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The CO2 atmosphere is the least of your worries. Temperature on Venus is hot enough to melt lead, one day is 243 earth days, clouds made of sulphuric acid and a pressure 90 times greater than that on earth's surface. It would be hard to conceive of a single celled organism that could survive the conditions on Venus, let alone complex plant life.

since venus' atmosphere is mostly co_2, making it too hot for human life, what is preventing us from introducing high tolerance plant life to convert the co_2 into oxygen, to make it inhabitable?

<P> A number of approaches to terraforming are reviewed by Martyn J. Fogg (1995) and by Geoffrey A. Landis (2011). Eliminating the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere The main problem with Venus today, from a terraformation standpoint, is the very thick carbon dioxide atmosphere. The ground level pressure of Venus is 9.2 MPa (1,330 psi). This also, through the greenhouse effect, causes the temperature on the surface to be several hundred degrees too warm for any known lifeforms. Basically, all approaches to the terraforming of Venus include somehow getting rid of practically all the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Biological approaches The method proposed <P> carbon dioxide would trap incoming solar radiation. Because the raised temperature would add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the two processes would augment each other. Carbon dioxide alone would not suffice to sustain a temperature above the freezing point of water, so a mixture of specialized greenhouse molecules might be manufactured. Venus Terraforming Venus requires two major changes; removing most of the planet's dense 9 MPa (1,300 psi) carbon dioxide atmosphere and reducing the planet's 450 °C (842 °F) surface temperature. These goals are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is thought to be due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense atmosphere. <P> planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick—the high atmospheric pressure would result in an "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder. This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that was fixed

> On its way to full deuterium-tritium operation, ITER will experiment with a succession of "non-nuclear" plasma fuels. > Spread over a period of roughly seven years, hydrogen, helium (with a variable proportion of hydrogen) and deuterium campaigns—interspersed with maintenance and upgrade periods—will provide operators with the necessary know-how to run the machine, commission its components, and control its plasma before entering nuclear operation.

the iter fusion experiment is planned to be finished with assembly by 2021 but not start fusing until 2035. why a 14 year gap?

<P> reactors. In addition, progress in the development of advanced, low activation structural materials supports the promise of environmentally benign fusion reactors and research into alternate confinement concepts is yielding the promise of future improvements in confinement. Finally, supporters contend that other potential replacements to the fossil fuels have environmental issues of their own. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power all have a relatively low power output per square kilometer compared to ITER's successor DEMO which, at 2,000 MW, would have an energy density that exceeds even large fission power stations. Similar projects Precursors to ITER were EAST, SST-1, KSTAR, JET, and <P> the actively cooled plasma-facing components In 1997, JET produced a peak of 16.1MW of fusion power (65% of heat to plasma), with fusion power of over 10MW sustained for over 0.5 sec. Its successor, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), was officially announced as part of a seven-party consortium (six countries and the EU). ITER is designed to produce ten times more fusion power than the power put into the plasma. ITER is currently under construction in Cadarache, France. In the late nineties, a team at Columbia University and MIT developed the Levitated dipole a fusion device which consisted of a superconducting electromagnet, <P> reactor. Organization history ITER began in 1985 as a Reagan–Gorbachev initiative with the equal participation of the Soviet Union, the European Atomic Energy Community, the United States, and Japan through the 1988–1998 initial design phases. Preparations for the first Gorbachev-Reagan Summit showed that there were no tangible agreements in the works for the summit. One energy research project, however, was being considered quietly by two physicists, Alvin Trivelpiece and Evgeny Velikhov. The project involved collaboration on the next phase of magnetic fusion research — the construction of a demonstration model. At the time, magnetic fusion research was ongoing in Japan, Europe,

There's no way the SNP can get a majority in the UK Parliament. They are only contesting 59 out of 650 seats (the ones in Scotland). So there is no realistic way Nicola Sturgeon can become PM. She actually isn't standing for election herself anyway, because she is a member of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish First Minister already. Her aim is for the SNP to support a Labour government. But since Labour probably won't get a majority, it means Labour will often find themselves needing to get the SNP to agree with them to be able to get bills passed.

what happens if the snp are voted for in the general election?

<P> Nicola Sturgeon retained her post as First Minister under an SNP minority government. 2017 United Kingdom general election The SNP underperformed against polling expectations, losing 21 seats to bring their Westminster MPs down to 35. In what was largely attributed to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a significant swing to the Unionist parties, with seats being gained by the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a significant reduction in their majorities in the seats they did manage to retain. High-profile losses included: SNP House of Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former <P> asked, I'll decline, if nominated, I'll defer, and if elected, I'll resign". Nicola Sturgeon then withdrew from the contest and declared her support for Salmond and decided to stand for Deputy Leader. This resulted in Kenny MacAskill pulling out of the race for deputy and declaring his support for Salmond and Sturgeon, leaving Sturgeon standing against Fergus Ewing and Christine Grahame. Shortly after Salmond and Sturgeon announced they were running on a joint ticket. The campaign for leader was characterised by being a low-key affair. Salmond remained firm favourite to win back the leadership of the SNP. There remained greater doubt as <P> have an absolute majority. Between 1999 and 2007, the Scottish Executive was formed by a Labour and Liberal Democrat coalition, with the leader of Scottish Labour serving as First Minister and the leader of the Scottish Lib Dems serving as Deputy First Minister. Although the Scottish National Party (SNP) formed a single party minority administration following the 2007 election, the post was not abolished despite there being no need to recognise the status of a second party leader, instead being given to the SNP's depute leader, Nicola Sturgeon. When Sturgeon became First Minister, the party's depute leader, Stewart Hosie, was

This is pure conjecture, but perhaps it is a relic of past times when the value of a coin was tied to the value of the metal used to make it. Gold is the most valuable, so you could have a $5, $10, $20, etc coin, with the value determined by how much gold is in it. Silver is less valuable, and in the US, quarters were silver until 1965. For the smaller denominations, nickel or copper are used, these being metals of even lesser value. I would imagine a couple hundred years ago when the US and Canada started making their coins, the amount and type of metal used to make a coin of a certain value would have been similar, so the size, shape and color of each coin is the same. Now that it's all fiat money anyway, all the coins are made with less valuable materials, but the basic design of each coin has remained the same.

why are the united states' coins and canada's coins basically the same size, shape, and color? what happened that the two countries decided this would be a good idea?

<P> Coins of the Canadian dollar Denominations There are six denominations of Canadian circulation coinage in production: 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, and $2. Officially they are each named according to their value (e.g. "10-cent piece"), but in practice only the 50-cent piece is known by that name. The three smallest coins are known by the traditional names "nickel" (5¢), "dime" (10¢), and "quarter" (25¢), and the one-dollar and two-dollar coins are called the "loonie" (for the loon depiction on the reverse) and the "toonie" (a portmanteau of "two" and "loonie") respectively. The production of the Canadian 1-cent piece (known as <P> of British North America started issuing their own coins denominated in cents, featuring the likeness of Queen Victoria on the obverse. These replaced the sterling coins previously in circulation. The Province of Canada was the first to issue decimal coins. They were based on the value of the American dollar, due to an influx of American silver. Denominations issued were 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, and 20¢. The 1¢ coin was issued again in 1859, but it was very unpopular due to its extremely light weight. The coins had to be discounted by around 20% to get them into circulation. Other <P> most of the 50-cent coins from 1920 and 1921 were melted (amounting to approximately 480,392 coins). The reason for the melting was that new coins were needed for 1929 and if coins from 1920 and 1921 were released into circulation, people would suspect counterfeit coins. According to legend, only 50 of these coins still exist (with only 3 known in mint state), and most of those are from Specimen Sets that were sold to people who visited the RC Mint. Victory nickel (Tombac 1943–1944) (Steel 1944–1945) The 5-cent piece underwent a design change for the first time since 1937 when the

So, to fire a gun there is a firing pin, which you can see in this gif striking the back of a cartridge, igniting the powder and firing the gun. *Most* cartridges are center fire, with a primer in the middle (the silvery middle part of the back of a cartridge) but some are rim fire. Here is an illustration of the difference, and here is a picture of the two. The firing pin hits the primer, which ignites the powder, which fires the bullet. But it's not just a light tap, it has to strike with a decent amount of force. In order to do that, the hammer (the part you cock back on a pistol, highlighted here is spring-loaded. When you cock it, the hammer is pulled against the spring and held in place until you pull the trigger, which releases the hammer, which hits the firing pin (or is attached to it), which hits the primer...etc. There are two ways dropping a handgun can cause it to fire. If the hammer is cocked and you drop it, you may jar the hammer so that it slips past the mechanism holding it back, in which case it slams into the firing pin just like it's supposed to do, as if you had pulled the trigger. That is not good, and it's also why you should never keep your firearm cocked until you're ready to use it. But as u/NO_LATTE_NO_PEACE pointed out, many pistols are double-action, so you don't have to cock the hammer first. The hammer is cocked *as you pull the trigger* until you reach a point in the swing of the trigger that releases the hammer. If it's an automatic or semi-automatic weapon, the firing action reloads the gun and cocks the hammer again. Single-action weapons, like the revolvers of the old west, require you to cock the hammer each time you want to fire, before you pull the trigger. So if you're carrying a weapon for personal defense, it's probably going to be a double-action, in which case you can carry it without it being cocked and you don't have to worry about wasting the time to cock it. Single-action weapons are generally considered to be simpler and more reliable. But that's neither here nor there. The other way a weapon might fire when dropped is if it lands directly on the hammer. In that case, when the hammer hits the ground and transfers the energy of the drop into the hammer, it pushes the hammer against the firing pin with a lot of force, exactly as if the hammer had been released by the trigger. The floor hits the hammer, which hits the firing pin, which hits the primer...etc. However, most modern weapons will not allow the firing pin to touch the back of the cartridge unless the hammer has been cocked first. There is a mechanism in place that gets between the hammer and the firing pin or prevents the hammer from moving forward unless it's been cocked and/or the trigger is pulled. With those weapons, you can bang on it as hard as you want and it will not go off... \* \* Until the gunpowder ignites from the shock, which is a thing gunpowder can do. It's *possible* that if you dropped a gun from high enough the sheer force of hitting the ground would set off the gunpowder, but...that's not a realistic possibility. It certainly won't happen from you dropping it from your hand onto the ground. It *used* to be more common, partly because guns were not designed with the safety features to prevent the firing pin from touching the cartridge. Older guns simply rested the firing pin against the back of the cartridge, and the hammer against the firing pin when it wasn't cocked. Obviously, this is pretty unsafe, but hey, guns were still being improved upon so no one had anything better at the time. We have also significantly improved our understanding of gun safety when we handle weapons so people to know better than to keep a gun cocked when you aren't about to immediately fire it, and technologies like double-action weapons have allowed people to be more comfortable because they don't need to have the weapon cocked before the gunfight starts. Today it's very uncommon, unless someone is mishandling the gun, the mechanism is malfunctioning, or most likely, both.

in films, when a gun, usually a pistol, is dropped or thrown onto the ground, it will sometimes fire. is this something real guns do too, and if so, why, since the trigger isn't being pulled?

<P> When the gun was ready to fire, a round would be in the chamber and the bolt and barrel group would be locked together, with the locking block at the rear of the bolt. When the rear of the trigger was pivoted upwards by the operator, the front of the trigger tipped downward, pulling the sear out of engagement with the spring-loaded firing pin, allowing it to move forward and strike the primer of the cartridge. As the assembly of bolt, barrel and barrel extension recoiled to the rear of the gun upon firing, the locking block was drawn out of <P> waiting to be loaded. Every time the gun fired a single shot, the gun performed the sequence of extracting and ejecting the spent round as the bolt came rearward, loading the next round to be fired into the barrel, advancing the belt, grabbing the next round in preparation for loading, then chambering it as the bolt came forward again under tension from the spring. If the trigger was held down, the gun would continue to fire in full automatic, repeating the sequence over and over until stopped. The gun's original design was as a water-cooled machine gun (see the M1917 Browning <P> machine gun). When it was decided to try to lighten the gun and make it air-cooled, its design as a closed bolt weapon created a potentially dangerous situation. If the gun was very hot from prolonged firing, the cartridge ready to be fired could be resting in a red-hot barrel, causing the propellant in the cartridge to heat up to the point that it would ignite and fire the cartridge on its own (a cook-off). With each further shot heating the barrel even more, the gun would continue to fire uncontrollably until the ammunition ran out, since depressing the trigger

Very frequently it is completely marketing, with little to no research backing up the claims. "Superfood" is not a regulated term, so anyone can slap it on their product, and anyone can write a blog post claiming that anything is a superfood. That said, dietary research *is* an active science, and new discoveries are frequently made. Many are not obvious; yes, "vitamin C is good for you" is an easy one, but other chemicals have more complex pathways and are formed from different chemicals your food gives you. For instance, new research shows that chicken eggs are excellent at helping your body produce chemicals used to develop the brain; this was not obvious previously, even though we knew a lot about the chemical makeup of eggs. Be wary of the term "superfood" when you see it in the world, but know that it isn't always snake oil. Don't accept health-based claims without supporting research-based evidence.

who decides what the next "superfood" is? how did we not already know something is good for us? is it just a marketing ploy to get rid of old stock?

<P> and self-help books about fad diets, promising an enhancement to health. "Superfood" products were sold at a higher price than similar foods not marketed with the label. The purported health benefits and effects of foods described as superfoods are unsupported or disputed by scientific studies. As of 2007, the marketing of products as superfoods was prohibited in the European Union unless accompanied by a specific authorized health claim supported by credible scientific research. The ruling was a marketing guide issued to manufacturers to assure scientific proof or evidence why a food would be labeled as extra healthy or classified as a <P> Superfood Superfood is a marketing term for food assumed to confer health benefits resulting from an exceptional nutrient density. The term is not commonly used by experts, dietitians and nutrition scientists, many of whom dispute that particular foods have the health benefits claimed by their advocates. Even without scientific evidence of exceptional nutrient content, many new, exotic, and foreign fruits or "ancient" grains are marketed under the term – or the related term, superfruit or supergrain – after being introduced or re-introduced to Western markets. In 2007, the marketing of products as "superfoods" was prohibited in the European Union unless accompanied <P> superfood. The European Food Information Council stated that it was impractical for people to have a diet based only on superfoods when nutrients are provided readily from a diet based on a diversity of foods, especially a diet including fruits and vegetables. According to Cancer Research UK, "the term 'superfood' is really just a marketing tool, with little scientific basis to it". Although superfoods are often promoted as preventing or curing diseases, including cancer, Cancer Research UK cautioned that they "cannot substitute for a generally healthy and balanced diet". According to Catherine Collins, chief dietitian at St George's Hospital in London,

fly fishing uses an extremely light line and lure - not bait, usually something as light and basic as a small collection of feathers with a small hook. To cast, you whip the line back and forwards, feeding out more line with each pendulum swing so you can build enough momentum to send the tiny lure out far enough. This is to catch surface hunting fish that go after small insects that land on a river's surface. You need a big open space to do it in and a lot of practice getting the pendulum swing right. Other types of fishing usually involve casting something with a bit of weight, directly where you think fish are, something that isn't really possible with such a light lure

what is fly fishing? what differentiates it from other types of angling?

<P> Surf fishing Surf fishing is the sport of catching fish standing on the shoreline or wading in the surf. A general term, surf fishing may or may not include casting a lure or bait, and refers to all types of shore fishing – from sandy and rocky beaches, rock jetties, or even fishing piers. The terms surfcasting or beachcasting refer more specifically to surf fishing from the beach by casting into the surf at or near the shoreline. With few exceptions, surf fishing is done in saltwater. Equipment The basic idea of most surfcasting is to cast <P> rod action. Today's modern carbon graphite composite fly rods are available in a wide range of sizes and types, from ultralight trout rods to bass fishing rods and two-handed "spey" rods. Fly reels Fly reels, or fly casting reels, with a few exceptions, are really little more than line-storage devices. In use, a fly angler strips line off the reel with one hand while casting and manipulating the rod with the other. Slack line is picked up by rotating the reel spool. Even today, the vast majority of fly reels are manually operated, single-action reels of rather <P> Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice Synopsis Whereas Floating Flies and How to Dress Them was about the dry fly, fly tying and to some extent the entomology of the chalk stream, Dry-Fly Fishing... was about fishing the dry fly. It was the consummate "how-to" manual for the dry-fly fisherman. It was not only about methodology, but also about the ethics and purism of the dry fly on English chalk streams. The purists among dry-fly fishermen will not under any circumstances cast except over rising fish, and prefer to remain idle the entire day rather than attempt to persuade the wary

Define new. Mormonism is fairly new as far as religions go and in the areas it is expanding it is completely new. Scientology is fairly new and started only a few decades ago. There are lots of popular "gurus" and such in India. Falun Gong has between 10-70 million followers. All sorts of New Age BS started in the 60's and a lot of it got popular. Unitarianism started in the 60's. They come and go.

why there are not any new popular religions?

