than the overdischarge voltage. In the normal state thus defined, the overcharge detector circuit A 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 . In this situation, the first output transistor C 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 is on. As a result, the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 becomes at low level, and the output signal of low level is output from the first inverter D 1 to the first NOR circuit B 1 . The first NOR circuit B 1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . As a result, because the first output transistor C 1 is turned on, the first transmitting terminal PC 1 becomes at low level, and the first transistor 10 is turned on. In this situation, when the first output transistor C 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 is on, the first receiving terminal PE 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 is connected to the VSS 2 through the resistive element Ra 1 . However, since the first receiving terminal PE 1 is equipped with the second diode Db 1 , the voltage is clamped to VSS 1 −0.7 V, and does not decrease lower than that value. Also, in the above normal state, the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H 1 . In this situation, the second output transistor I 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 is also on. Therefore, the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 in the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 becomes at low level, and the output signal of low level is output to the second NOR circuit H 1 from the third inverter J 1 . The second NOR circuit H 1 outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . As a result, because the second output transistor I 1 is turned on, the second transmitting terminal PD 1 becomes at low level, and the second transistor 11 is turned on. Similarly, the voltage of the second receiving terminal PF 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 is clamped to VSS 1 −0.7 V. As described above, in the normal state, because the first transistor 10 and the second transistor 11 are turned on, the battery device is chargeable and dischargeable. (Overcharged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overcharged state, that is, a case in which a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to charge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In this case, the overcharge detector circuit A 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 outputs the overcharge detection signal of high level to the first NOR circuit B 2 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from the first inverter D 2 , the first NOR circuit B 2 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 2 . As a result, the first output transistor C 2 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 is pulled up to high level by means of the first current source F 1 . As a result, a voltage recognized as high level is applied to the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 , and the output signal of high level is output to the first NOR circuit B 1 from the first inverter D 1 . On the other hand, because the overcharge detector circuit A 1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B 1 , the first NOR circuit B 1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor C 1 . As a result, the first output transistor C 1 is turned off. In this situation, the first transmitting terminal PC 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 is pulled up to VDD 1 through the resistive element Ra 1 . However, since the first transmitting terminal PC 2 is equipped with a first diode Da 2 , the terminal voltage is clamped to VSS 2 +4.5 V by a voltage (4.5 V) that causes the reverse current of the first diode Da 2 to be generated. Also, the resistance of the resistive element Ra 1 is set to a value that allows the voltage of the input terminal of the second inverter E 1 to be pulled up to high level by the first current source F 1 . As described above, when the first output transistor C 1 is turned off, the gate terminal of the first transistor 10 becomes at high level by means of the first resistive element 20 , and the first transistor 10 is turned off. As a result, the charging from the charger is prohibited. (Overdischarged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overdischarged state, that is, a case in which a load is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to discharge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes lower than the overdischarge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT 2 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. In this case, the overdischarge detector circuit G 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of high level to the second NOR circuit H 2 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from the third inverter J 2 , the second NOR circuit H 2 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor I 2 . As a result, the second output transistor I 2 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 is pulled up to high level by means of the second current source L 1 . As a result, a voltage is recognized as high level is applied to the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 , and the output signal of high level is output to the second NOR circuit H 1 from the third inverter J 1 . On the other hand, because the overdischarge detector circuit G 1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H 1 , the second NOR circuit H 1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor I 1 . As a result, the second output transistor I 1 is turned off. In this situation, the second transmitting terminal PD 2 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 2 is pulled up to VDD 1 through the resistive element Rb 1 . However, since the second transmitting terminal PD 2 is equipped with a third diode Dc 2 , the terminal voltage is clamped to VSS 2 +4.5 V by a voltage (4.5 V) that causes the reverse current of the third diode Dc 2 to be generated. Also, the resistance of the resistive element Rb 1 is set to a value that allows the voltage of the input terminal of the fourth inverter K 1 to be pulled up to high level by the second current source L 1 . As described above, when the second output transistor I 1 is turned off, the gate terminal of the second transistor 11 becomes at high level, and the second transistor 11 is turned off. As a result, the discharging to the load is prohibited. In the first embodiment, in the battery state monitoring circuit that has detected the overcharged state or the overdischarged state, the first output transistor or the second output transistor are turned off, and a voltage for two cells (two batteries) is applied to the downstream side first output transistor or second output transistor which has been turned off by the pull-up operation in the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit. That is, the withstand voltage of one battery state monitoring circuit needs to be equal to or higher than the voltage for at least two cells. In contrast, in the third embodiment, in the battery state monitoring circuit that has detected the overcharged state or the overdischarged state, the first output transistor or the second output transistor are turned off, and a voltage for one cell (one battery) is applied to the downstream side first output transistor or second output transistor which has been turned off by the pull-up operation in the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit. That is, the withstand voltage of one battery state monitoring circuit needs to be equal to or higher than the voltage for at least one cell. As a result, according to the third embodiment, the battery state monitoring circuit that is lower in withstand voltage than that of the first embodiment can be fabricated, and a range of the available manufacturing process is further broadened. As in the first embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Fourth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a fourth embodiment. FIG. 6 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the fourth embodiment. As shown in the figure, in the fourth embodiment, two types of diodes are disposed in the battery state monitoring circuit of the second embodiment. That is, when it is assumed that the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits are BMC 1 to BMC n , the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n is newly equipped with a first diode De n , a second diode Df n , a third diode Dg n , and a fourth diode Dh n in addition to the components of the second embodiment. The same is applied to the other battery state monitoring circuits. In the following description, the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n will be representatively described. The first diode De n has an anode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the first output transistor R n , and a cathode terminal connected to the VDD n . The first diode De n has such a characteristic as to generate a reverse current when a reverse voltage corresponding to a voltage (for example, 4.5 V) that exceeds the withstand voltage of the battery state monitoring circuit is applied between the anode terminal and the cathode terminal. The second diode Df n has an anode terminal connected to the input terminal of the second inverter S n , and a cathode terminal connected to the VDD n . It is assumed that the voltage drop of the second diode Df n is 0.7 V. The third diode Dg n has an anode terminal connected to the drain terminal of the second output transistor V n , and a cathode terminal connected to the VDD n . The third diode Dg n has such a characteristic as to generate a reverse current when a reverse voltage corresponding to a voltage (for example, 4.5 V) that exceeds the withstand voltage of the battery state monitoring circuit is applied between the anode terminal and the cathode terminal. The fourth diode Dh n has an anode terminal connected to the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n , and a cathode terminal connected to the VDD n . It is assumed that the voltage drop of the fourth diode Dh n is 0.7 V. Also, resistive elements are connected between the first transmitting terminal of the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the first receiving terminal of the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, and between the second transmitting terminal of the upstream side battery state monitoring circuit and the second receiving terminal of the downstream side battery state monitoring circuit, respectively. Specifically, a resistive element Ra n-1 is connected between the first transmitting terminal PC n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 and the first receiving terminal PE n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n , and a resistive element Rb n-1 is connected between the second transmitting terminal PD n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 and the second receiving terminal PF n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n , respectively. Subsequently, a description will be given of the operation of the battery device according to the fourth embodiment, which is configured as described above. The operation in the cell balance state is identical with that in the first embodiment, and therefore its description will be omitted. (Normal State) First, a description will be given of a normal state, that is, a case in which all the voltages of the batteries BT 1 to BT n are lower than the overcharge voltage, and equal to or higher than the overdischarge voltage. In the normal state thus defined, the overcharge detector circuit A n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n . In this situation, the first output transistor R n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 is on. As a result, the input terminal of the second inverter S n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n becomes at high level, and the output signal of low level is output from the second inverter S n to the first NOR circuit B n . The first NOR circuit B n outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the first inverter Q n , and the first inverter Q n outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n . As a result, because the first output transistor R n is turned on, the first transmitting terminal PC n becomes at high level, and the first transistor 12 is turned on. Also, in the above normal state, the overdischarge detector circuit G n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H n . In this situation, the second output transistor V n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 is on. Therefore, the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n in the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n becomes at high level, and the output signal of low level is output to the second NOR circuit H n from the fourth inverter W n . The second NOR circuit H n outputs the negative OR signal of high level to the third inverter U n , and the third inverter U n outputs the logical inversion signal of low level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor V n . As a result, because the second output transistor V n is turned on, the second transmitting terminal PD n becomes at high level, and the second transistor 13 is turned on. As described above, in the normal state, because the first transistor 12 and the second transistor 13 are turned on, the battery device is chargeable and dischargeable. (Overcharged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overcharged state, that is, a case in which a charger is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to charge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is equal to or higher than the overcharge voltage. In this case, the overcharge detector circuit A n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 outputs the overcharge detection signal of high level to the first NOR circuit B n-1 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from the second inverter S n-1 , the first NOR circuit B n-1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the first inverter Q n-1 , and the first inverter Q n-1 outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n-1 . As a result, the first output transistor R n-1 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the second inverter S n is pulled down to low level by means of the first current source T n . When the pull-down voltage becomes equal to or lower than VDD n −4.5 V, a current flows in the VSS n through a first diode De n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 . That is, the input terminal of the second inverter S n is clamped to VDD n −4.5 V, and in that condition, the voltage does not satisfy the operating voltage (voltage that is recognized as low level) of the second inverter S n . Therefore, the resistance of the resistive element Ra n-1 is set so that the voltage of the input terminal of the second inverter S n reaches the operating voltage. With the above arrangement, a voltage recognized as low level is applied to the input terminal of the second inverter S n , and the output signal of high level is output to the first NOR circuit B n from the second inverter S n . On the other hand, because the overcharge detector circuit A n outputs the overcharge detection signal of low level to the first NOR circuit B n , the first NOR circuit B n outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the first inverter Q n , and the first inverter Q n outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the first output transistor R n . As a result, the first output transistor R n is turned off. As described above, when the first output transistor R n is turned off, the gate terminal of the first transistor 12 becomes at low level, and the first transistor 12 is turned off. As a result, the charging from the charger is prohibited. (Overdischarged State) Subsequently, a description will be given of an overdischarged state, that is, a case in which a load is connected between the first external terminal 30 and the second external terminal 31 to discharge the batteries BT 1 to BT n , and at least one voltage of those batteries BT 1 to BT n becomes lower than the overdischarge voltage. In the following description, it is assumed that the voltage of the battery BT n-1 is lower than the overdischarge voltage. In this case, the overdischarge detector circuit G n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 outputs the overdischarge detection signal of high level to the second NOR circuit H n-1 . In this situation, because the output signal of low level is output from the fourth inverter W n-1 , the second NOR circuit H n-1 outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the third inverter U n-1 , and the third inverter U n-1 outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor V n-1 . As a result, the second output transistor V n-1 is turned off. That is, the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n is pulled down to low level by means of the second current source X n . When the pull-down voltage becomes equal to or lower than VDD n −4.5 V, a current flows in the VSS n through a third diode Dg n-1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n-1 . That is, the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n is clamped to VDD n −4.5 V, and in that condition, the voltage does not satisfy the operating voltage (voltage that is recognized as low level) of the fourth inverter W n . Therefore, the resistance of the resistive element Rb n-1 is set so that the voltage of the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n reaches the operating voltage. With the above arrangement, a voltage recognized as low level is applied to the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n , and the output signal of high level is output to the second NOR circuit H n from the fourth inverter W n . On the other hand, because the overdischarge detector circuit G n outputs the overdischarge detection signal of low level to the second NOR circuit H n , the second NOR circuit H n outputs the negative OR signal of low level to the third inverter U n , and the third inverter U n outputs the logical inversion signal of high level to the gate terminal of the second output transistor V n . As a result, the second output transistor V n is turned off. As described above, when the second output transistor V n is turned off, the gate terminal of the second transistor 13 becomes at low level, and the second transistor 13 is turned off. As a result, the discharging to the load is prohibited. As described above, according to the fourth embodiment, the withstand voltage of one battery state monitoring circuit needs to be equal to or higher than the voltage for at least one cell as in the third embodiment. As a result, according to the fourth embodiment, the battery state monitoring circuit that is further lower in withstand voltage than that of the second embodiment can be fabricated, and a range of the available manufacturing process is further broadened. As in the second embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Fifth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a fifth embodiment. FIG. 7 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the fifth embodiment. As shown in the figure, in the fifth embodiment, the resistive elements that are disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuit in the third embodiment are disposed in the interior of the battery state monitoring circuit. A battery state monitoring circuit BMD 1 will be representatively described. The resistive element Ra 1 is connected between the first receiving terminal PE 1 and the cathode terminal of the second diode Db 1 in the battery state monitoring circuit BMD 1 . Also, the resistive element Rb 1 is connected between the second receiving terminal PF 1 and the cathode terminal of the fourth diode Dd 1 . The operation is identical with that in the third embodiment, and therefore its description will be omitted. With the above configuration, a manufacturer of the battery device may merely prepare the battery state monitoring circuits BMD 1 of the same number as the number of batteries, and connect the upstream side and downstream side battery state monitoring circuits through no resistive element, thereby contributing to a reduction in manufacturing process. The provision of the resistive elements in the interior of the battery state monitoring circuit causes an increase in sizes of the battery state monitoring circuit and an increase in costs. In order to prevent this drawback, there can be applied the third embodiment. Sixth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a sixth embodiment. FIG. 8 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the sixth embodiment. As shown in the figure, in the sixth embodiment, the resistive elements that are disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuit in the fourth embodiment are disposed in the interior of the battery state monitoring circuit. A battery state monitoring circuit BME n will be representatively described. A resistive element Ra n is connected between the anode terminal of the diode Do n and the anode terminal of the first diode De n in the battery state monitoring circuit BME n . Also, a resistive element Rb n is connected between the anode terminal of the third diode Dg n and the second transmitting terminal PD n . The operation is identical with that in the fourth embodiment, and therefore its description will be omitted. With the above configuration, a manufacturer of the battery device may merely prepare the battery state monitoring circuits BME n of the same number as the number of batteries, and connect the upstream side and downstream side battery state monitoring circuits through no resistive element, thereby contributing to a reduction in manufacturing process. The provision of the resistive elements in the interior of the battery state monitoring circuit causes an increase in sizes of the battery state monitoring circuit and an increase in costs. In order to prevent this drawback, there can be applied the fourth embodiment. Alternatively, the resistive element Ra n may be connected between the input terminal of the second inverter S n and the first receiving terminal PE n , and the resistive element Rb n may be connected between the input terminal of the fourth inverter W n and the second receiving terminal PF n . Also, the resistive element Ra n may be connected between the anode terminal of the second diode Df n and the first receiving terminal PE n , and the resistive element Rb n may be connected between the cathode terminal of the fourth diode Dh n and the second receiving terminal PF n . Seventh Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a seventh embodiment. FIG. 9 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the seventh embodiment. As shown in the figure, the seventh embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BM 1 to BM n of the first embodiment. In order to distinguish from the first embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the seventh embodiment are denoted by BM 1 ′ to BM n ′. In the seventh embodiment, a discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BM 1 ′ to BM n ′. Specifically, an anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 10 , and a cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BM 1 . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the first embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit. Eighth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to an eighth embodiment. FIG. 10 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the eighth embodiment. As shown in the figure, the eighth embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BMA 1 to BMA n of the second embodiment. In order to distinguish from the second embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the eighth embodiment are denoted by BMA 1 ′ to BMA n ′. In the eighth embodiment, the discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BMA 1 ′ to BMA n ′. Specifically, the cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 12 , and the anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMA n . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the second embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit. Ninth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a ninth embodiment. FIG. 11 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the ninth embodiment. As shown in the figure, the ninth embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BMB 1 to BMB n of the third embodiment. In order to distinguish from the third embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the ninth embodiment are denoted by BMB 1 ′ to BMB n ′. In the ninth embodiment, the discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BMB 1 ′ to BMB n ′. Specifically, the anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 10 , and the cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMB 1 . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the third embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit. Tenth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a tenth embodiment. FIG. 12 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the tenth embodiment. As shown in the figure, the tenth embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BMC 1 to BMC n of the fourth embodiment. In order to distinguish from the fourth embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the tenth embodiment are denoted by BMC 1 ′ to BMC n ′. In the tenth embodiment, the discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BMC 1 ′ to BMC n ′. Specifically, the cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 12 , and the anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC n of the battery state monitoring circuit BMC n . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the fourth embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit. Eleventh Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to an eleventh embodiment. FIG. 13 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the eleventh embodiment. As shown in the figure, the eleventh embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BMD 1 to BMD n of the fifth embodiment. In order to distinguish from the fifth embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the eleventh embodiment are denoted by BMD 1 ′ to BMD n ′. In the eleventh embodiment, the discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BMD 1 ′ to BMD n ′. Specifically, the anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 10 , and the cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC 1 of the battery state monitoring circuit BMD 1 . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the fifth embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit. Twelfth Embodiment Subsequently, a description will be given of a battery device according to a twelfth embodiment. FIG. 14 is a circuit configuration diagram showing the battery device according to the twelfth embodiment. As shown in the figure, the twelfth embodiment is directed to the battery device in which the discharge leak current prevention diodes Do 1 to Do n are not disposed in the respective battery state monitoring circuits BME 1 to BME n of the sixth embodiment. In order to distinguish from the sixth embodiment, the symbols of the battery state monitoring circuits in the twelfth embodiment are denoted by BME 1 ′ to BME n ′. In the twelfth embodiment, the discharge leak current prevention diode Do is disposed in the exterior of the battery state monitoring circuits BME 1 ′ to BAE n ′. Specifically, the cathode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor 12 , and the anode terminal of the diode Do is connected to the first transmitting terminal PC n of the battery state monitoring circuit BME n . With the battery device configured as described above, as in the sixth embodiment, the occurrence of the discharge leak current can be prevented, and the disruption of the voltage balance between the batteries as in the conventional technology does not occur. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the load on the user such as the costs and time required for battery exchange. Also, because it is unnecessary to provide the discharge leak current prevention diode within the battery state monitoring circuit, it is possible to reduce the costs and downsize the circuit.

Provided is a battery state monitoring circuit which is capable of preventing a discharge leak current from a battery so as to eliminate a load conventionally imposed on a user, including: a battery state detector circuit that detects a state of the battery based on a voltage of the battery; a transmitting terminal that transmits battery state information indicative of the state of the battery to an outside; a receiving terminal that receives battery state information of another battery from the outside; a transistor that is used for transmitting the battery state information, and has any one of two terminals except for a control terminal connected to the transmitting terminal; and a diode that is connected in a direction opposite to a direction of a parasitic diode disposed between the two terminals of the transistor, the diode being disposed between the transmitting terminal and one terminal of the transistor.

TECHNICAL AREA This invention relates to the area of biomaterials involving resorbable or degradable, macroporous bioactive glass material which can be used either for the restoration of hard tissues or as the tissue engineering scaffold, as well as preparation methods for such materials. BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY There has been a history of over 30 years in research on bioactive glass since 1971 when Dr. Larry Hench reported that such glass could bond together with bone tissues for the first time. Also, such glass material has been used for restoration of bone defects in clinical practice for over ten years, and such clinical applications have proven successful in that this glass can bring along not only the benefit of osteoconduction, but also the bioactivity to stimulate the growth of bone tissues. Many recent studies have revealed that the degradation products of bioactive glass can enhance the generation of growth factors, facilitate cellular proliferation and activate gene expression of osteoblasts. Moreover, bioactive glass is the only synthetic biomaterial so far that can both bond with bone tissues and soft tissues. These unique features of this glass have created a great potential for its clinical application as a type of medical device, and thereby, attracted great attention from both academia and the industrial sector. Despite its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, bioactive glass can be now produced only in a granular form for clinical application. For restoration of bone defects, macroporous and block scaffold materials with a particular mechanical strength are often needed to fill in and restore such defects. Even in the field of tissue engineering, which receives world-wide attention and evolves rapidly, macroporous bioactive scaffold materials are similarly demanded to serve as cell carriers. Research studies in the past have suggested that besides the composition of the material, its structure can directly influence its clinical applications as well. The macroporous and block scaffold materials with bioactivity whose pore sizes are in the range of 50-500 microns are most suitable to be used as materials either for the restoration of bone defects, or as cell scaffolds. Any macroporous biomaterial having a pore size within the said range can bring benefits to the housing and migration of cells or tissue in-growth, as well as to the bonding of such a material to living tissues, thereby achieving the goals of repairing defects in human tissues and reconstructing such tissues more effectively. Moreover, the subject of the biomaterials that are both resorbable and macroporous has now become an integral part of tissue engineering studies that have been rapidly developed in recent years, where scaffolds made of such macroporous materials can be adopted to serve as cell carriers so that cells can grow in the matrix materials and constitute the living tissues that contain genetic information of the cell bodies, and such tissues can be in turn, implanted into human bodies to restore tissues and organs with defects. Therefore, resorbable, macroporous bioactive glass scaffold materials possess wide-ranging potential for their applications as cell scaffolds either for restoration of defects in hard tissues, or for the purpose of in vitro culture of bone tissues. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,676,720 and 5,811,302 to Ducheyne, et al, teach a hot-pressing approach using inorganic salts such as calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as the pore-forming agents to prepare and manufacture macroporous bioactive glass scaffolds which have the compositions of CaO—SiO 2 —Na 2 O—P 2 O 5 , and which are designed to function as the cell scaffolds used for in vitro culture of bone tissues. Nevertheless, this hot-pressing approach if adopted would entail high production costs, and furthermore, controlling the composition of the finished products is difficult because the composition will be affected by the remnants that result after sintering the inorganic salts used as pore-forming agents. Additionally, Yuan, et al. have adopted oxydol as a foaming agent to prepare and manufacture 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds under a temperature of 1000° C., with the scaffolds produced in this way being bioactivity and having the ability to bond together with bone tissues (J.Biomed.Mater.Res; 58:270-267,2001). But according to our testing results, the glasses will become substantially crystallized and their resorbability/degradability will decrease if they are sintered under a temperature of 1000° C. In addition, it is quite difficult to control the pore size and pore number of the materials when oxydol is used as the foaming agent. Mechanical strength is also an important factor for performance of macroporous bioactive glass scaffold materials, and relevant studies have suggested that any compressive strength below 1 MPa would result in the poor applicability of these scaffold materials, and thus, in the course of applying them either as cell scaffolds or for the purpose of restoration of bone injuries, such materials would be very prone to breakage or damage, therefore limiting the effectiveness of their application. So far, no report on the compressive strength standard data of macroporous bioactive glass scaffolds has been found in previous patent and published documents and as a result, gives rise to the purpose of this invention to determine proper technical control measures to keep the compressive strength of the manufactured bioactive glass scaffold within a certain range to meet the requirements of various applications. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The purpose of this invention is to develop, through the optimization of technology and process, a new type of macroporous bioactive glass scaffold with interconnected pores, which features excellent bioactivity, biodegradability, controllable pore size and porosity. Such a scaffold would serve as a means to repair defects in hard tissues and be applied in the in vitro culture of bone tissues, and its strength can be maintained within a range of 1-16 MPa in order to meet demands arising from the development of the new-generation biological materials and their clinical applications. This invention has been designed to use glass powders as raw material, into which organic pore forming agents will be added, and the mixture will be processed by either the dry pressing molding method or gelation-casting method, and then the resulting products will be obtained by sintering under appropriate temperatures. In this way, a macroporous bioactive glass scaffold can be obtained with various porosities, pore sizes and pore structures, as well as different degrees of compressive strength and degradability. The chemical composition of such scaffolds shall be expressed as CaO 24-45%, SiO 2 34-50%, Na 2 O0-25%, P 2 O 5 5-17%, MgO 0-5 and CaF 2 0-1%. Additionally, the approaches provided in this invention can be adopted to prepare the said scaffold in different shapes. The crystallizations of calcium phosphate and/or calcium silicate can be formed inside the bioactive glass scaffolds by way of technical control, whereby both the degradability and mechanical strength of the macroporous materials can be controlled as demanded. As designed in this invention, the macroporous bioactive glass scaffold materials exhibit excellent biological activity, and can release soluble silicon ions with precipitation of bone-like hydroxyl-apatite crystallites on their surface in just a few hours after being immersed into simulated body fluids (SBF). In addition, the macroporous bioactive glass in this invention is resorbable, as shown by in vitro solubility experiments, and such glass demonstrates a degradation rate of approximately 2-30% after being immersed in simulated body fluids (SBF) for 5 days. As such, it can be concluded that the macroporous bioactive glass scaffold materials in this invention do not only have desirable biointerfaces and chemical characteristics, but also demonstrate excellent resorbability/degradability. Another feature of this invention is manifested in controlling technical conditions to create materials that can have both a relatively higher porosity (40-80%) with suitable pore size (50-600 microns), and exhibit a proper mechanical strength (with the compressive strength at 1-16 MPa). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a photograph of the prepared macroporous bioactive glass. FIG. 2 is an optical microscope picture displaying cross-sections of the macroporous bioactive glass. FIG. 3 shows XRD displays for the macroporous bioactive glass materials prepared under different temperatures; these illustrations show that different levels of crystallization of calcium silicate or calcium phosphate can be found on the surface of the materials prepared under different temperatures; (a) bioactive glass powder before sintering, (b) bioactive glass scaffolds prepared by sintering at 800° C., (c) bioactive glass scaffolds prepared by sintering at 850° C. FIG. 4(A) is an SEM picture of the macroporous bioactive glass material of this invention before being immersed in SBF (i.e. simulated body fluids); 4 (B) is an SEM picture of the material immersed SBF for 1 day; 4 (C) is an SEM picture of the material when immersed in SBF for over 3 days; these pictures show that substantial hydroxyapatite crystalline can form on the surface of the material when immersed in SBF for 1 day. FIG. 5 is a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) spectra of the macroporous bioactive glass materials before being immersed in SBF, as well as after being immersed in SBF for 0 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days respectively; the resulting analysis reveals that the hydroxyl-apatite peak can be observed when such material has been immersed in SBF for only 6 hours. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The implementation of this invention is detailed as below: 1. Preparation of Materials: The bioactive glass powder in this invention is prepared using the melting method. The inorganic materials applied in the present invention are all of analytical purity. Specifically, these chemical reagents are weighed and evenly mixed in line with requirements for proper composition results, and then melted in temperatures ranging from 1380° C. to 1480° C. to produce glass powders with a granularity varying from 40 to 300 μam after cooling, crushing and sieving procedures. Furthermore, such glass powders are then used as the main raw material to prepare a variety of the macroporous bioactive glass scaffold substances by way of different processing technologies. The pore forming agents specified in the present invention can be organic or polymer materials such as polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin and polystyrene-divinylbenzene, etc., whose granularity can fall in the range of 50-600 microns. Thus, the pore forming agent within a certain granularity range (20-70% in mass percent) can be blended with the said bioactive glass powders and the resulting mixture can be molded by adopting either of the following two approaches: First, the dry pressing molding approach, in which 1-5% polyvinyl alcohol (concentration at 5-10%) is added to the said mixture as the adhesive, which is stirred, and then dry-pressed into a steel mold (pressure at 2-20 Mpa) to produce a pellet of the macroporous material, which is then sintered (temperature at 750-900° C.) for 1-5 hours to obtain final product. Second, the gelation-casting approach, in which an aqueous solution is prepared as per the following mass percent concentrations: 20% acrylamide, 2% N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide cross-linking agents and 5-10% polyacrylic acid dispersant agents. Next, the aforementioned mixture and the aqueous solution (volume percent at 30-60%) is combined and mixed, and ammonium persulfate (1-5% in mass percent) and N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl ethylene diamine (1-5% in mass percent) is added. Then, the above-mentioned materials are stirred to produce a slurry with fine fluidity and homogeneity, which is then poured into plastic or plaster molds for gelation-casting. Later the cross-linking reaction of monomers is induced under temperatures ranging from 30° C. to 80° C. for 1-10 hours, and pellets of the macroporous material are obtained after a few hours of drying at 100° C. The pellets are processed first at the temperature of 400° C. to remove organics, and then sintered at 750-900° C. to obtain the macroporous material of the present invention. 2. Performance Evaluation 2.1. The Mechanical Strength of the Macroporous Material: An array of samples obtained in this invention was tested for their respective compressive strengths using the Autograph AG-I Shimadzu Computer-Controlled Precision Universal Tester made by the Shimadzu Corporation. The testing speed designated for these samples was 5.0 mm/min. This test revealed that the compressive strength of the macroporous material obtained in this invention can be well controlled within the scope of 1-16 MPa. 2.2. The Porosity of the Macroporous Materials The Archimedes Method was used to carry out a test with a part of the samples mentioned above to determine their porosities, and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to observe their pore shapes and distribution. This test demonstrated that the porosity of the macroporous material obtained in this invention can be well controlled within a range of 40-80%. 2.3 Bioactivity Evaluation A test of in vitro solution bioactivity was carried out with the macroporous materials obtained in the present invention, after being washed in de-ionized water and acetone successively, and then air dried afterwards. The solution applied was simulated body fluids (SBF). The ion and ionic group concentrations in this SBF are the same as those in human plasma. This SBF's composition is as below: NaCl: 7.996 g/L NaHCO 3 : 0.350 g/L KCl: 0.224 g/L K 2 HPO 4 •3H 2 O: 0.228 g/L MgCl 2 •6H 2 O: 0.305 g/L HCl: 1 mol/L CaCl 2 : 0.278 g/L Na 2 SO 4 : 0.071 g/L NH 2 C(CH 2 OH) 3 : 6.057 g/L The test was carried out with macroporous material immersed in SBF in the following conditions: 0.15 g of macroporous material, 30.0 ml/day SBF, 37° C. in a temperature-controlled water-bath. After the macroporous material was immersed in SBF for a period of 1, 3 or 7 days respectively, samples were taken out and washed using ion water, and then underwent the SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and XRD tests. The respective results of the tests can be seen in FIGS. 3 , 4 and 5 . The relevant bioactivity experiment results have shown that the macroporous glass scaffold materials obtained in the present invention can induce the formation of bone-like hydroxyapatite on their surface, indicating ideal bioactivity of these materials. 2.4 Degradability Evaluation A bioactivity experimental test was conducted on the macroporous materials in this invention after being washed in de-ionized water and acetone successively, and then dried. Evaluation of both degradation speed and degradability of the macroporous materials according to the content of SiO 2 substances that are released at different time points after the materials have been immersed in SBF was conducted. For example, where PEG is used as the pore forming agent, the macroporous bioactive glass scaffolds (porosity at 40%) obtained after the processes of dry pressing molding and calcination (temperature at 850° C.) exhibit a degradability of 10-20% when the scaffold has been immersed in SBF for 5 days. IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE 1 The raw materials used in this example are the same as those described above. SiO 2 , Na 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 and P 2 O 5 (all of analytical purity) are mixed proportionally, and the mixture is melted into homogenous fused masses at the temperature of 1420° C. and then cooled, crushed and sieved to obtain bioactive glass powder with a particle diameter ranging from 40-300 microns. The composition of the bioactive glass powder is expressed as CaO 24.5%, SiO 2 45%, Na 2 O 24.5% and P 2 O 5 6%. Next, the bioactive glass powder (150-200 microns in granularity) is mixed with the polyethylene glycol powder (200-300 microns in granularity) at a mass percent of 60:40. Polyvinyl alcohol solution (6%), which serves as the adhesive, is added and the solution is mixed. The mixture is then dry-pressed under a pressure of 14 MPa, and the pellets of the macroporous materials are stripped from the mold. The pellets are first processed at 400° C. to remove organics, and then sintered at 850° C. for 2 hours to obtain the said macroporous materials with a compressive strength at approx. 1.25 MPa and a porosity at about 56%. The XRD indicates the existence of both the Ca 4 P 2 O 9 and CaSiO 3 , as shown in FIG. 2(C) . Finally, the said macroporous materials are immersed in simulated body fluids (SBF) for periods of 6 hours and 1, 3, and 7 days respectively, and evaluated as to both bioactivity and resorbability/degradability. Results in FIGS. 4 and 5 demonstrate that the macroporous glass material of this invention has strong bioactivity, as a bone-like apatite layer is soon formed on the surface of such materials after they are immersed in SBF. After this material has been immersed in SBF for 5 days, its degradation rate can be up to a level of 14%, suggesting that the macroporous bioactive glass material in this invention has ideal degradability, and can therefore be expected to be successfully applied for the restoration of injured hard tissues and as the cell scaffold for in vitro culture of bone tissue. IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE 2 SiO 2 , CaCO 3 , Ca 3 (PO4) 2 , MgCO 3 ,CaF 2 (all of analytical purity) are mixed proportionally, melted into a homogenous fused masses at the temperature of 1450° C., and then cooled, crushed and sieved to obtain bioactive glass powder (particle diameter ranging from 40-300 microns). The composition of the bioactive glass powder is CaO 40.5%, SiO 2 39.2%, MgO 4.5%, P 2 O 5 15.5% and CaF 2 0.3%. Next, the bioactive glass powder is blended with polyvinyl alcohol powder (300-600 microns in granularity) at a mass percent of 50:50 to obtain a solid mixture. An aqueous solution composed of 20% acrylamide, 2% N,N′-Methylene-bis-acrylamide and 8% polyacrylic acid is prepared, and 10 grams of the said solid mixture is blended with the aqueous solution at a volume percent (ratio) of 50:50, with several drops of ammonium persulfates (3% in mass percent) and several drops of N, N, N′,N′-tetramethyl ethylene diamine (3% in mass percent) added and stirred to produce a slurry with fine fluidity, which is poured into molds for gelation-casting. The cross-linking reaction of monomers of the material is induced for 3 hours at 60° C. In this way, pellets of the macroporous material are obtained by stripping them from the mold after the gelation-casts have been dried at 100° C. for 12 hours. Subsequently, the pellets are processed at 400° C. to remove organics, and then sintered at 850° C. for 2 hours to produce the macroporous materials that feature a compressive strength at about 6.1 MPa and porosity at approx. 55%. This material demonstrated degradability is 78% (calculated based on the mass percent of Si releasing) after being immersed in Simulated Body Fluids for 3 days. IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE 3 The raw materials and the preparation methods of the bioactive glass powder used in this example are the same as those in Implementation Example 2. The bioactive glass powder (granularity at 150-200 microns) is blended with PEG powder (granularity at 200-300 microns) at the mass ratio of 40:60. Polyvinyl alcohol solution (concentration at 6%) is added to serve as the adhesive and mixed. This mixture is dry-pressed under a pressure of 14 MPa, and pellets of the macroporous materials are obtained by removal from the mold. The pellets are first processed at 400° C. to remove organics, and then sintered at 800° C. to obtain the said macroporous materials with a compressive strength at approx. 1.5 MPa and porosity at about 65%. After being immersed in Simulated Body Fluids for 3 days, the degradation rate of the macroporous glass material is 38% (calculated based on the mass percent of Si releasing). It is understood and contemplated that equivalents and substitutions for certain elements and steps set forth above may be obvious to those skilled in the art, and therefore the true scope and definition of the invention is to be as set forth in the following claims.