<P> and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and a few have more than a million members. New religions have often faced a hostile reception from established religious organisations and various secular institutions. In Western nations, a secular anti-cult movement and a Christian countercult movement emerged during the 1970s and 1980s to oppose emergent groups. In the 1970s, the distinct field of new religions studies developed within the academic study of religion. There are now several scholarly organisations and peer-reviewed journals devoted to the subject. Religious studies scholars contextualize the rise of NRMs in modernity, relating it <P> more than each other." One question that faces scholars of religion is when a new religious movement ceases to be "new." As noted by Barker, "In the first century, Christianity was new, in the seventh century Islam was new, in the eighteenth century Methodism was new, in the nineteenth century the Seventh-day Adventists, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses were new; in the twenty-first century the Unification Church, ISKCON and Scientology are beginning to look old." Some NRMs are strongly counter-cultural and 'alternative' in the society they appear in, while others are far more similar to a society's established traditional <P> New religious movement A new religious movement (NRM), also known as a new religion or alternative spirituality, is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral to its society's dominant religious culture. NRMs can be novel in origin or part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre-existing denominations. Some NRMs deal with the challenges posed by the modernizing world by embracing individualism, whereas others seek tightly knit collective means. Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most of their members living in Asia

Rutherford was influenced by Prout's hypothesis that all atoms were made up of groups of hydrogen atoms, with the hydrogen atom being the fundamental particle. The logic was that the atomic weights known at the time were almost exactly integer multiples of the mass of hydrogen. If there were smaller particles, there would be smaller elements or elements with masses that fell in between multiples of hydrogen. Obviously Rutherford discovered that an atom wasn't just one particle but a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons, and then when he observed the process of nitrogen atoms releasing hydrogen atoms when bombarded by alpha particles he took this as evidence that the hydrogen nucleus is indeed the fundamental building block for all other nuclei. This was before the neutron was discovered, it was believed that the nucleus was only made of positive charges. Of course, protons are actually made up of quarks with fractional charges but there was no way to know that at the time.

how did ernest rutherford know that the the positively charged particles in a nucleus were equal in magnitude of charge to electrons?

<P> to give the hydrogen nucleus a special name as a particle, since he suspected that hydrogen, the lightest element, contained only one of these particles. He named this new fundamental building block of the nucleus the proton, after the neuter singular of the Greek word for "first", πρῶτον. However, Rutherford also had in mind the word protyle as used by Prout. Rutherford spoke at the British Association for the Advancement of Science at its Cardiff meeting beginning 24 August 1920. Rutherford was asked by Oliver Lodge for a new name for the positive hydrogen nucleus to avoid confusion with the <P> not be identified with a single particle, unlike the negative electrons discovered by J. J. Thomson. Wilhelm Wien in 1898 identified the hydrogen ion as particle with highest charge-to-mass ratio in ionized gases. Following the discovery of the atomic nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, Antonius van den Broek proposed that the place of each element in the periodic table (its atomic number) is equal to its nuclear charge. This was confirmed experimentally by Henry Moseley in 1913 using X-ray spectra. In 1917 (in experiments reported in 1919 and 1925), Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus is present in other nuclei, a <P> capture of the alpha particle, a proton is ejected, so that heavy oxygen, not carbon, is the end result i.e. Z is not decremented but incremented. This was the first reported nuclear reaction, ¹⁴N + α → ¹⁷O + p. Depending on one's perspective, either 1919 or 1925 may be regarded as the moment when the proton was 'discovered'. Rutherford knew hydrogen to be the simplest and lightest element and was influenced by Prout's hypothesis that hydrogen was the building block of all elements. Discovery that the hydrogen nucleus is present in all other nuclei as an elementary particle led Rutherford

Bismarck led the creation of a welfare state for a few main reasons: * Reduce social unrest, and prevent an uprising like the Paris Commune of 1871. Bismarck wanted to reduce worker support for the socialists, and also make sure that the working classes supported the German empire project (which realistically could have dissolved following massive unrest). * Encourage workers not to emigrate, as many were leaving for the eastern USA, which was industrializing as well * He combined protectionism with new welfare policies to foster German heavy industry, which many saw to be key to both economic and military success There had also been welfare policies in place (often dealing with some kind of healthcare or pensions) in some German states, like Saxony, prior to unification, and these had proved to be *not a bad thing.* The existing models formed the base of the welfare that was provided across the German empire.

what was otto von bismarck's motivation(s) for creating a welfare state in germany during the 1880s?

<P> success.... No other statesman of his standing had ever before shown the same great moderation and sound political sense of the possible and desirable.... Bismarck at least deserves full credit for having steered European politics through this dangerous transitional period without serious conflict between the great powers." Early legislation In domestic policy Bismarck pursued a conservative state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans—not just his own Junker elite—more loyal to throne and empire, implementing the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s. According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis, his strategy was: granting social rights to enhance the integration <P> of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism. Bismarck worked closely with large industry and aimed to stimulate German economic growth by giving workers greater security. A secondary concern was trumping the Socialists, who had no welfare proposals of their own and opposed Bismarck's. Bismarck especially listened to Hermann Wagener and Theodor Lohmann, advisers who persuaded him to give workers a corporate status in the <P> based on internal political and economic forces; they were not his response to external pressure. At first he promoted liberal goals of free trade commercial expansionism in order to maintain economic growth and social stability, as well as preserve the social and political power structure. However he changed, broke with the liberals, and adopted tariffs to win Catholic support and shore up his political base. Germany's imperialism in the 1880's derived less from strength and instead represented Bismarck's solution to unstable industrialization. Protectionism made for unity at a time when class conflict was rising. Wehler says the chancellor's ultimate

Because Portugal did not have the capacity nor the inclination to fight Japan. The Portuguese East Timor garrison consisted of an understrength colonial battalion of one colonial company, a very small militia force and a mounted border police unit, a grand total of 282 men with 4 light and 6 heavy machine guns and no artillery at all. East Timor had already been invaded, under local Portuguese protest, by Australian forces who recognised that the island could not be held by only defending the western (Dutch) part on the 17th of December 1941. When Japan invaded on the 19th of February 1942, there was a convoy heading for East Timor carrying two companies of Mozambique colonial troops and artillery, but this force was not allowed passage by the Japanese, and the Portuguese troops which had intended to replace the Austrialian and Dutch East Indees troops - a force of about 800 men with a battery of artillery had to turn around and head back for Portuguese Mozambique.

why did portugal not declare war on japan when japan invaded portuguese east timor in the 2nd world war

<P> Indonesian invasion of East Timor Background East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of Timor, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to being colonised by the Portuguese, rather than the Dutch; an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915. Colonial rule was replaced by the Japanese during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 people, 13 percent of the population at the time. Following the war, the Dutch East Indies secured its independence as the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese, meanwhile, re-established <P> East Timorese. The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated. Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975. <P> Australia to back an Indonesian take over, as opposed to an independent East Timor, stating: "In support of (i), Indonesian absorption of Timor makes geopolitical sense. Any other long-term solution would be potentially disruptive of both Indonesia and the region. It would help confirm our seabed agreement with Indonesia."; they however also stressed the importance of self determination of Portuguese Timor to Australian public pressure . The records available also show that department officials were aware of planned clandestine operations for Indonesia to perform in Portuguese Timor, with the intent being "to ensure that the territory would opt for incorporation

Through out the republican and imperial periods of Roman history, important figures like consuls, generals, senators, and later emperors were issued with official types of their portraiture. This consisted of an approved (by some authority, whether the artist or subject or both is contested) bust of their head. So all statues of them would use replicas of their head to have a standard look that people could recognise. The Prima Porta type is the most famous for the emperor Augustus(I was just looking at the eponymous statue of the type yesterday in Oxford's Ashmoleon for a paper I'm writing) and would probably be recognisable to people familiar with Augustus as it has over 140 replicas still in existence. The types could change over time and are not seen as perfect examples of what they looked like although in most cases we'll never know, but we are sure of the level at which this affected the mass conception of how people thought their rulers looked. Similar forms were also used on coinage that was minted by senators and emperors which were far more widespread than any statue and handed over far and wide. After Rome fell the level of recognisability fell greatly as the level of centralisation required for mass produced images simply was was not reached again for centuries in the west. In the east imperial images of emperors and the like was a bit more centralised but I am unaware of the specifics and how widespread images were as I am not an expert in that field unfortunately. Hope I helped, keep learning

how did commoners before the advent of photographs recognize "famous people" in the past without seeing them before?

<P> a portrait head. In Rome, an ideal figure of a divinity might often be adapted slightly (here, for instance the chiton covers the breast) and given a separately made portrait head. Evidence that this was the case here can be seen in the locks of hair falling onto the shoulders. These are also seen in posthumous portraits of Agrippina the Elder, which enables us to date this statue to the second quarter of the 1st century AD. <P> not included in this article. Equally, sculpted heads stopping at the neck are sometimes mistakenly called busts. The portrait bust was a Hellenistic Greek invention, though very few original Greek examples survive, as opposed to many Roman copies of them. There are four Roman copies as busts of Pericles with the Corinthian helmet, but the Greek original was a full-length bronze statue. They were very popular in Roman portraiture. The Roman tradition may have originated in the tradition of Roman patrician families keeping wax masks, perhaps death masks, of dead members, in the atrium of the family <P> and occupying far less space than a full-length statue, the bust has been since ancient times a popular style of life-size portrait sculpture. It can also be executed in weaker materials, such as terracotta. A sculpture that only includes the head, perhaps with the neck, is more strictly called a "head", but this distinction is not always observed. Antiquity Sculptural portrait heads from classical antiquity, stopping at the neck, are sometimes displayed as busts. However, these are often fragments from full-body statues, or were created to be inserted into an existing body, a common Roman practice; these portrait heads are

Over the past 20 years Venezuela socialized their industry and began running the government very poorly. One instance is that they started setting rules on how much stores could charge for food so that everyone could afford it. The stores couldn't afford to sell anymore so they restricted how much the farmers could charge. Then the farmers could no longer make a living so Venezuela stopped producing much of their food. Fortunately for them, they had a lot of oil and it sold for a lot of money and the government could subsidize imports. Unfortunately, there is something called a resource curse in which governments get rich and corrupt at the expense of their people. When the price of oil dropped the country fell into turmoil but the government would not deal with the rampant corruption. Hugo Chavez, the president who made all these changes, died in 2013 and put vice president Maduro in charge. In the midst of these struggles he outlawed opponents and won the next election. Many of the people of Venezuela, many countries around the world, and most of the Western Hemisphere including the US believe the elections were fraudulent and are calling for Maduro to step down. Maduro has not taken this well and the country is getting worse. Aid trucks were sent in to help, but the convoy was blocked. During the ensuing riot the supplies were destroyed. It looks like one of the people protesting the government accidentally started it with a poorly thrown Molotov cocktail (the burning rag fell out of the bottle while being thrown), but that the situation could even exist shows there is a problem between the government and the people. The problem is that the industries are nationalized so whatever money goes in through exports like oil goes to him. His supporters will be supplied while the average people suffer. Edit: Additionally, Venezuela also appears to be working with Russia in making threats against the US. So, another part of Cold War II

why is the u.s. sanctioning venezuela?

<P> and the establishment of the Bolivarian government, improvements in healthcare were promising due to the installation of free healthcare facilities and programs, and the assistance of Cuban medical professionals. The Bolivarian government's failure to concentrate on healthcare, the reduction of healthcare spending, and government corruption eventually affected medical practices in Venezuela causing avoidable deaths along with an emigration of medical professionals to other countries. Venezuela's reliance on imported goods and its complicated exchange rates (initiated by Hugo Chávez) led to increasing shortages during the late-2000s and into the 2010s that affected the availability of medicines and medical equipment in the <P> Health care in Venezuela After the Bolivarian Revolution, extensive inoculation programs and the availability of low- or no-cost health care provided by the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security made Venezuela's health care infrastructure one of the more advanced in Latin America. However, by 2015, the Venezuelan health care system had collapsed. 1970s Venezuelan state governments operated only 5 facilities in 1979, down from about 60 hospitals in 1970 since the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance (MSAS) took over many of the hospitals. In 1978, a presidential election year, medical sales in Venezuela hit an all-time high, but dropped in 1979. <P> huge real exchange rate and other relative price misalignments, to maintain expensive fuel subsidies while monetizing a double-digit budget deficit, and to persecute the private sector for responding to relative price signals all contributed to making Venezuelans’ lives miserable under Maduro.” He has also said that “abundant evidence of serious human rights abuses during [2014] protests…merit an international investigation to determine the potential complicity of high-ranking members of government.” At the same time, Rodríguez is critical of economic sanctions on Venezuela, which he argues have not forced Maduro out but have contributed to deepening Venezuela's economic crisis.  In a 2018 article, he

Lyndon Johnson was a Democrat from Texas. He stunned the Southern Democrats by strongly supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A huge swath of these Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party and that greatly helped Richard Nixon win the 1968 presidential election with his southern strategy. Storm Thurmond and Trent Lott were two prominant Republican US senators in the late 20th century, who started their political careers as Democrats.

has any modern leader of a western country made a controversial decision/order that no one expected once he became the leader?

<P> Party's Solid South since the end of the Reconstruction era in the 1870s, the Democratic nomination for statewide office had long been considered tantamount to election. In 1948, the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator to succeed the retiring W. Lee O'Daniel was won by Lyndon Johnson, who defeated the more conservative Coke Stevenson by less than 100 votes in a bitter runoff election that included allegations of fraud. Carlos G. Watson initially received the Republican nomination. Watson, a loyal Republican who had run several unsuccessful campaigns for the U.S. House and U.S. Senate as a token candidate so that <P> prevented African Americans from having a meaningful vote in the election. Without a Republican candidate, the Democratic primary election acted as the presidential election. A major shift began in South Carolina politics with President Lyndon B. Johnson's Civil Rights Act of 1964. Over time the SCDP shifted in focus from maintaining white landowner control to representing labor rights, protecting South Carolina's natural resources, and protecting the civil rights of blacks and other minorities. Current elected officials The South Carolina Democratic Party currently control none of the statewide offices and holds minorities in both the South Carolina Senate and House of Representatives. <P> Strom Thurmond tried to get Gore to sign the Southern Manifesto, but Gore refused. Gore could not, however, be regarded as an integrationist, as he voted against some major civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 although he supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Gore easily won renomination in 1958 over former governor Jim Nance McCord. In those days, Democratic nomination was still tantamount to election in Tennessee since the Republican Party was largely nonexistent in most of the state. In 1964, he faced an energetic Republican challenge from Dan Kuykendall, chairman of the Shelby County (Memphis)

Is your question about the use of the word "militia" or the use of dictionaries? If you're asking about militias, the _URL_10_ definition is correct. In all the colonies, able-bodied men from the ages of 16 to 60 were typically required to join the county militia. Later on, this would change to the ages of 18 to 45, as the states became more populated and there were more young men available to serve. This would require them to go do training a few weekends each summer, and maybe a couple more weekends throughout the year. A 1647 Massachusetts law stipulated that militia men were to receive eight days of training every year. Some people were exempt from service, such as the clergy, Quakers, members of the legislature, and the infirm, but everybody else had to serve, or else they would be subject to legal punishments, such as jail time. In many cases, you couldn't hold public office unless you were a member of the militia, either. Because of the large number of men required to join, militia muster rolls are often used as census substitutes for research purposes, particularly before the U.S. Census began being conducted in 1790. To more directly answer this question (if it is the question you're asking), another group that was exempt from militia duty were paid soldiers, such as those who joined up with Washington's Continental Army, or before that, those who had joined to serve alongside the British Army or Royal Navy, which would often happen during wartime--during one of the French and Indian Wars, for example. And then after that, this would have also included enlisted soldiers in the U.S. Army and Navy. There were active duty militias during times of war, but for the most part, the militias were reserve soldiers, only called up when the war front came close to their home county. If you're asking about dictionaries, then the one that would have been most available to the founders was *A Dictionary of the English Language* by Samuel Johnson, first published in London in 1755. Noah Webster published his first provisional dictionary in 1806, under the title *A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language*, although it was his later 1828 dictionary, *An American Dictionary of the English Language*, that was his first comprehensive dictionary. In the earlier 1806 dictionary, Webster wrote in the preface about Samuel Johnson's dictionary at length. It was clearly *the* standard by which English language dictionaries were compared to at the time. He also wrote in that preface a little about Nathan Bailey's *An Universal Etymological English Dictionary* first published in 1721. More briefly, Webster's preface mentioned Robert *Lowth's Grammar* published in 1762, and Thomas Sheridan's *A General Dictionary of the English Language* published in 1780. Webster also mentioned dictionaries by several other writers, including Walker, Entick, Perry, Ash, and Jones, all published between 1775 and 1800. But these were all mainly pronunciation dictionaries, rather than definitional dictionaries, so Johnson's and Bailey's dictionaries were the most useful to Noah Webster when he began the long work to compiling his American dictionary.

language of the american founding fathers

<P> hunting and rural living. Prior to the American Revolution, there was neither budget nor manpower nor government desire to maintain a full-time army. Therefore, the armed citizen-soldier carried responsibility. Service in militia, including providing one's own ammunition and weapons, was mandatory for all men. Yet, as early as the 1790s, the mandatory universal militia duty evolved gradually to voluntary militia units and a reliance on a regular army. Throughout the 19th century the institution of the organized civilian militia began to decline. The unorganized civilian militia, however, still remains even in current U.S. law, consisting of essentially everyone from age 17 <P> killed or wounded before that. Shorter enlistment periods could be offered during war to entice more recruits. There was a constant lack of men that wanted to enlist. Forced recruitment of vagrants was often resorted to in wartime. During the Napoleonic wars, the militia was mobilised, but it could not serve outside England, and the government tried to induce the militiamen to enlist in the regular army. From 1803, men were also drafted to an Army of Reserve, the real purpose of which was to form a recruitment basis for the regular army, but it was politically very unpopular and <P> War were called "Rangers" and are often considered to be the spiritual birthplace of the modern Army Rangers. Militia The beginning of the United States military lies in local governments which created militias that enrolled nearly all free white men. The British Army and Royal Navy handled international wars. The militia was not employed as a fighting force in major operations outside the local jurisdiction. Instead, the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers (e.g., Rangers), many of whom were also militia members. The local Indian threat ended by 1725 in most places, after which the militia system was little used

You assume right. The (whole) island of Timor was first conquered and administered by Portuguese colonialists, from the 16th century onwards. They set up both commercial outposts and catholic missions. From the 17th century onwards, the Dutch came over and conquered nearly all of Indonesia, including Western Timor. However, they faced resistance from the Portuguese, and Topasses - native Timorians of Portuguese descent -, and Eastern Timor remained under Portuguese administration. Fast forward real quick to 1975. Portugal has just gotten rid of its dictatorship following a revolution, and its government decided to disengage from its remaining colonies in Asia. Independentists in Timor unilaterally declared independence, virtually unopposed **by the Portuguese Government** However, Indonesia attacked, occupied and annexed East Timor right off the bat, in 1976. Note that East Timor's government was left-leaning, and with the Cold War and all, the US & co. favored Indonesia in this war. :) Indonesian occupation was nightmarish from a Human Rights point of view, you got that right. UN mediation finally led to a solution to the crisis, and eventually East Timor became independent in 2002. Here is a recap I found on Google Books. TLDR : Shitty colonialism + shitty neighbour. **Disclaimer** - I'm no historian, nor remotely Timorese (?) - I just have too much time on my hands. Feel free to correct me.

how did east timor come to exist?