A resorbable, macroporous bioactive glass scaffold comprising approximately 24-45% CaO, 34-50% SiO 2 , 0-25% Na 2 O, 5-17% P 2 O 5 , 0-5% MgO and 0-1% CaF 2 by mass percent, produced by mixing with pore forming agents and specified heat treatments.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention pertains generally to automatic sensor operated bathroom fixtures, systems for controlling bathroom fixtures, and methods of bathroom fixture design, control, and management, as well as the control and management of hygiene and water resources. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] First impressions are lasting ones and when someone visits a company's public bathroom, a perception of the entire company is immediately formed. Thus many businesses are realizing the need to make sure the impression is a positive one. [0003] Fully automated bathroom fixtures will function without wasting unnecessary water and energy which otherwise results with the use of conventional manually operated fixtures. Thus touchless automatic sensor operated bathroom fixtures have become very popular, and are beginning to replace older manually operated fixtures. [0004] Additionally, these new fixtures offer a high degree of hygiene by creating an atmosphere where the user completely avoids any direct physical contact with the unit. As a result, the risks of spreading of infectious diseases are greatly reduced. [0005] The new fixtures are quick and easy to install and require minimal maintenance. [0006] Networked plumbing systems also help facility managers monitor the operation of various bathrooms in a facility or at remote facilities. Control boxes controlling several showers, faucets, urinals, or water closets are commonly used in large bathroom complexes. [0007] Various kinds of infrared sensors, such as those manufactured by Sloan Valve, and radar sensors as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,340, “Radar devices for low power applications and bathroom fixtures” are known in the art. These sensors typically measure the total amount of light returned by an infrared light source, or the Doppler shift of a radar signal. [0008] Faucets (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,311) and urinals (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,843) are among the most commonly controlled fixtures. Some toilets are also controlled automatically but these are less common than urinals, because of some of the technical difficulties that have been encountered with stall doors causing false triggering. [0009] Showers are very seldom controlled automatically because of certain difficulties with previous approaches. [0010] Additionally, each fixture usually has its own sensor and plumbing systems operate separately from other systems such as security systems, sensors to automate lighting, and sensors for heating, ventillation and air conditioning. Therefore much of the sensory apparatus in a building is duplicated for various different reasons. [0011] Other fixtures such as bath tubs, where the usage patterns are varied and more complicated (e.g. standing up for a shower versus sitting down for a bath) are not controlled automatically. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] A “bathroom” refers to an environment that contains bathing or sanitary fixtures. Therefore the term “bathroom” shall include, for example, a toilet room, or a room that has a toilet and sink, even if no bath tub is present in this room. A bathroom may be a room intended for individual users, or it may be a communal bathroom for use by more than one person at the same time. For example, a bathroom may be a room that contains a plurality of urinals, toilets, sinks, or the like, for use by one or more persons. The term bath is taken to include various forms of baths, including a showerbath, steam bath, sauna bath, or swimming bath. Thus a room containing only one or more showers will still be considered to be a bathroom even if there is no bath tub or other form of basin in this room. Similarly, a mass decontamination facility, a washdown facility, a mass delousing center, a cleansing station, or the like, is considered to be a bathroom. Likewise, an environment containing a whirlpool, jacuzzi, swimming pool, or the like, will be considered to be a bathroom even if the fixture is not located within the boundaries of an explicitly defined room. For example, the environment around an outdoor bath will still be considered to be a bathroom, and to thus fall within the scope of this invention. For example, the environment around an outdoor pool will be considered to be a bathroom. Other outdoor bathroom fixtures, such as the outdoor urinals sometimes found in european contries such as France, will also be considered to fall within the scope of this invention, wherein the environment around one of these urinals will still be considered to be a bathroom. [0013] Likewise, the term “bath environment” refers to the space around one or more bathroom fixtures, such as sinks, urinals, toilets, soap dispensers, shampoo dispensers, towel dispensers, hot air hand drying fixtures, hair drying fixtures, bath tubs, whirlpools, jacuzzis, hot tubs, swimming pools, or the like, as well as the space within or around other bathing spaces such as steam baths, sauna baths, or the like. [0014] A “getting” is a region of a space, such as a polarization space, time-polarization space, time-frequency space, time-frequency-polarization space, or the like, or a region of time such as a time interval or periodic train of time intervals or random or pseudorandom time variations, or a region of frequency such as a frequency spectrum, frequency band, frequency region, or the like. [0015] The concept of “getting” generalizes the concept of “setting” (time and place, more commonly known as “time-space”) and emphasizes the capture, obtaining, manipulating, display, or the like, of visual information. [0016] The term “biological” refers to a response of a biological vision system such as a human biological vision system, or the like. [0017] It is desired that a sensor system either passively observe the bath environment or if it is an active vision system, that the active element of its vision system appear invisible to the user of the bathroom. Ideally even the passive element of the system is also concealed from users, to prevent vandalism or experimentation with the sensors, or to prevent the user from reverse engineering the sensors to learn how they work. [0018] For example, the sensors may be built into or behind materials where the sensors have a getting of greater machine sensitivity and lesser biological sensitivity. In this way, bathroom users cannot see the sensors but the sensors can see the bathroom users. [0019] A shiny vitreous material that a user can not see through may at the same time gather some light to at least one camera or other optical imaging system. Camera based sensors can provide a much more intricate and sophisticated form of control, because they can detect user behaviour, usage patterns, traffic flow patterns, and other attributes not evident in simple binary present/absent occupancy sensors. However, since sensors often become the target of vandalism or reverse-engineering by hackers trying to understand how they work, concealment is often desirable. [0020] Many bathroom surfaces are made of shiny glasslike materials such as ceramic. Thus viewing windows can be easily built into or concealed in bathroom fixtures, walls, or other surfaces. Such viewing windows might include some or all of the following: [0021] sapphire windows, ceramics, and vitrionic devices; [0022] sapphire (alumina) infrared viewing windows; [0023] optical ceramics; [0024] glass, fiberglass; [0025] vitreous china. [0026] Such viewing windows will have a normal appearance to bathroom users. [0027] It may also be desirable that this normal appearance be preserved even though users may be looking through instruments such as video eyeglasses worn by visually impaired users, or hand-held video cameras carried by users. Such devices can detect currently used infrared sensor operated flush valves, and sometimes even allow users to see into the viewing windows through which they are being watched by these flush valve systems, because these devices often allow users to see in the infrared to some degree. [0028] In one embodiment, the sensors of the invention are concealed by a synchronized electrochromic viewport which is preferably not synchronized, or easily synchronizable by bathroom users attempting to reverse engineer the bathroom control system. [0029] Preferably the viewport will therefore appear more transmissive to the sensors than to the biolotical instruments of bathroom users. [0030] In some preferred embodiments of the invention, there is an electrically controlled temporal variation in the optical properties of a viewport. This results in a temporal getting. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0031] The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of examples which in no way are meant to limit the scope of the invention, but, rather, these examples will serve to illustrate the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0032] [0032]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an intelligent bathroom containing intelligent bathroom fixtures with image sensors. [0033] [0033]FIG. 2 shows an intelligent bathroom controller with two sensors housed in an intelligent light fixture mounted above a row of four urinals. [0034] [0034]FIG. 2A shows details of an intelligent light fixture. [0035] [0035]FIG. 3 shows an intelligent light fixture with sensor concealed in a hemispherical mirror that also serves to make the light fixture produce indirect illumination. [0036] [0036]FIG. 4 shows an intelligent vitrionic light fixture ceiling tile. [0037] [0037]FIG. 5 shows intelligent bathroom tiles, along with an example in which the intelligent tiles function as sensors for three urinals in the bathroom. [0038] [0038]FIG. 5A shows a closeup view a bathroom tile for use in an intelligent bathroom. [0039] [0039]FIG. 5B shows an alternative embodiment of a bathroom tile for use in an intelligent bathroom. [0040] [0040]FIG. 5C shows an intelligent urinal suitable for ensuring privacy during drug tests. [0041] [0041]FIG. 6 shows an intelligent bath tub. [0042] [0042]FIG. 7 is a flowchart for a secondary function that provides safety and security in an intelligent bath tub. [0043] [0043]FIG. 8 shows how two toilets can become intelligent bathroom fixtures through the use of a single image sensor. [0044] [0044]FIG. 8A shows an intelligent sensor in a stall with a leftward swinging door. [0045] [0045]FIG. 8B shows an intelligent sensor in a stall with a closed door. [0046] [0046]FIG. 8C shows an intelligent sensor in a stall with a rightward swinging door. [0047] [0047]FIG. 8A′ shows an image from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a leftward swinging door. [0048] [0048]FIG. 8B′ shows an image from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a closed door. [0049] [0049]FIG. 8C′ shows an image from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a rightward swinging door. [0050] [0050]FIG. 8A″ shows an image mask from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a leftward swinging door. [0051] [0051]FIG. 8B″ shows an image mask from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a closed door. [0052] [0052]FIG. 8C″ shows an image mask from an intelligent sensor in a stall with a rightward swinging door. [0053] [0053]FIG. 9 shows an intelligent bath tub that can be adapted to being a swimming bath. [0054] [0054]FIG. 10 shows an intelligent shower system comprised of a shower column with six stations, each station having an image sensor for providing visual intelligence to an embedded computer inside the shower column. [0055] [0055]FIG. 10A shows a typical display configuration for monitoring of an intelligent column shower by triage staff, medical personnel, decontamination officers, or law enforcement officers during times of terrorist consequence management, or for diagnostic purposes to make sure the machine vision system is operating correctly. [0056] [0056]FIG. 10B shows a coordinate transformed display configuration for monitoring of an intelligent column shower by triage staff, medical personnel, decontamination officers, or law enforcement officers during times of terrorist consequence management, or for diagnostic purposes to make sure the machine vision system is operating correctly. [0057] [0057]FIG. 11A shows an alternate embodiment using a single smoked polycarbonate viewing window. [0058] [0058]FIG. 11B shows the alternate embodiment of the column shower in which a single camera sensor observes up to six shower users, so that the touchless sensor operation of the six shower stations can be controlled from a single sensor. [0059] [0059]FIG. 12 shows a multi-user shower for being suspended from a ceiling in the center of a room. [0060] [0060]FIG. 13 shows a multiuser row shower in which shower heads are borne by a smoked polycarbonate pipe that also houses camera sensors for detecting users of the shower and automating the process of controlling the water flow and temperature. [0061] [0061]FIG. 14 shows a decon shower facility that can be used as a recreational spray park when not being used for mass decontamination. [0062] [0062]FIG. 15 shows timing diagrams for a sensor operated shower incorporating a feedback preventer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0063] While the invention shall now be described with reference to the preferred embodiments shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the intention is not to limit the invention only to the particular embodiments shown but rather to cover all alterations, modifications and equivalent arrangements possible within the scope of appended claims. [0064] [0064]FIG. 1 depicts an intelligent bathroom with various image sensors, some within fixtures, some being part of actuators for fixtures, some not in fixtures, and various possible connections and arrangements. This figure is not meant to limit the scope of the invention, but to merely serve as an example of how the invention might work. Image sensor 100 is concealed behind optics 110 . Image sensor 100 may be a video camera, or may be contained inside a video camera. Ordinarily video cameras contain an infrared blocking filter. Preferably, however, image sensor 100 does not contain such an infrared blocking filter, and is therefore preferably sensitive to infrared light. Additionally, optics 110 , or other optics, preferably blocks visible light and passes infrared light, so that sensor 100 is sensitive to the infrared. In this way, sensor 100 can be an active sensor, or can be part of an active sensor system in which infrared light is used to illuminate subject matter in the bathroom. Optics 110 may take various forms. In a preferred embodiment, optics 110 comprises a dark smoked glass tile cemented to the wall of the bathroom, together with other smoked glass tiles. Such tiles have an appearance of ordinary black bathroom tiles, but afford a sensor 100 with a view of a detection zone in the bathroom. In another embodiment, optics 110 is a camera lens, which also provides a watertight seal. In another embodiment, optics 110 is a camera lens and a cavity filling material such as an optical epoxy, so that there is no air gap in the camera between the lens and an image sensor. In this way the camera, comprised of sensor 100 and optics 110 is sealed and completely water tight. Preferably the epoxy encapsulates the sensor 100 as well as some processing circuits such as part of a capture device 120 . [0065] Other sensors such as sensor 101 may also be present in the bathroom. Some of these sensors may use planar optics, whereas others may use different kinds of optical elements. Optics 111 may, for example, be a ceiling dome that provides sensor 101 with a wide field of view. Such a wide field of view is useful for controlling a large number of bathroom fixtures with just one sensor. For example, sensor 101 and optics 111 may comprise a camera system with fisheye lens, such that when placed on the ceiling of a shower room, the system can monitor the entire shower room. [0066] Users will enjoy a nice hot shower, without having to adjust the temperature, or even touch anything at all. Users simply step into the viewing area, or detection zone, and the shower turns on. Instantly, out comes water at the perfect temperature! When a user steps away, the water turns off. Process control systems ensure that water is circulated in the pipes at the right temperature, even when none of the showers are actually running. With face recognition software, users can receive their own preferred shower settings. Additionally, multiple spray heads at each station can spray a user with water in such a way that very little is wasted. A beam pattern of spray can adapt to the position and orientation of the user's body. [0067] Pictures obtained by way of capture device 130 are then directed to processor 150 which provides a signal to controller 170 . Controller 170 activates one or more actuators 185 , 190 , and 195 . A shower room containing a dozen shower spray heads, each controlled by its own actuator comprised of a solenoid activated valve, may therefore be controlled by a single sensor 101 on the ceiling of the shower room. Such a single sensor is out of the way of vandalism, soap scum buildup, or other problems that would arise if a dozen sensors were distributed throughout the room, one for each shower. Moreover, maintenance and installation are simplified by having one image sensor controlling various shower spray heads. Additionally, the one image sensor may provide other features such as automatically warning building staff if a person has slipped and fallen, or automatically recognizing faces of users, and providing each user with water tempered to the preference of each individual user. Users could also be billed for the exact amount of hot water that they use, assuming that users have previously enrolled in a shower program. Users who have not enrolled may be either locked out of the system so that they cannot use the showers, or they may be provided with limited capability (such as less hot water, cold-only showers, or limited runtime). This would provide users with an incentive to enroll in the shower program. [0068] The multishower sensor will also act as a deterrent to crime and vandalism in the shower room. [0069] Sensors may be incorporated into a housing together with actuators, and the housing may be, or may include, optics. For example, sensor 102 is contained in optics 112 , together with actuator 195 . An example of such a system would include a retrofit sensor operated flush system for a urinal or toilet. The entire system is enclosed in a housing, the top portion of which is optics 112 in the form of an infrared dome that passes infrared light but blocks visible light. A standard hemispherical security dome, approximately 10 centimeters in diameter, may be used to house sensor 102 , together with actuator 195 and sufficient control circuits such as image capture device 140 and image processor 160 . A controller 170 may also be housed inside the security dome, or the controller may exist at a remote location. In either case, the dome affords an optically transparent housing for sending data, optically, to other similar fixtures or other devices. Moreover, the sensor 102 or other sensors contained in the housing may assist adjacent fixtures. For example, in a row of retrofitted urinals, sensor 102 may detect the presence of user of an adjacent urinal. A sensor at a given urinal together with sensors of adjacent urinals may provide combined networked intelligence to better serve the user of the given urinal. Interprocessor communication may be facilitated along a row of urinals, by data being passed optically from one sensor to the next. Thus information such as usage statistics may propagate optically throughout the bathroom environment, passing from one fixture to the next, even though not all of the fixtures necessarily have wiring connected thereto. [0070] An actuator 185 and sensor 103 may be separately housed in the same housing comprised of or including optics 113 . Alternatively or additionally, actuators such as actuator 190 may be separately controlled by other sensors, the other sensors either monitoring the overall bathroom environment, or being associated with other fixtures. For example, in a row of six urinals, only two of the six urinals might require sensors. Each urinal that has a sensor, for example, mounted inside a hemispherical security dome, can see the user of that urinal as well as users of the urinal to the right and left of that urinal, and decisions to actuate the flush valve of that urinal, as well as the ones to the left and right, can all be made by way of the sensor in that one urinal. [0071] A client/server model may be implemented for all of the sensors in the smart bathroom or a global network of smart bathrooms. Each sensor may be implemented through Java aplets. This permits any level of sophistication desired. While many installations are quite simple (e.g. little interprocess communication), the degree of interprocess and interfixture communication can be controlled remotely over the Internet. This is useful for monitoring usage patterns for generating statistics (e.g. identifying areas of congestion in the restroom environment). By identifying areas of possible congestion, these problems can often be resolved with software. Systems can be reprogrammed to respond to users in slightly different ways, and therefore user behaviour can be modified slightly. Through slight modifications in user behaviour, efficiency and restroom throughput can be increased. For example, the system might detect that, in a row of hand faucets, the furthest one is used excessively during certain times of day. It might be determined that a homeless person is using it for hair washing purposes, especially if it is somewhat hidden from view. The system can detect this pattern of deviant use, and correct it by adjusting the timing on that particular fixture so that it will time out sooner than the others. This would effectively move that user to another faucet. Thus slight changes in system parameters can be used to effect slight changes in user behaviour. [0072] Software, such as Java aplets, allow restroom fixtures to communicate with each other, and to communicate with remote sites. Whether the building owner wants to delight users with responsive, predictive fixtures, or please users by keeping the restroom crime-free, the owner can be sure that everyone will be happier, and profits will increase. If crime ever does become a problem, sensors can transmit crime statistics back to your central law enforcement facility. Using VitriView (TM) ceramics for the optics 110 , or other system optics can ensure outstanding image quality, and will provide excellent greyscale rendition and tonal fidelity, even in poor light. If crime is a problem, CeramiView(TM) tiles can be replaced with SafetyGlass (TM) tiles (from EXISTech Corporation's public safety products devision), which are known for their color rendition. Proper white balancing of the sensors to compensate for the greenish color cast of fluorescent lights or other bathroom fixtures will ensure forensic quality of the images for use in courtroom proceedings. As with all video-based machine vision technology, accurate color reproduction in the presence of mixed lighting (as when natural daylight entering through windows mixes with fluorescent lights) may be addressed with ATW (Auto Tracking White) sensors. Hair colour, eye colour, and even the colour of clothing are important identifiers of those who might, whether through vandalism or recklessness, reduce profits and the satisfaction of other users. Rapid apprehension of suspects is important to maintaining a crime-free airport, shopping mall, arena, or other establishment. Drug use will fall, and everyone will be happier, except terrorists, theives, or those engaged in other forms of criminal activity. [0073] Additionally, the intelligent bathroom fixtures and systems will help enhance the privacy of users. Privacy enhancing fixtures and bathroom control systems ensure that normal users need not be disturbed by police foot patrols into the restroom areas, or by security guards entering simply to make inspections. Thus the aquionics bathroom control system of the invention will maintain the cleanliness, safety, security, and privacy of the occupants in a smart building. Aquionics refers to this kind of electronic control of water in plumbing systems. [0074] [0074]FIG. 2 depicts two sensors 201 and 202 mounted in a light fixture above a row of urinals 200 . Sometimes urinals have dividers 200 D but regardless of whether or not dividers 200 D are present, sensors 201 and 202 are positioned so that they have a clear view of a detection zone where bathroom users might be standing in front of the four urinals. Sensors 201 and 202 are preferably cameras that can see through optics 210 in the lamp housing 210 H. Housing 210 H may actually be made of material that is transparent in the portion around lamp 299 and around sensors 201 and 202 . Since bathroom light fixtures are often made waterproof (especially the kinds of fixtures used in shower rooms), the technology to make the lamp housing waterproof can be used to accommodate the sensors and additional waterproofing is not needed for the sensors since they can be place right in the lamp housing. Moreover, because the lamp is generally hot, the heat will tend to drive out any small amount of moisture present, or at least will lower the relative humidity since relative humidity decreases with increasing temperature. [0075] Moreover, because of heat in the lamp housing, optics 210 will not fog up due to bathroom moisture. Optics 210 may in fact be or include part of housing 210 H, so that no modifications are necessary to the lamp fixture. For example, cameras can simply be installed into the inside of the lamp fixture to look down upon the bathroom users. [0076] Manufacture of such an intelligent light fixture provides the advantage that the two cameras will be spaced an exactly known distance apart, and have an exactly known relative orientation. In this way, the epipolar geometry may be known or determined in advance of installation. Thus the light fixture provides a conveniently calibrated stereo rig. [0077] A typical lamp such as a fluorescent light has a convenient length that allows the two cameras to have a good baseline distance between them, so that they are nicely separated, yet the distance and orientation between them remain fixed by the intelligent light fixture. [0078] Additionally, since the light from the light fixture is known in relation to the sensors 201 and 202 , the stereo rig is also photocalibrated, in the sense that the light source distribution and orientation, etc., are known with respect to the sensors. [0079] In one embodiment of the invention processor 250 which receives input from capture devices 230 and 240 also controls the light source of lamp 299 by way of a light controller 298 . Light controller 298 modulates lamp 299 in a known fashion. In one such embodiment, light controller 298 reduces the output of lamp 299 slightly in every odd numbered frame of video captured from camera sensor 201 and 202 . Light controller 298 increases the output of lamp 299 slightly in every even numbered frame. Over a time period, with signal averaging, the response of the bathroom due to only lamp 299 is considered. This arrangement provides a lock-in camera system wherein the response of the bathroom to an individual light source such as lamp 299 is determined. [0080] In some embodiments, other similar light sources are used, and communicate with one another, so that a lightspace of images is produced, either as photometric stereo, or as a set of lightvectors characterizing the response of the bathroom to a plurality of different light sources, for each of one or more sensors in the bathroom. [0081] In one embodiment, even if only one such intelligent light fixture is used, the light fixture also contains infrared communications equipment, so that it can communicate wirelessly with the actuators 290 , 291 , 292 , and 293 . In a preferred embodiment, capture devices 230 and 240 , as well as processor 250 and light controller 298 , are housed inside the intelligent light fixture together with lamp 299 and sensors 201 and 202 . The intelligent light fixture thus observes the users of the bathroom fixtures. For example, a user of the urinal second from the right is detected and when the user departs, as determined by sensors 201 and 202 , in overlapping fields of view from 201 L to 201 R and 202 L to 202 R respectively, the intelligent light fixture then wirelessly sends a signal to actuator 292 to flush that urinal. [0082] An additional function of the intelligent light fixture can be provided, such as to reduce crime, or to detect abnormal activity. The additional function may also be simply to automate the function of the light fixture itself, or to automate the function of other light fixtures in the facility. In one preferred embodiment, each intelligent light fixture communicates with other intelligent light fixtures and, based on a map of where people are located in the bathroom, the light fixture outputs are gradually raised and lowered so that a lightspace is present around the persons in the bathroom, but light is not wasted. This system also avoids the abrupt start and stop of lights that might startle the bathroom user. Instead the lights gradually rise and fall in output, to track the user, so that the user is not even aware they are being tracked. In a large bathroom facility such as a locker room complex, the benefit in light savings is provided together with intelligent control of many fixtures throughtout the facility. The bathroom ventillation systems can also be incorporated into this system to provide for an intelligent energy-efficient facility. [0083] [0083]FIG. 2A depicts an intelligent light fixture suitable for use in various rooms of a smart building, including bathrooms. Two sensors 201 and 202 are mounted at either end in a light fixture housing 210 H in which the lower half of the housing is made of partially transmissive and partially reflective mirror comprising optics 210 . Baffles 210 B keep light from lamp 299 from shining directly into the sensors, so that light must bounce off subject matter in the room before going into the sensors. Preferably the mirror is approximately 10% transmissive so that a small amount of direct light such as in light ray 270 illuminates the room. Most of the light, such as ray 271 , however, reflects off the mirror as ray 271 which bounces off a ceiling surface 260 or a ceiling reflector surface 260 , to generate soft light rays 272 . The fixture is suspended from the ceiling by four wires. Wires 261 and 262 provide a 12 volt D.C. power source, whereas wires 263 and 264 provide data communications and networking to other light fixtures, bathroom fixtures, controllers, actuators, or the like. [0084] Soft light is commonly used in photographic and film/video studios to obtain better lighting. However, such soft indirect light has recently also become fashionable in buildings and homes. Thus the light fixture of the invention can be used throughout homes, offices, bathrooms, and the like to provide pleasant soft light. The camera sensors 201 and 202 can also detect people and adjust the lights to suit their needs. Preferably there is inter-fixture communication so that the fixtures can work together to build a map of the entire building occupancy patterns, and intelligent decisions can be made about which fixtures should be on. Thus, for example, fixtures outside a bathroom can see that a person is heading toward the bathroom, and can then turn on the bathroom lights before the person gets to the bathroom. Once in the bathroom, the lights in the bathroom might see that the person is undressing, and the bathroom control system can therefore make an intelligent inference that the person is likely to take a shower. Thus the intelligent bathroom control system turns on the lights in the shower room before the person arrives there. Thus the lights themselves operate in an intelligent user-friendly way to maintain, for the users, an illusion that the lights are always on. Thus the user is not startled by having to walk into a dark bathroom and have the lights suddenly come on, as would be the case with motion detectors of the prior art. [0085] Moreover, the bathroom control system preferably brings the lights up slowly rather than having sudden switching on and off. Lighting control is anticipatory, in the sense that the lights will switch on in the bathroom every time a person walks toward the bathroom door, whether or not the person uses the bathroom. In this way, because the changes are gradual, and because the changes are anticipatory (e.g. lights come on before a person can see the lights) occupants of the smart building do not notice the effects of the energy savings measures inherent in such a lighting system. Thus energy is saved without inconveniencing the user. [0086] With the intelligent light fixtures of the invention, suppose, for example, that a user approaches the entrance to the men's room, and prior to the user entering far enough to see into the room, the lights turn on just before he enters, so that he is not startled by the sudden onset of light, but electricity is still saved by not illuminating an empty restroom. The user approaches a urinal and there is a courtesy flush to freshen the bowl prior to use. After the user urinates and steps away, the urinal flushes automatically. Meanwhile, in anticipation of the user's eventual desire to wash his hands, nice warm water begins to circulate through the lavatories before the user is finished urinating. By the time the user walks over to one of the lavatories and puts his hands under the faucet, where the water turns on automatically, the water is already at the right temperature, even though it was not running yet. Merely anticipating the user's arrival, warm water has been already circulating in the pipes, before the water is actually switched on. The user is delighted to find the water at just the perfect temperature. Meanwhile, electricity is already flowing through the heating elements in the hand dryer, in anticipation of the blower fan that will soon be activated automatically by the smart bathroom control system. Thus the intelligent plumbing system of the invention can monitor patters of behaviour and anticipate the user's actions. In this way, user satisfaction can be maximized while costs can be minimized. [0087] Additionally, because the intelligent light fixtures are present in all areas of the building, including the bathrooms, other fixtures such as ventillation, heating, and bathroom fixtures, can be controlled by the smart light fixtures. [0088] Moreover, the bathroom fixtures can contain additional sensors that affect the lights. For example, when a toilet sees that a user is occupying the toilet, it can tell the lights to stay on, even if the lights cannot see the user of the toilet who is inside a toilet stall. [0089] Thus the intelligent bathroom control system can include smart fixtures, smart lighting, and other sensors that all communicate with one another to create a user-friendly environment. [0090] Additional features include user safety and security, by way of watching the user to make sure that the user is attended to when encountering danger through tripping and falling, such as when slipping on a soapy shower room floor. Additional benefits to the occupants of such a building include reduced crime, reduced danger, and improved safety, security, and efficiency. [0091] [0091]FIG. 3 depicts an alternate embodiment of an intelligent bathroom light fixture, where camera sensor 301 , having field of view defined between rays 301 L and 301 R, is for being installed above a detection zone of the bathroom. Hemispherical partially mirrored optics 310 allow the camera to see out through the partial silvering. Such partial silvering is typical of light bulbs made for indirect “soft light” in which half of the bulb housing 310 H is silvered optics 310 to be reflective so that it reflects light upward to the ceiling, where the light rays such as rays 310 L and 310 R bounce off the ceiling to produce a nice soft light suitable for a pleasant bathroom environment where ceilings are often painted white. [0092] Such a silvering produces an opportunity for concealment of camera 301 because auxiliary optics 310 A reflect the light inside the bulb in the same way, while protecting camera sensor 301 from stray light. Additionally, concealment of camera sensor 301 in a light fixture makes it hard to detect because the light is too bright for users to look at directly, and therefore the same light that helps the camera 301 see better makes it harder for vandals to detect the presence of sensor 301 . [0093] In another embodiment of the invention, optics 310 is comprised of a hemispherical partially reflecting and partially transmitting mirror approximately thirty centimeters in diameter, suspended from three wires connected to points equally spaced around the circumference of optics 310 . One wire is a ground, and another provides power to a light source in the mirror, so that indirect light is nicely bounced off the ceiling. The third wire provides communications signals with respect to the ground wire. In this embodiment, a number of sensors and communications systems are concealed in the mirror, including one or more cameras to completely monitor a large detection zone below the bathroom light fixture. [0094] [0094]FIG. 4 shows a vitrionic light fixture ceiling tile, with sensors 401 , 402 , 403 , and 404 near the four corners of the ceiling tile. Visible light sources 499 provide light in the bathroom. A satisfactory visible light source 499 is a white LED. Sensors 401 - 404 are preferably flat board cameras embedded into the ceiling tile. Preferably the ceiling tile is made of transparent material so that the four cameras can see down from the ceiling, and so that light sources can be embedded in the tile material. A vitrionic light source is a light source in which electronic devices are embedded in a transparent glasslike material such as plastic, polycarbonate, or glass. [0095] Thus using vitrionics, the entire light fixture can be made into a flat ceiling tile for low voltage operation suitable for use in shower rooms, or above bath tubs, etc.. One or more vitrionic ceiling tiles may be placed into a drop ceiling as one or more of the ceiling tiles, or the vitrionic tile may be cemented in place. For residential use, a version with adhesive backing can be used to install on the ceiling of a shower stall, or the like, to provide good lighting therein. [0096] A light controller modulates the output of the various lights, in conjunction with image capture from the sensors 401 - 404 , so that a lightspace is produced. A three dimensional model of the bathroom is automatically generated over time, as a time-averaged signal that is assumed to represent the empty bathroom. Users of the bathroom can thus be tracked by way of photometric stereo, or lightspace processing methods. [0097] Optionally, interspersed with these visible light sources are some infrared light sources 490 . A satisfactory visible light source 490 is an infrared LED. Using at least some infrared light sources allows the light sources to be modulated more aggressively without being noticable to users of the bathroom. Some of the light sources 490 and 499 can also be used to modulate information bearing signals, to be sent to intelligent fixtures in the bathroom. Additionally, other sensors may be installed in the vitrionic ceiling tile. [0098] Alternatively the vitrionic ceiling tile may embody a mixture of vitrionics and materials placed behind the tile. Thus, for example, the light sources may be vitrionic whereas the sensors may be located behind the tile, looking through it. [0099] Similar tiles may be construced for walls, to create some pleasing lighting effects, or to display messages in the bathroom environment. The lighting, messages, or the like, can also be responsive to the identity of bathroom users. For example, the intelligent bathroom can recognize particular persons and display a message or produce a lighting environment tailored to that individual. Targeted marketing advertisements or health warnings thus become possible. [0100] [0100]FIG. 5 shows the use of CeramiView (TM) tiles in an intelligent bathroom. CeramiView(TM) tiles manufactured by EXISTech Corporation, are available in black, chrome, gold, and copper, and add a nice accent to a tiled wall, such as a bathroom wall. The aesthetics of an otherwise stark wall of solid white tile is much improved with, for example, one or two rows of CeramiView black tiles. [0101] EXISTech Corporation's FiberFix (TM) backing makes installation much simpler. Tiles come pre-attached to a fiberglass and/or fiber-optic backing strip. Tiles are permanently affixed to the FiberFix backing, so that they can be quickly and easily cemented to any wall during installation. FiberFix is available in 50 foot and 100 foot rolls. This makes it easy for the distributor to sell by the foot (three tiles per running foot). [0102] The benefits will be immediately apparent, whether in a small restaurant kitchen, or a large food processing plant. Here are just a few of the possible applications: [0103] Process control; [0104] Food processing security; [0105] Secure mass decontamination shower facilities or cleansing stations; [0106] Public safety/security; [0107] Occupancy detectors for heating, ventillation, and air conditioning applications; [0108] Electronic plumbing; [0109] Privacy enhancement. [0110] In FIG. 5 it is assumed that there is behind-the-wall access. At the time of construction, a row of CeramiView (TM) tiles is run around the outside of the bathroom. The tiles comprise optics 510 and viewport 510 V. Normal tiles 510 N can be plain white bathroom tiles, which will look nice together with the CeramiView tiles, or the normal tiles 510 N can be made of the same material as the CeramiView tiles but not be view tiles. In the latter case, for example, the entire bathroom can be tiled in shiny black tiles, but only some of the shiny black tiles are viewtiles. [0111] Prior to installation of any tiles, it is decided at what height a row of CeramiView tiles will be installed. Alternatively, especially if the viewtiles are to be mixed with ordinary white bathroom tile, two rows of CeramiView tiles can be run for a better aesthetic, even if only one row of the tiles is going to be used for monitoring the bathroom environment. A double row creates a sense of visual balance. [0112] In a typical installation, for example, over a row of urinals, there may be one row of CeramiView that runs just above where the urinals will be installed. This is the active row where the sensors are contained. A second row, a couple of tiles further up, is often placed simply for aesthetics (e.g. none of these tiles need be used for viewing users of the urinals). [0113] Once it has been decided where to place the view tiles, viewing holes are drilled in the bathroom wall. It is preferable that the view tiles then be cemented to the wall before cementing the other tiles to the wall. Preferably, before cementing the viewtiles to the wall, the wall, especially where the holes have been drilled, is cleaned and painted black. [0114] After the viewtiles are cemented to the wall, regular tile (from another vendor, or from EXISTech Corp.) is installed around the viewtiles. [0115] Alternatively, workers can tile all the way up to just under where the first row of CeramiView tiles are to be placed. Then the workers mark off squares on the wall for where they plan for each CeramiView tile to go. They locate the center of each square, and mark this point. [0116] The workers can either decide which squares require a viewport, and drill into the wall at these points, or they can drill for every tile, or every second tile. Generally it is sufficient to drill for every second tile. [0117] Rolls of CeramiView will be available for every second tile, in which only every second tile is a view tile. In this case the intermediate tiles can match the normal tiles 510 N and this provides a nice appearance in which the accent tiles (the black, gold, or chrome viewtiles) are spaced 8 inches (approximately 20 centimeters) apart with the standard 4 inch (approximately 10 centimeter) CeramiView tile. [0118] There are two kinds of viewtiles, the vitrionic viewtiles that have sensors already built in. and the viewtiles for later sensor installation. Each drilled hole defines a viewing area. Assuming the latter kind of tile, sensors will later be mounted, from behind. Depending on the size of sensor, the hole size may vary. However, it is better to err on making the holes too large, as the sensor can always be inserted and stuffed with extra padding from behind. Also, if it is unknown exactly where the fixtures will be located, or of it is expected the fixtures will be moved, extra holes should be drilled. The extra holes don't need to be used, but that way if fixtures need to be moved (e.g. as when a water closet is moved to convert an installation to ADA standards with enlargement of one stall for wheelchair access) the sensors can simply be moved from behind the wall. All that is required is to install the sensors into different viewing holes, from behind the wall. [0119] For each fixture, installers simply round off the location to the nearest tile unit, so that viewtile optics 511 is used since it is closest to the fixture with actuator 591 . Likewise viewtile optics 512 is selected being nearest the urinal with actuator 592 . Finally, viewtile optics 513 is selected as being closest to actuator 593 . For each of the selected viewtiles, sensors are installed from behind the wall into corresponding viewports 511 V, 512 V, and 513 V. [0120] [0120]FIG. 5A shows a shrouded version of the viewtile, in which a square viewpipe 510 P is attached to the back of the viewtile optics 510 at time of manufacture. Thus viewport 510 V is co-located with a viewpipe. Typically the viewpipe is 2 inches square (approximately 5 cm by 5 cm). [0121] [0121]FIG. 5B shows a low cost embodiment in which view tile optics 510 is simply a dark glass tile having transmissivity typically being less than 10%. A hole 510 H drilled into the wall 510 W forms the viewpipe into which sensors are installed. [0122] The viewtile aspect of the invention allows for a simple upgrade path in which standard electronic plumbing sensors and control systems such as those manufactured by Sloan Valve corporation may be used initially. Over time, the sensors can be easily upgraded from behind the wall, so that there is no need for construction or expensive repairs when it comes time to service or update the sensors. [0123] Additionally, the viewtiles may be expanded so that television screens can be inserted behind the walls, in which urinal users can see advertisements through the viewtiles. This arrangement prevents vandalism, and maximizes efficiency because apparatus installed behind the walls can watch users, as well as inform users. [0124] Electronic Plumbing has ushered in a new wave of reduced cost and reduced waste, together with increased efficiency. However, as with any new technology, there is a very small portion of the user-population who do not appreciate the benefits of increased cleanliness, safety, security, and privacy that the viewtiles can provide. Vandalism has always been a problem, especially with new technologies that call attention to themselves. All it takes to cost a building owner or a company is for the occasional user to tamper with a fixture or sensor. Even so-called “tamperproof” sensor fixtures invite vandals to deface the exposed lenses either by deliberately scratching them, or by covering them with chewing gum, duct tape, or defacing them with markers, paint, or similar materials. Even mild scratches on these lenses can make the intelligent bathroom algorithms see blurry pictures. Even slight blurring of the system's vision seriously reduces its ability to see the user clearly. If the system cannot obtain a clear view of the user, it cannot serve the user. Thus CeramiView's vandal resistant viewing windows are clearly an answer to improved accuracy of intelligent bathroom systems. [0125] With CeramiView, the sensors are completely hidden from view. Moreover, with CeramiView, the users will not know which tiles have sensors behind them. Vandalism, whether arising from malicious hate of a better future, or simply arising from curiosity, costs us all. Through complete concealment of all sensory apparatus, vandalism is eliminated, resulting in increased savings, and increased profits. Moreover, in shower room applications, soap and shampoo that often splashes onto the wall and runs down the wall, will not get clogged into exposed lenses. Sensor products from other vendors quickly clog with soap residue, due to the inset lenses. Again, soapy lenses produce blurry images. A sharp clear view of bathroom users will keep them happy by delivering the utmost in user-satisfaction. [0126] Large orders for OEM applications can be custom-manufactured. Each CeramiView tile can be fitted with a custom sensor. Alternatively, the sensory tiles can be interleaved every third or sixth tile, with non-sensing tiles. For example, the manufacturer can outfit every sixth tile with a sensor, so that the sensor-equipped tiles can each be lined up to where fixtures will go, on standard 24 inch (approximately 61 centimeter) spacing. The manufacturer can outfit every third tile, for use in a shower room, where every sixth tile has a sensor suitable for shower operation, while the tiles in between have sensors suitable for automatic touchless soap or shampoo dispensers. However, as sensor technology costs go down, it is expected that in the future, CeramiView will be provided with sensors in every tile. Thus the bathroom designer will simply connect to the sensors to be used, and leave the others disconnected. [0127] Special sensors can also be installed for controlling costs by monitoring shampoo and soap usage at a central remote site. By monitoring restroom usage patters, facility managers can help reduce or eliminate deviant behaviour such as excessively long showering, shaving in the shower room, vagrancy, the washing of clothes in the shower room. Using the appropriate software, with artificial intelligence, management can be sure to maximize user satisfaction by making certain one inconsiderate user does not decrease the user-satisfaction of other users. [0128] Additionally, a dense lattice of image sensors in the bathroom environment can have a large range of secondary uses. Web-based client/server software can ensure maximum efficiency, optimal traffic flow, and increased user-satisfaction. Users will appreciate the efforts taken to make their experience pleasant. [0129] Moreover, dummy tiles can be installed, or viewtiles can be installed and never used, so that users will never know whether or not they are being watched by the intelligent building, The use of CeramiView tile simply because if its outstanding appearance and durability, thus provides additional safety and security. Thus, for example, the use of CeramiView black as an accent on an otherwise stark white tiled wall, can provide added benefits even if there are no sensors installed behind the wall. [0130] Thus even when not taking advantage of the optical transparency of CeramiView, kitchen staff, restaurant clerks, or bathroom users will never be sure whether or not the wall has eyes. In many establishments, simply installing CeramiView, with no sensors whatsoever, will put an end to petty locker room pilfering, vandalism, or graffiti in bathrooms. [0131] In this case it is preferable to keep a couple of extra tiles around to show to employees of an establishment where the tiles are being used. Seeing is believing, and once they've seen the light (through a scrap piece of CeramiView) they will think twice before pilfering from the employee locker room, or vandalizing a valuable business establishment. [0132] [0132]FIG. 5C shows a privacy protecting urinal 520 . The urinal has a viewing material 530 through which a sensor 540 can operate the flushing of the fixture. Sensor 540 is preferably an infrared video camera, using a video motion detection program such as the one called “motion” that comes with the standard GNU Linux (TM) Debian distribution. Viewing material 530 is preferably transparent in a getting of high sensitivity to sensor 540 , and less transparent in a getting of human vision. For example, material 530 may be transparent in the infrared but not transparent in the visible portion of the light spectrum. [0133] Such an automatic flush fixture may therefore provide a secondary usage as a privacy protector for drug testing. Rather than requiring the subject of the test to strip down and urinate in the presence of a guard, the apparatus of the invention allows the subject to urinate in private while the delivery of the sample is documented by way of a video recording apparatus. [0134] [0134]FIG. 6 shows a smart bath tub. Bath tubs and shower enclosures are often made of acrylic, or of polycarbonate. In a preferred embodiment the tub is made of smoked polycarbonate, or smoked acrylic, so that it forms optics 610 . Such a tub will have a black appearance to a user of the tub, but image sensors 603 and 604 concealed under the tub will be able to see the user of the tub. Additional image sensors 601 and 602 may also be concealed behind the dark transparent bath tub material in such a way that they provide a field of view 622 of the bather above the waterline 650 during typical usage. [0135] The intelligent bath tub has no knobs, or other adjustments, and is therefore much easier to use. The user simply strips down, and sits in the tub, and then the tub fills with water by way of activation of actuator 190 (see FIG. 1). Sensors 601 and 602 also monitor the amount of water in the tub, and as the tub gets close to full, the water flow is gradually reduced. A sophisticated control system is possible without much cost, since the sensors and processors and controllers are already present. [0136] Preferably software running on processor 150 or controller 170 (see FIG. 1) determines if the user is clothed (e.g. when a user is cleaning the tub) and only fills the tub when the user is not clothed (indicating that the user wishes to have a bath). In some embodiments, a single image sensor 600 is sufficient to see into the entire tub, as well as up and out of the tub when the water is still, up to and including a critical angle of approximately 41.81 degrees (an angle of approximately 0.73). [0137] Additionally, if the system sees that the user is standing naked in the tub, shower 699 is turned on automatically. [0138] Thus the intelligent bath tub serves users of the tub by way of control of an actuator in response to user activity. [0139] The explanation of this tub has assumed that there is only one user, but the invention can also be applied to multi user baths such as whirlpools, jacuzzis, steam rooms, and other bathing environments. For example, a bath can begin to fill when a user sits in the tub, and then jets can massage the user's body. If another user enters the tub, other jets can be activated for that other user. A pattern of jets can operate for optimal user satisfaction, given the distribution of users in the bath. [0140] In a sauna bath, heat flow can be directed in response to the occupants of the sauna, so that the majority of users experience the best sauna bath that the bathroom environment can provide, through intelligent control of air jets, heaters, and ventillation systems. [0141] The partially transparent material of the plumbing fixture of the invention is not limited to baths, but also includes other fixtures such as urinals and water closets. For example, a Securinal (TM) privacy-protecting drug testing urinal is made of smoked glass, and contains camera sensors to provide the automatic flush functionality, with a secondary concomitant function of protecting privacy. Privacy is a problem with drug testing because it is often necessary for persons to urinate in the presence of a supervisory staff member who ensures that the subject of the drug test does not cheat by using other urine smuggled into the test center. With the Securinal (TM), however, the subject can enjoy complete privacy while urinating into a drug analysis urinal that also keeps a video record of the urine delivery process. In this way the subject can be completely alone while urinating, and this will serve useful especially for subjects suffering from shy bladder syndrome. Privacy is the right to be left alone, and thus Securinal greatly protects the privacy of individuals undergoing drug testing. [0142] [0142]FIG. 7 shows a concomitant function possible with the intelligent bathroom control of the invention. It is assumed that the automation of fixtures will cause sensors to be installed in virtually all bathroom fixtures of the future. It is also expected that the most economical sensors will be video cameras, which now only cost $10 in mass production, whereas other sensors such as specialized infrared position sensing devices now used in electronic plumbing systems cost much more because they are specialized devices. Similarly radar and sonar systems commonly used for occupancy detection (for automatic door openers, lighting control, etc.) cost much more. Therefore once these cameras are installed in most fixtures, new uses can emerge. [0143] What is meant by “concomitant function”, or “concomitant use” is a secondary (or tertiary, etc.) function or secondary (or tertiary, etc.) use for an additional capability. Thus having cameras in the bath will allow, for example, caregivers to remotely monitor the elderly, and come to their rescue or dispatch emergency services should there be danger encountered. [0144] Since a processor is already present to operate the intelligent bathroom fixture(s), additional software can run in the background to ensure safety in the bathroom. For example, the bath tub that is sensor operated, can also detect drowning, and sound an alarm. A method of providing concomitant services includes the steps of data or image capture 700 , followed by detection, estimation, and decision of flesh below water. If a decision 711 is made that there is no flesh below water, the image capture is repeated. If there is a decision 712 that there is flesh below water, it is assumed that one or more persons are using the bath. The most dangerous situation is when a user is alone in the tub, and sinks down into the water. Since a hot bath induces relaxation it is possible for the bather to fall down into the water and drown. If there is flesh below the water, it is decided, by way of sensors 701 and 702 , whether there is the head of at least one bather above water. If the decision 721 that there is at least one head above water, the process continues. If the decision 722 that there is no head above water is made, an alarm is sounded after a short time interval. [0145] The example of drowning detection is not meant to limit the scope of the concomitant function aspect of the invention but merely to illustrate one possibility. Security, safety, and remote monitoring are other examples of concomitant functions possible with the invention. [0146] [0146]FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the invention for controlling two toilets 800 in stalls with dividers 800 D that are monitored by a single sensor 801 on the wall in the plane of the diveder between the two toilets. The sensor has a field of view from 801 L to 801 R. A satisfactory sensor is a video camera equipped with a wide angle or fisheye lens. Preferably the sensor is housed in a security dome, to seal it from moisture. Preferably the sensor is mounted high enough that it also has a view into the bowls of the toilets 800 so that it can see how much, if any, waste is present in the bowls, and whether the waste is solid waste or liquid waste. Preferably the actuator 190 of the invention can actuate different strengths of flushing based on a visual inspection of the bowl contents. [0147] Sensor 801 thus watches users of the toilets to determine when they are finished using the toilets, and flushes each of the toilets when its respective user is finished using it. Thus in a long row of, for example, a dozen toilets, only six sensors are needed. [0148] Sensor 801 preferably also sees bowl contents, and the flushing of each of the toilets is preferably responsive to the respective contents of the bowl of that toilet. Alternatively, additional sensors may be installed in the bowls so that an overhead or wall mounted sensor detects users, and the bowl sensor examines the contents of the bowl. Such a system also provides concomitant features, such as reports to medical staff of the health of users. A wall mounted sensor 801 running face detection identifies users, and the bowl sensors examine health, so that automated reports to physicians may be made. Additionally, a defecography feature can be included in the concomitant features of the invention. Thus the automatic flush toilet of the invention can automatically assist in health care, thus reducing health care costs. Accordingly, these new toilets could be required by insurance companies, and government grants could also be applied as incentives to upgrade from the old manual flush toilets. [0149] Alternatively, bowl sensors may operate in the infrared to observe blood vessel patterns in the posterior portion of the user, and thus provide positive identification of the user. Even users trying to hide from face recognition by wearing disguises, will thus eventually be identified by toilets with the bowl sensors, since it is almost impossible to stay completely covered and use a toilet. Criminals could be automatically found because sooner or later they would need to use a public toilet. Since defecation out on the street is a socially unacceptable behaviour, the concomitant function aspect of the intelligent bathroom fixtures of the invention can therefore help ensure identification of criminals if these toilets are used widely. [0150] FIG. SA depicts an automatic flush toilet having an active infrared sensor 800 A. Automatic flush toilets are less commonly used than automatic flush urinals because toilets are usually in stalls, and stalls sometimes have stainless steel doors (especially when situated near shower areas in order to avoid being corroded by high moisture). The doors typically reflect light straight back to the sensors, causing reduction in sensitivity and reliability. Sensor 800 A being an active sensor (e.g. preferably an infrared video camera with infrared light sources around the camera lens) shines light rays such as ray 822 A straight ahead which returns rays such as ray 823 A, not likely to be a problem. However, some rays such as ray 820 A will return rays such as rays 821 A back to the sensor. [0151] [0151]FIG. 8A′ shows an image 810 A displayed from sensor 800 A in which a large blob or bright spot of light 830 A together with vertical and horizontal smearing of bright light 831 A saturates portions of the sensor array of sensor 800 A. [0152] [0152]FIG. 8A″ shows an image mask 840 A in which a region 850 A is masked out, or made less sensitive in the calculation of video motion sensing or total returned light. [0153] Thus the remaining areas of the image provide an accurate measure of activity or occupancy at the toilet. When activity or occupancy has ended, the toilet can therefore be flushed automatically. Additionally there is enough image area not masked, to distinguish, for example, in a men's toilet, between a person standing, and a person sitting, so that a standing use can be followed by a brief flush, whereas a sitting use can be followed by a stronger flush. [0154] [0154]FIG. 8B depicts the situation when the stall door is closed, in which ray 820 B emerges from sensor 800 B and returns as rays 821 B saturating the middle portion of the sensor 800 B. [0155] [0155]FIG. 8B′ shows the image 810 B of sensor 800 B with blob of light 830 B in the center. The center rows and colums of the sensor array will also typically be washed out, so that only the image area in the four corners of the sensor array will be reliable. [0156] [0156]FIG. 8B″ shows the appropriate image mask 840 B with region 850 B being ignored or considered with lesser sensitivity. [0157] The system is preferably an intelligent system that learns over time, the pattern of the swinging door. In actual fact, the blob of light will move from the center when the door is closed to the left, by varying degrees, depending on how far the door happens to be left ajar. Thus the system will learn to mask out or at least reduce the its sensitivity when considering the left side of the image. The system will preferably automatically weight the right side of the image higher in a probabilistic model formulation. [0158] Likewise when the system is installed in stalls where the doors swing the other way, it will also adapt there. [0159] [0159]FIG. 8C shows a stall door that swings the other way. [0160] [0160]FIG. 8C′ shows the corresponding image 810 C with light blob 830 C to the right of center. [0161] [0161]FIG. 8C″ shows the appropriate image mask 840 C with a region 850 C being weighted down in the processing of the images for further decision making and machine vision tasks. [0162] [0162]FIG. 9 shows a system in which actuator 190 is a proportional rather than binary actuator. An important aspect of the invention is proportional control that becomes possible when more information is known about bathroom users and their activities. An adaptive lavatory, for example, can spray all the water on the user's hands and waste none missing the user's hands, if it can see the user's hands and control the beam shape in the beam of water. Likewise in FIG. 9, a bather 660 is seen by sensor 600 which can see exactly where the bather is and which way the bather is facing. In this example, the bath is used as a swimming bath where a pump motor 990 is for pumping a large flow of water against the direction that the bather 660 is swimming in. [0163] Baths that pump water against the direction of a bather are known in the art, such as the product with trade name SwimEX (TM), but such systems have a control panel to adjust the flow, such that the bather needs to swim up to the front of the bath tub, in order to control the flow. Thus if the bather cannot keep up, the bather cannot get to the front of the tub to turn down the intensity of the flow. Although a safety crash bar may be located at the back of the tub as emergency shutoff, the embodiment of the intelligent bath shown in FIG. 9 allows a more graceful and gradual proportional control of bather position. Sensor 600 watches bather 660 and captures pictures with capture device 130 . Processor 150 determines bather position in the bath tub, and increases the intensity of the pump 990 by actuator 190 whenever the bather swims toward the front of the tub, and reduces the intensity when the bather drifts back to the back of the tub. In this way the bather can relax in the tub, and swim at whatever rate is desired by the bather, and the bath tub will actively help the bather avoid crashing into the front or back walls of the tub. [0164] [0164]FIG. 10 shows a sensor operated column shower 1000 C. In this example, six stations are used, but this number of stations in no way is meant to limit the scope of the invention. Optics 1010 is comprised of a single sheet of smoked polycarbonate that is heated and bent around the outside circumference of the round sheet metal (stainless steel) column, and then inserted inside the column, after six round viewing holes are drilled through the metal. A typical installation of this invention uses optics 1010 with approximately 15% transmissivity, so that the degree of light coming back from light that first passes into the viewing window and back out is 2.25%, which falls nicely below the 4% or so level of light reflected from typical such material. This allows color cameras to be used in the column. When the column is used as a regular shower in a typical locker room setting, it can also double as a mass decontamination facility in times of emergency, thus having full color video feeds assists remote decon officers in determining, for example, if a powder on a patient's body is grey powder such as might indicate anthrax, or some other color of powder. In a typical installation, one such column is placed in the hexagonal men's shower room of a mass decontamination facility as described in Canadian Patent 02303611, whereas another is placed in the women's shower room. Since there are six cameras in each shower and six cameras in the central triage room described in Canadian Patent 02303611, there are a total of 18 cameras, which can be displayed on two television sets as a 3 by 3 mosaic of images (a 9-up image on each TV). This allows two TV sets to be used, one for the men's side and the other for the women's side. Privacy is thus guaranteed, by having one television display for being viewed by male decon officers, and another for being viewed by female decon officers. Similarly video archives saved for training purposes, or for evidence, may be viewed on the appropriate televisions in this configuration, to maintain privacy of users of these facilities. A square lattice (e.g. a 3 by 3 “9-up”) of images ensures the same aspect ratio of any one image, so that the images efficiently use the TV screen real estate at each of the respective male and female decon officer's stations. [0165] In column 1000 C an adhesive sealant makes the inside of the column water tight. Six video cameras are installed in the column with a 45 degree mirror on each one. Every second camera is pointing up from underneath, while the other three point down from above. The cameras are shown in dashed lines in the figure (hidden lines) since they are inside the column and not in view. The three that are toward the front are shown as heavy dashed lines, and denoted as sensors 1001 F, whereas the ones toward the back are shown in thin dashed lines and are denoted as sensors 1001 B. A PC 104 computer embodies video capture devices 1050 and processor 1070 . Actuators 1091 , 1092 , 1093 , 1094 , 1095 , and 1096 are comprised of solenoid activated valves that control the flow of water to showerheads 1000 H. Appropriate software in processor 1070 detects the presence of users, and turns on the appropriate showerheads where flesh is detected. In this way no water is wasted. The array of showerheads may also be made more dense, so that a more finely tuned beam control can be attained, where the position and orientation of all flesh in the shower environment is determined and flesh in a target zone is sprayed with water, where little or no water is directed in directions where no flesh is present to receive the spraying. [0166] Because of the high cost of capturing and processing decon runoff, this embodiment of the invention can help to minimize the amount of wastewater produced, as well as minimize the use of water (or decon solution). [0167] [0167]FIG. 10A depicts images of four bathers using four stations of a six station column shower, along with an image of a fifth bather approaching one of the stations. A decon officer may remotely monitor the facility by way of six television screens 1020 or similar displays showing motion picture images M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , M 5 , and M 6 . Images M 1 , M 4 , and M 5 depict bathers standing at their stations each right under a nozzle of the column shower. Image M 3 depicts a bather approaching a station. [0168] An automatic face recognition system indicates if any of the bathers are previously enrolled. An enrollment condition is indicated for bathers in image M 1 and M 5 by way of enrollment indicators E 1 and E 5 respectively. [0169] [0169]FIG. 10B depicts a better way of showing the same data on a single television screen 1040 . Images M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , M 5 , and M 6 undergo a coordinate transformation to become images 1099 M 1 , 1099 M 2 , 1099 M 3 , 1099 M 4 , 1099 M 5 , and 1099 M 6 respectively. Each of these undergoes a coordinate transformation from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, so that, for example, rectangular motion picture image M 1 becomes a pie-shaped piece denoted as motion picture image 1099 M 1 in the field of view of television screen 1040 . [0170] Polar to Cartesian coordinate transformations are well known, and provide an image space somewhat like a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) familar in radar theory. Thus a decon officer trained in the use of radar systems will be quite familiar with a PPI display format, and thus quickly adapt to understanding the manner in which the motion picture images are arrayed and how they relate to the actual positions of bathers around the column. [0171] The dead zone 1000 in the center of the PPI display format can be put to good use by displaying a pie chart. The pie chart may show, for example, how much time remains for each bather, if the showers incorporate a timeout feature. Alternatively the pie chart may show for how long each bather has been present, or how much hot water ration remains in an account of each enrolled bather. A line around the periphery of zone 1000 indicates which showers are actually running. A solid line indicates a warm or hot shower and a dotted line indicates a cold shower. [0172] Enrolled bathers may be entitled to hot showers, whereas bathers who are not enrolled may receive cold-only showers. [0173] The lack of enrollment of the bather in motion picture image 1099 M 4 is denoted as a dashed line around the periphery of the zone 1000 . [0174] In this display format, a technician or official can quickly verify proper functioning of the unit. Thousands of units around the world may be monitored at a small number of remote locations, and a machine vision system can automatically detect problems and display any unusual activity for a human observer. The unified PPI display format with pie chart makes it very easy for the human observer to see all six bathers along with the machine's interpretation of their states in the pie chart, to confirm that the machine vision system is operating correctly. [0175] [0175]FIG. 11A shows an alternate embodiment of the sensor operated column shower in which the sensor optics 1110 is continuous around the periphery of the column, being comprised of a complete viewing window all the way around rather than behind drilled holes. Alternatively, the entire column of the shower column may be made of smoked polycarbonate to hide the plumbing but allow the sensors to see out. [0176] [0176]FIG. 11B shows a closeup view of an N position mirror 1110 M made of N segments that are substantially more than 360/N degrees in angle, so that they will raise up and be angled up. A camera sensor 1101 looks down on the N position mirror, so that it can see each of the N stations as a detection zone, where processor 1050 detects which shower stations are in use and actuates the appropriate shower head. [0177] [0177]FIG. 12 shows a multiuser dome shower in which optics 1210 is comprised of a hemispherical dome of the kind typically used for ceiling mounted video surveillance applications. The dome is fitted with showerheads as well as a light source 1299 , so that it becomes a smart light fixture as well as a smart shower. The dome of optics 1210 may be of dark smoked acrylic, or it may be chrome plated, or aluminized, or copper plated or gold plated acrylic or polycarbonate. Preferably it is metallized so that it reflects most of lamp 1299 up to the ceiling to produce a nice soft indirect light, while at the same time concealing the apparatus inside. The dome watches from above, and monitors the location, orientation, and arrangement of users below, and sprays them with an optimal spray pattern to conserve water. The device provides shower services and lighting services in response to user needs. [0178] [0178]FIG. 13 shows a multiuser row shower in which shower heads 1300 H are borne by a smoked polycarbonate pipe comprising optics 210 that also houses camera sensors 202 for detecting users of the shower and automating the process of controlling the water flow and temperature. The shower pipe is suspended from the ceiling 260 by way of wires 261 , 262 , 263 , and 264 . [0179] Other embodiments of smart piping may also be used. Smart pipes are made of smoked acrylic, or smoked polycarbonate, and carry both water, and electricity. The electricity provides power for elements in the smart pipe, as well as carries information along the pipe. Alternatively, fiber optic communications may be used in the smart pipe, to carry the data. [0180] Smart pipes may be mixed with regular PVC plumbing, so that portions of the pipe can “see” users of the plumbing fixtures and respond to their needs. [0181] Cameras such as infrared video motion detection sensors in the pipes can view users and respond back to a central building intelligence system to provide users with services such as hot showers, as well as lighting, air conditioning, and safety by way of remote monitoring for security. [0182] Additionally, users will not be able to easily see the sensors, nor will users know where, along the pipes, the sensors are located. Therefore vandalism of the sensory apparatus is unlikely. [0183] Showers, sinks, urinals, toilets, bath tubs, and other bathroom fixtures connected by way of exposed piping will therefore benefit from this embodiment of the invention. [0184] Intelligent piping may also be used for fire sprinkler systems, or for emergency mass decontamination. For example, smart pipes on the ceiling of any building, or even an outdoor overhang, can be quickly turned into mass decon showers by having a tarp drop down to form a separation between men and women, so that there are visually separated areas for setting up two parallel decon lines. [0185] [0185]FIG. 14 shows an outdoor system built on a rubberized cement ground surface 1400 using smart pipes 1401 as well as various sensors and intelligent controls. [0186] An outdoor decon shower facility may be designed as a waterpark, spray park, or recreational sprinkler system or waterplay area so that it can have another usage when it is not being used for emergency decon use. In this way, the facility will continue to be maintained, and its existence, space usage, maintenance costs, etc., can be justified without calling excessive attention to its real purpose of emergency preparedness. Moreover, the proliferation of such facilities will help to accustom the population to their presence, so that there would be less resistance of people to being required to use them during a time of emergency decon. [0187] In addition to the smart pipes 1401 which contain nozzles, valves, valve controls, wiring, and sensors, there may be additional sensors overlooking the park such as sensor 1420 . These various sensors are connected to an image processor 1430 for recognizing motion in various areas of the park. [0188] A subject 1410 is detected by one or more camera sensors 1420 and the location of the user is determined in processor 1430 . From this location information probabilistic weighing coefficients are calculated for each of the spray heads in the park. Spray heads 1401 H having a high degree of probability of getting a large amount of water on subject 1410 are activated fully. Spray heads 1410 M having a mid level probability of getting water on subject 1410 are readied, but not necessarily fully engaged. Spray heads 1410 L having a low probability of getting large amounts of water on subject 1410 are set to very low or zero output. [0189] Intelligent spray heads may also track subject 1410 based on image data from sensors 1420 . [0190] [0190]FIG. 15 shows a timing diagram suitable for the spray park of FIG. 14 or for other bathroom fixtures such as sensor operated showers, sensor operated faucets, or the like, in which a feedback preventer is required. [0191] A feedback preventer is required whenever motion induced by the spray would trigger the sensor. Toilets and urinals do not require such a feedback preventer. Showers and faucets however, can benefit from the feedback preventer system shown in FIG. 15 by way of a timing diagram. [0192] Plot MOTION in FIG. 15 shows, abstractly, the degree of motion. Without limiting the scope of the invention, plot MOTION could also depict a degree of occupancy, or a degree of closeness to a plumbing fixture, or other similar quantity. [0193] When the degree of motion or closeness or occupancy or a combination of these exceeds a certain threshold THRESH, then a valve is switched on to deliver water spray. The valve has two states, an on state ON, and an off state OFF. These states are shown in plot VALVE, where it is seen that the valve switches to the state ON, once motion MOTION exceeds threshold THRESH. [0194] The spraying of water might itself keep the motion sensor on even after the subject 1410 has left the area. Therefore, to avoid this feedback problem, the sensitivity, denoted in plot SENSITIVITY, is reduced as soon as the valve is switched on. Reduction of sensitivity is accomplished by simply raising the threshold THRESH required to reactivate the water spray valve. [0195] However, a certain time period, called the open time, t o , is provided. During this time, the valve will stay open regardless of the amount of motion indicated in plot MOTION. [0196] After this timeout period, e.g. after open time, t o , the valve will close if the motion is below the much higher threshold corresponding to the reduced sensitivity. After the valve is closed, there is a certain time period, called the demistifying time, t d for the mist in the air to clear. Once the mist has cleared, e.g. after time t d , the sensitivity of the motion detector can be increased. This increase may be gradual, if desired, to match the degree of mistiness in the air, as indicated in plot SENSITIVITY with the ramp up during time t d . [0197] In some embodiments the sensitivity is binary, such that the sensitivity is zero during time t o . In such an embodiment the increased threshold is infinity. Also, multiple spray heads are typical. [0198] In some binary embodiments (e.g. for mass decon, spray parks, waterplay, etc.) there are dozens of spray heads and various persons using them. [0199] Thus the system first watches the space and if it sees any activity, it turns on the showers in the vicinity of the activity for a short time, t o . It then ignores motion during a time interval of t o +t d . After that time, it becomes ready for another blast of water. [0200] Additionally, mistifiation zones are calculated, so that the system knows what zones to mask out for each possible combination of spray heads being turned on. Thus it can still remain sensitive to motion in one area of the facilitly while another is activated. [0201] In a large shower room, for example, leading from a men's locker room to a pool, men are sprayed with water as they step in front of a shower station and the water stays on for 30 seconds. After this amount of time the water shuts off and the system becomes sensitive to motion again. A person standing at a station for a long time will simply receive a series of 30 second bursts of water interrupted by short (e.g. a few seconds) system viewing intervals. [0202] This embodiment can also be used in jacuzzis and whirlpools where the jets are shut down on time intervals to allow for system viewing. This feature is useful for detection of drowning, as well as operation of the fixture automatically. [0203] In other embodiments where shower spray clears rapidly the system may speed up to a pulsating jet in which the pulses of water are interleaved with viewing intervals. [0204] With far infrared cameras the viewing intervals may be reduced and the sensitivity during time t o may be increased owing to the haze penetrating ability of the far infrared cameras. [0205] In all aspects of the present invention, references to “camera” mean any device or collection of devices capable of simultaneously determining a quantity of light arriving from a plurality of directions and or at a plurality of locations, or determining some other attribute of light arriving from a plurality of directions and or at a plurality of locations. [0206] References to “processor”, or “computer” shall include sequential instruction, parallel instruction, and special purpose architectures such as digital signal processing hardware, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices, as well as analog signal processing devices. [0207] From the foregoing description, it will thus be evident that the present invention provides a design for an intelligent bathroom, or bath environment equipped with intelligent fixtures and intelligent fixture control system. As various changes can be made in the above embodiments and operating methods without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. [0208] Variations or modifications to the design and construction of this invention, within the scope of the invention, may occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the disclosure herein. Such variations or modifications, if within the spirit of this invention, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of any claims to patent protection issuing upon this invention. [0209] The embodiments of the invention in which I claim an exclusive property or privilege are defined as follows:

Image sensors, processors, and control systems facilitate automatic sensor operated bathroom fixtures, systems for controlling bathroom fixtures, and methods of bathroom fixture design, control, and management, as well as the control and management of hygiene and water resources. The networked plumbing systems also help facility managers and law enforcement personnel monitor the operation of various bathrooms in a facility or at remote facilities. Image sensors are used for controlling several showers, faucets, urinals, or water closets in large bathroom complexes. Image based intelligent bathroom fixtures and systems help enhance the privacy of users by ensuring that law abiding users need not be disturbed by police foot patrols into the restroom areas, or by security guards entering simply to make inspections. An aquionics bathroom control system of the invention maintains the cleanliness, safety, security, and privacy of the occupants in a smart bathroom environment. Additionally, in some embodiments, a bathroom facility of the invention may be used for mass decontamination during times of emergency for processing victims of a nuclear, biological, or chemical incident. Once ubiquitously installed for routine control of fixtures, the apparatus facilitates a secondary usage such as monitoring by triage staff, medical personnel, decontamination officers, or law enforcement officers during times of terrorist consequence management.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE [0001] Priority is claimed to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-257052, filed Dec. 28, 2015, the Entire Content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND [0002] Technical Field [0003] The present invention in particular embodiments relates to cryocoolers and rotary valve mechanisms for cryocoolers. [0004] Description of Related Art [0005] Cryocoolers, typified by Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers, include working-gas (also called refrigerant-gas) expanders and compressors. Expanders for the most part include a displacer that is axially reciprocated by a driving means, and a regenerator that is built into the displacer. The displacer is accommodated in a cylinder that guides its reciprocation. The variable volume that by the relative movement of the displacer with respect to the cylinder is formed between the two is employed as the working-gas expansion chamber. By appropriately synchronizing expansion-chamber volume change and pressure change, the expander is able to produce coldness. [0006] For that purpose, the cryocooler is furnished with a valve unit for controlling the pressure of the expansion chamber. The valve unit is configured so as to switch alternately between supply of high-pressure working gas from the compressor to the expander, and recovery of low-pressure working gas from the expander to the compressor. The usual practice is to employ a rotary valve mechanism as the valve unit. The valve unit is also furnished in other cryocoolers such as pulse-tube refrigerators. SUMMARY [0007] The present invention in one aspect affords a cryocooler including: a working gas compressor provided with a compressor expulsion port and a compressor suction port; an expander provided with a gas expansion chamber and a low-pressure gas chamber communicated with the compressor suction port; a stator valve member disposed in the low-pressure gas chamber, and provided with a stator-side rotary sliding surface, a high-pressure gas inlet port opening on the stator-side rotary sliding surface and communicated with the compressor expulsion port, and a gas venting port opening on the stator-side rotary sliding surface and communicated with the gas expansion chamber; and a rotor-valve polymer member disposed in the low-pressure gas chamber such as to rotate about an axis with respect to the stator valve member and configured such as to isolate a rotor valve high-pressure recess area from the low-pressure gas chamber, the rotor valve high-pressure recess area being formed such as to communicate the high-pressure gas inlet port with the gas venting port in a portion of a single cycle of rotation of the rotor-valve polymer member and to cut off the high-pressure gas inlet port from the gas venting port in the remainder of the single cycle. The rotor-valve polymer member includes a rotor-valve outer peripheral surface facing the low-pressure gas chamber, a rotor-side rotary sliding surface surrounding the rotor valve high-pressure recess area, and in surface-contact with the stator-side rotary sliding surface, a recess-area bottom wall surface facing the rotor valve high-pressure recess area, a recess-area peripheral wall surface forming a recess-area contour line on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface and extending from the recess-area contour line and directed toward the recess-area bottom wall surface, the polymer's thickness toward the rotor-valve outer peripheral surface varies running along the recess-area contour line, and a first thin-walled polymer portion having a first minimum polymer thickness from the recess-area peripheral wall surface to the rotor valve outer peripheral surface, and including a first inclination join region connecting the recess-area bottom wall surface to the recess-area peripheral wall surface and being inclined with respect to both the recess-area bottom wall surface and the recess-area peripheral wall surface. [0008] The present invention in another aspect affords a cryocooler rotary valve mechanism including: a stator valve member disposed in a low-pressure gas chamber of a cryocooler, and provided with a stator-side rotary sliding surface, a high-pressure gas inlet port opening on the stator-side rotary sliding surface, and a gas venting port opening on the stator-side rotary sliding surface; a rotor-valve polymer member disposed in the low-pressure gas chamber such as to rotate about an axis with respect to the stator valve member and configured such as to isolate a rotor valve high-pressure recess area from the low-pressure gas chamber, the rotor valve high-pressure recess area being formed such as to communicate the high-pressure gas inlet port with the gas venting port in a portion of a single cycle of rotation of the rotor-valve polymer member and to cut off the high-pressure gas inlet port from the gas venting port in the remainder of the single cycle. The rotor valve resin member includes a rotor-valve outer peripheral surface facing the low-pressure gas chamber, a rotor-side rotary sliding surface surrounding the rotor valve high-pressure recess area, and in surface-contact with the stator-side rotary sliding surface, a recess-area bottom wall surface facing the rotor valve high-pressure recess area, a recess-area peripheral wall surface forming a recess-area contour line on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface and extending from the recess-area contour line and directed toward the recess-area bottom wall surface, the polymer's thickness toward the rotor-valve outer peripheral surface varies running along the recess-area contour line, and a thin-walled polymer portion having a minimum polymer thickness from the recess-area peripheral wall surface to the rotor valve outer peripheral surface, and including a first inclination join region connecting the recess-area bottom wall surface to the recess-area peripheral wall surface and being inclined with respect to both the recess-area bottom wall surface and the recess-area peripheral wall surface. [0009] The present invention in still another aspect affords a rotary valve mechanism including: a stator valve member furnished with one of either a dome-shaped high-pressure recess area made of a polymer or a high-pressure flow path made of metal; and a rotor valve member furnished with the other of either the dome-shaped high-pressure recess area made of a polymer or the high-pressure flow path made of metal, and seals a high-pressure region being the high-pressure flow path communicated with the dome-shaped high-pressure recess area and is disposed adjoining the stator valve member such as to isolate the high-pressure region from its low-pressure surrounding environs. [0010] It should be understood that among methods, devices, systems, etc. of the present invention, those in which constituent elements or representations have been interchanged are valid as modes of the present invention as well. [0011] The present invention enables improved reliability in cryocooler rotary-valve mechanisms. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] FIG. 1 is a view which schematically shows the entire configuration of a cryocooler according to an embodiment of the present invention and schematically shows a cross section of an expander of the cryocooler. [0013] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view schematically showing a main portion of a rotary valve which may be used in the cryocooler shown in FIG. 1 . [0014] FIG. 3 is a perspective view schematically showing a rotor valve member which may be used in the cryocooler shown in FIG. 1 . [0015] FIG. 4 is a view showing a simulation result of a flow rate of a working gas in a high-pressure flow path with respect to the rotor valve member shown in FIG. 3 . [0016] FIG. 5 is a perspective view schematically showing a rotor valve member according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0017] FIG. 6 is a view showing a simulation result of von Mises stress applied to the rotor valve member shown in FIG. 5 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0018] It is desirable to improve reliability of a rotary valve mechanism of a cryocooler. [0019] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, in descriptions thereof, the same reference numerals are assigned to the same elements, and overlapping descriptions are appropriately omitted. Moreover, configurations described below are exemplified and do not limit the scope of the present invention. [0020] In one embodiment, a rotary valve mechanism of a cryocooler includes a stator valve member formed of metal (or a resin) and a rotor valve member which rotationally slides on the stator valve member and is formed of a resin (or metal). The stator valve member and the rotor valve member may be respectively referred to as a stator valve plate and a rotor valve plate. [0021] The rotary valve mechanism is installed in a low-pressure chamber which is filled with a relatively low-pressure working gas. A metal member includes a high-pressure flow path for a high-pressure working gas, and the high-pressure flow path is formed to penetrate the metal member. A resin member includes a dome-shaped high-pressure recessed portion for a high-pressure working gas. A dome-shaped recessed portion is formed in which a cross section perpendicular in a depth direction of the recessed portion gradually decreases in the depth direction. The dome-shaped recessed portion is formed by an arbitrary processing method. For example, the dome-shaped recessed portion may be formed by fillet processing or chamfering processing. The rotor valve member seals a high-pressure region in which the high-pressure flow path of metal communicates with the dome-shaped high-pressure recessed portion of a resin, and is disposed to be adjacent to the stator valve member to separate the high-pressure region from the a low-pressure surrounding environment. The dome-shaped recessed portion may communicate with the high-pressure flow path in at least a portion of a rotation of one period of the rotary valve mechanism and may block the high-pressure flow path in other portions of the rotation. [0022] Accordingly, at least a portion (particularly, a portion facing the high-pressure region) of solid portions of the rotor valve member and the stator valve member functions as a pressure partition wall which receives a load of a differential pressure between a high pressure and a low pressure. In the dome-shaped recessed portion, the thickness of the partition wall portion gradually increases in the depth direction. Accordingly, stress which is applied to the surface of the dome-shaped recessed portion or the inside of the partition wall decreases. Particularly, a decrease of stress in a thin portion of the resin member reduces damage risk at the location and improves reliability of the rotary valve mechanism. In addition, since the surface of the dome-shaped recessed portion does not have a sharp corner portion which significantly influences the flow of the working gas, a decrease in pressure loss of the flow of the working gas and improvement in refrigeration performance are realized. [0023] FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing a cryocooler 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cryocooler 10 includes a compressor 12 which compresses a working gas and an expander 14 which cools the working gas by adiabatic expansion. For example, the working gas is helium gas. The expander 14 may be also referred to as a cold head. A regenerator 16 which pre-cools the working gas is included in the expander 14 . The cryocooler 10 includes a gas pipe 18 which includes a first pipe 18 a and a second pipe 18 b which are respectively connected to the compressor 12 and the expander 14 . The shown cryocooler 10 is a single-staged GM cryocooler. [0024] As is well known, a working gas having a first high pressure is supplied from a discharging port 12 a of the compressor 12 to the expander 14 through the first pipe 18 a . The pressure of the working gas is decreased from the first high pressure to a second high pressure which is lower than the first high pressure due to adiabatic expansion in the expander 14 . The working gas having the second high pressure is returned from the expander 14 to a suction port 12 b of the compressor 12 through the second pipe 18 b . The compressor 12 compresses the returned working gas having the second high pressure. Accordingly, the pressure of the working gas increases to the first high pressure again. In general, the first high pressure and the second high pressure are significantly higher than the atmospheric pressure. For convenience of descriptions, the first high pressure and the second high pressure are simply referred to as a high pressure and a low pressure, respectively. Typically, for example, the high pressure is 2 to 3 MPa, and the low pressure is 0.5 to 1.5 MPa. For example, a difference between the high pressure and the low pressure is approximately 1.2 to 2 MPa. [0025] The expander 14 includes an expander movable portion 20 and an expander stationary portion 22 . The expander movable portion 20 is configured so as to reciprocate in an axial direction (up-down direction in FIG. 1 ) with respect to the expander stationary portion 22 . The movement direction of the expander movable portion 20 is indicated by an arrow A in FIG. 1 . The expander stationary portion 22 is configured so as to support the expander movable portion 20 to be reciprocated in the axial direction. In addition, the expander stationary portion 22 is configured of an airtight container in which the expander movable portion 20 is accommodated along with a high-pressure gas (including first high-pressure gas and second high-pressure gas). [0026] The expander movable portion 20 includes a displacer 24 and a displacer drive shaft 26 which reciprocates the displacer 24 . A regenerator 16 is built in the displacer 24 . The displacer 24 includes a displacer member 24 a which surrounds the regenerator 16 . An internal space of the displacer member 24 a is filled with a regenerator material. Accordingly, the regenerator 16 is formed inside the displacer 24 . For example, the displacer 24 has a substantially columnar shape which extends in the axial direction. The displacer member 24 a includes an outer diameter and an inner diameter which are substantially constant in the axial direction. Accordingly, the regenerator 16 also has a substantially columnar shape which extends in the axial direction. [0027] The expander stationary portion 22 approximately has two configurations which includes a cylinder 28 and a drive mechanism housing 30 . The upper portion of the expander stationary portion 22 in the axial direction is the drive mechanism housing 30 , the lower portion of the expander stationary portion 22 in the axial direction is the cylinder 28 , and the drive mechanism housing 30 and the cylinder 28 are firmly connected to each other. The cylinder 28 is configured to guide the reciprocation of the displacer 24 . The cylinder 28 extends in the axial direction from the drive mechanism housing 30 . The cylinder 28 has an inner diameter which is substantially constant in the axial direction. Accordingly, the cylinder 28 has a substantially cylindrical inner surface which extends in the axial direction. The inner diameter is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the displacer member 24 a. [0028] Moreover, the expander stationary portion 22 includes a cooling stage 32 . The cooling stage 32 is fixed to the terminal of the cylinder 28 on the side opposite to the drive mechanism housing 30 in the axial direction. The cooling stage 32 is provided so as to transfer coldness generated by the expander 14 to other objects. The objects are attached to the cooling stage 32 , and are cooled by the cooling stage 32 during the operation of the cryocooler 10 . [0029] During the operation of the cryocooler 10 , the regenerator 16 includes a regenerator high-temperature portion 16 a on one side (upper side in the drawing) in the axial direction, and a regenerator low-temperature portion 16 b on the side (lower side in the drawing) opposite to the regenerator high-temperature portion 16 a . In this way, the regenerator 16 has a temperature distribution in the axial direction. Similarly, other components (for example, displacer 24 and cylinder 28 ) of the expander 14 which surrounds the regenerator 16 also have axial temperature distributions. Accordingly, the expander 14 includes a high-temperature portion on one side in the axial direction and a low-temperature portion on the other side in the axial direction during the operation of the expander 14 . For example, the high-temperature portion has a temperature such as an approximately room temperature. The cooling temperatures of the low-temperature portion are different from each other according to the use of the cryocooler 10 , and for example, the low-temperature portion is cooled to a temperature which is included in a range from approximately 10 K to approximately 10 0 K. The cooling stage 32 is fixed to the cylinder 28 to enclose the low-temperature portion of the cylinder 28 . [0030] In the present specification, for convenience of the description, terms such as an axial direction, a radial direction, and a circumferential direction are used. As shown by an arrow A, the axial direction indicates the movement direction of the expander movable portion 20 with respect to the expander stationary portion 22 . The radial direction indicates a direction (horizontal direction in the drawing) perpendicular to the axial direction, and the circumferential direction indicates a direction which surrounds the axial direction. An element of the expander 14 being close to the cooling stage 32 in the axial direction may be referred to “down”, and the element being far from the cooling stage 32 in the axial direction may be referred to as “up.” Accordingly, the high-temperature portion and the low-temperature portion of the expander 14 are respectively positioned on the upper portion and the lower portion in the axial direction. The expressions are used so as to only assist understanding of a relative positional relationship between elements of the expander 14 . Accordingly, the expressions are not related to the disposition of the expander 14 when the expander 14 is installed in site. For example, in the expander 14 , the cooling stage 32 may be installed upward and the drive mechanism housing 30 may be installed downward. Alternatively, the expander 14 may be installed such that the axial direction coincides with the horizontal direction. [0031] In addition, terms such as the axial direction, the radial direction, and the circumferential direction are used with respect to the rotary valve mechanism. In this case, the axial direction indicates the direction of the rotary shaft of the rotary valve mechanism. [0032] The configuration of the flow path of the working gas in the expander 14 is described. The expander 14 includes a valve portion 34 , a housing gas flow path 36 , an upper gas chamber 37 , a displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 , a displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 , a gas expansion chamber 40 , and a low-pressure gas chamber 42 . A high-pressure gas flows from the first pipe 18 a to the gas expansion chamber 40 via the valve portion 34 , the housing gas flow path 36 , the upper gas chamber 37 , the displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 , the regenerator 16 , and the displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 . The gas returned to the gas expansion chamber 40 flows to the low-pressure gas chamber 42 via the displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 , the regenerator 16 , the displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 , the upper gas chamber 37 , the housing gas flow path 36 , and the valve portion 34 . [0033] Although it is described below in detail, the valve portion 34 is configured to control the pressure of the gas expansion chamber 40 to be synchronized with the reciprocation of the displacer 24 . The valve portion 34 functions as a portion of a supply path for supplying a high-pressure gas to the gas expansion chamber 40 , and function as a portion of a discharging path for discharging a low-pressure gas from the gas expansion chamber 40 . The valve portion 34 is configured to end the discharging of the low-pressure gas and to start the supply of the high-pressure gas when the displacer 24 passes a bottom dead center or the vicinity thereof. The valve portion 34 is configured to end the supply of the high-pressure gas and to start the discharging of the low-pressure gas when the displacer 24 passes a top dead center or the vicinity thereof. In this way, the valve portion 34 is configured to switch the supply function and the discharging function of the working gas to be synchronized with the reciprocation of the displacer 24 . [0034] The housing gas flow path 36 is formed so as to penetrate the drive mechanism housing 30 such that gas flows between the expander stationary portion 22 and the upper gas chamber 37 . [0035] The upper gas chamber 37 is formed between the expander stationary portion 22 and the displacer 24 on the regenerator high-temperature portion 16 a side. More specifically, the upper gas chamber 37 is interposed between the drive mechanism housing 30 and the displacer 24 in the axial direction, and is surrounded by the cylinder 28 in the circumferential direction. The upper gas chamber 37 is adjacent to the low-pressure gas chamber 42 . The upper gas chamber 37 is also referred to as a room temperature chamber. The upper gas chamber 37 is a variable volume which is formed between the expander movable portion 20 and the expander stationary portion 22 . [0036] The displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 is at least one opening of the displacer member 24 a which is formed to allow the regenerator high-temperature portion 16 a to communicate with the upper gas chamber 37 . The displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 is at least one opening of the displacer member 24 a which is formed to allow the regenerator low-temperature portion 16 b to communicate with the gas expansion chamber 40 . A seal portion 44 which seals a clearance between the displacer 24 and the cylinder 28 is provided on the side surface of the displacer member 24 a . The seal portion 44 may be attached to the displacer member 24 a so as to surround the displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 in the circumferential direction. [0037] The gas expansion chamber 40 is formed between the cylinder 28 and the displacer 24 on the regenerator low-temperature portion 16 b side. Similarly to the upper gas chamber 37 , the gas expansion chamber 40 is a variable volume which is formed between the expander movable portion 20 and the expander stationary portion 22 , and the volume of the gas expansion chamber 40 is complementarily changed with the volume of the upper gas chamber 37 by the relative movement of the displacer 24 with respect to the cylinder 28 . Since the seal portion 44 is provided, a direct gas flow (that is, the flow of gas which bypasses the regenerator 16 ) between the upper gas chamber 37 and the gas expansion chamber 40 is not generated. [0038] The low-pressure gas chamber 42 defines the inside of the drive mechanism housing 30 . The second pipe 18 b is connected to the drive mechanism housing 30 . Accordingly, the low-pressure gas chamber 42 communicates with the suction port 12 b of the compressor 12 through the second pipe 18 b . Therefore, the low-pressure gas chamber 42 is always maintained to a low pressure. [0039] The displacer drive shaft 26 protrudes from the displacer 24 to the low-pressure gas chamber 42 through the upper gas chamber 37 . The expander stationary portion 22 includes a pair of drive shaft guides 46 a and 46 b which support the displacer drive shaft 26 in the axial direction in a movable manner. Each of the drive shaft guides 46 a and 46 b is provided in the drive mechanism housing 30 so as to surround the displacer drive shaft 26 . The drive shaft guide 46 b positioned on the lower side in the axial direction or the lower end section of the drive mechanism housing 30 is airtightly configured. Accordingly, the low-pressure gas chamber 42 is separated from the upper gas chamber 37 . The direct gas flow between the low-pressure gas chamber 42 and the upper gas chamber 37 is not generated. [0040] The expander 14 includes a drive mechanism 48 which is accommodated in the low-pressure gas chamber 42 and drives the displacer 24 . The drive mechanism 48 includes a motor 48 a and a scotch yoke mechanism 48 b . The displacer drive shaft 26 forms a portion of the scotch yoke mechanism 48 b . In addition, the scotch yoke mechanism 48 b includes a crank pin 49 which extends to be parallel to the output shaft of the motor 48 a and is eccentric to the output shaft. The displacer drive shaft 26 is connected to the scotch yoke mechanism 48 b to be driven in the axial direction by the scotch yoke mechanism 48 b . Accordingly, the displacer 24 is reciprocated in the axial direction by the rotation of the motor 48 a . The scotch yoke mechanism 48 b is interposed between the drive shaft guides 46 a and 46 b , and the drive shaft guides 46 a and 46 b are positioned at different positions from each other in the axial direction. [0041] The valve portion 34 is connected to the drive mechanism 48 and is accommodated in the drive mechanism housing 30 . The valve portion 34 is a rotary valve type. The valve portion 34 includes a rotor valve resin member (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as a rotor valve member) 34 a and a stator valve metal member (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as a stator valve member) 34 b . That is, the rotor valve member 34 a is formed of a resin material (for example, engineering plastic material or fluoropolymer material), and the stator valve member 34 b is formed of metal (for example, aluminum material or steel material). Conversely, the rotor valve member 34 a may be formed of metal and the stator valve member 34 b is formed of a resin. [0042] The rotor valve member 34 a is connected to the output shaft of the motor 48 a so as to be rotated by the rotation of the motor 48 a . The rotor valve member 34 a is in surface-contact with the stator valve member 34 b so as to rotationally slide on the stator valve member 34 b . The stator valve member 34 b is fixed to the drive mechanism housing 30 . The stator valve member 34 b is configured so as to receive the high-pressure gas which enters the drive mechanism housing 30 from the first pipe 18 a. [0043] The operation of the cryocooler 10 having the above-described configuration is described. When the displacer 24 moves to the bottom dead center of the cylinder 28 or the position around the bottom dead center, the valve portion 34 is switched to connect the discharging port 12 a of the compressor 12 to the gas expansion chamber 40 . An intake process of the cryocooler 10 starts. The high-pressure gas enters the regenerator high-temperature portion 16 a through the housing gas flow path 36 , the upper gas chamber 37 , and the displacer upper-lid gas flow path 38 from the valve portion 34 . The gas is cooled while passing through the regenerator 16 and enters the gas expansion chamber 40 through the displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 from the regenerator low-temperature portion 16 b . While the gas flows into the gas expansion chamber 40 , the displacer 24 moves toward the top dead center of the cylinder 28 . Accordingly, the volume of the gas expansion chamber 40 increases. In this way, the gas expansion chamber 40 is filled with a high-pressure gas. [0044] When the displacer 24 moves to the top dead center of the cylinder 28 or the position around the top dead center, the valve portion 34 is switched so as to connect the suction port 12 b of the compressor 12 to the gas expansion chamber 40 . The intake process ends and an exhaust process starts. The high-pressure gas is expanded in the gas expansion chamber 40 . The expanded gas enters the regenerator 16 through the displacer lower-lid gas flow path 39 from the gas expansion chamber 40 . The gas is cooled while passing through the regenerator 16 . The gas is returned from the regenerator 16 to the compressor 12 via the housing gas flow path 36 , the valve portion 34 , and the low-pressure gas chamber 42 . While the gas flows out from the gas expansion chamber 40 , the displacer 24 moves toward the bottom dead center of the cylinder 28 . Accordingly, the volume of the gas expansion chamber 40 decreases and a low-pressure gas is discharged from the gas expansion chamber 40 . If the exhaust process ends, the intake process starts again. [0045] The above-described process is one-time cooling cycle in the cryocooler 10 . The cryocooler 10 repeats the cooling cycle and cools the cooling stage 32 to a desired temperature. Accordingly, the cryocooler 10 can cool an object which is thermally connected to the cooling stage 32 to a cryogenic temperature. [0046] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view schematically showing a main portion of an exemplary rotary valve used in the cryocooler 10 shown in FIG. 1 . A dashed line Y shown in FIG. 2 indicates a rotary shaft of the valve portion 34 . [0047] The stator valve member 34 b has a flat stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 , and similarly to the stator valve member 34 b and a rotor valve member 134 a has a flat rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 . The stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 and the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 are perpendicular to the rotation axis Y. Since the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 and the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 are in surface-contact with each other, leakage of a refrigerant gas is prevented. [0048] The stator valve member 34 b is fixed to the inside of the drive mechanism housing 30 by a stator valve fixing pin 54 . The stator valve fixing pin 54 engages with a stator valve end surface 51 which is positioned on the side opposite to the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 of the stator valve member 34 b in the rotation axis direction, and regulates the rotation of the stator valve member 34 b. [0049] The rotor valve member 134 a is rotatably supported by a rotor valve bearing 56 shown in FIG. 1 . An engagement hole (not shown) which engages with the crank pin 49 is formed on a rotor valve end surface 58 which is positioned on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 of the rotor valve member 134 a in the rotation axis direction. The motor 48 a rotates the crank pin 49 , and thereby, the rotor valve member 134 a rotates so as to be synchronized with the scotch yoke mechanism 48 b . Moreover, the rotor valve member 134 a includes a rotor valve outer peripheral surface 60 which connects the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 to the rotor valve end surface 58 . The rotor valve outer peripheral surface 60 is supported by the rotor valve bearing 56 and faces the low-pressure gas chamber 42 . [0050] The stator valve member 34 b includes a high-pressure gas inlet port 62 and a gas flow port 64 . The high-pressure gas inlet port 62 is opened to the center portion of the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 , and is formed to penetrate the center portion of the stator valve member 34 b in the rotation axis direction. The high-pressure gas inlet port 62 communicates with the discharging port 12 a of the compressor 12 through the first pipe 18 a . The gas flow port 64 is opened outside the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 in the radial direction on the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 . The gas flow port 64 is formed in an approximately arc-shaped groove with the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 as a center. [0051] The stator valve member 34 b includes a communication path 66 which is formed so as to penetrate the stator valve member 34 b to connect the gas flow port 64 to the housing gas flow path 36 . Accordingly, the gas flow port 64 finally communicates with the gas expansion chamber 40 via the communication path 66 and the housing gas flow path 36 . One end of the communication path 66 is opened to the gas flow port 64 and the other end thereof is opened to the side surface of the stator valve member 34 b . While the portion of the communication path 66 on the gas flow port 64 side extends in the rotation axis direction, the portion of the communication path 66 on the housing gas flow path 36 side which is orthogonal to the portion of communication path 66 on the gas flow port 64 side extends in the radial direction. [0052] The low-pressure returned gas flows from the gas expansion chamber 40 to the gas flow port 64 in the exhaust process while the high-pressure gas flows to the gas flow port 64 in the intake process of the cryocooler 10 . [0053] The rotor valve member 134 a includes a rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 and a rotor valve opening portion 70 . The rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 is in surface-contact with the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 around the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 . Similarly, the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 is in surface-contact with the stator-side rotary sliding surface 50 around the rotor valve opening portion 70 . [0054] The rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is opened to the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 and is formed in an elliptical groove. The rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 extends from the center portion of the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 to the outside in the radial direction. The depth of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is smaller than the length of the rotor valve member 134 a in the rotation axis direction, and the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 does not penetrate the rotor valve member 134 a . One end of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 in the radial direction is positioned at the location corresponding to the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 . Accordingly, the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is connected to the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 always. The other end in the radial direction of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is formed so as to be positioned on approximately the same circumference as that of the gas flow port 64 of the stator valve member 34 b. [0055] In this way, the intake valve is configured in the valve portion 34 . The rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is configured so as to allow the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 to communicate with the gas flow port 64 in a portion (for example, intake process) of one period of the rotation of the rotor valve member 134 a , and allow the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 not to communicate with the gas flow port 64 in a remaining portion (for example, exhaust process) of the one period. Two areas configured of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 and the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 , or three areas configured of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 , the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 , and the gas flow port 64 form high-pressure regions (or high-pressure flow paths) which communicate with each other in the valve portion 34 . The rotor valve member 134 a seals the high-pressure region and is disposed to be adjacent to the stator valve member 34 b so as to separate the high-pressure region from the low-pressure surrounding environment (that is, low-pressure gas chamber 42 ). The rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is provided as a flow direction changing portion or a flow path folding portion in the high-pressure flow path of the valve portion 34 . [0056] Meanwhile, the rotor valve opening portion 70 is an arc-shaped hole which penetrates from the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 of the rotor valve member 134 a to the rotor valve end surface 58 , and forms a low-pressure flow path which communicates with the low-pressure gas chamber 42 . The rotor valve opening portion 70 is positioned on approximately the side opposite to the outer end section of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 in the radial direction with respect to the center portion of the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 . The rotor valve opening portion 70 is formed so as to be positioned on approximately the same circle as that of the gas flow port 64 of the stator valve member 34 b . In this way, the exhaust valve is configured in the valve portion 34 . The rotor valve member 134 a is configured to allow the gas flow port 64 to communicate with the low-pressure gas chamber 42 in at least a portion (for example, exhaust process) of the period in which the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 does not communicate with the gas flow port 64 . [0057] FIG. 3 is a perspective view schematically showing a rotor valve member 234 a which is used in the cryocooler 10 shown in FIG. 1 . Similarly to the rotor valve member 134 a shown in FIG. 2 , the rotor valve member 234 a includes the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 and the rotor valve opening portion 70 and functions as an intake/exhaust valve. [0058] The rotor valve member 234 a includes a recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 and the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 . The recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 faces the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 and determines the depth of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 . The recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 is parallel to the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 and is perpendicular to the rotation axis direction. The recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 forms an elliptical recessed portion outline 76 on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 and extends from the recessed portion outline 76 to the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 . The recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 intersects the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 so as to be perpendicular to the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 , and forms an edge line 78 . Accordingly, the edge line 78 has the same dimension and shape as those of the recessed portion outline 76 . The rotor valve opening portion 70 is formed in a fan-shaped through hole. [0059] The resin thickness of the rotor valve member 234 a is changed along the recessed portion outline 76 from the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 to the rotor valve outer peripheral surface 60 , and the rotor valve member 234 a includes a first thinned-wall resin portion 80 and a second thinned-wall resin portion 82 . The first thinned-wall resin portion 80 has a first minimum resin thickness 84 from the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 to the rotor valve outer peripheral surface 60 . The second thinned-wall resin portion 82 has a second minimum resin thickness 86 from the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 to the rotor valve opening portion 70 . The first minimum resin thickness 84 and the second minimum resin thickness 86 may be the same as each other or may be different from each other. The first minimum resin thickness 84 may be larger than or may be smaller than the second minimum resin thickness 86 . [0060] The recessed portion outline 76 includes a first arc-shaped portion 76 a , a second arc-shaped portion 76 b , a first linear portion 76 c , and a second linear portion 76 d . The first arc-shaped portion 76 a and the second arc-shaped portion 76 b are respectively positioned on the first thinned-wall resin portion 80 and the second thinned-wall resin portion 82 . The first linear portion 76 c and the second linear portion 76 d connect the first arc-shaped portion 76 a to the second arc-shaped portion 76 b . The first linear portion 76 c and the second linear portion 76 d extends from the center portion on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 to the outside in the radial direction, and the gap between the first linear portion 76 c and the second linear portion 76 d gradually increases from the center portion toward the outside in the radial direction. The width of the outer portion of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 in the radial direction is wider than that of the center portion. Since the gas flow port 64 of the stator valve member 34 b is positioned on the outside in the radial direction, according to the shape of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 , it is possible to extend the intake period of the cryocooler 10 to some extent. [0061] FIG. 4 is a view showing a simulation result of a flow rate of a working gas in the high-pressure flow path in the valve portion 34 with respect to the rotor valve member 234 a shown in FIG. 3 . In the drawing, a region in which the flow rate is small is indicated by a dark gray, and a region in which the flow rate is great is indicated by a light gray. [0062] As understood from the drawing, the flow of the working gas from the high-pressure gas inlet port 62 of the stator valve member 34 b to the gas flow port 64 is folded at the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 , a region 92 having a small flow rate is generated in the vicinity of the edge line 78 . The region 92 is little used as a flow path, and generates pressure loss in the flow. A fillet surface-shaped boundary 94 is formed between the region 92 and the gas flow region inside the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 . [0063] FIG. 5 is a perspective view schematically showing the rotor valve member 34 a according to an embodiment of the present invention. Similarly to the rotor valve member 134 a shown in FIG. 2 and the rotor valve member 234 a shown in FIG. 3 , the rotor valve member 34 a includes the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 and the rotor valve opening portion 70 , and functions as an intake/exhaust valve. [0064] The first thinned-wall resin portion 80 and the second thinned-wall resin portion 82 respectively include a first inclination joint region 88 and the second inclination joint region 90 . The first inclination joint region 88 connects the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 and is inclined with respect to each of the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 and the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 . The second inclination joint region 90 connects the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 and is inclined with respect to each of the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 and the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 . [0065] As shown in the drawing, the rotor valve member 34 a includes a fillet surface which connects the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 over the entire periphery of the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 . The first inclination joint region 88 and the second inclination joint region 90 form a portion of the fillet surface. In this way, the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 of the rotor valve member 34 a is formed in a dome shape. The rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 does not have the edge line 78 which is included in the rotor valve member 234 a shown in FIG. 3 , and is smoothly curved from the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 to the recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 . [0066] The dome-shaped recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 determines the maximum depth of the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 from the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 . The first minimum resin thickness 84 and the second minimum resin thickness 86 is smaller than the maximum depth. In this way, the resin thickness of the rotor valve member 34 a is relatively thin. This contributes to a decrease in the size of the rotor valve member 34 a. [0067] From the viewpoint of easiness of fillet processing, the fillet surface has a fillet radius which is smaller than the radius of the first arc-shaped portion 76 a or the second arc-shaped portion 76 b . In addition, the fillet radius is greater than 1/10 of the radius of the arc-shaped portion. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain stress alleviation effects in the first thinned-wall resin portion 80 and the second thinned-wall resin portion 82 . It is possible to obtain greater stress alleviation effects by increasing the fillet radius. [0068] Similarly to the rotor valve member 234 a shown in FIG. 3 , the first linear portion 76 c and the second linear portion 76 d extends from the center portion on the rotor-side rotary sliding surface 52 to the outside in the radial direction, and the gap between the first linear portion 76 c and the second linear portion 76 d gradually increases from the center portion toward the outside in the radial direction. [0069] As described above, the rotor valve member 34 a may be formed of a fluoropolymer material. In this case, the fillet surface may have a fillet radius which is determined such that the maximum value of von Mises Stress applied to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 is smaller than ⅓ (or ⅕) of the tensile strength of the fluoropolymer material. The fillet radius may be determined such that the maximum value of von Mises stress applied to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 is smaller than ⅕ of the tensile strength of the fluoropolymer material. In this way, it is possible to sufficiently decrease a damage risk of the rotor valve member 34 a in the first thinned-wall resin portion 80 and the second thinned-wall resin portion 82 in the practical use by designing the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 as described above. In addition, the fillet radius may be determined such that the maximum value of von Mises stress applied to the recessed portion peripheral wall surface 74 is larger than ⅙ (or ⅛) of the tensile strength of the fluoropolymer material. [0070] FIG. 6 is a view showing a simulation result of the von Mises stress applied to the rotor valve member 34 a shown in FIG. 5 . FIG. 6 shows the simulation result during the operation of the cryocooler 10 (that is, a state where the pressure of the region inside the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 is high and the pressure of the region (low-pressure gas chamber 42 ) around the rotor valve member 34 a is low). In the drawing, a region in which the stress is great is indicated by dark gray, and a region in which the stress is small is indicated by light gray. In this simulation model, the rotor valve opening portion 70 is omitted. [0071] As understood from the drawing, the maximum value of the von Mises stress is generated in the inner surface of the first thinned-wall resin portion 80 facing the rotor valve high-pressure recessed portion 68 . The maximum value is approximately 6.66 MPa. Here, the tensile strength of the used fluoropolymer material is approximately 37 MPa. Accordingly, the maximum value of the von Mises stress is smaller than ⅕ of the tensile strength of the used material. [0072] Meanwhile, according to the simulation result under the same conditions, in the rotor valve member 234 a shown in FIG. 3 having the edge line 78 , similarly, the maximum value of the von Mises stress is generated on the inner surface of the first thinned-wall resin portion 80 , and the value is approximately 8.5 MPa. [0073] In this way, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to decrease the stress applied to the thin portion by providing the inclination joint region on the thinned-wall resin portion of the rotor valve member 34 a . The damage risk is decreased by the thin portion, and it is possible to improve reliability of the rotary valve mechanism. In addition, the dome-shaped recessed portion bottom wall surface 72 is formed along the boundary 94 shown in FIG. 4 . The region 92 contributing to the pressure loss is embedded in the material so as to form a smooth curved surface. Accordingly, it is possible to decrease the pressure loss of the flow of the working gas and improve refrigeration performance of the cryocooler 10 . [0074] Hereinbefore, the present invention is described based on the embodiment. The present invention is not limited to the embodiment, and a person skilled in the art understands various design modifications can be applied, various modification examples can be applied, and the modification examples are also included in the scope of the present invention. [0075] In the above-described embodiment, the first inclination joint region 88 and the second inclination joint region 90 are formed on the fillet surface. However, the present invention is not limited to this. The first inclination joint region 88 and/or the second inclination joint region 90 may be a flat inclined surface (for example, a surface which is chamfered by 45°, or a surface which is chamfered by an arbitrary angle). [0076] In the above-described example, the embodiment is described in which the cryocooler is a single-stage GM cryocooler. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the configuration of the flow path of the working gas according to the embodiment can be applied to a two-stage or a multiple-stage GM cryocooler, or can be applied to other cryocoolers such as a pulse tube cryocooler. [0077] It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, but may be modified into various forms on the basis of the spirit of the invention. Additionally, the modifications are included in the scope of the invention.