<P> the island. Classical era Before European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. Since the 1500's, the Timorese people had military ties with the Luções of present-day northern Philippines. It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century. During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms. Portuguese period (1769–1975) The Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of <P> Indonesian invasion of East Timor Background East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of Timor, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to being colonised by the Portuguese, rather than the Dutch; an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915. Colonial rule was replaced by the Japanese during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 people, 13 percent of the population at the time. Following the war, the Dutch East Indies secured its independence as the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese, meanwhile, re-established <P> East Timorese. The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated. Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975.

One armed rebellion with no external support was Spartacus' rebellion against Rome (or the Third Servile War). Spartacus was a gladiator who led a group of gladiators in a bid for freedom. Eventually, Spartacus collected about 70,000 followers from escaped or liberated slaves. He trained an army from these followers, defeated three Roman forces sent to subdue him, and held out for two years. Initially, Spartacus was helped by the Romans having no legions in the area, their forces being off fighting against a revolt in Hispania and in the Third Mithridatic War in Asia. Although these concurrent wars were somewhat helpful to Spartacus, the Roman enemies in these wars were never supporters or allies of Spartacus. Spartacus tried to get some external support when he made a bargain with Cicilian pirates to transport his forces out of Southern Italy (where they were trapped by the Romans) across the straits of Messina to Sicily. The pirates took his money and sailed away, abandoning his forces. Spartacus was defeated after two years of rebellion by Roman legions under Crassus. Source: I suspect there were many armed rebellions throughout history that had no external support. Were any of them successful?

are there armed rebellions in history that had no external support of any kind nor base from outside?

<P> Marius prior to Sulla's second civil war (83–82 BC). Sulla then sent him to Sicily (82 BC) and Africa (81 BC) against the Marians who had fled there, where he defeated them, thereby gaining military glory and distinction, particularly in Africa. Pompey then fought the rebellion by Quintus Sertorius in Hispania from 76 BC to 71 BC during the Sertorian War (80–71 BC). He played a part in the suppression of the slave revolt led by Spartacus (the Third Servile War, 72–70 BC). The latter two earned him the award of a consulship in 70 BC even though he was <P> Lentulus Batiatus Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus (or, possibly, Vatia) was the Roman owner of a gladiatorial school in Capua. It was from this school that, in 73 BC, the Thracian slave Spartacus and about 70 to 78 followers escaped. The break-out led to the slave rebellion known as the Third Servile War (73–71 BC). Identity and origins Shackleton Bailey noted that the name ('Batiatus'), as recorded by the ancient historians, could be a corrupted form of the cognomen Vatia. Cornelius Lentulus Vatia would then have been either a Servilius Vatia by birth adopted into the Cornelii Lentuli or else a <P> Spartacus to the Gladiators at Capua "Spartacus to the Gladiators at Capua" is a rhetorical monologue written by Elijah Kellogg for a student competition at Bowdoin College in 1842, and later published by Epes Sargent, one of the judges, in his 1846 School Reader. The piece, written as if it were an actual declamation by Spartacus to his fellows during the slave rebellion against the Roman Empire known as the Third Servile War, became popular in collections of rhetoric in the late 19th century.

Well, 99% of computer makers can spy on you, if they want to. Google and Amazon do all the time. The question is what they DO with the information they have on you. The fear is that **Huawei,** as a Chinese company, has a direct interest in keeping the info on you, and providing direct access to the Chinese Government.

just how dangerous is it to use a huawei device?

<P> Criticism of Huawei Huawei is a Chinese multinational technology and consumer electronics company. It has faced criticisms for various aspects of its operations, particularly in regards to cybersecurity and intellectual property. It has faced allegations that its wireless networking equipment could contain backdoors enabling surveillance by the Chinese government. There have been calls from U.S. entities to prevent the use of products from Huawei or fellow Chinese telecom company ZTE by the U.S. or its allies, especially in relation to 5G wireless networks. A U.S. national defense spending bill signed in August 2018 banned the government from purchasing Huawei or ZTE equipment. <P> Huawei has argued that its products posed "no greater cybersecurity risk" than those of any other vendor, and that there is no evidence of the U.S. espionage claims. In many markets such as the UK, Huawei proactively welcomes and allows full examination of its hardware and software products by local security experts. In the UK Huawei has been working closely with GCHQ to ensure products are secure. Huawei sued the U.S. government in March 2019, citing that it had refused to provide them with due process over the aforementioned restrictions. Huawei has also faced allegations that it has engaged in <P> head of MI6, also raised questions about Huawei's role. On 11 January 2019, Poland announced that two people working on a 5G Huawei network had been arrested: Wang Weijing (a Huawei executive), and Piotr Durbaglo, a consultant having worked for Polish domestic security, but currently working for Orange on 5G network testing. Consumer electronics In 2015, German cybersecurity company G Data reported that it had found that malware that can listen to calls, track users, and make online purchases was found pre-installed on smartphones from Chinese companies including Lenovo, Xiaomi, and Huawei. When G Data contacted the companies to let

> a way for Protestants to equate German national identity with Protestantism in an attempt to more fully unify the country. Nope, that's a fundamental misconception. The Kulturkampf was about the separation of church and state, not about protestant powers. Bismarck wanted to consolidate the power of the Prussian government and administration. Most of them were protestants, as the core of Prussia was protestant, but it was not a fight between protestants and catholics, it was the Prussian government vs. the Catholic church. In some parts of Prussia, like Cologne or Poland, the catholic church had more influence and power (eg. through welfare services) than the government. The Lutheran church never had that influence in the core of Prussia, since it was not as rich as the catholic one and esp. Friedrich der Große had a more enlightened laissez faire relationship to religion. The term was coined by Rudolf Virchow and is usually attributed to the fight between Prussia and the Catholic Church, but other German states (Bavaria, Baden) had their Kulturkampf too. The laws about supervision of schools and the introduction of civil marriage in Germany were against *every* church in Germany, not just the catholic. You should also have a look at the *Walk to Canossa*, Bismarck stated in the Reichstag, that he will not walk to Canossa. That might explain some of cultural background.

would someone care to explain the kulturkampf in the german empire (~1871-~1879)?

<P> Lutheran—forged an alliance with secular liberals in 1871–1878 to launch a Kulturkampf (literally, "culture struggle") especially in Prussia, the largest state in the new German Empire to destroy the political power of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Catholics were numerous in the South (Bavaria) and west (Rhineland) and fought back. Bismarck intended to end Catholics' loyalty with Rome (ultramontanism) and subordinate all Germans to the power of his state. Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of anti-Catholic legislation, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, <P> had near complete control over domestic and foreign policy. The office of Minister President of Prussia was temporarily separated from that of Chancellor in 1873, when Albrecht von Roon was appointed to the former office. But by the end of the year, Roon resigned due to ill health, and Bismarck again became Minister-President. Kulturkampf Bismarck launched an anti-Catholic Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") in Prussia in 1871. This was partly motivated by Bismarck's fear that Pius IX and his successors would use papal infallibility to achieve the "papal desire for international political hegemony.... The result was the Kulturkampf, which, with its largely <P> Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed." The Catholics reacted by organizing themselves and strengthening the Centre Party. Bismarck, a devout pietistic Protestant, was alarmed that secularists and socialists were using the Kulturkampf to attack all religion. He abandoned it in 1878 to preserve his remaining political capital since he now needed the Centre Party votes in his new battle against socialism. Pius IX died that year, replaced by the more pragmatic Pope Leo

A good primary source for this question would be Peter Beresford Ellis' *Eyewitness to Irish History* which presents, amongst other things, the majority of the Penal Laws which affected Catholics and non-Anglicans alike for the majority of the time they were in effect. Catholics, Non-Conformists (Calvinists), and other non-Anglicans were barred from holding office or being elected to any position, could not vote, could be pressed into service by any landholder Anglican for whatever price he named (refusal brought beatings, arrest, and deportation), Catholics and non-Conformists were barred from receiving education at home or abroad (on penalty of death in most cases), could not own a horse worth more than 5 pounds sterling, were barred from owning weapons, were forced to divide their property evenly amongst their heirs, and so on. Additionally, the book chronicles the treatment of non-Conformists and Catholics at the hands of Cromwell's army (Cromwell only stayed for a year in Ireland, but his son-in-law was arguable just as happy to be malicious and cruel towards the Irish) including 50,000 Irish sent into slavery in Barbados and the razing of entire towns. That being said, many of the radicals and revolutionaries of Ireland were Protestants, even Anglicans, who were outraged at the treatment of their fellow Irishmen; Theobald Wolfe Tone, Robert Emmet, and Charles Stuart Parnell were all Protestants. But the **Wind that Shakes the Barley** takes place int he immediate run-up to the 1916 uprising to the middle-ish part of the Irish Civil War. During the film's first half, you are treated to the lawlessness and butchery of the infamous "Black and Tans" and "Auxies" who **DID** go door-to-door killing innocent people suspected of being Feinian/IRA. THey mass-raped, burned people out, and generally ran roughshod over people with little or no oversight. The Black and Tans' behavior, coupled with battle exhaustion of the British public, made the fight against the revolution untenable and thus brought both sides to the negotiation table. TL;DR: it is a qualified "Yes" - the English were (to borrow a phrase) "Right bastards" towards Irish (Catholic and non-Conformists) during much of the time they ruled the island, with few exceptions.

were the british as cruel to the irish as they're depicted in the wind that shakes the barley?

<P> and men were forcibly removed from Ireland and sent to Bermuda and Barbados as indentured servants. Laws that restricted the rights of Irish Catholics The Irish potato famine was due in part to Anti-Catholic laws. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Irish Catholics had been prohibited by the penal laws from purchasing or leasing land, from voting, from holding political office, from living in or within 5 miles (8 km) of a corporate town, from obtaining education, from entering a profession, and from doing many other things that were necessary for a person to succeed and prosper in society. The laws <P> are found today. Ireland As punishment for the rebellion of 1641, almost all lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers. Under the penal laws, no Irish Catholic could sit in the Parliament of Ireland, even though some 90% of Ireland's population was native Irish Catholic when the first of these bans was introduced in 1691. Catholic / Protestant strife has been blamed for much of "The Troubles", the ongoing struggle in Northern Ireland. The English Protestant rulers killed many thousands of Irish people (mostly Catholics) who refused to acknowledge the government and sought an alliance with <P> them to a condition of extreme, brutal ignorance; and, to disassociate them from the soil". As a result, whilst to some extent tolerated, the public practice of Catholicism was almost completely extinguished and all Churches existent at the time of the enactment of the laws were ceded to the Established Church. Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century, there were few Catholic churches and no cathedrals in existence in Ireland for a large Catholic population. Following Catholic emancipation in 1829, the need to construct churches and cathedrals to serve this population became apparent. The lack of a Catholic presence

The dress codes vary from department to department and have been evolving for a long time. Most officers I know now (pretty high number, nature of my job) favor all black boots on duty. Not western style boots, more of a military / hiking / trail runner style that is pretty comfortable, provides ankle support and foot protection and is conducive to running. When my dad was a patrolman (early 70s) it was black oxfords and they wore a tie as part of their uniform, which was a holdover from earlier times when even bus drivers and the milkman wore a tie. Usually a clip on so it couldn't be used against them in a fight.

why do cops wear oxford shoes rather than running/sports shoes? wouldn't they be more mobile with the latter?

<P> designed for different tasks and weather situations, most of them in dark-blue. According to the regulations, officers should typically wear hi-visibility vests, unless it is detrimental to the task at hand. Officers may also wear a light-blue long sleeve dress shirt with a dark-blue tie, usually paired with a dark-blue or white peaked cap, and sometimes worn with dark-blue suit jackets and trousers. There is also a light-blue short sleeve dress shirt that may be worn open-necked. White dress shirts are primarily reserved for more formal occasions. <P> blue shirts, cargo pants with a red stripe and boots. Winter jackets are either black or reflective orange and yellow with the word police in white and blue at the back. Hats are standard forage caps with a red band. Yukon hats or embroidered toques are worn in the winter. Frontline officers wear dark-navy shirts, v-neck sweaters (optional during cold weather months), and side-pocket patrol pants ("cargo pants") with a red stripe (ranks of sergeant and higher wear a black stripe down their pant leg in place of red); and officers wear dark-navy rank slip-ons on the epaulets of their shirts, <P> winter uniform, troopers may wear a black "woolly-pully" commando sweater over their uniform shirts, along with a vinyl/fur winter hat. The Class "A" Ceremonial Unit troopers wear a "full dress" uniform which is a charcoal gray military-style dress coat with black buttons. It is worn with matching charcoal gray military-style riding breeches and black high-rider leather boots. The duty belt is worn with the shoulder strap. This uniform is modeled after the original PSP history uniform. Vehicles The department currently operates a mixed fleet of vehicles including the new law enforcement specific Ford Taurus, Ford Explorer, Crown Victorias and Dodge Charger,

Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious were the last emperors that ruled over a united Frankish Empire. Frankish custom made it so that heritage of a dead father was split between his sons. So the three sons of Louis divided the Empire in three parts with the Treaty of Verdun in 843 after a civil war had raged for three years. Lothair became emperor and claimed the Middle-Empire. Louis the German in Bavaria or the eastern part, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine or the western part. Middle-Francia did not last long however, and was contest by both the East-Franks and the West-Franks. However, the east and west parts lasted longer (a few centuries), but eventually could not resist outside pressure of the Vikings and Magyars. Central control crumbled and regional leaders grew in power. This happend in both the western part as the eastern part, where new dynasties came into power. With the fall of Franks the western part and the eastern part were divided forever and came to be as France and Germany.

to what extent did the division of charlemagne's empire through the treaty of verdun lead to the creation of france and germany as we know them today?

<P> and Charles until the Verdun Treaty. Considered a milestone in European history, the Oaths of Strasbourg symbolize the birth of both France and Germany. The partition of Carolingian Empire was finally settled in 843 by and between Louis the Pious' three sons in the Treaty of Verdun. After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877) Lothar received the Imperial title, the Kingship of Italy, and the territory between the Rhine and Rhone Rivers, collectively called the Central Frankish Realm. Louis was guaranteed the Kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine and to the north and east of Italy, which <P> was called the Eastern Frankish Realm which was the precursor to modern Germany. Charles received all lands west of the Rhone, which was called the Western Frankish Realm. Lothar retired Italy to his eldest son Louis II in 844, making him co-Emperor in 850. Lothar died in 855, dividing his kingdom into three parts: the territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of Burgundy was granted to his third son Charles of Burgundy, and the remaining territory for which there was no traditional name was granted to his second son Lothar II, whose realm was <P> died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia. Alsace within the Holy Roman Empire At about this time,

The theoretical minimum mass a star needs to undergo nuclear fusion (i.e. to actually be a "star") is about 75 times the mass of Jupiter. Neptune is about 5% of Jupiter's mass, so we'd be increasing Jupiter from 1 "Jupiter mass" to 1.05 "Jupiter masses" - still way below what we need.

jupiter is sometimes referred to as a failed star, too small to achieve nuclear fusion. if a neptune sized planet crashed into jupiter would it be big enough to be a star then and give us a small second star in our solar system?

<P> masses. Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star. Mass composition The majority of Jupiter's mass is hydrogen and helium. These two elements make up more than 87% of the total mass of Jupiter. The total mass of heavy elements other than hydrogen and helium in the planet is between 11 and 45 M⊕. The bulk of the hydrogen on Jupiter is solid hydrogen. Evidence suggests that Jupiter contains a central dense core. If so, the mass of the core is predicted to be no larger than about 12 M⊕. The exact mass <P> would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter masses. Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, the smallest red dwarf is only about 30 percent larger in radius than Jupiter. Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from <P> Jupiter mass Context and implications Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies beyond the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center. Because the mass of Jupiter is so large compared to the other objects in the solar system, the effects of its gravity must be included when calculating satellite trajectories and the precise orbits of other bodies in the solar system, including Earth's moon and even Pluto. Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass than it does at

In most parts of the world suicide is legal, the only reason (in most places) that assisted suicide is illegal is because it's so difficult to put in place safeguards to prevent people from bumping off their ill relatives and then pocketing their cash safe in the knowledge that the euthanasia laws will protect them.

why do we have the right to life but not the right to death?

<P> labels as euphemisms and use the term "assisted suicide." Controversy concerning the legalization of this practice typically arises from concerns regarding its intersection with manipulative circumstances or family members; inaccurate prognoses, the accuracy death certificates, unequal access to healthcare, financial problems, the Werther Effect, advocacy for the practice's expansion to those with disabilities, evidence of the latter and ableism. Opponents view these factors as legitimate reasons to keep what they would term "assisted suicide" illegal. Debate over Whether Assisted Death is Suicide Suicide refers to the act of taking one's own life. Opponents feel that this term is appropriate to describe <P> that list their underlying condition as the cause of death. According to the proponents, suicide is a solitary, unregulated act whereas aid in dying is medically authorized and is intended to allow for the presence of loved ones. Proponents define "suicide" as an irrational act committed in the throes of mental illness. They assert that the latter act is fundamentally distinct from the practice that they are advocating, as it is intended to be a measured act. In contrast, opponents feel that this characterization of suicide is erroneous. They point out that people commit suicide for political reasons, for the same <P> reasons that proponents cite as rational justifications for assisted death, and that mentally ill people who become terminally ill may experience assisted death as a potential "out" in regard to suicidal ideation that they had previously fought. Moreover, they argue that the highly publicized deaths of assisted death advocates are political acts. Assisted Death vs. Euthanasia In the United States, assisted death is a practice by which a terminally ill person who is believed to be of sound mind and has a prognosis of six months or less requests, obtains and — if they feel their suffering has become

I assume you're referring to the submarine crewed by Masaharu Yokoyama and Samada Ueda, the M-16. It was never found and can safely be presumed to have been lost at sea somehow. It was last heard from at 10:41 PM. The last radio message was "success, success, success", so it's possible that the sub had penetrated the harbor and fired its torpedoes. In Japan, the fifth midget sub is credited with sinking the *USS Arizona*, but this is a contested theory. Yokoyama and Uyeda were posthumously promoted two ranks, given military funerals, and praised as "pillars of loyalty". Along with the other midget sub crewmen, they were known as the *Nine Warrior-Gods of the Shouwa Era* (the reign of Emperor Hirohito). Bonus fact: Masaharu Yokoyama was a relative of the creator of *Giant Robo*, Mitsuteru Yokoyama.

what happened to the crew of the 5th japanese midget submarine at pearl harbor?

<P> and Yellow Sea areas. On 24 June, southwest of Kagoshima, the submarine contacted a convoy of six large ships guarded by 16 escorts. Tang closed for a surface attack and fired a spread of three torpedoes at one of the ships and then fired a similar spread at a second target. Explosions followed, and Tang reported two ships sunk. However, postwar examination of Japanese records revealed by the Japanese government show that two passenger-cargo ships and two freighters were sunk. The ships must have overlapped, and the torpedo spread must have hit and sunk two victims in addition to their intended <P> damage. Pintado and her sisters in the wolfpack had all but destroyed the convoy which was attempting to reinforce Japanese defenses of the Marianas. While escorts rescued many of the 7,000 troops whose ships had gone down, they had lost weapons, tanks, and equipment. This greatly weakened Japan's defensive capability in the Marianas for the impending American invasion of Saipan. Pintado then headed for the Marshall Islands, arriving Majuro 1 July for refit. Second patrol, July – September 1944 Her second war patrol took the submarine to the East China Sea. On 6 August she sank 5,401-ton cargoship Shonan Maru and <P> auxiliary minesweepers Nagato Maru No.3 and Nagato Maru No.6 were lost to mines on October 3. The minelayer Takachiho sank after being torpedoed by the S90 on October 17, while torpedo boat 33 sank after hitting a mine on November 11, after the German surrender. Search for the East Asia Squadron On 14 September, the South Seas Squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Yamaya Tanin left Yokosuka in order to pursue the fleeing German East Asiatic Squadron. The squadron consisted of a battlecruiser (Kurama flagship), two cruisers, two destroyers and three transports. However, by this time, Vice-Admiral von Spee had

You cannot open carry any gun in California except at shooting or hunting events, or if you specifically have a permit to carry, such as a permit to carry a concealed weapon. This is for all guns, not just handguns, as laws were recently passed to this effect. This applies to both unloaded and loaded weapons. You can transport guns in say the trunk of a car, as long as it is not exposed to the public. You can also transport unloaded guns to/from a car.

open carry laws in california

<P> lawfully possess and carry such firearm. The firearm must be unloaded while in transit within the state. The firearm and any ammunition for it must not be easily accessible by anyone in the vehicle's driver or passenger area. For example, the gun and ammunition must be kept in the storage area of the vehicle, such as a car's "trunk." In vehicles without a storage area separate from the driver or passenger compartment, the firearm or ammunition shall be contained in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console." You may also transport a firearm for target competition purposes, <P> guidelines are allowed to carry concealed. Open carry of firearms is generally illegal, except when hunting, or in a fixed place of business with the owner's permission, or in one's abode. When a firearm is being transported it must be (a) unloaded and enclosed in a case, firearm carrying box, shipping box, or other container, or (b) broken down in a non-functioning state, or (c) not immediately accessible, or (d) carried or possessed in accordance with the Firearm Concealed Carry Act by a person with a valid concealed carry license. On June 14, 2018, the Illinois Appellate Court said that the mere possession <P> crossing a public road while hunting. A rifle or shotgun cannot be kept loaded in any of the above circumstances except for a self-defense emergency. Antiques and replica handguns must be registered to be legally loaded and fired. Contrary to handguns, NY state law does not ban the open carry of shotguns & rifles, except in restricted buildings such as schools and courthouses. Non-resident travel throughout the state State law provides restricted exceptions for interstate transportation of firearms by non-residents. Non-residents may transport any lawful firearm through the state to any place outside of it where an individual may

Fluoride ions bind to enamel and turn hydroxyapatite into fluoroapatite. Fluoroapatite is much more resilient to acids and a low pH environment. Therefore bacteria cannot thrive and demineralize the tooth.

how does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?

<P> ocean and other water sources. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water does not depend on air temperature. Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. Fluoride therapy is used to help prevent dental decay. Fluoride ion, as an antimicrobial, may activate bacteria fluoride-induced genes associated with fluoride riboswitches. The combination of fluoride ion and QAS (Quaternary ammonium salts) was found stronger antimicrobial effect on <P> bacterial growth. Although neither floss nor toothbrushes can penetrate the deep grooves and pits of enamel, good general oral-health habits can usually prevent enough bacterial growth to keep tooth decay from starting. Genetic variations, in humans, might contribute to the intrinsic structural integrity of the enamel, and to its predisposition to demineralization or attack from bacteria. Remineralization Despite fluoridation's detractors, most dental professionals and organizations agree that the inclusion of fluoride in public water has been one of the most effective methods of decreasing the prevalence of tooth decay. Fluoride can be found in many locations naturally, such as the <P> Sodium fluoride Dental caries Fluoride salts are often added to municipal drinking water (as well as to certain food products in some countries) for the purpose of maintaining dental health. The fluoride enhances the strength of teeth by the formation of fluorapatite, a naturally occurring component of tooth enamel. Although sodium fluoride is used to fluoridate water and, indeed, is the standard by which other water-fluoridation compounds are gauged, hexafluorosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆) and its salt sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na₂SiF₆) are more commonly used additives in the U.S. Osteoporosis Fluoride supplementation has been extensively studied for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This

I'm no neuroscientist, but I took a couple related courses in college. The general principle is called "synaptic plasticity" which basically means that transmission of signals within your brain strengthens or weakens over time as a function of activity. A "synapse" is the connection between two neurons through which electrical potential is transmitted from one neuron to the next. As a specific part of the brain is used, the synapses within that channel become stronger through a variety of mechanisms, including increased quantities of neurotransmitters released by the axon terminals (sort of the "tail end") of the pre-synaptic neuron and enhanced responsiveness of receptors within the dendrites ("head") of the post-synaptic neuron. Let's put this into football terms: your pre-synaptic neuron is your quarterback, let's say...Dak Prescott. Your post-synaptic neuron is a receiver, Dez Bryant. Early in the season, Prescott didn't throw to Bryant all that often, because the chemistry/connection, the "synapse" per se, wasn't great. As they practiced together and gained trust in each other, that connected strengthened, and they became a more effective pair, both because Dak got a better idea of where to put the ball for Dez to catch it (bigger signal from the pre-synaptic neuron), and Dez had a better idea of where the ball was going to be and when (better receptiveness of the post-synaptic neuron). Likewise, if they stop practicing/playing together for a while, this relationship will diminish, and they will have to rebuild the connection just as you will with particular connections/pathways in your brain.

how does using your brain make it stronger?

<P> Homeostatic plasticity In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity, a compensatory adjustment that occurs over the timescale of days. Synaptic scaling has been proposed as a potential mechanism of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is thought to balance Hebbian plasticity by modulating the activity of the synapse or the properties of ion channels. Homeostatic plasticity in neocortical circuits has been studied in depth by Gina G. Turrigiano and Sacha Nelson of Brandeis University, who first observed compensatory changes in excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) after chronic activity manipulations. Homeostatic plasticity can be <P> used to term a process that maintains the stability of neuronal functions through a coordinated plasticity among subcellular compartments, such as the synapses versus the neurons and the cell bodies versus the axons. Homeostatic plasticity also maintains neuronal excitability in a real-time manner through the coordinated plasticity of threshold and refractory period at voltage-gated sodium channels. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". <P> plasticity Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of neurons to strengthen or weaken the connections between them. According to Hebbian theory, these connections are strengthened and maintained through repeated stimulation between neurons. Specifically, there is an emphasis on long-term potentiation (LTP), which is the prolonged strengthening of synaptic connections that facilitate learning from experience. On a larger scale, there are many pathways and brain regions that are interdependent and contribute to a cohesive, stable personality. For example, the amygdala and hippocampus of the limbic system mediate emotional intensity and consolidate memory of these experiences. But the basic mechanism by which these

Nice video. One point worth noting is that Schroedinger put forth his 'cat' thought experiment in order to demonstrate the preposterousness of quantum theory. It must have irked him that it ended up becoming the image to explain it.

zeno's paradox, the grandfather paradox, searle's chinese room, hilbert's hotel, einstein's twin paradox and schrodinger's cat all explained like you're 5 (youtube link)

<P> Schrödinger's cat Origin and motivation Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes. The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. <P> the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation. Thought experiment Schrödinger wrote: One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the <P> in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote: You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what

In the 50's switchblades became associated with criminals due their portrayal in films and television. Greasers, mobsters and other thugs were commonly seen carrying them and it led to a public scare and the subsequent passing of the USA Switchblade Act of 1958.

why are switchblades illegal?

<P> folded and locked in the closed position. During the 1950s, US newspapers as well as the tabloid press promoted the image of a new violent crime wave caused by young male delinquents with a stiletto switchblade or flick knife, based mostly on anecdotal evidence. In 1954, Democratic Rep. James J. Delaney of New York authored the first bill submitted to the U.S. Congress banning the manufacture and sale of switchblades, beginning a wave of legal restrictions worldwide and a consequent decline in their popularity. History Switchblades date from the mid-18th century. The earliest known examples of spring-loaded blades were constructed by <P> was "Designed for violence, deadly as a revolver - that’s the switchblade, the 'toy' youngsters all over the country are taking up as a fad. Press the button on this new version of the pocketknife and the blade darts out like a snake’s tongue. Action against this killer should be taken now". To back up his charges, Pollack quoted an unnamed juvenile court judge as saying: "It’s only a short step from carrying a switchblade to gang warfare". During the 1950s, established U.S. newspapers as well as the sensationalist tabloid press joined forces in promoting the image of a young delinquent <P> with a stiletto switchblade or flick knife. While the press focused on the switchblade as a symbol of youthful evil intent, the American public's attention was attracted by lurid stories of urban youth gang warfare and the fact that many gangs were composed of lower class youth and/or racial minorities. The purported offensive nature of the stiletto switchblade combined with reports of knife fights, robberies, and stabbings by youth gangs and other criminal elements in urban areas of the United States generated continuing demands from newspaper editorial rooms and the public for new laws restricting the lawful possession and/or use

The H1-B visa is a type of work visa for people in certain high-skill positions, like software developers and engineers, to come work in the United States. There's only a limited number of these visas available every year, and the spots fill up very quickly. In order to qualify for an H1-B visa, you need to have a job offer, that job offer needs to pay just as much as you would pay an American citizen, and the employer needs to have tried to hire American citizens but been unable to find any that meet the qualifications. The applicant also needs to have a college degree in a relevant field. The visa is tied to the job offer, so if the employee gets fired, they have to go back to their home country (although if they get a new job within a set time frame, the new employer can file paperwork to get a new visa for the immigrant without having to go through the whole process). The fraud that was found is that people were creating fake jobs to get people over here. While some major companies, like Microsoft and Intel, use the H1-B to hire top talent from around the world and bring them to their US headquarters to work, there are also outsourcing and consulting companies that (ab)use the process. They file for tens of thousands of petitions for H1-B visas every year. They use different job titles for their employees than most of the big employers (like "computer programmer" instead of "software developer") so that the official "average salary" is lower and they can pay them less than an American citizen would normally get paid for the same duties. Other companies will then fire their IT staff and hire the outsourcing company, effectively letting expensive American workers go and replacing them with cheap imported labor but without technically running afoul of immigration law. So, what would happen if the visa was abolished? Well, the major tech companies would probably still hire those people, but they'd have them work in India, Ireland, Switzerland, or wherever they had permission to work instead of bringing them to the US. The outsourcing companies would probably have more trouble if their supply of cheap labor dried up.

what is an h-1b visa, and what does the recent uncovering of the h-1b fraud scheme mean for the future?

<P> are the H-1B visa (the primary use case: a temporary visa for skilled workers), H-3 visa (a trainee and special education exchange visitor visa), and J-1 visa (a visa for exchange visitor students and scholars). The U.S. Department of State recommends that consular officers clearly annotate such B visas to make the scope of the visa clear to the applicant and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer at the port of entry. Prior to the September 2001 attacks, the B visa could also be used by people on short courses of study, but now such people need to get a <P> at a consulate. No dependent visa As with ordinary B visas, there is no visa for dependents of the in lieu of visas. However, the family members of B visa holders can still apply for ordinary B visas and use those to accompany or visit the holder of the in lieu of visa. Changes in the 1990s The Immigration Act of 1990 officially split the original H-1 visa into a H-1A visa (for nurses) and H-1B visa (for other categories of skilled workers) and imposed an annual numerical cap on H-1Bs. In 1993, the INS and the U.S. Department of <P> consulates, such as the Mumbai consulate, list the B-1 in lieu of H-1B but not as part of any specific program. This article discusses these rare uses of the B visa and the rules governing these uses. Importance of having the "in lieu of" annotation at the time of visa issuance An ordinary B visa cannot be retroactively changed by an applicant or his or her sponsoring company or institution to a B visa in lieu of another visa. Even if a person has an already valid B visa, the person must get a new B visa in lieu of

There are a couple of steps missing in there from "in a binary" to "fast rotation". Most neutron stars/pulsars are "born" with a spin period much faster than a second; the Crab has a 33 ms period and we know it was born in 1054 AD. Since they are emitting radiation in the form of a beam, they lose energy, and as they do so they start slowing down. Eventually they start reaching spin periods well over a second, and then maybe even into the 10s of seconds. Somewhere in there, they are moving too slowly for the radiation beam to be seen and they turn "off". If the pulsar is in a binary, then as the companion star starts to enter its end of life phase and begins to increase in size, the outer layers of that star will get accreted (pulled) onto the neutron star. There will be a transfer of angular momentum which causes the neutron star to spin up. Eventually what you're left with is a white dwarf companion, what is left of the core of that devoured star, and a very rapidly spinning "millisecond pulsar". The term millisecond pulsar is a little confusing because in some sense, by spin period definitions, the Crab is a millisecond pulsar. But we instead usually refer to a millisecond pulsar as being "recycled". That is, it accretes material/angular momentum, spins back up, and turns back "on" so that it shines again as a pulsar, and thus is recycled. There are a number of millisecond pulsars known with spin period just above 1 ms, and so far none have been found below.

why does a neutron star spin faster when it is part of a binary system?