A rotary valve mechanism includes a stator valve member furnished with one of either a dome-shaped high-pressure recess area made of a polymer or a high-pressure flow path made of metal, and a rotor valve member furnished with the other of either the dome-shaped high-pressure recess area made of a polymer or the high-pressure flow path made of metal, and seals a high-pressure region being the high-pressure flow path communicated with the dome-shaped high-pressure recess area and is disposed adjoining the stator valve member such as to isolate the high-pressure region from its low-pressure surrounding environs.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to bus bridges generally and, more particularly, to a protocol converter to access Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) slave devices using a Management Data Input/Output (MDIO) protocol. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The Management Data Input/Output (MDIO) protocol is used in many devices, especially devices using various Ethernet type interfaces. An MDIO bus is a serial bus that can transfer a 16-bit address or a 16-bit data word per frame. The Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) protocol is used by many peripherals. An AHB bus is a parallel bus that can transfer a 32-bit address and a 32-bit data word simultaneously. It would be desirable for an MDIO bus master to be able to communicate with an AHB slave device. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention concerns a method for communicating between a first bus and a second bus. The method generally comprises the steps of (A) recognizing a read operation code in a read frame (i) received from the first bus and (ii) communicated with a first-bus protocol, (B) initiating a read transaction on the second bus using a second-bus protocol different than the first-bus protocol, wherein the initiating occurs earlier than a turn around time in the first-bus protocol that provides a plurality of bit times to respond to the read operation code and (C) transmitting read data received from the second bus on the first bus immediately after the turn around time. [0004] The objects, features and advantages of the present invention include providing a protocol converter that may (i) enable an MDIO bus master to access AHB slave devices using an MDIO protocol, (ii) hide the latency of an AHB read transaction from the MDIO protocol, (iii) convert information between a serial protocol and a parallel protocol and/or (iv) provide compatibility with an AHB-lite specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0005] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims and drawings in which: [0006] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example implementation of a system; [0007] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example implementation of a bridge circuit of the system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; [0008] FIG. 3 is a TABLE I of the MDIO protocol; and [0009] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating signal details of the bridge circuit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0010] Referring to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an example implementation of a system 100 is shown. The system 100 generally comprises a circuit (or module) 102 , a circuit (or module) 104 , one or more circuits (or modules) 106 a - 106 c, a circuit (or module) 108 , multiple multiplexers 110 a - 110 c, a bus 112 and a bus 114 . The system (or apparatus) 100 may be implemented as a system-on-a-chip circuit. The system 100 may be operational to allow a Management Data Input/Output (MDIO)-based controller to read and write to/from devices that have Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) interfaces. [0011] The circuit 102 may be referred to as a Station Management (STA) circuit. The STA circuit 102 may be operational as a bus master for the bus 112 . In one example, the bus 112 may be compliant with an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) specification 802.3ae, clause 45, for an MDIO electrical interface. The bus 112 and the circuit 102 may be compliant with other serial bus standards to meet the criteria of a particular application. [0012] The circuit 104 may be referred to as a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit 104 may be operational to translate messages and information between the MDIO bus 112 and the bus 114 . The bus 114 may be compliant with an Advance High-performance Bus (AHB) of an Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification published by ARM Limited, Cambridge, England. In one example, the AHB bus 114 may be implemented as an AHB-lite bus. In other examples, the bus 114 and the circuit 104 may be compliant with other bus standards to meet the criteria of a particular application. [0013] The circuits 106 a - 106 c may be referred to as slave circuits (or devices). The slave circuits 106 a - 106 c may be operational as slave devices on the AHB bus 114 . Each of the slave devices 106 a - 106 c may be readable and writeable via the AHB bus 114 . [0014] The circuit 108 may be referred to as an address decoder circuit. The address decoder circuit 108 may be operational to generate multiple select signals (e.g., HSELa-HSELc) based on an address value presented by the bridge circuit 104 . A unique select signal HSELa-HSELc may be presented to each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c indicating which of the slave devices 106 a - 106 c is being addressed. In some designs, the address decoder circuit 108 may be eliminated (e.g., a design in which all of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c directly decode the address values to determine participation in bus transactions). [0015] The multiplexers 110 a - 110 c may be operational to multiplex a number of ready signals (e.g., HREADYa-HREADYc) into a ready signal (e.g., AHB_HREADY), a number of status response signals (e.g., HRESPa-HRESPc) into a status response signal (e.g., AHB_HRESP) and a number of read data signals (e.g., HRDATAa-HRDATAc) into a read data signal (e.g., AHB_HRDATA) from the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c back to the bridge circuit 104 . In certain applications, the multiplexers 110 a - 110 c may be eliminated (e.g., in designs having a single slave circuit 106 a ). [0016] The bridge circuit 104 generally comprises a module (or block 120 ) and a module (or block) 122 . The module 120 may be referred to as an MDIO interface module (also called MDIO_TO_AHB_MASTER.V). The module 122 may be referred to as an AHB master module. The MDIO module 120 may be operational to act as a slave device on the MDIO bus 112 at an MDIO slave interface 123 . The MDIO module 120 may also communicate with the AHB master module 122 . While communicating on the MDIO bus 112 , the MDIO module 120 may support an MDIO clause 45 (e.g., ST=> ‘00’). In some applications, the MDIO module 120 may not support an MDIO clause 22 (e.g., ST=> ‘01’). [0017] The MDIO protocol clause 45 generally defines the following opcodes: (i) Address, saves a specified address, (ii) Write, writes a word to the specified address, (iii) Read, reads a word from the specified address and (iv) Read, Post Increment (e.g., Read-Increment), reads a word from the specified address and then increments the address. The address is generally incremented by two bytes (e.g., a 16-bit word) by the Read-Increment opcode. [0018] The MDIO protocol may also define a port (or register) address field (e.g., REGADR) and a device (or physical) address field (e.g., PHYADR) that may be used to address the bridge circuit 104 . A register address value in the field REGADR and a physical address value in the field PHYADR received from the MDIO bus 112 may be latched and compared with an assigned register address value in a signal (e.g., MDIO_REG_ADDR) and an assigned physical address value in a signal (e.g., MDIO_PHY_ADDR), respectively, received through external ports 124 and 126 of the bridge circuit 104 . If both of the bus-received values match both of the assigned values, an internal match signal may be asserted by the bridge circuit 104 and the frame reception continued from the MDIO bus 112 . [0019] The AHB master module 122 may include an AHB cycle request interface 128 to the MDIO slave module 120 and an AHB-lite slave interface 130 to the slave circuit 106 a - 106 c. The AHB master module 122 and the MDIO slave module 120 may exchange information (e.g., address, read data and write data) in multi-bit units (e.g., 16-bit words). The AHB master module 122 and the slave modules 106 a - 106 c may exchange information (e.g., address, read data and write data) in wider multi-bit units (e.g., 32-bit double words). In some embodiments, the address information used on the AHB bus 114 may be 24-bit addresses. In other embodiments, the addresses used on the AHB bus 114 may be 16-bit values or 32-bit values. Since the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c may send and receive data on double word boundaries (e.g., 4-byte boundaries), the lowest two bits in the AHB-bus address (e.g., AHB_HADDR[ 1 : 0 ]) may always be logical zeros. The AHB master module 122 may be responsible for enforcing the last two address bits as logical zeros regardless of what the MDIO slave module 120 provides. Therefore, the 16-bit MDIO addresses may be mapped directly into AHB addresses by dropping the least significant bit (e.g., a logical AND with a value Oxfffe) and shifting the bits left one place, as follows: AHB_HADDR<=((MDIO_ADDR & Oxfffe)<<1) The two least significant bits of the AHB address AHB_HADDR may be set to logical zeros. The unused upper bits of the AHB address AHB_HADDR may be padded with all logical zeros, all logical ones or some predetermined pattern. [0020] Referring to FIG. 2 , a block diagram of an example implementation of the bridge circuit 104 is shown in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The MDIO slave module 120 generally comprises a shift register 140 , a multiplex module 142 , a finite state machine 144 , a number of write registers 146 a - 146 n, an address register 148 and a synchronizer module 149 . [0021] The shift register 140 may be operational to send and receive data on the MDIO bus 112 in a signal (e.g., MDIO_IO). The data in the signal MDIO_IO may be synchronized to a clock signal (e.g., MDIO_CLK) as generated by the STA circuit 102 . Information in the signal MDIO_IO may be valid on a rising edge of the clock signal MDIO_CLK and remain stable for a predetermined period afterwards. The clock signal MDIO_CLK may be synchronized to a system clock (e.g., SYS_CLK) by the synchronizer module 149 upon reception at the bridge circuit 104 . Operation of the synchronizer module 149 may slightly delay the rising edges and the falling edges of the signal MDIO_CLK. The delays may be insignificant compared with the time that the information in the signal MDIO_IO is valid and stable. As such, the information in the signal MDIO_IO may be in synchronization with the system clock domain. In general, the clock signal MDIO_CLK and the data signal MDIO_IO may be provided to the shift register 140 on separate wires. In some embodiments, separate shift registers may be used for input data and output data. [0022] The MDIO finite state machine 144 may be operational to control the MDIO slave module 120 to act as a slave device on the MDIO bus 112 . The MDIO finite state machine 144 may control the shift register 140 and the multiplex module 142 to direct data and address information. The MDIO finite state machine 144 may also communicate with the AHB master module 122 . A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand how to create the MDIO finite state machine 144 to parse the MDIO frames. [0023] The write registers 146 a - 146 n may each be configured to store a single data element received from the MDIO bus 112 . In one embodiment, the number of write registers 146 a - 146 n may be two. However, additional write registers 146 a - 146 n may be implemented to meet the criteria of a particular application. The address register 148 may be configured to store an address received from the MDIO bus 112 . [0024] The AHB master module 122 generally comprises multiple read registers 150 a - 15 n, an address register 152 and a finite state machine 154 . The read registers 150 a - 150 n may be used to buffer read data received from one of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c until ready for transmission on the MDIO bus 112 . In one example, the number of read registers 150 - 150 n may be two. However, additional read registers 150 a - 150 n may be implemented to meet the criteria of a particular application. The write data buffered in the write registers 146 a - 146 n of the MDIO slave module 120 may be accessed by the AHB master module 122 when ready to write the data to one of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0025] The AHB finite state machine 154 may be operational to conduct both read transactions and write transactions on the AHB bus 114 . The AHB finite state machine 154 may also be operational to communicate with the MDIO finite state machine 144 . Communications between the finite state machines 144 and 154 may be used to coordinate flow of data items, address values and other information between the modules 120 and 122 . A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand how to create the AHB finite state machine 154 . [0026] An address signal (e.g., AHB_XFER_ADDR) may be used to carry multi-bit (e.g., 16-bit) address values. The signal AHB_XFER_ADDR may present the address values from the MDIO address register 148 to the AHB address register 152 , one address value at a time. A write data signal (e.g., AHB_XFER_WDATA) may be used to carry multi-bit (e.g., 32-bit) write data items. The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA may transfer the write data items from the write registers 146 a - 146 n to the AHB master module 122 , multiple write data times at a time in parallel. Multiple (e.g., two) read signals (e.g., RDATAHI and RDATALOW) may be received by the multiplex module 142 from the read registers 150 a - 150 n. The signals RDATAHI and RDATALOW may present read data items from the read registers 150 a - 150 n to the multiplex module 142 , multiple read data items at a time in parallel. A request signal (e.g., REQUEST) may be presented between the MDIO finite state machine 144 and the AHB finite state machine 154 . The signal REQUEST may transfer one or more different types of requests/information to the AHB finite state machine 154 . Furthermore, the signal REQUEST may transfer one or more different types of requests to the MDIO finite state machine 148 . [0027] In one example, the write registers 146 a - 146 n may each contain two data bytes (e.g., one word) of write data received from the MDIO bus 112 . The write data may be written from the write registers 146 a - 146 n over the AHB bus 114 to one of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. Storing the multi-bit (e.g., 16-bit) data received from the MDIO bus 112 into one of the write registers 146 a - 146 n may be controlled by one or more particular bits of the address value stored in the address register 148 . In one example, a single particular address bit (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ]) may be used to distinguish between a write high register 146 a and a write low register 146 b. For example, if the particular address bit in the address register 148 is a logical zero (e.g., X=0), the write data may be stored in the write low register 146 b. If the particular address bit in the address register 148 is a logical one (e.g., X=1), the write data may be stored in the write high register 146 a. In another example, the polarity of the particular address bit may be reversed. Therefore, a logical zero in the particular address bit may result in the write data being stored in the write high register 146 a. A logical one in the particular address bit may result in the write data being stored in the write low register 146 b. [0028] Writing a low data word to the write low register 146 b generally does not cause an AHB transfer. Writing a high data word to the write high register 146 a may cause an AHB transfer to take place. Therefore, a wide (e.g., 32-bit) transfer on the AHB bus 114 may be accomplished by the STA circuit 102 sending the bridge circuit 104 (i) an address frame conveying an address value of the target slave circuit 106 a - 106 c with the particular bit set to a logical zero, (ii) a write frame with the low data word, (iii) another address frame having the address value with the particular bit set to the logical one and (iv) another write frame carrying the high data word. [0029] In another embodiment, the AHB bus 114 may be four times wider than the MDIO bus 112 (e.g., the AHB bus 114 has a 64-bit data path). To transfer 64 bits of write data, the STA circuit 102 may use two particular address bits to distinguish among the four 16-bit words of write data on the AHB bus 114 . Therefore, the STA circuit 102 may generate additional address frames and additional write frames to move four 16-bit write data items to the bridge circuit 104 via the MDIO bus 112 . [0030] If the highest data word is written without the lower data word (or words) being previously written, an error is generally indicated by asserting an error signal (e.g., MDIO_TO_AHB_ERROR) at an output 129 . The error signal may be cleared by (i) assertion of a reset signal (e.g., RESET) and/or (ii) writing a low data word. Other mechanisms may be implemented to clear the error signal MDIO_TO_AHB_ERROR to meet the criteria of a particular application. [0031] Requesting a read generally causes an AHB read to take place. In one embodiment, if the particular address bit is set to “low” (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ]==0), the low bytes of read data may be sampled from the read low register 150 b and returned to the STA circuit 102 via the MDIO bus 112 . If the particular address bit is set to “high” (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ]==1), the high bytes of read data may be sampled from the read high register 150 a and returned to the STA circuit 102 via the MDIO bus 112 . In another embodiment, the polarity of the particular address bit may be reversed. As such, if the particular address bit is a logical zero, the read data from the read high register 150 a may be sampled and returned. If the particular address bit is a logical one, the read data from the read low register 150 b may be sampled and returned. The STA circuit 102 may command a read transaction on the AHB bus 114 by sending the bridge circuit 104 (i) a first address frame having an address value of the target slave circuit 106 a - 106 c with the particular bit set to a logical zero, (ii) a read frame to return the low read data, (iii) a second address frame with the address value having the particular bit set to a logical one and (iv) another read frame to return the high read data. [0032] In other embodiments, the AHB bus 114 may have a data path four time wider than the MDIO bus 112 (e.g., the AHB bus 114 may have a 64-bit data path). To transfer 64 bits of write data, the STA circuit 102 may use two particular address bits to distinguish among the four 16-bit words of read data on the AHB bus 114 . Therefore, the STA circuit 102 may generate additional address frames and additional read frames to read four 16-bit write data items from the bridge circuit 104 . [0033] The AHB read transactions generally take place during a “turn around” time of the MDIO transfer protocol. The turn around time may provide a slave device (e.g., the MDIO slave module 120 ) on the MDIO bus 112 with one or more bit times of the clock signal MDIO_CLK to prepare the requested read data for transmission. In one example, the MDIO slave module 120 may have two bit times to prepare the requested read data. Whenever the clock speed of the AHB bus 114 is substantially more than an order of magnitude faster than the MDIO_CLK speed for the MDIO bus 112 , sufficient time should be available to meet the turn around time criteria of two bit times. For example, an AHB bus clock speed at least 20 times faster than the MDIO_CLK speed generally allows read data to be moved from the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c to the bridge circuit 104 before the MDIO read frame is ready to transfer the read data. If the read transfer does not take place in time, the error signal MDIO_TO_AHB_ERROR may be asserted. [0034] Requesting a read-increment type of read transaction generally causes the address stored in the MDIO address register 148 to be incremented after the read data has been transferred on the MDIO bus 112 . The address value increment generally results in the next several (e.g., two) read data bytes being referenced by a subsequent read frame on the MDIO bus 112 . As such, the STA circuit 102 may command a read transaction by sending a sequence of (i) an address value having the particular bit set to access the low read data, (ii) a read-increment frame to return the low read data then incremented the address value and (iii) a read frame to return the high read data. [0035] In one embodiment, the AHB bus 114 may have a data path four times wider than the MDIO bus 112 (e.g., the AHB bus 114 may have a 64-bit data path). Therefore, the STA circuit 102 may generate additional read-increment frames to return the additional read data items. For example, the STA circuit 102 may generate an address frame having two particular address bits pointing to a lowest word of a read data item. The STA circuit 102 may then generate three successive read-increment frames to read the three lowest words. Finally, the STA circuit 102 may generate a read frame to read the highest (e.g., fourth) word of the read data item. [0036] The following AHB bus fields may be constrained for the system 100 : field TRANS=>NONSEQ (e.g., 2′b10) or IDLE (e.g., 2′b00) field HBURST=>SINGLE_XFER (e.g., 3′b000) field HSIZE=>4-BYTES (e.g., 3′b010) In other embodiments, the above fields may be constrained differently to meet the criteria of a particular application. [0037] Both modules 120 and 122 generally use the signal SYS_CLK as a basic clock. The modules 120 and 122 may be reset by assertion (e.g., a low voltage) of the signal RESET. The signal RESET may be an asynchronous set (e.g., asserted) and a synchronous reset (e.g., deasserted). In other embodiments, the signal RESET may be synchronously set (e.g., asserted) in synchronization with the clock signal SYS_CLK. [0038] The MDIO module 120 may use the clock signal MDIO_CLK to read the data signal MDIO_IO from the MDIO bus 112 . In some embodiments, the clock signal MDIO_CLK may be implemented as a 2.5 MHz to 20 MHz clock. The shift register 140 may detect rising edges of the signal MDIO_CLK. The clock signal MDIO_CLK may also be used to control state transitions in the MDIO finite state machine 144 . [0039] Referring to FIG. 3 , a TABLE I of the MDIO protocol is shown. The TABLE I generally illustrates support for the clause 45. The MDIO protocol may define multiple frame types (e.g., Address, Write, Read and Read-Increment). Each frame generally comprises a preamble (PRE) field, a start of frame (ST) field, an operation code (OP) field, the register address (REGADR) field, the physical address (PHYADR) field, the turn around time (TA) field, an address/data field and an idle field. The letters “PPPPP” generally represent a variable value in the physical address field PHYADR. The letters “EEEEE” generally represent a variable value in the register address field REGADR. The letters “AAA . . . AAA” may represent a variable address value in the address/data field. The letters “DDD . . . DDD” generally represent a variable data value (e.g., read or write) in the address/data field. The letter “Z” may indicate a tri-state high impedance value and/or a don't care bit in the frame. [0040] The MDIO state machine 144 may be designed to walk thru the various states of an MDIO frame. The start of frame field ST bits in an MDIO frame should be ‘00’ for the condition “CLAUSE_ 45 _R” to be asserted. The operation code OP bits in the MDIO frame may shifted in by the shift register 140 and saved for later use. A physical (device) address value in the field PHYADR of the MDIO frame and a register (port) address value in the field REGADR of the MDIO frame may be compared with the assigned physical address value in the signal MDIO_PHY_ADDR and the assigned register address value in the signal MDIO_REG_ADDR. Matches generally indicate that the MDIO frame is intended for the bridge circuit 104 . An internal start signal (e.g., AHB_XFER_REQUEST), which is a portion of the signal REQUEST, may be asserted to initiate a transfer assuming that “CLAUSE_ 45 _R” is true and an the physical address and register address matches exist. In some embodiments, only the physical address value in the MDIO frame may be compared with the physical address value in the signal MDIO_PHY_ADDR. A match of the physical address and the physical address value in the signal MDIO_PHY_ADDR may indicate that the MDIO frame is destined for the bridge circuit 104 . In other embodiments, only the register address value in the MDIO frame may be compared with the register address value in the signal MDIO_REG_ADDR. A match of the register address and the register address value in the signal MDIO_REG_ADDR may indicate that the MDIO frame is destined for the bridge circuit 104 . [0041] For an address cycle, the 16 address bits may be stored locally in the MDIO address register 148 . For a write cycle, the particular address bit (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ] bit) is generally used to store low write data (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ]=0) and high write data (e.g., MDIO_ADDR[ 0 ]=1). After the high write data is written into the write high register 146 a, an AHB write transfer may be initiated by the AHB master module 122 sending the contents of all of the write registers 146 a - 146 n to the AHB bus 114 . [0042] For a read (or read-increment) cycle, the AHB read transfer is generally started at the beginning of the TA 0 cycle of the MDIO protocol. Availability of the read data from the AHB master module 122 at the end of the TA 1 (second turn around) cycle may be expected by the MDIO slave module 120 . In some embodiments, the AHB read transfers may be started earlier in the read (or read-increment) cycle. In one example, the AHB read cycle may start immediately upon detection of a read or read-increment operation code (e.g., OP=“11” or OP=“10”). In another example, the AHB read cycle may start during or after reception of the physical address field PHYADR from the MDIO bus 112 . In still another example, the AHB read cycle may start during or after reception of the register address field REGADR from the MDIO bus 112 and before the TA 0 cycle. [0043] The MDIO specification generally defines the signal MDIO_IO as a bidirectional, tri-state signal. If tri-stating is not implemented, an input signal (e.g., MDIO_IN) may be used as a received data signal and an output signal (e.g., MDIO_OUT) may be used as a transmitted data signal. An enable signal (e.g., MDIO_ENABLE) may be asserted whenever the signal MDIO_OUT signal would be driven as the signal MDIO_IO. The timing of transmitted data in the signal MDIO_OUT generally matches the timing in the MDIO specification. [0044] The AHB master module 122 generally runs off the system clock signal SYS_CLK (e.g., 250 MHz). Since the AHB bus 114 may be approximately 20 to 100 times faster than the MDIO bus 112 , an AHB read cycle generally takes place and the read data may be returned in time for the MDIO module 120 to respond to a read frame. As such, a latency of the AHB read transaction may be hidden from the MDIO bus 112 . [0045] Referring to FIG. 4 , a block diagram illustrating signal details of the bridge circuit 104 is shown. The ports of the MDIO module 120 generally comprise the following signals: [0046] The signal SYS_CLK may be an input system clock signal. In one example, the signal SYS_CLK may be the same as an AHB bus clock signal (e.g., HCLK). In various embodiments, the signal SYS_CLK may have a frequency of approximately 50 MHz to 400 MHz. [0047] The signal RESET may be a reset input signal. The signal RESET may also be called SYS_RESET_L (e.g., asserted in a logical low state). [0048] The signal MDIO_TO_AHB_ERROR may be an output signal. The signal MDIO_TO_AHB_ERROR is generally asserted to indicate an error. Errors that may occur include, but are not limited to (i) an addressing error (e.g., a high word written without a low word previously written), (ii) an AHB read transfer did not complete in time to return the read data to the MDIO interface and (iii) the MDIO finite state machine somehow got into a “default” state. The default state may be exited by (A) a reset and/or (B) receiving an MDIO address value of Oxffff. [0049] The signal MDIO_CLK may be an input clock signal. In various embodiments, the signal MDIO_CLK may have a frequency of approximately 2.5 MHz to 20 MHz. [0050] The signal MDIO_IN may be an input data signal. The signal MDIO_IN may carry frames into the bridge circuit 104 from the STA circuit 102 . In some embodiments (e.g., where tri-stating may be implemented), the signal MDIO_IN may be part of the signal MDIO_IO. [0051] The signal MDIO_OUT may be output data signal. The signal MDIO_OUT may carry frames from the bridge circuit 104 to the STA circuit 102 . In some embodiments (e.g., where tri-stating may be implemented), the signal MDIO_OUT may be part of the signal MDIO_IO. [0052] The signal MDIO_IO may be a bidirectional data signal. The signal MDIO_IO may convey frames of information to/from the bridge circuit 104 . The signal MDIO_IO may comprise the signals MDIO_IN and MDIO_OUT. [0053] The signal MDIO_ENABLE may be an optional output signal. The signal MDIO_ENABLE may be asserted from one cycle before through one cycle after the signal MDIO_OUT is valid. The signal MDIO_ENABLE may be used to enable a tri-state driver to tie the signal MDIO_OUT and the signal MDIO_IN together externally (e.g., as in a traditional MDIO setup). [0054] The signal MDIO_PHY_ADDR may be an input signal. The signal MDIO_PHY_ADDR generally carries a physical address value used to compare with the PHYADR field of an MDIO frame. [0055] The signal MDIO_REG_ADDR may be an-input signal. The signal MDIO_REG_ADDR generally carries a value used to compare with the REGADR field of an MDIO frame. [0056] The signal REQUEST may be a bidirectional signal. The signal REQUEST may transfer commands and information between the MDIO slave module 120 and the AHB master module 122 . The signal REQUEST may be a top level grouping of other unidirectional and/or bidirectional signals. [0057] A signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be asserted to start an AHB master operation. The signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be a portion of the signal REQUEST. [0058] A signal AHB_XFER_BUSY may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_BUSY may be asserted by the AHB master module 122 while the AHB master module 122 is busy with an AHB transfer. The signal AHB_XFER_BUSY may be part of the signal REQUEST. [0059] The signal AHB_XFER_ADDR may be an address output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_ADDR generally carries an address value from the MDIO slave module 120 to the AHB master module 122 . [0060] A signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may indicate a read or write operation. The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may have a logical zero value to indicate a read and a logical one value of to indicate a write. The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may be a part of the signal REQUEST. [0061] A signal AHB_XFER_RDATA may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_RDATA generally carries read data returned from an AHB read operation. The signal AHB_XFER_RDATA generally comprises the signal RDATAHI and the signal RDATALOW. [0062] The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA generally carries write data for an AHB write operation. The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA may also be referred to as an AHB write data signal (e.g., AHB_HWDATA). [0063] A signal AHB_XFER_RESP may be an optional input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_RESP generally indicates an AHB transfer response from the slave circuit 106 a - 106 c involved in the transaction (e.g., read or write). [0064] The ports of the AHB master module 122 generally comprise the following signals: [0065] The signal SYS_CLK may be an input system clock. In one embodiment, the signal SYS_CLK may be the same as an AHB bus clock (e.g., HCLK). [0066] The signal RESET may be a reset input signal. The signal RESET may also be referred to as the signal SYS_RESET_L. [0067] The signal AHB_XFER_ERROR may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_ERROR is generally asserted if an AHB error is reported in the response signal AHB_HRESP generated by one of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0068] The signal AHB_XFER_ADDR may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_ADDR generally carries an address from the MDIO module 120 to the AHB master module 122 . [0069] The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE generally indicates if the AHB bus transaction is a read (e.g., 0=read) or a write (e.g., 1=write). The signal AHB_XFER_WRITE may be a portion of the signal REQEUST. [0070] The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_WDATA generally carries write data for an AHB write operation. [0071] The signal AHB_XFER_RDATA may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_RDATA generally carries read data returned from an AHB read operation. The signal AHB_XFER_RDATA generally comprises the signal RDATAHI and the signal RDATALOW. [0072] The signal REQUEST may be a bidirectional signal. The signal REQUEST may transfer commands and information between the MDIO slave module 120 and the AHB master module 122 . The signal REQUEST may be a top level, grouping of other unidirectional and/or bidirectional signals. [0073] The signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be an input signal. The signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be asserted to start an AHB Master operation. The signal AHB_XFER_REQUEST may be a portion of the signal REQUEST. [0074] The signal AHB_XFER_BUSY may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_BUSY is generally asserted while the AHB master module 122 is busy with an AHB transfer. The signal AHB_XFER_BUSY may be part of the signal REQUEST. [0075] The signal AHB_XFER_RESP may be an output signal. The signal AHB_XFER_RESP generally carries the AHB transfer response (e.g., either OKAY or ERROR) generated by the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. The signal AHB_XFER_RESP may be part of the signal REQUEST. [0076] The signal AHB_HADDR may be an output signal. The signal AHB_HADDR may be attached to an HADDR port on each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. The address carried by the signal AHB_HADDR may be padded and adjusted by the AHB master module 122 , as discussed above. [0077] A signal AHB_HWRITE may be an output signal. The signal AHB_HWRITE is generally attached to an HWRITE port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0078] A signal AHB_HTRANS may be an output signal. The signal AHB_HTRANS may be attached to an HTRANS port on each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0079] A signal AHB_HBURST may be an output signal. The signal AHB_HBURST is generally attached to an HBURST port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0080] A signal AHB_HSIZE may be an output signal. The signal ABH_HSIZE may be attached to an HSIZE port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. [0081] The signal AHB_HWDATA may be an output signal. The signal AHB_HWDATA is generally attached to an HWDATA port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c. The signal AHB_HWDATA may also be referred to as the signal AHB_XFER_WDATA. [0082] The signal AHB_HRDATA may be an input signal. The signal AHB_HRDATA is generally attached to an HRDATA port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c through the multiplexer 110 c. The signal AHB_HRDATA may be one of the slave signals HRDATAa-HRDATAc. [0083] The signal AHB_HREADY may be an input signal. The signal AHB_HREADY may be attached to an HREADYOUT port of each of the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c through the multiplexer 110 a. The signal AHB_HREADY may be one of the slave signals HREADYa-HREADYc. [0084] The signal AHB_HRESP may be an input signal. The signal AHB_HRESP generally indicates a status of the AHB bus transaction (e.g., OKAY or ERROR) from the slave circuits 106 a - 106 c through the multiplexer 110 b . The signal AHB_HRESP may be one of the slave response signals HRESPa-HRESPc. [0085] The present invention may also be implemented by the preparation of ASICs, FPGAs, or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits (such as conventional circuit implementing a state machine), as is described herein, modifications of which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art(s). [0086] The various signals of the present invention are generally “on” (e.g., a digital HIGH, or 1) or “off” (e.g., a digital LOW, or 0). However, the particular polarities of the on (e.g., asserted) and off (e.g., de-asserted) states of the signals may be adjusted (e.g., reversed) accordingly to meet the design criteria of a particular implementation. As used herein, the term “simultaneously” is meant to describe events that share some common time period but the term is not meant to be limited to events that begin at the same point in time, end at the same point in time, or have the same duration. [0087] While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

A method for communicating between a first bus and a second bus is disclosed. The method generally includes the steps of (A) recognizing a read operation code in a read frame (i) received from the first bus and (ii) communicated with a first-bus protocol, (B) initiating a read transaction on the second bus using a second-bus protocol different than the first-bus protocol, wherein the initiating occurs earlier than a turn around time in the first-bus protocol that provides a plurality of bit times to respond to the read operation code and (C) transmitting read data received from the second bus on the first bus immediately after the turn around time.

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The invention relates to a drive for a flap provided on a vehicle. Moreover, the invention relates to a pedestrian protection means on a motor vehicle comprising an above mentioned drive. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Today's automobiles are often provided with drives for the various flaps on the car concerned, including a vehicle door, a trunk lid or gas tank cover and especially an engine hood. Especially with regard to the attachment of engine hoods to the car body, pedestrian protection is to be improved in motor vehicles in that the engine hood is to be made more yielding. For this purpose, thought has been given, for example, to airbags for pedestrians or to a yielding suspension of the engine hood. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The invention provides a very simple and effective drive that can be used, for example, for a pedestrian protection means comprising the engine hood. The drive proposed is configured in such a way that it raises the engine hood by a defined amount if a pedestrian is detected by an accident sensor. The engine hood is suspended in an elastically yielding manner by this amount so that the impact for the pedestrian is not as hard. The drive is capable of raising the engine hood within a few milliseconds. Moreover, it is capable of being used multiple times for the same purpose without having to go to the repair shop, an important aspect in view of the fact that the accident sensors may not always detect beyond all doubt a collision with a pedestrian but rather, for example, also with objects, for example, a box, which do not cause damage in case of a collision with the vehicle. A pyrotechnical drive device would have to be replaced at great expense after each actuation event that turned out to be unnecessary. [0004] The drive proposed is, in particular, intended for use with an engine hood, but can likewise be used as a drive in the form of e.g. a closing means for a vehicle door or for another flap. The drive is distinguished by a simple structure and comprises an electric motor, an actuation shaft that is connected to the flap, and a reduction gear by means of which the rotor of the electric motor is coupled to the actuation shaft. The drive further comprises an energy accumulator by means of which the actuation shaft can be driven independently of the electric motor. The reduction gear is configured in such a way that the actuation shaft is driven in a rotational direction only by the energy accumulator and the electric motor drives the actuation shaft in a rotational direction opposite to the rotational direction called opposite rotational direction, thereby supplying to the energy accumulator an energy that is needed to drive the actuation shaft in the rotational direction. [0005] The energy accumulator moves the flap, especially the engine hood, abruptly out of its original position into the desired raised position and the electric motor moves the flap back into the original or starting position against the resistance of the energy accumulator, in order to “arm” the energy accumulator once again. [0006] According to one embodiment, the energy accumulator is firmly coupled with the actuation shaft. This means that no complicated coupling mechanisms are provided between the actuation shaft and the energy accumulator and/or the electric motor. [0007] According to the preferred embodiment, the reduction gear is configured in such a way that it can be moved into a release position in which the energy stored in the energy accumulator is abruptly released so as to drive the actuator shaft. This means that the electric motor has multiple functions. On the one hand, it moves the flap back into the starting position and, on the other hand, it itself releases the energy accumulator by moving the reduction gear into the release position. In order for this to be possible within an extremely short period of time, the electric motor and the gear have to be designed with as little inertia and loss as possible. For this purpose, the electric motor is a brushless internal rotor that is not very susceptible to dirt deposits and the moving parts of which have a low inertial mass. [0008] The reduction gear preferably has a toothed wheel that has no teeth on part of its circumference (toothless area). As soon as the toothless area is rotated so as to be vis-à-vis the toothed counterwheel, which is done by the electric motor, the release position is reached and the toothed counterwheel can rotate freely since the energy accumulator is activated. In the release position, the electric motor is then uncoupled from the actuation shaft. [0009] Outside of the release position, the energy accumulator and the rotor of the electric motor are rigidly coupled to each other mechanically by means of the reduction gear. [0010] The invention further relates to a pedestrian protection means provided on a vehicle and equipped with a drive as described above. The pedestrian protection means which is proposed has an engine hood and at least one drive to move the engine hood, the energy accumulator raising the engine hood in case of an accident out of an original position into a raised position and holding it in the raised position in an elastically yielding manner. The electric motor then can move the engine hood back into the original position. This means that the energy accumulator likewise has a double function in that, on the one hand, it raises the engine hood and, on the other hand, it ensures the yielding suspension of the engine hood in the raised position, so that the impact of the pedestrian on the engine hood is not so hard. Preferably, the energy accumulator is a spring energy accumulator, especially a spring energy accumulator with a spiral spring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] [0011]FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a pedestrian protection means according to the invention with two drives according to the invention, [0012] [0012]FIG. 2 shows an exterior view of the drive according to the invention when the hood is closed, [0013] [0013]FIG. 3 shows an exterior view of the drive when the hood is open, [0014] [0014]FIG. 4 shows a view of the drive without the cover, [0015] [0015]FIG. 5 shows an exploded view of the drive according to the invention, [0016] [0016]FIG. 6 shows a side view of the drive, only the moving parts being shown, [0017] [0017]FIG. 7 shows a sectional view through the drive along the sectional line VII-VII in FIG. 5, and [0018] [0018]FIG. 8 shows an enlarged view of the hollow wheel and the spur wheel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0019] [0019]FIG. 1 shows a pedestrian protection means on a motor vehicle, comprising an engine hood 3 and two drives 5 that raise the engine hood 3 as soon as sensors 7 detect a pedestrian who is struck by the vehicle. The drives 5 are designed identically and are each provided at the rear outer end of the engine hood 3 . Reference is being made to FIG. 6, from which the attachment of the rear end of the engine hood 3 to the moving parts of drive 5 is readily apparent. As an alternative, an additional drive could also be provided on the front end, but this drive would bring about less lifting than the rear drives. Not only can the drives 5 raise the engine hood 3 abruptly, but they can also hold it in this raised position in an elastically yielding manner, i.e. the drives themselves constitute an elastic suspension that provides a specific resistance to a force being exerted from the outside, which strives to bring the engine hood back to its original position. [0020] [0020]FIG. 2 shows one of the drives 5 , which is very compact in design. The drive has an exterior housing 21 from which at least four electrical connections 9 extend as well as an actuation shaft 11 that is connected to a lever mechanism 13 consisting of levers 15 and 17 . An articulation point 19 serves to create a coupling to the hood. In the area of this articulation point 19 , the hood can be uncoupled from the lever mechanism in order to open the engine hood. FIG. 2 shows the drive when the engine hood 3 is in the original position. The drive 5 can rotate the lever 15 clockwise by 90° within 60 to 70 milliseconds in case of a collision with a pedestrian, thus raising the articulation point by about 55 mm. In the raised position shown in FIG. 3 (also called the holding position), the drive has springy action or a resiliant effect, i.e. when the pedestrian makes contact with the engine hood, the hood is elastically pressed downwards in the direction of the arrow A against the force F of the drive. [0021] The drive is shown in greater detail in FIG. 4; it has a housing 21 , an electronic means 23 as well as a direct-current motor without a commutator and configured as an internal rotor, which can also be seen in FIG. 5, where it is designated by the reference numeral 25 . FIG. 4 shows the rotor (armature) 27 and the stator 29 . The rotor 27 is coupled to the actuation shaft 11 by means of a two-stage reduction gear. A first stage of the gear is a toothed belt gear, the toothed belt 30 being coupled to a rotor shaft and a large toothed wheel 32 , whose front face has wedge-shaped elevations 32 that interact with a leaf spring that functions as an return stop 33 , so that the toothed wheel 31 can only be turned in one direction (in FIG. 5 counterclockwise). On the rear of the toothed wheel 31 , as FIG. 6 shows, there is provided a small, formed-on spur wheel 35 that is not completely surrounded by teeth on its outer circumference but rather that has a toothless circumferential area or section 36 . An toothed counterwheel, which is configured as a cup-shaped hollow wheel 37 , can mesh with the spur wheel 35 to form the second stage of the gear. An energy accumulator in the form of a spring accumulator 39 is accommodated inside the hollow wheel 37 . The radial inner end of the spring accumulator 39 is coupled to the actuation shaft 11 , and the radial outer end is coupled to the housing 21 . The hollow wheel 37 is likewise coupled to the actuation shaft 11 so as to be non-rotatable. [0022] [0022]FIG. 6 shows the drive in its original position. In this position, the first tooth 38 on the circumference and in the clockwise direction beyond the toothless section 37 on the spur wheel 35 is just barely still engaged with the toothed wheel 36 , so that the actuation shaft 11 is firmly coupled to the rotor 27 mechanically via the hollow wheel 37 , the spur wheel 35 , the toothed wheel 31 and the toothed belt 30 . The spring in the spring accumulator 39 is tensioned and strives to drive the actuation shaft 11 in the first, clockwise direction (arrow B). This drive, however, is not possible in the gear position shown here since the return stop 33 is active so that there is no risk that the engine hood will be moved upwards by the energy accumulator during normal driving operations. [0023] As soon as a pedestrian is detected, who, according to a vehicle control (not shown), collides with the vehicle, the electric motor 25 is activated so that the rotor 27 moves within just a few milliseconds, thereby moving the toothed wheel 31 together with the formed-on spur wheel 35 in the direction of the arrow A. The spring is still minimally tensioned a bit more until finally, the above-mentioned first tooth on the spur wheel is disengaged from the opposite teeth on the toothed counterwheel in the form of a hollow wheel 37 , so that the two toothed wheels 35 , 37 are no longer engaged and the reduction gear reaches a release position. In this position, the rotor is uncoupled from the actuation shaft 11 and the spring accumulator 39 can abruptly release its energy and drive the actuation shaft 11 in the direction of the arrow B, thus raising the engine hood. Therefore, the arrow B shows the rotational direction in which the actuation shaft 11 is only driven by the energy accumulator. [0024] In the raised position, the engine hood can be pushed down against the force of the spring. [0025] After the activation has occurred, the engine hood is automatically moved downwards since the rotor 27 is turned in the same rotational direction as before in order to reach the release position, so that finally, a tooth of the spur wheel 35 engages with the hollow wheel 37 again. Now the rotor 27 is again firmly coupled to the actuation shaft 11 and can turn the latter in the opposite direction of arrow B which opposite direction is called the opposite rotational direction. During this resetting into the position shown in FIG. 6, the spring is tensioned once again so that it can be released again at a later point in time. [0026] [0026]FIG. 8 shows a few details that have not been mentioned yet, which are advantageous especially during the release of the spring energy. [0027] The teeth of the spur wheel 35 and of the hollow wheel 37 are virtually rectangular in order to increase the load-bearing capacity of the teeth. The teeth themselves are only about 0.7 mm deep, of which only about 0.5 mm are engaged, in order to reduce the activation angle and thus the activation time to a minimum. From the original position shown in FIG. 8, a rotation of just 20° on the spur wheel 35 , i.e. 120° on the motor, is needed in order to disengage the teeth of the spur wheel 35 and of the hollow wheel 37 and to release the spring energy. [0028] The so-called free-wheeling position, that is to say, the position of the spur wheel 35 when the engine hood 3 is in the raised position, is turned by about 50° in the clockwise direction as compared to the original position shown in FIG. 8. [0029] The so-called start position, that is to say, the position of the spur wheel 35 after which a tooth 53 of the spur wheel 35 is once again engaged with the teeth of the hollow wheel 37 , is at about a 75° rotation in the clockwise direction relative to the original position shown in FIG. 8. [0030] After a rotation of the spur wheel 35 by 360°, the original position is reached once again. [0031] Another detail worth mentioning is that the first and the last teeth 51 , 53 that are engaged, that is to say, the two teeth that delimit the toothless circumferential section 36 , have a very slanted rear tooth flank. In this manner, a collision with the teeth of the hollow wheel 37 is to be largely avoided. The toothless circumferential section 36 extends approximately over an angle of 45°. [0032] Between the spur wheel 35 and the toothed wheel 31 , a finger-like, projecting stop 55 is connected to the toothed wheels 31 , 35 so as to be non-rotatable. The stop 55 serves to fix the position of the spur wheel 35 in the so-called free-wheeling position, i.e. when the teeth of the spur wheel 35 and of the hollow wheel 37 are not engaged with each other. The stop is supposed to achieve that the spur wheel 35 and the hollow wheel 37 remain in the free-wheeling position with respect to each other until the drive, that is to say, the actuation shaft 11 , has turned by 90°. For this purpose, the hollow wheel 37 has a shoulder on the end face in the form of a circular cylinder segment. This shoulder is designated with the reference numeral 57 . The shoulder ends after about 90° in an indentation 59 . When the spur wheel 35 , together with the stop 55 , is rotated clockwise by about 50°, so that the stop 55 is in the position shown by the broken lines, then it strikes the shoulder 57 . The spur wheel 35 cannot turn any further and it is in the free-wheeling position. The hollow wheel 37 is driven in the direction of the arrow L. As soon as the indentation 59 has been turned to the stop 55 , the latter can swivel past the shoulder 57 and the spur wheel 35 can continue to turn. [0033] All of the toothed wheels shown can be easily made of plastic in order to avoid the need for lubrication of the teeth and to reduce the manufacturing costs. [0034] The arrangement shown can also be used with a vehicle door or with an engine hood in order to serve as a closing means, whilst this embodiment should also have a lever arrangement in order to once again engage the spur wheel 35 with the hollow wheel 37 beyond the release position when the electric motor is current-free, so as to make the return stop go into action. As an alternative, it is also possible to provide an energy buffer, e.g. the battery or an auxiliary battery, that causes the spur wheel 35 to engage with the hollow wheel 37 once again beyond the release position. [0035] The electric motor is a brushless, highly dynamic direct current motor.

The invention relates to a drive for a flap provided on a vehicle, especially an engine hood. The drive comprises an electric motor, an actuation shaft that is connected to the flap, and a reduction gear by means of which the rotor of the electric motor is coupled to the actuation shaft. The drive flier comprises an energy accumulator by means of which the actuation shaft can be driven independently of the electric motor. The reduction gear is configured in such a way that the actuation shaft is driven in a rotational direction only by the energy accumulator and the electric motor drives the actuation shaft in an opposite rotational direction, thereby supplying to the energy accumulator an energy that is needed to drive the actuation shaft in the rotational direction. The invention further relates to a pedestrian protection means provided on a vehicle and equipped with such a drive.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for cleaning objects, such as workpieces just used for machining, which have been soiled, in particular, by oily or greasy impurities, with the aid of an aqueous cleaning fluid containing at least one washing agent. In this method, the objects are rinsed after treatment with the cleaning fluid with an aqueous rinsing fluid, in particular with water which is as pure as possible, and a distillate is recovered from cleaning and/or rinsing fluid following preliminary cleaning by distillation in a vaporizer and this distillate is fed back. In addition, the invention relates to a system for performing a method of this type, comprising at least one cleaning apparatus, one rinsing apparatus and one vaporizer, the cleaning apparatus being connected with the vaporizer via a cleaning fluid line and a precleaning apparatus for transferring cleaning fluid to the vaporizer and the vaporizer having a distillate line serving to feed back the distillate. Washing agents are intended to be understood in the following as substances such as detergents and other washing agents in the narrow sense, but also organic solvents. The Durr GmbH has already sold a system of the aforementioned type, in which the objects to be cleaned pass one after the other through two cleaning baths as well as a plurality of subsequent rinsing baths. Only completely desalinated water is supplied to the last two of a total of four rinsing baths while an overflow of the third rinsing bath is connected with the second rinsing bath and an overflow of the latter with the first rinsing bath. Moreover, an overflow of the first rinsing bath is connected with the second cleaning bath and an overflow of the latter with the first cleaning bath. An overflow from the first cleaning bath leads to an oil separator, and a rinsing fluid supply line branches off the overflow of the first rinsing bath. This supply line is provided with a valve and also leads to the oil separator. A discharge line leads from a clean fluid region of the oil separator to the vaporizer, from which a vapor and distillate line leads first of all to heat exchangers in the various cleaning and rinsing baths and then to a condensate collecting tank, from where the distillate is conveyed by a pump into the second rinsing bath. The baths are therefore heated with the vapor or distillate. Since the oil separator cannot completely prevent oily impurities passing into the vaporizer from the cleaning and rinsing baths, and since in this way washing agents are also supplied to the vaporizer, this known system has two disadvantages: Since there is no transition of detergents and the like into the vapor phase in the vaporizer, whereas this is the case for components of machining oils having a low boiling point and other substances which pass over into the vapor phase with the water vapor, the washing agents passing into the vaporizer are lost and the impurities contained in the distillate are a disturbance in the first two rinsing baths which are supplied from the condensate collecting tank. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object underlying the invention was to improve the first known method described above and the known system for performing this method such that the specified disadvantages are at least clearly diminished. Proceeding on the basis of a method of the type specified at the outset, this object may be accomplished in accordance with the invention in that the fluid to be fed to the vaporizer is subjected beforehand to a membrane filtration, the permeate thereby recovered is at least partially distilled, the distillate is at least partially added to the rinsing fluid used in the rinsing process and the concentrate resulting during distillation is at least partially added to the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process. Since components having a higher molecular concentration and oils having a low boiling point, as well, cannot pass through a filter membrane, such as that known for the so-called microfiltration or ultrafiltration, impurities contained in the rinsing and/or cleaning fluid, which would be converted into the vapor phase, are prevented in this way from passing into the vaporizer. The vapor generated in the vaporizer and, with it, the condensate added to the rinsing fluid do not, therefore, contain any such impurities. Due to the fact that the concentrate which results during distillation of the permeate recovered due to the membrane filtration is added at least partially to the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process, the washing agents passing into the vaporizer will not be lost for the cleaning process. It is, in fact, known from DE-AS 23 30 200 to subject the cleaning fluid which is used in a cleaning apparatus and contains aqueous, washing agents, to an ultrafiltration with the aid of a membrane filter apparatus and to add the permeate containing the washing agents to the cleaning fluid again. In the system according to this state of the art, cleaning fluid is drawn off from a cleaning apparatus and supplied to a cleaning fluid collecting tank which is joined to the membrane filter apparatus via a feed and a return line to form a circuit including a pump. A permeate line then leads directly from the membrane filter apparatus to the cleaning apparatus. This state of the art could not, however, anticipate the inventive method since, on the one hand, the permeate resulting from membrane filtration is, in this known method, fed directly to the cleaning apparatus again and because, on the other hand, a membrane filtration for processing rinsing fluids is unsuitable in this respect because washing agents cannot be retained during membrane filtration. In the inventive method cleaning and rinsing fluids are, in particular, to be processed together. In order, first of all, to separate from the fluid to be processed the major amount of the oil washed from the cleaned objects, it is recommended that the cleaning and/or rinsing fluid to be fed to the vaporizer be collected prior to the membrane filtration in an oil separator and the fluid precleaned in this manner be circulated in a circuit and simultaneously subjected to membrane filtration. This means that the oil separator not only takes over the function of precleaning but also serves as collecting tank for the fluid to be subjected to membrane filtration during circulation in the circuit. If a high rate of regeneration of the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process is to be achieved, it is recommended that part of the permeate resulting during membrane filtration, including the washing agents contained therein, be added directly to the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process and this part of the permeate not be distilled. In this way, the energy costs for the inventive method can be reduced since it is unnecessary to vaporize the entire permeate. As in the first known method described, it is also advantageous in the inventive method for the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process and/or the rinsing fluid used in the rinsing process to be heated by the heat recovered during condensing of the distillate. The cleaning and rinsing fluids are considerably more effective when they are allowed to act on the objects to be cleaned or rinsed in their heated state. The cleaning fluid to be processed and/or the rinsing fluid to be processed could be drawn off separately from the cleaning apparatus and the rinsing apparatus, respectively, and subjected to membrane filtration. So that, however, the rinsing and cleaning fluids used are always as pure as possible, it is of advantage, as in the first known method described above, for rinsing fluid to be drawn off from the rinsing process, according to the amount of distillate added to the rinsing fluid, and added to the cleaning fluid. As this will reduce the concentration of the washing agents in the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process, it is of particular advantage when this method variation is used in combination with the feature of adding to the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process part of the permeate resulting during membrane filtration and containing the washing agents. In accordance with an additional concept of the invention, a system of the type mentioned at the outset is designed for accomplishing the above-mentioned object such that the cleaning fluid line leads to a membrane filter apparatus which is connected with the vaporizer via a permeate line for transferring to the vaporizer the permeate generated by the membrane filter apparatus, that the distillate line is connected with the rinsing apparatus and that a region of concentrate in the vaporizer is connected with the cleaning apparatus via a concentrate line. The region of concentrate in the vaporizer will normally be a lower region of the vaporizer in which the residues remaining after distillation are collected. Since a membrane filter apparatus is more highly efficient when the fluid to be cleaned is circulated in the circuit past the membrane, an embodiment of the inventive system is recommended, in which the cleaning fluid line connects the cleaning apparatus with a cleaning fluid collecting tank and the latter and the membrane filter apparatus are joined together to form a circuit including a pump via a supply line and a return line. The cleaning fluid collecting tank is then appropriately designed as an oil separator which comprises an oil region and a clean fluid region, the supply line being connected to the latter. As already mentioned, the collecting tank than fulfills a dual purpose since, on the one hand, it supplies the circuit mentioned above and, on the other hand, effects a preliminary cleaning of the fluid to be processed. It is, in addition, recommended that the system be designed such that the distillate line includes at least one heat exchanger which heats the rinsing and/or cleaning fluid directly or via a heat carrier fluid and at least one additional heat exchanger so as to use the energy expended for the vaporizer in a more favourable manner. A slurry is deposited in the oil separator and this is intended to be concentrated further prior to discharge. For this reason, in a preferred embodiment of the inventive system a lower zone of the clean fluid region of the oil separator is connected with the vaporizer via a discharge line. If this discharge line includes a valve, possibly even a pump, the slurry can be fed to the vaporizer in batches. Furthermore, it is advantageous for the membrane filter apparatus to be connected with the cleaning apparatus via a permeate line provided with a valve so that part of the permeate, with the washing agents contained therein, is supplied directly to the cleaning apparatus again and the degree of soiling of the cleaning fluid therein is reduced without the entire permeate having to be distilled and the energy required for this expended. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Additional features, advantages and details of the invention result from the following description as well as the attached schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the inventive system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The system illustrated schematically in the attached drawing comprises a cleaning apparatus 10 and a rinsing apparatus 12 which are both illustrated as baths but can also have any other shape known from the state of the art. For the sake of simplicity, the jets and spray nozzles normally found in such cleaning and rinsing apparatuses have been omitted. The objects to be cleaned, e.g. machined metallic workpieces, which have become soiled during machining with oily substances and dirt, are first cleaned in the cleaning apparatus 10 and then rinsed in the rinsing apparatus 12. As shown in the above description, a system of this type can, of course, comprise a plurality of cleaning apparatuses and a plurality of rinsing apparatuses which, in the same manner as in the known system described at the outset, are connected in series one after the other for the objects to be treated to pass therethrough. In the cleaning apparatus 10 the objects are treated with an aqueous cleaning fluid which contains washing agents in order to wash the impurities, including oils and greases, from these objects, whereupon the cleaned objects pass into the rinsing apparatus 12 so that, above all, the washing agents can be rinsed off, but also the residual dirt particles still remaining on the objects. The bath tanks illustrated in the drawing are, in practice, provided at their bases with drainage lines for the purpose of withdrawing slurries or other sediments from the bases of the bath tanks and possibly reprocessing them. The rinsing apparatus 12 is connected with the cleaning apparatus 10 via a rinsing fluid line 14. This rinsing fluid line is intended to be an overflow line for the rinsing apparatus, as schematically illustrated in the drawing. This means that a predetermined level of rinsing fluid can be maintained in the rinsing apparatus 12 irrespective of the fluid supplied to the rinsing bath. In the same manner, the cleaning apparatus 10 is provided with an overflow to which a cleaning fluid drainage line 16 is connected. The emulsion resulting during cleaning of the objects to be treated and consisting of cleaning fluid and washed off oily and greasy impurities flows off from the bath tank of the cleaning apparatus 10 via this line. In order, if necessary, to be able to process rinsing fluid directly without it first being used in the cleaning process, the overflow of the rinsing apparatus 12 and its base are provided with rinsing fluid lines 14a and 14b, respectively, which open into the outlet line and comprise adjustable valves. The outlet line 16 opens into the upper region of an oil separator 18 which has an oil region 18a and a clean fluid region 18b which can be separated from one another by a partition wall 18c leaving a passage at the bottom. In this way, the oily impurities swimming on top of the cleaning fluid may be collected in the oil separator 18 in the top of the oil region 18a. From here they can be drawn off from the oil separator 18 via an overflow and an oil line 18d. According to the invention, a supply line 20a is connected to the base of the clean fluid region 18b and this line leads to a membrane filter apparatus 22 which contains a microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane which is not illustrated. A return line 20b leads from this filter apparatus 22 into the upper part of the clean fluid region 18b of the oil separator 18 so that the latter forms a filtration circuit 24 together with the supply line 20a, the filter apparatus 22 and the return line 20b. In order to be able to circulate the cleaning fluid, which has been cleaned to a large extent of oily impurities in the oil separator 18, in the filtration circuit 24, the supply line 20a contains a pump 20c. The cleaning fluid still containing residual oil as well as washing agents is conducted through the filtration circuit 24 and in the filter apparatus 22 past the inflow side of the filtration membrane which is not illustrated. Water and the washing agents which have a low molecular concentration can hereby pass through the membrane so that a permeate is formed in the filter apparatus 22. In order to be able to draw this off from the filter apparatus 22, first and second permeate lines 26 and 28, respectively, lead away from this apparatus and the throughput of these lines can be controlled with valves. The permeate line 26 opens into a vaporizer 30 in which the permeate, which is free of oil thanks to the filtration, is heated by a heater 30a and partially vaporized. The permeate still contains washing agents but there is no transition of these agents into the vapor phase in the vaporizer 30 and they therefore become enriched in the concentrate remaining in the vaporizer 30. This is drawn off from a lower region of the vaporizer 30, namely a concentrate region 30b, via a concentrate line 32. The concentrate containing the washing agents and the permeate drawn off via the line 28 are fed into the cleaning apparatus 10 via the lines 32 and 28 (for the sake of simplicity, a pump which is possibly required for this has not been illustrated). Permeate is, however, fed via the permeate line 28 into the cleaning apparatus 10 only when a relatively high purity of the cleaning fluid in the cleaning apparatus 10 is desired. For this reason, the permeate lines 26 and 28 are provided with the aforementioned valves. A vapor line 40 leads away from the upper region of the vaporizer 30 and this is fed with more or less pure water vapor by the vaporizer. The vapor line 40 leads to a heat exchanger 42, in which the water vapor condenses. The heat thereby resulting is used in a manner not illustrated in more detail for heating the rinsing fluid in the rinsing apparatus 12 and for heating the cleaning fluid in the cleaning apparatus 10. For this purpose, the bath tanks of these two apparatuses can be provided with heat exchangers which are connected with the heat exchanger 42 via heat carrier fluid lines. A distillate line 46 leads from the heat exchanger 42 to the rinsing apparatus 12. The distillate condensed in the heat exchanger 42, i.e. more or less pure water, is conveyed through this line to the rinsing apparatus 12. A pump contained in the distillate line 46 has been designated as 46a. In a modified embodiment, the distillate line 46 could also be connected with the two apparatuses 10 and 12 via branch lines provided with valves. A slurry-like sediment collects in the oil separator 18 and this can be supplied in batches via a discharge line 50 to the vaporizer 30 in order to thicken it and feed washing agents contained therein back to the circuit via the concentrate line 32. A pump contained in the discharge line 50 has been designated as 50a. The vaporizer has a discharge line 30c in its base for removal of the thickened slurry. In principle, it would, of course, also be possible, for regenerating the rinsing fluid used in the rinsing apparatus 12, to supply this rinsing fluid to a preparation process not via the cleaning apparatus 10 but directly. This preparation could consist of separating out oil and/or cleaning by distillation. The lines 14a and/or 14b can be used for such a method; the line 14 can in this case be omitted. Furthermore, the heat exchanger 42 could already be one or more heat exchangers which are installed in the cleaning apparatus 10 and/or the rinsing apparatus 12. Finally, an outlet line 46b branches off the distillate line 46 and is used to drain off the distillate into a waste water pipe when slurry originating from the oil separator 18 is thickened in the vaporizer.

Method for cleaning objects with the aid of an aqueous cleaning fluid containing a washing agent, in which the objects are rinsed with an aqueous rinsing fluid after treatment with the cleaning fluid and wherein, to avoid any components having a low boiling point being returned to the cleaning and rinsing fluid as well as to avoid any loss in washing agents, the cleaning fluid is first subjected to membrane filtration, the permeate hereby recovered and containing washing agents is distilled, the concentrate resulting therefrom and containing washing agents is added to the cleaning fluid used in the cleaning process and the distillate is supplied to the rinsing process.

FIELD The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of methylated amines using carbon dioxide and the use of this process for the manufacture of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, adhesives, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides and fertilizers. It also relates to a process for the manufacture of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, adhesives, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides and fertilizers comprising a stage of preparation of methylated amines by the process according to the invention. The present invention additionally relates to a process for the preparation of labeled methylated amines and to their uses. BACKGROUND The use of CO 2 which can be recovered in value as carbon source for the production of chemical consumables is a key challenge in order to reduce its accumulation in the atmosphere but also in order to control our dependence on fossil fuels. The greatest challenge faced by scientists and industrialists is to recycle CO 2 , that is to say, to develop reactions which make it possible to produce chemical compounds, such as, for example, fuels, plastic polymers, medicaments, detergents, high tonnage molecules, conventionally obtained by petrochemical methods. The technical difficulty lies in the development of chemical reactions which make it possible to functionalize the CO 2 while reducing the central carbon atom (i.e., by replacing the C—O bonds of the CO 2 with C—H or C—C bonds). In view of the high thermodynamic stability of carbon dioxide, its conversion into novel chemical consumables necessarily involves an external energy source so as to promote the thermodynamic balance of the chemical transformation represented in FIG. 1 . Today, all the efforts of the scientific community are focused on the use of electricity or light to carry out the electroreduction or photoreduction of the CO 2 to give formic acid, methanal, methanol and methane (Morris, A. J., Meyer, G. J. and Fujita, E., Accounts Chem. Res., 2009, 42 1983). In fact, this field of research is the subject of intense international competition. A recent paper describes that the use of silane compounds makes it possible to reduce CO 2 under organocatalytic conditions (Riduan, S. N., Zhang, Y. G. and Ying, J. Y., Angewandte Chemie - International Edition , 2009, 48, 3322). In this case, the silane compound is a reactive entity high in energy and the use of the catalyst promotes the kinetic balance. The authors describe the formation of silyl products of formyl (SiOCHO), acetal (SiOCH 2 OSi) and methoxy (SiOCH 3 ) types. While this strategy is justified by the importance of the uses of the reduction products of CO 2 in the chemical industry (HCOOH, H 2 CO, CH 3 OH), it should nevertheless be noted that these molecules are currently used on a scale which remains very low with respect to the amount of available CO 2 which can be recovered in value. In other words, if these molecules were produced exclusively from CO 2 , they would make it possible to recover in value, taking into account the current market, only 3.4% of the CO 2 produced each year which can be recovered in value (2.5 Gt/year) (Panorama des voies de valorisation du CO 2 [Overview of the routes for recovering CO 2 in value], ADEME, June 2010, http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/getDoc?cid=96&m=3&id=72052 &p1=30&ref=12441). Thus, it is necessary to try to diversify the nature and the number of chemical consumables which can be obtained from CO 2 . Another strategy for the conversion of CO 2 into novel chemical consumables consists in using a reactive (high in energy) chemical partner to promote the thermodynamic balance of the chemical transformation of CO 2 . This strategy is also not very well represented on the scientific scene but it will make it possible, in the long run, to considerably open up the supply of molecules available from CO 2 . The only industrial process based on this approach is the synthesis of urea obtained by condensation of ammonia with CO 2 , as shown in equation 1 below (Sakakura, T., Choi, J. C. and Yasuda, H., Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 2365). According to the same principle, the synthesis of polycarbonates by CO 2 /epoxides copolymerization is in the process of industrialization as shown in equation 2 below (Panorama des voies de valorisation du CO 2 [Overview of the routes for recovering CO 2 in value], ADEME, June 2010, http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/getDoc?cid=96&m=3&id=72052 &p1=30&ref=12441). In both these syntheses (equations 1 and 2), there is no formal reduction of the central carbon atom of the CO 2 . Still with the aim of obtaining novel chemical consumables, it is possible to envisage converting the CO 2 into amine compounds and more specifically into methylated amines. Methylated amines (of general formula R 1 R 2 NCH 3 ) are a class of chemical compounds which are important in the chemical industry, where they are commonly used as solvents, reactants, fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, active principles for medicaments and precursors of plastics (Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Lawrence, S. A., Cambridge University Press, 2006; Arpe, H.-J. and Hawkins, S., Industrial Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997; M. F. Ali; B. M. El Ali and J. G. Speight, Handbook of Industrial Chemistry—Organic Chemicals, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005). Methylated amines (of general formula R 1 R 2 NCH 3 ) are generally synthesized by reaction between an amine of general formula R 1 R 2 NH and an electrophilic methylating agent, such as methyl iodide, methanol, dimethyl sulfate or dimethyl carbonate, preferably in the presence of a base. Alternatively, methylated amines can be obtained by employing paraformaldehyde in the presence of a reducing agent (H 2 , NaBH 4 ). These different synthetic routes thus do not involve CO 2 as carbon source for the methylation of the N—H bond of the amine. The synthesis of methylated amines from CO 2 is not very extensively described. It is in particular described by three publications: In 1985, Ram and Ehrenkaufer described the carboxylation of amines in the presence of CO 2 . After alkylation or silylation, the carbamic esters obtained are reduced with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ) (S. Ram and R. E. Ehrenkaufer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, Vol. 26, Issue 44, pp. 5367-5370). According to a similar strategy, a three-stage method was developed by Jung et al.: the first stage consists in carrying out the carbonation of the amine in the presence of cesium carbonate. In a second stage, the carbamate thus formed is covalently grafted to a “Merrifield” resin. Finally, the carbamic ester supported on resin is reduced to methylated amine by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ) (R. N. Savatore, F. X. Chu, A. S. Nagle, E. A. Kapxhiu, R. M. Cross and K. W. Jung, Tetrahedron, 2002, Vol. 58, pp. 3329-3347). A different strategy was developed by Ram and Spicer in 1989. It is based on the silylation of the N—H bond of an amine by hexamethyldisilazane (Me 3 SiSiMe 3 ), followed by reaction with CO 2 in the presence of lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ) (S. Ram and L. D. Spicer, Synthetic Communications, 1989, Vol. 19, pp. 3561-3571). These synthetic routes exhibit disadvantages, in particular: the source of hydrides is LiAlH 4 , a harsh reducing agent incompatible with the presence of functional groups on the amines; the processes involve several stages which require intermediate purifications; the reactions are not catalytic, which compels the use of powerful reactants (such as LiAlH 4 ) and the use of multiple stages for improving the yields and selectivities. In the context of the synthesis of methylated amines using carbon dioxide, the technical challenge to be answered is that of combining the functionalization of the carbon dioxide (formation of a C—N bond) with a stage of chemical reduction (formation of three C—H bonds). In order to maximize the energy efficiency of such a transformation, it is necessary to develop reactions with a limited number of stages (ideally just one) and which are catalyzed, in order to prevent energy losses of a kinetic nature. Labeled methylated amines, incorporating radioactive isotopes and/or stable isotopes, are moreover of particular interest in many fields, such as, for example, in life sciences (study/elucidation of enzymatic mechanisms or of biosynthetic mechanisms, in biochemistry and the like), environmental sciences (tracing of waste, and the like), research (study/elucidation of reaction mechanisms) or the research and development of novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic products. Thus, to develop a synthesis for the preparation of labeled methylated amines meeting the requirements indicated above meets a real need. There thus exists a real need for a process for preparing methylated amines by the transformation of CO 2 which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, said process making it possible to combine the functionalization of the carbon dioxide with a stage of chemical reduction. In particular, there exists a real need for a process which makes it possible to obtain, in just one step and with a good, indeed even excellent, selectivity, methylated amines from CO 2 and amines, under catalytic conditions and in the presence of a compound which provides for the reduction of CO 2 and which is compatible with the presence of functional groups on the amine. In addition, there exists a real need to have available a process which makes it possible to obtain, in just one step and with an excellent selectivity, labeled methylated amines incorporating radioactive isotopes and/or stable isotopes starting from labeled reactants, such as, for example, labeled CO 2 and/or labeled amines, under catalytic conditions and in the presence of a compound which provides for the reduction of CO 2 and which is compatible with the presence of functional groups on the amine. SUMMARY It is a specific aim of the present invention to meet these needs by providing a process for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I): in which: R 1 and R 2 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a heterocycle, a silyl group, a siloxy group, an amino group, an aldimine of formula —N═CHR 6 , or a ketimine of formula —N═CR 6 R 7 , said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, silyl, siloxy and amino groups optionally being substituted, or R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form an optionally substituted heterocycle, or R 1 and R 2 form, with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, a carbon-nitrogen double bond (N═C) in order to result in an aldimine of formula —N═CHR 6 or in a ketimine of formula —N═CR 6 R 7 , and R 6 and R 7 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a heterocycle, a silyl group, a siloxy group or an amino group, said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, silyl, siloxy and amino groups optionally being substituted, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 and R 7 optionally comprise an H, C, N, O, F, Si and/or S as defined below; H represents a hydrogen atom ( 1 H), deuterium ( 2 H) or tritium ( 3 H); C represents a carbon atom ( 12 C) or a 11 C, 13 C or 14 C isotope; N represents a nitrogen atom ( 14 N) or a 15 N isotope; O represents an oxygen atom ( 16 O) or an 18 O isotope; F represents a fluorine atom ( 19 F) or a 18 F isotope; Si represents a silicon atom ( 28 Si) or a 29 Si or 30 Si isotope; S represents a sulfur atom ( 32 S) or a 33 S, 34 S or 36 S isotope; characterized in that an amine of formula (II), in which R 1 and R 2 and N are as defined above: is reacted with CO 2 , in which C and O are as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst and of a silane compound of formula (III): in which: H is as defined above, R 3 , R 4 and R 5 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, a silyl group, a siloxy group, an aryl group or an amino group, said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, silyl, siloxy, aryl and amino groups optionally being substituted, or R 5 is as defined above and R 3 and R 4 , taken together with the silicon atom to which they are bonded, form an optionally substituted silylated heterocycle. The process of the invention has the advantage of making it possible to convert optionally labeled CO 2 into optionally labeled methylated amines with a large choice of optionally labeled amines of formula (II) (primary, secondary, aromatic, aliphatic, and the like, amines). In this process, said amines serve essentially to functionalize the CO 2 and the silane compounds of formula (III) provide for the reduction of CO 2 , under catalytic conditions. The methylated amines are thus obtained with a good yield (of the order of 35% to 100%, for example) and a good, indeed even excellent, selectivity (for example, more than 50%, indeed even more than 70%, of methylated amines isolated). In the context of the present invention, the yield is calculated with respect to the amount of amine of formula (II) initially introduced, on the basis of the amount of methylated amine isolated: Yield= n (methylated amine)/( n (methylated amine)+ n (amine)), n being the amount of material. In the context of the present invention, the selectivity relates to the nature of the products formed from the amine of formula (II). As indicated above, the process of the invention makes it possible to obtain the methylated amines of formula (I) in “just one step”. In other words, in contrast to the processes of the state of the art in which the starting amines are subjected to successive chemical reactions with successive addition (one at a time) of the other reactants, with or without separation of the intermediate products, the process of the invention takes place in “just one step” during which all of the reactants (such as the bases, the silylated compounds, the reducing agents, in particular LiAlH 4 , and the like) are found simultaneously in the reaction medium. Thus, industrially, the process of the invention is of great advantage as it makes it possible to gain in time, in production costs and in overall yield. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the required energy for conversion of CO 2 inoto other products. DETAILED DESCRIPTION “Alkyl” is understood to mean, within the meaning of the present invention, an optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated and linear, branched or cyclic carbon-based radical comprising from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Mention may be made, as saturated and linear or branched alkyl, for example, of the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecanyl radicals and their branched isomers. Mention may be made, as cyclic alkyl, of the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl radicals. Mention may be made, as unsaturated cyclic alkyls, for example, of cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl. The unsaturated alkyls, also known as “alkenyl” or “alkynyl”, respectively comprise at least one double bond or one triple bond. Mention may be made, as such, for example, of the ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, acetylenyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl radicals and their branched isomers. The alkyl group, within the meaning of the invention including the alkenyl and alkynyl groups, can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups, or one or more aryl groups, with the alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. The term “aryl” denotes generally an aromatic cyclic substituent comprising from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. In the context of the invention, the aryl group can be mono- or polycyclic. Mention may be made, by way of indication, of the phenyl, benzyl and naphthyl groups. The aryl group can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups, one or more alkyl groups, or one or more aryl groups, with the alkoxy, alkyl and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. The term “heteroaryl” denotes generally an aromatic mono- or polycyclic substituent comprising from 5 to 10 members, including at least 2 carbon atoms, and at least one heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Mention may be made, by way of indication, of the furyl, benzofuranyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, azaindolyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidilyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, 1,1-diphenylhydrazinyl and 1,2-diphenylhydrazinyl groups. The heteroaryl group can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups, one or more aryl groups, or one or more alkyl groups, with the alkyl, alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. The term “alkoxy” means an alkyl group, as defined above, bonded via an oxygen atom (—O-alkyl). The term “heterocycle” denotes generally a saturated or unsaturated and mono- or polycyclic substituent comprising from 5 to 10 members and comprising from 1 to 4 heteroatoms chosen, independently of one another, from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Mention may be made, by way of indication, of the morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, thianyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl and isothiazolidinyl substituents. The heterocycle can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more aryl groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups, or one or more alkyl groups, with the alkyl, alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. Halogen atom is understood to mean an atom chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms. “Silyl” group is understood to mean a group of formula [—Si(X) 3 ] in which each X, independently of one another, is chosen from a hydrogen atom, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, one or more alkyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more aryl groups, or one or more siloxy groups, with the alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and siloxy groups as defined in the context of the present invention. When at least one of the X symbols represents several siloxy groups, said siloxy groups can be repeated several times so as to result in polymeric organosilanes of general formula: in which X is as defined above and n is an integer of between 1 and 20 000, advantageously between 1000 and 5000. Mention may be made, as such, for example, of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). “Siloxy” group is understood to mean a silyl group as defined above bonded via an oxygen atom (—O—Si(X) 3 ). Within the meaning of the invention, “silylated heterocycle” is understood to mean a saturated or unsaturated and mono- or polycyclic substituent comprising from 5 to 15 members and comprising at least one silicon atom and optionally at least one other heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Said silylated heterocycle can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms or one or more aryl groups with the alkyl, alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. Mention may be made, among silylated heterocycles, for example, of 1-silacyclo-3-pentene or 1-methyl-1-hydrido-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclo-pentadiene, according to the formulae below. Mention may also be made, for example, of methylsiloxane, 1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane, 1-sila-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1-methyl-1-silacyclopentane and 9,9-dihydro-9-silafluorene, corresponding to the formulae below. The silylated heterocycles of the invention can be available commercially or can, if appropriate, be prepared by known synthetic processes, such as, for example, described by C. L. Smith et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 81 (1974), pp. 33-40; G. D. Homer, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 95, 23, (1973), pp. 7700-7707; L. Spialter et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 93, 22 (1971), pp. 5682-5686; R. West, Journal of the American Chemical Society (1954), pp. 6015-6017. A person skilled in the art will be in a position to employ and adapt the known processes to the synthesis of the various silylated heterocycles. “Amino” group is understood to mean a group of formula —NR 6 R 7 in which: R 6 and R 7 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a heterocycle, a silyl group or a siloxy group, with the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, silyl and siloxy groups as defined in the context of the present invention; or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a heterocycle optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups, or one or more aryl groups, with the alkyl, alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. When R 1 and R 2 form, with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, a carbon-nitrogen double bond (N═C) in order to result in an aldimine of formula —N═CHR 6 or in a ketimine of formula —N═CR 6 R 7 and when R 6 and R 7 represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a heterocycle, a silyl group, a siloxy group or an amino group, said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, silyl, siloxy and amino groups as defined in the context of the present invention can optionally be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more alkoxy groups, one or more aryl groups, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, one or more nitro (—NO 2 ) groups, one or more nitrile (—CN) groups or one or more alkyl groups, with the alkyl, alkoxy and aryl groups as defined in the context of the present invention. The substituents, radicals and groups defined above can optionally comprise deuterium ( 2 H), tritium ( 3 H), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O 18 F, 29 Si, 30 Si, 33 S, 34 S or 36 S. When the compounds of formulae (I), (II) and (III) comprise at least one radioactive label/radioactive tracer or one isotope, they can also be denoted by the formulae (I′), (II′) and (III′). According to a preferred alternative form of the invention, in the amine of formula (II), R 1 and R 2 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, said alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups optionally being substituted, or R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form an optionally substituted heterocycle. Preferably, in the amine of formula (II), R 1 and R 2 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl groups or their branched isomers or the cyclohexyl groups; an aryl group chosen from the benzyl or phenyl; or a heteroaryl group chosen from imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl; or R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle chosen from morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, imidazole, in particular 1H-imidazole, tetrahydropyrimidine, in particular 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, triazole or pyrazole. According to another preferred alternative form of the invention, in the silane compound of formula (III), R 3 , R 4 and R 5 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a silyl group or a siloxy group, said alkyl, alkoxy, silyl, siloxy and aryl groups optionally being substituted. Preferably, in the silane compound of formula (III), R 3 , R 4 and R 5 represent, independently of one another: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl groups or their branched isomers; an alkoxy group, the alkyl group of which is chosen from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl groups or their branched isomers; an aryl group chosen from the benzyl or phenyl groups; a siloxy group; a silyl group of formula [—Si(X) 3 ] in which each X symbol, independently of one another, is chosen from a hydrogen atom, one or more halogen atoms chosen from the chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, one or more alkyl groups chosen from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl groups or their branched isomers, one or more alkoxy groups, the alkyl group of which is chosen from the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl groups or their branched isomers, one or more siloxy groups, the —Si(X) 3 group of which is as described in this embodiment, several siloxy groups which reoccur several times resulting in polymeric organosilanes of general formula: in which X is as defined in this embodiment and n is an integer of between 1 and 20 000, advantageously between 1000 and 5000. Catalyst, within the meaning of the invention, is understood to mean any compound which is capable of modifying, in particular by increasing, the rate of the chemical reaction in which it participates and which is regenerated at the end of the reaction. This definition encompasses both catalysts, that is to say compounds which exert their catalytic activity without having to be subjected to any modification or conversion, and compounds (also known as precatalysts) which are introduced into the reaction medium and which are converted therein into a catalyst. The catalysts can be chosen from organic catalysts or metal catalysts, the metal catalysts being chosen from metal salts or metal complexes. Organic catalysts exhibit the advantage of making it possible to escape the problems of toxicity generally observed for metal catalysts and also the problems of costs associated with the use of precious metals. In the process of the invention, the catalyst is preferably organic. The organic catalysts are generally organic bases chosen from: nitrogenous bases, such as, for example, secondary or tertiary amines chosen from triazabicyclodecene (TBD), N-methyltriazabicyclodecene (MeTBD), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), trimethylamine, triethylamine, piperidine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), proline, phenylalanine, a thiazolium salt or N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA or DIEA); phosphorus-based bases, such as, for example, alkyl- and arylphosphines chosen from triphenylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) or triisopropylphosphine; alkyl- and arylphosphonates chosen from diphenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tri(isopropylphenyl) phosphate (TIPP), cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) or tricresyl phosphate (TCP); or alkyl and aryl phosphates chosen from di(n-butyl) phosphate (DBP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate or triethyl phosphate; carbon-based bases for which the protonation takes place on a carbon atom, such as, for example, an N-heterocyclic carbene, such as a carbene resulting from an imidazolium salt chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene A), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene C), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene B), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene D), 4,5-dichloro-1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene E), 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene F) or 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium salts, said salts being, for example, in the form of chloride salts, as represented below: or oxygen-based bases, such as, for example, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide or alkoxide chosen from sodium or potassium methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide, butoxide, pentoxide or hexoxide. The organic catalyst is advantageously: a secondary or tertiary amine chosen from triazabicyclodecene (TED), N-methyltriazabicyclodecene (MeTBD), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), trimethylamine, triethylamine, piperidine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), proline, phenylalanine, a thiazolium salt or N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA or DIEA), or an N-heterocyclic carbene, such as a carbene resulting from an imidazolium salt chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene A), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene C), 1,3-bis(2,4,6trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene B), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene D), 4,5-dichloro-1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene E), 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (carbene F) or 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium salts, said salts being, for example, in the form of chloride salts, as represented below: According to a preferred alternative form of the invention, the organic catalyst is chosen from triazabicyclodecene (TBD), N-methyltriazabicyclodecene (MeTBD), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or an N-heterocyclic carbene, such as a carbene resulting from an imidazolium salt, such as 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene A), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene C), 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride, 1,3-di(tert-butyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene F), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene B), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene D) or 4,5-dichloro-1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (carbene E). When the catalyst is a metal catalyst, it can be chosen from the salts or complexes of: metals chosen from boron, silicon, aluminum, gallium, tin or indium; alkali metals chosen from sodium or potassium; alkaline earth metals chosen from magnesium or calcium; transition metals chosen from nickel, iron, cobalt, zinc, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium or iridium; rare earth metals chosen from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium or neodymium. By way of examples, the metal catalyst can be chosen from the following salts or complexes: Al(OiPr) 3 , SnCl 2 or InBr 3 , as metal salts or complexes; Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Cs 2 CO 3 , as salts or complexes of alkali metals; MgSO 4 or Ca(BH 4 ) 2 , as salts or complexes of alkaline earth metals; Fe(BH 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Fe(BF 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Fe(acac) 3 , CuCl, Cu(OAc) 2 (H 2 O), Zn(OAc) 2 , Zn(BDI)Et, ZnEt 2 , ZnCl 2 or ZnSO 4 , as salts or complexes of transition metals; La(OTf) 3 or CeCl 3 , as salts or complexes of rare earth metals. Metal complex is understood to mean an organometallic or inorganic coordination compound in which a metal ion is bonded to an organic or inorganic ligand. An organometallic or inorganic complex can be obtained by mixing a metal salt with a ligand, the latter bonding to the metal via phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen or silicon atoms, for example. Mention may be made, as organic or inorganic ligand and by way of indication, of a ligand of the phosphine or amine type, such as, for example, tris[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine (PP 3 ), carbene A, tricyclohexylphosphine, acetate (AcO), acetylacetonate (acac), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-β-diketiminate (BDI), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppb) or pyridine. According to a preferred alternative form of the invention, the metal catalyst is obtained: by mixing an iron metal salt, such as, for example, Fe(acac) 3 , Fe(acac) 2 or Fe(BF 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O, with a ligand of phosphine or amine type, such as, for example TMEDA, dppe or PP 3 ; or else by mixing a zinc salt, such as, for example, Zn(BDI)Et, Zn(OAc) 2 or ZnEt 2 , with a ligand of amine type, such as, for example, TMEDA, pyridine or carbene A. Some of the abbreviations used for the ligands are represented below: Without wishing to be committed by theory, the amine R 1 R 2 NH serves to functionalize the CO 2 by the formation of intermediates of carbamate type and the silane provides the stage of reduction of said intermediates of carbamate type. The catalysts can, if appropriate, be immobilized on heterogeneous supports in order to ensure ready separation of said catalyst and/or the recycling thereof. Said heterogeneous supports can be chosen from supports based on silica gel or on plastic polymers, such as, for example, polystyrene, carbon-based supports chosen from carbon nanotubes, silicon carbide, alumina or magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ). In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out under a CO 2 pressure by sparging CO 2 into the reaction medium or under a dry atmosphere comprising CO 2 (dried ambient air comprising, for example, approximately 78% by volume of nitrogen, 21% by volume of oxygen and approximately from 0.2% to 0.04% by volume of carbon dioxide). The reaction can also be carried out using supercritical CO 2 . Preferably, the reaction is carried out under a CO 2 pressure. The pressure of the CO 2 can then be between 1 and 50 bar, preferably between 1 and 30 bar and more preferably between 1 and 10 bar, limits included. The temperature of the reaction can be between 25 and 150° C., preferably between 50 and 125° C. and more preferably between 70 and 100° C., limits included. The duration of the reaction depends on the degree of conversion of the amine of formula (II). The reaction is advantageously maintained until complete conversion of the amine in the formula (II). The reaction can be carried out for a period of time of 5 minutes to 72 hours, advantageously of 15 minutes to 48 hours and preferably of 1 to 48 hours, limits included. The process of the invention, in particular the reaction between the different reactants, can take place in a or a mixture of at least two solvent(s) chosen from: ethers, preferably diethyl ether or THF; hydrocarbons, preferably benzene or toluene; nitrogenous solvents, preferably pyridine or acetonitrile; sulfoxides, preferably dimethyl sulfoxide; alkyl halides, preferably chloroform or methylene chloride. According to a preferred alternative form of the invention, it is not necessary to add an additional solvent. In this case, the amine of formula (II) is the solvent. Thus, in addition to its role of functionalizing the CO 2 , the amine serves as solvent. The molar ratio of the silane compound of formula (III) to the amine of formula (II) is from 1 to 10 and preferably from 1 to 3, limits included. The amount of catalyst is from 0.001 to 1 molar equivalent, preferably from 0.001 to 0.9 molar equivalent, more preferably from 0.01 to 0.9 molar equivalent and more preferably still from 0.01 to 0.5 molar equivalent, limits included, with respect to the amine of formula (II). The different reactants used in the process of the invention (the amines of formula (II), the silane compounds of formula (III), the (pre)catalysts, and the like) are generally commercial compounds or can be prepared by any process known to a person skilled in the art. The invention also relates to the process for the preparation of labeled methylated amines of formula (I′): in which: R 1 *, R 2 *, R 6 * and R 7 * are as defined above and optionally comprise an H*, C*, N*, O*, F*, Si* and/or S* as defined below; H* represents a hydrogen atom ( 1 H), deuterium ( 2 H) or tritium ( 3 H); C* represents a carbon atom ( 12 C) or a 11 C, 13 C or 14 C isotope; N* represents a nitrogen atom ( 14 N) or a 15 N isotope; O* represents an oxygen atom ( 16 O) or an 18 O isotope; F* represents a fluorine atom ( 19 F) or a 18 F isotope; Si* represents a silicon atom ( 28 Si) or a 29 Si or 30 Si isotope; S* represents a sulfur atom ( 32 S) or a 33 S, 34 S or 36 S isotope; characterized in that an amine of formula (II′), in which R 1 *, R 2 * and N* are as defined above: is reacted with CO* 2 , in which C* and O* are as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst and of a silane compound of formula (III′): in which: R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and H* are as defined above. The compounds of formula (I′) correspond in fact to the compounds of formula (I) comprising at least one chosen radioactive label/radioactive tracer or one chosen isotope. Isotopes are understood to mean, for one and the same element, two atoms having the same number of protons (and of electrons) but a different number of neutrons. As they have the same number of electrons and protons, the chemical properties of isotopes of one and the same element and are virtually identical. However, there may exist slight variations in the rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms of a reactant is replaced by one of its isotopes. On the other hand, as the nucleus does not comprise the same number of neutrons, the mass of the atoms varies, which may render the atom unstable: this is why they may be radioactive. They are then radioactive isotopes. In the context of the invention, the term “isotopes” may also encompass “radioactive isotopes”. Radioactive labeling is the fact of combining, with a given molecule or a given compound, an isotope which will make it possible to monitor the change and/or the fixing of the molecules, for example, in an organ. The radioactive tracer is the radioactive element(s) present within a molecule for monitoring the course of this substance, for example, in an organ. This process can thus make it possible to access methylated amines labeled with 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 2 H (D) and/or 3 H (T). The use of molecules for tracing, metabolism, imaging, and the like purposes is described in detail in the literature (U. Pleiss and R. Voges, “Synthesis and Applications of Isotopically Labelled Compounds”, Volume 7, Wiley-VCH, 2001; R. Voges, J. R. Heys and T. Moenius, “Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14”, Wiley-VCH, Chippenham (UK), 2009). The possibility of forming labeled methylated amines can be provided by the availability of the corresponding labeled reactants, for example by: the amines R 1 R 2 NH enriched in 15 N are accessible from ammonium chloride enriched in 15 N: [ 15 NH 4 ][Cl] (Yong-Joo Kim, Max P. Bernstein, Angela S. Galiano Roth, Floyd E. Romesberg, Paul G. Williard, David J. Fuller, Aidan T. Harrison and David B. Collum, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, pp. 4435-4439); amines R 1 R 2 NH 2 with R 1 and/or R 2 labeled are prepared by the synthetic routes described in detail by U. Pleiss and R. Voges, “Synthesis and Applications of Isotopically Labelled Compounds”, Volume 7, Wiley-VCH, 2001; and R. Voges, J. R. Heys and T. Moenius, “Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14”, Wiley-VCH, Chippenham (UK), 2009; CO 2 labeled with 11 C or 14 C is the main source of 11 C and 14 C is obtained by acidification of labeled barium carbonate Ba 14 CO 3 (R. Voges, J. R. Heys and T. Moenius, “Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14”, Wiley-VCH, Chippenham (UK), 2009); silanes R 3 R 4 R 5 Si—H labeled with 2 H (deuterium or D) or 3 H (tritium or T) are accessible from the corresponding chlorosilane R 3 R 4 R 5 Si—Cl and lithium hydride (LiH) or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ), the hydrides both being available in deuterated and tritiated versions (T. A. Kochina, D. V. Vrazhnov, E. N. Sinotova, V. V. Avrorin, M. Yu. Katsap and Yu. V. Mykhov, Russian Journal of General Chemistry, Vol. 72, No. 8, 2002, pp. 1222-1224; E. A. Shishigin, V. V. Avrorin, T. A. Kochina and E. N. Sinotova, Russian Journal of General Chemistry, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2005, pp. 152). Preferably, CO 2 labeled with 11 C or 14 C is used in the process for the preparation of labeled methylated amines of formula (I′). Molecules labeled with 14 C have contributed to many advances in life sciences (enzymatic mechanisms, biosynthetic mechanisms, biochemistry), environmental sciences (tracing of waste), research (elucidation of reaction mechanisms) or diagnosis, or research and development of novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic products. This is because molecules labeled with 14 C exhibit an advantage in metabolical studies and 14 C is easily detectable and quantifiable in both an in vitro environment and in vivo. The main source of 14 C is 14 CO 2 , which is obtained by acidification of barium carbonate Ba 14 CO 3 . The development of processes for the synthesis of base molecules used in the preparation of medicaments is thus essential in order to produce active principles labeled with 14 C, the metabolism of which can thus be determined (R. Voges, J. R. Heys and T. Moenius, “Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14”, Wiley-VCH, Chippenham (UK), 2009). The major constraint limiting the synthesis of molecules labeled with 14 C is the need to have a high yield of 14 C product formed with respect to the amount of 14 CO 2 used and to be based on a restricted number of stages in order to limit as much as possible the costs related to the use of Ba 14 CO 3 (U. Pleiss and R. Voges, “Synthesis and Applications of Isotopically Labelled Compounds”, Volume 7, Wiley-VCH, 2001; R. Voges, J. R. Heys and T. Moenius, “Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14”, Wiley-VCH, Chippenham (UK), 2009). The process according to the invention meets these requirements as the CO 2 operating pressure can be low, for example from 0.2 to 1 bar. In addition, the degree of incorporation of CO 2 (or yield with respect to the CO 2 introduced) remains high and can, for example, exceed 95%. The conditions of temperature, of reaction time and of solvent and also the amounts of reactants and catalysts employed in the process for the preparation of labeled methylated amines of formula (I′) are those described above in the context of the process for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I). Finally, the synthesis of methylated amines labeled with 14 C according to the present invention is a very marked improvement in comparison with the known technologies generally based on a minimum of three stages, in which the CO 2 is first reduced to give methanol in order to be subsequently converted into methyl iodide. The latter is subsequently used as methylating reagent and reacted with an amine in order to form the methylated amine (S. C. Choudhry, L. Serico and J. Cupano, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1989, Vol. 54, pp. 3755-3757). The process of the invention can thus make it possible to access methylated amines in just one step starting with CO 2 with good yields and a good selectivity. The advantage of methylated amines labeled with 14 C in the synthesis of complex molecules labeled with 14 C is illustrated in the following references, in the case of pharmaceutical active principles: J. R. Ferguson, S. J. Hollis, G. A. Johnston, K. W. Lumbard and A. V. Stachulski, J. Labelled Compd. Rad. 2002, Vol. 45, pp. 107-113; T. Kikuchi, K. Fukushi, N. Ikota, T. Ueda, S. Nagatsuka, Y. Arano and T. Irie, J. Labelled Compd. Rad. 2001, Vol. 44, pp. 31-41; T. Okamura, T. Kikuchi, K. Fukushi and T. Irie, J. Med. Chem. 2009, Vol. 52, pp. 7284-7288; C. Trefzer, M. Rengifo-Gonzalez, M. J. Hinner, P. Schneider, V. Makarov, S. T. Cole and K. Johnsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, Vol. 132, pp. 13663-13665. Another subject matter of the invention is the use of the process for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I) according to the invention in the manufacture of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, adhesives, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides and fertilizers. Another subject matter of the invention is the use of the process for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I′) according to the invention in the manufacture of radioactive tracers and radioactive labels. Mention may be made, as examples of radioactive tracers and radioactive labels, of 6-bromo-7-[ 11 C] and 6-bromo-7-[ 14 C] and [N-[ 14 C]methyl]-2-(4′-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (also known as [ 14 C] PIB), the structures of which are represented below: An additional subject matter of the invention is a process for the manufacture of vitamins, pharmaceutical products, adhesives, acrylic fibers, synthetic leather, pesticides and fertilizers, characterized in that it comprises a step of preparation of methylated amines of formula (I) by the process according to the invention. An additional subject matter of the invention is a process for the manufacture of tracers and radioactive tracers, characterized in that it comprises a step of preparation of methylated amines of formula (I′) by the process according to the invention. As already indicated, the process according to the invention results in the formation of methylated amines with a good yield (of the order of 35% to 100%, for example) and a good, indeed even excellent, selectivity (for example, more than 50%, indeed even more than 70%, of methylated amines isolated). A simple filtration can make it possible to recover the optionally supported catalyst and to remove the possible silylated by-products formed. Whether for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I) or of the labeled methylated amines of formula (I′), in addition to the good yield and very good selectivity, the process of the invention makes it possible to obtain said methylated amines in just one step and to use: CO 2 as carbon source, and a mild reducing agent (the silane of formula (III) or (III′)), compatible with the optional presence of functional groups on the amine. Other advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent on reading the examples below, given by way of illustration and without implied limitation, and the appended FIG. 1 , which represents the thermodynamic stability of carbon dioxide and the need to resort to an external energy source to promote the thermodynamic balance of the chemical transformation and the conversion of CO 2 to EXAMPLES Example 1 The process for the preparation of methylated amines of formula (I) can be carried out according to the following experimental protocol. The reactants used, in particular the amine R 1 R 2 NH, the (pre)catalyst and the silane compound, are commercial products. The amine R 1 R 2 NH (1 molar equivalent), the (pre)catalyst (from 0.001 to 1 molar equivalent), the silane compound (1 to 3 molar equivalents) and the solvent are introduced into a the Schlenk tube under an inert atmosphere in a glove box and the Schlenk tube is subsequently sealed with a J. Young tap. The concentration of amine and of silane compound in the reaction mixture is approximately 1M (concentration calculated on the basis of the volume of solvent introduced). The order of introduction of the reactants is not important. The Schlenk tube is subsequently placed under CO 2 pressure (from 1 to 3 bar) using a vacuum line and is then heated at a temperature of between 25 and 100° C. until the complete conversion of the amine (reaction from 5 minutes to 72 hours). Once the reaction is complete, the volatile compounds are removed under reduced pressure and the reaction mixture is purified by chromatography on silica gel. The use of a toluene/hexane mixture as eluant makes it possible to obtain the analytically pure methylated amine. Alternatively, if the boiling point of the methylated amine of formula (I) is sufficiently low (<200° C.), it can be isolated from the reaction mixture by simple distillation at ambient or reduced pressure. A body of results is presented below, giving examples of conversions of primary and secondary amines into methylated amines (determined by NMR) using phenylsilane PhSiH 3 (sold by Aldrich) and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) (sold by Aldrich under the reference 176206) as reducing agents, depending on the conditions tested. The structures of the amines and of the (pre)catalysts and of the silanes tested are represented on each occasion. The reaction scheme is as follows: Different (pre)catalysts were tested for their reaction. The results are shown in the following tables. TABLE 1 (Pre)catalysts involving zinc salts or complexes Reaction Product Amine R 1 R 2 NH Silane (Pre)catalyst conditions R 1 R 2 NCH 3 (a) PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + Zn(OAc) 2 (10 mol %) THF 25° C. (1 h) 100° C. (24 h) 65% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (15 mol %) + [Zn(OAc) 2 Pyridine] (10 mol %) THF 25° C. (1 h) 100° C. (24 h) 89% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + [ZnEt 2 ] (20 mol %) THF 25° C. (1 h) 100° C. (24 h) 60% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (15 mol %) + [Zn(BDI)Et] (10 mol %) THF 25° C. (1 h) 100° C. (24 h) 38% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnEt 2 (10 mol %) THF 25° C. (1 h) 100° C. (72 h) 90% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnEt 2 (10 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 65% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) ZnEt 2 (10 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 65% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) ZnEt 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (90 h) 35% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 46% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) ZnEt 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (90 h) 40% Ph—CH 2 —NH 2 PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + THF 20% ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) 100° C. (20 h) Ph—NH 2 PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + THF 62% ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) 100° C. (20 h) PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 67% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 49% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 67% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 49% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 12% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (20 h) 10% Ph 2 N—NH 2 PhSiH 3 (2 eq) IPr (5 mol %) + THF 24% ZnCl 2 (5 mol %) 100° C. (20 h) It should be noted that “IPr” corresponds to carbene A. (a) The yields of methylated amines R 1 R 2 NCH 3 have not been optimized. Thus, the modest but encouraging yields obtained for some amines remain to be optimized. The results show that, under the operating conditions shown in table 1, all the zinc (pre)catalysts are excellent (pre)catalysts as they make it possible to obtain methylated amines with a good yield, indeed even a very good yield (ranging from 35% to 90%). TABLE 2 (Pre)catalysts involving iron salts or complexes Reaction Product Amine R 1 R 2 NH Silane (Pre)catalyst condtions R 1 R 2 NCH 3 PhSiH 3 (2 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 20% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 5% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 15% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 25% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 20% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) Fe(BF 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (70 h) 35% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(acac) 3 (3.5 mol %) + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 25% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(acac) 3 (3.5 mol %) + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 45% PhSiH 3 (1 eq) Fe(acac) 3 (3.5 mol %) + PP 3 (5 mol %) THF 100° C. (24 h) 5% The results show that, under the operating conditions shown in table 2, the most active (pre)catalysts result from the mixtures Fe(acac) 3 +PP 3 and Fe(BF 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O+PP 3 . For the other (pre)catalysts, an optimization of the operating conditions may be envisaged. TABLE 3 (Pre)catalyst involving an organic molecule Reaction Product Amine R 1 R 2 NH Silane (Pre)catalyst condtions R 1 R 2 NCH 3 PhSiH 3 (1 eq) IPr (5 mol %) THF 70° C. (24 h) 50% Under the operating conditions shown in table 3, the methylated amine is obtained with a good yield. TABLE 4 (Pre)catalysts involving copper salts or complexes Reaction Product Amine R 1 R 2 NH Silane (Pre)catalyst condtions R 1 R 2 NCH 3 PMHS (3 eq) Cu(OAc) 2 (H 2 O) (5 mol %) dppb (7.5 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 40% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) Cu(OAc) 2 (H 2 O) (5 mol %) dppb (7.5 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 20% PMHS (3 eq) Cu(OAc) 2 (H 2 O) (5 mol %) dppb (7.5 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 25% PhSiH 3 (2 eq) Cu(OAc) 2 (H 2 O) (5 mol %) dppb (7.5 mol %) THF 100° C. (72 h) 20% The results show that, under the operating conditions shown in table 4, phenylsilane PhSiH 3 can be replaced by a polysilane (silane of polymeric structure), polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). In the case of PMHS, the number of molar equivalents of silane is understood as the number of molar equivalents of monomer unit (MeSiHO). The abbreviations used are represented below: These results show that the preparation of methylated amines by the process of the invention is sufficiently flexible to efficiently convert a great variety of secondary, aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic amines, both with metal salts and complexes and with organic molecules as (pre)catalyst, under mild conditions of CO 2 pressures and reaction temperatures.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing methylated amines using carbon dioxide and to the use of the method for manufacturing vitamins, pharmaceutical products, glues, acrylic fibres and synthetic leathers, pesticides and fertilisers. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing vitamins, pharmaceutical products, glues, acrylic fibres, synthetic leathers, pesticides and fertilisers, including a step of preparing methylated amines by the method according to the invention. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing marked methylated amines and to the uses thereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention generally relates to the field of databases, and more particularly relates to accessing elements of a list of variable length structures in forward and reverse directions (bi-directional), wherein such type of access can be found in a compressed index of a database system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] It is quite common to find cases where one has to store and then access a list of variable length structures. The accesses of the elements could be in forward and reverse directions. An example where this is needed is in compressed database indexes. [0003] A database index stores an efficient mapping between a key to a list of row identifiers (RIDs). In compressed indexes, these lists of RIDs are often encoded using variable length encoding schemes. Here, the length of the RID is a function of its value. The value could be its original RID value or that obtained by a delta encoding of the original RID value and/or other compression scheme applied to it. As is known, delta encoding is a technique for storing or transmitting data in the form of differences between sequential data values, rather than the complete set of data values. The differences are referred to as “delta encoded integers” or, more simply, “deltas.” Delta encoded lists of RIDs may then be further compressed using a plurality of other compression methods. One exemplary method is dictionary-based compression, where common bit patterns in the deltas are replaced with a short codeword. [0004] While accessing data via these compressed indexes, one needs to be able to traverse the keys and RID lists in forward and reverse orders. Consider an index on a table column called ship_date. One can expect a lot of items were shipped on the same date and they will have the same ship_date. In such a case, the index would have the key (e.g., ship_date=01/01/2008) followed by a list containing the record identifiers of those records which have this value. Immediately following would be another key and its RID lists in increasing logical order of the keys. [0005] A user might want to know how many items were shipped for each date of 2008 in increasing or decreasing order of the dates. The former (i.e., increasing order) could be easily answered by a traversal of the index in the forward direction while picking up the count of records for each key in that range. For the latter (i.e., decreasing order), one could traverse the index in reverse direction and answer the query. Thus, the ability to traverse the key and RID lists in forward and reverse direction is very important for query processing. [0006] Apart from the variable length record identifiers (RIDs), the list could also contain information describing the state of the record. This could be in data structures which may be of fixed length and are called RIDFlags for this discussion. The RIDFlags could follow each RID in the list. [0007] The conventional form of variable length encoding breaks the structure into bytes (or blocks) and uses a bit in every byte (or block) to indicate if the byte (or block) is the final byte (or block) or a continuation byte (or block). While reading the data, this bit is used to put bytes (or blocks) together and form the complete variable length data item. This is easy to do when one is traversing the list in a forward direction but becomes difficult to do in a reverse direction. It becomes impossible to do that when the variable length items (such as RIDs) are intermixed with other fixed length items (such as RIDFlags). The reverse scan would not be able to distinguish between a RIDFlag from an encoded byte (or block) of the RID. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] Principles of the invention provide techniques for encoding a variable length structure such that it facilitates forward and reverse scans of a list of such structures as needed. While the techniques are applicable to a wide variety of applications, they are particularly well-suited for use with structures such as those found in compressed database indexes. [0009] In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method for processing one or more variable length data structures comprises the following steps. Each variable length data structure is obtained. Each variable length structure comprises one or more data block. A variable length encoding process is applied to the one or more blocks of each variable length data structure which comprises setting a continuation data value in each block to a first value or a second value, wherein the setting of the continuation data values enables bi-directional scanning of each variable length structure. [0010] When a variable length data structure has more than one block, the application of the variable length encoding process may comprise setting the continuation data values in the first block and the last block of the variable length structure to the first value. Further, when the variable length data structure has more than one block, the application of the variable length encoding process may comprise setting the continuation data value in any intermediate block of the variable length structure to the second value. [0011] When a variable length data structure has one block, the application of the variable length encoding process may comprise setting the continuation data value in the one block of the variable length structure to the second value. [0012] The first value may be one of a data value of one (1) and a data value of zero (0), and the second value is the other of the data value of one (1) and the data value of zero (0). [0013] The processing method may also comprise decoding each encoded variable length data structure. This may comprise checking for continuation data values that denote the beginning and the end of each of the one or more encoded variable length data structures, skipping any fixed length unencoded fields in between encoded variable length data structures. Still further, the decoding step may comprise removing any continuation data values added during the encoding process, and concatenating two or more blocks after removal of any continuation data values, when the variable length data structure comprises more than one block. [0014] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary RID list in an uncompressed domain and an exemplary delta encoded variable length RID list in a compressed domain. [0016] FIG. 2 shows an example variable length encoding of a 32 bit integer using one bit per byte. [0017] FIG. 3 shows an example encoding process according to an embodiment of the invention for the same 32 bit integer of FIG. 2 using one bit per byte. [0018] FIG. 4 shows an operational flow diagram illustrating an overall exemplary encoding process according to an embodiment of the invention. [0019] FIG. 5 shows an operational flow diagram illustrating an overall exemplary decoding process according to an embodiment of the invention. [0020] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an exemplary database server and network environment in which exemplary processes of the present invention may be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0021] While principles of the present invention will be described herein in the context of a practical, real-world application such as a database record management system, the invention is not so limited. It is also to be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type of data that the database stores (e.g., employee, financial, demographic, geographic records, etc.). Also, although not limited thereto, principles of the application are particularly suitable for implementation in a DB2 database system (IBM Corporation, Armonk N.Y.) or the like. Also, it is to be appreciated that a “bit” illustratively referred to herein is either a “one” (1) or a “zero” (0) in accordance with a binary numbering system. [0022] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary RID list 101 in the uncompressed domain and an exemplary delta encoded variable length RID list 102 in the compressed domain. In both cases, a fixed-length flag structure (e.g., RIDFlags) immediately follows each RID or delta. As mentioned above, the flag structure is used for recording status information and the like pertaining to the corresponding record. [0023] FIG. 2 shows an example variable length encoding of a 32 bit integer using one bit per byte. The continuation bit for each byte other than the last one is set to one, and the continuation bit is set to zero in the last byte. Reference numeral 201 shows how a value of more than one byte would be encoded. Reference numeral 202 shows how a value of one byte would be encoded. In both cases, the continuation bit of the last byte (the only byte, in the case of 202 ) is set to zero, and the continuation bits of bytes that are not the last byte are set to one. [0024] In contrast, FIG. 3 shows an example of an encoding methodology, according to an embodiment of the invention, for the same 32 bit integer (as in FIG. 2 ) using one bit per byte. Reference numeral 301 shows how a value of more than one byte would be encoded, where the continuation bits of the first and last byte are set to one and the continuation bits of all intermediate bytes (one, in this example) are set to zero. Reference numeral 302 shows how a value of one byte would be encoded, wherein the continuation bit is set to zero in order to distinguish this byte from the first byte of a multi-byte value. This facilitates bi-directional scans. [0025] We now explain in detail the overall process employed to generate the encoding of FIG. 3 , as well as an overall decoding process. [0026] The first step overall is to choose or determine a block size for which we are going to have a bit as code. It could be at the byte level or a set of bytes. Then, the following method for encoding and decoding lists of variable length structures made up of blocks is implemented. [0027] In the encoding step, the process encodes each variable length structure (i.e., payload) in the list using a variable byte encoding method, except that, if the variable byte encoded value comprises more than one byte (or block), the continuation bit is set to one only in the first and last byte (or block), and if the variable byte encoded value comprises exactly one byte (or block), the continuation bit of that one byte (or block) is set to zero. [0028] Thus as shown in FIG. 4 , after choosing the granularity per block ( 401 ), the encoding process proceeds for each variable length structure ( 402 ) as follows. Step 403 calls for breaking (block- 1 ) bits out of the variable length structure and adding a one for the extra continuation bit. For all intermediate blocks of size (block- 1 ) that can be extracted from the structure, if any, the process adds zero as the extra continuation bit ( 404 ). For the final remaining bits, the process allocates block bits and marks the continuation bit as one ( 405 ). [0029] Thus, we end up with blocks of size (block) with, if there are more than one block, the first and last blocks marked with one as continuation and with the remaining intermediate blocks marked with zero as continuation, or, if there is exactly one block, that block marked with zero as continuation. Using a zero to indicate that there is just one byte (or block) is necessary, so that the decoding can distinguish between the cases of a byte (or block) being the first of several blocks, and the block being the only block. FIG. 3 shows the result of this method of encoding. [0030] In the decoding step, the process decodes each payload by checking for the continuation bit that denotes the beginning and the end of the encoded payload. If the scan is forward, then the first block considered will be the leftmost block of a value, and each succeeding block (if any) will be one block to the right. If the scan is reverse, then the first block considered will be the rightmost block of the value, and each succeeding block (if any) will be one block to the left. If the continuation bit of the first block considered is zero, this indicates that the entire value comprises just that one block, and the decoding is complete. Else, if the continuation bit of the first block considered is one, this indicates that this is the first block of a series of more than one block, and subsequent contiguous blocks are considered until a block with a continuation bit value of one is again encountered. That block is understood to be the final block in the series of blocks, with each intermediate block being marked with a zero in its continuation bit. [0031] Thus as shown in FIG. 5 , after choosing the granularity per block ( 501 ), the decoding process proceeds for each variable length structure ( 502 ) as follows. Step 503 calls for getting the first block of the variable length structure marked with continuation bit one and extracting the payload of (block- 1 ) bits (extracting payload effectively means removing continuation bit therefrom). To this, the process concatenates the extracted payload of (block- 1 ) bits of the intermediate blocks marked with continuation bit zero ( 504 ). The process then locates the final block marked with continuation bit one and concatenates its extracted payload to that obtained from before to get the final variable length structure ( 505 ). [0032] Thus, advantageously, the decoding step checks for continuation data values that denote the beginning and the end of the encoded payload, and skips any fixed length unencoded fields in between payloads. [0033] It is to be appreciated that the value of one to indicate the first and last block, zero to indicate a single block, and zero to indicate an intermediate block is arbitrary. Zero could be used instead wherever one is used in the above description, and one could be used wherever zero is used in the above description. [0034] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an exemplary database record management system in which an exemplary process of the present invention may be implemented. More particularly, FIG. 6 illustrates a database server 601 which receives queries and/or data from one or more clients 610 - 1 through 610 -N over network 605 (e.g., internet or intranet). It is assumed that database server 601 hosts a database record management system which is configured to implement a database access methodology including encoding and decoding, according to principles of the invention. [0035] That is, FIG. 6 illustrates a computer system (in the form of a database server) in accordance with which one or more components/steps of the techniques (e.g., components and methodologies described above in the context of FIGS. 1 through 5 ) may be implemented, according to an embodiment of the invention. [0036] It is to be understood that the individual components/steps may be implemented on one such computer system or on more than one such computer system. In the case of an implementation on a distributed computing system, the individual computer systems and/or devices may be connected via a suitable public network. However, the system may be realized via private or local networks. In any case, the invention is not limited to any particular network. [0037] As shown, the computer system includes processor 602 , memory 603 , input/output (I/O) devices 604 , and network interface 605 , coupled via a computer bus 606 or alternate connection arrangement. [0038] It is to be appreciated that the term “processor” as used herein is intended to include any processing device, such as, for example, one that includes a CPU and/or other processing circuitry. It is also to be understood that the term “processor” may refer to more than one processing device and that various elements associated with a processing device may be shared by other processing devices. [0039] The term “memory” as used herein is intended to include memory associated with a processor or CPU, such as, for example, RAM, ROM, a fixed memory device (e.g., hard drive), a removable memory device (e.g., diskette), flash memory, etc. The memory may be considered a computer or machine readable storage medium. [0040] In addition, the phrase “input/output devices” or “I/O devices” as used herein is intended to include, for example, one or more input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.) for entering data to the processing unit, and/or one or more output devices (e.g., display, etc.) for presenting results associated with the processing unit. [0041] Still further, the phrase “network interface” as used herein is intended to include, for example, one or more transceivers to permit the computer system to communicate with another computer system via an appropriate communications protocol. [0042] Accordingly, software components including instructions or code for performing the methodologies described herein may be stored in one or more of the associated memory devices (e.g., ROM, fixed or removable memory) and, when ready to be utilized, loaded in part or in whole (e.g., into RAM) and executed by a CPU. [0043] In any case, it is to be appreciated that the techniques of the invention, described herein and shown in the appended figures, may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, or combinations thereof, e.g., one or more operatively programmed general purpose digital computers with associated memory, implementation-specific integrated circuit(s), functional circuitry, etc. Given the techniques of the invention provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to contemplate other implementations of the techniques of the invention. [0044] Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