<P> pulsars) and X-ray pulsars exhibit very different spin behaviors and have different mechanisms producing their characteristic pulses although it is accepted that both kinds of pulsar are manifestations of a rotating magnetized neutron star. The rotation cycle of the neutron star in both cases is identified with the pulse period. The major differences are that radio pulsars have periods on the order of milliseconds to seconds, and all radio pulsars are losing angular momentum and slowing down. In contrast, the X-ray pulsars exhibit a variety of spin behaviors. Some X-ray pulsars are observed to be continuously spinning faster and faster or <P> (or from) the neutron star causing the spin rate to increase or decrease at rates that are often hundreds of times faster than the typical spin down rate in radio pulsars. Exactly why the X-ray pulsars show such varied spin behavior is still not clearly understood. Observations X-ray pulsars are observed using X-ray telescopes that are satellites in low Earth orbit although some observations have been made, mostly in the early years of X-ray astronomy, using detectors carried by balloons or sounding rockets. The first X-ray pulsar to be discovered was Centaurus X-3, in 1971 with the Uhuru X-ray satellite. <P> the companion star is a Be star that rotates very rapidly and apparently sheds a disk of gas around its equator. The orbits of the neutron star with these companions are usually large and very elliptical in shape. When the neutron star passes nearby or through the Be circumstellar disk, it will capture material and temporarily become an X-ray pulsar. The circumstellar disk around the Be star expands and contracts for unknown reasons, so these are transient X-ray pulsars that are observed only intermittently, often with months to years between episodes of observable X-ray pulsation. Spin behaviors Radio pulsars (rotation-powered

That's probably because Congress does not allow for funding of research into pretty much anything related to gun violence. However, we can look at other countries to attempt to draw conclusions. In Australia, they've gotten rid of many guns and found that suicide rates plummeted: . The idea being that many suicides are 'spur of the moment' type things and that the presence of a very very easy method (via gun) allows them to occur. But, removing that method frequently allows the person's strong suicidal urge to 'pass'. A) this is an oversimplification, of course and B) you probably knew this part, thus why you asked. Assuming that interpretation is correct, then, in theory, a waiting period should have close to the same effect, assuming someone didn't buy the gun prior to their suicidal urge.

do gun waiting periods effect suicide rates?

<P> 2013, and suicides account for 63% of all firearm-related deaths. A 2012 review by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health found that in the United States, the percent of suicide attempts that prove fatal is "strongly related to the availability of household firearms." Prior to this, one book written by criminologist Gary Kleck in the 1990s stated that they found no relationship between gun availability and suicide rates. Federal and state laws The number of federal and state gun laws is unknown. A 2005 American Journal of Preventive Medicine study says 300, and the NRA says 20,000, though <P> are five to six times higher in high-income (HI) and upper-middle-income (UMI) countries in the Americas (12.72) than in Europe (2.17) or Oceania (2.57) and 95 times higher than in Asia (0.13). The rate of firearm deaths in the United States (14.24 per 100,000) exceeds that of its economic counterparts (1.76) eightfold and that of UMI countries (9.69) by a factor of 1.5. Suicide and homicide contribute equally to total firearm deaths in the U.S., but most firearm deaths are suicides (71%) in HI countries and homicides (72%) in UMI countries." Suicide Firearms accounted for 51.5% of U.S. suicides in <P> ownership per capita. According to the CDC, between 1999 and 2014 there have been 185,718 homicides from use of a firearm and 291,571 suicides using a firearm. Despite a significant increase in the sales of firearms since 1994, the US has seen a drop in the annual rate of homicides using a firearm from 7.0 per 100,000 population in 1993 to 3.6 per 100,000. In the ten years between 2000 and 2009, the ATF reported 37,372,713 clearances for purchase, however, in the four years between 2010 and 2013, the ATF reported 31,421,528 clearances. Property crime According to a

She died young and more or less at the peak of her career, she was a fairly prolific and successful actress, she was one of the first really famous women to pose nude, and she was married to DiMaggio and Arthur Miller. I mean, pick one.

why is marilyn monroe considered such an iconic model?

<P> was suffering from a heart ailment. She was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In the years before her death, she resided in a neighborhood only a few miles from where she once made motion pictures. <P> member of parliament, and later the Italian Undersecretary of State. Together they went to Perugia. She died from surgery in Rome on 9 April 1910, aged 54. Her husband, heartbroken by her death, committed suicide shortly thereafter next to her corpse. <P> of his rocky career, she remained a loyal and supportive wife. They had no children. After her retirement from the stage in 1969, they moved to Monte Carlo and then to southern France, where she lived until her death. She died at her home in Beaulieu-sur-Mer, on the Mediterranean coast west of Nice. She was 80 years old.

He didn't know it was The One Ring - it was thought to be destroyed. In The Hobbit the ring was nothing special (other than the invisibility), and in the Lord of the Rings books it took Gandalf 17 years from Bilbo's farewell party to discover that it was in fact Sauron's ring.

if gandalf knew bilbo has the ring, why did he let him keep it?

<P> the Ring. Eventually, Gandalf was able to determine the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron. Gandalf reported back to the White Council, but Saruman dissuaded them from moving against Sauron. Only when he learned the One Ring may be in the vicinity of the Gladden Fields did Saruman agree to attack Sauron, hoping to find the Ring himself. The Council drove Sauron from Dol Guldur, unaware that he knew the Ring had been found. Just prior to Sauron's departure, the Ring passed to another hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, who used it to assist in the victory of elves, men <P> and dwarves at the Battle of the Five Armies. Sixty years later, Gollum was captured by orcs, and taken to Mordor, where he was tortured into revealing the owner and location of the Ring; Bilbo Baggins of the Shire. In the meantime, Bilbo had left the Shire to live in Rivendell, and upon the advice of Gandalf had (very reluctantly) given the Ring to his nephew, Frodo Baggins. With the information given him by Gollum, Sauron, still unable to take physical form, thus sent the Nazgûl to the Shire to retrieve the One Ring. Frodo, and his friends, Samwise Gamgee, <P> Ring. He learned that it was in the possession of a Hobbit and sent out the nine Ringwraiths to retrieve it. The Ring-bearer, Frodo Baggins, travelled to Rivendell, where it was decided that the Ring had to be destroyed in the only way possible: casting it into the fires of Mount Doom. Frodo set out on the quest with eight companions—the Fellowship of the Ring. At the last moment, he failed, but with the intervention of the creature Gollum—who had been saved by the pity of Frodo and Bilbo Baggins—the Ring was nevertheless destroyed. Frodo with his companion Sam Gamgee

Like reddit, just much older. Usenet is an ancient but great discussion board system. You have separate groups, dedicated to certain topics. There are many independent servers you can use. Servers usually have most of the common groups, i.e. they keep all the messages from these groups. To read, you pick any convenient server (e.g. in ancient days, one located nearby, e.g. at your university). Then you use a program like Thunderbird to download the messages and read them. Unlike a web forum, where all the icons, tables, HTML etc. have to be downloaded, you only transfer pure plain text messages. Since your client (Thunderbird) can download them, you can easily do it when you have internet, and then read (and reply!) while offline. Your messages go out to the world when you connect again. As soon as you send a message, your server will distribute it to other servers he knows (as long as they carry the group where you posted), which in turn will forward it to others. Today, your message usually reaches every common server within seconds. This way, it doesn't matter which server you use. It's great, but about 30 years old (possibly older than the WWW!) and has its issues (no upvotes/downvotes, for example). The decentralization (many servers) makes it hard to ban people without pre-moderating everything, so some groups have been overrun by trolls. Other than that, it is an amazing system, still preferred by many. Mozilla uses usenet for discussions about the browser, for example (they sync it to their mailing lists). The main downside is that you need a client instead of just visiting a web page, but once you get one, it is awesome. Some people discovered that you could also post non-text stuff (binaries), aka porn, movies and other pirated stuff, and have it distributed that way. Since this puts a lot of load on the servers, only special (usually paid) "binary" servers allow this. So basically, you have one usenet for discussions and one for piracy. For the latter, you use a special client that automatically finds the tens of thousands of messages into which your movie or other content was split, downloads them, joins them, and spits out a file. It's basically like megaupload, just that all servers exchange the content with each other. It has little to do with the original idea of usenet (sometimes even technically - some servers unpack the files for you, so it's basically a giant network drive full of warez).

what is use net?

<P> Usenet Usenet (/ˈjuːznɛt/) is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages (called articles or posts, and collectively termed news) to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects and is the precursor to Internet forums that are widely used today. Discussions are threaded, as with web forums and BBSs, though posts are stored on the server sequentially. <P> The name comes from the term "users network". A major difference between a BBS or web forum and Usenet is the absence of a central server and dedicated administrator. Usenet is distributed among a large, constantly changing conglomeration of servers that store and forward messages to one another via "news feeds". Individual users may read messages from and post messages to a local server, which may be operated by anyone. Usenet is culturally and historically significant in the networked world, having given rise to, or popularized, many widely recognized concepts and terms such as "FAQ", "flame", Sockpuppet, and "spam". In the 1990s, <P> and social media. Usenet differs from such media in several ways: Usenet requires no personal registration with the group concerned; information need not be stored on a remote server; archives are always available; and reading the messages does not require a mail or web client, but a news client. However, it is now possible to read and participate in Usenet newsgroups to a large degree using ordinary Internet browsers since most newsgroups are now copied to several internet sites. The groups in alt.binaries are still widely used for data transfer. ISPs, news servers, and newsfeeds Many Internet service providers,

That's a very good question. We do have to make a distinction between Congo under the rule of Leopold II and subsequently under the rule of the Belgian government, a transfer of power which occured in 1908. The Congo Free State existed between 1885 and 1908 and it was run like a private company focused on efficiency with no regard for human costs. The way Congo was run by the Belgian government after the reign of Leopold II was still very much troubled by systemic racism and colonialism, it was run more like an actual country in stark comparison with the Congo Free State. When the Belgian king Leopold II took control of Congo, he recruited a few experienced Belgian civil servants to help him build out the colony, but they were essentially there to enforce his will. The Force Public, which was the army through which Leopold II exerted control, had internationally recruited white people in positions of power while the lower ranks were locally recruited black people. The fact that Congo - a vast amount of land with rich resources - was under the control of Belgium, was not to the liking of many other European countries. It didn't help that Leopold II had made a lot of promises to neighbouring countries regarding the profits of his Congo project. Also, it's important to note that these were times when governmental control was still very much reserved for the elite. You have to keep in mind that universal male suffrage wasn't really all that widespread yet, certainly not in the United Kingdom where the governmental body was mostly made up of entrepreneurs or nobility. The same can be said for Belgium to some extent. While Belgium did have a long history of grassroots power structures, their version of universal male suffrage dbetween 1893 and 1918 was still plural voting. This meant that you gained extra votes for paying more taxes or having more money, up to a maximum of three votes. Before 1893 there was "cijnskiesrecht", which attributed votes only to those with a lot of capital. I'm certain that there's a name for it in English, but it's not my native language. So many political decisions were guided by the interests of these entrepreneurs who were a part of the governmental bodies for both Belgium and the United Kingdom. This is evident from the actions by Cecil Rhodes, a British entrepreneur who became the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony under Brittish rule. He pushed to take control of the southern regions of Congo to further his own interests. He wasn't the only British entrepreneur who took issue with the rubber coming from the Congo and the pressure from within the British government to overthrow Leopold his rule kept mounting. Leopold II viciously pushed his staff and the locals to offer rubber at dump prices on the international market. The Congo Free State was chronically understaffed and everyone involved was being pushed beyond the limits of what's possible and humane. While the humanitarian issues certainly played a big role in the downfall of Leopold II his Congo project, it was heavily influenced by his competitors within the British government. To answer your question, the rubber trade stemming from the Congo Free State was a major player on the rubber market. So much so that British entrepreneurs heavily pressed towards removing Leopold II from his Congo project and not just for humanitarian reasons. It's not a coincidence that the rubber trade from Malaya by British companies mostly took off shortly after Congo was transfered to the Belgian government. The reason as to why you can't find a lot of information on it is because there aren't too many sources on this. The Congo Free State was run like a private company during a time when international companies were absolutely lawless - unlike today *ahum*. There simply isn't a big paper trail. However, there's still a good amount of historical research on this specific question and I can certainly recommend you some. The only problem is that most of it is written in either Dutch or French and mostly behind paywalls for those who aren't affiliated with universities. So do you speak either of these language and do you have access to a university library? There are certain more popular books translated to English, but while they are certainly worth a read they aren't always as academically sound.

how vital were belgium controlled rubber exports from congo in the early production of cars?

<P> from King Leopold II. On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. Executive power went to the Belgian minister of colonial affairs, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1926 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior. The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last Governor-general of the Congo Free <P> Free Republic of the Congo Background On 30 June 1960, the Belgian Congo became independent as the Republic of the Congo. However, the domestic situation quickly devolved as the army mutinied, beginning the Congo Crisis. In spite of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba's efforts to calm the troops, the situation worsened. Katanga and South Kasai subsequently seceded from the central government. The United Nations (UN) organised a peacekeeping operation and sent troops to the Congo. On 5 September, President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba from his post. The government was paralyzed by the political battle that ensued, and on 14 September, Colonel <P> property. He named it the Congo Free State. Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the railway that ran from the coast to the capital of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete. Nearly all such infrastructure projects were aimed at making it easier to increase the assets which Leopold and his associates could extract from the colony. In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built

At trial, there are two types of examinations: the direct examination (i.e. your opportunity to question the witness *you* call to the stand) and the cross examination (i.e. your opportunity to question to witness the other side calls). When examining your own witnesses, you are not allowed to ask what are called "leading questions." Leading questions are questions where the answer is implied in the question ("you're a redditor, correct?"). Some judges will even consider any yes/no questions to be leading ("were you on reddit last night?") You *are* allowed to ask leading questions to 1) witnesses you are cross-examining; or 2) witnesses you are direct examining, but who the judge has declared hostile for some reason (e.g. you ask them their named and they say, "f*ck off" and everyone can tell it's going to be a struggle for you to ask them open questions) EDIT: or (in federal court and some state courts) 3) witnesses you are direct examining but who are either adverse parties or witnesses for the adverse party. EDIT: Wow, thank you guys so much for all the upvotes and for the gold! I'm glad I could be of help, and it's awesome to see so many people interested in the legal system. One more EDIT: As others have so nicely pointed out, I never really answered the initial question! Why would a lawyer want to declare the witness hostile? Let's start with why leading questions are typically not allowed on direct examination. In the american legal system, the goal of a trial is for the fact-finder (whether it be a jury or a judge in the case of a bench-trial) to determine the truth about what happened. The witnesses are called for their benefit. The goal of direct is for the witness to tell their side of the story (I'm using "story" loosely here, as it could also be an expert witness, etc.). The fact-finder will listen to determine 1) whether the content of the story is believable 2) whether the witness him/herself seems credible. Now consider, how can a fact-finder determine these two things when some slick lawyer is leading the witness into yes/no questions? At that point, it basically becomes the lawyer testifying, not the witness. However, when a witness has proven unable to tell their story, whether it be because communication is difficult for them (eg. they are a very young child, they have some sort of disability, etc.) or because they are simply acting hostile, the court will allow them to be questioned in the next best way which will still result in information being dispensed to the fact-finder so that they can do their job. This next best way would be through leading questions. So why would a lawyer want a witness to be declared hostile? The answer is so that they can ask them leading questions. The advantage of being able to ask leading questions, besides being able to move the trial along quickly (it might take hours for a young child to answer very basic non-leading questions) is that you can formulate the questions in a way such that you pretty much always get the answer you want and that you expect. Thus, the lawyer will be able to basically use the witness as a mouth-piece through which they can tell their clients' story exactly as they see fit.

why would a lawyer ask a judge for permission to "treat the witness as hostile", and what are the benefits for being able to do so?