Techniques are disclosed for encoding a variable length structure such that it facilitates forward and reverse scans of a list of such structures as needed. While the techniques are applicable to a wide variety of applications, they are particularly well-suited for use with structures such as those found in compressed database indexes. For example, a computer-implemented method for processing one or more variable length data structures includes the following steps. Each variable length data structure is obtained. Each variable length structure comprises one or more data block. A variable length encoding process is applied to the one or more blocks of each variable length data structure which comprises setting a continuation data value in each block to a first value or a second value, wherein the setting of the continuation data values enables bi-directional scanning of each variable length structure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an autothermal reactor and method for producing a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. More particularly, the present invention relates to such a reactor and method in which a reactant stream is produced by entraining a hydrocarbon containing stream in an oxygen containing stream that is expanded into a mixing chamber and the reactant stream is initially reacted in a partial oxidation stage and subsequently reacted in endothermic reforming stages. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The need exists for small, safe on-site reactors to produce synthesis gas, that is a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, for use in subsequent chemical reactions or as a fuel. Synthesis gas is produced by known partial oxidation and steam methane reforming reactions or a combination of the two known as autothermal reforming. In a partial oxidation reaction, a hydrocarbon containing stream, for instance, natural gas, oxygen and, optionally, steam are introduced into a partial oxidation reactor with the use of a specially designed burner. The oxygen is consumed at the reactor entrance. The residence time in the reactor is about 3 seconds. The overall reaction that takes place is: CH 4 +0.5O 2 ═CO+2H 2 The following side reactions also occur. CH 4 +2O 2 ═CO 2 +2H 2 O H 2 +0.5O 2 ═H 2 O CO+0.5O 2 ═CO 2 The side reactions are undesirable and reduce the product H 2 :CO ratio from a stoichiometric ratio of 2 to a ratio ranging from about 1.7 to about 1.8. The initial reaction is exothermic and produces heat and consequential temperature increases to above about 1300° C. The high temperatures allow the following reforming reactions to occur at the main part of the reactor: CH 4 +H 2 O═CO+3H 2 CH 4 +CO 2 =2CO+2H 2 CO 2 +H 2 ═CO+H 2 O The crude synthesis gas is treated in a separation system to recover a hydrogen or carbon monoxide product. Common separation systems that are employed for such purpose include: membrane separation units; MEA adsorption units, PSA, and cryogenic separation units. In steam methane reforming, the hydrocarbon containing stream, steam and, optionally, a recycle stream, primarily containing carbon dioxide, is fed into a reactor. Commonly the reactor is formed by a bundle of tubes containing a catalyst. The tube bundle is located in a furnace and natural gas is also used as a fuel to the furnace. The hydrocarbon containing stream to be reacted is pretreated to remove sulfur which is a poison with respect to the reforming catalyst. Typically, the sulfur level in the natural gas is reduced to a part per million level before the natural gas is fed into the reactor. The following reactions take place inside the catalyst packed tubes: CH 4 +H 2 O═CO+3H 2 CH 4 +CO 2 =2CO+2H 2 CO 2 +H 2 ═CO+H 2 O The crude synthesis gas product from the reactor, which contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water, is cooled down to avoid the re-reforming of methane from the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen. The crude synthesis gas may be treated in a variety of separation units to remove impurities or to recover a desired product such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide in a manner that is similar to that provided for in a partial oxidation reactor. In autothermal reforming, in a first reaction zone formed by a burner, natural gas, oxygen and, optionally, steam and a recycle stream containing CO 2 are reacted. The reactions in this first reaction zone are as follows: CH 4 +2O 2 ═CO 2 +2H 2 O H 2 The resultant intermediate product from the first reaction zone containing methane, water, and carbon dioxide, is fed to a catalyst bed below the burner where the final equilibration takes place in the following reactions: CH 4 +H 2 O═CO+3H 2 CO 2 +H 2 ═CO+H 2 O CH 4 +CO 2 ═CO+H 2 The catalyst bed may be a vessel filled with catalyst as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,351 or a fluid bed catalyst system such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,131. In the fluid bed system disclosed in the aforesaid patent, methane and steam are fed to the bottom of the fluid bed and oxygen is fed close to the bottom but inside the fluid bed. The crude synthesis gas can be treated in separation systems such as have been discussed above with respect to partial oxidation units. The prior art reactors, such as those discussed above, are designed for large volume production of synthesis gases. They are not amenable to be modified for production on a lower scale in that they require furnaces, fluidized beds, burner, complex controls and etc. U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,937 discloses a reactor that by its very nature is capable of being utilized in lower volume applications. In this patent, two reactants are mixed by expanding one of the reactants into a mixing chamber through an orifice and entraining the other reactant to form the mixture. The mixture is formed in such a sufficiently short time that no reaction takes place between the two reactants. The reactants, once mixed, are then reacted with one another in a reaction zone. The problem with this type of reactor is that although it is desirable to use a high surface area high activity catalyst in reality if the reaction is highly exothermic the lifetime of such catalyst will be severely limited. As will be discussed, the present invention provides a reactor and method that employs an autothermal reactor in which reactants are mixed without reaction, in a manner that can take the form outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,937, and that is designed to produce a sufficient amount of synthesis gas product to allow such reactor and method to be practically utilized for small, on-site production of synthesis gases. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an autothermal reactor for producing synthesis gas. A mixing chamber is provided that has an orifice to expand a heated oxygen containing stream into the mixing chamber. An inlet to the mixing chamber is located adjacent to the orifice and oriented to introduce a hydrocarbon containing stream into the mixing chamber tangentially to the heated oxygen containing stream. As a result, the hydrocarbon containing stream is entrained in the heated oxygen containing stream to mix oxygen in the heated oxygen containing stream with hydrocarbons contained in the hydrocarbon containing stream at a sufficiently rapid rate so as not to react the oxygen and the hydrocarbons. This produces a reactant stream that is made up of an unreacted mixture of the heated oxygen containing stream and the hydrocarbon containing stream. An initial partial oxidation reaction zone having a supported partial oxidation catalyst is in communication with the mixing chamber. The initial partial oxidation reaction zone is followed by at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones heated by an exothermic reaction of the partial oxidation reaction zone to react oxygen and hydrocarbons of the reactant stream and thereby to form the synthesis gas. The at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones contain a precious metal catalyst supported on supports formed of materials that provide a greater surface area for a successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones than an initial of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones that directly follows the partial oxidation reaction zone. The initial and the successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones are configured to operate at ever decreasing operational temperatures such that a material making up a support of the successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones remains stable. The use of multiple reforming zones having an increased surface area for the supported catalyst allow for faster reaction rate to take place. This foregoing feature of the invention coupled with the rapid formation of the reactant stream allows the reactor to be compact yet have a production rate of synthesis gases that is sufficient for small on-site production. As may be appreciated, given the above discussion, it would be preferable if all of the endothermic reforming reaction zones had the increased surface area. The problem with this is that materials used in providing such increased surface area are not stable at the temperature generated by the partial oxidization reaction, for instance, titania or gamma alumina. The term “stable” when used in connection with such materials means that at high temperatures, the materials undergo a phase transition and lose their high surface area attributes. For instance, in case of gamma alumina, the material will revert to the lower surface area alpha alumina. By having low surface area initial reforming reaction zones followed by the high surface area reforming zone, the high temperatures produced at the partial oxidation zone of the system are reduced sufficiently by the time the reactant mixture reaches the high surface area reforming zone so that the life of the high surface area reforming zone is increased. In case of a high surface area gamma alumina support, a phase transition takes place converting the same to low surface area alpha alumina above about 700° C. when un-promoted and above about 900° C. to 1000° C. when promoted. The low surface area alpha-alumina support providing a lower surface area results in lower activity. The mixing chamber can be defined by an inner surface outwardly diverging from the orifice to form a frustum of a cone. The surface outwardly diverges from the orifice at an angle calculated to inhibit re-circulation within the mixing chamber. In any embodiment of the present invention, the partial oxidation zone can be formed by a monolithic support and the endothermic reforming zones can be formed by beds of pellets. Preferably, there are two endothermic reforming zones. The monolith can be of honeycomb configuration and the pellets of the initial of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones can be formed by alpha-alumina and the successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones can be formed by gamma-alumina. Alternatively the endothermic reforming zones can be formed by a ceramic or metallic monolith that is coated with the materials supporting the catalysts, for instance an alpha or a gamma-alumina layer. A ceramic heat shield of honeycomb configuration can be located between the partial oxidation reaction zone and the mixing chamber to inhibit heat transfer from the partial oxidation reaction zone to the mixing chamber. The mixing chamber can be a primary mixing chamber. In such embodiment, a secondary mixing chamber can be situated between the partial oxidation reaction zone and the endothermic reforming zones. The secondary mixing chamber is provided with a secondary inlet to receive a recycle stream containing synthesis gas components obtained by separation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the synthesis gas. Preferably, the mixing chamber, the partial oxidation reaction zone and the endothermic reforming zones are in an inline relationship. The initial of the at least two endothermic reforming reaction zones can have a surface area from between about 0.1 and about 10 m 2 /gm. The successive of the at least two endothermic reforming zones can have a surface area from between about 5 and about 300 m 2 /gm. The precious metal catalyst used in the endothermic reforming zones can be Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, or Ni. The monolith for the partial oxidation reaction zone can be from a ceramic doped with a partial oxidation catalyst, for instance, rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, or palladium. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a synthesis gas. In accordance with such method, a heated oxygen containing stream and a hydrocarbon containing stream are mixed to form a reactant stream. The heated oxygen containing stream and hydrocarbon containing stream are mixed at a sufficiently rapid rate such that oxygen and a hydrocarbon containing content of the hydrocarbon containing stream remain unreacted in the reactant stream. The oxygen and said hydrocarbon content are autothermally reacted within the reactant stream in an initial partial oxidation reaction followed by at least two subsequent endothermic reforming reactions to form the synthesis gas. The at least two endothermic reforming reactions are sustained with heat generated from said partial oxidation reaction and by supported catalyst supported on supports. The supports are formed of materials that provide a greater surface area for a successive of the supports supporting the catalyst involved in a successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reactions than an initial of the supports supporting the catalyst involved in an initial of the at least two endothermic reforming reactions that directly follows the partial oxidation reaction. The initial and the successive of the at least two endothermic reforming reactions are operated at ever decreasing operational temperatures such that a material making up the successive of the supports remains stable. The heated oxygen containing stream and the hydrocarbon containing stream can be mixed in a mixing chamber by expanding the heated oxygen containing stream into the mixing chamber through an orifice and tangentially introducing the hydrocarbon containing stream into the mixing chamber such that the hydrocarbon containing stream is entrained in the oxygen containing stream. The oxygen containing stream after expansion can have a supersonic velocity and the hydrocarbon containing stream can have a subsonic velocity. The partial oxidation reaction can occur in a temperature from between about 800° C. and about 1400° C. and the initial of said at least two endothermic reforming reactions occurs in a temperature range from between about 1000° C. and about 1200° C. and the subsequent of the at least two endothermic reforming reactions occurs in a subsequent temperature range of between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. A recycle stream containing synthesis gas components obtained by separation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the synthesis gas can be introduced into the endothermic reforming reaction zones. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING While the specification concludes with claims distinctly pointing out the subject matter that Applicants regard as their invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood when taken in connection with the accompanying drawing in which the sole FIGURE is a schematic, sectional view of a reactor for carrying out a method in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION With reference to the FIGURE, a reactor 1 is illustrated that is designed to produce a crude synthesis gas stream 2 . Reactor 1 is provided with a fuel injector tube 10 and a coaxial, outer oxygen passage 12 which are in communication with a thermal mixing chamber 14 in which the fuel is ignited and burns in the presence of the oxygen. Ignition is initiated by a spark plug 16 . Combustion takes place under fuel lean conditions such that a resultant heated oxygen mixture is produced that by in large contains oxygen and also combustion products produced by combustion of the fuel. It is to be noted that it is important for there to be complete combustion of the fuel being used to heat the oxygen in the oxygen containing stream so that a flame is not present in the heated oxygen containing stream upon introduction into a mixing chamber 20 (to be discussed). The presence of a flame within mixing chamber 20 , indicating incomplete combustion of the fuel, will promote pre-ignition and stabilize combustion in the mixing chamber 20 . This is counter productive and undesirable for partial oxidation. The prevention of flame formation can be accomplished by moving fuel injector tube 10 within outer oxygen passage 12 such that it is recessed within outer oxygen passage 12 a sufficient distance from orifice 18 to ensure complete combustion of the fuel within thermal mixing chamber 14 . The required degree of recess can be rapidly determined by simply moving fuel injector tube 10 within outer oxygen passage 12 until complete combustion is assured. It is understood that other means of preheating the oxygen can be employed. For example, the oxygen can be preheated by heat exchange with crude synthesis gas stream 2 or in a separate furnace in which heat is generated either electrically or by utilizing heat from a combustion process, or waste heat from another process stream. A heated oxygen containing stream composed of the heated oxygen mixture is introduced into mixing chamber 20 . Mixing chamber 20 is operable to mix hot oxygen in the heated oxygen containing stream and the hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon containing stream to form a high temperature reactant mixture comprising the heated oxygen and hydrocarbons. As will be discussed, the method of forming the reactant mixture involving the rapidly mixing of the oxygen and the hydrocarbons and the design of the mixing chamber 20 itself acts to prevent reaction of the oxygen and hydrocarbons within the reactant mixture while in mixing chamber 20 . The rapid mixing in mixing chamber 20 is accomplished by expelling the heated oxygen containing stream from thermal mixing chamber 14 through an orifice 18 that acts to expand the heated oxygen containing stream. The heated oxygen containing stream entrains the hydrocarbons contained within the hydrocarbon containing stream. The hydrocarbon containing stream is introduced into mixing chamber 20 through a tangential inlet 22 that is located adjacent the orifice 18 . Although only one tangential inlet 22 is illustrated, there are multiple inlets such as tangential inlet 22 , preferably eight radial inlets that are equally spaced at 45° from one another. Preferably, the heated oxygen containing stream enters mixing chamber 20 with an oxygen purity of about 87% by volume, a temperature in a range of between about 1300° F. and about 3200° F., and a velocity in a range of between about mach 1.05 and about mach 2. Subsonic velocities could be used but would produce less rapid mixing. Orifice 18 is preferably fabricated from 316 L stainless steel, with a thickness of about 0.5 inches, a rocket style rounded entrance, a straight throat and a diverging angle to the nozzle exit designed to produce supersonic velocities. The computation of the appropriate diverging angle is well known to those skilled in the art and depends on the pressure differential across the orifice and desired velocity and is typically less than about 3 degrees. The pressure in the thermal chamber 14 is at least 1.2 times, preferably at least 1.5 times and more preferably at least 2 times the pressure in the mixing chamber 20 . As mentioned above mixing chamber is preferably designed to inhibit reaction of the oxygen and the hydrocarbons. Such design includes forming mixing chamber 20 in the shape of a frustum of a cone with sides that outwardly diverge from an apex at which the hydrocarbon containing stream is tangentially introduced through tangential inlets 22 . Preferably, the sides of mixing chamber 20 diverge at an angle of about 10 to 20 degrees with the apex of the cone which is closest to the thermal nozzle sized at 1.5 times the largest thermal nozzle diameter to be used. This is to minimize the recirculation of hot gases and thereby help prevent the unwanted reaction within mixing chamber 20 . Water cooling is also provided to draw off heat from the surface to avoid overheating of the surface of mixing chamber 20 . Water is circulated through reactor 1 to draw off heat from mixing chamber 20 through a surrounding water passage having a water inlet 24 and outlet 26 . Reaction is also avoided in mixing chamber 20 due to its short length which acts to reduce the residence time of the reactant flowing within mixing chamber 20 . Preferably, the length of mixing chamber 20 is sized such that the reactant containing gas mixture will move through it is less than 3 milliseconds. Preferably, the resultant reactant stream flows from mixing chamber 20 into a honeycomb monolith 28 formed of a ceramic, preferably Alumina. Honeycomb monolith 28 acts as a heat shield to minimize radiant heat loss from subsequent catalytic reaction zones to be discussed hereinafter back to the mixing chamber 20 . The reactant stream from mixing chamber 20 expands to the diameter of the honeycomb monolith 28 and flows straight through it for another millisecond. The reactant stream then enters a partial oxidation zone 34 which can be from a ceramic doped with a partial oxidation catalyst. The catalytic doped ceramic monolith can be made of a foam or have straight channels in a honeycomb arrangement. In case of foam, the pore size is preferably between about 1 and about 4 millimeters in diameter. Rhodium, platinum, ruthenium or palladium are preferred catalysts for synthesis gas production. Rhodium is the most preferred and is preferably present within the monolith in an amount of between about 0.5 percent and about 5. percent by weight. If a foam is used, the foam can be either a yttria stabilized zirconia and alumina (YZA) or about 99% alumina. Partial oxidation zone 34 is the highest temperature zone in the reactor. Most of the oxygen will be reacted in this zone. Residual oxygen will be less than about 10% by dry volumetric gas analysis. The reaction of the oxygen and hydrocarbon gases is exothermic initially and forms some complete products of combustion such as carbon dioxide and water and also some amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The heat generated by the oxidation reactions in partial oxidation zone 34 is then available to drive endothermic reforming reaction of the fully oxidized species and methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reforming reaction takes place in sequential, second and third endothermic reforming reaction zones 36 and 38 . The residence time of the reactants within partial oxidation zone 34 is preferably from between about 0.1 and about 2 milliseconds, the temperature is between about 800° C. and about 1400° C., more preferably between about 1000° C. and about 1370° C., and the pressure is preferably about 1.5 to about 30 atm absolute. Endothermic reforming zone 36 can be formed by alpha alumina pellets doped with platinum. The alpha alumina pellets may be spherical or cylindrical and have an effective diameter of between about 3 mm and about 100 mm. Preferably endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 has a diameter to length ratio of between about 5 and about 2 and the residence time in this stage is preferably between about 0.5 and about 2 milliseconds. Alpha alumina is not temperature sensitive and therefore, can operate at high temperatures. The next sequential endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 operates at a lower temperature than endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 due to the fact that some heat generated in partial oxidation reaction zone 34 has been consumed in endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 . In this regard, the operating temperature and pressure of endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 is preferably between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. and about 1.5 to 30 atm, respectively. The operating temperature of endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 is preferably between about 1000° C. and about 1200° C. Endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 takes advantage of the heat consumption of endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 by utilizing a material for the support that is designed to provide a greater surface area for reaction than endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 . Endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 preferably consists of a platinum catalyst, between about 0.5% and about 5% by weight, on a gamma alumina support preferably in the form of 3 to 100 mm diameter spherical pellets. The support provides a surface area from between about 5 and about 300 m 2 /gm. This is to be compared with the surface area provided by the support of endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 which is preferably between about 0.1 and about 10 m 2 /gm. In addition, endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 is also sized to produce a longer residence time for the reactants than endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 , namely, between about 5 and about 20 milliseconds. Reactor 1 is an autothermal reactor since heat generated by the partial oxidation reaction drives the endothermic reforming reactions. The inline relationship of the aforesaid reaction zones helps to maximize heat utilization. Available heat utilization is also increased due to the use of ceramic insulation 40 which is provided radially outward from honeycomb monolith 28 , partial oxidation zone 34 and endothermic reforming reaction zones 36 and 38 . In this regard insulation 40 preferably has a thickness from between about 6 and about 12 inches and is advantageously a bubble form of tabular alumina castable refractory. Reactor 1 utilizes steel construction outside of the insulation 40 to form a pressure vessel strong enough to contain the operating pressure plus a safety margin typically three to five times the operating pressure. The reactant stream, prior to entering endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 can be bolstered with a recycle stream introduced into secondary mixing chamber 41 through an inlet 42 . The recycle stream is a by-product of downstream purification units used in the manufacture of a synthesis gas, hydrogen or carbon monoxide products. If the recycle stream is free of hydrogen it may be added to the mixing chamber 20 . However if the recycle stream contains hydrogen it is not desirable to add it to mixing chamber 20 due to possibility of homogeneous ignition of the hydrogen with the hot oxygen. The recycle stream besides recovering unreacted hydrocarbons such as methane, cools the reactant stream from partial oxidation zone 34 . The recycle stream, however, may be heated to reduce the cooling effect; provided, however, the temperatures and residence times are controlled and certain materials for reactor 1 (e.g. high nickel containing alloys) are avoided that will favor the re-reforming of carbon monoxide and hydrogen if present in the recycle stream. The ratio of the recycle to the hydrocarbon that is fed to the mixing chamber is preferably no greater than about 3. The recycle stream may contain hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. None of the foregoing constituents within the reactant stream is present in an amount that is more than 50% by volume. The hydrogen content is preferably between about 5% and about 50% by volume. The carbon monoxide content is preferably between about 10% and about 30% by volume. The carbon dioxide content is preferably between about 1% and about 20% by volume and the methane content is preferably between about 1% and about 10% by volume. The resultant crude synthesis gas stream 2 should be quenched quickly after exiting endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 so that the temperature is less than about 800° F. and preferably less than about 500° F. Such quenching can be accomplished by expanding the crude synthesis gas stream 2 through an expansion nozzle 43 in communication with a water cooled chamber 44 surrounded by a water passage having a water inlet 46 and a water outlet 48 . Although not illustrated, the pellets making up endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 can be held in place relative to water cooled chamber 44 by a wire mesh, ceramic honeycomb structure or the like. It is to be noted that such cooling could be effected more slowly by heat exchange to one of the incoming process gas streams to preheat it or by heat exchange with water to generate steam. Crude synthesis gas stream 2 may then be introduced into a separation system to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide products or a synthesis gas product containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The separation system maybe a membrane, a cold box, a pressure swing adsorption unit, an amine CO 2 separation unit or a combination of the four. As may be appreciated, in any such separation systems, carbon dioxide and methane or other hydrocarbon content that is left unreacted will be separated. This separated content is preferably recycled. The following examples are set forth for purposes of illustrating operation of reactor 1 and not for any purposes of limitation. These examples illustrate the operation of Reactor 1 with propane, propane and recycle, natural gas, and natural gas with recycle. EXAMPLE 1 Reactor 1 was constructed with a partial oxidation zone 34 formed of a catalytic monolith as described above, an endothermic reforming reaction zone 36 of approximately 30 cm 3 in volume and having a 1% by weight rhodium on alpha alumina cylindrical pellets and a subsequent endothermic reforming reaction zone 38 containing approximately 270 cm 3 of platinum, between about 0.5% and about 1% by weight on gamma alumina spherical pellets of about 3 mm. diameter. A nozzle diameter of 16 mm was used for orifice 18 . The orifice 18 was fed with about 101 scfh oxygen and about 3 scfh of propane. An additional amount of about 65 scfh of propane was added to the mixing chamber 20 . The mixture was reacted over the monolith forming partial oxidation zone 34 without passage to a subsequent endothermic reforming reaction zone. The reactor effluent was cooled to condense water and then analyzed. The composition of the dry product gas was as follows: gas CO 2 C 3 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 2 H 2 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 6 CH 4 CO H 2 O 2 N 2 mole 0.826 0.0288 0.1412 ND 0.4527 0.035 4.2107 39.425 53.393 0.482 0.558 fraction EXAMPLE 2 Reactor 1 was constructed in the manner outlined above with respect to Example 1. The orifice 18 was fed with about 122 scfh oxygen and about 3 scfh propane. An additional amount of about 64 scfh of propane was added to the mixing chamber 20 . About 151 scfh of a recycle gas stream containing on a per volume basis: about 1.15% carbon dioxide, about 41.49% hydrogen, about 5.21% methane and the balance carbon monoxide was introduced to the secondary mixing chamber 30 . The reactor effluent was cooled to condense water and then analyzed. The resultant composition of the product gas was as follows. gas CO 2 C 3 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 CH 4 CO H 2 O 2 mole fraction 1.00 0.02 0.04 Not Detectable 0.33 42.6 54.8 0.42 % EXAMPLE 3 Reactor 1 was constructed in the manner outlined above with respect to Example 1 except that orifice 18 had a diameter of about 22 mm. The following table summarizes the experimental feed conditions. O 2 to orifice 18 Natural Gas to orifice 18 Natural Gas to mixing (scfh) (scfh) chamber 20 (scfh) 100.0 10.0 198 The resultant crude synthesis gas stream 2 was cooled to condense water and then analyzed. The composition of the product gas was as follows. gas H 2 CO 2 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 6 C 2 H 2 O 2 N 2 CH 4 CO mole 58.37 4.97 ND 0.05 ND ND 0.99 9.34 26.15 fraction % EXAMPLE 4 A reactor 1 was constructed in the manner of example 1 with an orifice 18 of about 16 mm. Orifice 18 was fed with oxygen and natural gas. In addition natural gas was added to the mixing chamber 20 . A recycle gas stream containing on a volume basis: about 1.15% carbon dioxide, about 41.49% hydrogen, about 5.21% methane and the balance carbon monoxide was added between the partial oxidation zone 34 and the endothermic reforming zone 36 . The following table summarizes the experimental feed conditions. Oxygen to Natural Gas to Natural Gas to mixing orifice 18 orifice 18 chamber 20 Recycle stream (scfh) (scfh) (scfh) (cfh) 100 2.8 195 201 The crude synthesis gas stream 2 was cooled to condense water and then analyzed. The composition of the crude synthesis gas stream 2 was as follows: gas H 2 CO 2 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 6 O 2 N 2 CH 4 CO mole 51.50 4.02 0.0346 0.0523 0. 0.8531 9.9125 32.74 fraction % As may be appreciated by those skilled in the art, while the present invention has been discussed relative to a preferred embodiment, numerous, changes, additions, and omissions can be made without departing from the sprit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following appended claims.

An autothermal reactor and method for producing synthesis gas in which a heated oxygen containing stream is expanded into a mixing chamber to entrain a hydrocarbon containing stream to form a reactant stream without reaction of the oxygen and hydrocarbon contents of the streams. The reactant stream is reacted in a series of sequential catalytic reaction zones to react the hydrocarbon and oxygen contained in the reactant stream to form the synthesis gas. The sequential catalytic reaction zones are configured such that an initial partial oxidation reaction occurs that is followed by endothermic reforming reactions having ever decreasing temperatures. The sequential catalytic reaction zones in which the endothermic reforming reactions occur contain a precious metal catalyst supported on ceramic supports that have successively greater surface areas to compensate for the temperature decrease while remaining stable and without a transform in state.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/211,252, filed on Jun. 13, 2000. STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH [0002] The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention pursuant to ARO Grant No. DAA G55-98-1-0001 awarded by the U.S. Army. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] 1. Field of the Invention [0004] This invention relates to quasi-optic grid arrays, such as periodic grid arrays, and in particular to techniques for adapting a waveguide to a quasi-optic grid array. [0005] 2. Description of Related Art [0006] Broadband communications, radar and other imaging systems require the transmission of radio frequency (“RF”) signals in the microwave and millimeter wave bands. In order to efficiently achieve the levels of output transmission power needed for many applications at these high frequencies, a technique called “power combining” has been employed, whereby the output power of individual components are coupled, or combined, thereby creating a single power output that is greater than an individual component can supply. Conventionally, power combining has used resonant waveguide cavities or transmission-line feed networks. These approaches, however, have a number of shortcomings that become especially apparent at higher frequencies. First, conductor losses in the waveguide walls or transmission lines tend to increase with frequency, eventually limiting the combining efficiency. Second, these resonant waveguide cavities or transmission-line combiners become increasingly difficult to machine as the wavelength gets smaller. Third, in waveguide systems, each device often must be inserted and tuned manually. This is labor-intensive and only practical for a relatively small number of devices. [0007] Several years ago, spatial power combining using “quasi-optics” was proposed as a potential solution to these problems. The theory was that an array of microwave or millimeter-wave solid state sources placed in a resonator could synchronize to the same frequency and phase, and their outputs would combine in free space, minimizing conductor losses. Furthermore, a planar array could be fabricated monolithically and at shorter wavelengths, thereby enabling potentially thousands of devices to be incorporated on a single wafer. [0008] Since then, numerous quasi-optical devices have been developed, including detectors, multipliers, mixers, and phase shifters. These passive devices continue to be the subject of ongoing research. Over the past few years, however, active quasi-optical devices, namely oscillators and amplifiers, have evolved. One benefit of spatial power combining (over other methods) using quasi-optics is that the output power scales linearly with chip area. Thus, the field of active quasi-optics has attracted considerable attention in a short time, and the growth of the field has been explosive. [0009] It is believed that the first quasi-optical grid array amplifier was a grid developed by M. Kim et al. at the California Institute of Technology. This grid used 25 MESFET differential pairs, demonstrating a gain of 11 dB at 3 GHz. As shown in FIG. 1, a typical grid amplifier 10 is an array of closely-spaced differential pairs of transistors 14 on an active grid 12 sandwiched between an input and output polarizer, 18 , 24 . An input signal 16 passes through the horizontally polarized input polarizer 18 and creates an input beam incident from the left that excites rf currents on the horizontally polarized input antennas 20 of the grid 12 . These currents drive the inputs of the transistor pair 14 in the differential mode. The output currents are redirected along the grid's vertically polarized antennas 22 , producing a vertically polarized output beam 30 via an output polarizer 24 to the right. [0010] The cross-polarized input and output affords two important advantages. First, it provides good input-output isolation, reducing the potential for spurious feedback oscillations. Second, the amplifier's input and output circuits can be independently tuned using metal-strip polarizers, which also confine the beam to the forward direction. Numerous grid amplifiers have since been developed and have proven thus far to have great promise for both military and commercial RF applications and particularly for high frequency, broadband systems that require significant output power levels (e.g. >5 watts) in a small, preferably monolithic, package. Moreover, a resonator can be used to provide feedback to couple the active devices to form a high power oscillator. [0011] Grids amplifiers can be characterized as quasi-plane wave input, quasi-plane wave output (free space) devices. Grid oscillators are essentially quasi-plane wave output devices. However, most microwave and millimeter wave systems transport signals through electrical waveguides, which are devices that have internal waveguiding cavities bounded by wave-confining, and typically metal, walls. Consequently, an interface between the two environments is needed in most cases. This interface is needed whether the electric field signal is being output from a waveguide for effective application to the grid array; or the free space output signal of a grid array is to be collected into a waveguide. [0012] Providing such an interface is not a trivial matter for several reasons. First, microwave and millimeter wave waveguides conventionally transmit signals in the single transverse electric (TE) mode, also known as the fundamental, or TE 10 , mode, and block the higher-order mode components of the signal. These conventional waveguides have a standard, constant size and rectangular shape. However, the input plane area of any typical grid array upon which the input signal is incident may be much larger than the area of the standard rectangular waveguide aperture. Furthermore, as noted, grid array assemblies comprising N by N unit cells and bounded by a dielectric (see FIG. 2) will vary in size depending number of cells in the grid and the dielectric size. Thus, a standard waveguide cannot directly mate with a grid array structure. [0013] Moreover, the standard single mode rectangular waveguide operating in TE 10 mode provides an electric field distribution that varies sinusoidally in amplitude across it aperture. However, efficient operation of grid amplifiers requires an excitation beam that has a relatively uniform phase and magnitude distribution across the amplifier's area. [0014] Several groups have attempted to design waveguides that interface with quasioptic active devices, but have had only limited success. For example, Yang, et al. recently published an article titled “A Novel TEM Waveguide using Unipolar Compact Photonic-Bandgap”, IEEE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Tech., Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 2092-2098, November, 1999. Further, Ali, et al. published an article titled, “Analysis and Measurement of Hard-Horn Feeds for the Excitation of Quasi-Optic Amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Tech., Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 479-487, April, 1999. Unfortunately, these proposed techniques do not adequately resolve the aforementioned problems. For example, the photonic bandgap structures described by Yang et al. are very difficult and costly to manufacture, making this technique less than desirable. Moreover, the “hard-horn” approach of Ali et al. creates a rather large and bulky structure that is impractical for most commercial applications. [0015] Thus, there is a definite need for a simple and cost effective interface, or adapter, that efficiently couples a waveguide that propagates signals in the fundamental mode to a grid array structure with a desired field distribution. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] The present invention, which addresses these needs, resides in an adapter for coupling a quasi-optic grid array assembly to a waveguide that has an internal cavity bounded by a wave-confining device and that guides a wave propagating in a longitudinal direction. The adapter translates the wave between the fundamental mode of the waveguide and a desired electromagnetic field distribution at the plane of the array assembly. The adapter comprises a first end, a second end and a wave-confining structure. The first end that is adapted to mate with an end of the waveguide and that defines a first aperture that substantially matches the size of the waveguide cavity at the end of the waveguide. The second end defines a second aperture that is larger than the first aperture. The wave-confining structure is disposed between the first aperture and second aperture and defines a wave-guiding cavity that guides a wave propagating along the longitudinal direction of signal propagation. The wave-confining structure includes means for creating a spatial discontinuity within the cavity of a predetermined size to create a desired field distribution. In one embodiment, this includes a first step configured within the cavity that is a predetermined distance from the first aperture. The spatial discontinuity is defined as a substantially abrupt change in cross-section of the wave-confining structure, which may simply be internal walls. Although application dependent, typically, the change in cross-section occurs preferably over less than ¼ of a wavelength. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that other changes (magnitude and shape) in cross-section are possible. Accordingly, the adapter of the present invention tends to be substantially more manufacturable and compact than the conventional techniques and devices. [0017] More particularly, the first step in the internal walls of the adapter adjusts the size of the guiding cavity in the direction parallel to the electric field propagating in the waveguide, referred to herein the “E-plane.” Alternatively, the first step may adjust the size of the guiding cavity in the direction perpendicular to both the direction of the electric field and the longitudinal direction of the wave propagation, referred to hereinafter as “H-plane.” Preferably, however, the adapter of the present invention in includes at least two steps within the guiding cavity; one that adjusts the cavity size in the E-plane and another that adjusts the cavity size in the H-plane. The adapter of the present invention may further include at least one additional step in the E-plane within the adapter walls and one additional step in the H-plane within the adapter walls. All of these steps are configured to excite higher order modes within the adapter and to shape the field distribution of the signal at the second aperture. [0018] In one preferred embodiment, the adapter of the present invention includes a grid array located at the second aperture of the adapter. This grid array assembly includes an active grid array bounded by a dielectric, which serves as a heat spreader. The grid array may be a grid amplifier, a grid oscillator or other type of active grid array. Moreover, the second aperture is sized such that the edges of the active array are spaced apart from the confining walls a predetermined distance in order to shape the field distribution incident at the second aperture. [0019] In another more detailed aspect of the invention, an input feed device for an active quasi-optic grid array assembly, that expands the fundamental mode of a signal propagating longitudinally in a rectangular waveguide having an internal wave-confining cavity, to a multi-mode signal having a desired field distribution is disclosed. This device comprises: (1) an input defining a first aperture that substantially matches the size of the waveguide cavity and that is adapted to mate with the waveguide; (2) an output defining a second aperture that is adapted to contain the grid array; and (3) a wave-confining structure disposed between the input and output, defining an EM guiding cavity. The wave-confining structure includes a first step within the cavity that is a predetermined distance from the input and that expands the cavity by a predetermined size, thereby controlling the phase and amplitude distribution of the signal between the fundamental mode of the waveguide and higher-order modes to obtain a desired field distribution. The step enlarges the guiding cavity in the E-plane or H-plane. Preferably, however, the feed cavity includes one step that enlarges the cavity in the E-plane and a second step that enlarges the cavity in the H-plane. There may be additional steps within the cavity in order to obtain a desired field distribution at the output. [0020] In yet another embodiment, an electromagnetic wave collector device that translates a multi-mode signal propagating from an active quasi-optic grid array assembly into the fundamental mode of a rectangular waveguide having an internal conducting cavity, is disclosed. The collector includes an input defining a first aperture adapted to contain the grid array, an output defining a second aperture that substantially matches the size of the waveguide cavity and that is adapted to mate with the waveguide, and a wave-conducting structure disposed between the input and output, defining an EM wave-guiding cavity. [0021] The cavity includes first step in the E-plane or H-plane that is a predetermined distance from the input and that contracts the cavity by a predetermined size, thereby controlling the phase and amplitude distribution of the signal in order to convert the power in the higher-order modes of the signal into the fundamental mode from the grid array. More preferably at least two steps are included in the cavity, one in the E-plane and another in the H-plane. Additional steps within the cavity may be included in order to more closely approach the fundamental mode. [0022] A method of transforming an electromagnetic signal between the fundamental mode of a standard rectangular waveguide at one end of a waveguide adapter having an internal cavity bounded by a wave-confining structure to a field distribution at the opposite end of the adapter that is desirable for a quasi-optic grid array assembly, is disclosed. The method comprises adjusting the size of internal walls of the adapter with at least one discontinuous step in the E-plane at a predetermined distance from the waveguide, and adjusting the size of internal wall of the adapter with at least one spatial discontinuity in the H-plane at a predetermined distance from the waveguide. The method may further include the steps of providing a grid array assembly, having a grid array and dielectric bounding the array, at the opposite end of the adapter and adjusting the normal distance between the edge of the grid array and the adapter wall at the opposite end to further determine the field distribution on the grid array. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0023] [0023]FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a conventional quasi-optic grid array with one of the differential pair unit cells in the array magnified; [0024] [0024]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a waveguide adapter of the present invention shown with a rectangular waveguide in position to be assembled to it at one end and an active quasi-optic grid array assembly in position to be assembled into the adapter at one end; and [0025] [0025]FIG. 3 is a perspective cutaway illustration of the adapter of the present invention shown with one step provided in the E-plane and one step in the H-plane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0026] The invention disclosed here is an adapter or transition between the waveguide environment and the quasi-plane wave (quasi-TEM mode) environment in which the grid array components operate. Efficient operation of grid amplifiers requires an excitation beam that has a uniform phase and magnitude over the amplifier's area. Efficient operation also requires that a the output field distribution of the grid array (typically essentially uniform in amplitude and phase, although alternative distributions are possible) be strongly coupled to the fundamental mode of a waveguide structure, if the output of the grid array is to be recaptured into a guided wave environment (rather than radiated into free space). [0027] As noted, single-mode rectangular waveguide operating in TE 10 mode gives an electric field distribution that varies sinusoidally in amplitude across its aperture. The waveguide adapter disclosed herein couples this fundamental TE 10 mode in a standard waveguide to higher-order modes in an oversized guide with desired amplitude and phase relationships, so as to provide efficient excitation of the grid array when used as an input feed. In reverse operation, the adapter serves as an efficient collector of output power when used as an output waveguide transition. [0028] [0028]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the waveguide adapter 100 of the present invention shown with a conventional rectangular waveguide 300 at one end and a grid array assembly 200 , comprising an active quasi-optic grid array 202 associated with a dielectric layer 208 , at the other end, both in position to be assembled to the adapter. FIG. 3 is perspective cutaway illustration of a typical adapter 100 of the present invention, such as the one shown in FIG. 2. The first end 110 of the adapter of the present invention defines a first aperture 120 that is designed to match, or mate with, an aperture 320 at an end 310 of a typical rectangular waveguide 300 that propagates signals in the TE single mode. Steps 102 , 104 , 106 and 108 in both the horizontal and vertical planes expand the internal size of the guiding structure 100 from the standard fundamental single-mode waveguide size at the first aperture 120 to the oversized guide aperture defined by the second end 130 of the adapter that is equal to or larger than the size of the active array 202 . These steps define the conducting walls 122 , 124 , 126 within which the EM signal propagates. As seen, steps 102 and 104 enlarge the guide (as viewed from the waveguide) in the direction parallel to the electric field in the standard guide and are thus referred to as “E-plane” steps. Steps 106 and 108 are perpendicular to both the electric field and the longitudinal direction of propagation, and are thus referred to as “H-plane” steps. Each step creates a spatial discontinuity within the cavity, which is a relatively abrupt change in the cross-section of the cavity and as defined above. However, the step need not be machined to create a “sharp” corner. As a rule of thumb, the step should create change in cross-section occur over less than a quarter of a wavelength of radiation and may differ depending on the specific application. Moreover, the number, placement and size of the steps control the amplitude and phase distribution at the plane of the grid array, or second end 130 , and can be adjusted as desired. [0029] In addition to the confining structure, or the walls, of the adapter, one or more sheets of dielectric 208 may be used to provide impedance matching between the modes excited in the oversized guide and the active array. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, one surface of a sheet of dielectric supports the grid array 202 and the entire grid array-dielectric assembly can be assembled into and contained by the second end 130 of the adapter 100 . Typically, the number of propagating modes within the dielectrically loaded portion of the guide is larger than in the air-filled portion. [0030] The steps excite higher-order modes within the guiding structure of the adapter 100 . These modes may be either propagating or evanescent. The magnitude and phase of these excitations with respect to the fundamental mode are determined by the lateral size and longitudinal position of the steps. By controlling the magnitude and phase of these excitations, a conversion between the fundamental standard waveguide mode at aperture 120 and an approximation to a desired field distribution (e.g. uniform amplitude and phase) at the plane of the active array 130 is achieved. The number of higher order modes that may be independently controlled is determined by the number of steps used to expand from the standard guide to the oversized guide. A larger number of smaller steps can allow greater flexibility in tailoring the shape of the field distribution at the plane of the active array. [0031] Moreover, when assembled, the distances, w, x, y and z from the edges 222 , 224 , 226 , 228 of the active array, to the edges of the second end 130 of the adapter 100 , in this case, the walls 126 , 127 , 128 and 129 , is also important in determining the field distribution, and provides an additional design parameter for improving the distribution. [0032] A first approximation to the step design can be made using a spatial Fourier series expansion in the modes available to propagate within the oversized guide. The magnitude and phase of the expansion coefficients depend on the size and longitudinal placement of the steps. [0033] As noted, FIG. 2 is a particular illustration of an adapter configured as an input feed to a grid amplifier. That is, this adapter feeds a signal from a waveguide to a grid array such as a grid amplifier and with the amplifier providing a free space output. However, it should be understood that the present invention operated equally in the reverse mode. That is, the adapter of the present invention may operate as an efficient output waveguide collector or “mode contractor.” In this embodiment, the grid array radiates in free space a multiple mode output power signal into the oversized adapter 100 , which collects this free space signal and reduces the signal down to a signal mode TEM signal, via the adapter's steps that contract its internal cavity, for input to a standard TEM waveguide. [0034] It should be understood that the internal wave-confining structure is typically electrically conducting walls but may alternatively be non-conducting. [0035] Having thus described exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent that further alterations, modifications, and improvements will also occur to those skilled in the art. Further, it will be apparent that the present technique and system is not limited to use as a technique for adapting a signal on a waveguide to a desired distribution. It may be applied to any type of waveguide-to-grid array transition, whether the waveguide propagates exclusively in single mode or not, and whether the array is a grid amplifier, grid oscillator or other type of quasi-optic grid array structure. Accordingly, the invention is defined only by the following claims.

The present invention discloses a simple adapter that transitions between a standard rectangular waveguide environment and the quasi-plane wave (quasi-TEM mode) environment of an active grid array assembly. The device may serve as a mode expanding waveguide feed or as a mode contracting waveguide collector.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to firearms, and more specifically to a method of, and means for, attaching the barrel and the receiver of the firearm and securing them together. Proper alignment of the barrel and receiver in firearms is an important factor bearing upon the reliability, safety, and accuracy of the firearm. It is desirable for the barrel and receiver to be properly aligned and securely joined in such a manner that the two joined components are nearly as rigid as a single member. Prior methods of, and means for, attaching the barrel and receiver include pinning or bolting the barrel to the receiver by means of an external fastener, and attaching the barrel to the receiver by threading. Pinning and bolting do not produce a union that approaches the theoretical rigidity of a single member, thus limiting the accuracy of the firearm. Threading is not practical in firearms adapted to fire rimmed ammunition. Accordingly, a need remains for an improved method, and means for, attaching the barrel of a firearm to the receiver. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an improved means for attaching the barrel of a firearm to the receiver and securing them together, wherein the union of these two components more closely approximates the theoretical rigidity of a single member. More specifically, the present invention provides, in a firearm having a barrel assembly and a receiver, each having front and rear ends, an improved means for attaching the barrel assembly to the receiver, wherein the front end of the receiver is open ended and adapted to mate with the rear end of the barrel assembly and comprises retaining means and at least one first cam surface, the barrel assembly comprises a barrel and a barrel extension, the barrel extension being adapted to interact with the retaining means of the receiver to establish a forwardmost position for the barrel assembly within the receiver, a wedge having at least one second cam surface adapted to interact with the first cam surface of the receiver, the wedge further comprising a mating surface adapted to interact with the barrel, and attachment means adapted to connect the wedge to the barrel assembly or receiver. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a fragmental exploded view partially in cross section showing a receiver and a barrel assembly of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front end elevational view of the receiver and a barrel assembly taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a fragmental side elevational view partially in cross section of a receiver and barrel assembly of the present invention, showing the receiver and barrel attached. FIG. 4 is a front end elevational view of FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing the first cam surfaces of the receiver and a barrel clamp of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a rear end elevational view taken at line 7--7 of FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the drawings, which show one embodiment of a barrel and receiver assembly of the present invention. Variations and modifications of this embodiment can be substituted without departing from the principles of the invention, as will be evident to those skilled in the art. In the several drawings, the same numbers are used for like elements. In FIG. 1, the barrel assembly comprises a barrel 1 and a barrel extension 1A. In the embodiment shown, the rear end of the barrel is threaded, and the barrel extension has a threaded aperture into which the threaded end of the barrel is inserted, securing the barrel and barrel extension together to form the barrel assembly. In alternate embodiments, the barrel assembly can comprise a barrel having a barrel extension as an integral part thereof. The receiver 10, has a front end 10A, a rear end 10B, and an ejection port 11 formed in the side thereof. The ejection port is adapted to permit lateral movement of a bolt handle attached to a bolt (not shown), and to permit the ejection of the casing of a round of ammunition after the round has been fired. FIGS. 2, 4, and 5 show the bolt handle extending through the ejection port. The front end of the receiver is open ended and adapted to interact with the barrel and barrel extension. Specifically, the front end of the receiver has retaining means 12, which prevent the barrel extension from moving forward within the opening in the front of the receiver. The retaining means can comprise an inwardly extending surface modification on the interior of the front end of the receiver, wherein the surface modification is adapted to interact with the rear end of the barrel or the barrel extension to establish the forwardmost position of the barrel assembly within the receiver. Alternately, the retaining means can comprise a threaded aperture adapted to mate with a threaded rear end of the barrel. The retaining means is shown in the various Figures, especially FIG. 7. In the embodiment shown, two opposing cam cuts 13A and 13B are formed in the front end of the receiver. Each cam cut has a first cam surface 14A and 14B which extends along an incline from the front of the receiver towards the rear, terminating at a point which includes a portion of the retaining means. In the Figures, the retaining means 12 is positioned towards the rear of the opening in the front end of the receiver. The embodiment of the retaining means shown comprises an inwardly extending lip having a pair of cam cuts which correspond to the rearmost portion of the cam cuts in the front of the receiver. The cam cuts in the retaining means permit the wedge to move rearward until the rear of the wedge contacts the front of the barrel extension. Typically, the wedge need not be forced rearward so as to contact the barrel extension, and in the Figures the wedge is shown in a position forward of the barrel extension. When the receiver and barrel are connected as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the opening in the front of the receiver is defined by the barrel, the cam cuts formed in the sides of the receiver, the first cam surfaces, and the retaining means. The opening is illustrated in FIG. 2. A wedge 20 is adapted to fit into the opening, under the barrel. The wedge has cam followers adapted to interact with the cam cuts in the front end of the receiver, and second cam surfaces 21A and 21B, adapted to interact with the first cam surfaces of the receiver, respectively. Specifically, the second cam surfaces extend along an incline from front to rear, and thus both the first and second cam surfaces rise towards the barrel when the wedge is in the opening in the front of the receiver. The interaction of the first cam surfaces of the receiver and the second cam surfaces of the wedge are shown in FIG. 6. The wedge has a mating surface 22 adapted to interact with and support the barrel. In the embodiment shown, the mating surface comprises a convex notch on the surface of the wedge substantially conforming to the exterior curvature of the barrel, whereby the barrel rests in the notch of the wedge. The wedge also has an aperture 23 formed therein. The aperture is adapted to interact with the attachment means 30, which, in the embodiment shown, consists of a threaded member adapted to be inserted through the aperture in the wedge and into a threaded aperture in the barrel extension. The aperture in the wedge is elongate to allow for the upward movement of the wedge along the first cam surface as the attachment means is activated to urge the wedge rearward, drawing the barrel assembly forward, and upward as the first and second cam surfaces interact, urging the wedge upward into contact with the barrel. Other embodiments of the present invention include a wedge that is urged forward and upward into contact with the barrel by a screw, which is threaded through the barrel extension, thus drawing the barrel assembly forward into contact with the retaining means while the wedge applies upward pressure to the barrel, forcing the barrel into alignment with the receiver. Other variations include a barrel assembly wherein a rim formed in the rear end of the barrel comprises the barrel extension, and the retaining means comprises a radial slot formed in the receiver adapted to mate with the rim. In this embodiment, the rim is inserted into the radial slot joining the barrel assembly and receiver, and wherein a wedge is adapted to be inserted under the barrel, securing the joined components by preventing the rim from disengaging the slot while also urging the barrel upward. Other variations include a barrel assembly wherein a radial groove on the rear end of the barrel assembly separates the barrel from the barrel extension, and the retaining means of the receiver comprises an inwardly extending lip adapted to interact with the groove to establish the position of the barrel assembly relative to the receiver. The improved mechanism of the present invention, in its various possible embodiments, provides a means of connecting a barrel assembly to a receiver to produce a more rigid union that more closely approximates a single member. The present invention, with the wedge acting as a wedge, will lock the barrel assembly and receiver together. By means of mating angled surfaces on the wedge and the receiver, a two directional clamping force is achieved. Tightening of the wedge screw draws the barrel assembly forward and upward, urging the wedge between the barrel assembly and the receiver. Furthermore, the present invention provides additional benefits when used in firearms adapted to fire rimmed ammunition. In such firearms, it is not practical to attach the barrel to the receiver by threading, the standard method for non rimmed ammunition, due to the radial alignment requirement of the extractor cut in the barrel face and the extractor contained in the bolt. In such firearms, the extractor is a hook adapted to fit around the rim of the ammunition and extends forward of the face of the bolt. The extractor thus requires lateral clearance to fit around the edge of the rim to grab the ammunition and pull it out. The requirement for clearance makes it necessary to place a longitudinal cut in the barrel, and this cut must be aligned with the extractor in the bolt. Due to manufacturing tolerances, it is difficult to precut the barrel in a position to be aligned with the extractor cut because the exact position of the barrel when it has been threaded into the receiver or barrel assembly cannot be accurately predetermined. Accordingly, the present invention is also well suited for use in a firearm adapted to fire rimmed cartridges, including both centerfire and rimfire.

A barrel and receiver assembly providing an improved means of connecting the barrel assembly to the receiver wherein the improved means of connecting the barrel assembly to the receiver comprises a wedge that imparts a force in a direction perpendicular to the barrel, and a means for attaching the barrel assembly to the receiver that imparts a force in a direction parallel to the barrel, and wherein the combination imparts a bi-directional force to the barrel assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to tower guys and more particularly to a unique assembly of strands to form a tower guy. The increased use of EHV (extra heavy voltage), e.g. 500 KV and 750 KV, power transmission lines has resulted in the design of a variety of towers. Many of these towers are as much as 100 feet high and are guyed. Installation of some of these towers has been by use of helicopter lifts from the assembly point to the erection site. Tower foundations are set beforehand and the assembled tower is carried to the site by helicopter. During tower erection the guys attached to the tower are initially tensioned as the tower is set on its foundation which permits the release of the helicopter. Crews then return to complete the tower plumbing by adjusting the guy tension to the proper value. Guy strands used on utility towers are often single lengths of 3/4" or 7/8" diameter 1×19 construction. Such strands are more expensive than multiple parallel 1×7 strands of smaller diameter having a composite breaking strength equal to or exceeding that of the 1×19 strand. A 1×7 strand is defined as having a center wire around which six wires are twisted in a helical fashion. All seven wires are of the same nominal diameter. A 1×19 strand is defined as having a center wire around which a first layer of six wires are twisted in a helical fashion. A second layer of twelve wires is twisted in helical fashion over the first layer of six wires. All nineteen wires are of the same nominal diameter. Prior to this invention multiple strands used for guying involved individual fastening of each of the strands at the tower and to a tension equalizing device at the ground anchor in a costly and complex procedure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the instant invention to provide economical apparatus for guying towers. It is a further object of the invention to provide a multiple strand guy assembly terminating at a tension equalizer at one end thereof and terminating in a single socket at the other end. The invention accomplishes these objects by providing a multiple strand guy assembly comprising at least three lengths of wire strand attached at one end thereof to a tension equalizer and at the other ends attached to a single wire rope socket. The use of a plurality of strands develops the strength of the more costly single strand installation. This invention provides an economical multi-strand guying system, which uses three small 7-wire strands as an alternate to a heavier single 19-wire strand. The principal use is for guying transmission towers but is applicable to any installation where guys are used. The advantages of the multiple strand guying system of this invention include (a) lower cost for the strand and anchorage hardware, (b) cutting and socketing the strand at the producing plant rather than in the field which offers further economy and provides better quality control, (c) less costly erection particularly in savings of helicopter time when applicable, and (d) the multiplicity of strands in a bundled configuration provides a safety factor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view of the multiple strand tower guy assembly in the plane of the strands; FIG. 2 is a side view of the assembly of FIG. 1 taken on line 2--2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a schematic arrangement of a typical tower installation using the device of the instant invention; and FIG. 4 is a view along line 4--4 of FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Wire strand is used for supporting and carrying purposes. Some of the common uses of wire strand are for guying poles, towers, smokestacks, and similar structures. Wire strand is regularly made in three constructions: 3-wire, 7-wire and 19-wire. The sizes of the strands range from approximately 3/16 inch to 1 inch in diameter. For the purposes of the description of the instant invention it will be understood that by 7-wire strand is meant a strand in which there are six single wires of the same diameter helically wound around a king or core wire. The king wire can be of the same nominal or slightly larger diameter than the other six wires. The lay may be either left or right hand lay. The lay refers to the direction of twist of successive layers of wires over the king or core wire as well as the direction of twist of successive layers of wires over other layers of wires. Similarly, a 3-wire strand has two single wires of the same diameter helically wound around a king or core wire and a 19-wire strand has eighteen single wires of the same diameter helically wound around a king or core wire. Referring now to the drawings for a detailed description of the invention and particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, the guy assembly 10 is seen to comprise generally tension equalizer assembly 11, load leveler plates 12, 13 and 14, links 15, clamps 16, strands 17 and wire rope socket 18. The tension equalizer assembly 11 is secured to first anchor means, e.g. ground anchor 20 by pin 21 and socket 22. The ground anchor 20 further comprises, e.g., a plate or concrete abutment buried in the ground to which a tie rod or strand or rope assemblies are secured. These tie rods or strand or rope assemblies are removably attached to the tension equalizer assembly 11. Second anchor means, e.g. anchor 30 provides means for attachment of wire rope socket 18 to the guyed structure, e.g. a transmission tower. Pin 31 secures the wire rope socket 18 to plate member 32. The multiple strand guy assembly 10 comprises first anchor means, e.g. ground anchor 20, tension equalizer 11 connected thereto, a second anchor means, e.g. anchor plate 30 spaced from first anchor means 20 and including a single wire rope socket 18. The guy assembly 10 further includes a plurality of strands 17 with each strand terminating at one end thereof attached to the tension equalizer 11 and terminating at the other end secured in the single wire rope socket 18. More specifically the tension equalizer assembly 11 comprises a pair of plates 14 which are pinned to ground anchor 20 at pin 21. Load equalizer plates 12 and 13 are pinned to the pair of plates 14 at pins 23 and 24 respectively. The end attachment for terminating one end of a length of wire strand 17 to the tension equalizer 11 consists of a forged tapered sleeve or clamp 16 with internal tapered, spring loaded jaws which engage the wire strand end. A bail or link 15 transfers the load from the clamp 16 to the load equalizer plates 12 and 13. The three strands 17 of assembly 10 are each terminated at one end thereof attached to a clamp 16 of the tension equalizer assembly 11. The other ends of the three strand lengths are terminated in a single wire socket 18 by any convenient means known to those skilled in the art, e.g. molten zinc, or potting resin. The wire rope socket 18 is provided with a bifurcated end 33 so that tower anchor plate 32 can be inserted in end 33 and pin 31 secures the attachment of the multiple strand guy assembly to the tower (not shown). Referring now particularly to FIGS. 3 and 4, four multiple strand guy assemblies 10 described hereinabove are attached to transmission tower 50 at points 51 and 52 at a fabrication site and the tower 50 may then be moved to the erection site by helicopter. Temporary bands, e.g. plastic, may be used to bundle the strands 17 together to prevent tangling in transport. A tension equalizer assembly 11 is in place attached to a ground anchor 20 at the erection site. When the helicopter is released from the tower a follow-up crew secures all attachment points by equalizing tensions on all guy strands. Resin sockets 18 and zinc poured sockets have been successfully tested to develop the full breaking strength of the strands. Sockets using potting resin material have demonstrated improved fatigue characteristics and more convenience in forming than the poured molten zinc sockets. The following table compares minimum breaking strengths of some typical multiple strand guys as compared to single strand guys. The figures are based on using EHS (ASTM Extra High Strength) strand with an ASTM class A coating (zinc coating applied to a carbon steel wire): ______________________________________Single Minimum Multi-Strand MinimumStrand Size Breaking Size Breaking19-wire Strength 7-wire Strengthconstruction Lbs. construction Lbs.______________________________________3/4" 58,300 Three (3) 7/16" 62,4007/8" 79,700 Three (3) 1/2" 80,700______________________________________ A class A coating will vary in weight directly as the wire size increases. Although the description has referred to the application of specific construction of strand to the multiple guy strand assembly it should be understood that any strand construction may be equally adaptable to be so applied and is within the purview of the invention. In addition to variations in construction, strength as well as coating weight may vary dependent on the job need but within the scope of ASTM A-475.

Apparatus for use in guying transmission towers or the like which comprises an assembly of a plurality of lengths of wire strands which are anchored to a tension equalizer device at one end of the strand lengths and terminate in a single wire rope socket at the other ends thereof.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to intake systems including a vacuum aspirator, for generating vacuum for use in a brake booster, for example. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY Spark-ignited vehicles may use intake manifold vacuum to provide brake boost or power assist. Engine downsizing reduces the ability of these engines to provide brake booster vacuum. One existing solution is to add a vacuum pump, however the vacuum pump leads to parasitic fuel economy losses and increases overall vehicle cost. In one approach described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,610,140, a vehicle ejector system has an ejector, a state change device that causes the ejector to function or stop functioning, and a control device that controls the state change device (Summary). “Furthermore . . . the control device may include a control prohibition portion that prohibits the control device from controlling the state change device so as to cause the ejector to function if water temperature of a cooling water of the internal combustion engine is less than or equal to a predetermined temperature” (col. 4 ll. 8-13). The inventors herein recognize various issues with the above described approaches. During cold start, engine conditions (such as high manifold air pressure and low barometric pressure due to low temperature and/or high altitude) may limit the available vacuum for various engine systems, such as the brake booster. In downsized engines including a supercharger and/or turbocharger, boosting may further reduce the conditions under which brake vacuum is available. Further, as a range of cylinder pressures increase, so does a range of intake passage pressures increase. Intake systems including a single fixed geometry aspirator may function inefficiently or not at all at some pressures of the increased pressure range. Consequently, methods, systems and devices for a vacuum aspirator included in an intake system are described. In a first example, an intake system includes an intake passage including a compressor, a throttle and an intake manifold, and an aspirator having a motive inlet communicating with the intake passage intermediate to the compressor and the throttle and the aspirator having an entraining inlet communicating with a vacuum reservoir via a first check valve, the reservoir different from the intake manifold, and the first check valve limiting flow from the intake passage to the vacuum reservoir. In a second example, an intake system includes, a throttle, the throttle including a first inlet, a second inlet, and a plate, the plate located intermediate the first inlet and the outlet, the second inlet located intermediate to the throttle plate and the first inlet, the throttle positioned in an intake passage, and an aspirator having a motive inlet in communication with the intake passage, the aspirator having an outlet in communication with the second inlet of the throttle, the aspirator having an entraining inlet in communication with a vacuum reservoir via a first check valve, the first check valve limiting flow from the second inlet to the vacuum reservoir. In a third example, an intake system having a plurality of vacuum boosters for a vacuum reservoir, includes a first aspirator having a first motive inlet, first entraining inlet, and first outlet, the first motive inlet in communication with an intake passage adjacent a high pressure outlet of a compressor, and a second aspirator having a second motive inlet, second entraining inlet, second outlet, and second check valve, where either the second outlet is in communication with the first entraining inlet or the second motive inlet is in communication with the first outlet, and the second entraining inlet in communication with a vacuum reservoir via the second check valve, the second check valve limiting from the second entraining inlet to the vacuum reservoir. One advantage of the above examples is that excess compressor pressure and flow is used to generate vacuum. In this way, downsized engines including a turbocharger or supercharger may generate vacuum, even during cold start. Further, an example throttle including a first inlet and a second inlet may control flow through an example aspirator, as well as flow to an example manifold not from the aspirator, simplifying an intake system configuration. In examples including a plurality of aspirators one of the plurality may be configured for high flow and another may be configured for low flow, increasing an intake system's efficiency at generating vacuum over a wide pressure range. It will be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description, which follows. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined by the claims that follow the detailed description. Further, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a first example intake system for an engine. FIG. 2 shows a first example aspirator. FIG. 3 shows a second example aspirator. FIGS. 4-7 show further example intake systems for an engine. FIGS. 8 and 9 show a first example passive control valve. FIG. 10 shows a sixth example intake system for an engine. FIGS. 11 and 12 show a first example throttle included in an intake system, and in communication with an aspirator. FIGS. 13-18 show example multi-aspirator intake systems. FIG. 19 shows a first example of an intake system including an aspirator integrated with additional engine systems. FIG. 20 shows a second example of an intake system including an aspirator integrated with additional engine systems. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A first example intake system for an engine is described, with respect to FIG. 1 , to introduce possible devices, arrangements and configurations of an intake system including an aspirator. Example aspirators are discussed in more detail with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 . Additional example intake systems are described with respect to FIGS. 4-7 and 10 . FIGS. 8 and 9 show an example passive control valve included in some example intake systems. An example throttle included in example intake systems is discussed with respect to FIG. 10-12 . Finally, multi-aspirator intake systems are described with respect to FIGS. 13-18 . Integration of example intake systems with additional engine systems, such as fuel vapor purge and positive crankcase ventilation systems, is discussed with respect to FIGS. 19 and 20 . FIG. 1 shows a first example intake system 10 for an engine 12 . In the present example, engine 12 is a spark-ignition engine of a vehicle, the engine including a plurality of cylinders 14 , each cylinder including a piston. Combustion events in each cylinder 14 drive the pistons which in turn rotate crankshaft 16 , as is well known to those of skill in the art. Further, engine 12 may include a plurality of engine valves, the valves coupled to the cylinders 14 and controlling the intake and exhaust of gases in the plurality of cylinders 14 . In the present example, intake system 10 includes an intake passage 18 and an aspirator 20 . The intake passage 18 includes throttle 22 and an intake manifold 24 . Manifold 24 provides air to engine 12 . Air may enter intake passage 18 from an air intake system (AIS) including an air filter in communication with the vehicle's environment, for example. Further, throttle 22 is located intermediate to the intake manifold 24 and a compressor 25 , the throttle 22 limiting the air entering intake manifold 24 . In the present example, intake passage 18 also includes compressor 25 and intercooler 26 . Compressor 25 may be coupled to a turbine in an exhaust of engine 12 . Further compressor 25 may be, at least in part, driven by an electric motor or crankshaft 16 . Compressor 25 further includes a bypass passage 28 and compressor bypass valve (CBV) 30 . CBV 30 may be used to control a level of air pressure in a portion of intake passage 18 between compressor 25 and engine 12 , and in this way regulate a boost level, control for surge, etc. As briefly described above, intake system 10 includes aspirator 20 . Aspirator 20 may be an ejector, injector, eductor, venturi, jet pump, or similar passive device. Aspirator 20 has a motive flow entering inlet 32 . Motive inlet 32 communicates with the intake passage 18 intermediate the compressor 25 and the throttle 22 at a high pressure outlet 34 of the compressor 25 . In further examples, motive inlet 32 may communicate with additional high air pressure inputs. In the present example, and the aspirator having an entraining inlet 36 communicating with a vacuum reservoir 38 via a first check valve 40 . High pressure air at the motive inlet 32 may be converted to flow energy in the aspirator 20 , thereby creating a low pressure communicated to entraining inlet 36 and drawing air through entraining inlet 36 . The first check valve 40 allows vacuum reservoir 38 to retain any of its vacuum should the pressures in 36 and 38 equalize. Further, aspirator 20 includes an outlet 44 , in communication with the intake manifold. In the present example, the aspirator is the three port device including 32 , 44 , and 36 . However, in further examples, check valves 40 and 42 are integrated into the device, and it will be appreciated that the device at 20 retains its name, “aspirator.” Further still, it should be appreciated that a flow path from 38 through 42 and continuing to 24 is designed carefully to not be flow restrictive. In this way vacuum may be recovered, should vacuum reservoir 38 ever be depleted. Additionally, vacuum reservoir 38 is always different from the intake manifold 24 . Vacuum reservoir 38 is a portion of, or device in, an engine system that utilizes vacuum. For example, vacuum reservoir 38 may be a vacuum cavity behind a diaphragm in a brake booster or a low pressure storage tank included in a fuel vapor purge system. In the present example, intake system 10 further includes an optional auxiliary check valve 42 . Auxiliary check valve 42 is in communication with the vacuum reservoir 38 and in communication with an outlet 44 of the aspirator. Further, the auxiliary check valve 42 limits flow from the outlet 11 , to the vacuum reservoir 38 . In this way, the auxiliary check valve 42 allows the vacuum reservoir 38 to retain its vacuum in the case where intake manifold 24 pressure rises above vacuum reservoir 38 pressure. Auxiliary check valve 42 limits communication from intake manifold 24 to vacuum reservoir 38 , as well. Auxiliary check valve 42 is shown integrated into the aspirator 20 , however in additional examples, auxiliary check valve 42 is separate from the aspirator 20 . Additionally, intake system 10 may include a control system 46 including a controller 48 , sensors 50 and actuators 52 . Example sensors include engine speed sensor 54 , engine coolant temperature sensor 56 , a mass air flow sensor 58 , and manifold air pressure sensor 60 . Example actuators include engine valves, CBV 30 , and throttle 22 . Controller 48 may further include a physical memory with instructions, programs and/or code for operating the engine. A plurality of arrows 62 illustrate example flowpaths by which intake air may pass through the intake system 10 . Air flows into intake passage 18 and reaches a low pressure compressor inlet 33 . Aspirator 20 communicates with intake passage 18 at 34 , and a passage at 34 may include profile or diameter which determines a rate at which air flows into the motive inlet 32 . In this way, a pressure difference between the compressor outlet 34 and the intake manifold 24 may be used to generate vacuum in the vacuum reservoir. Consequently, in downsized engines including a turbocharger or supercharger even during cold start, vacuum may be generated, regardless of an intake manifold pressure and without inclusion of a vacuum pump. For example, even when little manifold vacuum is present, sufficient vacuum may still be generated by harvesting the pressure difference compressor pressure and intake manifold pressure. Turning now to FIG. 2 , a first example aspirator 200 is shown. Aspirator 200 is a venturi-type in the present example. In the present example, motive air is received at inlet 202 . Motive inlet 202 receives high pressure air, for example from a compressor outlet. Gas flowing out of aspirator 200 leaves via outlet 204 at a lower pressure, and continues, for example, to an intake manifold and/or a low pressure compressor inlet. A profile (e.g., a cross-sectional area) of the aspirator 200 tapers from the motive inlet 202 to an entraining inlet 206 , and then expands from the entraining inlet 206 to the outlet 204 . As a result, a high velocity, and a low pressure may be induced at the entraining inlet 206 , thus drawing air through the entraining inlet 206 from an example vacuum reservoir in communication with the aspirator, (e.g., via passage 208 ). A first check valve 210 limits reverse flow from the entraining opening to the vacuum reservoir. In this way, gases are removed from the vacuum reservoir but may be prevented from entering via the entraining inlet 206 . Further, aspirator 200 may include an auxiliary check valve 212 (shown in dashed lines to indicate its optional inclusion). In the present example, auxiliary check valve 212 limits flow from the outlet 204 to the example vacuum reservoir, the reservoir in communication with check valve 212 via passage 208 . In this way, when the outlet 204 has a low pressure, for example when it's in communication with an example intake manifold, auxiliary check valve 212 acts to increase vacuum in the example vacuum reservoir by facilitating the flow of gas to the outlet 204 . Further, the venturi-type aspirator 200 , may produce vacuum at 206 from flow going from 202 to 204 and from flow going from 204 to 206 . In some examples, aspirator symmetry allows for vacuum production in either flow direction. One advantage is that when the venturi is connected between an example intake manifold and an example intake passage a pressure difference between the intake manifold and intake passage pulls in air or vents air out, regardless of direction and produces vacuum in an example vacuum reservoir. Turning now to FIG. 3 , a second example aspirator 300 is shown. Aspirator 300 is an ejector-type passive valve in the present example. In the present example, motive air flow is received at an inlet 302 . Motive inlet 302 receives high pressure air from, for example, a compressor outlet. Gas flowing out of aspirator 300 leaves via outlet 304 at a low pressure, and continues, for example, to an intake manifold and/or a low pressure compressor inlet. Aspirator 300 includes a motive nozzle, 312 . A profile (e.g., a cross-sectional area) of the motive inlet narrows along the length of the nozzle 312 , to a tip 314 of motive nozzle. As a result, a high velocity, and a low pressure may be induced at the nozzle tip 314 , thus drawing air through an entraining inlet 306 from an example vacuum reservoir in communication with the aspirator, (e.g., via passage 308 ). Further, the aspirator may include a profile that converges from the nozzle tip 314 and entraining inlet 306 to a throat 316 and then diverges from throat 316 to the outlet 304 . In one example, the throat 316 has a low pressure, and high velocity gas, further drawing air through the entraining inlet 306 . In the present example, aspirator 300 includes a first check valve 310 and auxiliary check valve 318 . However, both first check valve 310 and auxiliary check valve 318 are shown in dashed lines in FIG. 3 to indicate their optional nature. In further examples of aspirator 300 , motive flow may come in through the inlet at 306 and entrained flow may come in passage 302 . Thus in the present example, the motive flow can either be on the inner core flow as shown explained above, or the motive flow can on the outer annular flow as is known to those of skill in the art. Turning now to FIG. 4 , a second example intake system 410 for an example engine 412 is shown. Intake system 410 , includes example intake passage 418 , further including example compressor 425 , intercooler 426 , throttle 422 , and intake manifold 424 . Compressor 425 includes a high pressure outlet 434 , a bypass 428 and CBV 430 , and a low pressure inlet 433 , as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . Additionally intake system 410 includes example control system 446 . Further, intake system 410 includes aspirator 420 , which itself includes example motive inlet 432 , entraining inlet 436 , outlet 444 , first check valve 440 and auxiliary check valve 442 . As described above, aspirator motive inlet 432 is in communication with intake passage 418 at compressor outlet 434 . Entraining inlet 436 is coupled to an example vacuum reservoir 438 . Further, outlet 444 is in communication with manifold 424 , as well as auxiliary check valve 442 . In the present example a solenoid valve 450 is included in intake system 410 . Solenoid valve may be a continuously variable valve, such as a butterfly valve. Solenoid valve 450 is coupled intermediate to the intake passage 418 and the motive inlet 432 of the aspirator 420 . Solenoid valve 450 may open and close in response to signals from controller 448 included in control system 446 . In a first mode, solenoid valve 450 may allow communication between intake passage 418 and aspirator 420 and in a second mode, solenoid valve may close and limit communication between intake passage 418 and aspirator 420 . In this way, solenoid valve 450 may ensure that a minimum vacuum threshold is maintained in manifold 424 . Further, the solenoid valve can be closed (partially or wholly) when the airflow is higher than desired and the intake manifold is already producing target vacuum levels. Solenoid valve 450 is one example of a valve that can control flow through aspirator 420 and also ensure that a minimum vacuum threshold is maintained in manifold 424 (further examples are discussed below). Turning now to FIG. 5 , a third example intake system 510 for an example engine 512 is shown. Intake system 510 includes example intake passage 518 , further including example compressor 525 , intercooler 526 , throttle 522 , and intake manifold 524 . Compressor 525 includes a high pressure outlet 534 , a bypass 528 and CBV 530 , and a low pressure inlet 533 , as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . Additionally intake system 510 includes example control system 546 . Further, intake system 510 includes aspirator 520 , which itself includes example motive inlet 532 , entraining inlet 536 , outlet 544 , first check valve 540 and auxiliary check valve 542 . As described above, aspirator motive inlet 532 is in communication with intake passage 518 adjacent compressor outlet 534 . Entraining inlet 536 is coupled to an example vacuum reservoir 538 . Further, outlet 544 is in communication with auxiliary check valve 542 . Additionally, in the present example, intake system 510 further includes a manifold check valve 550 intermediate the outlet 544 of the aspirator 520 and the manifold 524 . The manifold check valve 550 limits flow from the intake manifold 524 to the outlet 544 . Further, outlet 544 of the aspirator 520 is in communication with the intake passage of the compressor, adjacent low pressure compressor inlet 533 . Because low pressure compressor inlet 533 is the point at which compressor 525 receives air before that air travels further on in intake system 510 , inlet 533 is said to be upstream of compressor 525 . Intake system 510 further includes an intake check valve 552 intermediate to the outlet 544 of the aspirator 520 and the intake passage 518 . The intake check valve 552 limits flow from the intake passage to the outlet. In additional examples, intake system 510 may include only one of the manifold check valve 550 and intake check valve 552 . In the present example, the resistance of the check valves 550 and 552 may maintain a minimum vacuum threshold in manifold 524 . Further, the check valves may ensure that the outlet 544 is in communication with one of the intake passage 518 upstream of the compressor 525 or the manifold 524 , depending on which of these two locations has a lower pressure. The aspirator inlet 532 may be the highest pressure point in the system. In further examples, the placement of check valves 552 and 550 passively control pressure so that the aspirator outlet is the lowest pressure point in intake system 510 . Thus the aspirator may enjoy the benefit of using the greatest available air pressure difference to produce vacuum. Turning now to FIG. 6 , a fourth example intake system 610 for an example engine 612 is shown. Intake system 610 , includes example intake passage 618 , further including example compressor 625 , intercooler 626 , throttle 622 , and intake manifold 624 . Compressor 625 includes a high pressure outlet 634 , a bypass 628 and CBV 630 , and a low pressure inlet 633 , as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . Additionally intake system 610 includes example control system 646 . Further, intake system 610 includes aspirator 620 , which itself includes example motive inlet 632 , entraining inlet 636 , outlet 644 , and first check valve 640 . Entraining inlet 636 is coupled to an example vacuum reservoir 638 . As described above, aspirator motive inlet 632 is in communication with intake passage 618 at compressor outlet 634 . Further, outlet 644 is in communication with a low pressure compressor inlet 633 , upstream of compressor 625 in intake passage 618 . An auxiliary check valve limiting communication between outlet 644 and vacuum reservoir 638 is not shown included in intake system 610 . However, it will be understood that intake system 610 may further include such an example auxiliary check valve. Additionally, intake system 610 includes example manifold check valve 650 intermediate vacuum reservoir 638 and the manifold 624 . Manifold check valve 650 limits flow from the intake manifold 624 to the vacuum reservoir 638 in the present example. The resistance of manifold check valve 650 may maintain a minimum vacuum threshold in manifold 624 and/or in vacuum reservoir 638 . Further, by including manifold check valve 650 independent of aspirator 620 vacuum in vacuum reservoir 638 is maintained regardless of a pressure at either the compressor inlet 633 or outlet 634 . Turning now to FIG. 7 , a fifth example intake system 710 for an example engine 712 is shown. Intake system 710 , includes example intake passage 718 , further including example compressor 725 , intercooler 726 , throttle 722 , and intake manifold 724 . Compressor 725 includes a high pressure outlet 734 , a bypass 728 and CBV 730 , and a low pressure inlet 733 , as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . Additionally intake system 710 includes example control system 746 . Further, intake system 710 includes aspirator 720 , which itself includes example motive inlet 732 , entraining inlet 736 , outlet 744 , first check valve 740 and auxiliary check valve 742 . As described above, aspirator motive inlet 732 is in communication with intake passage 718 at compressor outlet 734 . Entraining inlet 736 is in communication with an example vacuum reservoir 738 . Further, outlet 744 is in communication with manifold 724 , as well as auxiliary check valve 742 . In the present example a passive control valve 750 is included in intake system 710 . Passive control valve 750 is intermediate the intake passage 718 and the motive inlet 732 of the aspirator 720 . Passive control 750 may be located anywhere along a flow conduit 721 between 734 and 724 . At high levels of intake manifold 724 vacuum, passive valve 750 can restrict or shut. In this case, the vacuum needed for vacuum reservoir 738 is provided mainly from intake manifold 724 . At low levels of intake manifold 724 vacuum, passive valve 750 can open resulting in copious flow through the ejector thus providing the vacuum required at vacuum reservoir 738 . Also, passive control valve 750 may increase or limit communication between intake passage 718 and aspirator 720 in response to a pressure difference between the intake passage 718 and aspirator 720 . Further, one example of passive control valve 750 (discussed below with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9 ) may include a first operating mode having a first flow rate, and a second operating mode having a second flow rate, the first flow rate greater than the second. An example device having a similar flow characteristic to 750 is a Positive Crankcase Ventilation valve (PCV valve). When vacuum is high, valve 750 restricts flow. When vacuum is low, valve 750 un-restricts flow. Further, valve 750 has a third mode; when a threshold pressure is present at valve 750 , it may shut. In this way valve 750 may vary flow restriction based on pressure differential. In a PCV valve, this is called the backfire mode. In additional configurations where valve 750 lies between 724 and 744 , valve 750 may take on the function of valve 742 , making valve 742 optional. In additional examples, passive control valve 750 is positioned intermediate to the aspirator 720 and at least one of intake manifold 724 or low pressure compressor input 733 . Further, passive control valve 750 may ensure that a minimum vacuum threshold is maintained in manifold 724 , and may have analogous to a two port pressure regulator. Passive control valve 750 is one example of a valve that can control flow through aspirator 720 and also ensure that a minimum vacuum threshold is maintained in manifold 724 . FIG. 8 shows an example passive control valve 800 in a first position, the first position being a closed position. The closed position shown in FIG. 8 is one example of a rest position. The rest position is one example of a backfire position where intake manifold pressure exceeds crankcase pressure and is the maximally flow restrictive position. Valve 800 includes a valve body 802 having a stem 804 . Stem 804 has a first profile 806 and a second profile 808 . Further, valve 800 includes a valve housing 810 that defines both a main opening 812 , a stem opening 814 , a first chamber 816 , and a second chamber 818 , the housing 810 sustainably containing valve body 802 . Valve housing further defines a second chamber 818 ; valve stem 804 penetrates through stem opening 814 into the second chamber 818 . Further, a valve head 822 included in valve body 802 is coupled to a spring 824 . In the present closed position a valve head 822 (included in valve body 802 and coupled to the stem 804 ) seals main opening 812 from first chamber 816 . Further, pressure in first chamber 816 may be greater than at opening 812 . In additional examples, spring 824 extends from valve head 816 to valve housing 810 adjacent stem opening 814 , and increases the force on valve head 822 against housing 810 . FIG. 9 shows the example passive control valve 800 in a second, open position. Spring 824 is during a compressed spring mode. FIG. 9 is illustrative and a spacing between coils of spring 824 may be less than a spacing shown in FIG. 8 . A force on valve head 822 from the pressure communicated via main opening 812 overcomes a force exerted on valve body 802 from spring 824 and second chamber 818 . An annular passage 820 between first chamber 816 and second chamber 818 is defined by one of the first profile 806 or the second profile 808 and stem opening 812 . Annular passage 820 includes a cross-sectional area that partially determines a rate of flow through the stem opening 812 and thus through valve 800 . The profile of the stem 804 defining annular passage 820 may change in response to the displacement of the valve body. In the present example, second profile 808 and stem opening 812 collectively define the annular passage 820 (e.g., the valve 800 controls for a second flow rate in a second operating mode). In the additional examples, first profile 806 and stem opening 812 collectively define the annular passage 820 (e.g., the valve 800 controls for a first flow rate in a first operating mode). As a pressure on valve head 814 increases, the force on spring 824 increases, changing the displacement of the valve body 802 . In this way a pressure difference between a second chamber and the first chamber may control flow through the valve 800 . Additional examples of valve 800 include additional profiles (e.g., a cone profile, or profile including a parabolic-shaped edge), to further control an example annular passage cross-sectional area in response to displacement of the valve body 802 . As illustrated, valve 800 depends on a gravitational orientation. Further examples do not have this orientation dependence. Turning now to FIG. 10 , a sixth example intake system 1010 for an example engine 1012 is shown. Intake system 1010 includes example intake passage 1018 , further including example compressor 1025 , intercooler 1026 , and intake manifold 1024 . Optional compressor 1025 includes a high pressure outlet 1034 , a bypass 1028 and CBV 1030 , and a low pressure inlet 1033 , as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . Additionally intake system 1010 includes example control system 1046 . Further, intake system 1010 includes aspirator 1020 , which itself includes example motive inlet 1032 , entraining inlet 1036 , outlet 1044 , and first check valve 1040 . As described above, aspirator motive inlet 1032 is in communication with intake passage 1018 at compressor outlet 1034 . However, in further examples of intake system 1010 , motive inlet 1032 may be in communication with intake passage 1018 at additional locations, such as at compressor inlet 1033 (as indicated by dashed line 1050 ). Entraining inlet 1036 is coupled to an example vacuum reservoir 1038 . Further, outlet 1044 is in communication with manifold 1024 . Further, intake system 1010 includes a throttle 1052 positioned in intake passage 1018 , the throttle 1052 including a first inlet 1054 , a second inlet 1056 , and a plate 1058 . Throttle 1052 is one example of a ported throttle. The plate 1058 is located intermediate the first inlet 1054 and an outlet 1060 , the second inlet 1056 located intermediate the throttle plate 1058 and the first inlet 1054 . The outlet 1044 of the aspirator 1020 is in communication with the second inlet 1056 of the throttle 1052 . When a throttle plate 1058 is rotated to a first angle, second inlet 1056 may be in fluid communication with outlet 1060 , while the throttle plate 1058 limits communication between the first inlet 1054 and the outlet 1060 . In this way, throttle 1052 may control flow through aspirator 1020 . Intake system 1010 includes example ported throttle 1052 so that flow through an example aspirator as well as flow to an example manifold not from the aspirator may be controlled by a single valve. In this way intake system 1010 has a simplifying configuration. Further, throttle 1052 is discussed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 10 and 11 Further, intake system 1010 includes a second check valve 1042 (an example manifold check valve) coupled intermediate the vacuum reservoir 1038 and the manifold 1024 . The second check valve 1042 limits flow from the intake manifold 1024 to the vacuum reservoir 1038 . Turing now to FIGS. 11 and 12 , an example ported throttle 1110 positioned in an example intake passage 1100 , the throttle 1110 including a first inlet 1112 , a second inlet 1114 , an outlet 1116 , and a plate 1118 . As described above with respect to FIG. 10 , the plate 1118 is located intermediate the first inlet 1112 and outlet 1116 , the second inlet 1114 located intermediate the throttle plate 1118 and the first inlet 1112 . An example aspirator outlet is in communication with the second inlet 1114 . FIG. 11 shows throttle plate 1118 in a first, closed position. In the present example, throttle 1110 is a butterfly-type valve that may be rotated to control fluid communication of at least one of the first inlet 1112 and the second inlet 1114 with the outlet 1116 . During a warm idle air flow rate, the throttle is closed, as illustrated. In further examples the throttle plate 1118 may be near closed. In a closed or near closed position, the throttle plate 1118 limits communication between the second inlet 1114 and the outlet 1116 . In this way, throttle 1110 may reduce air flow through an example aspirator. Further, in the present example an example intake manifold may supply vacuum. FIG. 12 shows throttle plate 1118 in a second, substantially open position. When the throttle is substantially open (for example, during a cold start emission reduction (CSER) event) the throttle enables fluid communication between the second inlet 1114 and the outlet 1116 . In this way the throttle opens enough to expose second inlet 1114 to an example intake manifold vacuum, thus causing air flow through an example aspirator coupled to second inlet 1114 . Turning now to FIG. 13 , shows a first example of an intake system 1310 having a plurality of aspirators. Multi-aspirator intake system 1310 includes at least first example aspirator 1314 and second example aspirator 1316 and may be included as part of an intake in an example vehicle to provide air for an example engine. First and second aspirators ( 1312 and 1314 respectively) may be example ejectors, injectors, eductors, venturi valves, jet pumps, or similar passive valve to generate vacuum (as discussed above, for example with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 . Further, first aspirator 1314 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1316 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1316 . In some examples, one of the first or second aspirator may be configured for high flow and the other of the two may be configured for low flow, thereby increasing an intake system's efficiency at generating vacuum over a wide pressure range. In this way, the aspirators 1314 and 1316 may be staged so that low pressure produced by one aspirator used by the other aspirator. By staging the aspirators in this way a deeper vacuum may be created than would otherwise be created with a single aspirator. First aspirator 1314 has a first motive inlet 1318 , first entraining inlet 1320 , and first outlet 1322 . The first motive inlet 1318 is in communication with an air pressure input 1334 . One example of air pressure input 1334 is a high pressure outlet of a compressor (as described above, with respect to FIGS. 1 , 4 - 7 , and 10 ). Additional examples of air pressure input 1334 include an intake passage, for example adjacent a low pressure compressor inlet. First aspirator may include first check valve 1324 and is shown in dashed lines to indicate its optional nature. First check valve 1324 is positioned intermediate first entraining inlet 1320 and an example vacuum reservoir 1342 . Furthermore, first check valve 1324 may limit communication from the first entraining inlet 1320 to vacuum reservoir 1342 . Additionally, first outlet 1322 is in communication with a low pressure output 1338 , examples of which include an intake manifold, and an intake passage (e.g., at a low pressure compressor input). Second aspirator 1314 has a second motive inlet 1326 , second entraining inlet 1328 , second outlet 1330 , and second check valve 1332 . In some examples, second motive inlet 1326 is in communication with input 1334 . In the present example, the second outlet 1330 is in communication with the first entraining inlet 1320 . In the present example entraining passage 1350 couples the second outlet 1330 and the first entraining inlet 1320 , and first check valve 1324 is coupled to the entraining passage 1350 . In further examples, the second motive inlet 1326 is in communication with the first outlet 1320 and the second outlet 1330 may be in communication with low pressure output 1338 (e.g., as described below with respect to FIG. 18 ). Further, the second entraining inlet 1328 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1342 via second check valve 1332 . The second check valve 1332 limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1328 to the vacuum reservoir 1342 . Additionally, a third check valve 1344 is positioned intermediate the first outlet 1322 and the vacuum reservoir 1342 . The third check valve 1344 limits flow from the vacuum reservoir 1342 to the first outlet 1322 . In further examples of intake system 1310 include additional examples a solenoid valve is positioned intermediate the input 1334 and at least one of the first motive inlet 1318 and the second motive inlet 1326 . Turning now to FIG. 14 , a second example of an intake system 1410 having a plurality of aspirators is shown. Multi-aspirator intake system 1410 includes at least first aspirator 1414 and second aspirator 1416 . First aspirator 1414 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1416 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1416 . Further, first aspirator 1414 has a first motive inlet 1418 , first entraining inlet 1420 , and first outlet 1422 . The first motive inlet 1418 is in communication with an example air pressure input 1434 . Also, first aspirator may optionally include first check valve 1424 limiting communication from the first entraining inlet 1420 to vacuum reservoir 1442 . Additionally, first outlet 1422 is in communication with example intake manifold 1438 and intake passage 1440 (e.g., adjacent a low pressure compressor inlet). An outlet passage 1452 couples the first outlet 1422 to the intake manifold 1438 , the outlet passage 1452 coupling the first outlet 1422 to the intake passage 1440 as well. A manifold check valve 1446 is positioned in the outlet passage 1452 intermediate the first outlet 1422 and the intake manifold 1438 . The manifold check valve 1446 limits flow from the intake manifold 1438 to the first outlet 1422 . An intake check valve 1448 is positioned in the outlet passage intermediate the first outlet 1422 and the intake passage 1440 , the intake check valve limiting flow from the intake passage to the first outlet. Second aspirator 1416 has a second motive inlet 1426 , second entraining inlet 1428 , second outlet 1430 , and second check valve 1432 . In some examples, second motive inlet 1426 is in communication with input 1434 . In the present example, the second outlet 1430 is in communication with the first entraining inlet 1420 via an entraining passage 1450 . First check valve 1424 is coupled to the entraining passage 1450 . The second entraining inlet 1428 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1442 via second check valve 1432 which limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1428 to the vacuum reservoir 1442 . Additionally, a third check valve 1444 is optionally positioned intermediate the first outlet 1422 and the vacuum reservoir 1442 . The third check valve 1444 limits flow from the vacuum reservoir 1442 to the first outlet 1422 . FIG. 15 shows a third example of an intake system 1510 having a plurality of aspirators. Multi-aspirator intake system 1510 includes at least first aspirator 1514 and second aspirator 1516 . Furthermore, intake system 1510 includes intake passage 1540 , which itself includes an example compressor 1560 , intercooler 1562 and throttle 1564 . First aspirator 1514 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1516 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1516 . Further, first aspirator 1514 has a first motive inlet 1518 , first entraining inlet 1520 , first outlet 1522 , and first check valve 1524 . The first motive inlet 1518 is in communication with a high pressure compressor outlet 1534 , which is a first air pressure input. First check valve 1524 limits communication from the first entraining inlet 1520 to vacuum reservoir 1542 . Additionally, first outlet 1522 is in communication with example intake manifold 1538 . Further examples of intake system 1510 include the first outlet 1522 in communication with intake passage 1540 , e.g., adjacent a low pressure compressor inlet. Second aspirator 1516 has a second motive inlet 1526 , second entraining inlet 1528 , second outlet 1530 , and second check valve 1532 . In the present example, motive inlet 1526 is in communication with intake passage 1548 adjacent low pressure compressor inlet 1536 . Further, an entraining passage 1550 couples the second outlet 1530 and the first entraining inlet 1520 , thereby placing them in fluid communication. First check valve 1524 is coupled to the entraining passage 1550 . Further, the second entraining inlet 1528 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1542 via second check valve 1532 which limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1528 to the vacuum reservoir 1542 . Additionally, third check valve 1544 is positioned intermediate the first outlet 1522 and the vacuum reservoir 1542 . The third check valve 1544 limits flow from the vacuum reservoir 1542 to the first outlet 1522 . FIG. 16 shows a fourth example of an intake system 1610 having a plurality of aspirators. Multi-aspirator intake system 1610 includes at least first aspirator 1614 and second aspirator 1616 . First aspirator 1614 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1616 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1616 . Further, first aspirator 1614 has a first motive inlet 1618 , first entraining inlet 1620 , and first outlet 1622 . The first motive inlet 1618 is in communication with an example air pressure input 1634 , which includes a compressor outlet pressure (COP) and/or a throttle inlet pressure (TIP). Also, first aspirator may optionally include first check valve 1624 limiting communication from the first entraining inlet 1620 to vacuum reservoir 1642 . Additionally, first outlet 1622 is in communication with example intake passage 1640 (e.g., adjacent a low pressure compressor inlet). Intake passage 1640 includes a barometric pressure (BP). In additional examples an intake check valve 1648 is positioned intermediate the first outlet 1622 and the intake passage 1640 (for example adjacent a low pressure inlet) the intake check valve limiting flow from the intake passage to the first outlet. Second aspirator 1616 has a second motive inlet 1626 , second entraining inlet 1628 , second outlet 1630 , and second check valve 1632 . In some examples, second motive inlet 1626 is in communication with input 1634 . In the present example, the second outlet 1630 is in communication with the first entraining inlet 1620 via an entraining passage 1650 . The second entraining inlet 1628 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1642 via second check valve 1632 . The second check valve 1632 limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1628 to the vacuum reservoir 1642 . In the present example a first check valve 1624 is positioned in the entraining passage 1650 intermediate the second outlet 1630 and the first entraining inlet 1620 . The first check valve 1624 limits flow from the first entraining inlet 1620 to the second outlet 1630 . Further, an outlet passage 1652 is coupled the entraining passage 1650 intermediate the second outlet 1630 and the first check valve 1624 . The outlet passage 1652 is also coupled to intake manifold 1638 , the manifold 1638 including an intake manifold pressure (MAP) and a manifold check valve 1648 limits flow from the intake manifold 1638 to the entraining passage 1650 . In the present example, a fuel vapor purge system 1660 is coupled to the entraining passage 1650 intermediate the second outlet 1630 and the outlet passage 1652 . Air passing through aspirator 1614 may draw air through entraining inlet 1620 . In this way, aspirator 1614 is may be used to assist in fuel vapor purge. In further examples of intake system 1610 , a PCV system is coupled to the entraining passage 1650 intermediate the second outlet 1630 and the outlet passage 1652 . FIG. 17 shows a fifth example intake system 1710 having a plurality of aspirators. Multi-aspirator intake system 1710 includes at least first aspirator 1714 and second aspirator 1716 . First aspirator 1714 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1716 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1716 . Further, first aspirator 1714 has a first motive inlet 1718 , first entraining inlet 1720 , and first outlet 1722 . The first motive inlet 1718 is in communication with an example air pressure input 1734 . Also, first aspirator may optionally include first check valve 1724 limiting communication from the first entraining inlet 1720 to vacuum reservoir 1742 . Additionally, first outlet 1722 is in communication with intake manifold 1738 . Throttle 1760 is one example of a ported throttle, discussed above (with respect to FIG. 10 ). Throttle 1760 is positioned in intake passage 1740 and includes a first inlet 1762 , a second inlet 1764 , outlet 1766 and a plate 1768 . The outlet 1722 of the aspirator 1714 is in communication with the second inlet 1764 of the throttle 1760 . Throttle 1760 controls the pressure communicated to first outlet 1722 . In one example, when throttle plate 1768 is rotated to a first angle, second inlet 1764 may be in communication with outlet 1766 , while the throttle plate 1768 limits communication between the first inlet 1762 and the outlet 1766 . Second aspirator 1716 has a second motive inlet 1726 , second entraining inlet 1728 , second outlet 1730 , and second check valve 1732 . In the present example, the second outlet 1730 is in communication with the first entraining inlet 1720 . In the present example entraining passage 1750 couples the second outlet 1730 and the first entraining inlet 1720 , and first check valve 1724 is coupled to the entraining passage 1750 . In further examples, the second motive inlet 1726 is in communication with the first outlet and the second outlet 1730 may be in communication with intake passage 1740 , e.g., adjacent an example low pressure output. Further, the second entraining inlet 1728 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1742 via second check valve 1732 . The second check valve 1732 limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1728 to the vacuum reservoir 1742 . Additionally, a third check valve 1744 is positioned intermediate the first outlet 1722 and the vacuum reservoir 1742 . The third check valve 1744 limits flow from the vacuum reservoir 1742 to the first outlet 1722 . FIG. 18 shows a sixth example intake system 1810 having a plurality of aspirators. Multi-aspirator intake system 1810 includes at least first aspirator 1814 and second aspirator 1816 . First aspirator 1814 may be a different type of aspirator than second aspirator 1816 , and may have smaller or larger physical dimensions than second aspirator 1816 . Further, first aspirator 1814 has a first motive inlet 1818 , first entraining inlet 1820 , and first outlet 1822 . The first motive inlet 1818 is in communication with a high pressure compressor outlet 1834 , which includes a COP and/or a TIP. Also, first aspirator includes first check valve 1824 limiting communication from the first entraining inlet 1820 to vacuum reservoir 1842 . Second aspirator 1816 has a second motive inlet 1826 , second entraining inlet 1828 , second outlet 1830 , and second check valve 1832 . In the present example, the first outlet 1822 is in communication with second motive inlet 1826 . First outlet 1822 and second motive inlet 1826 are in communication with intake passage 1840 adjacent an example low pressure inlet of a compressor and includes a BP. Further, the second entraining inlet 1828 is in communication with vacuum reservoir 1842 via second check valve 1832 . The second check valve 1832 limits communication from the second entraining inlet 1828 to the vacuum reservoir 1842 . Second outlet 1830 is in communication with an intake manifold 1838 which includes a MAP. A manifold check valve 1846 is positioned intermediate the second outlet 1830 and intake manifold 1838 to limit flow from the intake manifold 1838 to the second outlet 1830 . Additionally, a third check valve 1844 is intermediate the second outlet 1830 and vacuum reservoir 1842 , the third check valve 1844 limiting flow from the second outlet 1830 to the vacuum reservoir 1842 . In this configuration, any flow between BP to MAP through an aspirator contributes to actuator vacuum. Any flow from COP or TIP to BP contributes to actuator vacuum. Either of these flow paths may be controlled by solenoid valves, passive valves, or ported throttles. Turning now to FIG. 19 a first example of an intake system 1910 , including an aspirator 1920 integrated with additional engine systems is shown. Intake system 1910 includes an example manifold 1924 in communication with an example engine 1912 . Intake system 1910 further includes example intake passage 1918 including throttle 1922 . Intake air, such as from an example AIS or intercooler comes from input 1926 . As discussed above, throttle 1922 may limit the air entering intake manifold 1924 . In the present example, fuel vapor purge system 1950 is in communication with manifold 1924 via fuel vapor purge valve 1952 . Further, PCV system 1954 is in communication with manifold 1924 . Intermediate PCV system 1954 and manifold 1924 is an example passive control valve 1956 , valve 1956 limiting communication from manifold 1924 to PCV system 1954 . PCV system 1954 is also in communication with aspirator 1920 . Aspirator 1920 includes example motive inlet 1932 , entraining inlet 1936 , outlet 1944 , first check valve 1940 and auxiliary check valve 1942 . Entraining inlet 1936 is in communication with an example vacuum reservoir 1938 . Further, outlet 1944 is in communication with manifold 1924 , as well as auxiliary check valve 1942 . In the present example, aspirator 1920 is positioned intermediate passive control valve 1956 and manifold 1924 . Crankcase gases vented to manifold 1924 pass through aspirator motive inlet 1932 , drawing air from entraining inlet 1936 , and leaving via outlet 1944 . In this way, air and crankcase gases may be used to generate vacuum during crankcase ventilation. FIG. 20 shows a second example intake system 2010 including an aspirator 2020 integrated with additional engine systems. Intake system 2010 includes an example manifold 2024 in communication with an example engine 2012 . Intake system 2010 further includes example intake passage 2018 including throttle 2022 . Intake air, such as from an example AIS or an example compressor and example intercooler comes from input 2026 . As discussed above, throttle 2022 may limit the air entering intake manifold 2024 . In the present example, fuel vapor purge system 2050 is in communication with manifold 2024 via fuel vapor purge valve 2052 . Further, PCV system 2054 is in communication with manifold 2024 . Intermediate PCV system 2054 and manifold 2024 is an example passive control valve 2056 , valve 2056 limiting communication from manifold 2024 to PCV system 2054 . Further, fuel vapor purge system 2050 is in communication with aspirator 2020 . Aspirator 2020 includes example motive inlet 2032 , entraining inlet 2036 , outlet 2044 , first check valve 2040 and auxiliary check valve 2042 . Entraining inlet 2036 is in communication with an example vacuum reservoir 2038 . Additionally, outlet 2044 is in communication with manifold 2024 , as well as auxiliary check valve 2042 . In the present example, aspirator 2020 is positioned intermediate fuel vapor purge valve 2052 and manifold 2024 . Purged fuel vapor, hydrocarbons and air vented to manifold 2024 pass through aspirator motive inlet 2032 , drawing air from entraining inlet 2036 , and leaving via outlet 2044 . In this way, fuel vapor and hydrocarbon gases may be used to generate vacuum during fuel vapor purge. In further examples, including additional flowpaths, passageways and/or check valves, vacuum can be generated from both PCV flow and purge flow. Finally, it will be understood that the articles, systems and methods described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are contemplated. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and methods disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof.

In some examples, reduced engine displacement reduces an engine's ability to provide brake booster vacuum. The present application relates to intake systems including a vacuum aspirator to generate vacuum.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/964,529 filed Sep. 28, 2001 now abandoned, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to novel materials for attenuating sound, and in particular to such materials that are able to attenuate low frequency sounds without requiring excessive size or thickness. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The general increase in noise in many environments, both at work and at home, means that noise is becoming a significant source of pollution, and a factor that can harm both the physical and mental health of many people who are exposed to unwanted noise for prolonged periods. Noise reduction techniques and materials are therefore becoming of increasing importance. Noise reduction can be achieved by either active methods, such as electronically generated noise cancellation techniques, or by passive techniques such as simple barriers. Most passive barriers, such as those made of fibres or acoustic foam, attenuate the sound by forcing the sound waves to change direction repeatedly. With each change of direction a portion of the energy of the sound wave is absorbed (and is in fact converted to heat). Such materials tend to be relative lightweight and are quite effective at attenuating noise at medium and higher frequencies, such as for example about 500 Hz and above. Passive barrier are less effective however, at lower frequencies. A particular problem for example is illustrated by the so-called “mass law” which requires the thickness of the barrier material to be in inverse proportion to the frequency of the sound. As an example, it takes five times more mass of material to be an effective barrier at 200 Hz than it does at 1000 Hz. A concrete wall, for example, must be about 30 cm thick to be an effective barrier at 150 Hz. This increase in thickness and weight means that simple barrier structures are not effective in practical terms for attenuating low frequency sounds. Attempts to design suitable barrier structures for low frequency sounds include, for example, the use of an air-space between two rigid panels. The amount of low-frequency attenuation depends on the spacing between the panel and thus this design again results in a physically large barrier. PRIOR ART An example of a prior design for a material for acoustic attenuation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,296 (Cushman et al). In Cushman et al particles are embedded in a matrix material, the particles including both high and low characteristic acoustic impedance particles. The idea in Cushman et al is that by creating such an impedance mismatch, a portion of the impinging acoustic energy is reflected and thus the energy transmitted is attenuated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention there is provided an acoustic attenuation material comprising outer layers of a stiff material sandwiching a relatively soft elastic material therebetween, and wherein means are provided within said elastic material for generating local mechanical resonances. Preferably the resonance generating means comprises a rigid material located within the elastic material, and the rigid material has a volume filling ratio within the elastic material of from about 5% to 11%. One example of a rigid material is a plurality of individual solid particles located within the elastic material. These solid particles may be any suitable shape such as spheres or discs. Another possibility is that the rigid material may comprise a wire mesh. Such a mesh is preferably generally planar and the wire mesh lies in the plane of the material. In one embodiment means are provided for supporting the mesh within the elastic material, for example the material may include a surrounding frame member and means may be provided for securing the mesh to the frame member, such as elastic connection members. In one possibility the rigid material comprises a plurality of wire mesh segments, and a plurality of frame members may be provided between the segments, and wherein means are provided for elastically connecting the segments to the frame members. The stiff outer layers may be formed of any suitable building material such as gypsum, aluminum, cement, plywood, paperboard, polymer materials or any other stiff building materials. The elastic material may be any relatively soft elastic material such as foam or foam-like materials, natural and synthetic rubber and rubber-like materials, fiberglass, elastic polymer materials and the like. The rigid material may be a metal. Viewed from another broad aspect of the invention there is provided an acoustic attenuation material comprising two outer layers of a stiff material sandwiching a layer of relatively soft elastic material therebetween, and a plurality of solid particles disposed throughout said elastic material. The dimensions and material of the particles, and the thickness and material of the elastic layer, are chosen so as to define a plurality of local mechanical resonances at a frequency to be attenuated. The frequency is preferably in the range of 100 to 200 Hz. Viewed from a still further aspect of the invention there is provided an acoustic attenuation material comprising two outer layers of a stiff material sandwiching a layer of relatively soft elastic material therebetween, and a wire mesh disposed throughout said elastic material. The wire mesh is preferably parallel to the outer layers. In this embodiment of the invention the dimensions and material of the mesh, and the thickness and the material of the elastic layer, may be chosen so as to define a plurality of local mechanical resonances at a frequency to be attenuated. Viewed from a still further broad aspect the present invention provides a method of forming an acoustic attenuation material comprising: (a) providing two outer layers of a stiff material sandwiching a layer of an elastic material, and (b) providing means within said elastic layer for generating local mechanical resonances at the frequency to be attenuated. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Some embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a side sectional view through a material according to a first embodiment of the invention, FIG. 2 is a planar sectional view of the material of FIG. 1 , FIG. 3 is a plot showing the low frequency attenuation of materials according to the present invention in comparison with the prior art, FIG. 4 is a plot illustrating the effect on the attenuation of varying the particle size, FIG. 5 is a plot illustrating the effect on the attenuation of varying the material thickness, FIG. 6 is a planar sectional view of a material according to a second embodiment of the invention, FIG. 7 is a planar sectional view of a material according to a third embodiment of the invention, FIG. 8 is a planar sectional view of a material according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, FIG. 9 is a plot illustrating the effect on the attenuation of varying the shape of the particles, and FIGS. 10( a ) and ( b ) are planar sectional views illustrating variations of the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 7 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring firstly to FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown a first embodiment of an acoustic attenuation material according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment an acoustic attenuation material 10 comprises two rigid outer layers 11 sandwiching a soft elastic layer 12 within which are located solid particles 13 having a relatively high density and a relatively high rigidity. The particles have a diameter that is preferably 0.1 mm or larger. As can be seen in FIG. 2 , the solid particles 13 are located in a regular grid array configuration. Suitable materials for the rigid outer layers 11 include gypsum, aluminum, cement, plywood, paperboard, rigid polymer materials or any other conventional rigid building materials. The soft elastic layer 12 may be formed of a material such as foam or foam-like materials, natural and synthetic rubber and rubber-like materials, fiberglass, elastic polymer materials and the like. The solid particles 13 may be formed of metal such as lead, steel, iron or aluminum and aluminum alloys. FIG. 3 plots the attenuation against frequency in a low frequency range for an embodiment of the present invention formed in accordance with FIGS. 1 and 2 , and with examples of the prior art for reference. In FIG. 3 , reference numeral 14 is used to identify the attenuation characteristics for an embodiment of the present invention formed of a 24 mm thick foam layer 12 in which are located 15 mm diameter lead balls 13 . The outer rigid layers 11 are formed of two half-inch gypsum boards. The volume filling ratio of the lead balls 13 is 11%. In this embodiment they are dispersed uniformly throughout the foam layer 12 , though this is not essential. As can be seen from FIG. 3 , the embodiment of the invention indicated in that Figure by reference numeral 14 has a strong transmission loss that peaks at about 175 Hz. In FIG. 3 reference numeral 15 represents the same structure as this embodiment of the invention but without the lead balls, 16 is a 24 mm thick cement barrier, and 17 is an attenuator formed of two half-inch gypsum boards with a 24 mm air gap therebetween. Comparing the four materials 14 , 15 , 16 and 17 it will be seen that at higher frequencies, eg above 250 Hz cement 16 is the best attenuator in terms of performance because it is the most dense. Below about 250 Hz the three prior art configurations 15 , 16 and 17 are all significantly less efficient than the embodiment of the invention 14 . In particular, at the peak of the absorption of the embodiment of the invention, an extra 20 dB transmission loss can be obtained using the embodiment of the invention. It is believed that the present invention functions by the generation of built-in local resonances. By combining high-density solid particles within a softer foam matrix, a low frequency mechanical resonance is formed where the solid particles may be regarded as balls and the softer elastic foam represents a spring. When the frequency of the sound approaches the local mechanical resonances and energy is transferred from the impinging sound wave to the balls. Effectively therefore there is a band-gap surrounding the absorption peak corresponding to frequencies that cannot be transmitted through the material. FIG. 4 shows the same plot as FIG. 3 but with the addition of a new curve 18 that corresponds to another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is identical to curve 14 but with smaller lead balls 13 that are 10 mm in diameter. It can be seen that in this embodiment the attenuation peak is at a slightly higher frequency (approximately 220 Hz). This is consistent with the theory because with small balls there would be local resonances at higher frequencies. As shown in FIG. 5 , the attenuation peak may also be varied by changing the thickness of the foam elastic layer. In FIG. 5 reference numeral 19 refers to an acoustic attenuation material of the same structure as reference numeral 14 but with a thickness of the elastic layer of 19 mm. It will be seen that the attenuation peak is shifted to a slightly higher frequency (approx 220 Hz). In the abovedescribed first embodiment of the invention, the solid particles are in the form of solid balls arranged, preferably but not essentially, in a regular grid-like array. In the embodiment of FIG. 6 these balls are replaced by a wire mesh 23 , for example of iron with a 6 mm diameter and a filling ratio of 8.5%. FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment in which the wire mesh of FIG. 6 is divided into an array 24 of smaller mesh segments still with a wire diameter of 6 mm and a filling ratio of 5.6%. FIG. 8 shows a still further embodiment in which individual solid particles are provided, but of a different form from the balls of the first embodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 8 a plurality of disks 25 are provided. These disks, which may be any of the same materials as the balls, may for example have a diameter of 26 mm and a thickness of 3 mm (filling ratio 5%). It will be understood that the attenuation characteristics, such as the location and width of the attenuation peak, can be varied by appropriately selecting from parameters such as the shape and configuration of the particles, their size, filling ratio and material. For example, two or more different sizes of balls may be used to obtain more than one resonant frequency and thus a broader attenuation response. Similarly the size of the discs may be varied and two or more sizes may be provided. Effectively therefore the attenuation response of the material of the present invention is “tunable” to provide a desired attenuation characteristic. FIG. 9 shows the attenuation obtainable with the wire mesh 23 , wire mesh segments 24 and disks 25 as described above. All these embodiments show good attenuation properties at frequencies between 100 and 200 Hz. FIG. 10( a ) shows an embodiment of the material in which the solid particles are constrained from “sinking”, ie shifting position, within the softer elastic material. In this embodiment, in which the solid material is in the form of a wire mesh 23 , the mesh 23 is connected at its edges to a surrounding frame 26 by elastic material such as springs 27 . Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 10( b ), especially when either mesh segments 24 are used or when a large number of individual solid particles are provided, individual supporting frame members 28 may be provided within the elastic material. The present invention, at least in its preferred forms, provides effective low-cost acoustic attenuation materials that may be used effectively at low frequencies that in the prior art would require large and heavy acoustic barriers. The attenuation of the material can be selected by appropriate design of the size and shape of the rigid particles or mesh, the thickness of the elastic layer and the choice of materials. As such the invention can provide materials suitable for a wide range of domestic and industrial applications where noise reduction, especially at low frequencies, is required.

Acoustic attenuation materials are described that comprise outer layers of a stiff material sandwiching a relatively soft elastic material therebetween, with means such as spheres, discs or wire mesh being provided within the elastic material for generating local mechanical resonances that function to absorb sound energy at tunable wavelengths.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of manufacturing web products wherein a coating is applied to the web, and more particularly to the field of coater heads used in the application of a coating to a web. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the manufacture of web based products, such as paper, textiles and certain plastics, it is sometimes desirable to apply a coating to the surface of the web such as a starch coating or other polymer coating. Having a suitable formulation, such coatings provide improved gloss, slickness, color, printing detail, or brilliance to the particular web being manufactured. Unfortunately, such coatings have a tendency to accumulate on the web manufacturing equipment, periodically requiring removal. As will be appreciated, any downtime necessary for the removal of accumulated coating material can result in substantial cost to the manufacturer. Consequently, there is a need in the manufacture of web based products for methods ad apparatus for controlling the flow of coating material in order to minimize downtime required to clean or remove such material from the manufacturing equipment. Coatings are typically applied by a coater head which is moved into a position approximate the web which in turn is generally carried by or tensioned against a roll or drum. The distance the coater head is spaced from the web generally determines the thickness of the coating. More particularly, such coater heads usually are provided with a blade, the leading edge of which is oriented at a certain angle relative to the direction of movement of the web and resting on the web, applying a certain loading. The loading of the blade leading edge determines in most instances the thickness of the coating being applied. Generally, in order to assure a flow of coating material onto the web, behind the leading edge of the blade, a pool or reservoir chamber of pressurized coating material is formed between the coating head and the web with the blade forming one wall thereof. End dams are typically positioned at either end of the reservoir chamber, abutting the blade and forming the end walls of the reservoir. The back and bottom walls of the reservoir are formed from other components of the head and in some instances may be integral therewith. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of the prior end dams in maintaining the coating material within the reservoir chamber has been unacceptable. In order to understand the effectiveness of such prior end dams, consider first their construction, for example, an end dam used in the coater head of a short dwell blade coater. This coater head is provided with a finger-like projection having a width generally equal to the width of the coater head and which extends into the reservoir. The end dam, typically made of felt or a flexible synthetic material, is provided with a corresponding groove so that the end dam can be positioned at any point along such projection. The end dam also includes an end wall which defines one end of the reservoir chamber. As is known, the spacing of a pair of end dams along the projection determines the width of the coating to be applied to the web. The end dam effectiveness problem at first stemmed from the formation of the end dam from felt material. The felt would absorb the coating material and change shape to an extent that the blade was moved out of position which produced a non-uniform coating on the web. In an attempt to resolve this problem, end dams constructed from foam rubber were mounted in the coater. However, since it is undesirable to have this type of material contact the web during the coating operation, it was necessary to space by a small amount the surface of the rubber end dam from the moving web. Coating material leaked through the space between the web and the top of the end dam wall. Since the coating material is pressurized, a small portion will flow continuously through this narrow opening and collect on the web manufacturing equipment. After awhile so much of the coating material builds up on the equipment that the manufacturing process must be halted in order to remove the material, resulting in unwanted downtime. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An end dam for use in a coater head which applies a coating material under pressure from a reservoir onto a web is shown to include an attachment arrangement for attaching the end dam to the coater head a first wall which prevents the lateral movement of the coating material, thereby defining one end of the reservoir, a second wall, spaced from the first wall and laterally away from the reservoir, such that a channel is formed therebetween so that coating material passing over the first wall experiences a drop in pressure sufficient to maintain the coating material within the channel. Such end dams can be integrally formed from foam rubber. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a section view of a short dwell coater head incorporating the end dam of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an enlargement of a portion of the coater head of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a section view taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2; and FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a portion of one end of the coater head of FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Although the present invention may be used to apply web coatings in any industry involved with web processing technology, for the purposes of illustration the invention will be described as used in a paper manufacturing operation. As shown in FIG. 1, a short dwell coater, generally designated 10, is positioned immediately adjacent drum 12 against which web 14 is tensioned. As drum 12 moves web 14 past the coater head 16, a layer of coating material 18 is deposited onto web 14. Although not shown, it will be understood that coater head 16 is moved into the position shown in FIG. 1, in relation to web 14, by any known apparatus or device used for this purpose. Coating material 18 is supplied under pressure from a source (not shown) to a chamber 20 formed within the short dwell coater 10. Fluid communication is established between chamber 20 and coater head 19 by passage 22. Since coater head 16 is constructed to extend across the width of web 14, it is necessary to ensure that the flow of coating material is uniformly distributed across the coater head length. To this end, passage 22 is formed to establish fluid communication across the length of coater head 16. As can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3, coater head 16 forms a pool or reservoir 24 of coating material immediately adjacent and in contact with web 14. Reservoir 24 is formed in coater head 16 by coater blade 26, baffle 28, end dams 30 and 32, and bottom wall 34. As shown in FIG. 2, blade 26 forms the trailing wall of head 16 with respect to the movement of web 14 and includes a top edge 36 which is oriented substantially parallel to web 14. Blade 26 is held in place by the pinching action which occurs between the forward end of bottom wall 34 and the rearward end of projection 37 Such pinching action is the result of pivoting the front portion of the coater, containing chamber 20 and projection 37, about pivot pin 38 in a counterclockwise direction. The reverse movement can also produce this pinching action, namely the pivoting of the rear portion 40 in a clockwise direction about pivot pin 38. End dams 30 and 32 are held in place at opposite lateral ends of the reservoir by their attachment to finger-like projection 42. Projection 42 is shown in FIG. 3 to have a width generally equal to the width of coater head 16 and extends into the reservoir volume as shown in FIG. 2. The attachment of end dams 30 and 32 is achieved by the provision of a slot or groove 44 formed in the body portion 46 of the end dam. Since groove 44 extends through body 46, end dams 30 and 32 can be moved laterally to any desired position along projection 42. In this fashion, the width of the of the reservoir and consequently the width of the coating applied to web 14 is controlled to a desired distance. End dams 30 and 32 are also shown to include an inner wall 48 and 50, respectively, and an outer wall 52 and 54, respectively. Channels 56 and 58 are defined between such inner and outer walls. As will be described, channels 56 and 58 serve to direct any coating material deviating from the reservoir and application to web 14 into a desired flow path for recycling or other disposal. In the preferred embodiment end dams 30 and 32 are integrally formed from foam rubber. Consider now coater 10 during operation. Coating material 18 is supplied under pressure to chamber 20 whereupon it is presented to passage 22 which supplies coating material 18 across a substantial portion of the width of coater head 16. Coating material flows from passage 22 through a series of bores 60 in bottom wall 34 and into the reservoir formed between the coater head 16 and web 14. Passage 22 and bores 60 establish fluid communication across the effective width of the resevoir, thus ensuring a generally uniform flow of material 18 into the resevoir. As shown in FIG. 3, such bores 60 which are not necessary will be covered or closed by the under surface of end dams 30 and 32 so that material 18 does not flow therethrough. Coating material which is not deposited onto web 14 flows over baffle 28 and is collected and recycled in any known manner. As web 14 passes over and in contact with the reservoir of coating material 18, a certain amount of material 18 adheres to web 14 creating a flow of coating material in the direction of travel of web 14 towards blade 26. Material 18 which does not pass between web 14 and blade edge 36 is retained in the reservoir. Since material 18 is supplied under pressure, a certain amount of material seeks to escape from the reservoir through whatever gaps or spaces are available. In coater head 16 there are four gaps, namely the space between web 14 and blade edge 36, the space between web 14 and baffle 28, the space between web 14 and end dam 30 and the space between web 14 and end dam 32. Material which passes through the space defined by edge 36 is of no concern since this represents material which has been deposited onto web 14. Material 18 which passes through the space defined by baffle 28 is also of no concern since this material will be collected and possibly recycled. Material 18 which passes through the space defined by end dams 30 and 32 however is of concern because material passing through these spaces can cause the previously described problems. As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, a portion of material 18 upon entering the reservoir through bores 60 moves laterally towards end walls 48 and 50 until the reservoir is filled. Thereafter, material 18 slowly moves across the top of walls 48 and 50 until it reaches channels 56 and 58. Material 18 which flows into channels 56 and 58 will flow in a direction towards and over baffle 28, due to gravity. In this manner material 18 is collected and recycled such that the coating machinery does not become clogged. With material 18 passing over the tops of walls 48 and 50 under pressure, the width of channels 56 and 58 is important. If walls 52 and 54 are not spaced a sufficient distance from walls 48 and 50, respectively, it is possible for material 18 to pass over the tops of walls 52 and 54 which will result in the problems associated with previous end dams. The width of channels 56 and 58 must be such that material 18 flowing into the channel experiences a pressure drop sufficient to maintain material 18 within the channel. As indicated, gravity will thereafter cause material 18 to flow through channels 56 and 58, over baffle 28 to whatever collection apparatus is utilized. In this manner, the present invention controls the flow of material 18 resulting in a significant reduction in downtime necessary to clean or repair the web manufacturing or coating equipment. It will be noted in FIG. 2, that in order to minimized the amount of material which will flow over the top surfaces of walls 48 and 50, such surfaces have been formed to closely conform to the shape of web 14, i.e. curved due to being tensioned against drum 12, in the region of coater head 16. While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that modification and variations may be made without departing from the principles of the invention as described herein above and set forth in the following claims.

An end dam for use in a coater head which applies a coating material under pressure from a reservoir onto a web is shown to include an attachment arrangement for attaching the end dam to the coater head a first wall which prevents the lateral movement of the coating material, thereby defining one end of the reservoir, a second wall, spaced from the first wall and laterally away from the reservoir, such that a channel is formed therebetween so that coating material passing over the first wall experiences a drop in pressure sufficient to maintain the coating material within the channel.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention pertains to containers, and more particularly relates to a container for cold beverages, having a thermally conductive drinking surface that reduces the temperature gradient between the beverage and the drinking surface that comes into contact with the consumer's lips or mouth providing a cold feel to the lips or mouth similar to coldness of beverage. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Plastic bottles, glass bottles, aluminum cans and cups made from various materials ranging from paper to plastic to metal, are commonly used as beverage containers. These containers come in a variety of shapes, sizes and configurations. For cold beverages, one advantage of metal based containers, such as aluminum cans, is that the aluminum surface of the can provides the drinker with a cool drinking surface that provides the drinker's lips or mouth with the cold feeling or sensation of a cold beverage contained therein. What is therefore desired is an improved drinking surface for non-metallic containers that provides a cold drinking sensation similar to that of an aluminum can. It is also desired to provide a container having a drinking surface that has a temperature similar to that of the beverage inside the container to provide the consumer with a cool refreshing drinking sensation when the drinking surface comes into contact with the consumer's lips or mouth, thereby enhancing the overall beverage drinking experience of the consumer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention is directed to a thermally conductive polymeric drinking surface for a beverage container. The container may be a bottle, cup or other suitable container. The thermally conductive polymeric drinking surface may be an insert for a bottle or a covering configured to be formed over the mouth of a container. [0004] A beverage container according to the invention is characterized by a surface, particularly, a thermally conductive polymeric surface member, that provides a cold temperature similar to that of the cold beverage in the container to the mouth or lips of the consumer. This may be achieved by a container made of a material that has high thermal conductivity and provides a low temperature gradient to reduce the time and energy of the chilling processes being applied to the material via the beverage or an external cooling mechanism, such as a refrigerator or ice bath. [0005] In addition, the beverage container has an advantage over conventional non-metallic containers by providing a cold drinking surface similar to that of an aluminum can. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0006] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a container in accordance with the invention. [0007] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a container showing a drinking surface in accordance with the invention detached from the container. [0008] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a container showing a drinking surface insert in accordance with the invention detached from the container. [0009] FIG. 3A is an expanded partial cross-sectional view taken through the opening of a the drinking surface insert shown in FIG. 3 [0010] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a container in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. [0011] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional of FIG. 4 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0012] Thermally conductive polymer based materials, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene based materials have been found to be sufficiently thermally conductive and have the appropriate food and beverage contact requirements that allow them to be used in direct contact with food and beverages, including consumable water. [0013] Referring now to the drawings in detail, in which like numerals refer to like elements throughout the several views respectively. FIGS. 1-2 are perspective views, of a container having a cooling surface member in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown, the container may be a bottle 100 , which includes a base 120 , a grip portion 130 , a label portion 140 , a neck 150 and a cooling surface member 170 having a surface opening 160 formed therein. In one embodiment of the invention, shown in FIG. 3 , the cooling surface member 170 is an insert having an attached cooling anchor section 172 for insertion into an opening 112 in the mouth 112 of bottle and an external section of the cooling surface member 170 ′ extending away from cooling anchor section 172 and over the mouth 112 of the bottle for contact with a consumer's lips or mouth. [0014] The cooling surface member 170 may be formed from any suitable thermally conductive thermoplastic material. Preferably, the thermally conductive thermoplastic material reduces the temperature gradient between the beverage and the cooling surface member to 3 degrees or less. A preferred thermally conductive thermoplastic material has high thermal conductive properties. A preferred modified resin for forming the thermoplastic material may comprises a base polymer of polypropylene, polyester or polyamide (Nylon). It should be understood that the cooling surface member 170 may be formed by any suitable means including molding from a phase changing material, a polymeric material controlled by endothermic reactions, or a plastic or polymeric material that is designed to absorb and/or retain cold temperatures. Preferred thermally conductive thermoplastic materials can be molded into various shapes via conventional injection molding techniques. However, any suitable thermoplastic processing technique may be used, including, but not limited to, extrusion. [0015] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cooling surface member 170 is a thermally conductive thermoplastic material having a material thermal conductivity about 1 W/mK to about 1500 W/mK (Watts per meter Kelvin), preferably of from about 1 W/mK to about 200 W/mK, and more preferably of from about 2 W/mK to about 20 W/mK. The preferred thermal diffusivity is from about 0.05 cm 2 /sec to about 0.12 cm 2 /sec, and the preferred density is from about 1.24 g/cc-1.56 g/cc. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, a preferred thermally conductive thermoplastic material would be engineered to provide a material thermal conductivity of from about 2 W/mK to about 20 W/mK (Watts per meter Kelvin) a thermal diffusivity of from about 0.05 cm2/sec to about 0.12 cm2/sec and a density of from about 1.24 g/cc-1.56 g/cc. A preferred thermally conductive thermoplastic material has a hardness range from Shore A 40 to Shore D 80. [0016] Now referring again to FIGS. 1-2 , the bottle 100 may be made out of any suitable material. For example, the bottle may be plastic or glass. In one embodiment the bottle is plastic and formed from a polymer based thermoplastic material. Conventional plastic has a material thermal conductivity of about 0.2 W/mK. A preferred thermoplastic material is PET (polyethylene terephthalate). Other suitable thermoplastic materials include PLA (polylactic acid), polypropylene, bio-based polymeric materials or combinations thereof In another embodiment the bottle 100 may be a made from silica or other glass forming material. [0017] The neck portion 150 also may be of any suitable design. The neck portion 150 may be tapered or have other desired designs or shapes. Preferably, the neck 150 terminates at one end to form the mouth 112 of the bottle 100 . The cooling surface member 170 having a cooling surface opening 160 formed therein is connected to cover the mouth 112 of the bottle 100 and allow fluid communication between the surface opening 160 and the mouth 112 of the bottle. [0018] In an embodiment of the invention, the cooling surface member 170 is annular in shape and preferably has a substantially ringed shape with a void or opening in the center, which forms the cooling surface opening 160 . However, it should be understood that in accordance with the invention, a cooling surface member may be any desirable shape that can provide an opening therein and be configured to conform to cover a mouth of a bottle or container while allowing fluid communication between said opening and the mouth of the bottle. As such, a cooling surface opening in accordance with the invention also may be of any suitable design or shape. [0019] The cooling surface member 170 may be attached to the neck 150 of the bottle 100 by any suitable means. As shown in FIG. 3 . the cooling surface member 170 is preferably an insert that is fabricated to have a first section for providing an external cooling surface 170 ′ covering the mouth 112 of the bottle and providing a drinking surface for contact with a consumer's mouth or lips; and a second section for providing a cooling anchor section 172 for insertion into the mouth and neck 150 of the bottle 112 . FIG. 3A shows an expanded view of an insertable cooling surface member 170 , having an external cooling surface 170 ′ for covering the mouth 112 of the bottle 100 , a cooling anchor section 172 ′ and the cooling surface opening 160 ′ formed therein. [0020] In one embodiment, the cooling anchor section 172 is formed to have an interference fit. In another embodiment, the cooling surface member 170 is attached to a plastic container by crimping the cooling surface member over the top of a flange that can be designed in the container. In yet another embodiment, the cooling surface member 170 may be attached to the neck 150 of a container by integrally forming the cooling surface member 170 to the neck 150 by adhesion or fusion methods. In the case of plastic bottles, the cooling surface member 170 may also include a number of threads (not shown) such that a cap may be positioned thereon so as to close the bottle 100 . [0021] In yet another embodiment of the invention, the cooling surface member 170 may be attached to the neck via a designed interference fit or barbs used to create an interference and anchor the cooling surface member 170 inside the neck 150 of a glass bottle. In yet another embodiment, the cooling surface member 170 can fit on a glass bottle, via a designed interference fit by forming the cooling surface member 170 from a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) to create a compression fit and seal. [0022] Preferably, the cooling surface member 170 is fabricated separately from the bottle 100 and is inserted into the neck 150 either before or after filling the bottle 100 with the desired beverage. As described previously, the cooling surface member 170 may fit by a designed interference or a simple crimp over the top of a flange designed on a container. However, it is to be understood that various methods of incorporating the cooling surface member into the neck of a bottle or container may be used and still be within the scope of this invention. [0023] The cooling surface member 170 may also be designed to maximize the surface area that is in contact with the beverage during drinking, thereby enhancing its ability to reduce the temperature gradient between the beverage and the surface thereby transmitting a colder temperature to the cooling surface opening 160 . Preferably, the surface area of the cooling anchor section 172 of a cooling surface member 170 would generally not be visible to the consumer from the exterior of the bottle 100 , but would sit inside the neck 150 of the bottle 100 . However, for design purposes it is to be understood that the cooling anchor section 172 may be designed to be visible. For example, the cooling anchor section 172 can be formed with threads for attaching a closure, in which case the cooling anchor section 172 would be visible. It should be understood that closures and finishes for the neck 150 can be adjusted to compensate for the height of the neck 150 of the bottle 100 to maintain an effective seal. [0024] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cooling surface member 170 is molded in a thermally conductive polymer, and after molding, the component is inserted into the neck 150 of a container or bottle 100 . [0025] FIGS. 4 and 4A show a perspective view and a cross-sectional view respectively, of a container that is preferably a cup 200 . The cup may be disposable or non-disposable and accordingly, may be formed of any suitable material, including, but not limited to, polymeric materials, such as polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based polyesters and polystyrenes; paper based materials; and non-disposable materials, such as silica, ceramic, glass or the like. [0026] Referring now again to FIGS. 4 and 4A , there is shown a container, having the shape of a cup 200 . The cup 200 has a frusto-conical wall 210 , an opening 260 at the top and a base 220 to form the bottom of the cup. A cooling surface member 270 formed of a thermally conductive thermoplastic material has an anchor section 272 configured to adhere to an upper section of the container 200 and extend to cover at least a portion of the external surface of the mouth of the cup 200 . As shown in FIG. 4A the mouth 212 of the cup may be curled or curved. The cooling surface member 270 is fixedly attached to the cup such that an anchor section 272 ′ fits inside the container and a flange portion extending away from the anchor section 272 ′ is formed to extend outside of the container and form a cover surface 270 ′ at least partially around the mouth surface 212 of the cup 200 . [0027] The cooling surface member 170 or 270 of the invention forms a new, enhanced drinking surface capable of providing a drinking surface having a temperature similar to that of the beverage that comes into contact with it or the temperature provided by a cooling device. While not wishing to be held to one theory, in practice, it is believed that the cold temperature of the beverage inside of a container having a cooling surface member 170 or 270 of the invention formed thereon, provides thermal energy to the thermally conductive thermoplastic material of the cooling surface member 170 or 270 and lowers the temperature of the cooling surface member 170 or 270 to a temperature closer to that of the beverage which in comparison is lower than the temperature of the container. [0028] Alternatively, cold temperature provided by equipment, such as a refrigerator, vending machine, or ice, may also lower the temperature of the cooling surface member 170 or 270 . A cold beverage, such as those dispensed from a vending machine or a refrigerator, is able to lower the temperature of the cooling surface member 170 or 270 to below the temperature of the container and thus when the cooling surface member 170 or 270 is in contact with the consumer's lips or mouths, the consumer is provided with a cold and refreshing experience that is not be experienced by contact with the surface of the container. [0029] Each time a consumer drinks from the bottle, the cooling surface member 170 or 270 is recharged or re-cooled via the cold beverage, which enables the consumer to continue receiving the benefit of a cool drinking surface. The design of this cooling surface member 170 or 270 also provides a comfort edge for the consumer to drink from and is an enhancement over current conventional plastic bottles that have sharper edges and threads protruding in this area. [0030] It should be apparent that the foregoing relates only to the preferred embodiments of the present application and that numerous changes and modifications may be made herein by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the general sprit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.

A thermally conductive polymeric drinking surface for a beverage container is provided. The thermally conductive polymeric drinking surface may be an insert for a bottle or other covering configured to be formed around the mouth of a drinking container, such as a cup. The high thermal conductivity of the drinking surface contributes to the transfer of the temperature of the contents of the container to the mouth or lips of the consumer by reducing the time and energy consumption of the chilling processes being applied via the beverage or an external cooling mechanism.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to dynamic ballast and stabilization systems for deep-sea applications, and, in particular, the present invention relates to a dynamic ballast and stabilization system for off-shore platform structures. II. Description of the Prior Art To be both practical and useful, off-shore platforms utilized for the exploration and production of crude oil and gas sources must not only perform a desired function but do so under adverse operating conditions. Primarily among such conditions is a virtually unpredictable source of trouble at any off-shore platform by the continuously changing pattern of wave intensity which reflects widespread weather conditions. For example, weather situations in one part of the world may have a decided effect on the water and wave conditions in a remote section thousands of miles away. In the design and construction of off-shore platforms most weather conditions can be accounted for through the expediency of fabricating the platform of sufficient strength to satisfactorily support the required constant and expected load and to overcome and to resist the most adverse storm conditions. Thus, a platform might be engineered to be sufficiently rugged by sheer massiveness to resist hurricane forces at the water surface without collapse or even to avoid excessive damage. The ideal situation would be to design the platforms to safely resist maximum forces as would be instituted by a hurricane or other severe storm. What is more difficullt to overcome, however, is the problem instituted by the pulsating forces resulting from periodic wave movement. While such movement may be particularly intense, the periodic forces generated by the waves may be of such frequency that, if counted over a period of time, will prompt and amplify an oscillatory movement of the floor-anchored platform structure. This vibrational tendency will be a function of the platform structure and the intensity and frequency of the wave forces. While it is possible through engineering techniques to adequately design a platform to overcome the normal and expected wave forces, it is highly impractical in both structural and economical terms to design a platform when vibration and oscillation forces are taken into consideration. It can be readily appreciated that for platforms usable in deep waters the design problems are sharply aggravated as the platform height increases. For example, for extreme depths having an order of magnitude of 400 to 1,000 feet, it is virtually impossible to design and engineer a safe, practical platform. To overcome constantly imposed vibrations or oscillation inducing forces as well as the ordinary natural forces acting against an off-shore platform structure, many expedients have been resorted to such as internal bracing and external anchoring. In the absence of the latter, structures in relatively deep water often utilize an anchoring system including chains and cables both of which elements present troublesome handling problems and are not entirely effective. Furthermore, since the present trend in oil exploratory and production efforts is towards deeper waters, and anchoring systems tend to become more expensive and unwieldly, thereby amplifying the above-noted susceptibility to sway and vibrational tendencies. An example of one solution of the aforementioned problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,968. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, comprises a dynamic ballast and stabilization system for deep-sea applications wherein a downward vertical thrust is attained by rotating a relatively large multi-vane impellor assembly which includes the means for directing the thrust laterally of the vertical position whereby the system functions to provide a ballast means for anchoring the platform as well as for providing a means for dynamically overcoming any tendencies towards the structure assuming a periodic oscillation which, over a period of time, detrimentally affects the platform. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved dynamic ballast and stabilization system for off-shore platforms of the type which is firmly anchored to the floor of a desired off-shore location and yet dynamically stabilized to maintain its anchored position while overcoming vibrational tendencies. Other objects, advantages, and applications of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art of anchoring and stabilizing off-shore platforms when the accompanying description of the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawing wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the two views, and in which: FIG. 1 illustrates an off-shore platform located in a relatively deep body of water and supported by rigidly fixed upright legs; and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the system which provides dynamic ballast and stabilization of the platform illustrated in FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In achieving the foregoing objectives and overcoming the discussed problems, the present invention contemplates an off-shore platform 10 comprising a working deck 12 holding such equipment as a derrick 13, storage facilities 14, and other equipment which is essential to the proper function of the off-shore drilling or production platform 10. The deck 12 is normally elevated a predetermined distance of about 50-100 feet above the water surface; and thus while the working deck and equipment are essentially beyond the reach of water and waves, they are still subjected to the full effect of surface weather conditions. The deck 12 is sustained in its elevated position above the water surface by an elongated, open structure comprising essentially a plurality of downwardly extending legs 16, 17, 18, and 19 which have their upper ends affixed to the deck 12. The upstanding legs 16, 17, 18, and 19 are reinforced by cross-bracing members 20 which provide rigidity to the structure as well as support for the dynamic ballast and stabilization system 24. The framework structure further includes a plurality of piles 25 which have their lower ends embedded into the ocean floor. The depth of the pile embedment is readily predetermined in accordance with the consistency of the floor of the body of water and the ability of the floor to grip the pile to establish a firm anchor for the structure. This arrangement is just an example of the many types wich may be employed for the mounting and support of such off-shore platforms. As previously noted, the upright arrangement of the off-shore platform is such that the action of the wind and the waves against the exposed elevated deck 12, as well as against the submerged support structure, tends to urge the bottom anchor laterally and uprightly from its normal disposition. The degree of such displacement will vary with the intensity of the displacing forces and tend to sway or upset the structure about its anchored footings. A monitoring system should be incorporated into the platform structure to continuously scan, monitor, and interpret the lateral and upward displacement and frequency of movement and displacement of the platform. Such a monitor system would determine the rate of the platform's sway and generate a signal to reflect the interpretation of the received data. The monitor system might include any of several means adaquate to achieve the desired function. For example, the structure may be provided with appropriately placed strain gages which reflect the degree of strain in any particular point in the structure, as the latter is displaced from its normal position. Preferably, the measuring device will be disposed at critical points throughout the entire structure to obtain a more composite set of data with respect to the movement and displacement of the structure. The measuring devices will be connected by means of suitable electric cables to a data assimilator, or computer, mounted in the storage facility 14. The computer would assimilate the information and generate the signal which functions to control the operation of the dynamic ballast and stabilization system 24. It should be appreciated that the thrust and reacting forces generated by the dynamic ballast and stabilization system 24, as to be described hereinafter, may be embodied in a single reactant, as described, as well as a plurality of separate units. The system 24 comprises a support member 30 which is supported by and attached to the cross-bracing members 20 by any suitable fastening means. The support member 30 has a central aperature 32 through which extends a vertical drive shaft 34 that mounts an impellor 36 at its upper end such that the impellor 36 may be rotated about the vertical axis by the impellor drive shaft 34, as the same is driven by any suitable means such as the electric motor 38. A bearing assembly 40 mounted to the upper surface of the support member 30 functions to provide structural support for a pair of bearings 42 and 44 which respectively provide rotational support for the impellor drive shaft 34 and the impellor 36. The impellor 36 is partially enclosed by a movable slinger or shroud 46 that is rotatably supported by the bearing assembly 40. The slinger 46 has a bottom wall which is aperatured at 48 in a manner similar to aperatures 49 formed in the support member 30 so that seawater may pass, in an unrestricted manner, through the support member 30 and the bottom wall of the slinger 46 such that the impellor may draw the water in and direct the same upwardly at a sufficient rate so as to generate the required reactive force. The slinger which has a truncate shape includes a directional control element 50 which is similarly shaped and mounted to trunnions 52 such that the directional control element 50 may be rotated about the horizontal axis 54 by means of an electric motor 56. It can thus be seen that the water being directed upwardly by the rotating impellor 36 may have its upward direction varied from the vertical by means of the rotational positioning of the directional control element 50 about the horizontal axis 54. A vane member 58 extending across the midsection of the directional control element 50 in conjunction with the inner-wall surface of the directional control element 50 aids in diverting the direction of movement of the water exhausted from the impellor 36. The peripheral edge of the slinger 46 is provided with a gear ring 60 which drivingly meshes with a gear 62 on the end of a drive shaft 64 of an electric motor 66. It can thus be seen that as the electric motor 66 is driven, its out-put shaft 64 rotates the gear 62 so as to rotate the ring gear 60 and the slinger 46. It can thus be seen that as the slinger 46 is rotated about a vertical axis, the direction of movement of the water exhausted from the impellor 36 can be selectively controlled. By utilizing the aforementioned computer in the monitoring system, the position of the movable vane may be controlled by selectively operating the electric motors 56 and 66. Additionally, the rate at which water is exhausted from the impellor 36 and thus the amount of force generated thereby may be also controlled by the rate at which the electric motor 38 drives the impellor 36. The peripheral edge of the slinger 46 opposite the gear ring 60 mounts a roller bearing 70 which, in turn, rotatably supports a generating wheel 72 in the form of a plurality of arcuately spaced water buckets 74. As can best be seen in FIG. 2, the action of the water passing by the system 10 will engage the buckets 74 and cause the same to rotate about the vertical axis. The water wheel 72 also has a gear ring 76 which engages a gear 78 on the in-put shaft 80 of a generator 82. It can be seen that, as a water wheel 72 is rotated by the action of the underwater currents and the like, its rotational movement will be translated into electrical energy by means of the generator 82. Obviously, a suitable transmission will be provided between the gears 78 and 76 so that a proper coaction between these elements will be achieved, and the generator 82 will function in a desired manner. The generator 82 may preferably be utilized to charge batteries 77 carried on the deck 12 which batteries, in turn, are utilized in conjunction with other electrical generating equipment such as the diesel powered generator to provide the electrical energy necessary for driving the electric motors 38, 66, and 72, as well as the other electrical requirements of the system. The rotatable slinger 46 carries a water wheel guard or shroud 83 which is positioned over a selected number of the buckets 74 so that only the buckets 74 facing the oncoming water flow are exposed. The wheel guard is automatically positioned as the slinger 46 is rotated in the aforementioned manner. As can best be seen in FIG. 2, water tanks 90 (only one of which is shown) preferably mounted to the upper ends of the legs 16, 17, 18, and 19 are adapted to be filled with seawater to provide static above-water ballast tanks to aid in maintaining the platform in a stable condition. Similarly, outwardly extending cables 92 having one end attached to the legs and the other end anchored some distance from the platform provide additional means for maintaining the legs 16-19 in position on the bottom while helping to maintain a proper alignment between the legs and for maintaining the proper orientation of the thrust generated by the system. While functioning as ballast the system 24 will force the structure downwardly and will offset the weight loss due to the displacement of water. The vertical load factor can thus be greatly increased simply by rotating the impellor at a greater speed by means of the electric motor 38. With this in mind, it should be noted that the platform 10 and its legs 16, 17, 18, and 19 may be of different constructions employing torsional and/or shock absorbing apparatus such that the deck 12 may be relatively rigid while the legs and other supporting aspects of the structure are more flexible. The system thus reduces the load carrying requirements of the pilings 25 as the strength of the pilings, in order to resist torsional and lateral loads on the structure, are reduced since the structure is more flexible. Since it is more flexible, the platform has a built-in self-righting capability in conjunction with the ballast and stabilizing system 24. It should be realized that the stabilizing system 24 contains features which, while being disclosed herein, may not always be needed in all applications. For example, the water wheel 72 may not be required if the structure is employed in an area where there is no underwater current. Similarly, the system need not be mounted in a horizontal plane, as illustrated, but may be permanently mounted at an angle that is inclined with respect to the horizontal where known prevailing winds or currents exist and in which the forces generated by such prevailing winds and currents would have to be constantly dealt with. Additionally, it can be understood that the support system 24 has other applications wherein it may be utilized as a ballast and stabilization system, in particular, wherein an underwater life-support system is desired to be used and maintained on the bottom of the floor of a body of water by means of the system in the same manner in which it is utilized as ballast to maintain the platform structure 10 in a stationary position. In addition to the water tanks 90 the system may be provided with laterally extending water tanks 96 (only one of which is shown) which are adapted to extend from each side of the deck 12 outwardly from the deck, as shown in FIG. 1. The ballast tanks 96 can be filled with water to provide additional ballast to aid in maintaining the platform in a stable condition; and additionally the tanks 96, as well as the tanks 90, may be provided with suitable valving and the like and piping to interconnect them such that water may be pumped into and out of the tanks as desired so as to shift the weight of water in these tanks and thus control the center of gravity of the platform structure 10. This can be effected by utilizing the aforementioned computer so as to control the disposition of water between the several tanks all of which results in the static tank system being converted into a dynamic ballast system. It can thus be seen that the present invention has provided a new and improved ballast and stabilization system for platforms particularly adapted for mounting in deep-sea areas. While only one example of the present invention has been disclosed, it should be understood by those skilled in the art of such ballast and stabilization systems that other forms can be had all coming within the spirit of the invention and scope of the appending claims.