<P> or education. Leading questions may also be permitted on direct examination when a witness requires special handling, for example a child. However, the court must take care to be sure that the examining attorney is not coaching the witness through leading questions. Although Rule 611(c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (and comparable rules of many states) do not prohibit leading questions on re-direct, some states have expressly limited the use of leading questions on re-direct. As a practical matter, it rests within the trial court's discretion as to what leading questions may be asked on re-direct. Generally speaking, <P> Leading question United States While each state has its own rules of evidence, many states model their rules on the Federal Rules of Evidence, which themselves relate closely to the common-law mode of examination. Rule 611(c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that: Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop the witness' testimony. Ordinarily leading questions should be permitted on cross-examination. When a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions. Leading questions are <P> the primary mode of examination of witnesses who are hostile to the examining party, and are not objectionable in that context. Examination of hostile witnesses usually takes place on cross-examination. As the rule recognizes, the examination of a "hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party" will sometimes take place on direct examination, and leading questions are permitted. In practice, judges will sometimes permit leading questions on direct examination of friendly witnesses with respect to preliminary matters that are necessary to provide background or context, and which are not in dispute; for example, a witness's employment

In case anyone gets confused about geography, Wikipedia has provided a nice annotated map of the area in question [here.] () This may prove useful to anyone who is not familiar with European geography. The Schleswig-Holstein question involves a number of things that we all love about 19th Century political history: problematic succession laws, the unification of nation states, and one Otto von Bismarck. In order to understand the question, we must travel many centuries back to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. This is about a thousand years outside of my specialisation so I can't talk about it in great detail, but suffice to say that the area surrounding Schleswig and Holstein was an area of contention between the Danish and the Germans, and even before that had been contested by various groups. After the dust settled, all land north of the Eider river was held by the Danish, and all land south was held by the Germans. Holstein formed a part of the Duchy of Saxony. /u/wowbuggertheinfinite posted a more detailed overview lower down the comment chain here. Moving forward to 1326, King Valdemar of Denmark *allegedly* made a statement saying that the Duchy of South Jutland (Schleswig) and the Kingdom of Denmark should always remain two separate entities. Proof of this was first produced in 1448 by Christian I of Denmark, and in 1460 Denmark retook Holstein and Schleswig, which had been lost previously. The Treaty of Ribe added the County of Holstein as a possession of the King of Denmark, but not of the Kingdom itself. One phrase in the treaty, that Schleswig and Holstein should be 'forever inseparable', would prove important later. We can understand at this point why the issue becomes so complicated. The Danish Monarchy possessed the Kingdom of Denmark, and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. However, neither Duchy was itself a component part of the Kingdom of Denmark, rather they were possessions of the *King* of Denmark. To make matters more complicated, in 1665 the Kingdom of Denmark introduced a succession law that allowed females to inherit. Schleswig and Holstein did not, and kept the Salic Law, where women were unable to inhereit. This will also prove important later. Over the years until 1806 there was a bit more back and forth between various Counts, Dukes and Kings with some territorial shifting, but nothing major. After the Holy Roman Empire was formally dissolved in 1806, Denmark extended their influence over Holstein, introducing various language and social reforms. However this was reversed by the Congress of Vienna, who included Holstein in the German Confederation. Given that the Treaty of Ribe had declared Schleswig and Holstein to be forever unseparable, this opened up a whole range of potential problems. With the stage set, we can now move forward to 1846. The male line of the Danish Monarchy is set to die out with the death of Frederick, son of King Christian VIII. Since the Kingdom of Denmark and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein have different succession laws, a crisis is brewing. 31% of the population of Denmark, mostly concentrated in the two Duchies, spoke German, and the rising star of Prussia offered hopes of a German unification. In 1848, tensions came to a head as Liberal revolutions broke out across Europe, and the attempts of the Danish monarchy to incorporate Schleswig-Holstein into the Kingdom of Denmark proper led to open rebellion. Prussian troops marched into Holstein in order to enforce their independence. The male heir to the Duchy, Christian August, duke of Augustenburg, was declared to be the legitimate ruler. However, Prussia here drew the ire of the other Great Powers of Europe, who up until now hadn't been particularly bothered by the constitutional history of a minor German Duchy. Britain and Russia wished to protect their naval interests and if Prussia could take the harbour at Kiel and build a canal to the North Sea then they had the potential to become a North Sea naval power, an outcome neither Britain nor Russia wanted. Austria were at this time in conflict with Prussia over which country would assume leadership of the German speaking peoples, and so tended to side against Prussia. While they were open to the idea of an independent Schleswig-Holstein, they were highly against idea that it could be integrated into Prussia. Additionally, the wishes of the significant Danish speaking minority in the Duchy had to be taken into account. Sweden sent troops to help Denmark, and Nicholas I of Russia diplomatically pressured the Prussians to withdraw. In 1850 the Treaty of Berlin re-established the status quo before the war, and in 1852 Christian August withdrew his claim. Over the course of the next decade, the Danish slowly tried to consolidate power in the Duchy. The teaching of German in Northern Schleswig was banned, and the teaching of Danish in the rest of Schleswig was emphasised. In 1855 the Danish proposed to create a national assembly, where the Kingdom would have 60% of the members, allowing them to outvote the Duchies. The Duchies naturally protested against this. The situation was rapidly becoming untenable. In 1862 the British tried to propose a new system, but were wary of upsetting the Prussians, with whom they had developed a tentative friendship. By 1864, the situation had changed. Russia was preoccupied with internal issues, Sweden had no real desire to intervene without the backing of other great powers, and Britain no longer desired to hinder Prussia quite so much. Denmark were issued an ultimatum by Prussia and Austria, the latter of whom had joined in an attempt to restrain Prussia. They rejected it, and lost the ensuing war quite badly. They later rejected an international conference set up to solve the dispute and lost the continuation of the war even more badly. Austria and Prussia agreed to split Schleswig between them, with Prussia administering Schleswig and the city of Kiel, and Austria administering Holstein minus Kiel. In 1866, Bismarck declared war on Austria and occupied Holstein. After a short 3 week war the fighting ended with no changes other than the transfer of Holstein to Prussia. The status of Schleswig-Holstein would stay the same until 1920, when a plebiscite saw the Danish speaking north assigned back to Denmark. In conclusion, the Schleswig-Holstein question was an incredibly complicated diplomatic and legal matter that came to a head in a period in which Prussia and Austria were looking to assert their superiority over German-speaking Europe. While war was certainly not inevitable, and the situation could have been solved diplomatically at several points, and attempts were made to do so, with Bismarck at the head of Prussia and German nationalism both in Prussia and Schleswig-Holstein at a fever pitch, it would have required supreme patience and diplomatic skill to do so. Sources: Stacie Goddard, 'When Right Makes Might: How Prussia Overturned the European Balance of Power', *International Security*, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Winter, 2008/2009), pp. 110-142 Hans Brems, 'The Collapse of the Binational Danish Monarchy in 1864, a Multinational Perspective', *Scandinavian Studies*, Vol. 51, No. 4, HENRIK IBSEN ISSUE (AUTUMN 1979), pp. 428- 441

lord palmerston quipped “the schleswig-holstein question is so complicated, only three men in europe have ever understood it. one was prince albert, who is dead. the second was a german professor who became mad. i am the third and i have forgotten all about it.” why was it irresolvable without war?

<P> Duke of Holstein and Duke of Lauenburg. Schleswig-Holstein Question The Schleswig-Holstein Question was the name given to the whole complex of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century out of the relations of the two duchies, Schleswig and Holstein, to the Danish crown on one side and the German Confederation on the other. In 1806–1815 the government of Denmark had claimed Schleswig and Holstein to be parts of the monarchy of Denmark, which was not popular among the German population in Schleswig-Holstein, who had traditionally the majority in Holstein and had gradually increased its dominance in Schleswig as well. <P> Schleswig and Holstein have at different times belonged in part or completely to either Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire, or been virtually independent of both nations. The exception is that Schleswig had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire or the German Confederation before the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. For many centuries, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a Duke of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. The short version is: Schleswig was either integrated in Denmark or a Danish fief, and Holstein was a Holy Roman Imperial fief. Since 1460 <P> However, this development sparked a German national awakening after the Napoleonic wars and led to a strong popular movement in Holstein and Southern Schleswig for unification of both with a new Germany (see German unification), turning out to be Prussian-dominated, as it was. A controversy in the 19th century raged round the ancient indissoluble union of the two duchies, and the inferences to be drawn from it; the Danish National Liberals claimed Schleswig as an integral part of the Danish kingdom; Germans claimed, besides Holstein, being a member state of the German Confederation, also Schleswig. The history of the relations of

Sheer size. The Great Red Spot id bigger than the Earth. Even if it was to move 2000 km, it would be very hard to see on a picture.

if jupiter and saturn are made of gas, how come whenever i see pictures of them, the patterns and colours on them look the same? doesn't the gas move around?

<P> as a few hours or stretch on for centuries. Even before Voyager proved that the feature was a storm, there was strong evidence that the spot could not be associated with any deeper feature on the planet's surface, as the Spot rotates differentially with respect to the rest of the atmosphere, sometimes faster and sometimes more slowly. In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when several smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were first observed <P> about six days. The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloudtops. The Great Red Spot is large enough to accommodate Earth within its boundaries. Mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet. However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000 km (25,500 mi) across. By the time of the Voyager flybys in 1979, the storm had a length of 23,300 km (14,500 mi) and a width of approximately 13,000 km (8,000 mi). Hubble observations in 1995 showed it <P> temperatures at the cloud layer. Great Red Spot and other vortices The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator. It is known to have been in existence since at least 1831, and possibly since 1665. Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two "red spots" adjacent to the Great Red Spot. The storm is large enough to be visible through Earth-based telescopes with an aperture of 12 cm or larger. The oval object rotates counterclockwise, with a period of

It is better because it uses a superior system of measurement that takes more data into account. When your prescription is taken for standard LASIK/LASEK/PRK they are basically taking an average measurement for your entire eye. But of course your eye is not a perfect shape with a smooth surface. It's composed of organic tissues. Some of them are out of position, some of them are not as transparent as others, etc. etc. That's where Wavefront-Guided Custom LASIK/LASEK/PRK comes into play. The Wavefront technology takes measurements from many different angles (I believe I was told something like 240 measurements). This allows it to detect and adjust for tiny imperfections in parts of your eye, that could not be accounted for using traditional measurement technologies. I had Wavefront-guided PRK performed almost a year ago and let me tell you it is the single best decision I have ever made. It is the best money I ever spent. It was life-changing.

how wavefront/custom lasik is different from older versions of lasik/lasek/prk, and why it is (or isn't) better.

<P> pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results. A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK. <P> PRK with the excimer laser. The addition of a flap to PRK became known as LASIK. Further research Since 1991, there have been further developments such as faster lasers; larger spot areas; bladeless flap incisions; intraoperative corneal pachymetry; and "wavefront-optimized" and "wavefront-guided" techniques which were introduced by the University of Michigan's Center for Ultrafast Optical Science. The goal of refractive surgery is to avoid permanently weakening the cornea with incisions and to deliver less energy to the surrounding tissues. Comparison to photorefractive keratectomy A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less <P> in patients with keratoconus. No good data can be found that compare the percentage of LASIK procedures that employ wavefront guidance versus the percentage that do not, nor the percentage of refractive surgeons who have a preference one way or the other. Wavefront technology continues to be positioned as an "advance" in LASIK with putative advantages; however, it is clear that not all LASIK procedures are performed with wavefront guidance. Still, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos," the visual artifact caused by spherical aberration induced in the eye

Computerphile just did a video on that. Basically, to make an AI safe you'd have to account for the absurdest of things since computer brains will be very different from ours. Deadly Truth of General AI:

elon musk has been very clear recently in regard to his fears of quickly developing a.i. what is he afraid of, and what would a.i. "going bad" look like working itself out in today's global economy?

<P> AI aftermath scenarios Background Most scientists believe that AI research will at some point lead to the creation of machines that are as intelligent, or more intelligent, than human beings in every domain of interest. There is no physical law precluding particles from being organised in ways that perform even more advanced computations than the arrangements of particles in human brains; therefore superintelligence is physically possible. In addition to potential algorithmic improvements over human brains, a digital brain can be many orders of magnitude larger and faster than a human brain, which was constrained in size by evolution to be <P> (or at least the illusion of control), humanity ends up progressing more slowly than it would if the AI were unrestricted in its willingness to rain down all the benefits of its advanced technology on the human race. Boxed AI People ask what is the relationship between humans and machines, and my answer is that it's very obvious: Machines are our slaves. — Tom Dietterich, president of the AAAI The AI Box scenario postulates that a superintelligent AI can be "confined to a box" and its actions can be restricted by human gatekeepers; the humans in charge would try to take advantage of <P> some of the AI's scientific breakthroughs or reasoning abilities, without allowing the AI to take over the world. Successful gatekeeping may be difficult; the more intelligent the AI is, the more likely the AI can find a clever way to use "social hacking" and convince the gatekeepers to let it escape, or even to find an unforeseen physical method of escape. Human-AI merger Kurzweil argues that in the future "There will be no distinction, post-Singularity, between human and machine or between physical and virtual reality". Human extinction If a dominant superintelligent machine were to conclude that human survival is an

I would argue that much of those issues, are the consequences of Residential Schools that were present in Canada and the U.S.A from the 18th century to as late as 1996 and many more societal problems common today in Native American communities. The purpose of these schools was to assimilate natives into European culture through constant immersion. That was accomplished through removing children from their homes and enrolling them in these schools at a young age. There was little to no tolerance for the speaking of languages other than those allowed and, very often, any remotely cultural behavior or sentiments shown by these children were punishable. From alumni testimonies that have come to light, the schools were rampant with physical, psychological, emotional and sexual abuses. The institutions are cited as a major force in the cultural genocide of First Nation peoples and the experiences there as one of the leading causes for the development of depression and other mental illnesses in Native peoples in the past. So to answer your question, the issues today are the accumulative product of several generations of colonialism and systematic oppression in North America. Much work remains to heal the damage. You can read up in more detail about government settlements, testimonies, history, and what work is being done with these sources: Residential School Settlements, Canada Testimonies Further reading List from the same website above Government support resources More detailed analysis and history

are alaska natives' issues with depression and suicide modern, or have the communities always struggled with high depression and suicide rates?

<P> indigenous activists and historians led to a change in the public perception of the residential school system, as well as official government apologies, and a (controversial) legal settlement. Colonization had a significant impact on First Nations diet and health. According to the historian Mary-Ellen Kelm, "inadequate reserve allocations, restrictions on the food fishery, overhunting, and over-trapping" alienated First Nations from their traditional way of life, which undermined their physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. 20th century As Canadian ideas of progress evolved around the start of the 20th century, the federal Indian policy was directed at removing Indigenous people from their <P> (IRS) is a checkered one, much criticism has been levelled at both the system and those who established and supported it. Neglect and poor nutrition were often what Aboriginal children experienced, particularly in the early decades of the system's operation. The stripping away of traditional native culture—sometimes referred to as "cultural genocide"—is another charge levelled at the residential schools. In many schools, students were not allowed to speak their Indigenous languages or practice any of their own customs, and thus lost their sense of identity, inevitably driving a cultural wedge between children and their family. By 1920, attendance at some <P> squash. Today, Aboriginal people work in a variety of occupations and live outside their ancestral homes. The traditional cultures of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still exert a strong influence on their culture, from spirituality to political attitudes. Contemporary issues First Nations peoples face a number of problems to a greater degree than Canadians overall, some with living conditions comparable to developing countries like Haiti. Aboriginals have higher rates of unemployment, rates of incarceration, substance abuse, health problems, homelessness, fetal alcohol syndrome, lower levels of education and higher levels of poverty. Residential schools Canada's federal residential school system began in the

So contrary to Rothammer (as discussed in u/Dondville) Marquet et al argue that the Chinchorros lead a less hierarchical lifestyle and that mummification isn't tied to status. Mummification first started because of the pure heat of the environment. Natural mummification formed when bodies were left in dehydrated environments. This discovery of natural mummies is believed to be a primary inspiration for the creation of man-made mummies. The earliest man made mummies were most often covered with black mud after the removal (and replacement with natural fibres) of inards and sectioning, then rejoining of the body. The majority of early mummies were children, which lead Arriza to note a probable correlation between infant deaths and high arsenic levels in the local water (100 times the acceptable limit) and the EL Nino phenomenon. Mummification most likely started as a result of population rising (Marquet et al) and increased infant mortality. The common theory is that mummification was undertaken during periods of social stress caused by high infant mortality and a shortage of resources. Mummies were a tool to bring the community together, and perhaps played a religious, almost sacrificial role. Many of these mummies being children is probably those children who died from arsenic poisoning, which may have had importance. It actually dissapeared for a while (or at least wasn't as popular) only to be replaced with a different type of mummification (red mummies as opposed to the older black ones). When similar birth/death rates occured. Red mummies were prepared slightly differently (different coloured mud, and incisions made to extract innards rather than dissection). Red mummies again seem to be a reaction to envrionmental pressures and have been interpreted again as sacrificial. The dying out of mummification can perhaps be seen as a sign of stability in the community and its resurfacing to be a sign of pressures returning. #Sources: Arriaza, B. (1995) ‘Chinchorro Bioarchaeology: Chronology and Mummy Seriation’ in Latin American Antiquity, Society for American Archaeology 6(1):35-55 Arriaza, B. (2005)’Arseniasis As An Envrionmental Hypothetical Explanation For the Origin of the Oldest Artifical Mummification Practice In the World/ Arsenicismo, Una Hipótesis Medioambiental Para Explicar El Origen De La Momicación Más Antigua Del Mundo’ in Chungara: Revista de Antropologia Chilena, Universidad de Tarapaca 3(2):255-260 Marquet, P., Santoro, C., Latorre, C., Standen, V., Abades, S., Rivadenira, M., Arriaza, B., Hochberg, M. (2012) ‘Emergence of Social Complexity Among Coastal Hunter-Gatherers in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile’ in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences 109(37):14754-14760

the chinchorro culture of ancient chile began purposefully mummifying their dead thousands of years before the ancient egyptians did, and did so in a highly idiosyncratic manner. what led to the development of such practices, and what ended up happening to the chinchorro people?