The invention concerns dynamic ballast and stabilization systems for deep-sea applications such as the dynamic anchoring and stabilizing of off-shore platform structures supported by an elongated structure of the type having the lower ends fastened into the floor of a body of water. The system employs a relatively large impellor assembly which generates a downward vertical thrust of sufficient magnitude as to maintain the platform anchored. The structure is designed to absorb shock and movement within a prescribed range to cushion and protect operating equipment. The impellor is enclosed in a movable slinger which can control the lateral direction of the impellor generated thrust such that lateral displacement of the structure is counteracted by the underwater reactive force generated by the impellor. This system includes means for converting the flow of seawater into usable power for driving the system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates in general to clothes dryers and, in particular to improvements in clothes dryers. 2. Description of the Prior Art The problem of obtaining wrinkle free permanent press articles from automatic clothes dryers has long been recognized. If the clothes are removed from the dryer immediately after tumble drying the problem is obviated. Most often, the clothes are allowed to remain in the dryer because of the absence of the operator. Hot permanent press articles wrinkle quickly if allowed to set in the drum at the end of a cycle, and will wrinkle even when cool if left in the dryer for an extended period of time. In attempting to overcome this problem, many dryers tumble without heat for a period of five to ten minutes to allow the drum enclosed therein to cool down before coming to a halt. Additionally, some dryers are provided with buzzers to warn the operators that the cycle is about to end. Other dryers tumble for an extended period giving intermitten aural signals to alert the operator. Frequently however, the operator is not within hearing distance of the signal or is occupied with other household chores and can not respond. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides apparatus for spraying clean water on wrinkled fabrics within the dryer for quick removal of the wrinkles by tumbling. The apparatus may also provide means for heating the water so sprayed and for dispensing desired additives. A more thorough description of the invention may be found in the appended claims. It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide apparatus for spraying a desired amount of water on clothes within a dryer for removal of wrinkles. More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide apparatus for spraying water of a selected temperature on fabrics within a dryer for removal of wrinkles. A still further object of the present invention is to spray water and a desired liquid additive on fabrics within a dryer for the removal of wrinkles. Additional objects and advantages will become apparent and a more thorough and comprehensive understanding may be had from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a dryer including one embodiment of the improvement of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a dryer including a second embodiment of the improvement of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, one embodiment to be preferred of an improved dryer 10 made according to the present invention is disclosed. Improved dryer 10 includes a water hookup coupler 12, water pipe 14, spray nozzle 16, and control valve 20. Coupler 12, at one end, clamps or screws on to a flexible hose or pipe 3 for obtaining water from an external source such as the hot or cold water tap, and at the other end is attached to pipe 14. Pipes used in the present invention may be formed of any suitable material such as copper, plastic, or galvanized steel. Valve 20, shown to better advantage in FIG. 2, may be a gate valve, globe valve, plug valve, or any other conventional valve suited for the purpose. One suitable valve, as shown in FIG. 2, is a spring loaded button controlled valve which permits a desired volume of water to be discharged through nozzle 16 very rapidly. Valve 20 may be provided with a pushbutton 21 extending through valve housing 22 and controlling a disk 23 forced into a closed position by compression spring 24. Depression of button 21 displaces disk 23 downwardly allowing water flow through the valve and hence through nozzle 16. Nozzle 16 is seated tightly against backwall 8 of dryer 10 to prevent obstruction with clothes within the dryer. Nozzle 16 is preferably disc-shaped having a convex forwardly facing surface. The convex surface is provided with a multiplicity of extremely narrow apertures 17, in the preferred embodiment, so that water forced through the nozzle, under pressure, produces a fine mist for dampening the clothes. Nozzle 16 is attached to pipe 14 in conventional manner. If heated water is desired, coupler 12 may be attached to a hot water tap or alternatively, pipe 14, in its extension between nozzle 16 and valve 20, may include an internal heating element, not shown, of high amperage and controlled by push button 21 of valve 20 for spraying water or steam of a desired temperature. Referring now to FIG. 3, another embodiment of the invention may be seen to advantage. The apparatus as shown in the figure includes a self-contained water reservoir 17 which is mounted to external housing 9 of dryer 10, preferably adjacent the top 7 of the dryer for convenient filling. Reservoir 17 may be provided with a screw cap 18 threaded into the top of the reservoir to provide access for filling the reservoir. A cover lid 6, hingeably engaging top surface 7 of the dryer, may also be provided to enhance the appearance of the dryer and to provide a level working surface on the dryer top. Reservoir 17 may be further equipped with a heating element, as for example heating coil 30, and a suitable thermostat to provide water of a selected temperature for spraying. On-Off swith 2 is operable to control flow of electricity to the heating coil as is indicated by the dotted line therebetween. In a gas dryer, reservoir 17 may be heated by a gas burner, either separate or in combination with the primary burner of the dryer. Water held in reservoir 17 may be discharged directly through spray nozzle 16 and controlled by a suitable valve; one such suitable valve being shown in FIG. 2; or, as preferred, may be discharged through the nozzle by means of a motor and pump unit, disignated generally by the numeral 40, for superior spray action. The motor and pump unit, conventional in nature, may be controlled by a push button switch 4, mounted on the control panel of the dryer and electrically connected to the motor-pump unit, as shown by the dotted line therebetween. A second reservoir 57, substantially similar to reservoir 17 in the preferred embodiment, also mounted to external housing 9 of dryer 10 may be provided for dispensing desired additives. Reservoir 57 may be coupled to reservoir 17 and to either the valve control or the motor-pump unit 40 by means of a tee-joint 58, as shown in the drawing. In using the apparatus as shown in FIG. 1, and assuming wrinkled permanent press clothing to be in the dryer, the tumbler of the dryer is activated in the usual way for a short period of time on the permanent press cycle. Immediately after tumbling begins, the operator simply depresses button 21 of valve 20 for a short period. Water then flows through connecting pipe 3, under tap pressure, through pipe 14, through valve 20, and is discharged in a fine mist upon clothing within the tumbler. The length of time required in the depression of button 21 is dependent upon several factors, including water pressure and line size, as well as the number and size of apertures in nozzle 16. The wrinkle-free clothing may then be removed after a short period of tumbling and drying. In operation of the embodiment as shown in FIG. 3, reservoir 17 is first filled with clean water and reservoir 57 may be similarly filled with a selected additive or combination of additives such as fabric softeners or static electricity removers. Caps 18 may then be replaced and cover lid 6 lowered to a horizontal position. Wrinkled fabrics within the dryer may be dampened, as before explained, by pressing button 4 which activates motor and pump unit 40 to withdraw liquids from reservoir 17 and 57 and spray the liquid or mixture of liquids so withdrawn into a fine mist over clothes or fabrics about to be tumbled or tumbling in dryer 10. Should it be desired that water contained in reservoir 17 be heated, button 2 is depressed, thereby activating heating coils 30 to heat the water. The coils will continue to heat until the water reaches a desired temperature as monitored by the thermostat. Having thus described in detail a preferred selection of embodiments of the present invention, it is to be appreciated and will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many physical changes could be made in the apparatus without altering the inventive concepts and principles embodied therein. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore to be embraced therein.

An improvement on conventional clothes dryers including a spray nozzle, a control valve, and a water line coupled to an existing water source. The touch-up spray is used for removal of wrinkles from clothing and fabrics and permanent press clothing in particular without removing a garment's factory set creases. The apparatus may also include a water heating unit for spraying water of a selected temperature or steam. The apparatus may further be provided with a liquid additive dispenser for dispensing static electricity removal agents and clothes softening fluids.

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US11/34315 filed Apr. 28, 2011, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Application No. 61/330,057, filed Apr. 30, 2010, both applications being incorporated herein by reference. [0002] This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/891,008, filed Aug. 8, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,218, and to PCT/US09/66401, filed Dec. 2, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. SUMMARY [0003] According to a first embodiment a micromodule cable comprises a cable jacket and at least three subunit cables surrounded by and in contact with the cable jacket and SZ stranded together. Each subunit cable comprises a subunit jacket having a cavity; a micromodule cable disposed within the subunit jacket, the micromodule cable comprising a plurality of optical fibers surrounded by a micromodule jacket; a longitudinally extending strength member disposed within the jacket; a first electrical conductor disposed within the jacket; and a second electrical conductor disposed within the jacket. [0004] The micromodule cable can be accessed by cutting the micromodule cable jacket at a first location; severing a first subunit cable at the first location; cutting the cable jacket at a second location a distance of at least 0.7 meter from the first location; and pulling the first subunit cable out of the cable jacket. The first subunit cable can then serve as a “tether” and provide electrical and optical data connectivity to a remote device located along the length of the micromodule cable. Each subunit cable can be accessed at a different axial location along the micromodule cable and connected to remote devices. Alternatively, multiple subunit cables can be accessed at the same location to connect to multiple devices. [0005] According to one aspect, each subunit includes a pair of electrical conductors so that additional power can be provided to remote devices. The micromodule cable, including the subunit cables, can be constructed of selected materials and in selected dimensions so that the micromodule cable passes selected burn and voltage requirements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] The present invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system/assembly components and/or method steps, as appropriate, and in which: [0007] FIG. 1 is cross-sectional view of a hybrid subunit cable according to a first embodiment. [0008] FIG. 2 is cross-sectional view of a micromodule cable including multiple subunit cables as shown in FIG. 1 . [0009] FIG. 3 illustrates a method of accessing the subunit cables within the micromodule cable of FIG. 2 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0010] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a subunit or “tether” cable 10 according to a present embodiment. The subunit cable, or simply “subunit” 10 includes a polymer cable jacket 20 surrounding a pair of insulated conductors 30 , and a micromodule cable, or simply “micromodule” 40 . The insulated conductors 30 each include a metallic conductor 32 surrounded by insulation 36 . The micromodule 40 includes a plurality of optical fibers 42 surrounded by a polymer jacket 46 . A tensile strength member 50 , such as one or more longitudinally extending aramid yarns, can be included in the cavity of the jacket 20 . The jackets 30 , 46 can be formed primarily from polymer materials, and can be generally referred to as “polymeric.” In this specification, the term “polymer” includes materials such as, for example, copolymers, and polymer materials including additives such as fillers. [0011] The exemplary subunit 10 has a jacket 20 with a wall thickness T 1 in the range of 0.3-0.5 mm, such as about 0.4 mm, and is constructed of plenum PVC which is adequate to pass NFPA-262 testing and to meet ICEA-596 mechanical requirements. A thin riser PVC is used for the insulation 36 of the conductors 30 . Thin wall insulation 36 , with a thickness in the range of 0.007-0.013 mm, facilitates passing burn tests. The exemplary insulation 36 has a thickness of about 0.010 mm. A thicker jacket 20 may be utilized to make the cable 10 more robust and to account for thicker insulation on the conductors 30 . The aramid yarn 50 serves to prevent jacket to conductor tacking and also provides tensile strength. The diameter D 1 of the subunit 10 can be in the range of 4-4.5 mm, the diameter D 2 of the micromodules 40 can be in the range of 1.3-1.7 mm, and the diameter D 3 of the conductors 30 can be in the range of 1.3-1.7 mm. The conductors 30 can be from 18-22 AWG. In the exemplary embodiment, the diameter D 1 is about 4.25 mm, the diameter D 2 is about 1.5 mm, and the diameter D 3 is about 1.5 mm. [0012] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a micromodule or “array” cable 100 that includes a plurality of the subunits 10 . The exemplary micromodule cable 100 includes a cable jacket 120 surrounding three subunits 10 , although additional subunits 10 could be incorporated into the micromodule cable 100 . [0013] According to one application, the micromodule cable 100 can be used to provide power and data to multiple remote antenna units (RAU) in a radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. Other electronic devices could also be connected by the cable 100 . The micromodule cable 100 can be plenum-rated, with the subunits 10 including four optical fibers 42 for transmitting data and two, 20 AWG conductors 30 for transmitting electrical power, and data, if desired. The number of optical fibers can be increased or decreased in the micromodules. Multiple pairs of conductors 30 can be included in each subunit 10 to power additional devices. The jacket 120 of the micromodule cable 100 and the jackets 20 of the subunits 10 can be made from fire-retardant materials, such as, for example, highly-filled PVC. Use of fire-retardant materials can be selected so that the micromodule cable 100 can pass the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 burn test so as to achieve plenum burn rating. Zero halogen materials can alternatively be used. The exemplary micromodule cable 100 is Class 2 Plenum Cable (CL2P) Rated for low voltage applications, which allows the cable 100 to be installed with less stringent installation procedures. [0014] Within the subunits 10 , the micromodules 40 can be SZ stranded with the conductors 30 . The subunits 10 can then be helically or SZ stranded within the micromodule cable jacket 120 . A layer of talc may be applied over the subunits 10 to reduce friction when accessing the subunits 10 in the cable 100 . The micromodule cable 100 can be constructed for use in parallel optics systems and having low skew within the subunits 10 . The micromodule cable 100 can have an outside diameter D 4 in the range of 10.5-11.6 mm, and an inside diameter D 5 in the range of 8.7-9.5 mm. The exemplary cable 110 has an outside diameter D 4 of about 11.15 mm and an inside diameter D 5 of about 9.15 mm. [0015] FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-section illustrating a method of accessing individual subunits or “tether” cables 10 in the cable 100 . According to one aspect of the present embodiment, a cut can be made in the jacket 120 at a first location (to the right in FIG. 3 ) where the desired subunit 10 that needs to be accessed can be severed. The cable jacket 120 can be cut a second location (to the left in FIG. 3 ) a distance L from the first location, where the subunit 10 can be pulled from the cable jacket 120 . The subunits 10 can be color-coded so that the severed subunit 10 can be easily identified. The severed subunit 10 may then be pulled out a distance approximately equal to the distance L and terminated to a remote antenna unit or some other remote electronic device. The cable 100 is constructed so that at a length L of least 0.7 m, a subunit 10 can be removed when stranded at a 450 mm pitch using a tensile force of ≦20 N. Longer lengths may also be removed with up to 2.0 m being accessed at higher tensile forces. [0016] The subunits 10 can be broken out of the micromodule cable 100 for connection to external electronics, such as remote antenna units. In this context, the micromodule cable 100 is commonly referred to as an “array” or “tail” cable. The subunits 10 are referred to as “tether” cables. If the distance from the micromodule cable 100 to a remote device such as an RAU is too great, a subunit 10 may be connected to a separate tether cable of longer length that is used to connect to the RAU. The separate tether cable may be of identical construction to the subunits 10 . Tether cables can be used to extend the distance the RAUs are positioned from the array cable 100 by a typical distance of 1-10 m. [0017] The remaining subunits 10 can be accessed using the same procedure at different longitudinal positions along the micromodule cable 100 . The subunits can each be connected to one or more electronic devices. [0018] As disclosed, the micromodule cable 100 can satisfy scalable power and optical data connectivity to one or more remote RAUs, using one or more power supply units for DC power. A single cable 100 can connect to multiple RAUs arranged in series, avoiding the need to pull multiple array cables. The cable 100 allows easy access to the micromodules 40 and to the conductors 30 , with each conductor 30 being individually accessible at any access point. A significant length (e.g., 0.7 m or more) of each subunit 10 can be accessed, as shown in FIG. 3 , to allow significant optical 42 fiber and power conductors 30 for termination—either directly to a remote device, or to a separate tether cable. If the RAU is close enough to the array cable 100 , a subunit 10 accessed from the cable 100 may connect directly to the RAU. [0019] Bend enhanced optical fibers can be utilized to allow smaller lighter tether and subunit 10 designs to meet ICEA-596 requirements for crush. Examples of suitable optical fibers for use in the cables disclosed in this application include single and multi-mode optical fibers, such as optical fibers available from Corning Incorporated under the trademarks InfiniCor®, SMF-28®, Vascade®, SMF-28e®, ClearCurve®, and LEAF®. [0020] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present invention, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the following claims.

Micromodule cables include subunit, tether cables having both electrical conductors and optical fibers. The subunits can be stranded within the micromodule cable jacket so that the subunits can be accessed from the micromodule cable at various axial locations along the cable without using excessive force. Each subunit can include two electrical conductors so that more power can be provided to electrical devices connected to the subunit.

BACKGROUND [0001] The present invention relates to testing of a low power radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver, and in particular, to testing such a device using data packets exchanged between a tester and the device as a normal part of a communication link initiation sequence. [0002] Many of today's electronic devices use wireless signal technologies for both connectivity and communications purposes. Because wireless devices transmit and receive electromagnetic energy, and because two or more wireless devices have the potential of interfering with the operations of one another by virtue of their signal frequencies and power spectral densities, these devices and their wireless signal technologies must adhere to various wireless signal technology standard specifications. [0003] When designing such wireless devices, engineers take extra care to ensure that such devices will meet or exceed each of their included wireless signal technology prescribed standard-based specifications. Furthermore, when these devices are later being manufactured in quantity, they are tested to ensure that manufacturing defects will not cause improper operation, including their adherence to the included wireless signal technology standard-based specifications. [0004] For testing these devices following their manufacture and assembly, current wireless device test systems typically employ testing subsystems for providing test signals to each device under test (DUT) and analyzing signals received from each DUT. Some subsystems (often referred to as “testers”) include one or more vector signal generators (VSG) for providing the source, or test, signals to be transmitted to the DUT, and one or more vector signal analyzers (VSA) for analyzing signals produced by the DUT. The production of test signals by a VSG and signal analysis performed by a VSA are generally programmable (e.g., through use of an internal programmable controller or an external programmable controller such as a personal computer) so as to allow each to be used for testing a variety of devices for adherence to a variety of wireless signal technology standards with differing frequency ranges, bandwidths and signal modulation characteristics. [0005] Testing of wireless devices typically involves testing of their receiving and transmitting subsystems. The tester will typically send a prescribed sequence of test data packet signals to a DUT, e.g., using different frequencies, power levels, and/or modulation technologies, to determine if the DUT receiving subsystem is operating properly. Similarly, the DUT will send test data packet signals at a variety of frequencies, power levels, and/or modulation technologies to determine if the DUT transmitting subsystem is operating properly. [0006] Low power RF data packet signal transceivers often exchange data packets as a part of a sequence to initiate a communication link. One example is a personal area network (PAN) technology known as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE, or also known as “Bluetooth Smart”), which is designed to be very conservative in its energy requirements while providing connectivity between a central device (“client”) and a peripheral device (“server”) once a connection is established. Examples of such devices include a “smartphone” as a central device and a pulse-rate sensor connected to a user's wrist as a peripheral device. [0007] The original Bluetooth devices were designed to provide wireless data connections for mobile applications such as on-air headsets to cellphones and portable speakers to MP3 playback devices. The newer BLE devices are designed to be simpler and to convey data in smaller quantities and at lower speeds to minimize power use, thereby preserving battery life and enabling operation over extended periods of time. [0008] During manufacturing, when a BLE subsystem is being tested, an input/output (I/O) port is available to facilitate conductive testing of receiver and transmitter physical-level behavior as well as DUT control. However, once the BLE subsystem is combined with the server peripheral device (e.g., a sensor), the I/O port is typically no longer available (e.g., removed or encapsulated). Hence, testing at that stage must be performed wirelessly using radiative signaling (e.g., via wireless RF signals). However, since separate DUT control is rarely available (e.g., neither a conductive signal path nor a wireless control signal channel is available), such testing relies upon establishing a wireless communication link between a tester and the BLE-based peripheral device-under-test (DUT), with DUT control established by including driver software within the DUT and DUT-specific testing software within the tester. Such requirements for driver and testing software increase testing complexity and time and thereby increase testing costs. [0009] Additionally, continuing with the BLE example, the data packets used by a peripheral device to initiate a communication link can be transmitted on any of multiple (e.g., three) channels in random order. Unless a testing system knows in advance on which channel the DUT will transmit, it cannot deterministically transmit a responsive data packet on that same channel. This can significantly delay test time, or require some form of predetermined coding to be employed within the DUT, which would negate the use of a generalized testing methodology. [0010] Further with the BLE example, pending establishment of a communication link, a relatively long time interval exists between data packet sequences seeking to initiate a communication link. Meanwhile, during the link initiation sequence, initiating data packets are transmitted on the multiple prescribed channels in rapid succession. It would be advantageous if such rapid sequence of data packets could be used for testing, and thereby derive more test data, faster, and reduce overall test time. SUMMARY [0011] In accordance with the presently claimed invention, a method is provided for testing a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) including communicating via at least one of multiple available signal channels. Data packets exchanged between a tester and DUT as a normal part of a communication link initiation sequence are selectively exchanged and suppressed to enable testing of the DUT without requiring inclusion of special drivers within the DUT, special test software within the tester or establishment of a synchronized communication link between the tester and DUT. For example, in the case of a Bluetooth low energy transceiver, advertisement, scan request and scan response data packets can be used in such manner. [0012] In accordance with one embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a method for testing a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) including communicating via at least one of a plurality of signal channels, includes: [0013] receiving, with a tester via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet from the DUT; [0014] transmitting, with the tester via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet responsive to the link initiation data packet; [0015] receiving, with the tester via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a DUT response data packet responsive to the tester response data packet; [0016] refraining, with the tester, from transmitting via the one of the plurality of signal channels another tester response data packet responsive to the DUT response data packet; and [0017] repeating at least the receiving, with the tester via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet from the DUT, and the transmitting, with the tester via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet responsive to the link initiation data packet. [0020] In accordance with another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a method for testing a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) including communicating via at least one of a plurality of signal channels, includes: [0021] transmitting, with a DUT via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet; [0022] receiving, with the DUT via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet responsive to the link initiation data packet; [0023] transmitting, with the DUT via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a DUT response data packet responsive to the tester response data packet; [0024] failing, with the DUT, to receive via the one of the plurality of signal channels another tester response data packet responsive to the DUT response data packet; and [0025] repeating at least the transmitting, with the DUT via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet, and the receiving, with the DUT via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet responsive to the link initiation data packet. [0028] In accordance with another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a method for testing a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) including communicating via at least one of a plurality of signal channels, includes: [0029] transmitting, with a DUT via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet; [0030] receiving, with a tester, the link initiation data packet and in response thereto transmitting, via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet; [0031] receiving, with the DUT, the tester response data packet and in response thereto transmitting, via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a DUT response data packet; [0032] receiving, with the tester, the DUT response data packet and in response thereto refraining from transmitting via the one of the plurality of signal channels another tester response data packet; and [0033] repeating at least the transmitting, with the DUT via one of the plurality of signal channels, a link initiation data packet, the receiving, with the tester, the link initiation data packet, and in response thereto transmitting, via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a tester response data packet, and the receiving, with the DUT, the tester response data packet and in response thereto transmitting, via the one of the plurality of signal channels, a DUT response data packet. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0037] FIG. 1 depicts a typical testing environment for a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) in a conductive, or wired, environment. [0038] FIG. 2 depicts a typical testing environment for a RF DUT in a radiative, or wireless, environment. [0039] FIG. 3 depicts a testing environment for a RF DUT in a wireless environment in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the presently claimed invention. [0040] FIG. 4 depicts transmission of advertisement packets by a BLE DUT with no tester response. [0041] FIG. 5 depicts exchanges of advertisement, scan request and scan response packets between a BLE DUT and tester in accordance with exemplary embodiments. [0042] FIGS. 6 and 7 depict exchanges of advertisement, scan request and scan response packets between a BLE DUT and tester transmitting multiple scan request packets simultaneously in accordance with exemplary embodiments. [0043] FIGS. 8 and 9 depict exchanges of advertisement, scan request and scan response packets between a BLE DUT and tester transmitting multiple scan request packets simultaneously with varying power levels in accordance with exemplary embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0044] The following detailed description is of example embodiments of the presently claimed invention with references to the accompanying drawings. Such description is intended to be illustrative and not limiting with respect to the scope of the present invention. Such embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the subject invention, and it will be understood that other embodiments may be practiced with some variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject invention. [0045] Throughout the present disclosure, absent a clear indication to the contrary from the context, it will be understood that individual circuit elements as described may be singular or plural in number. For example, the terms “circuit” and “circuitry” may include either a single component or a plurality of components, which are either active and/or passive and are connected or otherwise coupled together (e.g., as one or more integrated circuit chips) to provide the described function. Additionally, the term “signal” may refer to one or more currents, one or more voltages, or a data signal. Within the drawings, like or related elements will have like or related alpha, numeric or alphanumeric designators. Further, while the present invention has been discussed in the context of implementations using discrete electronic circuitry (preferably in the form of one or more integrated circuit chips), the functions of any part of such circuitry may alternatively be implemented using one or more appropriately programmed processors, depending upon the signal frequencies or data rates to be processed. Moreover, to the extent that the figures illustrate diagrams of the functional blocks of various embodiments, the functional blocks are not necessarily indicative of the division between hardware circuitry. [0046] Wireless devices, such as cellphones, smartphones, tablets, etc., make use of standards-based technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, 3GPP LTE, and Bluetooth). The standards that underlie these technologies are designed to provide reliable wireless connectivity and/or communications. The standards prescribe physical and higher-level specifications generally designed to be energy-efficient and to minimize interference among devices using the same or other technologies that are adjacent to or share the wireless spectrum. [0047] Tests prescribed by these standards are meant to ensure that such devices are designed to conform to the standard-prescribed specifications, and that manufactured devices continue to conform to those prescribed specifications. Most devices are transceivers, containing at least one or more receivers and transmitters. Thus, the tests are intended to confirm whether the receivers and transmitters both conform. Tests of the receiver or receivers (RX tests) of a DUT typically involve a test system (tester) sending test packets to the receiver(s) and some way of determining how the DUT receiver(s) respond to those test packets. Transmitters of a DUT are tested by having them send packets to the test system, which then evaluates the physical characteristics of the signals sent by the DUT. [0048] Referring to FIG. 1 , a typical manufacturing test environment 10 a includes a tester 12 and a DUT 16 , with test data packet signals 21 t and DUT data packet signals 21 d exchanged as RF signals conveyed between the tester 12 and DUT 16 via a conductive signal path, typically in the form of co-axial RF cable 20 c and RF signal connectors 20 tc , 20 dc . As noted above, the tester typically includes a signal source 14 g (e.g., a VSG) and a signal analyzer 14 a (e.g., a VSA). Also, as discussed above, the tester 12 and DUT 16 include preloaded information regarding predetermined test sequences, typically embodied in firmware 14 f within the tester 12 and firmware 18 f within the DUT 16 . As further noted above, the details within this firmware 14 f, 18 f about the predetermined test flows typically requires some form of explicit synchronization between the tester 12 and DUT 16 , typically via the data packet signals 21 t, 21 d. [0049] Referring to FIG. 2 , a typical test environment 10 b following final assembly (after which, as noted above, a physical DUT signal connection 20 dc is generally unavailable) uses a wireless signal path 20 b via which the test data packet signals 21 t and DUT data packet signals 21 d are communicated via respective antenna systems 20 ta , 20 da of the tester 12 and DUT 16 . [0050] The following discussion is presented in the context of a BLE device as the DUT. However, it will be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the principles and operation of the presently claimed invention are also applicable to devices or systems in which data packets are exchanged as a normal part of a communication link initiation sequence. As is known and discussed below, in the case of a BLE transceiver, such data packets are in the form of advertisement, scan request and scan response data packets. [0051] Referring to FIG. 3 , testing methods in accordance with the presently claimed invention for devices or systems that exchange data packets as a normal part of a communication link initiation sequence, such as BLE devices and systems, are typically performed in a wireless testing environment. The DUT 16 includes a BLE subsystem or device 26 which transmits 21 d advertisement packets for reception by the tester 12 (stage A). Following successful reception by the tester 12 of an advertisement packet, the tester 12 transmits 21 t a scan request packet (stage B). Following successful reception by the BLE subsystem 26 of the DUT 16 , the DUT 16 transmits 21 d a scan response packet (stage C). [0052] These exchanges of such packets are prescribed within the signal standard for BLE systems. Accordingly, the DUT 16 does not require any special driver code (e.g., in either firmware or software form) nor does the tester 12 require any device-specific or otherwise or testing software or firmware. Also, this interchange of packets occurs prior to and in the absence of a communication link having already been established between the DUT 16 and tester 12 . Accordingly, no communication profile is yet active and any BLE device can be prompted to interact with a tester in this way. [0053] Referring to FIG. 4 , in accordance with the BLE signal standard, a BLE device uses three channels (among 40 channels total) for device discovery and connection setup. These channels are located between the standard wireless local area network channels (“Wi-Fi”) to minimize inter-system interference. These channels are known as “advertising” channels and are used by the BLE system to search for other devices or promote its own presence to devices that might be looking to make a connection. The device transmits an advertisement packet, and then waits for a prescribed time interval to receive a scan request packet. If no scan request packet is received within that time interval, another advertisement packet on a different channel is transmitted. Initial channel selection is random, and each subsequent advertisement packet is transmitted on a different channel, until all three channels have been used, following which this process repeats until a scan request packet is received and a communication link is established. [0054] Accordingly, as shown by way of example here, the BLE device transmits a first advertisement packet 21 aa on a randomly chosen channel, e.g., channel 1. If no scan request packet is received in response, a second advertisement packet 21 ab is transmitted on another channel, e.g., channel 2. Again, if no scan request packet is received within the prescribed time interval, a third advertisement packet 21 ac is transmitted on the remaining channel, e.g., channel 3. [0055] Referring to FIG. 5 , in accordance with exemplary embodiments, the DUT transmits an advertisement packet 21 aa , which is correctly received by the tester, and in response to which the tester transmits a scan request packet 21 qa . Responsive to successful reception of this scan request packet 21 qa , the DUT then transmits a scan response packet 21 ra . These packets 21 aa , 21 qa , 21 ra are all transmitted on the same channel (channel 1, 2 or 3). If the tester refrains from sending any further packets after the scan response packet 21 ra , the DUT will wait for a prescribed time interval for reception of further commands. If no further commands are received within that time interval, the DUT resumes sending advertisement packets 21 ab , 21 ac , 21 ad at successive specified advertisement intervals on respective ones of the three advertisement channels in close-order succession. [0056] Hence, for example as shown here, the DUT transmits a second advertisement packet 21 ab , receives a scan request packet 21 qb and responds with a scan response packet 21 rb . However, when the DUT sends a third advertisement packet 21 ac , the tester in this example transmits scan request packet 21 qc with a reduced signal power, which fails to be received by the DUT. Accordingly, the DUT transmits no scan response packet. Then, after the prescribed time interval 23 , the DUT again resumes operation by sending a fourth advertisement packet 21 ad. [0057] As can be seen by this operation, a tester can use the BLE standard protocol to elicit from a DUT one or more scan response packets at one of the three prescribed advertisement packet frequencies. Such scan response packets transmitted by the DUT can be viewed as analogous to “acknowledgement” (ACK) packets used in Wi-Fi systems (as per the IEE 802.11 standard), which can be used to test Wi-Fi transmitter signal characteristics (e.g., signal power levels and data encoding). Similarly, in this context, the tester here can use these scan response packets to determine how many scan request packets transmitted by the tester were received by the DUT. The ratio of received scan response packets to transmitted scan requests packets can be used to derive an effective packet error rate (PER). [0058] Further, by varying the power level of the scan request packet transmitted by the tester, variations in the number of scan response packets received will result, and can be used to determine sensitivity of the BLE receiver within the DUT, similar to performing PER testing of a Wi-Fi receiver, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/959354 filed on Aug. 5, 2013, and published as U.S. Pat. Pub. 2015/0036729, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Hence, the tester can obtain useful information about the DUT receiver sensitivity within a short test time. Further, the tester may analyze signal qualities of the scan response packets, as well as the advertisement packets, such as frequency, power level, modulation, etc., to determine the quality of performance by the DUT transmitter. [0059] In any event, these tests can be conducted using a conventional tester, e.g., with conventional VSA and VSG systems, without need for special driver code within the DUT or device-specific testing software for the tester. [0060] Referring to FIG. 6 , in accordance with further exemplary embodiments, testing can be simplified and expedited using a broadband transmitter within the tester (e.g., a broadband VSG), thereby avoiding a need for the receiver within the tester (e.g., a VSA) to quickly determine the channel on which the DUT is transmitting its advertisement packet. For example, in response to receiving the advertisement packet 21 a from the DUT, e.g., on channel 2, the tester transmits a group 21 q of scan request packets 21 qa , 21 qb , 21 qc , with each scan request packet 21 qa , 21 qb , 21 qc transmitted on a respective one of the three advertisement packet channels using the broadband transmitter capability. As a result, the DUT will receive a response scan request packet on all three advertisement channels (i.e., the channel actually used for the advertisement packet 21 a as well as the other two channels not used), thereby ensuring that the DUT, in turn, responds by transmitting a scan response packet 21 r on the same channel on which the original advertisement packet 21 a was transmitted. [0061] Referring to FIG. 7 , this technique of responding to advertisement packets with scan request packets on all channels ensures that regardless of which channel on which the DUT transmits the initial advertisement packet 21 a , in this case on channel 1, the DUT will receive, in response, a scan request packet on the same channel (as well as on the unused channels). As a result, the DUT will then complete the communication link initiation sequence by responding, in turn, with a scan response packet 21 r on the same channel. Hence, regardless which of the three prescribed channels is used by the DUT to transmits its initial advertisement packet 21 a , the tester, by responding with a scan request packet on all available advertisement channels, will be able to elicit a scan response packet 21 r from the DUT, so long as the DUT is performing properly and the scan request packet 21 q power is sufficient to be received correctly by the DUT. [0062] In a related manner, the tester can employ a wideband receiver (e.g., VSA) to detect and correctly receive the advertisement 21 a and scan response 21 r packets. Even if such receiver is unable to determine, in real time, the channel over which the interactions are occurring, the received packets, once captured, can be used later, e.g., with downstream systems or processing, to determine the channel during post-capture processing. [0063] In those instances where signal path loss varies with the advertisement channel frequency, the transmitted packet power can be varied with an offset that is sufficient to ensure that the received signal power at the DUT is sufficient for each of the three advertisement channels. [0064] Referring to FIG. 8 , in accordance with further exemplary embodiments, the techniques discussed above of transmitting scan request packets at varied signal powers and transmitting multiple scan request packets simultaneously via different channels can be used in combination(s). For example, responsive to a first advertisement packet 21 aa (e.g., on channel 2 ), the tester can transmit scan request packets on all channels simultaneously, as discussed above, at a reduced power level intended to prevent successful reception by the DUT. As a result, the DUT, after the prescribed time interval, transmits a second advertisement packet 21 ab on a different channel (e.g., on channel 1). The tester detects this advertisement packet 21 ab and responds by transmitting a second set of scan request packets 21 qb on all channels simultaneously, this time at a higher power level. However, this higher power level is still insufficient to ensure successful reception by the DUT. Accordingly, the DUT, again after the prescribed time interval, transmits a third advertisement packet 21 ac on another different channel (e.g., on the remaining channel 3), in response to which the tester transmits a third set 21 qc of scan request packets, this time at a still higher power level. This power level is now sufficient to ensure successful reception by the DUT, which responds with a scan response packet 21 r on the same channel (e.g., channel 3) as used for the most recent exchange of advertisement packet 21 ac and scan request packets 21 qc. [0065] Consequently, three different power levels for the scan request packets are used for testing the ability of the DUT receiver to successfully receive such scan request packets. While the first two sets 21 qa , 21 qb of scan request packets were too low in power, the third set 21 qc was of sufficient power to elicit a scan response packet 21 r. Accordingly, this test can effectively yield three results from a single operation. Since noise adds to this system and cannot be entirely prevented, it cannot be concluded as to what actual power level constitutes a threshold above which the DUT will be ensured to successfully receive all scan request packets. Further statistical results will be needed to determine this. Accordingly, multiple test like this can be performed to determine a statistical distribution that identifies or is otherwise indicative of such threshold. [0066] Referring to FIG. 9 , as part of arriving at such a statistical distribution, the scan request packets sets 21 qa , 21 qb can be transmitted with power levels such that only two power levels are needed to elicit a scan response packet. For example, while the first set 21 qa of scan request packets has a power level insufficient to ensure successful reception by the DUT, the second set 21 qb can be transmitted with a power level between the power levels of the second and third sets of scan request packets as identified in the previous example ( FIG. 8 ). This can advantageously further reduce the time between test results, e.g., if a connection request is received, since the time between sequential advertisement packets is significantly shorter than the time between the onset of a new advertisement packet sequence in the absence of an established communication link. (However, in some instances a third advertisement packet may still be transmitted, e.g., if there is no event following a scan response packet, in which case three test results would still be obtained.) [0067] In any event, performing these packet exchanges with varying power levels enables formation of a statistical database. Further, by properly choosing the varied packet power levels it is possible to more quickly converge on the statistical power level at which half of the scan request packets are received correctly and elicit corresponding scan response packets. According, if the power levels chosen are all below this sensitivity point, the DUT will send subsequent advertisement packets in quick succession. This enables the setting of new values for the power level when sending the scan request packet without having to wait over the longer duration before a new advertisement packet sequence is initiated. [0068] Various other modifications and alterations in the structure and method of operation of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present invention and that structures and methods within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Method for testing a radio frequency (RF) data packet signal transceiver device under test (DUT) including communicating via at least one of multiple available signal channels. Data packets exchanged between a tester and DUT as a normal part of a communication link initiation sequence are selectively exchanged and suppressed to enable testing of the DUT without requiring inclusion of special drivers within the DUT, special test software within the tester or establishment of a synchronized communication link between the tester and DUT. For example, in the case of a Bluetooth low energy transceiver, advertisement, scan request and scan response data packets can be used in such manner.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not applicable. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to AC induction motor drives and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for monitoring motor status using induced motor voltage. Induction motors have broad application in industry, particularly when large horsepower is needed. In a three-phase induction motor, three phase alternating voltages are impressed across three separate motor stator windings and cause three phase currents therein. Because of inductances, the three currents typically lag the voltages by some phase angle. The three currents produce a rotating magnetic stator field. A rotor contained within the stator field experiences an induced current (hence the term “induction”) that generates a rotor field. The rotor field typically lags the stator field by some phase angle. The rotor field is attracted to the rotating stator field and the interaction between the two fields causes the rotor to rotate. A common rotor design includes a “squirrel cage winding” in which axial conductive bars are connected at either end by shorting rings to form a generally cylindrical structure. The flux of the stator field cutting across the conductive bars induces cyclic current flows through the bars and across the shorting rings. The cyclic current flows in turn produce the rotor field. The use of this induced current to generate the rotor field eliminates the need for slip rings or brushes to provide power to the rotor, making the design relatively maintenance free. To a first approximation, the torque and speed of an induction motor may be controlled by changing the frequency of the driving voltage, and thus, the angular rate of the rotating stator field. Generally, for a given torque, increasing the stator field rate will increase the speed of the rotor, which follows the stator field. Alternatively, for a given rotor speed, increasing the frequency of the stator field will increase the torque by increasing the slip (i.e., the difference in speed between the rotor and the stator fields). An increase in slip increases the rate at which flux lines are cut by the rotor, increasing the rotor generated field and thus the force or torque between the rotor and stator fields. Referring to FIG. 1 , a rotating phasor 10 corresponding to a stator magneto motive force (mmf) generally has an angle, α, with respect to the phasor of rotor flux 12 . The torque generated by the motor is proportional to the magnitudes of these phasors 10 , 12 but is also a function of the angle, α. Maximum torque is produced when the phasors 10 , 12 are at right angles to each other, whereas zero torque is produced if the phasors 10 , 12 are aligned. The stator mmf phasor 12 may therefore be usefully decomposed into a torque producing component 14 perpendicular to rotor flux phasor 12 and a flux component 16 parallel to rotor flux phasor 12 . These two components 14 , 16 of the stator mmf are proportional, respectively, to two stator current components: i q , a torque producing current, and i d , a flux producing current, which may be represented by quadrature or orthogonal vectors in a rotating or synchronous frame of reference (i.e., a reference frame that rotates along with the stator flux vector) and each vector i q and i d is characterized by slowly varying DC magnitude. Accordingly, in controlling an induction motor, it is generally desired to control not only the frequency of the applied voltage, hence the speed of the rotation of the stator flux phasor 10 , but also the phase of the applied voltage relative to the current flow, hence the division of the currents through the stator windings into the i q and i d components. Control strategies that attempt to independently control current components i q and i d are generally referred to as field oriented control strategies (FOC). There are many instances in which it is desirable to measure one or more parameters of motor operation. Typical parameters of interest include rotor speed, rotor direction, back EMF magnitude, and back EMF phase angle. During normal motor operation, adequate assumptions about these parameters can often be made based on the control that is implemented. For example, if a particular speed is commanded in an open loop control scheme, it is often adequate to assume that the control scheme is maintaining the actual motor speed at the commanded speed. In such cases the cost of the system may be reduced by eliminating the need for a rotor shaft speed sensor. The command frequency may be integrated to determine the flux angle, and the rotor speed may be determined by subtracting the slip frequency from the command frequency. However, situations exist in which such assumptions are not adequate. This is the case, for example, when a motor drive becomes disconnected from a motor (i.e., the power supply to the motor is interrupted, not necessarily the electrical connection between the motor drive and the motor) and open loop control is no longer present. In this case, with no control present, it is difficult to make any assumptions about the motor parameters. There are a variety of reasons why a motor drive may become disconnected from a motor. For example, there may be a sudden temporary power loss at the power source that supplies power to the motor and motor drive. Alternatively, it may simply be the case that there are times when it is not necessary to operate the motor, and power is not supplied to the motor during these times. The fact that the motor drive is disconnected from the motor does not prevent the motor from continuing to rotate. For example, if the motor is used in conjunction with a fan in an air conditioning system, a draft in the air conditioning system may drive the motor at an unknown speed and in an unknown direction. Similarly, if the motor is used in a conveyor system, the force of gravity acting on the motor by way of the conveyed articles and friction may drive the motor at an unknown speed and in an unknown direction. When a motor drive becomes disconnected from a motor, it eventually becomes necessary to reconnect the motor drive to the motor. To perform the reconnection, it is desirable to determine the above-mentioned parameters, namely, rotor speed, rotor direction, back EMF magnitude and/or back EMF phase angle, before the motor drive is reconnected to the motor. Measuring these parameters is useful because it allows the motor drive to be synchronized to the motor, thereby reducing transients at the moment of reconnection. For example, if the speed of the motor is not determined before reconnection, then the motor drive must assume an initial speed of zero when reconnecting to the motor. This assumption may result in severe transients due to the difference between the frequency of the applied voltage and the frequency of the motor-induced back EMF. The transients are especially severe when the initial motor speed is high and when the motor is rotating in a reverse direction as compared to that commanded by the motor drive. If the current control circuitry or current limiting circuitry of the motor drive is not fast enough, the motor drive can fault due to an overcurrent condition. Additionally, when the motor operates as a generator (i.e., when the frequency of the voltage applied to the motor is less than the motor speed), the DC bus voltage may increase to unacceptable levels and cause damage to the power switches in the motor drive. It is therefore desirable to determine motor parameters to allow the motor drive to be synchronized to the motor when the motor drive is reconnected and thereby to reduce transients upon reconnection. Additionally, when performing a reconnection, it is desirable to measure these parameters in as little time as possible so that operation may continue as smoothly as possible to make the temporary disconnection as imperceptible as possible. This section of this document is intended to introduce various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention described and/or claimed below. This section provides background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the statements in this section of this document are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present invention is seen in a motor drive unit including a controller, a voltage inverter, and a speed estimator. The controller is operable to generate at least one command signal for controlling a motor associated with the motor drive unit. The voltage inverter is operable to generate motor drive signals to be applied to the motor based on the command signal. The speed estimator is operable to estimate a speed of the motor when the voltage inverter is not providing the motor drive signals. The speed estimator is further operable to receive two-axis voltage measurements associated with the motor, determine flux angles for the motor based on the two-axis voltage measurements, and estimate the speed based on the determined flux angles. Another aspect of the present invention is seen in a method for monitoring a motor disconnected from a motor drive. The method includes receiving two-axis voltage measurements associated with the motor. Flux angles are determined for the motor based on the two-axis voltage measurements. A speed of the motor is estimated based on the determined flux angles. These and other objects, advantages and aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description. The particular objects and advantages described herein may apply to only some embodiments falling within the claims and thus do not define the scope of the invention. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment does not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention and reference is made, therefore, to the claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will hereafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and: FIG. 1 is a schematic view in cross section of an induction motor showing instantaneous locations of a rotor flux, a stator mmf, and the torque and flux components of the stator mmf; FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a motor drive unit capable of controlling a motor; FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a speed estimator in the drive unit of FIG. 2 ; and FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating equations used by the speed estimator of FIG. 3 for estimating a flux angle based on the values of induced voltages. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. Nothing in this application is considered critical or essential to the present invention unless explicitly indicated as being “critical” or “essential.” Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numbers correspond to similar components throughout the several views and, specifically, referring to FIG. 2 , the present invention shall be described in the context of a motor drive unit 100 . The motor drive unit 100 drives an electric motor 105 using an open loop control scheme. However, the application of the present invention is not limited to an open loop scheme, and may be used in a closed loop system with current feedback. The motor drive unit 100 includes a control system 110 , an AC to DC power converter 115 , and a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) voltage inverter 120 . The control system 110 , the power converter 115 and the voltage inverter 120 cooperate to drive the motor 105 using power supplied by a three phase AC power source 125 . As will be described in greater detail below, the motor drive unit 100 monitors rotor speed indirectly (i.e., a rotor shaft sensor is not provided). The motor drive unit 100 uses command signals to determine rotor speed while it is driving the motor 105 and estimates rotor speed based on observations of induced voltages when not driving the motor 105 . The control system 110 operates as a field oriented control strategy (FOC) system and regulates the current through the motor 105 by generating voltage commands Vq* and Vd*. (Herein, lower case letters a, b and c denote phase A, phase B, and phase C, respectively, lower case letters q and d denote D phase and Q phase, respectively, and an asterisk denotes a command signal.) Of course, since current and voltage are directly related, the fact that current is controlled means that voltage is simultaneously also controlled, and vice versa. The control system 110 includes a 2-3 phase converter 130 for converting the d and q phase voltage commands Vq* and Vd* to three phase voltage commands Va*, Vb* and Vc* for use by the voltage inverter 120 . A speed monitor 140 is provided for determining the electrical flux angle, θ e , a necessary component of the transformation and for determining the rotor speed, ω r * , while the motor drive unit 100 is driving the motor 105 . The speed monitor 140 subtracts the slip frequency, ω s * , from the command frequency, (ω e * , both of which are provided by the controller 145 to generate the rotor speed, ω r * . The speed monitor 140 integrates the command frequency, ω e * , to generate the electrical flux angle, θ e These operations for determining rotor speed and flux angle based on the command and slip frequencies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The control system 110 is implemented in firmware executed by a microprocessor. The control system 110 includes a controller 145 which generates the command signals Vq* and Vd*. During normal connected operation, the controller 145 generates the commands based on a speed command received at a user input (not illustrated). Voltage feedback signals, V as , V bs , and V cs are also provided by voltage sensors associated with the motor 105 . Although the controller 145 and other components are illustrated as separate entities, they may be integrated into a single application executed by a microprocessor. Separate units are illustrated to aid in the illustration of the present invention, not to require distinct hardware. The outputs of the 2-3 phase converter 130 are the voltage commands Va*, Vb* and Vc*. The voltage commands Va*, Vb* and Vc* are received by the PWM voltage inverter 120 , which generates PWM control signals based on the voltage commands Va*, Vb* and Vc*. The PWM voltage inverter 120 includes a network of six solid state switches (not illustrated) which are switched on and off in accordance with the PWM control signals. The solid state switches convert the low power PWM control signals to high power current pulses to drive the motor 105 using power supplied by the three-phase AC source 125 via the AC-DC power converter 115 . The PWM voltage inverter 120 may also include a conventional PWM dead time compensation circuit (not illustrated) to compensate for the dead time necessary between PWM pulses to prevent short circuiting the power supply. The control system 110 also includes a speed estimator 170 for estimating the speed of the rotor, ω r — est , while the motor drive unit 100 is disconnected from the motor 105 . The controller 145 selects controls a multiplexer 172 to select the output of the speed monitor 140 , ω r , when the PWM voltage inverter 120 is driving the motor 105 , and to select the output of the speed estimator 170 , ω r — est , when the PWM voltage inverter 120 is not driving the motor 105 . During a reconnection process, the controller 145 may use the monitored rotor speed, ω r — monitor , as selected by the multiplexer 172 , to reconnect the motor drive unit 110 to the motor 105 . Turning now to FIG. 3 , a simplified block diagram of the speed estimator 170 is provided. The speed estimator 170 includes a 3-2 phase coordinate transformer 200 , a flux angle unit 210 , and a rotor speed unit 220 . The 3-2 phase coordinate transformer 200 receives the 3 phase motor voltages, V as , V bs , and V cs , and transforms them using the following equations to generate corresponding d-q signals using the following equations: V qs = V as V ds = 1 3 ⁢ ( V cs - V bs ) The flux angle unit 210 determines the flux angle, θ e , based on the magnitudes of the d and q voltages generated by the 3-2 phase coordinate transformer 200 . FIG. 4 illustrates the equations used to determine the flux angle based on the magnitudes and signs of the d and q voltages. For example, if V qs <V ds , and both are positive, the equation from the lower portion of the 1 st quadrant is used: θ e =arctan(| Vds|/|Vqs |) If V qs >V ds , and both are positive, the equation from the upper portion of the 1 st quadrant is used: θ e =90°−arctan(| Vds|/|Vqs |) When V qs =V ds , either equation may be used. As the signs of V qs and V ds change, the equations provided in the other quadrants may by used. Table 1 below summarizes the equations presented in FIG. 4 . TABLE 1 Flux Angle Determination V qs > sign V ds sign V qs > V ds Flux Angle Equation + + Yes θ e = arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + + No θ e = 90° − arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) − + Yes θ e = 180° − arctan(|V d s|/|V qs |) − + No θ e = arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + 90° − − Yes θ e = arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + 180° − − No θ e = 270° − arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + − Yes θ e = 360° − arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + − No θ e = arctan(|V ds |/|V qs |) + 270° Returning to FIG. 3 , the rotor speed unit 220 estimates rotor speed by averaging two subsequent values of θ e over the sampling interval in accordance with the equation: ω r_est = θ e_n - θ e_n - ⁢ 1 t n - t n - 1 = Δ ⁢ ⁢ θ e Δ ⁢ ⁢ t The motor drive unit 100 may use the estimated rotor speed information for various purposes including safety or status monitoring, or for reconnecting the motor 105 . Techniques for reconnecting the motor drive unit 100 to the motor 105 are well known in the art, once the rotor speed has been determined, and as such, they are not described in greater detail herein. By measuring rotor speed using induced voltage, the need for a rotor speed sensor is obviated, thereby simplifying and reducing the cost of the motor drive unit 100 . The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.

A motor drive unit includes a controller, a voltage inverter, and a speed estimator. The controller is operable to generate at least one command signal for controlling a motor associated with the motor drive unit. The voltage inverter is operable to generate motor drive signals to be applied to the motor based on the command signal. The speed estimator is operable to estimate a speed of the motor when the voltage inverter is not providing the motor drive signals. The speed estimator is further operable to receive two-axis voltage measurements associated with the motor, determine flux angles for the motor based on the two-axis voltage measurements, and estimate the speed based on the determined flux angles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a process for humidifying a gas stream by passing heated water through a gas humidifier in countercurrent to the gas for the purpose of transferring water vapor to said gas. After the addition of an amount of make-up water corresponding to the amount of water vapor transferred, the water is fed to a heating section and recycled to the gas humidifier. 2. Description of the Prior Art A process of the above type is known, for example, in the processing of natural gas. In catalytic processes of this kind, a certain water vapor/gas ratio is sometimes necessary and this is achieved with the present state of technology by a process of the type described above. However, the amount of water vapor absorbed is not sufficient and therefore, high temperature, high-grade steam has to be admixed to the gas stream after the latter has left the gas humidifier. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION We have discovered a method for humidifying gas to a particularly high degree and which comes as close as possible to the subsequent operating requirements but, at the same time, permits the use of energy of an inferior quality, in particular, energy at a low temperature level. More particularly, the present invention comprises humidifying a gas stream by passing heated water through a gas humidifier in countercurrent to the gas for the purpose of transferring water vapor to said gas. During this process, partial streams of the circulating water are withdrawn from the humidifier in several consecutive stages and heated separately and/or jointly. As a result of the invention, it is no longer necessary to heat the entire water stream from the low temperature at which it leaves the gas humidifier to the higher inlet temperature. Rather, the individual partial streams can be heated in stages. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process according to the present state of technology; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a process in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT One embodiment of the present process provides for the circulating water to be withdrawn from the gas humidifier in two stages, the first partial stream being larger than the second partial stream. In principle, other proportions, for instance, two equal partial streams could be used but the division into partial streams as provided by the invention is particularly suitable. It is an advantage if, as is also provided for in the invention, the second partial stream is passed through a pre-heating stage and then fed to a final heating stage together with the first partial stream. This procedure permits the appropriate pre-heating and final heating stages to be designed within favorable temperature ranges so that even slight differences in temperature are sufficient to heat the water. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the make-up water is admixed upstream of the first preheating stage to the last partial stream taken from the gas humidifier. In order to utilize waste heat, e.g., the heat of the synthesis gas from a methanol reactor, in an optimum way for heating the circulating water, the invention provides for the preheating stage or stages and the final heating stage to be connected in series in a common heat stream as heat exchangers for hot synthesis gas. A further embodiment provides for the partial stream from the preceding heat exchanger, which is situated downstream as regards the heat flow, to be fed to the next upstream heat exchanger together with a partial stream from the gas humidifier. These embodiments of the process configuration according to the invention are particularly expedient because the heat exchangers exposed to the heat flow can be designed in a very favorable way so that, for example, the remaining water from the sump of the gas humidifier is fed to that heat exchanger which is situated furthest downstream, i.e., the coldest heat exchanger, for initial preheating. Then the partial stream of water to be heated from the gas humidifier is taken from the second last point and fed to the next heat exchanger together with the remaining stream which had been subjected to initial preheating. It is advisable to design the facility such that in each case, the partial stream taken from one stage of the gas humidifier is in the same temperature range as the partial stream leaving the preceding preheater which is admixed to this partial stream. Referring to FIG. 1, which represents the state of technology on which the present invention is based, the gas to be provided with water vapor is fed via 2 into the lower zone of gas humidifier 1. The gas enriched with water vapor leaves the gas humidifier at the top via 3. Heated water is admitted to the top of the gas humidifier 1 at 4 and withdrawn at the bottom of the sump 5, the amount of injected hot water being higher than the amount withdrawn from the sump by the amount of water vapor with which the gas is enriched. The water which is cooled in the countercurrent and collected in sump 5, is fed to heat exchanger 7 via pump 6, an amount of make-up water which corresponds to the amount of water vapor absorbed by the gas being added to the cycle upstream of heat exchanger 7 at 8. From heat exchanger 7, the heated water is again injected into gas humidifier 1 at 4. Heat exchanger 7 is heated by a hot stream, e.g., hot synthesis gas from a methanol reactor, as indicated by feed line 9 to the heat exchanger and discharge line 10 with the appropriate arrows. In the description of the invention according to FIGS. 2 and 3, those items of equipment which are basically the same are designated by the same reference numbers, but for easier identification, the numbers are marked with one or two apostrophes. For example, the gas humidifier in FIG. 2 is designated 1' and the gas humidifier in FIG. 3 is designated 1". The configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 shows a gas humidifier which is basically divided into two zones, an upper zone 11 and a lower zone 12. In the upper zone 11, the total amount of process water is injected at 4' and admixed to the gas which enters the gas humidifier 2' at the bottom and leaves at 3' at the top laden with water vapor. The broken line 13 in gas humidifier 1' represents the zone division between 11 and 12. At this point, a partial stream of the process water is removed at 14. The residual amount enters the lower zone 12 of gas humidifier 1' and leaves at the sump 5'. The first partial stream which is withdrawn at 14, has a higher temperature than the second partial stream or residual amount. The first partial stream should be larger in the configuration quoted as an example; this is indicated by the different proportions of zones 11 and 12 in gas humidifier 1'. The first partial stream leaving gas humidifier 1' at 14 is fed by means of pump 6 to heat exchanger 7' which is heated by a heat stream, e.g., synthesis gas from a methanol reactor, as indicated by arrow 9'. The second partial stream leaving the sump is pumped to a second heat exchanger 15 which is arranged in the heat stream 9'-10' on the colder side, i.e., downstream, as can be seen in FIG. 2. As a result, this partial stream or residual stream is heated to such an extent that it has roughly the same temperature as the first partial stream leaving the gas humidifier at 14. The two partial streams are then united at 16 and fed to the last heat exchanger 7' in this cycle. FIG. 2 also shows that the make-up water is admixed to the second partial stream or residual stream via 8' and thus subjected to the first preheating step in heat exchanger 15. FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the invention wherein along with the final heating stage provided by heat exchanger 7", another heat exchanger 17 is installed in addition to heat exchanger 15 in the same heat stream 9"-10". The routes of the partial streams are basically the same here as in FIG. 2, i.e., make-up water is admixed at 8" to the coldest partial stream or residual stream from sump 5" and passed through the first preheater 15 and then, together with a partial stream leaving the gas humidifier at 18, fed to another heat exchanger 17, where it is further preheated. Together with the first partial stream leaving the gas humidifier 1" at 19, the total amount of water is supplied to the final heating stage, i.e., heat exchanger 7". It goes without saying that the configurations described here can be modified in a number of ways without abandoning the fundamental idea of the invention. The invention is therefore not restricted to any special design of the items of equipment used in the process, nor to the process configuration illustrated in the diagrams. With regard to design, equipment can also be arranged in parallel instead of in series, to name but one possibility.