<P> of fisherfolk existed, tucked away in the arid river valleys of the Andes, but the Chinchorro made themselves unique by their dedicated preservation of the dead. Chinchorro mummification While many cultures throughout the world have sought to focus on preserving the dead elite, the Chinchorro tradition performed mummification on all members of their society, making them archaeologically significant. The decision of egalitarian preservation is proven in the mummification of the relatively less productive members of society (meaning those who could not contribute to the welfare of others; the elderly, children, infants and miscarried fetuses). It is often the case <P> hindering relative dating techniques), mostly loose sand at the slope of the hill. Fifty-four adults were found: 27 female, 20 male and 7 of indeterminate sex; 42 children were also found: 7 female, 12 male, 23 indeterminate. This sample size suggests that the Chinchorro did not favor mummifying one sex over others. The mummies may have served as a means of assisting the soul in surviving, and to prevent the bodies from frightening the living. A more commonly accepted theory is that there was an ancestor cult of sorts, since there is evidence of both the bodies traveling with the groups <P> and placed in positions of honor during major rituals and a delay in the final burial itself. Also, the bodies (which were always found in the extended position) were elaborately decorated and colored (even later repainted), and are thought to be reinforced and stiffened in order to be carried on reed litters and consequently displayed. However, since the society is a preceramic one, as well as slightly nomadic, it is somewhat difficult to determine through archaeological records the reasons why the Chinchorro felt the need to mummify the dead. The representatives of the Chinchorro culture was determined by mitochondrial haplogroup A2. Dr.

Many times monasteries and churches were built on land which was donated to the church by a king; so it was a case of "take what you get". Also, a lot of monastic orders stressed avoidance of societal temptations in favor of a life of religious contemplation and work. Having your base of operations far from towns and cities would make this easier.

why were some chapels built far from inhabitated centres?

<P> The large monasteries had similarly large gardens with all kinds of facilities, from fountains, canals and wells. In some minor orders, the gardens had simply small chapels or oratories. Sometimes inns were built outside the closure area. Over time and with the growing authority of the abbot, the religious houses were wont to build their own house, where the abbot might receive important guests. Larger monasteries provided not only the means for the monks' subsistence but for a strong local economic base, with workshops, foundries, mills, potteries, wineries, and other small businesses. Heritage Despite the great vicissitudes suffered by the Spanish <P> monasteries—fire, theft, plundering, confiscations, laziness—there still remains still a considerable heritage of artistic furnishings. The monasteries tried to move away from the heritage of austerity required of ascetics, without exhibiting any external signs of wealth. Maintaining this position was virtually impossible because of the desire of lay founders, sponsors and donors that their gifts be visible as indications of their power, generosity and position. All these monasteries developed a rich collection of art, and this display did not escape the strictest order in this regard, the Carthusian Order. In the Renaissance and Baroque period, the great chapel altars and those of smaller <P> and the Canary Islands. The establishment of monasteries during the Middle Ages was paramount from a social and cultural standpoint, benefiting the arts and agriculture. The Camino de Santiago proved an important factor in locations of these monastic orders, as often an important objective was to support the pilgrims traveling along this route. Foundations Monasteries in this area were historically founded mainly by kings, bishops and nobles. There were a number of reasons individuals might found a monastery, largely self-serving ones: to reserve a burial there, which came with perpetual prayers by the monks on behalf of the founder's soul, sheltering a

Medieval scholars were well aware of chronology, since they had to calculate calendars so that they could accurately plot out the date of moveable Christian feast days like Easter (the subject was called computus). This science allowed them to produce tables which would show the date of Easter years in advance. The development of Easter tables was the principle factor leading to the redating of time to the birth of Christ (Anno Domini, “In the Year of Our Lord’s [Incarnation]”). This was first calculated by the monk Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Short) in the sixth century but not widely used until popularized by Bede (died 735), a scholar in Northern England who was both an expert in computus and widely read throughout the continent for his biblical commentaries and other religious works (though known today mostly for his History of the English Church). Prior to this dating of years was usually carried out according to the year of the emperor or of the indiction cycle (a cycle of 15 years). To the question about their knowledge of the past, they had access to a number of Roman and late antique histories of Rome. Perhaps the most popular in western Europe were Rufinus’s translation of Eusebius’s History of the Church, and, covering the earlier period, Orosius’s History against the Pagans (written after the sack of Rome to counter the pagan accusation that Rome suffered calamity because of punishment for abandoning the Roman gods and accepting Christianity). This history went back to the foundation of Rome and dated events according to how many years it happened from that founding date (which I think it set at 753 BC, though Orosius was writing before the use of AD and BC). There were plenty of other histories they also read, as well as chronicles, which listed all the important events that happened year by year. Of course they also used the Bible as a source of history and took great pains to correlate the events it describes with contemporary events in Greece and Rome. You can read more in The Oxford Companion to the Year by Blackburn and Holford-Stevens and in Faith Wallis’s book on Bede: The Reckoning of Time, and also in the primary sources like Bede’s History, Orosius, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and others.

how accurate were medieval historians in terms of timeframes of the ancient world?

<P> convention established by Dionysius Exiguus and associated with the Julian calendar. The year number is variously given as AD (for Anno Domini) or CE (for Common Era or, indeed, Christian Era). Religious calendars The most important use of pre-modern calendars is keeping track of the liturgical year and the observation of religious feast days. While the Gregorian calendar is itself historically motivated in relation to the calculation of the Easter date, it is now in worldwide secular use as the de facto standard. Alongside the use of the Gregorian calendar for secular matters, there remain a number of calendars in use <P> XIII. Drawing on ancient Greek and medieval Islamic astronomy recently introduced to western Europe via Spain, Bacon continued the work of Robert Grosseteste and criticised the then-current Julian calendar as "intolerable, horrible, and laughable". It had become apparent that Eudoxus and Sosigenes's assumption of a year of 365¼ days was, over the course of centuries, too inexact. Bacon charged that this meant the computation of Easter had shifted forward by 9 days since the First Council of Nicaea in 325. His proposal to drop one day every 125 years and to cease the observance of fixed equinoxes and solstices was not <P> uses "Meridiani" and "Occidui" instead, as perhaps his informant had done. At the end of the work, Bede added a brief autobiographical note; this was an idea taken from Gregory of Tours' earlier History of the Franks. Bede's work as a hagiographer, and his detailed attention to dating, were both useful preparations for the task of writing the Historia Ecclesiastica. His interest in computus, the science of calculating the date of Easter, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo-Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date. Bede is described by

Propane is a byproduct of natural gas production and oil refinement. It is present in oil and gas, but must be separated out. If found in crude oil, it is separated during the refinement process. If it is found in natural gas, then it is separated at the wellhead into what is commonly referred to as "condensate". Condensate is made up of several components, including propane, hexane, and butane. The condensate is then refined and the individual components are separated. It's possible to have a shortage of propane just like it's possible to have a shortage of any fuel; when supply and demand are out of sync. In this case, demand spiked because of extremely cold weather, creating a shortage and increasing price.

what is the process of making propane gas and how is it possible to have a shortage of propane?

<P> Propane History Propane was discovered by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot in 1857. It was found dissolved in Pennsylvanian light crude oil by Edmund Ronalds in 1864. Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines highlighted it as a volatile component in gasoline in 1910, which was the beginning of the propane industry in the United States. The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined gasoline. On March 31, 1912, The New York Times reported on Snelling's work with liquefied gas, saying "a steel bottle will <P> pressure and is around 3.5 times as efficient as storing it as CNG. Unlike propane, if a spill occurs, CNG will evaporate and dissipate harmlessly because it is lighter than air. Propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas, because the equipment required costs less. Propane requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at 37.8 °C (100 °F). United States As of October 2013, the retail cost of propane was approximately $2.37 per gallon, or roughly $25.95 per 1 million BTUs. This means that filling a 500-gallon propane tank, which is what households that <P> a specification that establishes a maximum concentration of 5% propene in propane. Propane and other LP gas specifications are established in ASTM D-1835. All propane fuels include an odorant, almost always ethanethiol, so that people can easily smell the gas in case of a leak. Propane as HD-5 was originally intended for use as vehicle fuel. HD-5 is currently being used in all propane applications. Refrigeration Propane is also instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, as the energy source for a gas absorption refrigerator and is commonly used for camping and recreational vehicles. In addition, blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (R-290a) (isobutane/propane

When you want to compress a series of data (say, a sound recording) you can look for patterns in the data, and just record the patterns instead of the original measurements. DCT describes data as the sum of a series of waves (cosine functions) vibrating at different frequencies. This turns out to be a great way to describe sounds using just a small set of numbers. So it's used in audio compression. It's also used in video compression, since pictures also tend to have patterns.

discrete cosine transforms

<P> conceptual framework for digital scholarship, the World Wide Web, wikis and even social media. It was recognized as a significant work even at the time of its publication. Digital multimedia Practical digital multimedia distribution and streaming was made possible by advances in data compression, due to the impractically high memory, storage and bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. The most important compression technique is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a lossy compression algorithm that was first proposed as an image compression technique by Nasir Ahmed at the University of Texas in 1972. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first <P> first appeared in the early 1990s. It was made possible by a major technological development, discrete cosine transform (DCT) video compression. DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, and was later adapted into a motion-compensated DCT algorithm for video coding standards such as the H.26x formats from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1991 onwards. Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a digital TV signal. A standard-definition television (SDTV) signal requires around 200 Mbps bandwidth for uncompressed digital video, which could be compressed down to around <P> while raw digital video requires a bandwidth of 168 Mbps for SD video and over 1 Gbps for FHD video. The most important compression technique that enabled practical streaming media is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a form of lossy compression first proposed in 1972 by Nasir Ahmed, who then developed the algorithm with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao at the University of Texas in 1973. The DCT algorithm is the basis for the first practical video coding format, H.261, in 1988. It was initially used for online video conferencing. It was followed by more popular DCT-based video coding standards, most notably

Not really. The minimum mass required to fuse hydrogen is about 80 times the mass of Jupiter, which is generally considered the lower bound of what a star is. For it to fuse deuterium, it has to be about 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and objects in this range are called brown dwarves. So, it's not like just a little bit more material would make Jupiter a star.

i've often heard jupiter referred to as a "failed star." is this a fair representation? how close in terms of mass was it to actually becoming a star?

<P> masses. Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star. Mass composition The majority of Jupiter's mass is hydrogen and helium. These two elements make up more than 87% of the total mass of Jupiter. The total mass of heavy elements other than hydrogen and helium in the planet is between 11 and 45 M⊕. The bulk of the hydrogen on Jupiter is solid hydrogen. Evidence suggests that Jupiter contains a central dense core. If so, the mass of the core is predicted to be no larger than about 12 M⊕. The exact mass <P> would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter masses. Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, the smallest red dwarf is only about 30 percent larger in radius than Jupiter. Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from <P> present, its atmosphere would collapse, and the planet would shrink. For small changes in mass, the radius would not change appreciably, but above about 500 M⊕ (1.6 Jupiter masses) the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter

I feel like no-one has really answered your question so far, especially in regards to the Revolver part of the question. I'll try my best as a former Beatles fanatic. As you alluded to, Revolver was quite an experimental pop record, and it was the first album where the Beatles REALLY decided to use the studio as an instrument. The wild guitar solo in Taxman played the band's bassist, the backwards guitar in I'm Only Sleeping, the raga banger that is Love You To, and not to mention the psychedelic tape-looped masterpiece that is Tomorrow Never Knows. The Beatles threw brass and string instrumentation all on this thing as well, like in Eleanor Rigby and Got to Get You. Critics and Music Pundits understand the impact and importance Revolver brings forth, and many diehards will say Revolver is their favorite Beatles record. It certainly was mine for the longest time. Sgt. Pepper, however, was a different beast. In my opinion, it wasn't as musically ambitious as Revolver. However, conceptually, it changed how the artform of the album was seen. Instead of a collection of songs, it was better taken as a whole. All the songs are thematically and musically connected (The Beatles didn't exactly /intend/ this, but intention isn't important), the album art was wildly unique and fed into the album's themes. It was the first REAL album, Pet Sounds be damned (I like Pet Sounds more than any Beatles' album, so hush). This album also came out after the Beatles retired from touring, and after the double masterpiece whammy that was Strawberry Fields Forever and Penny Lane. The hype was through the roof and the Beatles trumped even that. They also won AOTY at the Grammys, which was surreal. It's a landmark of an album. Revolver is fantastic, and I like it way more than Sgt. Peppers, but it isn't a landmark. Not like Peppers. EDIT: Umm, wow I was not expecting this sort of response! I wrote this up in about 5 minutes before I ran out to hang with friends, so I know it’s quick and dirty, lacking a ton of history of what lead up to Revolver/Sgt. Pepper’s. I just wanted shine light of that period, so it would easier to do future research! I did want to answer three questions I saw: > What do you mean “former Beatlemaniac”? I was OBSESSED with the Beatles years ago. They were all I listened to for years straight, and I pretty much read every single thing possible about them. Now, I’m way more chill, ha. Still love them to pieces. > You like Pet Sounds more than any Beatles album? Really? Yep. The compositions and arrangements of Pet Sounds are transcendent, and the performances of each song are perfect. It’s a flawless album that hasn’t been touched since IMO > Zappa did it first/did it better/The Beatles suck Zappa was a prolific avant-garde/experimental musician, and unlike the Beatles, he did not make music for popular consumption per se. He did not have the production/engineering chops of the Abbey Road team, and he did not prioritize making layered pop tunes. He made weird bops. He’s a great musician and composer, but he and The Beatles couldn’t be any more different. They affected very different circles. You can believe the Beatles suck if you want tho.

why is the beatles’ sergeant peppers considered such a turning point in the history of rock and roll, especially when revolver sounds more experimental and came earlier?

<P> Beatles' creative approach in 1966 to that of modern jazz musicians, and recognises their channelling of Indian and Western classical, Southern soul, and electronic musical styles into their work as unprecedented in popular music. He says that, through the band's efforts to faithfully translate their LSD-inspired vision into music, "Revolver opened the doors to psychedelic rock (or acid rock)", while the primitive means by which it was recorded (on four-track equipment) inspired the work that artists such as Pink Floyd, Genesis, Yes and the Electric Light Orchestra were able to achieve with advances in studio technology. Turner also highlights the <P> Ryan and Kehew quote Emerick as saying: "I know for a fact that, from the day it came out, Revolver changed the way that everyone else made records." Overview Author Steve Turner writes that Revolver encapsulates not only "the spirit of the times" but the network of progressive social and cultural thinkers in which the Beatles had recently become immersed in London. The album is an early work in the psychedelic rock genre, which accompanied the emergence of counterculture ideology in the 1960s. Through its individual tracks, Revolver covers a wide range of styles, including acid rock, chamber music, R&B, <P> sessions, Lennon said that they had considered making the album a continuous flow of tracks, without gaps to differentiate between each song. The group's willingness to experiment was also evident in their dedication to finding or inventing sounds that captured the heightened perception they experienced through hallucinogenic drugs. The album made liberal use of compression and tonal equalisation. Emerick says that the Beatles encouraged the studio staff to break from standard recording practices, adding: "It was implanted when we started Revolver that every instrument should sound unlike itself: a piano shouldn't sound like a piano, a guitar shouldn't sound like a

In a simplified scheme of things, we could say that our memory comes in three parts. 1) Sensory Memory: 'Photographic' memory of the things we sense that persists for fleeting moments before being 'overwritten' by new information. This is why when you're not paying attention to the lecturer and they "call you out on it", you can often repeat what they had just said. You had an auditory sensory memory of the sounds that have recently struck your eardrum. 2) Working Memory. This is an expansion of our prior concepts of "short-term memory". It holds a few bits of information (often approximated to be 7 bits of information, plus or minus 2) and can access older memories to work with newer ones. This is what we use when actively cogitating. 3) Long-Term Memory. This is your essentially limitless storage facility, though it should in no way be thought of as a 'tape recorder' or other perfect recording device. This is where 'memorized' things go. So, you look at Reddit. What you see goes into your Sensory Memory. What you focus on enters your Working Memory as you read it and think about it. Now comes the tricky part--does it make it into Long-Term Memory, and thus become 'learned'? That depends. If it is a completely random fact, with no emotional or intellectual connection to you, that you don't actively try to remember, you will likely forget it. However, if you actively try to remember it (called "Rehearsal", takes place in your Working Memory), then you'll have a better likelihood of recall. The more Rehearsal, the better. If the information relates to a topic that interests you, if it strikes you as bizarre or amazing, if it effects you on an emotional level, you'll also be more likely to recall it. If you can relate it to yourself, you're more likely to recall the information (In accordance with the "Self-Reference Effect"). These special relationships that you might have with information help your brain to "Encode" the information on a 'deeper' level, forming more connections to other concepts and making recall an easier task. So, in short: it depends. It depends on the information and how it relates to you (or doesn't) and it depends on whether you put forth any effort to remember it. As far as brain development is concerned, I'm not fully sure what you're asking. If you do indeed learn any new information from your browsing (in accordance with above statements), then your brain structure does indeed change; this occurs every time we learn a new 'thing': our brains physically restructure.

what effect on our memory/knowledge does daily browsing of reddit have? how much of the information we read actually "stays" in our head?