A process for humidifying a gas stream in a humidifier chamber by passing heated water downwardly through the humidifier and passing gas upwardly through the chamber to transfer water vapor to the gas stream. One or more portions of the water is removed at an intermediate stage in the chamber and the remaining portion of the water collected at the bottom is removed. The intermediate portion and final portion may have make-up water added thereto and the portions are reheated either separately or as a combined mixture. The process provides an improved economic method for humidification with good energy savings.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention generally relates to the production of petroleum and more particularly to compositions and processes for improving the recovery of hydrocarbons, that is, gas or oil (petroleum), from a subterranean geological formation using stimulation techniques such as conventional hydraulic fracturing, slickwater fracturing, or acidizing, or for well deliquification of water and/or condensate to allow reservoirs to more efficiently produce. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Well stimulation treatments are commonly used to initiate, enhance or restore the productivity of a well. Hydraulic fracturing is a particularly common well stimulation technique that involves the high-pressure injection of specially engineered treatment fluids into the reservoir. The high-pressure treatment fluid, which often includes polymers or gellants to viscosify, thicken, or gel the treatment fluid, causes a fracture to extend away from the wellbore into the formation (reservoir) according to the natural stresses of the formation. The polymers or gellants include natural products such as polysaccharide polymers like guar gum, guar derivatives, biopolymers, cellulose and its derivatives or synthetic polymers like polyacrylamides. Viscoelastic surfactants are also widely used instead of polymers in frac fluids. Propping agents, usually called proppants, such as grains of sand of a particular size are often mixed with the treatment fluid to keep the fracture open after the high-pressure subsides when treatment is complete. The increased permeability resulting from the stimulation operation enhances the flow of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Proppants can include sand, glass beads, ceramic proppants, resin coated sands, resin coated ceramic proppants, on the fly coated proppants, and the like. [0003] In many recently developed reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing is used to unlock oil and gas reserves during the completion of the well. In this way, hydraulic fracturing is no longer used only in remedial stimulation efforts. Many newly completed wells are candidates for hydraulic fracturing to optimize the initial recovery of hydrocarbons. [0004] Slickwater fracturing involves using low viscosity fluids that have friction (drag) reducing polymers instead for this stimulation technique. Proppants are again used for this high pressure pumping technique. The stimulation technique of acidizing can be either fracture acidizing or matrix acidizing. In the first case, high pressure is used while in the second case the acid dissolves the formation matrix. [0005] Well deliquification is another term for well dewatering that occurs in oilfield wells that have build-ups of water, hydrocarbons or condensates that need to be removed to allow hydrocarbon liquid and gas production. Basically, the velocity of the gas is not high enough to remove the water or condensate so the well will not produce (it shuts-down or dies). Another term for this build up is liquid loading. Like stimulation, well deliquification restores well productivity. [0006] Various methods are used for deliquification including pumps, gas lift, and chemicals such as surfactants in the form of soap sticks or liquids injected downhole. These last chemical methods cause the water or condensate to foam which thereby reduces the hydrostatic head (pressure on the formation) and allows the gas to be produced. [0007] The deliquification can occur in vertical, inclined, or horizontal wells or in parts of wells that have various inclination angles in different parts of the wellbore. Therefore, this idea could be applied more effectively than current cylindrical soap sticks which would not have a tendency to move/roll down the wellbore into the horizontal part of the well from the vertical and inclined sections of the well. [0008] In some cases, however, conventional stimulation techniques fail to yield a significant improvement in production over an extended period. Water and condensate accumulate in gas wells and restrict production. In horizontal wells that have been hydraulically fractured, water and condensate tend to accumulate in vertical fractures, especially in horizontal sections of the wellbore. The accumulation of water and condensate in vertical fractures blocks the flow of gas or oil or condensate into the wellbore. Accordingly, there is a need for an enhanced stimulation technique that overcomes these and other deficiencies in the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] In preferred embodiments, the present invention includes a gas generating system for use in stimulation or gas well deliquification. The gas generating system preferably includes a gas generating additive, a foam generating agent and a foam enhancing agent. The gas generating additive preferably includes an acidic component contained within a releasing mechanism container alone or with a carbonate or bicarbonate contained within the same or a different releasing container. The foam generating agent is absorbed or adsorbed on a first plurality of substrates and the foam boosting agent is absorbed or adsorbed on a second plurality of substrates. If any of the above components are solids rather than liquids, they do not need to be absorbed or adsorbed first but can be directly encapsulated as solids. [0010] In another aspect, preferred embodiments include gas generating system for use in a stimulation operation, wherein the composition includes a first plurality of substrates, wherein on each of the first plurality of substrates a foam generating chemical has been absorbed or adsorbed with and wherein each of the first plurality of substrates is encapsulated with an exterior coating. The composition further includes a second plurality of substrates, wherein on each of the second plurality of substrates a foam enhancing chemical has been absorbed or adsorbed and wherein each of the second plurality of substrates is encapsulated with an exterior coating. The foam generating chemical and the foam enhancing chemical can be encapsulated separately as noted above or mixed together before encapsulation individually. [0011] The gas generating system optionally includes a first plurality of gas generating capsules, wherein each of the first plurality of gas generating capsules includes an acidic component encapsulated within an exterior coating and a second plurality of gas generating capsules, wherein each of the second plurality of gas generating capsules includes a carbonate or bicarbonate component encapsulated within an exterior coating. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0012] The present invention discloses a gas generating system that includes a plurality of components that are intended to be pumped downhole during a stimulation operation or a gas well deliquification process. As used herein, the term “gas generating system” refers to the prescribed group of substrates and additives that collectively work to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art. Although the present invention is not so limited, in preferred embodiments, the gas generating system can include up to three primary components: (1) pelletized or encapsulated independent gas generators; (2) a first plurality of substrates that have been treated with foam generating chemicals; and (3) a second plurality of substrates that have been treated with foam enhancing chemicals. [0013] For the purposes of this patent application, absorption generally refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter as a solid or liquid into a bulk phase—gas, liquid or solid material. As an example, a sponge (a porous media) will absorb water when the sponge is dry. Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on (or onto) the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorbate). It is different from absorption in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution. The capsules, canisters or other terms used to describe the encapsulated material can release their chemicals due to crushing, melting, leaching, dissolving, defusing etc. and combinations thereof. The term “release” will refer to any or all of these delivery mechanisms. [0014] The gas generators preferably can include an acidic component and a carbonate or bicarbonate. The carbonates and bicarbonates of the gas generating capsules include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and ammonium carbonates and bicarbonates. In an exemplar of the particularly preferred embodiments, the carbonate component is sodium bicarbonate. In a presently preferred embodiment, the gas generators include a first plurality of gas generating capsules that each includes an acidic component encapsulated within an exterior coating and a second plurality of gas generating capsules that each includes a carbonate or bicarbonate encapsulated within an exterior coating. During use, the encapsulation layer surrounding the acidic and carbonate or bicarbonates deteriorates, which allows the mixing of the acidic component and carbonate or bicarbonate. On mixing, the acidic component and carbonate or bicarbonate release gas, which enhances (stimulates) the creation of foam within the proppant pack and geologic fractures. [0015] In particularly preferred embodiments, the acidic component of the gas generating capsules is selected from the group consisting of organic acids, including, but not limited to, lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and uric acid and also inorganic acids (mineral acids), including but not limited to hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and hydrobromic acid and combinations thereof of the inorganic and organic acids, individually or together. In an exemplar of the particularly preferred embodiments, the acidic component is citric acid. The carbonate or bicarbonate of the gas generating capsules is preferably sodium carbonates or sodium bicarbonate. If the acidic component or carbonate or bicarbonate is presented in liquid form, it is necessary to separately encapsulate the acidic component and carbonate or bicarbonate to prevent the premature reaction of the gas generators. If the gas generators are provided in solid form, it may be acceptable to encapsulate the gas generators within the same coating. Suitable coatings further include not only lipids but also waxes and polymers identified below that do not deteriorate in the presence of encapsulated acids and bases, such as carbonates and bicarbonates. [0016] An acid alone can also be used downhole in the reservoir to react with the formation. Any ester that generates acid can be used. Solid acid precursors such as lactic acid and polylactic acid may be combined with accelerators to increase the reaction and production of gas. The resulting acid dissolves carbonate formations such a limestone and dolomite to generate gas in situ. [0017] Other gas generating chemicals include, but are not limited to, compounds containing hydrazine or azo groups, for example, hydrazine, azodicarbonamide, azobis (isobutyronitrile), p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide, p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbazide, carbohydrazide, p-p′ oxybis (benzenesulfonylhydrazide) and mixtures thereof. Additional examples of nitrogen gas generating chemicals which do not contain hydrazine or azo groups and which are also useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ammonium salts of organic or inorganic acids, hydroxylamine sulfate, carbamide and mixtures thereof. Of these, azodicarbonamide or carbohydrazide are preferred. The gas generating chemical or chemicals utilized are combined with the well treating fluid in a general amount, depending on the amount of gas desired under downhole conditions, in the range of up to about 10% by weight of the treating fluid, more preferably in an amount in the range of from about 0.3% to about 8% and most preferably about 4%. [0018] Gas generating chemicals containing hydrazide groups in which the two nitrogen atoms are connected by a single bond as well as connected to one or two hydrogens produce gas upon reaction with an oxidizing agent. It is believed that the oxidizing agent oxidizes the hydrazide group to azo structure. Therefore, hydrazide materials containing two mutually single bonded nitrogens which in turn are also bonded to one or more hydrogens need oxidizing agents for activation. To enhance the water solubility of such materials, alkaline pH is generally required. Occasionally, additional chemicals may be needed to increase the rate of gas production. [0019] The gas generating system optionally includes a first plurality of substrates absorbed or adsorbed with foam generating (foamer) chemicals. The foam generating substrates are preferably manufactured by absorbing or adsorbing a substrate as the material with a foam generating chemical. The foam generating chemical, if it is a solid, does not need a substrate and can be encapsulated directly. The foam generating chemical is preferably a “foamer” or “soap,” which includes a surfactant component that reduces the surface tension and fluid density of the well fluid mixture (water and/or condensate) in the wellbore. Upon mixing with water and gas, foamers produce gas bubbles which lift the water or condensate from the well, thereby permitting increased production. In preferred embodiments, the foam generating chemicals include nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric/zwitterionic foaming surfactants and mixtures thereof. [0020] Typical nonionic foaming surfactants include polyalkoxylated alcohols or phenols, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols and phenols; ethers or esters of sugar derivatives, such as alkylpolyglucosides and alkylpolysaccharides; polyalkoxylated fatty acid esters and amides; polyalkoxylated amines; block copolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide; sorbitan esters; polysorbates; and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. Typical anionic foaming surfactants include alkyl carboxylates; alkyl sulfonates; alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates; alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfates; alkyl ether sulfonates; α-olefin sulfonates; N-acyl amino acids, such as N-acyl sarcosinates and N-acyl glutamates; N-acyl amino sulfonates, such as N-acyl taurates; acyl hydroxycarbonates; acyl hydroxysulfonates, such as acyl isethionates; mono- and dialkyl sulfocuccinates; alkyl ether sulfosuccinates; glyceryl ether solfonates; alkyl ether phosphates; and alkyl aryl ether phosphates. Cationic foaming surfactants are generally quaternary ammonium salts from alkylamines or alkanolamines with formula R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N + X − , in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same or different and represent an alkyl, aryl, benzyl or polyalkoxylate alkyl group. In particular, the polyalkoxylated alky group represents alkyl polyethylene oxides or alkyl polypropylene oxides. Some examples of cationic foaming surfactants include cocotrimonium chloride, stearalkonium chloride, cetyltrimonium chloride, and the like. Typical amphoteric/zwitterionic foaming surfactants include amine oxides; alkyl betaines and sulfobetaines; alkylamido betaines and sulfobetaines, such as cocamidopropyl betaine; hydroxysultaines, such as cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; imidazolinium betaines and sulfobetaines; amphoacetates; and amphopropionates. [0021] Suitable foamers are available from CESI Chemical, Inc. of Marlow, Okla. under the CAP-FOAM brand and include others more fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,509, entitled High Temperature Foamer Formulations for Downhole Injection, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Other suitable foamers include OFI-4880, an ammonium C6-10 alcohol ether sulfate from Specialty Intermediates, Inc. and Harcros Foamer 846-64, polyethylene glycol mono-C6-10 alkyl ether sulfate ammonium salt available from Harcros Chemicals, Inc. of Kansas City, Kans. Alkyl ether sulfonates (AESs) are available from Oil Chem Technologies, Sugar Land, Tex., as AES-128, AES-205, AES-506, and 7-58. Sulfonates such as alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) with amines such as triethanaolamine (TEA) may also provide suitable foam generating components. The foam generating chemical can be a liquid, a solid, or in another composition, such as a microemulsion. Suitable microemulsions that may be used as the foam generating chemical are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,380,606, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. [0022] The gas generating system optionally includes a second plurality of substrates absorbed or adsorbed with foam enhancing (foam booster) chemicals. In a preferred embodiment, the foam enhancer is selected from the group of anionic surfactants such as carboxylated alkyl polyglycosides, amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactants such as amine oxides, betaines, sulfobetaines, amphopropionates, hydroxysultaines, nonionic surfactants such as fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkanolamides, and polyalkoxylated amines and cationic surfactants including quaternary amine salts. Alternatively, the foam enhancers include solvents such as mutual solvents including ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE) and water-soluble polymers such as hydroxypropyl guar and polyacrylamides. Examples of alkanolamides include lauric mono- and diethanolamide, myristic mono- and diethanolamide, and coconut mono- and diethanolamide. A commercially available alkanomide is Ninol CMP, coconut monoethanolamine, from Stepan Company. Examples of amine oxides include cocoamine oxide, laurylamine oxide, and cocamidopropylamine oxide. A commercially available amine oxide is Mackamine CAO, cocamidopropylamine oxide, from Rhodia. [0023] The foam generating chemicals can often be interchanged with the foam enhancing chemicals. That is, the same chemistries can be used for both foam generation and foam enhancement. As noted above, the foam generating and foam enhancing chemicals are preferably absorbed or adsorbed on a selected substrate. Suitable substrates include proppants having a matrix which is capable of absorbing the foam generating chemical. Particularly suitable substrates include porous ceramic proppants. [0024] Alternatively, the proppant may constitute any suitable substrate that is capable of adsorbing the foam generating chemical. Suitable adsorption substrates include finely divided minerals, fibers, ground almond shells, ground walnut shells, glass beads, and ground coconut shells. Further suitable water-insoluble adsorbents include activated carbon and/or coals, silica particulates, precipitated silicas, silica (quartz sand), alumina, silica-alumina such as silica gel, mica, silicate, e.g., orthosilicates or metasilicates, calcium silicate, sand (e.g., 20-40 mesh), bauxite, kaolin, talc, zirconia, boron and glass, including glass microspheres or beads, fly ash, zeolites, diatomaceous earth, ground walnut shells, fuller's earth and organic synthetic high molecular weight water-insoluble adsorbents. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the proppant is an ultra-lightweight proppant (ULWP) manufactured from a porous ceramic having a mesh size of 20/40. Suitable proppants are available from Carbo Ceramics of Houston, Tex., and BJ Services of Houston, Tex. (now part of Baker Hughes of Houston, Tex.) under the LiteProp™ brand name. [0025] The lower specific gravity proppants or other substrates will allow a variety of final gas generating systems to be used that can rise into the top (upper) part of vertical factures in the horizontal section of the wellbore. Higher specific gravity gas generating systems could also be used to fall/sink into the bottom of the vertical fractures in the horizontal part of the wellbore. In a particularly preferred embodiment, mixtures of various specific gravity gas generating systems could be used to more effectively cover the entire fracture volume. [0026] The process for absorbing or adsorbing the substrates with the foam generating chemicals or foam enhancing chemicals includes placing the substrates into the treatment chemicals and allowing the substrates to absorb or adsorb the treatment chemical, with or without pressure or vacuum. Due to the viscous nature of some of the treatment chemicals, it may be necessary to heat the treatment chemicals to permit increased absorption and adsorption into the substrate. Following processing, the substrates are preferably dried. [0027] In particularly preferred embodiments, each of the absorbed or adsorbed substrates is encapsulated with an exterior coating to prevent the premature release or reaction of the foam generating chemical from the substrate. Delaying the release of the treatment chemicals allows for a more targeted delivery of the foam generating and foam enhancing chemicals in the hydraulic fracture. Preferred coatings include lipid coatings, hydrogenated vegetable oils, including triglycerides such as hydrogenated cottonseed, corn, peanut, soybean, palm, palm kernel, babassu, sunflower, safflower oils. Preferred hydrogenated vegetable oils include hydrogenated palm oil, cottonseed oil, and soybean oil. The most preferred hydrogenated vegetable oil is hydrogenated soybean oil. Suitable encapsulating products are available, for example but not necessarily limited to those, from Balchem Corporation of New Hampton, New York. [0028] Alternatively, the absorbed or adsorbed substrate can be encapsulated with a suitable wax. The wax can be paraffin wax; a petroleum wax; a mineral wax such as ozokerite, ceresin, Utah wax or montan wax; a vegetable wax such as, for example, carnuba wax, Japan wax, bayberry wax or flax wax; an animal wax such as, for example, spermaceti; or an insect wax such as beeswax, Chinese wax or shellac wax. Suitable encapsulating products are available from Balchem Corporation of New Hampton, N.Y., and others. [0029] In yet alternative preferred embodiments, the encapsulating layer may be formed with a water-soluble polymer. Suitable water-soluble polymers include polysaccharide, polylactide, polyglycolide, polyorthoester, polyaminoacid, polyactoacid, polyglycolacid, polyacrylamide, a chitosan and a mixture of these polymers. The encapsulating layer may also be formed from an oil-soluble polymer. Suitable oil-soluble polymers include polyester, polyolefins, polyethylene and mixtures thereof. [0030] As an alternative to impregnating the foam generating and foam enhancing chemicals on a substrate, the foam generating and foam enhancing chemicals may be used in an isolated form. For example, it may be desirable to employ solid foam generating and foam enhancing chemicals with an encapsulated boundary structure to provide for a selectively delayed release of the treatment chemicals. Alternatively, it may be desirable to use an unencapsulated solid foam generating and/or foam enhancing chemical. Such solid form foam generating and enhancing products may be provided in pellets or stick forms. [0031] The ratios of the various components within the inventive gas generating system are preferably selected based on the needs of a particular application. For example, it may be desirable to include only the foam generating substrate and foam enhancing substrate, while excluding the gas generating capsules. In other applications, it may be desirable to exclude the foam enhancing substrates while relying solely on the benefits provided by the foam generating substrates and gas generating capsules. In yet other applications, it may be desirable to employ only the foam generating substrate or only the gas generating capsules. [0032] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the gas generating system includes between about 0 and 99% by weight of foam generating substrate, about 0 and 99% by weight of foam enhancing substrate and about 0 and 99% by weight of portions of acidic and carbonate or bicarbonate gas generating capsules. In an alternate preferred embodiment, the gas generating system includes between about 10 and 80% by weight of foam generating substrate, about 10 and 80% by weight of foam enhancing substrate and about 10 and 90% by weight of equal portions of acidic and carbonate or bicarbonate gas generating capsules. Often the ratios of the acidic and carbonate or bicarbonate gas generating capsules are about one to one, but they may vary considerably as desired for the situation. [0033] In yet another alternate preferred embodiment, the gas generating system includes between about 15 and 80% by weight of foam generating substrate, about 20% and 80% by weight of foam enhancing substrate and about 20 and 80% by weight of portions of acidic and carbonate or bicarbonate gas generating capsules. During use, the selected gas generating system is mixed with a carrier fluid having a suitable viscosity. The carrier fluid and suspended substrates are then injected downhole, where the fracturing fluid flows into the reservoir adjacent the well. The suspended gas generating system forms within a proppant pack that prevents the expanded fractures from closing. A viscosity breaker can then be used to reduce the viscosity of the carrier fluid to facilitate removal. The gas generating system remains captured in the fractures extending from the wellbore. [0034] Over time, exposure to the downhole environment causes the encapsulation layers covering the foam generating substrates, foam enhancer substrates and/or gas generating capsules to deteriorate. The deterioration of the exterior coatings allows the time-lapsed release of the treatment chemicals from the substrates and gas generating capsules. In a preferred embodiment, the foam generating substrates, foam enhancing substrates and gas generating capsules are configured to provide a staged release of the respective chemicals. [0035] For example, it may be desirable to increase the thickness of the gas generating capsules to delay the mixing of the citric acid and sodium bicarbonate until after the foam generating chemicals and foam enhancing chemicals have been released and allowed to mix with the fluids in the fractured reservoir. Similarly, it may be desirable to stage the release of the foam enhancing chemicals until after the foam generating chemicals have been released. Alternatively, it may be desirable to use different encapsulation products to provide for a staged release of the various treatment chemicals. For example, it may be desirable to use a lipid coating on the foam generating substrates and foam enhancing substrates while using a more durable polymer coating on the gas generating capsules. It will be appreciated that further refinement of the staged delivery of the treatment chemicals can be accomplished by varying both the thickness and chemical composition of the encapsulation layers. Various melting point waxes, different thicknesses, different materials, and other methods can be used to vary the release time and order. [0036] It may further be desirable to manufacture different encapsulation layers within each of the various components of the gas generating system. For example, it may be desirable to encapsulate a first portion of the foam generating substrates with a quick release coating and a second portion of the foam generating substrates with a delayed release coating. In this way, the release of foam generating chemicals from the substrate can be distributed over an extended period. Similarly, it may be desirable to distribute the release of foam enhancer chemicals and gas generating chemicals over extended periods by varying the thickness and/or chemical composition and number of the encapsulation layers of the respective foam enhancing substrates and gas generating capsules. EXAMPLES Example 1 [0037] In a blender test, 200 ml of tap water and 0.4 ml of liquid foamer (0.4 g for solid foamer) were added to a one quart Waring blender cup. After all the foamer is dissolved in the water, the foamer solution was mixed at 1600 rpm for 30 seconds. Immediately after mixing, a timer was started to establish the half-life of the foam. The foam was poured from the blender into a 1000 ml graduated cylinder quickly and foam height was measured. Half-life was recorded when 100 ml of water was seen in the bottom of the graduated cylinder. The results of this study are presented in TABLE 1 below: [0000] TABLE 1 FOAM HEIGHT AND HALF-LIFE Foam height Foam half-life Foamer Foamer type (ml) (seconds) Nacconol ® 90G Anionic 970 398 Steposol ® CA-207/ Anionic 820 332 Nacconol ® 90G (10:1, w/w) Foamer LLF Anionic 780 277 Mackadet ® EZ-154 Anionic + 760 352 amphoteric Steposol ® CA-207 Anionic 640 214 Mackam ® OK-50 Amphoteric 650 184 Mackam ® LSB-50 Amphoteric 530 158 Pluronic ® F98 Nonionic 440 130 Tetronic ® 908 Nonionic 430 140 Foamers used: Nacconol ® 90G, Stepan Company: Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, solid, 90% active Steposol ® CA-207, Stepan Company: alkyl ether sulfate, liquid, 60% active Foamer LLF, Harcros Chemicals: alkyl ether sulfate, liquid, 97% active Mackadet ® EZ-154, Rhodia: Mixture of disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate, and lauramidopropyl betaine, solid, 100% active Mackam ® OK-50, Rhodia: cocamidopropyl betaine, liquid, 39% active Mackam ® LSB-50, Rhodia: lauramidopropyl hydroxysultaine, liquid, 43% active Pluronic ® F98, BASF: difunctional block copolymer surfactant, solid, 100% active Tetronic ® 908, BASF: tetrafunctional block copolymer surfactant, solid, 100% active Example 2 [0038] In a sand column test, a 6″ column (0.98″ diameter) was packed with a slurry of 20/40 mesh Ottawa sand, and encapsulated gas generator with/without encapsulated foamer (Foamer LLF [003] from Table 1 above) in tap water or tap water with 20% (v/v) of condensate with a 50.5 degree API Gravity. The packed sand column was immersed vertically in a water bath with a temperature of about 135 ° F. Water and or water condensate mixture recovered from the sand column was weighed to calculate percent fluid recovery. [0039] The results below in Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate that encapsulated foamer helps recover more fluid in both tap water and tap water with 20% (v/v) condensate. [0000] TABLE 2 PERCENT FLUID RECOVERY WITHOUT CONDENSATE Percent fluid recovery (%) Time Pack column with: encap. gas generator (1.0 g) and sand (100 g) (min) Without encapsulated foamer With encapsulated foamer (2.0 g) 4 0 1.7 10 2.9 9.6 15 7.9 30.8 20 14.4 65.7 30 24.1 85.8 40 32.1 88.7 50 35.6 88.8 60 39.1 89.0 100 48.5 120 49.2 [0000] TABLE 3 PERCENT FLUID RECOVERY WITH 20% (V/V) CONDENSATE Percent fluid recovery (%) Pack column with: Time co-encap. gas generator (1.0 g) and sand (100 g) (min) Without encapsulated foamer With encapsulated foamer (2.0 g) 1 0.2 0.4 1.5 11.5 11.4 2 23.7 23.5 3 33.1 45.6 4 38.7 54.3 5 39.8 59.5 6 40.4 62.1 8 40.3 65.2 10 40.3 66.8 20 40.2 67.4 [0040] Results in Table 4 below demonstrate that the co-encapsulated gas generator gives higher percent fluid recovery than the separate gas generator. Note, based on comparison of the acid active weights, the separate generators can produce at least six times more gas than the co-encapsulated gas generator if completely reacted. Example 3 [0041] The advantage of using a co-encapsulated acid (citric acid) and base (sodium bicarbonate) system compared to encapsulating them separately is shown in the Table 4 below. [0000] TABLE 4 ADVANTAGE OF CO-ENCAPSULATION OF ACID AND BASE IN THE SAME ENCAPSULATION VS SEPARATE ENCAPSULATED ACID AND BASE Percent fluid recovery (%) Pack column with: encap. gas generator, encap. foamer (2.0 g) and sand (100 g) Time Co-encapsulated Separately encap. acid and (min) acid and base a encap. base b 2 2.8 9.3 4 6.9 16.8 10 25.7 29.6 15 64.1 39.5 20 82.5 50.2 25 85.5 55.0 30 88.0 65.4 40 88.8 69.7 50 88.8 71.6 60 88.7 72.8 a Co-encapsulated acid and base: 2.0 g (58 wt % of base and 12 wt % of acid) b Encapsulated acid (50% active): 3.2 g; encapsulated base (70% active): 2.8 g [0042] Since there is less total active material in the co-encapsulated acid and base, it does not provide as much recovery initially but does at longer times (more than 15 minutes). Example 4 Absorption on Porous Media [0043] Porous ceramic proppants with about 20% porosity made by Carbo Ceramics, Inc absorbed 18% by weight foamer at atmospheric pressure (no pressure or vacuum applied). The foamers are Specialty Intermediates OFI-4880 foamer concentrate and Harcros Foamer 846-64. A second batch was made with less loading of foamer since the final material appeared wet. 10% (wt) of heated OFI-4880 was added to the room temperature porous ceramic proppant and after 15 minutes of mixing, the foamer was absorbed into the ceramic proppant. The foamers were placed in an oven to make them less viscous and more pourable. The final product was relatively free flowing thus concluding that the foamer absorbed completely. Another sample using the same method as above was made except replacing OFI-4880 with Harcros Foamer 846-64. Again the sample was free flowing. [0044] In addition, porous ceramic proppants (20/40) were mixed with CESI CapFoam SI in ratios of 9, 10 and 15%. After initial mixing, the 9 and 10% mixtures flowed freely. Example 5 Adsorption onto Substrate [0045] For the encapsulated foamers, we determine that the maximum amount of Foamer LLF (a viscous liquid) that can be adsorbed onto diatomaceous earth (DE) and still give free-flowing particles was about 50%. [0046] It is clear that the present invention is well adapted to carry out its objectives and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. For the purposes of this disclosure and the appended claims, the term “well treatment operation” shall refer both to deliquification and stimulation operations. The phrases “loading the substrate” and “substrate has been loaded” shall refer to the process and results of: (i) of adsorbing or absorbing a selected formulation onto the substrate; or (ii) packing a solid formulation into a porous substrate. While presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been described in varying detail for purposes of disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention disclosed and claimed herein.

A gas generating system for use in stimulation or in deliquification/dewatering includes a foam generating agent, a foam enhancing agent and a gas generating additive. The foam generating agent is absorbed or adsorbed on a first plurality of substrates and the foam boosting agent is absorbed or adsorbed on a second plurality of substrates. The gas generating additive preferably includes an acidic component contained within a releasing mechanism container and a carbonate or bicarbonate contained within a releasing mechanism container. The use of encapsulated substrate permits the staged and targeted delivery of treatment chemicals in fractures extending from the wellbore or in the wellbore itself.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to pyrolytic carbon coated particles and their use in sand control and fracturing. More specifically, but not by way of limitation, the invention relates to pyrolytic carbon coated ceramic beads. 2. Description of the Prior Art The techniques for placing particulate material in a well, such as oil, gas and water wells, has been known for many years. In such techniques particulate material is placed in the wellbore and the formation. The particle size range of the particulate material is preselected, and is introduced into the well in such a manner that the packed material will allow the flow of the desired fluid (the term being used to include liquids and/or gases) between the formation and the wellbore, while preventing particulate materials from the earth formation from entering the wellbore. In gravel pack applications, the objective is to pack a well with a given particulate. Typically a screen is first placed at a position in the wellbore which is within the formation which will produce the desired fluid. In completed wells, a perforated steel casing is usually present between the so placed screen and formation. A slurry of the particulate material in a carrier liquid is then pumped into the wellbore so as to place the particulate material between the screen and casing (or formation if no casing is present), as well as into the perforations of any such casing, and also into any open area which may extend beyond the perforated casing into the formation. Thus, the aim in packing, in most cases, is to completely fill the area between the screen assembly and the formation with particulate material. In some cases this open area is packed with particulate material before placing the screen in the well. Such a technique, which is a particular type of packing often referred to as `prepacking`, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,327,783. The particulate material is typically gravel having a density of 2.65 gm/cc. The carrier fluid is usually water with 2% KCl but can be any type of fluid (hydrocarbons, brines, foams, etc). This fluid is commonly viscosified with a polymer to enhance carrier capacity. In fracturing techniques, the formation is broken down by the application of pressure. While holding open the fissures in the rocks, particulate material is placed in the formation to maintain a more permeable path of flow for the produced fluid. The carrier fluid is the same type as that used in gravel pack applications but its viscosity is of a magnitude greater than that used for gravel pack applications. The fracturing fluid is often crosslinked to achieve the desired viscosity for adequate suspension properties in lengthy flow channels. In recent applications it has been recognized that providing a particulate material that exhibits improved thermal stability and chemical resistance particularly to mineral acids, organic solvents and steam would be desirable. Additionally, to simultaneously control both the selection of particle density and size distribution would be advantageous, particularly in certain contemporary applications. The present invention is felt to provide such a particulate phase. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a coated particle whose chemical resistance and physical properties are superior to materials commonly used in oil and gas well gravel pack and fracturing operations. The particle has a pyrolytic carbon layer coating encapsulating the particle thus providing an inert barrier, resistant to both acids and organic solvents. The pyrolytic carbon coated particle exhibits improved thermal stability relative to conventional products and as such is useful in geothermal well applications. Thus the present invention provides a pyrolytic carbon coated particle useful in well treatment applications comprising: (a) a thermally stable substantially spherical substrate particle; and (b) a substantially uniform layer of pyrolytically deposited carbon encapsulating said thermally stable substantially spherical substrate particle. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the spherical substrate particulate material is a ceramic composite bead encapsulated with a pyrolytic carbon having a density range of from about 1.50 to about 2.05 gm/cc and a thickness of about 5μ to about 200μ. It is an object of the present invention to provide a pyrolytic carbon coated particle useful in oil and gas well treatment applications. It i a further object to provide such a coated particle that exhibits improved resistance to both acids and organic solvents. Fulfillment of these objects and the presence and fulfillment of other objects will be apparent on complete reading of the specification and claims. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The particle to be pyrolytically coated according to the present invention can generally be any gravel or sand particle conventionally employed in oil and gas well gravel packs and/or fracturing applications or equivalent material such as ceramic composite beads. Thus, broadly, any essentially spherical particle exhibiting the physical properties necessary for downhole applications and capable of being pyrolytically coated with carbon can be advantageously coated according to the present invention. Typically the particle substrate will be a relatively inert medium which can withstand the temperatures encountered during pyrolytic carbon deposition. This would include by way of example but not limited thereto; sand, ceramic beads, ceramic coated composites, high strength glass beads, petroleum coke and the like. Preferably the particle to be coated is a ceramic coated composite such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,876. Typically for gravel pack well treatment applications, acceptable physical properties for the particulate sand phase include: average specific gravity of 2.65 g/cc ±0.1 maximum (ASTM D792); Krumbein roundness of 0.6 minimum (API RP58, sec.5); Krumbein sphericity of 0.6 minimum (API RP58, sec.5); mud acid solubility at 150° F. for 1 hour of 1.0 weight % maximum (API RP58, sec.6); and crush resistance after 2 minutes @ 2000 psi of a maximum of 8% fines for 8/16 mesh, 4% fines for 12/20 mesh and 2% fines for 16/30, 20/40, 30/50 and 40/60 mesh. The coated particle according to the present invention can be selected to meet or exceed these physical properties with the added advantages of greater chemical stability and selectivity of particle density. The method of coating the particle according to the present invention is categorically a high temperature pyrolysis. As such the particle to be coated is brought into contact with a hydrocarbon, typically in the presence of an inert diluent at elevated temperatures for sufficient time that a uniform layer of carbon is deposited on the external surface of the particle. Preferably the entire particle is encapsulated producing a spherical medium with a pyrolytic carbon coating. In principle the encapsulation process can be accomplished by any conventional pyrolytic method as generally known in the art including by way of example but not limited thereto; dip spinning, spray coating, fluid bed or the like. Typically the carbon coating process consists of using a vertical tube, the bottom end of which gradually reduces in cross section until only a small orifice is left. During deposition of the carbon on the particulate substrate, gas flowing up through the tube is maintained at a flow rate sufficient to suspend the particles; i.e., fluidized bed. Preferably the temperature of the carbon deposition occurs best between 1000° C. and 1700° C. At these temperatures the carbon molecules fuse to form a cystalline structure on the outside surface of the particle. Typically the gas flow involves a gaseous hydrocarbon and an inert gas diluent; for example and preferably, the gas flow into the tube is a mixture of propylene, acetylene or the like, and helium at a flow rate of 10 liters per minute. The tube is heated inductively to achieve the desired temperature in the suspended bed of particles. The orientation of the pyrolytic carbon coating varies with the deposition rate and temperature. At a deposition rate of 0.5 μ of carbon per minute, the carbon deposits in a laminar orientation which is preferred. At a deposition rate of about 2 μ/ minute the carbon deposits anisotropically. In the preferred laminar orientation, the pyrolytically deposited carbon layer is essentially impermeable. The rate of carbon deposition and the density of the coating varies with temperature. Preferably the deposition takes place at a temperature below 1700° C. At such temperatures, carbon layer density will vary from about 1.50 to about 2.05 gm/cc. Typically the thickness of the pyrolytic coating can range from about 5μ to about 200μ and preferably from about 10μ to 150μ. The following example illustrates the pyrolytic carbon coated particles according to the present invention and their improved properties. EXAMPLE I In a manner as described above, 100 gm of a ceramic bead, 30-50 mesh, were pyrolytically coated with carbon by G. A. Technology, Inc. The individual sand grains were entirely encapsulated with approximately a 50μ uniform layer of carbon resulting in essentially a spherical medium. The solubility of the pyrolytic carbon coated medium in a 12 to 3 weight mixture of HCl and HF was tested at two different temperatures. The weight loss after one hour was recorded and compared to the corresponding weight loss for sand without the carbon coating. The resulting data are presented in the following Table I. TABLE I______________________________________Percent Change in Weight After One Hour in 12:3 HCl:HFSample Temperature (°F.) Percent Change______________________________________Ceramic Bead 150 -1.6Ceramic Bead 250 -3.6PyroCarbon Ceramic Bead- 150 050uPyroCarbon Ceramic Bead- 250 050u______________________________________ Clearly the data suggest that the pyrolytic coating of carbon is protecting the sand substrate from acid attack. EXAMPLE II A series of precoated ZrO 2 particles supplied by G. A. Technology, Inc., and ceramic composite spheroids manufactured by 3M, sold under the tradename MACROLITE, characterized by densities ranging from about 0.58 to 2.04, coated pyrolytically with a uniform layer of carbon by G. A. Technology, Inc., were tested in a manner analogous to Example I. During the pyrolysis coating process a mixture of acetylene and/or propylene and helium at a flow rate of 10 1/min was employed at a temperature below 1700° C. The thickness of the coatings of the MACROLITE samples varied from about 5μ to 130∥. Both the chemical and the physical properties of the resulting coated ceramic particles were measured and compared to uncoated particles. The chemical properties of the pyrolytic coated ceramics included solubility in 15% HCl, a 12 to 3 mixture of HCl and HF, toluene and kerosene, while the physical properties included particle density, sieve analysis, crush strength and conductivity. The resulting data are presented in the following Tables. TABLE II______________________________________SOLUBILITY TESTING OF PYROLYTICCARBON MATERIAL(150° F., 1 HOUR & 7 DAYS) Percent Weight Loss in Solvent Kero- CrudeMaterial/Time HCl HCl:HF Toluene sene Oil______________________________________ZrO.sub.2 -core/1 hr -0.08 -4.48 +0.09 +0.22 +0.20ZrO.sub.2 -pyrocarb/ 0.00 +0.04 +0.08 0.00 +0.041 hrZrO.sub.2 -pyrocarb/ -- -- 0.00 0.00 0.007 day______________________________________ TABLE III______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TO12:3 HCl:HF (150° F., 1 HOUR)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(1.03) none -100.0MACROLITE(1.50) none -52.41MACROLITE(1.66) none -13.77MACROLITE(2.04) none -20.07MACROLITE(1.03) 5μ +1.56MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ +3.11MACROLITE(1.03) 50μ +0.01MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ 0.00______________________________________ TABLE IV______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TO15% HCl (150° F., 1 HOUR)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(0.58) none -1.26MACROLITE(1.03) none -1.14MACROLITE(1.50) none -1.40MACROLITE(1.66) none -0.76MACROLITE(1.03) 5μ +1.26MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ +1.81MACROLITE(1.03) 50μ +0.08MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ +0.04______________________________________ TABLE V______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TOTOLUENE (150° F., 1 HOUR)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(0.58) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.03) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.50) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.66) none 0.00MACROLITE(2.04) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.03) 5μ -0.01MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ -0.08MACROLITE(1.03) 50μ 0.00MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ 0.00______________________________________ TABLE VI______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TOKEROSENE (150° F., 1 HOUR)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(1.03) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.50) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.66) none 0.00MACROLITE(2.04 none 0.00MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ -0.04MACROLITE(1.03) 50μ +0.02MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ 0.00______________________________________ TABLE VII______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TOCRUDE OIL (150° F., 1 HOUR)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(1.03) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.50) none 0.00MACROLITE(1.66) none 0.00MACROLITE(2.04 none 0.00MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ -0.04MACROLITE(1.03) 50μ 0.00MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ -0.06______________________________________ TABLE VIII______________________________________CRUSH RESISTANCE(2000 psi for 2 minutes in a 2 inch cell)Particle Coating StrengthMaterial/Density Description (% Crush)______________________________________Gravel(2.65) none 0.1ZrO.sub.2 (5.61) none 0.0ZrO.sub.2 (2.42) pyrocarbon 0.0MACROLITE(1.03) none 74.00MACROLITE(1.50) none 16.4MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ 40.1MACROLITE(1.50) 10μ 18.9MACROLITE(1.50) 50μ 25.6MACROLITE(1.50) 130μ 0.4______________________________________ TABLE IX______________________________________RESISTANCE OF ENCAPSULATED MACROLITE TOCRUDE OIL (30 days, 150° F., 3000 psi)Particle Coating PercentMaterial/Density Thickness Weight Change______________________________________MACROLITE(1.03) 10μ -0.05MACROLITE(1.50) 50μ 0.00______________________________________ Having thus described the invention with a certain degree of particularity, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claims, including a full range of equivalents to which each element thereof is entitled.

A pyrolytic carbon coated particle for use in well fracturing and sand control applications comprising: a thermally stable substantially spherical substrate particle (e.g., ceramic composite bead or the like) and a substantially uniform layer of pyrolytically deposited carbon encapsulating said thermally stable substantially spherical substrate particle. Such carbon coated particles exhibit physical properties superior to materials commonly used in gravel pack and well fracturing operations as well as improved chemical resistance to acids, organics and steam.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to hand power tools. German patent document DE 196 21 610 A1 discloses a hand power tool with a removable tool holder. The hand power tool has a spindle sleeve, in which a base body of the tool holder is insertable and lockable by locking bodies. The locking bodies are non releasably held in the spindle sleeve and are radially covered in a locking position by a securing body. For removing the tool holder, the securing body is displaceable by an actuating sleeve axially to a position which radially releases the locking bodies. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a hand power tool of the above mentioned general type, which is a further improvement of the existing hand power tools. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a hand power tool, in which a tool holder is connectable by its base body releasably with a drive part through at least one locking body. In accordance with the invention, the locking body in its engaging position is radially fixable by a securing body, which is guided by an actuating element for unlocking the tool holder to a position which radially releases the locking bodies. It is proposed that the base body in its locking position is surrounded by at least a part of the drive part. An anvil can form with the drive part gap seal, which protects the drive unit of the hand power tool from dirt. A low wear can be therefore obtained and damages during insertion of the tool can be avoided. Furthermore, the locking bodies can be mounted on the base body of the tool holder and can be easily replaced or changed with the tool holder when needed. In accordance with a further embodiment, it is proposed that in the unlocked condition a component holds the locking body in its unlocking position. The tool holder can be easily mounted on the drive part without displacing the locking body. Furthermore, with the component, a recess of the locking body is preferably radially inwardly closed, and a dirtying in the region of the locking body can be avoided, in particular in the dismounted condition. The locking bodies can be loaded in its unlocking position in the locking direction, and thereby an advantageous acoustic and/or optical signal can be provided which signals to a consumer a reliable connection between the tool holder and the drive part. Furthermore, by the position of the locking body, simply a signal can be released through which an energy supply of the hand power tool is controllable. With the not completely mounted tool holder, the energy supply can be interrupted, a damage to the tool can be reliably prevented, and the user can be protected. Advantageously, several recesses can be arranged over the periphery of the drive part as locking bodies in the base body. Thereby a small turning angle can be obtained during joining the tool holder and the drive part. With the high number of the recesses, the wear of several recesses can be avoided, so that a greater service life can be obtained. For providing automatic turning of the tool holder to the proper location during fitting of the tool holder on the drive part, the base body and the drive part are advantageously connected through at least one set of teeth in the peripheral direction. In the axial direction they can have reduced contact surfaces, or in other words inclined and/or rounded contact surfaces. The teeth can have a flat contact surfaces in the axial direction and can be guided by hand to a proper position. Advantageously the base body and the drive part are connected in a peripheral direction via at least one roller mounted on the base body. Instead of the locking body, advantageously the roller can be used as an abutment for the locking bodies in the dismounted condition of the arrestable component, and the locking bodies can be covered in their unlocking position completely by the component in a structural simple manner. Furthermore, a standard component can be used as a roller, and the rotary transmission can be performed in a cost favorable manner. In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, it is proposed that at least one locking body is used for torque transmission. Additional components, as well as structural space, weight and mounting expenses can be saved, or available rotary transmission element can be supported in its function. For example, the locking body formed as a sphere can be guided in a recess formed as a spherical calotte so that a favorable force transmission can be provided. In order to obtain a small surface pressure, the locking body, in addition to being formed as a sphere, can be also formed with different shapes, for example roller-shaped parallelopiped-shaped, etc. A high torque can be transmitted with a simultaneously reduced wear and higher service life. It is further proposed that the base body has a stepped inner contour to the drive part, and the drive part has a corresponding outer contour. A good guidance and thereby true running are provided by the cylindrical guiding diameter at the front and at the rear receiving region. The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the present invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view showing a section of a hammer drill with a tool holder in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a view showing a section of the inventive tool holder taken along the line II—II in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a view showing an inventive tool holder of FIG. 1 in the engaged condition; FIG. 4 is a view showing a variant of FIG. 1, with rollers for rotation of the tool holder; FIG. 5 is a view showing a section of the inventive tool holder, taken along the line V—V in FIG. 4; and FIG. 6 is a view showing a tool holder of FIG. 4 in the engaged condition. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows an unlocked tool holder 12 of a hammer drill. It is releasably connectable with its base body 14 to a drive part 16 through three locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 shown in FIG. 2 . In their engaging position, the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are readily fixable by a securing ring 20 . The securing ring is guidable via an actuating sleeve 22 to a position which radially releases the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 . The drive part 16 has a spindle sleeve 110 , in which an anvil 74 is guided. The spindle sleeve 110 is mounted via a clamping ring 108 in a hammer tube 106 . The spindle sleeve 110 and the hammer tube 106 can be formed of one piece with one another. In accordance with the present invention, the base body 14 of the tool holder 12 in a locking position surrounds the spindle sleeve 110 shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 . The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are arranged in the base body 14 and held in their unlocking position via a component formed as a securing sleeve 24 . The securing sleeve 24 is loaded with a helical spring 112 in direction of the drive part 16 . It is supported with one end on the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 and fixes them in their radially outer position. The securing ring 20 has a first region 118 with a smaller inner diameter and a second region 122 with a greater inner diameter. A transition between the diameters is performed through an incline 120 . The securing ring 20 abuts radially outwardly against the actuating sleeve 22 . In the unlocking position, the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 act as an abutment for the securing ring 22 which is loaded in direction of the drive part 16 by a helical spring 124 . The helical spring 124 is supported with one end via a ring 126 and a clamping ring 128 against the base body 14 . The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are loaded radially inwardly in their locking directions 28 , 60 , 62 via an incline 120 formed of the safety ring 20 . The base body 14 and the drive part 16 are connectable through a set of teeth 30 in the peripheral direction. It has contact surfaces 32 which are narrowed or inclined in an axial direction. The spindle sleeve 110 of the drive part 16 has spherical-calotte-shaped recesses 82 , for receiving the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 in their engaging position. Thereby they are usable for the torque transmission. Several recesses 82 are arranged over the periphery of the spindle sleeve 110 as locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 , in the base body 14 . Furthermore, the base body 14 has an inner contour 38 which is stepped to the spindle sleeve 110 , and the spindle 110 forms a gap seal 80 with the anvil 74 . When the base body 14 is fitted on the spindle sleeve 110 , the teeth 30 with their contact surfaces 32 which face in the axial direction and are narrowing, lead the base body 14 automatically in the correct locking position to the corresponding recesses 100 of the spindle sleeve 110 . When the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are located over the recesses 82 , the securing sleeve 24 is supported against an abutment 134 of the spindle sleeve 110 and displaced against the spring force of the helical spring 112 in direction 114 , so that the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are radially inwardly released. The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are pressed by the helical spring 124 via the incline 120 of the safety ring 20 , radially inwardly into the recesses 26 , 34 , 36 . The helical spring 124 displaces the safety ring 20 with the region 118 radially over the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 and secures them in their locking positions. The securing ring 20 is supported in direction of the drive part 16 via a clamping ring 104 which is mounted in the actuating sleeve 22 , through the actuating sleeve 22 , and through a projection 88 formed on the actuating sleeve 22 , against the ring 126 . The ring 126 is supported via a projection 132 against the base body 14 . FIG. 3 shows the tool holder 12 which is fitted on the drive part 16 and engaged. A tool receptacle 116 for the tool with a grooved shaft is arranged in the base body 14 . The tool receptacle 116 has a radially displaceable locking body 19 formed as a locking ball 94 . It is guidable in the grooves of the tool which are closed on the shaft end, and is held in its locking position by a locking ring 98 which is axially movable within certain limits and by a holding plate 96 . The locking ring 98 is loaded via the holding plate 96 with a spring 84 in direction of its locking position. In the locking position of the locking ball 94 the locking ring 98 radially overlaps the locking ball 94 and the holding plate 96 secures the locking ball 94 with a projection in an axial direction. During insertion of the tool, the locking ball 94 is displaced by the shaft end of the tool in a longitudinal slot 90 in an insertion direction. The holding plate 96 is displaced on its projection over the locking ball 94 against the spring 84 . Between the locking spring 98 and the holding plate 96 there is a free space, in which the locking ball 94 can be radially outwardly deviated. The tool can be therefore inserted. Subsequently, the pre-stressed spring 84 displaces the holding plate 96 to its initial position and presses the locking ball 94 in the groove of the tool. For protecting the tool receptacle 116 from dirt, a rubber cap 86 with sealing lips 76 , 78 is mounted in the front region of the base body 14 . For removing the tool, an actuating sleeve 130 displaces the locking ring 98 against the holding plate 96 and against the spring 84 which loads the holding plate 26 . Therefore the locking balls 94 can deviate radially outwardly and the tool can be removed. After this, the spring 84 presses the holding plate 26 , the locking plate 96 , the locking ring 28 and the locking ball 94 back to their initial positions. The connection between the tool holder 12 and the drive part 16 is separated, by displacing the actuating sleeve 22 in direction 114 of the tool receptacle 116 . Via the clamping ring 104 which is mounted on the actuating sleeve 22 , the securing ring 20 is axially displaced in direction 114 of the tool receptacle 116 against the spring force of the helical spring 124 , until the securing ring 20 with its second region 122 radially outwardly releases the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 . The securing sleeve 24 which is loaded by the helical spring 112 presses against the abutment 134 of the spindle sleeve 110 and supports the pulling out of the tool holder 12 . The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 during the axial movement of the tool holder 12 are pressed radially outwardly by the calotte-shaped recesses 82 and held in their radially outer position by the securing ring 20 . The connection between the drive part 16 and the tool holder 12 is opened, and the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are fixed so that they can not be lost. The spring-loaded securing ring 20 abuts with its incline 120 against the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 and loads them in their locking directions 28 , 60 , 62 . FIGS. 4-6 show further embodiment of the hammer drill with a tool holder 72 and a drive part 50 . Substantially the same remaining parts are identified with the same reference numerals. The differences between the embodiment of FIGS. 4-6 and the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 are described herein below. With respect to the remaining functions and features, the description of FIGS. 1-3 can be utilized in this embodiment as well. In contrast to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the tool holder 72 has a base body 52 which is connectable in a peripheral direction with a spindle sleeve 102 of the drive part 50 , instead of the teeth 30 through three rollers 54 , 56 , 58 which are mounted on the base body 52 . The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 , and the rollers 54 , 56 , 58 are arranged in the recesses 46 , 48 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 70 of the base body 52 as shown in FIG. 5 . The recesses 66 , 68 , 70 of the rollers 54 , 56 , 58 are radially inwardly narrowed, and thereby the rollers 54 , 56 , 58 are limited radially inwardly with respect to their movement. The rollers 54 , 56 , 58 are held radially outwardly by a ring 10 . The locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 are held in their radially outer position or unlocking positions via the securing ring 24 , which is loaded via a helical spring 92 in direction of the drive part 50 and is supported on the rollers 54 , 56 , 58 . The securing sleeve 24 closes the recesses 26 , 34 , 36 of the locking bodies 18 , 42 , 44 radially inwardly. It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above. While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in hand power tool, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention.

A hand power tool has a tool holder with a base body; a drive part; at least one locking body for connecting the base body of the tool holder with the drive part; a securing body which radially fixes the at least one locking body in an engaging position; an actuating element operative for unlocking the tool holder and guiding the securing body to a position which radially releases the locking body, the base body in a locking position surrounding at least a part of the drive part.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention In general, the present invention relates to devices that attach to a person's dominant hand in order to cause that person to favor their non-dominant hand when performing a specific task. More particularly, the present invention is related to devices that attach to a person's dominant hand that reduce a person's control of that hand when playing the game of basketball. 2. Description of the Prior Art By natural design, most people have a dominant hand, that is, they are either right handed or left handed. When performing most tasks, a person favors his/her dominant hand. As a result, the dominant hand and arm are used more often than are the opposite hand and arm. The dominant hand and arm, therefore, tend to be stronger than the non-dominant hand and arm. Furthermore, a person's hand-to-eye coordination tends to be greater with the dominant hand and arm, than with their non-dominant hand and arm. There are many sports that require a person to use both of their hands at different times. In such sports, a person who is ambidextrous has a distinct advantage over his/her competitors. For example, in the game of basketball, a person who can dribble, shoot and pass with either hand has an advantage over a competitor who can only dribble, shoot and pass with their dominant hand. One of the most effective ways to promote ambidexterity is to impede the performance of a person's dominant hand. In this manner, a person has no option but to use their non-dominant hand. Trainers for many different sports often cause athletes to train with their dominant hand restrained. This causes the athlete to use only their non-dominant hands. The continued use of the non-dominant hand increases the strength of the non-dominant hand and increases an athlete's hand-to-eye coordination with that hand. With repeated training, the performance of an athlete's non-dominant hand and arm can be brought into par with that of the athlete's dominant hand and arm. A problem associated with the training technique of restraining the dominant hand is that technique can only be used in non-competitive situations. Obviously, a basketball player cannot play effectively against an opponent with one arm restrained. As a result, the restraining of the dominant hand is only an option during practice. However, many sports, such as basketball, are team sports where the players interact with one another during practice. In such team sports, it would be both dangerous to the player and counter productive to the team for one player to restrain one of his/her arms during practice. A need therefore exists for a device and method that causes a person to favor their non-dominant hand when playing a sport without restraining the dominant hand or arm. This need is met by the present invention as is described and claimed below. The present invention is a glove that fits onto the dominant hand and lowers the dexterity of that hand to a level below that of the non-dominant hand. In the prior art record, there are many different types of devices that attach to a person's hand for the general purpose of sports training. However, these prior art devices are typically designed to improve a person's hand-to-eye coordination, or otherwise train the hand to maintain some theoretically correct position. Such prior art devices are exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,447 to Brown, entitled, Basketball Player's Training Glove; U.S. Pat. No. 3,707,730 to Slider, entitled, Basketball Practice Glove; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,581,312 to Nickels, entitled Basketball Training Glove. The Applicant is unaware of any prior art glove that is designed to intentionally decrease a person's hand-to-eye coordination by preventing a hand from conforming to certain configurations. Accordingly, the present invention is believed to be useful, novel and an advancement in the art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a glove assembly that is designed to diminish the usefulness of a person's dominant hand to a point below that of the non-dominant hand, but not so low as to render the dominant hand unusable. The glove assembly includes a glove with a palmward surface that covers the palm of a hand and most of the palmward surface of the fingers. A convex protrusion extends from the palmward surface of the glove. The convex protrusion covers at least a majority of the palmward surface, wherein the convex protrusion covers a majority of the palm and the fingers. The convex protrusion prevents the palmward surface of the overall glove assembly from being configured into a concave configuration, regardless of the orientation of the hand within the glove. Since the palmward surface of the glove assembly cannot become concave, the glove assembly decreases the ability of a person to grasp and manipulate the curved surface of a ball. As a result, when a person wears the glove and plays a sport that requires the manipulation of a ball, the usefulness of the hand with the glove is diminished. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following description of exemplary embodiments thereof, considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention device shown in use on a person's hand; FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 1, viewed along section line 2 — 2 ; and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the Present invention device; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a second alternate embodiment of the present invention device; and DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Although the present invention can be used to improve a person's coordination in their non-dominant hand for playing many different sports, such as football, volleyball, water polo and the like, the present invention is particularly advantageous for use in training for basketball. Consequently, by way of example, the present invention device and method will be described in conjunction with training for the sport of basketball. Such a description is merely exemplary of the best mode contemplated for the device and should not be regarded as a limitation as to the claimed uses of the device. Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the present invention glove device 10 is shown. The glove device 10 can be either a right handed glove or a left handed glove. In the shown embodiment, a left handed glove is shown. The glove device 10 should be worn on the dominant hand of the wearer. The glove device 10 defines a central pocket through which a person's hand passes. That central pocket has a palm section 12 that covers the palm of the hand. The glove device 10 also has appendages 14 through which the fingers of the hand pass. The appendages 14 can cover the entire finger, if desired. However, in the shown embodiment, the finger appendages 14 are truncated so that each appendage 14 terminates in the area above the proximal phalange of each finger. The palm section 12 of the glove device 10 and the palmward side of the finger appendages 14 are collectively referred to at the palmward side 15 of the glove device 10 . The glove device 10 can be made of most any material. However, since the glove device 10 is intended to be worn when playing a sport, it is desired that the glove device 10 be made of a material that has elastic properties. As such, the glove device 10 closely conforms to the contours of the hand and will not inadvertently fall away from the hand when a sport is being played. Referring to FIG. 1, in conjunction with FIG. 2, it can be seen that a convex structure 16 is present on the palmward side 15 of the glove device 10 . When the glove device 10 is worn, the convex structure 16 extends from the base of the palm towards the tips of the fingers at the top of the glove device 10 , thereby extending the whole length of the palmward side 15 of the glove device 10 . Referring solely to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the convex structure 16 reaches its maximum thickness T at a point proximate the center of the palmward side 15 of the glove device 10 . The maximum thickness T preferably being between one half inch and three inches, however, larger values could also be used. The convex structure 16 has an outer material skin that is preferably made of the same material as is the remainder of the glove device 10 . However, the body of the convex structure 16 is fabricated from an elastomeric material, such as foam rubber or silicon rubber. When the glove device 10 is worn, the convex structure 16 extends outwardly from the palmward surface 15 of the glove device 10 and therefore the palmward side of the hand. The hand within the glove device 10 is unrestricted in its ability to move. When the glove device 10 is worn each finger can move, as can the palm. However, the area in front of the palm is occupied by the convex structure 16 . The convex structure 16 is flexible so it does not restrict any movement of the hand. However, the presence of the convex structure 16 in the palm of the hand prevents the palmward surface 15 of the overall glove device 10 from being configured into a concave orientation, regardless of the manipulations of the hand. As a result, the convex structure 16 makes it difficult for the hand to engage and manipulate curved surfaces, such as the surface of a basketball. When a person dribbles or shoots a basketball, a person conforms his/her hand to match the curvature of the basketball. By configuring the hand in such a manner, a person has better contact with the basketball and better control of the basketball. Utilizing the glove device 10 , a person cannot conform their dominant hand to match the curvature of the basketball. The convex structure 16 on the glove device 10 always remains in a convex configuration regardless of how the hand is manipulated. Accordingly, when a person is wearing the glove device 10 on their dominant hand, the ability of that person to accurately dribble the basketball, pass the basketball or shoot the basketball with their dominant hand is greatly reduced. The decrease in hand dexterity created by the glove device 10 causes the performance of a person's dominant hand to fall below that of their non-dominant hand. As a result, a person's naturally non-dominant hand will become that person's temporary dominant hand. A person will then begin to rely upon their naturally non-dominant hand more and more, thereby increasing that person's coordination with their non-dominant hand. The size of the glove device 10 can be altered to match the needs of a particular person. The larger the glove device 10 and the convex structure 16 that extends from the glove device 10 , the harder it is for a person to control a ball with the gloved hand. Referring to FIG. 3, it can be seen that the glove device 20 can cover the entire hand. Accordingly, the glove device 20 has a palm section 22 that covers the entire palm and appendages 24 that cover the entire length of each of the fingers. The convex structure 26 extends from the palm section 22 from the base of the palm to the tips of the fingers. Accordingly, a person bending his/her fingers forward would cause the convex structure 26 to buckle further outwardly. The result would be that the convex structure 26 would greatly increase the difficulty of manipulating a ball with the gloved hand. Large glove devices, such as is shown in FIG. 3, greatly reduce the ability of a person to accurately control a ball. Such sized glove devices are therefore only needed for individuals that have great disparity between their dominant hand and their non-dominate hand. The large degree of difficulty added by the large glove device is needed to reduce the coordination of the dominant hand to a level below that of the non-dominant hand. However, many people do not have a large disparity between their dominant hand and their non-dominant hand. With such people, large glove devices are not necessary. Rather, smaller glove devices, such as is shown in FIG. 4, can be used. Referring to FIG. 4, it can be seen that the glove device 40 can be configured so that the appendage segments 42 of the glove extend only partially up the length of the fingers. Furthermore, the convex structure 44 is smaller and extends only from the base of the palm to the top of the palm. This smaller size of the glove device 40 disrupts a person's use of his/her dominant hand to a lesser degree. Accordingly, by varying the size of the glove device and the convex structure, the degree to which the glove device effects the performance of the dominant hand can be controlled. Referring now to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the present invention glove device 50 is shown. In this embodiment, the glove device 50 is a two piece structure comprised of a glove 52 and a palm attachment 54 . The glove 52 can be any standard glove with the modification of at least one patch of a hook and loop fastener material 56 being attached to the palm of the glove 52 . The palm attachment 54 is a semispherical structure having a flat surface and a convex surface. At least one patch of hook and loop material 58 is attached to the flat surface of the palm attachment 54 . The hook and loop fastener material 58 on the palm attachment 54 engages the hook and loop fastener material 56 on the palm of the glove 52 , thereby selectively attaching the palm attachment 54 to the glove 42 . When the palm attachment 54 is attached to the glove 52 , the convex surface of the palm attachment 44 extends from the palm of the glove 52 , thereby producing an assembly that performs in the sam e manner as the embodiment of FIG. 1 . However, by ma king the palm attachment 54 separable from the glove 52 , palm attachments 54 of different sizes can be selectively attached to the glove 52 . The present invention glove device 50 is supposed to lower a person's dominant hand coordination to a point just below that of their non-dominant hand. With different people, the amount of coordination reduction will differ. As such, different people may require different degrees of obstruction on their dominant hands. By making the semispherical palm attachment 54 separate from the glove 52 , different sized palm attachments can be attached to the glove 52 . As a result, a person can use a palm attachment 54 of the size and configuration that meets that person's needs. In the shown embodiment, the palm attachment 54 is only slightly larger than the palm of the hand. Accordingly, the palm attachment does not extend significantly over the fingers. Such a configuration would provide a player with more control over a basketball than was available from the embodiment of FIG. 1 . However, if the player's dexterity is similar between his/her dominant hand and non-dominant hand, the smaller palm attachment 54 may be all that is needed to reduce the dexterity of the dominant hand below that of the non-dominant hand. It should be understood that the specifics of the present invention described above illustrates only exemplary embodiments of the present invention. A person skilled in the art can therefore make numerous alterations and modifications to the shown embodiments utilizing functionally equivalent components to those shown and described. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

A glove assembly that is designed to diminish the usefulness of a person's dominant hand to a point below that of the non-dominant hand, but not so low as to render the dominant hand unusable. The glove assembly includes a glove with a palmward surface. A convex protrusion extends from the palmward surface of the glove and covers at least a majority of the palmward surface. The convex protrusion prevents the palm of the overall glove assembly from being configured into a concave configuration, regardless of the orientation of the hand within the glove. Since the palm of the glove assembly cannot become concave, the glove assembly decreases the ability of a person to grasp and manipulate the curved surface of a ball.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the field of geometry known as tessellation, which has been defined as the covering of prescribed areas with tiles of prescribed shapes. Practical applications of this field include the design of paving and wall-coverings, the production of toys and games, and educational tools. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Perhaps the simplest and best-known form of tessellation is the jig-saw puzzle, in which a very simple shape, such as a rectangle or a circle, is covered with a multitude of pieces of irregular and usually distinct shape. A major characteristic of a jig-saw puzzle is the fact that it can only be assembled in one particular way. More sophisticated forms of tessellation have included the use of identical pieces which may be arranged to form a variety of shapes, such as so-called "polyominoes". A recent form of tessellation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,152 to Penrose. An example of polyominoes is the set of 29 different "pentacubes" which--when supplemented by a single extra pentacube which is a duplicate of one of the set of 29--forms bricks of four different shapes, each of volume equal to 150 unit cubes. This is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,065,970 to Besley, Nov. 27, 1962. Three-dimensional puzzles have also been devised making use of sets of pieces derived from simple solid shapes, such as Piet Hein's Soma cube sold by Parker Brothers. SUMMARY The present invention differs from all tessellation schemes of the prior art, in that the set of tiles of the invention is composed of distinct pieces which can be arranged in a variety of ways to form the identical regular polygon having an even number of sides. While the set may be constructed relatively easily, the number of ways in which the regular polygon may be formed therefrom increases rapidly for increasing numbers of sides of the polygon. Sets of tiles in accordance with the invention may thus be used to construct a hierarchy of puzzles having widely differing complexity. The tiles of the invention may also be used as a game, for educational purposes, and in the arrangement of aesthetic designs. The set of tiles of the invention is prepared by preparation of a set of rhombuses in a known way from a regular polygon having an even number of sides. This preparation step yields an inventory of rhombuses, many of which are distinct from each other, but some of which are the same as other rhombuses in the inventory. As a first step in the preparation of the set of tiles of the invention, one specimen of each rhombus shape is selected from the inventory. These rhombuses form part of the set of tiles of the invention. The remaining tiles in the set of the invention are prepared by combining the shapes which are found in the inventory into pairs in accordance with certain prescribed rules. This could be done by using the rhombuses already selected, each of which has a distinct shape, as models for additional rhombuses, and thus building up an ample supply of rhombuses for use in pair formation. However, it is a very remarkable coincidence that the rhombuses which are left in the inventory after the selection of the single rhombuses is precisely the correct number of specimens for formation of the rhombus-pairs in accordance with the invention. This is quite remarkable because, as will appear from the following detailed description of the invention, the rules for pair formation are quite independent of the source of the inventory of rhombuses used therefor. In addition to arranging the set of tiles of the invention to form a regular polygon, the same set of tiles may also be arranged so as to form a closed domain which can constitute a lattice unit cell for a repeating pattern. This is a striking property of the set of tiles of the invention, since the lattice unit cell thus formed is in all but two cases not the regular polygon from which the set of tiles was derived. The repeating pattern thus formed is useful in the formation of patterns for wallpaper and the like. A plurality of sets of tiles in accordance with the invention may be arranged, not only into a corresponding plurality of regular polygons, but also into the form of one such polygon surrounded by one or more nested rings. Thus, a regular polygon formed from a set of tiles of the invention may be surrounded by three additional sets of such tiles to form an enlarged regular polygon, the enlarged polygon thus formed may be surrounded by five still additional sets of such tiles to form a still larger regular polygon. Thus, the set of tiles of the invention has interesting and useful properties beyond those of the simple formation of a regular polygon in a variety of ways. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention may best be understood from the following detailed description thereof, having reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a plan view of an assembly of tiles arranged into a regular polygon in accordance with the invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view of a set of rhombuses from which the tiles shown in FIG. 1 may be constructed. Referring to the drawings, and first to FIG. 1 therein is shown a set of tiles constructed according to my invention and arranged upon a regular polygon having sixteen sides. Each tile is distinct from all the other tiles. The same set of tiles can be arranged in different ways to form the same polygon. The number of ways of so arranging the tiles of FIG. 1 is in excess of two hundred. Each tile in FIG. 1 is constructed from one or two rhombuses. Whenever two rhombuses are combined to form a tile of the invention, no two edges at any vertex may be collinear. This results in the fact that each vertex at which the two rhombuses join may readily be seen in the resulting tile because an angle is formed in the tile. Thus, among the tiles of FIG. 1, tiles 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been formed from a single rhombus, and the remaining tiles have been formed from a pair of rhombuses. Of the remaining tiles, tiles 5, 6, and 7 have been formed from a square and another rhombus; tiles 8, 9, and 10 have been formed from two identical rhombuses; and the remaining tiles 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 have been formed from two non-identical rhombuses. Among tiles 11-16, tiles 11 and 15, 12 and 13, and 14 and 16 form pairs of "fraternal twins" because the two rhombuses of which each member of the pair is composed are identical to the rhombuses of which the other member of the pair is composed; however, the arrangement of the pair results in two distinct tiles. For any regular polygon having an even number of sides, a set of tiles may be constructed in accordance with the invention in the following manner. First, the regular polygon is dissected into a set of rhombuses in the following manner. The four sides of each rhombus will, of course, have the same length as any side of the regular polygon. If the number of sides of the polygon p is equal to 4q, where q is any integer (i.e. a so-called "evenly even" number of sides), then the set of rhombuses will include q different species of rhombus, of which there are q squares and 2q of each of the other (q-1) species of rhombus. The total number of rhombuses is thus q(2q-1). When formed into a set of tiles in accordance with the invention, the total number of tiles in the set is q 2 . Each species of rhombus may be designated by its smaller face angle, which must be an integral multiple of 360°/p wherein the integer is not greater than q. The set of rhombuses which is used to form the set of tiles of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2. Referring thereto, squares are shown at 4, 5a, 6a, and 7a. Since in the polygon of FIG. 2 p is 16, q must be 4 and so there are 4 squares. The square represents the case in which the smaller angle of the rhombus is 90°, which is an integral multiple of 360/p in which the integer is 4(i.e., q). There should be 2q, or 8, rhombuses of the species in which the smaller angle is 360°/p times 3 (67.5°), and these are shown in FIG. 2 at 3, 6b, 8a, 8b, 11a, 12a, 13a, and 15a. There should be 2q, or 8, rhombuses of the species in which the smaller angle is 360°/p times 2 (45°), and these are shown in FIG. 2 at 2, 5b, 9a, 9b, 11b, 14a, 15b, and 16a. There should be 2q, or 8, rhombuses of the species in which the smaller angle is 360°/p times 1 (22.5°), and these are shown in FIG. 2 at 1, 7b, 10a, 10b, 12b, 13b, 14b, and 16b. While the complete set of rhombuses is shown in FIG. 2 as being arranged in the regular polygon, this is only to aid in an understanding of the invention. In order to construct the set of rhombuses from the regular polygon, it is not necessary to arrange them in any particular way, since the complete information for constructing the set of rhombuses, given hereinabove, is quite independent of any particular arrangement thereof. Having constructed the requisite set of rhombuses, the set of tiles is constructed in accordance with the invention in the following manner. First, one specimen of each distinct rhombus is selected from the set of rhombuses as a tile. Referring to FIG. 1, tiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been formed from a single rhombus; and, of course, this is the total number of distinct rhombuses shown in FIG. 2. The remaining tiles are constructed from pairs of the remaining rhombuses of the set in FIG. 2, bearing in mind that no two edges at any vertex may be collinear. This automatically means that no two squares may form a tile, and so we may construct an additional 3 tiles by combining a square with each of the other rhombus species. Referring to FIG. 1, tiles 5, 6 and 7 have been formed from a square and each of the other species of rhombus. Next, we may construct an additional 3 tiles by combining each of the non-square rhombus species with a rhombus identical thereto, thereby forming what I call an "identical twin" or "chevron". Referring to FIG. 1, tiles 8, 9, and 10 are identical twins or chevrons. Each of the remaining rhombuses may be formed into a tile by combining it with a rhombus of different species in either of two ways, thereby forming two distinct "isomeric" forms of fraternal twin. For example, tile 11 in FIG. 1 has been formed by combining rhombus 11a and rhombus 11b in such a way as to form the "short" form of the fraternal twin, while tile 15 in FIG. 1 has been formed by combining the same two species of rhombus in such a way as to form the "long" form of the fraternal twin. Tile 12 is the "short" form of a fraternal twin of which the "long" form is tile 13. Tile 14 is the "short" form of a fraternal twin of which the "long" form is tile 16. Although the construction of the tiles of FIG. 1 has been explained hereinabove making reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, it is clear from the foregoing that the construction of the tiles from the set of rhombuses can easily be accomplished without reference to the regular polygon which is to form the basis for the tessellation pattern. It should be noted that, although the combination of a square with another species of rhombus might be regarded as a fraternal twin, the other fraternal twin corresponding thereto is the mirror image of the first, and so only one tile is formed from the combination of a square with any other species of rhombus. In the foregoing description of the dissection of the 16-shaped polygon of FIGS. 1 and 2, the rules applicable to a polygon of 4q sides were followed. The only other possible polygons having an even number of sides are those in which the number of sides is equal to 4(q+1/2). In such a case the set of rhombuses will include q different species of rhombus and 2q+1) specimens of each species. The total number of rhombuses is thus q(2q+1). When formed into a set of tiles in accordance with the invention, the total number of tiles in the set is q(q+1). As in the case of the so-called evenly-even-sided polygon, each species of rhombus may be designated by its smaller face angle, which must be an integral multiple of 360°/p wherein the integer is not greater than q. The largest possible such angle is therefore less than 90°, and so none of the rhombuses are square. It is apparent from the foregoing that the set of rhombuses necessary to form the set of tiles can readily be constructed, and the construction of the tiles from the set of rhombuses can easily be accomplished, all without reference to the regular polygon which is to form the basis for the tessellation pattern. That is to say, it is not necessary to solve the tiling puzzle in order to construct the set of tiles. The restriction imposed on rhombus-pair formation in accordance with the invention, to the effect that no two edges at any vertex may be collinear, is an important one, because if any pair so formed is used as one tile of the set of tiles, the formation of the desired regular polygon cannot be completed. Having thus described the principles of the invention, together with illustrative embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense,, and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.

A set of tiles for covering a regular polygon having an even number of sides is composed of tiles each of which is distinct from the other tiles in the set. The tiles in the set may be combined so as to form the regular polygon in a number of ways which increases very rapidly with increasing numbers of sides. The tiles of the invention may be used as a recreational puzzle, as a game, as an educational tool, for aesthetic purposes, and for a variety of other uses.