<P> Storage (memory) Short-term memory Short-term memory is encoded in auditory, visual, spatial, and tactile forms. Short-term memory is closely related to working memory. Baddeley suggested that information stored in short-term memory continuously deteriorates, which can eventually lead to forgetting in the absence of rehearsal. George A. Miller suggested that the capacity of the short-term memory storage is about seven items plus or minus two, also known as the magic number 7, but this number has been shown to be subject to numerous variability, including the size, similarity, and other properties of the chunks. Memory span varies; it is lower <P> memory is called retrieval. This knowledge that is easily recalled is explicit knowledge, whereas most long-term memory is implicit knowledge and is not readily retrievable. Scientists speculate that the hippocampus is involved in the creation of long-term memory. It is unclear where long-term memory is stored, although there is evidence depicting long-term memory is stored in various parts of the nervous system. Long-term memory is permanent. Memory can be recalled, which, according to the dual-store memory search model, enhances the long-term memory. Forgetting may occur when the memory fails to be recalled on later occasions. Models Several memory models <P> rehearsal involves the association of old with new information. Long-term memory In contrast to the short-term memory, long-term memory refers to the ability to hold information for a prolonged time and is possibly the most complex component of the human memory system. The Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory (Atkinson 1968) suggests that the items stored in short-term memory moves to long-term memory through repeated practice and use. Long-term storage may be similar to learning—the process by which information that may be needed again is stored for recall on demand. The process of locating this information and bringing it back to working

TLDR: No, hieratic is not an alphabetic writing system. **Egyptian hieroglyphs** Egyptian hieroglyphs can be divided into two types, phonetic signs and determinatives. Phonetic signs were used to write one consonant (uniliteral signs), two consonants (biliteral signs), or three consonants (triliteral signs). Phonetic signs could also function as logograms; the biliteral sign *pr*, for example, was used to write both the noun *pr* ("house") and the verb *pri* ("come forth/out of"). Note that Egyptians only wrote consonants; vowels were not recorded in hieroglyphs. Determinatives were signs at the end of words used for disambiguation. For an English example, adding vowels to "ct" could give you cat, cot, cut, cute, cote, acute, or various other words. If you wanted to signify "cot," you might add a drawing of a piece of furniture at the end of the word. If you meant "cat," you might add the paw print of an animal. There are many classes of determinatives (men, women, animals, furniture, pottery and vessels, earth, sky, and water symbols, etc.) used to disambiguate Egyptian words. Determinatives are quite helpful for Egyptologists because they enable them to guess the basic gist of a word even when its exact meaning is unknown (e.g. you can tell a word is the name of a type of clothing, even if its exact meaning is unclear). Hieroglyphic texts could be written right to left, left to right, or top to bottom. **Egyptian hieratic** Although hieroglyphs were very attractive when carved or painted onto stone, they were too cumbersome to use in daily life. Alongside hieroglyphs, therefore, the Egyptians developed hieratic. Hieratic signs are cursive forms of their hieroglyphic equivalents, often ligatured to allow the scribe to write quickly without lifting his brush. Originally hieratic signs were clearly recognizable from the hieroglyphic forms, and hieratic texts were written in columns. The Heqanakht letters are a good example. Hieratic signs became increasingly abbreviated over time, and during the Middle Kingdom hieratic texts switched from vertical columns to hieratic rows, as in P. Sallier II. P. Berlin 3022, which contains a copy of the Middle Kingdom *Tale of Sinuhe*, was transitional and includes both columns and rows. You can compare these examples of hieratic to the hieratic of the 20th Dynasty, which is noticeably different in style. Unlike hieroglyphic texts, hieratic texts were virtually always written right to left. You can think of hieratic as handwriting compared to typing something on a computer. In fact, it's quite common for Egyptologists to provide a hieroglyphic transcription while publishing a hieratic text. You can see the hieratic and hieroglyphic versions of a text side-by-side in this photo. Note that it's usually not too difficult to identify the hieroglyph a hieratic sign came from. Because it developed from the hieroglyphic writing system, hieratic contains all of its elements, including phonetic signs (uniliteral, biliteral, and triliteral signs) as well as determinatives. It is certainly *not* an alphabet or abjad. **From hieratic to Proto-Sinaitic** Keep in mind that the Proto-Sinaitic script borrowed **only** its signs from hieratic; the phonetic values assigned to the signs and how the signs worked are very different from Egyptian writing. The Proto-Sinaitic script used the acrophonic principle, in which a sign represents the first sound value in the word it represents. This was the innovation that marked the beginning of the development of the alphabet. For example, the Proto-Semitic word for house is *bayt-* (Akkadian *bītu-*), so the drawing of a house was used for the letter B (the "-bet" in "alphabet"). In Egyptian, however, the house hieroglyph has the biconsonantal reading *pr* (as in *pr-aA* or Pharaoh, literally "great house"). Moreover, unlike in Egyptian, there are no signs in the Proto-Sinaitic script that have biconsonantal or triconsonantal values. Each sign stands for only one consonant. **Further reading** I've assigned Andrew Robinson's *The Story of Writing: Alphabets, Hieroglyphs & Pictograms* as a textbook while teaching a course on ancient writing systems. It provides a very good, very readable overview of different writing systems and the evolution of the alphabet. The British Museum's *Reading the Past: Ancient Writing From Cuneiform to the Alphabet* is a compilation of short books (~60 pages each) covering cuneiform, hieroglyphs, Linear B, the early alphabet, Greek, and Etruscan. The same series has other books on on Chinese, Maya hieroglyphs, etc.

why is the egyptian hieratic script not considered the world's first alphabet?

<P> script was developed from Egyptian hieroglyphs, within which various schemes of 'group writing' had been used for showing vowels. <P> 1815, had been the first to suggest that the demotic was not alphabetic, but rather a mixture of "imitations of hieroglyphics" and "alphabetic" signs. Champollion on the other hand correctly considered the scripts to coincide almost entirely, being in essence different formal versions of the same script. In the same year, he identified the hieroglyphic script on the Rosetta stone as being written in a mixture of ideograms and phonetic signs, just as Young had argued for Demotic. He reasoned that if the script was entirely ideographic the hieroglyphic text would require as many separate signs as there were separate words <P> script was phonetic already from the earliest available texts, which would mean that the Egyptians had developed writing independently of the other civilizations around the Mediterranean. The paper also still contained confusions regarding the relative role of ideographic and phonetic signs, still arguing that also hieratic and demotic were primarily ideographic. Scholars have speculated that there had simply not been sufficient time between his breakthrough and collapse to fully incorporate the discovery into his thinking. But the paper presented many new phonetic readings of names of rulers, demonstrating clearly that he had made a major advance in deciphering the phonetic script.

Nobody knows for sure, the details of the contract dispute are only known to Amazon and Hachette. The public comments both sides have made are most likely fairly biased towards their own side. However, Hachette is not some small publisher that Amazon is trampling over. They are owned by Lagardère Group, a company with 7 Billion Euros in annual revenue. As best I can determine, the root of the dispute is that Hachette wants to charge more for it's e-books. Amazon wants to charge less, generally preferring to keep e-book prices at 9.99 and under (cheaper ebooks helps Amazon sell Kindle devices and therefore more Amazon content). Hachette (and its authors) are portraying Amazon as a bully, using the size of its market to retaliate against them by not accepting pre-orders for books, etc. This may be true, but it seems like a pretty legitimate tactic. If you are in the middle of a tough negotiation with a supplier it seems reasonable to show them the consequences of not coming to mutually agreeable terms. Further, the authors themselves are the biggest victims, and under the royalty models that most publishers use the authors will lot lose/gain much due to a change in pricing. Hugh Howey, an independent author who has been very successful self-publishing with Amazon, and is generally disdainful of the traditional publishing model, has written quite a bit about it.

amazon vs hachette

<P> prices offered on their websites, rather than on the full recommended retail price (RRP). Also in 2008, Amazon UK drew criticism in the British publishing community following their withdrawal from sale of key titles published by Hachette Livre UK. The withdrawal was possibly intended to put pressure on Hachette to provide levels of discount described by the trade as unreasonable. Curtis Brown's managing director Jonathan Lloyd opined that "publishers, authors and agents are 100% behind [Hachette]. Someone has to draw a line in the sand. Publishers have given 1% a year away to retailers, so where does it stop? Using authors <P> eliminating discounts, delaying delivery time, and refusing pre-publication orders did make physical Hachette books harder to get. Plummeting sales of Hachette books on Amazon indicated that its policies likely succeeded in deterring customers. On August 11, 2014, Amazon removed the option to preorder Captain America: The Winter Soldier in an effort to gain control over online pricing of Disney films. Amazon has previously used similar tactics with Warner Bros. and Hachette Book Group. The conflict was resolved in late 2014 with neither having to concede anything. Then in February 2017, Amazon again began to block preorders of Disney films, just before <P> harming the livelihood of the authors on whom it has built its business. None of us, neither readers nor authors, benefit when books are taken hostage." At the heart of the dispute is Amazon's practice of discounting books so low that authors and publishers are unable to earn a profit. Author Ursula K. Le Guin commented on Amazon's practice of making Hachette books harder to buy on its site, stating "We’re talking about censorship: deliberately making a book hard or impossible to get, ‘disappearing’ an author." Although her statement was met with some outrage and disbelief, Amazon's actions such as

In Bulgaria on 09.09.1944 there was a communist coup d'état (the USSR had declared war on Bulgaria on 05.09.1944). The goverment was overthrown and a new goverment composed of the Fatherland front was established. The Fatherland front was composed of Kimon Georgiev leader of Zveno(this is his 3rd coup d'état), BWP, BANU "Pladne", the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party (Wide Socialists). A new goverment was elected. Days after the the coup d'état the USSR would invade. Bulgaria falls under Soviet occupation until 1947. A series of People's courts were created where verdics would be handed out to "fascists". A lot of them were settling old scores and a lot of innocent people were killed. A lot of prisoners are released and are recruited into the forces of the communists. The military officers would be arrested and people would be incorporated into the army to make sure that the ideology of the army is a proper one (red). The leaders of the Fatherland Front army - NOVA would be incorporated into the army in order to prepare for the offensive against Germany. A lot of the Bulgarian officers were sentenced to years in prison. There were a total of 2730 death sentences, 1921 life, 19 for 20 years, 962 for 15 years, 727 for 10 years and 3241 shorter ones. The monarcy was removed via a referendum. The communists slowly under Georgi Dimitrov would push out the other parties out of the goverment by either assimilating them or by declaring them fascist. The only exception is BANU "Pladne" who remained during the entire regime as a second party with 0 inffluence on the goverment. The economy was reorganized to fit the new socialist/communist ideology the country (goverment) had. During 4-8 January 1949 COMECON/CMEA is created. Bulgaria becomes dependant on the USSR for its economy and takes a lot of loans from them in exchange Bulgaria is one of the USSR's most loyal allies during the period. The land, factories etc. are nationalized. And an economy based on the Soviet five-year plans is incorporated.

how did soviet occupation differ in germany, german allies, "liberated" countries, and territory annexed to the ussr, post world war 2?

<P> of 1944, after having crushed the Nazi defense around Iaşi and Chişinău, the Soviet Army was approaching the Balkans and Bulgaria. On 23 August 1944 Romania quit the Axis Powers, declared war on Germany and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. On 26 August 1944 the Fatherland Front made the decision to incite an armed rebellion against the government, which led to the appointment of a new government on 2 September. Support for the government was withheld by the Fatherland Front, since it was composed of pro-Nazi elements, in a desperate attempt to hold on to <P> Kingdom and the United States near the end of 1941, an act that resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. Some communist activists managed to begin a guerrilla movement, headed by the underground Bulgarian Communist Party. A resistance movement called Otechestven front (Fatherland front, Bulgarian: Отечествен фронт) was set up in August 1942 by the Communist Party, the Zveno movement and a number of other parties to oppose the elected government, after a number of Allied victories indicated that the Axis might lose the War. In 1943 Tsar Boris III died suddenly. In the summer <P> power. On 5 September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war and invaded Bulgaria. On 8 September 1944 the Bulgarian army joined the Soviet Union in its war against Germany. Cold War era As the Red Army invaded Bulgaria in 1944 and installed a communist government, the armed forces were rapidly forced to reorganise following the Soviet model, and were renamed the Bulgarian People's Army (Bulgarska Narodna Armiya, BNA). Moscow quickly supplied Bulgaria with T-34-85 tanks, SU-100 guns, Il-2 attack planes and other new combat machinery. As the country was a Soviet satellite, it was a part of the Eastern Bloc

Nanotechnology engineering graduate here. A recent [letter to the editor] () of Nature Nanotechnology says what I am going to reiterate and expand upon below. The biological effects of nanomaterials are at the moment impossible to summarize. The scope of current toxicity studies is both too narrow and too broad. Take carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for example. Before even starting a study we must ask "What kind of CNT?" (e.g. size, functionalization, dispersion medium, passivation layer). At the nano-scale, these details have an overwhelming influence on the biological properties of the material due to surface interactions. Even researchers studying the "same" material observe different biological outcomes due in part to differences in production methods and handling of the nanomaterials. There are no studies that cover all types of CNTs, and those that attempt to elucidate the effects of a few material characteristics are unable to create a clear picture since so much information is missing. Yes generalizations can be made, for example some coatings (e.g. PEG) prevent biological responses, and given a specific material it is possible to guess at the dangers of exposure. See [this] () review paper for a broad look at some of these generalizations. These are more concerns of the researcher or industrial worker exposed to the raw nanomaterial and at risk of inhalation. Consumers of finished products are at a low exposure risk since the nanomaterial is most commonly trapped in a solid matrix and most (not all) nanomaterials cannot penetrate the epidermis. But, the most pressing issue in nanotoxicology is not what researchers are doing, but that nanomaterials are controlled at the government level based on their bulk properties. Silver nanoparticles are categorized under bulk silver though their properties are very different. Look at your sunscreen bottle. It says titanium dioxide (TiO2) because the manufacturer is not required by law to state that it contains TiO2 *nanoparticles*. Consumers should not be worried about nanomaterials in medicine since these products undergo rigorous testing; however, cosmetics are uncontrolled and inexpensive to test and so are the most common use of nanomaterials today. If you look at the safety sheet for TiO2 nanoparticles it is very different depending on which company you buy it from because theoretically each company should conduct toxicity studies on their product, but they are not required to do so and so the information is listed as "no data available". As consumers we should be worried that the hazards are unknown, that the materials are in use long before toxicity studies are performed or their results even agreed upon by experts in the field, and that governments worldwide are only now making substantial efforts to regulate nanomaterials as separate from bulk materials. That being said, do not be afraid of nanotechnology. Most of the hazards you hear or read about in news sources, Wikipedia, yes definitely Reddit, etc., is misleading or just plain wrong. Read the articles yourself and even then be skeptical about the results and conclusions drawn by the authors. Those CNT-like-asbestos inhalation studies are not even relevant for human exposure risks. Most nanomaterial studies are not directly relevant unless you plan on injecting nanomaterials directly into your gut. **TLDR We cannot generalize yet. Nanomaterials have health risks just like other chemicals. Consumer products are mostly okay but be careful with cosmetics, they are not controlled. Also, for the love of all fish please don't wear socks with silver in them, it washes out.**

what are the potential dangers of nanomaterials?

<P> cytokines and other biomarkers for interstitial lung disease. Toxicity The toxicity of carbon nanotubes has been an important question in nanotechnology. As of 2007, such research had just begun. The data is still fragmentary and subject to criticism. Preliminary results highlight the difficulties in evaluating the toxicity of this heterogeneous material. Parameters such as structure, size distribution, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and agglomeration state as well as purity of the samples, have considerable impact on the reactivity of carbon nanotubes. However, available data clearly show that, under some conditions, nanotubes can cross membrane barriers, which suggests that, if <P> and great caution before introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided. Although further research is required, the available data suggest that under certain conditions, especially those involving chronic exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a serious risk to human health. Exposure Characterization Exposure scenarios are important to consider when trying to determine toxicity and the risks associated with these diverse and difficult to study materials. Exposure studies have been conducted over the past several years in an effort to determine where and how likely exposures will be. Since CNTs are being incorporated into composite materials <P> health effects, as well as applying what is already known about exposures to other fibrous materials such as asbestos or fine and ultra-fine particulates. This limitation of human data has led to the use of the precautionary principle, which urges workplaces to limit exposure levels to CNT as low as possibly achievable in the absence of known health effects data. Epidemiology studies of nanomaterials thus far have considered a variety of nanomaterials. Few have been specific to CNTs and each has considered a small sample size. These studies have found some relationships between biological markers and MWCNT exposure. One

First of all, it's not just Dell buying EMC, it's a consortium including MSD Partners (Michael Dell and others), Silver Lake (a private equity firm), and a Singapore-owned investment company. Oversimplified, they are buying EMC the same way you'd buy a house that is a multiple of your net worth: via borrowing (debt issuance). In fact, they're buying EMC with a combination of cash, from the various participants and borrowing, and a stock issued to track the performance of an EMC subsidiary, VMware.

how can dell buy ems when ems is quoted at being worth twice as much as dell?

<P> from its stake in VMware. In November 2018, Carl Icahn (9.3% owner of Dell) sued the company over plans to go public. Acquisition of EMC On October 12, 2015, Dell announced its intent to acquire the enterprise software and storage company EMC Corporation. At $67 billion, it has been labeled the "highest-valued tech acquisition in history". The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being <P> owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013. The combined business was expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for <P> pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC

Here's the list of all numbered minor planets from the IAU's Minor Planet Center. That includes both asteroids as well as Kuiper Belt Objects (pay special attention to #134340.) For named bodies, here's an alphabetical list.

where can i find a comprehensive list of all asteroids ever identified and catalogued?

<P> Meanings of minor planet names: 330001–331000 As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars several times a year. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer <P> Meanings of minor planet names: 352001–353000 As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars several times a year. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer <P> Meanings of minor planet names: 117001–118000 As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars several times a year. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer