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As the Internet continues to pervade society, the scarcity paradigm that undergirds most modern economic theory is being challenged. Unlike currency, information is non-appropriable, which essentially means that it can be shared without being given away. Today, information no longer moves in one direction, from the top of the enterprise to the bottom or from teacher to student. Instead, it has a social life all its own. Information travels from place to place based on individuals’ desire to interact with it, because they want to make more effective decisions or develop keener insights about a particular situation, or because someone is motivated to learn about a certain topic or how to complete a given task.
All posts tagged Information no longer moves in one direction
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Silane, also known together monosilane is the most basic of all the chemical compounds belonging to ‘silane’ teams which refer to binary silicon-hydrogen and organosilicon compounds having terminal hydrides.
You are watching: What is the molecular geometry of sih4?
SiH4 is the structure composition of silane/silicane. That is a flammable and colorless gaseous link bearing a strong repulsive odor.
Silicane has actually its applications in the semiconductor industry: that is offered as a resource of hyperpure silicon.
Other than this, SiH4 is offered to manufacture several silicon-containing compounds and likewise as doping agents.
Due to its flammable nature, it is very explosive and dangerous. The can cause fatal mishaps via ignition and combustion due to leakage.
It has actually a molar mass of 32.117 g/mol and also a thickness of 1.313 g/l.
It is also lighter 보다 air and also can be a reason of skin and also eye irritation. SiH4 is pyrophoric in nature.
The below-mentioned reactions show the production of Silane:
Si + 3HCl ——-> HSiCl3 + H2
4HSiCl3 ——> SiH4 + 3SiCl4
Mg2Si + 4HCl ——> 2MgCl2 + SiH4
SiH4 Lewis Structure
Lewis structure is a two-dimensional diagrammatic method towards recognize the nature of chemical bonding existing inside any given molecule.
Here, we usage dot notations to represent the electrons, and hence this is also known together the electron-dot structure.
In this article, we will uncover out the most proper and possible Lewis framework of Silicon hydride or SIH4.
At the an extremely beginning, we will focus on the valence electron concept.
Valence electrons refer to the electrons current in the outermost or valence covering of one atom of any type of element. In bonding, the valence electrons take it part.
Here’s a look at the routine table.
As we have the right to all see, facets of the same team (vertical) have the same variety of valence electrons in their atoms.
Hydrogen belonging to team 1 and so has actually only 1 electron in that outermost shell.
Silicon, top top the various other hand, belongs to team 14 and also has a valency of 4.
Now, we will certainly calculate the total variety of valence electrons in a SiH4 molecule.
Total number of valence electron = 4 + 1*4 = 8.
Now, we will have actually a look in ~ the Pauling electronegativity chart to discover out their corresponding electronegativity values.
H worth is 2.20 whereas that of Si is 1.90.
The general dominion states the the more electropositive element must form the central atom. Hence, Si will certainly act together the central atom surrounding by the 4 hydrogen atom at that sides.
Now, here comes the Octet rule.
According to this rule, the facets in the main team of the regular table have tendency to attain the octet or the external shell electronic configuration of the noble gas elements.
Exception: Hydrogen only needs two electrons because it attains the Helium configuration.
Now, as we have actually put the electron period notations follow to the probable bond development (one electron pair sharing between two ingredient atoms form a solitary bond), us will inspect the octet fulfillment.
As we deserve to see really clearly, both Si and H have actually attained their particular noble gas valence shell configurations ( Ar and also He respectively).
So, we deserve to now walk to our last step towards sketching the Lewis framework of SiH4.
The formal charge is the charge which is assigned to constituent atoms inside a molecule v the presumption that electrons are common equally among the atoms participating in bond formation.
We calculation formal charge with the aid of the following formula:
For Si, formal fee = 4 – 0.5*8 – 0 = 0.
For every H atom, formal fee = 1 – 0.5*2 – 0 = 0.
All the 5 atomic elements are current in your least feasible formal charge values. We have obtained our most an ideal Lewis Structure map out for SiH4.
SiH4 molecular Geometry
In the above section, we discussed in information the step-by-step procedure to placed forward the photographic representation of the Lewis framework of SiH4 which gives us a lively idea the the type of shortcut formation and 2-dimensional approach.
However, if we deserve to decipher the 3D structure geometry the silane, it will be a lot much easier for united state to understand the chemical bonding occurring inside the molecule.
For that, we need the help of the VSEPR model, short for the Valence covering Electron Pair Repulsion theoretical model.
VSEPR theory is because of this used come predict the 3D molecular form of a given molecule from its Lewis framework diagram.
While illustration the electron-dot sketch, we discovered out the the valence electron take part in bond formation as electron-pairs. Also, the unbonded valence electron act together lone pairs.
All this negatively charged subatomic particles kind an expansive cloud-like atmosphere roughly the nuclei. These favor charges suffer repulsive forces among themselves.
VSEPR theory claims that the electrostatic repulsive forces can be lessened for molecular stability if the electrons remain farther away from each various other (in direct geometry, the bond angle is 180 degrees).
Let us see what the molecule geometry because that Silane is:
In VSEPR theory, we have actually AXnEx notation where
A: main atom the a molecule
X: bordering atoms of a molecule
E: lone bag on the central atom
Here in SiH4,
A stands for Silicon (Si)
X means the four Hydrogen atoms, ∴ n = 4
E means no lone bag on Si, ∴ x = 0.
Our VSEPR notation because that silane is AX4E0.
Now, we will have actually a look into the VSEPR chart that has all the molecule geometries through respect to their AXE notations:
As us can plainly see, Silicon hydride or Silane has a tetrahedral molecule geometry. The almost right bond angle because that a general tetrahedral 3D molecule is 109 degrees.
The Si-H bond size is roughly 1.4798 Å.
Hybridization, or far better known as orbital hybridization, is an important concept that chemistry. We already know around covalent link formation, in SiH4 us have four covalent Si-H bonds.
Hybridization is a version which is provided to explain the phenomenon the covalent bond formation.
In this model, we will certainly talk very first about AOs or atom orbitals.
Orbitals like s,p,d,f are mathematical probability features giving united state an idea of electron visibility in a given local space.
See more: How Many Mls In A Gallon - Gallons To Milliliters Conversion (Gal To Ml)
In hybridization, us talk about atomic orbitals of the very same atom inside a molecule to come together and also fuse to type hybrid orbitals.
When a straight head-on overlap occurs, a sigma ( | <urn:uuid:0a209102-a3e8-468d-86e9-0e8dd5acfb87> | {
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Slow-Motion Disaster Below the Waves
By Randy Olson
There is a new term in the environmental movement. It sounds esoteric,
like the kind of thing you don't really need to understand, something
you can leave to the more technical types.
The term is "shifting baselines," and
you do need to know it, because shifting baselines affect the quality-of-life
decisions you face daily. Shifting baselines are the chronic, slow,
hard-to-notice changes in things, from the disappearance of birds
and frogs in the countryside to the increased drive time from L.A.
to San Diego. If your ideal weight used to be 150 pounds and now
it's 160, your baseline -- as well as your waistline -- has shifted.
The term was coined by fisheries biologist Daniel
Pauly in 1995. It was a term we'd apparently been needing, because
it quickly spread to a variety of disciplines. It's been applied
to analysis of everything from deteriorating cities to declining
quality of entertainment.
Among environmentalists, a baseline is an important
reference point for measuring the health of ecosystems. It provides
information against which to evaluate change. It's how things used
to be. It is the tall grass prairies filled with buffalo, the swamps
of Florida teeming with bird life and the rivers of the Northwest
packed with salmon. In an ideal world, the baseline for any given
habitat would be what was there before humans had much impact.
If we know the baseline for a degraded ecosystem,
we can work to restore it. But if the baseline shifted before we
really had a chance to chart it, then we can end up accepting a
degraded state as normal -- or even as an improvement.
The number of salmon in the Pacific Northwest's
Columbia River today is twice what it was in the 1930s. That sounds
great -- if the 1930s are your baseline. But salmon in the Columbia
River in the 1930s were only 10% of what they were in the 1800s.
The 1930s numbers reflect a baseline that had already shifted.
This is what most environmental groups are now
struggling with. They are trying to decide: What do we want nature
to look like in the future? And more important: What did nature
look like in the past?
These questions are particularly important to
ask about oceans, my main research interest. Last year Jeremy Jackson
of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography brought the problem into
focus with a cover article in Science that was chosen by Discover
magazine as the most important discovery of the year.
Jackson and his 18 co-authors pulled together
data from around the world to make the case that overfishing had
been the most important alteration to the oceans over the past millennium.
Furthermore, humans have had such a strong effect on the oceans
for so long that, in many locations, it is difficult to even imagine
how full of life the oceans used to be.
One of scientists' biggest concerns is that the
baselines have shifted for many ocean ecosystems. What this means
is that people are now visiting degraded coastal environments and
calling them beautiful, unaware of how they used to look.
People go diving today in California kelp beds
that are devoid of the large black sea bass, broomtailed groupers
and sheephead that used to fill them. And they surface with big
smiles on their faces because it is still a visually stunning experience
to dive in a kelp bed. But all the veterans can think is, "You
should have seen it in the old days."
Without the old-timers' knowledge, it's easy for
each new generation to accept baselines that have shifted and make
peace with empty kelp beds and coral reefs. Which is why it's so
important to document how things are -- and how they used to be.
For the oceans, there is disagreement on what
the future holds. Some marine biologists argue that, as the desirable
species are stripped out, we will be left with the hardiest, most
undesirable species -- most likely jellyfish and bacteria, in effect
the rats and roaches of the sea. They point to the world's most
degraded coastal ecosystems -- places like the Black Sea, the Caspian
Sea, even parts of the Chesapeake Bay. That's about all you find:
jellyfish and bacteria.
We have already become comfortable with a new
term, "jellyfish blooms," which is used to describe sudden
upticks in the number of jellyfish in an area. The phenomenon has
become sufficiently common that an international symposium was held
on the subject in 2000. Meanwhile, other types of world fisheries
are in steep decline.
It is easy to miss changes in the ocean. It's
big and deep. But sometimes, if people have studied the same oceanic
trends over time, we get a glimpse of a highly disturbing picture.
The Scripps Institution's Jackson, for example, has documented the
nearly complete disappearance of the ecosystem he built his career
studying: the coral reefs of Jamaica. "Virtually nothing remains
of the vibrant, diverse coral reef communities I helped describe
in the 1970s," Jackson says. "Between overfishing, coastal
development and coral bleaching, the ecosystem has been degraded
into mounds of dead corals covered by algae in murky water."
Nothing you would want to make into a postcard.
Next year two major reports will be released on the state of the
oceans: the Oceans Report from the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the
report of the U.S. Oceans Commission. The advance word on both is
that the news will not be good.
The last major U.S. report on the oceans was 30
years ago. That report warned that "there may be a risk some
day of severely declining oceans." The inside word on the upcoming
reports is that they will conclude that the oceans are today in
The Ocean Conservancy, Scripps Institution and
the Surfrider Foundation are mounting a major media campaign for
early next year to call attention to the overall fate of the oceans
and the problem of shifting baselines. The solutions are already
known: We must care more about the environment and work to prevent
its decline. Hundreds of environmental groups have action plans
to help achieve such goals. The only thing they are lacking is mass
The oceans are our collective responsibility.
We all have to ask the questions: What did they used to look like?
What are we putting into them? Where did these fish we are eating
come from? Are my food preferences jeopardizing the health of the
And, in a more philosophical vein, we should consider the shifting
baselines in our own lives, examining how and where have we lowered
our standards to the point that we accept things that once would
have been unacceptable. Our environment has clearly suffered from
our increasing comfort with shifting baselines. I suspect our lives
have suffered in other ways as well.
Randy Olson is a filmmaker and faculty member in marine biology | <urn:uuid:c8d0b19d-369f-43f5-9366-9cb1f207acc1> | {
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Settler hubris watered the landscape of terror
In seeking to learn about the genesis of the crisis in Zimbabwe, I find books produced by foreigners and young Zimbabwean scholars useful and those produced by white Zimbabweans and older nationalists less so.
Ex-Rhodesians, mouths frothing, are still bemoaning the loss of “their” farms, but their sense of outrage and righteousness is disingenuous, based as it is on the justification of an injustice—the dispossession that followed the conquest by Cecil John Rhodes of Mashonaland and Matabeleland in the 1890s.
American scholar David McDermott Hughes has published a fascinating study of how the whites who left the British Isles and other countries in Europe forged an identity in the hostile Zimbabwe environment.
For those leaving Europe, attaining a sense of belonging was not as easy as it was for the colonists who settled in the Americas, simply decimating the native people they encountered. For the white settlers who arrived in Zimbabwe, the extermination of a whole people was not attempted they needed the “natives” to work the land and the mines.
The Rhodesian white population was, even at its highest, never higher than 5% of the black population. This made the project of belonging to the newly found land extremely difficult. The study derives from the somewhat preposterous idea that the white project of belonging in Zimbabwe was premised on “tree hugging”. Although “they monopolised the land [they] were never able to make their presence seem natural — They avoided blacks, preferring instead to invest themselves emotionally and artistically in the environment,” Hughes writes in the preface.
White Rhodesians, argues Hughes, were “conservationists first and racists second”, seen in the way they wrote, explored and photographed images of the environment.
Perhaps Hughes’s most fascinating chapter is on the damming of the Zambezi River, Africa’s fourth longest, to create Lake Kariba. The fact that almost 60 000 Tongas were forcibly removed to make way for the lake was collateral damage. But how could nature lovers embrace the “industrial impoundment” of a two-million-year-old river?
After its completion in 1959, a high-ranking Rhodesian bureaucrat announced that the building of this lake was “the greatest environmental upset ever to befall a population of animals and birds within the African continent, in the memory of man”. Whatever guilt the conservationists had about the destruction caused by the lake quickly ebbed away in the decades that followed as, in addition to its electricity-generating capacities, Rhodesians found recreational use for the water mass.
Hundreds of smaller Lake Karibas were to be replicated over the years on the land that had been seized from the blacks, or land bought from those who had seized it from blacks.
But it was not just to ensure that white farms were watered. It was done to secure ownership of “their” land. According to the provisions of Zimbabwe’s Constitution, which were never adhered to, the government would be legally bound to pay for farm development. So, building dams, conserving the land and other improvements on the farms became a way of forestalling the coming apocalypse. “Farmers carried out a revolution in hydrology with the implicit aim of forestalling one in property,” Hughes writes of a calculation that was wide off the mark.
Whiteness in Zimbabwe is a deeply engaging book and will make interesting reading for any reader. It takes topics that are seemingly unrelated to make a fascinating and cogent argument about how hydrology (dams, in normal speak) and environment shaped Zimbabwe’s identity politics.
After a decade of sustained assault from Robert Mugabe’s government, the whites in Zimbabwe, in the words of Hughes, “have travelled from belonging to its antithesis, from the chronic hubris of settler society to the episodic terror of enclave society”. This state of “post-mastery” or “post-belonging” is one that could have been avoided by a more inclusive project. As Hughes writes in the concluding chapter of his book, “in today’s plural, postcolonial societies, the hesitant newcomer, rather than the confident pioneer or founder, again provides the best role model”. | <urn:uuid:019d31fc-0ce4-4102-889b-876c29052f00> | {
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In order to function properly, living organisms need to eliminate defective cells. This rule is however not always abided by, as evidenced by cancer cells which no longer carry out the tasks originally set for them and yet continue to proliferate, as though they were " ignoring " commands from their environment. Cancer can thus be defined, inter alia, as an ailment affecting signal transduction.
A team working at the Institut Curie (Inserm Unit 528) have been looking into information-conveying mechanisms within cells, with a particular focus on the Ras protein, whose gene is mutated in 30 to 60% of all cancers, and which is a transit point for most signals stimulating cell proliferation. They have just discovered that a protein named PDEd plays a significant role in the process through which as reaches the intracellular location where it is active. This "escort protein " might prove to be an interesting target for new anti-cancer therapies.
These results were published by The Journal of Biological Chemistry on April 26, 2002, and are an opportunity to address the field of cell signaling *1 and the promises it holds.
Cell signaling, as a focus for research, has already led to the discovery of a number of new anti-cancer drugs (Herceptin®, Iressa® and Glivec®) but much remains to be investigated. Developing basic knowledge on how cell signaling works is a prerequiste for the identification of therapeutic and diagnostic targets - one of the most promising approaches to cancer treatment.
(1 Terms marked * are defined in the Cell Glossary box at the end of the text.)
Picture yourself at the helm of a vessel made up of several thousand billion individuals. An impossible scenario ? And yet this is a conundrum long since solved by all human beings. Every day inside our bodies, 6,000 billion cells carry out the tasks that have been assigned to them, all the while keeping an eye on their neighbours. A feat which can only be contemplated because of the quasi constant nature of intercellular communication. Cells are the recipients of large numbers of signals from their environment (i.e. from other cells, tissues and organs within the body). Once interpreted, these signals will allow cells to determine their position and role within the body. As such, these signals are indispensable to cell proliferation, differentiation, morphology, and mobility. At the organ level, such signals ensure the harmonious preservation of tissue size and function.
This is very finely tuned system where failure can lead to disaster : if a single cell evades these monitoring mechanisms, it can then become immortal and proliferate chaotically, and this can lead to the formation of a tumor.
A protein cascade to convey information
Cells can intercommunicate either through a number of factors (such as hormones, cytokines, growth factors) or directly, through contact with their neighbors. All cells have on their surface a number of membrane receptors* onto which external informative factors may lock.
The information must then be conveyed to its final destination within the cell, a target protein, most often located within the nucleus, where it modifies the expression of specific genes and thus, cell behaviour.
To this end, a whole set of proteins are going to act as messengers. Concretely, a message locking onto the cell surface will activate a protein within the cell which will in turn activate another protein, and so on and so forth, with proteins playing the part of team members in a relay race, passing the baton along to the next in line.
In order to activate other proteins, proteins can use a number of different mechanisms : most often they induce chemical changes in other proteins, thus changing their conformation* and thereby their function.
Cell reaction will depend firstly on membrane receptor features, and secondly on which proteins are present, and used to convey information. This means that a given informative molecule may have different consequences in different cells. (see graph 1)
Cancer, a signal transmission disease
Contrary to a number of other diseases which are linked to the development of an exogenous agent (a virus, or bacteria) within our bodies, cancer is a disease stemming from cellular dysfunction. When a number of genes involved in signal transmission and the monitoring of cell mechanisms prove defective, this triggers oncogenesis.
Cancer cells not only become immortal but further lose their ability to control proliferation and differentiation, as well as their specific function and that which is assigned to them within a given tissue; in short, they " forget " all the processes which rely on cell signaling. Hence the significance of better understanding signaling pathways in order to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer.
Several drugs derived from this type of basic research have already been developed: Herceptin®, Iressa® and Glivec®2 are all " anti-signaling " drugs to the extent that they inhibit membrane receptors or proteins involved in signaling. The mechanisms targeted may vary, but they all block the signaling cascade and entail cell death.
Basic knowledge on such mechanisms must be pursued in order to develop new " anti-signaling " molecules.
Ras, the cell signaling pivot
All signals involved in stimulating cell proliferation sooner or later " transit " through one of three proteins known as Ras. These proteins have therefore elicited considerable interest on the part of scientists working in oncology. A case in point is that of Inserm Unit 528 "Signal transduction and Oncogenesis" headed by Jean de Gunzburg, a CNRS Research Director working at the Institut Curie on cell response to signals and signaling dysfunction in oncogenesis.
A very extended family
Ras is both the generic name given to a family of proteins, and the individual name of a specific protein. This calls for an explanation.
The Ras superfamily is a very large group of proteins (close to a hundred in human beings) generally involved in controlling basic cell functions. All such proteins have a homologous structure and are classified, on the basis of their homologies, into one of five families: Ras, Ran, Rad/Gem, Rab and Rho3/Rac/Cdc42.
The Ras superfamily therefore includes the Ras family, the individual members of which are specifically involved in proliferation and differentiation.
Within the Ras family, there are three proteins actually called Ras (HRas, KRas et NRas) as well as a number of other proteins, including Rap proteins.
The rest of this press release will focus on these Ras proteins (without going into the differences between H, K and NRas), as well as on Rap proteins.
Ras proteins are biological switches
Anchored to the inner side of the cell’s plasma membrane, Ras proteins are activated by signals through membrane receptors. They can be activated or inactivated, and as such can be likened to switches. (see graph 2) When activated, Ras proteins trigger a number of protein cascades:
ß the MAP kinase pathway which is mainly involved in regulating proliferation,
ß the PI3kinase pathway, which inter alia inhibits apoptosis*,
ß the Ral pathway, which is mainly involved in exocytosis* and endocytosis*.
These pathways cooperate in order to coordinate those cell functions required for the smooth operation of the extremely complex processes of cell proliferation and differentiation.
When transmission goes awry...
A number of genetic mutations can lead to the production of abnormal proteins, which can be either overexpressed, truncated or mutated to forms that are constitutively active or inactive. When constantly active proteins are produced at any point in cell signaling pathways, they can play a role in cancer development. Genes coding for such proteins are known as oncogenes.
When one of the ras genes mutates, abnormal Ras proteins are produced which are constantly active. Such ras gene mutations, giving rise to constitutively active protein forms, have been found in 30 to 60% of all human malignancies. More specifically, the ras gene is mutated in 90% of all pancreatic cancers, and in about 60% of all colorectal cancers.
Per se, the mutation of a single oncogene will not lead to the development of a malignancy. Other genetic alterations must occur in order to keep cells from offsetting cell signaling dysfunctions : tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb, p21, BRCA1, BRCA2Š) in particular, which supervise proliferation control and genome integrity must also be inactivated. According to current knowledge, oncogenesis requires four to five " independent " defects.
Rap, a close relative of Ras
Jean de Gunzburg’s team at the Institut Curie has been focusing more specifically on two branches of the Ras family, the Ras and Rap proteins. Identified in 1988, there are two Rap proteins: Rap 1 and Rap 2. Rap proteins are similar to Ras proteins in that they too are binary switches, active or inactive. They are however involved in distinct protein cascades.
The Institut Curie biologists are attempting to understand how these two proteins work, in order to elucidate a number of cell signaling mechanisms.
PDEd, an escort for proteins Ras and Rap
Jean de Gunzburg’s team has in particular recently evidenced that a protein previously identified by a US team, PDEd, interacts with Ras and Rap proteins, as well as with a number of other proteins from this same family. The team noted that PDEd escorts proteins Ras and Rap as they mature4, from the cytosol* to membranes (Ras heads for the plasma membrane while Rap locks onto intracellular membranes). Insofar as PDEd binds to immature Ras proteins, it must not be involved in the relay race mentioned earlier, but in processes upstream from protein cascades.
This is the first time a protein regulating the binding of proteins Ras and Rap to cell membranes has been evidenced.
This is a very significant discovery which opens the door to new strategies. PDEd may indeed be used to " inactivate " Ras proteins which, as we saw earlier, are stuck in an active position in 30 to 60% of all human malignancies.
The promise of new therapies
Scientists at the Institut Curie are also working on other proteins in the Ras superfamily in order better to understand the roles they play in structures as wonderful and complex as cells. Improved understanding of how normal cells function is a prerequisite for improved understanding of oncogenesis, as the processes involved in oncogenesis are closely related to the dysfunction of such normal mechanisms : and this is a highly promising approach to the identification of new therapeutic and diagnostic targets.
Anticancer therapies stemming from research into cell signaling have already started to appear, but many more are coming. Some are in development, others are in clinical trials and should therefore become available in the years to come.
The d subunit of retinal Rod cGMP Phosphodiesterase regulates the membrane association of Ras and Rap GTPases
Vanessa Nancy(1), Isabelle Callebaut(2), Ahmed El Marjou(3) et Jean de Gunzburg(1)
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, issue 17, pp. 15076-15084, april 26, 2002
(1) Laboratoire Transduction du signal et oncogenèse, Unité 528 Inserm
(2) Laboratoire de Minéralogie-Cristallographie, Système moléculaire et biologie structurale, UMR 7590 CNRS/Universités Paris 6 et 7
(3) Laboratoire Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie
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Apoptosis : a form of cell suicide, apoptosis occurs in overly damaged cells. Also known as programmed cell death.
Conformation : the state of a protein, as defined by its shape in space and its functional status (active or inactive, for instance).
Cytosol : cytoplasm, excluding organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
Endocytosis : the process by which cells ingest materials by folding inward a portion of their plasma membrane with the resulting pouch turning into a membrane-enclosed vesicle.
Exocytose : the process by which most cell components are secreted. These components (or molecules) are wrapped in membrane-enclosed vesicles which fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing substances from the cell.
Membrane receptor : a protein binding to a specific extracellular informative molecule (ligand) and triggering a response within the cell.
Cell signaling : the process by which cells translate extracellular signals into intracellular responses.
(2) Glivec® (imatinibum) and Iressa® (ZD 1839) block the activity of tyrosine kinase-type membrane receptors: Glivec® impacts inter alia the bcr-Abl protein, featured in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) while Iressa® is used against the EGFR protein (the EGF receptor) in a number of solid tumors. Herceptin® (trastuzumab) is a monoclonal antibody which specifically targets the HER2 protein expressed on the surface of malignant cells in 25 to 30 % of all breast cancers.
(3) Scientists at the University of Michigan have just shown that the RhoC protein (a member of the Rho family) can be detected in invasive breast cancer and that its presence is correlated to that of metastases. The RhoC protein could thus become a prognostic marker for potential tumor development. These preliminary results were presented at the 93rd Congress of the American Society of Cancer Research, held April 6-11, 2002 in San Francisco (Source : Quotidien du Médecin, April 10, 2002).
(4) Once synthethized, Ras and Rap proteins have to undergo a number of chemical changes in order to become "usable", or mature; these changes will allow them to bind to the membranes of some intracellular compartments, a stage necessary to their becoming operational.
Ras proteins as biological switches
Ras proteins can take on one of two possible states :
ß An active state during which they trigger a number of protein cascades which convey signals from membrane receptors to the nucleus;
ß An inactive state
Ras proteins are switched on by proteins that can release guanine nucleotides (GEFs), and which in this specific case release the guanosine diphosphate (GDP) molecule which is bound to Ras, and replace it with a guanosine triphosphate molecule (GTP).
This process induces a change in the conformation of Ras proteins, making them active.
The switching off is handled by proteins known as GAPs (for GTPase activating proteins) which force Ras to transform GTP into GDP, by making it do away with GTP’s third phosphate. Ras proteins then revert to their initial conformation, and are inactivated.
Catherine Goupillon | Institut Curie
Hot vibrating gases under the electron spotlight
12.12.2017 | Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
Plankton swim against the current
12.12.2017 | Schweizerischer Nationalfonds SNF
Tiny pores at a cell's entryway act as miniature bouncers, letting in some electrically charged atoms--ions--but blocking others. Operating as exquisitely sensitive filters, these "ion channels" play a critical role in biological functions such as muscle contraction and the firing of brain cells.
To rapidly transport the right ions through the cell membrane, the tiny channels rely on a complex interplay between the ions and surrounding molecules,...
The miniaturization of the current technology of storage media is hindered by fundamental limits of quantum mechanics. A new approach consists in using so-called spin-crossover molecules as the smallest possible storage unit. Similar to normal hard drives, these special molecules can save information via their magnetic state. A research team from Kiel University has now managed to successfully place a new class of spin-crossover molecules onto a surface and to improve the molecule’s storage capacity. The storage density of conventional hard drives could therefore theoretically be increased by more than one hundred fold. The study has been published in the scientific journal Nano Letters.
Over the past few years, the building blocks of storage media have gotten ever smaller. But further miniaturization of the current technology is hindered by...
With innovative experiments, researchers at the Helmholtz-Zentrums Geesthacht and the Technical University Hamburg unravel why tiny metallic structures are extremely strong
Light-weight and simultaneously strong – porous metallic nanomaterials promise interesting applications as, for instance, for future aeroplanes with enhanced...
An interdisciplinary group of researchers interfaced individual bacteria with a computer to build a hybrid bio-digital circuit - Study published in Nature Communications
Scientists at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) have managed to control the behavior of individual bacteria by connecting them to a...
Physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (run jointly by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics) have developed an attosecond electron microscope that allows them to visualize the dispersion of light in time and space, and observe the motions of electrons in atoms.
The most basic of all physical interactions in nature is that between light and matter. This interaction takes place in attosecond times (i.e. billionths of a...
11.12.2017 | Event News
08.12.2017 | Event News
07.12.2017 | Event News
12.12.2017 | Ecology, The Environment and Conservation
12.12.2017 | Ecology, The Environment and Conservation
12.12.2017 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:affe702c-40b8-4b82-a856-28041d85810f> | {
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Bromate ion (BrO3-) lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, polar or non-polar, hybridization
|Name of Molecule||Bromate ion or anion|
|Molecular geometry of BrO3-||Trigonal pyramidal|
|Electron geometry of BrO3-||Tetrahedral|
|Bond angle||Around 104°|
What is structure of BrO3?
In BrO3 – central metal atom is ‘Br’ and it has 3 -sigma bond and 1- lone pair present,therefore it has sp3 hybridisation and trigonal shape and in ‘HOCl’ central metal atom is ‘O’ and it has 2- sigma bond and 2-lone pair therefore it has Sp3 hybridisation and angular shape.
What shape is SO3?
SO3 Molecular Geometry And Bond Angles If we look at the SO3 molecular geometry it is trigonal planar with symmetric charge distribution around the central atom.
What is the shape of the ibr4 − ion?
So, the electron geometry is octahedral.
What is the name of BrO3 ion?
Bromate is a bromine oxoanion and a monovalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a bromic acid.
What is the oxidation number of BrO3?
The oxidation number of this molecule, called a bromate molecule, is -1. It should be correctly written BrO3-. It has this net charge of negative 1 because the bromine has an oxidation number of +5, while oxygen has it’s normal oxidation of -2.
What is the molecular geometry of if 5?
The molecular geometry of IF5 is Square Pyramidal. The bond angles formed are close to 90°.
Which molecule or ion has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry?
The molecular geometry can be inferred from the electron pair arrangement, showing that ammonia has trigonal pyramidal geometry. | <urn:uuid:3854270e-b39d-4d0d-bac2-16cc54107611> | {
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ACSH advisor Dr. Jerry Cuttler, an independent consultant based in Toronto, has been carrying on an almost solitary crusade to de-mythologize and tether to actual evidence the widespread fears and regulatory hyper-precaution concerning ionizing radiation and nuclear power. His recent talk at the VII International School on Nuclear Power, National Centre for Nuclear Research, in Warsaw Poland, was entitled Radiation effects on humans and organisms, and reasons for the fear.
His main focus was on the enhanced fear of radiation effects subsequent to the tsunami-induced damage to the Fukushima nuclear reactor in Japan in March of 2011. Some of his main points bear repeating:
- Fukushima radiation same as natural background radiation
- Evacuation resulted in 1600 premature deaths
- Precautionary action was not conservative
- Chronic radiation is beneficial < 700 mGy/year. Radiation becomes harmful > 700 mGy/year (According to the National Council on Radiation Protection, the average person receives about 3.6 mGy/year from background sources and a dental X-ray is about .005 mGy).
- The official policy, linear non-threshold, is invalid, based not on science, but on antinuclear ideology
- End regulations based on politicized science
The linear non-threshold (LNT) theory states that there is no safe level of radiation exposure, that even one tiny photon can provoke cancerous changes in DNA, thus all such exposure must be tightly regulated. His assertion is that below a certain floor-threshold, no harm (and, in fact, immune-stimulating benefits) results. Such low-level, beneficial exposure is called hormesis.
- Nuclear energy has no constituency, and that is very dangerous in a democracy
- Public fear of nuclear radiation has to be eliminated or nuclear will be phased out
- The authorities will have to communicate factual information about the health effects of nuclear radiation, rather than stick with the inaccurate, ideologically-based LNT policy.
ACSH s Dr. Gil Ross had this comment: Dr. Cuttler is also a co-author of ACSH s 2009 publication, Nuclear Energy and Health, which was published in the peer-reviewed journal, Dose-Response. Given the lack of pollution and the high degree of safety compared to every other source of energy, it would be highly beneficial to everyone if the superstitious antipathy to nuclear energy were diminished. Clean, safe nuclear power could be a major contributor to everyone s ostensible goal: sustainable energy. | <urn:uuid:f5e281bf-1b32-4b63-b9b9-fcad5a8a6254> | {
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Diophantine approximation, metric theory of
The branch in number theory whose subject is the study of metric properties of numbers with special approximation properties (cf. Diophantine approximations; Metric theory of numbers). One of the first theorems of the theory was Khinchin's theorem , which, in its modern form , may be stated as follows. Let be a monotone decreasing function, defined for integers . Then the inequalities have an infinite number of solutions in integers for almost-all real numbers if the series
diverges, and have only a finite number of solutions if this series converges (here and in what follows, is the distance from to the nearest integer, i.e.
where min is taken over all integers ; the term "almost-all" refers to Lebesgue measure in the respective space). The theorem describes the accuracy of the approximation of almost-all real numbers by rational fractions. For example, for almost-all there exists an infinite number of rational approximations satisfying the inequality
whereas the inequality
has for any an infinite number of solutions only for a set of numbers of measure zero.
The generalization of this theorem to simultaneous approximations is as follows. The system of inequalities
has a finite or infinite number of solutions for almost-all depending on whether the series
converges or diverges.
More extensive generalizations refer to systems of inequalities in several integer variables .
A distinguishing feature of Khinchin's theorem and its many generalizations is the fact that the property of "convergence-divergence" of series of the types (1), (3) serves as a criterion of the corresponding order of the approximation applying to a set of numbers of measure zero or to almost-all numbers. It is a kind of "zero-one" law for the metric theory of Diophantine approximations. Another characteristic of these generalizations is the fact that the metric property of the numbers involved refers to a measure defined throughout the space containing the numbers which participate in the approximation, and that the measure of the space is defined as the product of the measures in the coordinate spaces. For instance, in the case of system (2) one speaks about an approximation of "independent" numbers and about the Lebesgue measure in ( times). In this connection this part of the theory received the name of metric theory of Diophantine approximations of independent variables. It has been fairly thoroughly developed, but a number of unsolved problems still (1988) remain. One such problem concerns the conditions which must be imposed on a sequence of measurable sets , in the interval for the convergence or divergence of the series to correspond to the condition to be satisfied a finite or infinite number of times for almost-all . A similar problem arises for the system of numbers .
The metric theory of Diophantine approximations of dependent variables, which is of a later date, immediately gave rise to several fundamental and characteristic problems . The first one originated in the theory of transcendental numbers (Mahler's conjecture) and concerned simultaneous rational approximations to a system of numbers for almost-all for any fixed natural number . A recent result obtained on this subject runs as follows. Let be a monotone decreasing function for which the series
converges. Then the system of inequalities
has only a finite number of solutions in integers for almost-all .
This theorem confirms that it is possible to approximate by rational numbers almost-all the points of a curve . Considerations of more general manifolds in will yield similar results.
If almost-all (in the sense of the measure on ) points of the manifold are such that the system (2) with has a finite number of solutions in integers for any , is said to be extremal, i.e. almost-all points permit only the worst simultaneous approximation by rational numbers. Schmidt's theorem says that if is a curve in with non-zero curvature at almost-all its points, it is extremal .
The method of trigonometric sums (cf. Trigonometric sums, method of; see also Vinogradov method) makes it possible to detect extremality of very general manifolds in , under the condition that the topological dimension . If, on the other hand, , the extremal manifold cannot be quite general, and its structure should be fairly definite .
|||A. [A.Ya. Khinchin] Khintchine, "Zur metrischen Theorie der diophantischen Approximationen" Math. Z. , 24 (1926) pp. 706–714|
|||A.Ya. [A.Ya. Khinchin] Khintchine, "Kettenbrüche" , Teubner (1956) (Translated from Russian)|
|||J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to diophantine approximation" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1957)|
|||J.W.S. Cassels, "Some metrical theorems in diophantine approximation I" Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. , 46 : 2 (1950) pp. 209–218|
|||V.G. Sprindzhuk, "Mahler's problem in metric number theory" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1969) (Translated from Russian)|
|||V.G. Sprindzhuk, "New applications of analytic and -adic methods in Diophantine approximations" , Proc. Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Nice, 1970) , 1 , Gauthier-Villars (1971) pp. 505–509|
|||A. Baker, "On a theorem of Sprindžuk" Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A , 292 : 1428 (1966) pp. 92–104|
|||W. Schmidt, "Metrische Sätze über simultane Approximation abhängiger Grössen" Monatsh. Math. , 68 : 2 (1964) pp. 154–166|
|||V.G. Sprindzhuk, "The method of trigonometric sums in the metric theory of diophantine approximations of dependent quantities" Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. , 128 : 2 (1972) pp. 251–270 Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov. , 128 : 2 (1972) pp. 212–228|
|||V.G. Sprindzhuk, "The metric theory of Diophantine approximations" , Current problems of analytic number theory , Minsk (1974) pp. 178–198 (In Russian)|
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Tourist and travel guide of Madyan
In Madyan you can visit places like or Madyan
Other user descriptions
The Midianites were an ancient people originally from Canaan, mentioned in the Bible in Exodus and Numbers primarily as inhabitants of Midian. It is assumed that the law of Moses, Jethro, and Moses' wife, Zipporah, were Midianites, and stood among them with whom he lived Moses to flee Egypt. In Numbers states that the Hebrews came into violent conflict with the Midianites, but were defeated. By order of Moses their cities were burned, their cattle and valuables confiscated, men, women and children killed and non-virgin women and girls virgins spread among men similar to the rest of the booty, which corresponded to the priests a percentage. Although in principle allowed to live to married women, this infuriates Moses who ordered them to death, leaving only virgin girls alive to be divided among the male population.
Destinations on the map | <urn:uuid:a601e3a3-ed74-429c-a825-3bbe9dd5fa1d> | {
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The human foot is at once the most functional, the most intricate, and the most punished part of the anatomy. The intricate skeletal structure of the foot has been compared to the combined machinery and durability of a fine Swiss watch, a tool capable of propelling the body in any direction at high speed, while sustaining forces that are many times a person's body weight. As the structure that supports the body in every aspect of upright movement, the foot is exposed to constant physical stresses, some of which are exacerbated by conditions such as footwear and weather. As with many other components of the human anatomy that are functioning constantly, the foot is only noticed when it fails to function in its usual reliable fashion.
The foot has evolved over the hundreds of thousands of years of human physiological development into a mechanism that is both a complex machine and a foundation piece for the body. Including the bones of the ankle, the foot comprises 26 separate bones, many of which are relatively small and delicately fashioned. Over 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments combine with the skeletal bones to create 33 separate joints in this flexible and dynamic structure. An intricate series of blood vessels and nerve pathways run within individual networks enclosed by
Where an irregularity or imbalance occurs in the structure of the foot, it will often cause other anatomical structures to be affected. For example, if a person tends to strike the ground forcefully on the front of the sole of the foot as opposed to the heel, greater degrees of force tend to radiate into the knee joint or hip.
The bone structure of the foot is divided into three parts: the forefoot, the midfoot, and the hind-foot. The forefoot is made up of the bones of the five toes, which are collectively known as the phalanges. The phalanges are connected to the other bones of the foot by a longer connecting bone, called the metatarsal, at joints created at the ball of the foot with each toe. The forefoot is capable of supporting one half of a person's body weight.
The midfoot is the portion of the foot that is designed to absorb the shock created by human movement. The midfoot is constructed of five tarsal bones, and it is supported by the plantar fascia, the ligament that is essential to the function of the arch of the foot. The plantar fascia extends along the entire length of the foot, attached at the calcaneus (the heel bone, the largest bone in the foot) to the forefoot. The hindfoot, including the ankle structure, is connected to the bones of the lower leg by the talus, the ankle bone. The joint created at the heel and the ankle is the subtalar joint, which permits the ankle to be completely rotated in clockwise and counterclockwise directions.
The 20 muscles that generate movement in the foot are as subtle and sophisticated in their structure as the companion foot skeletal bone. Along with the Achilles tendon, these muscles are responsible for the generation of the all types of movement by the foot. For example, the anterior tibial muscle permits the foot to move upwards, as is required to lift the forefoot off the ground. The posterior tibial is the muscle that supports the arch. The peroneal tibial muscle controls the movement on the outside of the ankle, such as the turning of the foot on its outside edge. Extensors are used to assist the ankle to raise the toes when the body is preparing to stride forward. Flexor muscles stabilize the toes on the ground, especially when the body is stationary and upright. The Achilles tendon, which connects the heel to the gastrocnemius and soleus, or calf muscles, is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. The Achilles is required to provide stability to the entire lower leg structure of the anatomy whenever the body runs or jumps.
The ligaments of the foot create joints with the ability to significantly flex the food and to bear great weight. The plantar fascia is the longest of the foot ligaments, acting as a cushioning device for the entire structure during movement. Each toe has small joints created by ligaments to provide flexibility for each of these appendages, independent of the rest of the structure.
Each movement of the foot is a synchronized series of musculoskeletal movements made in coordination with both the ankle and the lower leg. Every movement of the body that involves its propulsion, whether forward, backward, or upward, is made in an integrated way by these components. In sports where the foot is in a stationary position, it remains functional. An example of this state is rowing, where the primary emphasis of the athlete is on the delivery of the stroke of the oar in the water, and the foot is constantly flexing and assisting with the overall balance and stability of the body in the craft. In pursuits such as shooting and sailing, the stationary feet of the athlete contribute to the effective performance of other physical tasks by the athlete. | <urn:uuid:4ce2fb8d-bd2a-4133-83d3-e17c865be127> | {
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What’s the meaning of therapy?
Therapy. A simple word that can cause so much confusion. The meaning of therapy is closely connected with a treatment to relieve of pain. And, in reality, there is such a broad spectrum of therapies, that it would be an impossible task to try and fit them all into one single category.
We do like the idea of reliving pain though, because, no matter what our issue is, it is proven that it is profoundly healing to have someone impartial listen to us and be there for us, while we go through life’s ways.
Generally, physical therapy has been much more accepted as, still, issues that arise within the physical body are seen as those that require assistance with. Those illnesses are more openly spoken about. People feel more confident to go to the doctor and request physical therapy. They are open to whatever can be experienced through their bodies.
In the past, mental or emotional therapy has been seen as something that only those who are deeply disturbed make use of. As our society changes, more and more, we are given the opportunity to discover things that were unthinkable before.
Nowadays, there seems to be a therapy for almost everything. Those longstanding traditional ones are still in order and by the minute new ones arise. Fortunately, things have changed a bit and now we know that healing needs to be done at all levels, in all of our bodies, not only the physical one.
Our main aim is to share with you the magnificent possibilities that exist within the world of therapy. And by knowing that there is such a huge variety of them, it makes it possible for anyone who is willing to give it a try to find something that really resonates with them.
We want to focus, primarily, on all of those therapies that allow people to find comfort to their mental and emotional suffering. Those that are rooted mainly in Psychology.
The benefits of seeing a psychologist
It is said that psychologists are the doctors of the soul. They are intuitive and have developed skills to connect deeply with people’s psyche. They can identify patterns and can shed light on things that we would have never even thought of.
Seeing a psychologist as an aid to understand a bit more whatever that we are going through, gives us the possibility to gain greater insight on what is occurring to us. They are specialized in going deep and finding the root of whatever might be causing the discomfort that you’re going through.
Psychologists offer us the possibily to express ourselves in a supported and safe environment, in order to identify why we act or react in a certain way. It doesn’t matter if it’s something chronic or something that just was triggered, giving yourself the gift of therapy, gives you the possibility to deal with it a more powerful way than if you had to do it all by yourself.
The benefits of therapy
There are so many of them. One of the biggest, we would say, is having the possibility to verbalize whatever it is that we are going through. Knowing that we are not alone, that we don’t have to go through life’s turmoil by ourselves. That there is someone with whom we can share our deepest fears and desires.
What is clear, nonetheless, is that the existence of therapy gives people, from all walks of life, a possibility to deal with whatever it is that they are going through with someone that can offer them tools and support.
It has been proven that going to therapy, decreases the levels of stress, increases productivity and teaches coping mechanisms to better face whatever life has in store.
When you know that you are heard, that you have a safe place where you can fully express yourself, that you can share your innermost feelings and thoughts with someone that won’t judge you, our quality of life is automatically increased.
The aspect of confidentiality plays a crucial role as well. During therapy, everything that happens stays at the therapist’s office. This already gives us a sense of freedom to give voice to things that we, perhaps, can’t share with anyone else.
How should I know if therapy is for me?
If any of these sound true, then, therapy is definitely for you. There are so many things that can be worked through in therapy. It doesn’t have to be anything complex. It can just be something that you’ve recently discovered or the need of self-improvement.
Don’t be scared thinking that you’ll need years and years of therapy. While they are still longer therapeutic methods, there are also several ones that allow you to gain great insight in just a short time. Every process is unique.
We have often thought that therapy is only suitable for those who are going through some sort of emotional or mental illness. In reality, we can all benefit greatly from it. We encourage you to give different therapies and therapists a try. Explore some more this fascinating world. Allow your soul to express freely, knowing that it is understood.
As you can imagine, we love discovering different therapies and experiencing them first hand. We’d love to know what’s your experience. Have you been to therapy? If so, what kind of therapy do you like? | <urn:uuid:f61a8606-c6c6-4bce-bbfb-6b9cff85f5e7> | {
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Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km2 each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.
Topic: fire,forest fires,fire management,communities,Melaleuca cajuputi,livelihoods,swamps,wetlands
Publication Year: 2007
Source: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12(1): 75-100 | <urn:uuid:faf8f93d-a891-47b1-8609-15db6b43b04c> | {
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Dissemination of health messages
Ideally, all health education messages should be pre-tested before being used more widely. Pre-testing is testing the message with representatives of your target audience before the message is disseminated to a wider audience. Without pre-testing, a message stands the chance of becoming ineffective and detached from the needs of the target audience. You may not need to conduct large scale pre-testing. For example, when you teach mothers about family planning at your health post, you can ask them how well they understood your message, their reactions, and how comfortable they are with your methods. In your future health education activities, you will be able to modify your approach as a result of getting this feedback.
Once your health education message has been developed, the next step is to disseminate the message to the respective audiences that you are trying to reach. Dissemination means conveying or delivering the message to each audience at a variety of different places. This is the actual implementation of your health education activities. However, you should keep in mind that health education is more than the simple dissemination of health education messages.
In order to bring about behavioural change, dissemination of your message should be accompanied by other supportive activities which facilitate the behaviour change process. For example, you need to clarify misunderstandings, elaborate the content of the message with examples, and identify barriers that may prevent people from performing the beneficial behaviours. This may also involve providing the resources needed to perform the health-related behaviour, such as providing condoms or other contraceptive methods if your message is about contraception. It may also be necessary to address any cultural factors which discourage the desired behaviour.
In Ethiopia, most mothers do not exclusively breastfeed for the first months. There may be various reasons for this unhealthy practice:
- Mothers may not understand the benefits and the exact period that is best for exclusive breastfeeding (Figure 15.4).
- Husbands and grandmothers may prefer to start additional food too early.
- Community leaders may not understand why it is important to support exclusive breastfeeding for the first months of the baby's life.
Think about what kind of messages and supportive activities you could undertake in order to promote exclusive breastfeeding. To help you do this, think particularly about whether you would give the same message to the mothers, the husbands and grandmothers, and the community leaders.
Of course, you may not have thought about this before, and only have a couple of ideas. Table 15.1 provides a fairly full answer, and gives you an idea of the way that an experienced Health Extension Practitioner might tackle this issue.
Table 15.1 Health message dissemination
|Mother||Breastfeeding is a proof of your love. Take good care of your child from birth. Give your child breastmilk so the child will grow well and be strong. Breastmilk is the only food that a child needs to protect him/her in his/her first six months.|
|Husband and grandmother||Help mothers practise exclusive breastfeeding so your children and grandchildren will grow up to be healthy, strong and intelligent.|
|Community leaders||Promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first months. Advocate this behaviour and encourage the mothers.|
|Reinforce the message at every contact with the mother||Provide breastfeeding counselling and support during antenatal care, delivery, and immediately postpartum, as well as during postnatal, family planning and immunization sessions. Your health education activities should clarify misunderstandings, and you can always elaborate the content of the message with examples. Your work should identify barriers and help mothers to overcome these barriers.| | <urn:uuid:b980fc3b-5860-4f19-9764-c02d3d678f8d> | {
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- Below the Gulf of Mexico, hydrocarbons flow upward through
an intricate network of conduits and reservoirs. They start in thin layers
of source rock and, from there, buoyantly rise to the surface. On their
way up, the hydrocarbons collect in little rivulets, and create temporary
pockets like rain filling a pond. Eventually most escape to the ocean.
And, this is all happening now, not millions and millions of years ago,
says Larry Cathles, a chemical geologist at Cornell University.
- "We're dealing with this giant flow-through system
where the hydrocarbons are generating now, moving through the overlying
strata now, building the reservoirs now and spilling out into the ocean
now," Cathles says.
- He's bringing this new view of an active hydrocarbon
cycle to industry, hoping it will lead to larger oil and gas discoveries.
By matching the chemical signatures of the oil and gas with geologic models
for the structures below the seafloor, petroleum geologists could tap into
reserves larger than the North Sea, says Cathles, who presented his findings
at the meeting of the American Chemical Society in New Orleans on March
- This canvas image of the study area shows the top of
salt surface (salt domes are spikes) in the Gas Research Institute study
area and four areas of detailed study (stratigraphic layers). The oil fields
seen here are Tiger Shoals, South Marsh Island 9 (SMI 9), the South Eugene
Island Block 330 area (SEI 330), and Green Canyon 184 area (Jolliet reservoirs).
In this area, 125 kilometers by 200 kilometers, Larry Cathles of Cornell
University and his team estimate hydrocarbon reserves larger than those
of the North Sea. Image by Larry Cathles.
- Cathles and his team estimate that in a study area of
about 9,600 square miles off the coast of Louisiana, source rocks a dozen
kilometers down have generated as much as 184 billion tons of oil and gas
- about 1,000 billion barrels of oil and gas equivalent. "That's 30
percent more than we humans have consumed over the entire petroleum era,"
Cathles says. "And that's just this one little postage stamp area;
if this is going on worldwide, then there's a lot of hydrocarbons venting
- According to a 2000 assessment from the Minerals Management
Service (MMS), the mean undiscovered, conventionally recoverable resources
in the Gulf of Mexico offshore continental shelf are 71 billion barrels
of oil equivalent. But, says Richie Baud of MMS, not all those resources
are economically recoverable and they cannot be directly compared to Cathles'
numbers, because "our assessment only includes those hydrocarbon resources
that are conventionally recoverable whereas their study includes unconventionally
recoverable resources." Future MMS assessments, Baud says, may include
unconventionally recoverable resources, such as gas hydrates.
- Of that huge resource of naturally generated hydrocarbons,
Cathles says, more than 70 percent have made their way upward through the
vast network of streams and ponds, venting into the ocean, at a rate of
about 0.1 ton per year. The escaped hydrocarbons then become food for bacteria,
helping to fuel the oceanic food web. Another 10 percent of the Gulf's
total hydrocarbons are hidden in the subsurface, representing about 60
billion barrels of oil and 374 trillion cubic feet of gas that could be
extracted. The remaining hydrocarbons, about 20 percent, stay trapped in
the source strata.
- Driving the venting process is the replacement of deep,
carbonate-sourced Jurassic hydrocarbons by shale-sourced, Eocene hydrocarbons.
Determining the ratio between the younger and older hydrocarbons, based
on their chemical signatures, is key to understanding the migration paths
of the oil and gas and the potential volume waiting to be tapped. "If
the Eocene source matures and its chemical signature is going to be seen
near the surface, it's got to displace all that earlier generated hydrocarbon
- that's the secret of getting a handle on this number," Cathles says.
- Another important key to understanding hydrocarbon migration
is "gas washing," Cathles adds. A relatively new process his
research team discovered in the Gulf work, gas washing refers to the regular
interaction of oil with large amounts of natural gas. In the northern area
of Cathles' study area, he estimates that gas carries off 90 percent of
- Ed Colling, senior staff geologist at ChevronTexaco,
says that identifying the depth at which gas washing occurs could be extremely
useful in locating deeper oil reserves. "If you make a discovery,
by back tracking the chemistry and seeing where the gas washing occurred,
you have the opportunity to find deeper oil," he says.
- Using such information in combination with the active
hydrocarbon flow model Cathles' team produced and already existing 3-D
seismic analyses could substantially improve accuracy in drilling for oil
and gas, Colling says. ChevronTexaco, which funds Cathles' work through
the Global Basins Research Network, has been working to integrate the technologies.
(Additional funding comes from the Gas Research Institute.)
- "All the players are looking for bigger reserves
than what's on shore," Colling says. And deep water changes the business
plan. With each well a multibillion dollar investment, the discovery must
amount to at least several hundred million barrels of oil and gas for the
drilling to be economic. Chemical signatures and detailed basin models
are just more tools to help them decide where to drill, he says.
- "A big part of the future of exploration is being
able to effectively use chemical information," Cathles says. Working
in an area with more oil by at least a factor of two than the North Sea,
he says he hopes that his models will help companies better allocate their
resources. But equally important, Cathles says, is that his work is shifting
the way people think about natural hydrocarbon vent systems - from the
past to the present.
- (First published 2003) | <urn:uuid:99c34b86-8c8a-40e9-90c4-3dc186d3e5f2> | {
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Students will engage in citizen science and contribute to the Florida Microplastics Awareness database (www.plasticaware.org
). This is a hands-on, inquiry-led science investigation where students collect and analyze water samples in small groups. Through this investigation, students will discover the microscopic world of the aquatic environment and identify potential impacts of tiny plastic pieces. Students will hear the latest in scientific advancements in the burgeoning field of microplastics research, present their results, and engage in scientific discourse. As result of this exploration students will have skills that include: experimental design, grab sampling, vacuum filtration, classification, quality control and assurance, and microscope work.
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Is your child struggling to read, spell, or write? Is he or she having trouble with math as well? Such struggles could be early indicators that your child is suffering from dyslexia, one of the most common learning disorders in children.
Although this learning disability is often misunderstood- kids are perceived as ‘lazy’ or ‘slow’-research shows that this is far from the truth.
Most dyslexic patterns go unnoticed until about second or third grade, depending on reading level and learning difficulty. However, there are some general signs to look for in your child if you suspect a learning disability, which can be confirmed at later by a qualified professional (such as an educational psychologist). Here are the most common signs or patterns seen with dyslexia:
Reading difficulty. A reading level two years below his age or grade is a common indicator that your child may have dyslexia. This difficulty can usually be seen with reading simple single words: that, for, any, does, etc. They normally experience trouble decoding unfamiliar words as well as difficulty with reading comprehension. As a result, dyslexic children often read slower with laborious and flawed oral reading. This leads to a dislike of reading in general.
Poor spelling. Many dyslexic children have problems with spelling, especially short, simple words. They also produce ‘jumbled spellings’ in which words are written in the wrong order but with the correct letters – bule (blue) or siad (said). This jumbled spelling is a strong indication that visual memory is impaired.
Writing problems. Poor writing, as with spelling, is another sign that your child may be suffering from a learning disorder. Often dyslexic children write in mirrored images, writing words or numbers backwards. For instance, they commonly mix up the letters b and d or the letter p and number 9.
Difficulty with instructions. Dyslexic kids have trouble with 2-3 step instructions and following directions. In addition, they often have difficulty with planning and thinking ahead.
Poor sequencing skills. Many children with dyslexia have trouble with sequencing in reading (beginning, middle, end) and especially with math concepts (2, 4, 6, 8…), as well as confusion with left and right. They are often unable to process and store memory for sequencing, facts, or any information not yet experienced.
Be aware of these common signs. Having these symptoms does not necessarily mean your child has dyslexia, but you may want to follow up with a specialist to determine a successful educational plan for your child. Keep your options open and talk with other families for advice and support. Dyslexia doesn’t have to limit you or your child. With an appropriate teaching plan and in the right learning environment, children with dyslexia learning disorders can flourish.
If you have a child you suspect may have dyslexia or another learning disability, you may want to look into Verticy Learning as a way to help your child learn. Verticy specializes in home-based curriculum for struggling readers and writers. Learn more about Verticy Learning | <urn:uuid:fc88f370-c3d9-4936-8b08-1ba183da4f27> | {
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Education of the public is one of the most fundamental necessities in all public health work. Our efforts to reach the public are of two kinds: first, to educate them directly on matters of sanitation and personal hygiene, whereby they may be taught to do their share of the general work for the improvement of the public health, and, second, to acquaint them with the immediate work of their own local department of health. The first kind of publicity has been fully discussed both in the annual address of the President of the American Medical Association1 and in the report of the Board of Public Instruction of the same Association.2
I shall, therefore, confine myself to the second phase of the subject.
In our efforts to apply the teachings of sanitary science in our own community, we are constantly hampered by the passive opposition of ignorance and indifference
LEVY EC. ADVANTAGES AND DIFFICULTIES OF PUBLICITY IN CONNECTION WITH MUNICIPAL PUBLIC HEALTH WORK. JAMA. 1909;LII(9):683–686. doi:10.1001/jama.1909.25420350009001c
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Create a personal account or sign in to: | <urn:uuid:532e3c48-cc46-4d39-917e-e870b1ab184a> | {
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Endometriosis or ovarian endometriosis occurs when the endometrium grows thicker and outside of the uterine wall. This will create tissue growth around the ovaries, bladder and the fallopian tubes which can even lead to a ruptured ovary and resultant infertility.
Many women who have ovarian endometriosis do not display any outward symptoms that are suspicious. However, some women do experience mild to moderate symptoms that warrant a hospital visit as well. Let’s take a look at the symptoms associated with ovarian endometriosis.
Difficulty In Conceiving
This is one of the most obvious signs of ovarian endometriosis. Most women are diagnosed with ovarian endometriosis when they fail to become pregnant. Sometimes this is the only way by which women come to know that they have the condition. Up to a 40% of the women who are infertile are diagnosed with ovarian endometriosis.
Any disease associated with the ovaries will immediately give you a pain in the pelvic region. The pain can be sharp, mild or severe depending on the extent of the tissue growth. The pain can also be felt in many ways. It will be particularly pronounced when you have menstruation. Severe menstrual cramps, pelvic pain at the time of intercourse, back pain that starts one or two days before your menstrual cycle and pain while passing stools are all symptoms of ovarian endometriosis.
Another sign that you may have ovarian endometriosis is when you have abnormal bleeding from the vagina. This can be triggered due to a number of factors. The bleeding will be profuse during menstruation. It can also appear in between menstrual cycles or before menstruation. Another reason that can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding when you have ovarian endometriosis is bleeding after intercourse. Blood may also be present in the stools and urine and women might experience premenstrual symptoms like spotting as well.
Abnormal Menstrual Responses
When you have ovarian endometriosis, the menstrual cycle will have an increased response to the endometriosis with increased pain and bleeding during and after menstruation and bleeding or spotting before menstruation. But there are some women who also experience these symptoms frequently which cause a lot of discomfort during daily life.
Symptoms Of Ruptured Ovaries
Ovarian endometriosis can sometimes lead to an emergency situation when the ovaries rupture due to the pressure of the tissue growth. In such cases, the result can be infertility which cannot be reversed.
Symptoms of a ruptured ovary include a throbbing pain which makes the woman incapable of standing or walking. Sometimes, it can lead to a shock when you feel very cold with sweaty skin and rapid breathing patterns. You will also feel dizziness and weak all over. Treatment includes removal of the entire ovary or part of it depending on the damage and in cases where the response is very severe, a hysterectomy might have to be preformed.
For ovarian endometriosis, there is no actual cure. Symptoms can only be treated using birth control pills or a laparoscopic surgery when the case is very severe. | <urn:uuid:19d26e5a-1789-4497-b65c-1d7c6b4ac086> | {
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In database terminology, a view is a named query that typically aggregates data from multiple tables. When using views, it is important to remember that querying a view will evaluate the query that defines the view. Repeated evaluation of the view – say from within a nested query – may seriously impact or even kill the performance of your application.
One solution to this performance problem is to use a “precomputed view”. Unlike an ordinary view, a precomputed view is stored in a table rather than computed on demand. When data in one of the aggregated tables changes, the update operation also updates the precomputed view table.
A great thing about precomputed views is that they can be implemented fully in SQL. Any code that accesses the database sees a precomputed view as a regular table. Also, if you have an existing regular view, you can change it into a precomputed view without having to modify any code that queries the view.
To explain the precomputed view pattern, let’s look at an example loosely inspired by the reddit social news site. Users submit articles to reddit and the articles receive up and down votes from other users. User’s “karma” is computed as a sum of votes on positively-voted articles submitted by the user.
To store the reddit data, you can store users in one table, articles in another table, and votes (+1 or -1) from users on articles in a third table:
Now, say that we want to find the top 10 users with highest karma. To compute a user’s karma, we need to sum up the scores of all articles submitted by the user. And to compute each article score, we need to aggregate the votes for that article. It should be clear that this query is going to be very expensive, no matter how much you tune and optimize it.
Views could be used to factor the complex query into simpler pieces, but not to decrease its overall cost:
It is easy to find the top 10 users, simply by querying User_View. Unfortunately, if the database contains millions and millions of votes, the query will take a long time to run. The query will have to group all votes by article, group all articles by user, and then pick the top users. Imagine the impact on performance if you wanted to show the top users on every page of your web app!
However, by changing the views into precomputed views, we can make the query for top users cheap:
Let’s walk through the conversion of Article_View to a precomputed view. First, we’ll create a table for the precomputed view:
CREATE TABLE Article_PView( ArticleId int NOT NULL, Title varchar(40) NOT NULL, Url varchar(250) NOT NULL, VoteSum int NOT NULL, )
Second, we’ll need two triggers. This trigger inserts a row into Article_PView whenever a new row is inserted into the Article table:
CREATE TRIGGER TRG_ArticleInsert ON Article AFTER INSERT AS BEGIN SET NOCOUNT ON; INSERT INTO Article_PView (ArticleId, Title, Url, VoteSum) SELECT Id As ArticleId, Title, Url, 0 FROM Inserted END
And this trigger recomputes a row in Article_PView whenever a vote is inserted, updated or deleted:
CREATE TRIGGER TRG_Vote ON Vote AFTER INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE AS BEGIN SET NOCOUNT ON; WITH articleIds(ArticleId) As ( SELECT ArticleId From Inserted UNION SELECT ArticleId From Deleted ) UPDATE Article_PView SET VoteSum = ( SELECT SUM(Vote) FROM Vote WHERE Article_PView.ArticleId = articleIds.ArticleId) FROM articleIds WHERE Article_PView.ArticleId = articleIds.ArticleId END
And finally, we’ll populate the precomputed view with data that is already in the database:
INSERT INTO Article_PView (ArticleId, Title, Url, VoteSum) SELECT Article.Id, Title, Url, ISNULL((SELECT SUM(vote) FROM Vote WHERE ArticleId = Article.Id), 0) FROM Article
Article_PView precomputed view is now ready, and User_PView can be created in a similar fashion.
Note that my example assumes articles never get removed or updated. Adding support for that functionality is straightforward: you’ll need to extend the TRG_ArticleInsert trigger to also handle updates and deletes. This will be very similar to what TRG_Vote does, but I left it out from the sample for simplicity.
There are several interesting variations of how Article_PView could be implemented. In the implementation above, the trigger aggregates the votes for an article each time someone votes on it. If you want to avoid this cost, you can change the trigger so that it only adjusts the article score instead of recomputing it. For example, if a vote was updated from -1 to +1, the trigger would add 2 to the score of the article. Avoiding concurrency issues may be tricky with that approach, though.
Another interesting variation is adding the VoteSum column to the Article table instead of creating a separate table. Choose the approach that better fits your table design.
Hope you find this pattern useful! | <urn:uuid:90b86797-139c-48ab-896a-cd570d9a7922> | {
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It’s safe to say that cryptocurrency has already become a major part of the finance industry. Cryptocurrencies are paving new ways of doing business that was not possible before because central banks could not maintain control over inflation and currency exchange rates across borders. In fact, cryptocurrencies have even begun competing with banks with their accessibility, speed of transactions, lack of fees, and many other benefits that do not require existing bank accounts or credit cards (like check payments).
Central banks control the money supply by issuing or removing money from circulation. Central banks print new money and put it into circulation. The difference between fiat and cryptocurrency is that with fiat, the government says this new currency is legitimate because the government issues it.
In contrast, cryptocurrencies have real value because they are used as an investment (or a store of value) and that is demonstrated through their market caps (i.e., the total capitalization of tokens in circulation). Transparency in cryptocurrency is completely decentralized, which means there is no central body that controls money supply or regulation. Every token has unique metadata attached to it, which means that the price is determined by supply and demand.
Blockchain technology provides the basis for most cryptocurrencies and is the main technological innovation behind them (reducing fees and centralization). Blockchain systems typically work by connecting all transactions (financial or otherwise) in a network that cannot be altered without the consent of all other users, who are also known as nodes. All transactions in the blockchain are automatically recorded using cryptography. The process is decentralized, therefore there can be no privileged entities controlling it, such as a company or organization that could benefit from capturing more than half of all money supply.
Decentralization has benefits for society. It is one of the reasons why cryptocurrency is gaining popularity among merchants, merchants still have to spend time and resources getting their payments processed, which is expensive. Merchants also have to store their personal data on a centralized server, which can be hacked. In contrast, blockchain technology allows merchants to store their own data and use it for transactions in a completely decentralized manner without sacrificing security or losing control over their personal data.
Many skeptics believe that cryptocurrencies do not exist but are just frauds designed to make a fast buck (there are examples of this, however). Even though fraud is a problem in the cryptocurrency market, it is a relentlessly changing and highly competitive market. This means that cryptocurrency will never stop evolving because there are always new cryptocurrencies coming out in the market. For example, there are thousands of new coins that you can invest in. If a coin proves to be fraudulent or scammy, this would be an immense disadvantage for investors because they would have to sell their coins at ridiculously low prices (also, they may not get any money back if the transaction was not audited).
Cryptocurrencies have already begun to gain popularity among merchants and consumers because of their low fees and fast transaction speed. With real-time payments and a decentralized network, merchants who use cryptocurrency have significantly lower transaction fees (which means more money for them) and also significantly faster transaction times. This means that a merchant has one fewer obstacle when it comes down to accepting payment from someone. That is why many online merchants (such as Amazon) are considering implementing cryptocurrency payments because their customers prefer using cryptocurrencies to fiat, which is not surprising since you pay less money for your purchase but can get your money quicker.
Another incentive for consumers to adopt cryptocurrencies is the low risk of fraud and scam. With a central database and centralized database, fraud is inevitable and therefore there will always be bad actors in the market which will try to steal people’s money. In contrast, the decentralized nature of blockchain databases makes it incredibly difficult for criminals to hack into a database and steal information because there is not one authoritative database but many at the same time. Blockchain and blockchain smartphones are inherently built to prevent fraud, which means that transactions with cryptocurrencies are less likely to lead to identity theft or other types of fraud.
With the current financial markets being increasingly integrated into a global economy, cryptocurrencies are becoming increasingly relevant in today’s market. The anonymity that comes with cryptocurrency transactions is a disadvantage to many governments because they want more oversight and control over their citizens’ money. However, the benefit that cryptocurrencies have over fiat currencies is their unregulated nature, which means that they cannot be controlled by a government or other central authority. Some governments have even in the past (like China) tried to ban the use of cryptocurrencies only to find out that it was impossible. This has led many people to believe that cryptocurrency is here to stay and will only keep evolving as time goes on.
The fact that cryptocurrencies are intangible assets with no physical existence makes it hard for traditional investors and venture capitalists to get involved in this market. On the other hand, blockchain technology has generated increasing interest from established businesses and investors because of its utility and security. | <urn:uuid:0c36a831-fd7d-4686-b9a0-009f0d2aef4c> | {
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In yet another experiment proving the merits of 3D printing technology, Kent State University in Ohio has erected a 3D-printed sculpture called the Solar Bytes Pavilion, designed by assistant professor Brian Peters. Comprising 94 modules made of 3D-printed, translucent plastic—each embedded with photovoltaic cells—the arch provides shade during the day and emits a mellow white glow at night. The structural detail, the joinery, the east-west placement of the arch, the variability of how each module emits light; each point to a carefully considered design. The best part? Much of the structure can be recycled after use. At the end of its time on campus, the installation’s modules will be taken apart, shredded, and the material made into something new.
by Komal Sharma | Wednesday, August 26, 2015 | <urn:uuid:66284013-1452-483c-9be7-c6c423d7de59> | {
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This innovative textbook provides a readable, contemporary and fully integrated introduction to endocrine glands, their hormones and how their function relates to homeostasis. It explores the pathology of endocrine disease by relating the underpinning science through a wealth of clinical scenarios and examples. The book integrates basic and clinical aspects for a range of endocrine glands and their hormones and includes a number of specialist chapters that also address areas of intense research and clinical interest including the regulation of salt, appetite and endocrine-immune interactions.
- Provides a fully-integrated, scientific and clinical introduction to endocrinology.
- Includes a wealth of colour illustrations to reinforce key concepts.
- Introduces clinical scenarios and leading questions to engage interest and illustrate the relevance of the underpinning science.
- Includes key references and suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter.
Written by a highly respected and experienced author team this new textbook will prove invaluable to students needing an original, integrated introduction to the subject across a variety of disciplines including biomedical science, pharmacology , bioengineering and pre-clinical medicine.
1 The Molecular Basis of Hormones 1
2 The Hypothalamus and the Concept of Neurosecretion 43
3 The Pituitary Gland (1): The Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 51
4 The Pituitary Gland (2): The Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis) 89
5 Diseases of the Pituitary Gland 109
6 The Gonads (1): Testes 133
7 The Gonads (2): Ovaries 155
8 The Endocrine Control of Puberty 189
9 The Hormones of Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation 199
10 The Adrenal Glands (1): Adrenal Cortex 211
11 The Adrenal Glands (2): Adrenal Medulla 247
12 The Endocrine Control of Salt and Water Balance 259
13 The Thyroid Gland and Its Iodothyronine Hormones 275
14 The Islets of Langerhans and Their Hormones 303
15 Diabetes Mellitus 325
16 The Gut–Brain Axis 337
17 Hormones, Endocrine Tumours and the Gut 343
18 The Parathyroids, the Endocrine Kidney and Calcium Regulation 349
19 The Genetics of Endocrine Tumours 375
20 Future Prospects 383 | <urn:uuid:763a3fc2-09ef-4ada-8ebf-f2c98466fb47> | {
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An African American family moves into an ethnically mixed neighborhood. Their little boy sits on the door step, calling out “Friends!” Pretty soon he has many. From this simple beginning Do You Want A Friend? moves into the wonderful realities of having Jesus as a friend. With engaging full-page illustrations and apropos scripture verses, pre-school through early elementary age children are introduced to the One who loves, comforts, strengthens, accompanies, knows, prays, makes us happy, forgives, keeps us obedient, and protects us. Then, it simply and understandably tells about how the reader can find Jesus as a friend and Savior.
The illustrations in Do You Want A Friend? are full of motion, color, and feeling. The neighborhood into which our little protagonist moves makes a good example. Full of neighborliness, its two page spread depicts town houses, cars, shops, church, playground, and a rainbow of active people. A wide assortment of actions, prayer, play, shopping, as well as types of people, handicapped, old, young, happy, sad, are portrayed. With illustration and words integral parts of each other, the narrative engages the eye and mind. Important words are highlighted in varying colors. Closing with the words and music to John Newton’s hymn, One There Is, Above All Others, provides a satisfying bonus. The words are simple, easily learned, and tell about our Lord as personal friend to all who turn to Him. Do You Want A Friend? will find use at home, in the library, in church work with children, and for school. Little ones will love to hear it; adults will enjoy reading it out loud; and early readers will be proud when they read it to themselves. -- Donna Eggett, www.ChristianBookPreviews.com
Noel Piper has created a book that is not just scripturally correct but politically correct as well, in her children's picture book for 3- to 7-year-olds titled Do You Want a Friend? A little boy moves to a new neighborhood and seeks new friends. He discovers that friends can be his age, but they can also be much older. Friends can be male or female, able-bodied or physically challenged, tall or short. They can be of various nationalities, colors, and ethnic origins.
The most important lesson to learn, however, is that there is no greater friend in any circumstance than the Lord Jesus. If we try to be like Him, not only will be have more friends, but we will also be a better friend to others.
Each double set of pages teaches young readers the value of friendship. This is shown in bright colorful drawings by Gail Schoonmaker of friends loving each other, comforting each other, playing together, studying together, and sharing with one another. Each time a lesson about friendship is taught and is displayed with a drawing, it is supported by a passage from the Bible. For instance, one lesson is that a friend will forgive you when you do something wrong, and the passage cited is Ephesians 1:7, "In him, we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace."
The book concludes with the words and music of John Newton's hymn "One There Is, Above All Names." This is an attractive little book that is filled with practical advice and biblical wisdom. – Dr. Dennis E. Hensley, www.ChristianBookPreviews.com
A sweet story that helps children ages 3–7 recognize that potential friends are all around them, while reinforcing that Jesus is the best friend of all.
For any adult who ever wanted to introduce kids to the friendship of Jesus, Noël Piper’s sequel to Most of All, Jesus Loves You! is a wonderful choice.
The story begins with a little boy whose family has just moved to a new place. As he sits on his front steps calling out for friends, he is surrounded by a diversity of would-be friends—up and down the street, in windows, around corners; he just can’t see them yet. Before long, though, he finds them and they find him.
Then the story broadens: “Do you want a friend too?”—“a friend who… loves you? comforts you when you are sad or sick? helps you know God? makes you happy? forgives you when you do something wrong? will save you from danger?” Pointing to Jesus as the only one who cares for us in all these ways, all the time, this colorfully illustrated book helps three- to seven-year-olds recognize Jesus as the best friend of all. | <urn:uuid:710a9ea8-43eb-427f-aa8a-8446802047b4> | {
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In an E-R diagram double lines indicate
None of the above.
Correct Answer :
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Which of the following is not a logical database structure?
In an ER diagram the ___shape specifies the Attibute and a ____ shape specifies the primary key attribute.
In E-R Diagram total participation is represented by
A _____ is a logical unit of database processing that includes one or more data access operations that…
The language that requires a user to specify the data to be retrieved without specifying exactly how…
______is a special type of integrity constraint that relates two relations & maintains consistency across…
An outstanding functionality of SQL is its support for automatic_____ to the target data.
In a relational schema, each tuple is divided into fields called
A _____ is used to define overall design of the database
DROP is a statement in SQL.
______contains information that defines valid values that are stored in a column or data type.
____ table store information about database or about the system.
Change Staff table by removing default of Assistant for position column
An advantage of views is
Tree structures are used to store data in
Which of the following relational algebraic operations is not from set theory?
Create a table with the following attributes: Employee(EMPNO integer, EMPNAME of 10 characters)
If a transaction T has obtained an exclusive lock on item Q, then T can
A DBMS is a ____ user if at most one user can use the system and is mostly restricted to personal computer…
In multiple granularity of locks SIX lock is compatible with
The one guideline to be followed while designing the database is
The ______ language consists of SQL statements for operating on the data (insert, Modify, Delete) in…
Cascading rollback is avoided in all protocol except
Checkpoints are a part of
Shadow paging has
The set of all values that can be taken by the attribute is called as _______ of the attribute.
The fact that information in the data warehouse changes far less often and may be regarded as non-real-time…
A table can have only one
Which is the best file organization when data is frequently added or deleted from a file?
The full form of GUI is _________
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Currently, doctors estimate a person's statistical chance of developing heart disease by looking at individual factors such as whether they smoke, their family history, weight, blood cholesterol and blood pressure. Once you get symptoms, more extensive and sometimes invasive tests, such as angiogram are needed to confirm the result and assess severity of damage to the arteries of the heart or elsewhere.
Professor Wong said, "Results from the retinal scan would be delivered to GPs for a better picture of their patient's health.
"The test is simple, has no side effects or risks, which are present for invasive tests like angiograms, and will result in more targeted preventive measures."
Dr Christine Bennett, chair of the MBF Foundation Steering Committee and Bupa Chief Medical Officer*.went on to say, "This early assessment of the likelihood that a person will develop diseases like heart disease, stroke or even type 2 diabetes has the potential to significantly improve quality of life, reduce hospitalisations and the 50,000 deaths each year caused by cardiovascular disease."
Once a person knows their risk they may be able to delay the onset of developing cardiovascular disease by modifying their lifestyle accordingly.
"We know that smoking, too much alcohol, inactivity and poor nutrition are bad for our health but seeing the evidence not with, but in, your own eyes could be the wake-up call that triggers change," Dr Bennett said.
"A range of locations, such as optometrists, ophthalmologists, pathologists and GPs will be assessed to find the best way to make this test accessible to as many at-risk Australians as possible."
*Bupa Australia operates the trusted and respected health insurance brands MB
Copyright©2009 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:6035d06f-4a7e-4ef9-9146-75a127724bb9> | {
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In the Garden:
Northern California Coastal & Inland Valleys
Harvest herbs after the dew has dried.
October is the ideal time to harvest herbs -- they have had all summer to build the essential oils that give them their flavor. Already the days are shorter, and in a few weeks the temperatures will cool, causing the perennial herbs to begin their dormant period.
What are Herbs?
By definition, "herbaceous" plants are those that die back in the dormant season, as opposed to woody plants whose aboveground parts persist year round. However, the word herb is commonly used to refer to any plant used as a medicine or seasoning.
Herbs have been cultivated for centuries; plants are used in one quarter of all prescription drugs. One of the medications I'm currently taking for breast cancer treatment is derived from the Pacific yew tree. Herbs not only add spice to life, they also keep us healthy.
Herbs and Ornamentals
Many people think they need an herb garden to grow herbs. Not true! Herbs can be very effective planted among your perennial border. Borage (Borogo officinalis), for example, is a beautiful plant with fuzzy silver leaves and blue flowers that is used for soothing the respiratory system. Another way to use herbs in the garden is as a ground cover. Thyme (Thymus spp.) is especially suited to serve this purpose since it is low growing and extremely hardy. It has the added benefit of releasing a wonderful scent when trod upon and is a digestive aid.
Many perennial herbs can be successfully grown in this area. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) spreads slowly by creeping rhizomes and should be propagated by division instead of seed. Oregano (Origanum vulgare), is another herb that does well here along the coast. It is not fussy about soil type and also spreads by underground stems. These plants should be kept cropped to prevent them from blooming and keep to them bushy and full. Oregano should be replanted from fresh stock every three years. All of these herbs, including the thyme, require full sun and excellent drainage and will perform well with very little water once established.
Harvesting and Storing Herbs
Harvest herbs early in the morning, just after the dew has dried from the leaves, to ensure maximum flavor. Wash them well in fresh, clear water to remove any grit or insects.
Let's take a look at how to store them: When you harvest herbs from your garden you have several options. You can wrap the fresh cuttings in cheese cloth and place the bundle directly into soups or stews. Or you can dry them for use later in the year. To dry herbs, gather small bunches of herbs and bind them with rubber bands. Then hang the bundles from a coat hanger or bamboo stake in a dark, dry location (such as over the water heater) until they are crisp. Another way to preserve your herbs is to pour chicken broth in an ice cube tray, lay in a few leaves of your favorite herbs, and freeze. When it is time to cook, simply empty out a few cubes of the herbed broth and add them to whatever you are cooking.
Place basil leaves on a cookie sheet which has been lined with waxed paper. Place the tray in the freezer. Once the leaves have frozen, remove them from the sheet and place them in a small plastic bag. The freezing prevents the leaves from clumping together.
Seasoned salt is easy to make by adding fresh herbs and salt in alternating layers. Use a small jar with a tight fitting lid. Pour a layer of salt into the bottom of the jar, then layer with alternating layers of fresh herbs of your choice. One blend I particularly like is made up of basil, rosemary, sage, parsley and chives. I call this one "the Italian combo." Cover the jar tightly and allow the flavor of the herbs to seep into the salt for several weeks or as long as you like. The salt preserves the herbs while it soaks up the flavor. When you are ready to use the seasoned salt, strain it through a sifter to remove any large bits that could clog the openings on your salt shaker.
Seasoned vinegar and seasoned oil make nice gifts for the holidays, which I'm afraid to say are right around the corner. Purchase small containers at your local Goodwill or secondhand store, wash them well, then place a few sprigs of tarragon into the bottles and fill with olive oil or white vinegar.
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips! | <urn:uuid:b6b22ff8-f175-44c7-abcc-10084f59f660> | {
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Alabama Bronze Map
A Guide to the Images of the Bronze Map on the Lawn of the Alabama Department of Archives and History
54. Final Battle of the Creek War, 1814
Horseshoe Bend, Tallapoosa County
In a fierce battle, Tennessee militiamen, led by Andrew Jackson and supported by Native American allies, crushed Red Stick Creek Indians who had taken refuge in the bend of the Tallapoosa River. This battle crippled Creek resistance, marked the end of the Creek Indian War of 1813-1814, and resulted in the transfer of 23 million acres of Creek land to the United States. | <urn:uuid:c5fdf768-6e29-426c-a67d-47e6da9c1039> | {
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Doctors and other health-care professionals must support the decision of women who choose not to breastfeed, according to new guidelines released Monday by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
The guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months of an infant’s life. They also state that anyone providing obstetric care should be able to provide guidance, support and knowledge about breastfeeding and complications that often arise. But when women make an informed decision not to breastfeed, health professionals need to respect and support them, the college says.
“We need to be advocates for the patient, not the cause,” said Dr. Alison Stuebe, lead author of the new position paper and medical director of lactation services at University of North Carolina Health Care. “Our obligation is to make sure she has the information to make an informed decision.”
The subject of breastfeeding has become increasingly politicized in recent years, with many women experiencing guilt and shame if they choose not to breastfeed or have problems continuing breastfeeding.
The previous ACOG guidelines focused on helping support women so they could choose breastfeeding. The new policy echoes those important points, but there is a marked shift with the inclusion of the message that health-care workers should recognize that only a mother is “uniquely qualified to decide whether exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding or formula feeding is optimal for her and her infant.”
Joint guidelines by Health Canada, the Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada and the Breastfeeding Committee for Canada recommend exclusive breastfeeding. While they mention that some women may not be able to breastfeed, they don’t discuss the importance of supporting women, regardless of their feeding choices.
Dr. Catherine Pound, member of the Canadian Paediatric Society’s nutrition and gastroenterology committee, said the new U.S. guidelines are in line with the message they are trying to deliver in Canada.
“I think what it’s trying to get at is this underlying problem there, that people are feeling forced to breastfeed,” she said.
A big part of the problem is that health-care professionals encourage women to breastfeed, but are unable to provide sufficient education or support because they haven’t been trained to do so.
“We as health professionals tell them [to breastfeed] … and then guilt them if they’re not, yet we can’t help them,” Pound said. “And that’s unfair to women.”
Stuebe said it’s important for more people to understand the obstacles that continue to prevent some women from breastfeeding. For instance, although Canada has a generous leave program for new mothers, statistics show that women with lower levels of education and income are less likely to breastfeed.
According to Health Canada, more than 90 per cent of women who completed postsecondary education in Canada initiated breastfeeding, compared with 76.5 per cent of those who had not completed high school. While those numbers may appear high, they steadily drop. By six months of age, only about 25 per cent of all Canadian mothers are still exclusively breastfeeding.
Kimberley Felker, nurse manager for the special care nursery at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, said rather than passing judgment, the health-care system needs to find better ways to make breastfeeding more accessible to Canadian women. She says the focus should be in helping all women make an informed decision.
“We need to remove the pressure,” Felker said. “We don’t want people to feel guilty about it.”Report Typo/Error | <urn:uuid:937a665c-9a34-44ac-a297-c2e913e8a1b8> | {
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The mustard-colored apartments built as public housing more than half a century ago are among the hottest spots in Phoenix, with only a few scrawny trees and metal clothesline poles offering shade in dusty courtyards.
The two-story stucco structures in Edison-Eastlake, a historically Black neighborhood that has become majority Latino, are among the last still standing halfway through a six-year redevelopment project that aims to better protect residents from extreme heat amid a mega drought in the West.
Phoenix was always scorching, but climate change has made the nation's fifth-largest city even hotter, with temperatures in early September still climbing to 111 degrees (43.8 Celsius). Conditions weren't much better in Las Vegas, some 300 miles (483 kilometers) to the north, where the thermometer hit 106 degrees (41.3 Celsius).
But in one of the more remarkable findings from the 2020 census, the searing weather has not deterred Americans from settling in such places. The desert cities are in two of the five fastest-growing counties in the U.S., and new population data shows that people keep flocking to communities where climate change makes life more uncomfortable and more precarious.
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More Climate Change News
“In the Southwest, we are now in the process of re-imagining our environment,” said Nancy Brune, executive director of Nevada's nonprofit Guinn Center, a think tank that has studied how extreme heat affects communities. “We have to consciously ensure that we and our buildings can withstand the heat.”
Jobs have driven much of the growth. According to a census report released late last month, business investments in the desert Southwest expanded by more than twice the national average every decade between 1950 and 2010 and continue to increase, with health care growth leading the way.
But the burgeoning population also exposes more people to peril.
A risk index map by the Federal Emergency Management Agency found that the nation's five fastest-growing cities — Phoenix, Las Vegas, Houston, Fort Worth and Seattle — are in counties at relatively high to very high risk of natural disaster. The risks include hurricanes, flooding, wildfires and heat waves — all phenomena associated with climate change.
The people at greatest risk are often in poor and racially diverse communities where many households lack the means to cope with disasters, including heat waves that are more frequent, widespread and severe.
"Until people recognize that extreme heat is a critical problem, we are not going to see critical changes,” said Eva Olivas, executive director of the nonprofit Phoenix Revitalization Corp., which helps revive neighborhoods.
Her nonprofit and others have sought insight from Edison-Eastlake residents like Rosalyn Gorden, who described sitting on blistering metal bus benches and competing with homeless individuals for shade.
The original public housing did not have air conditioners, said Gorden, who now lives in a newer complex.
"The older buildings just had swamp coolers that because of their age frequently had to be serviced or repaired,” she said, referring to the coolers typically placed in or by a window that circulate evaporated water.
Extreme heat is the leading cause of weather-related deaths, triggering heat strokes, heart attacks and kidney failures, especially in desert locales where people don't always realize they are overheated because sweat dries rapidly in the arid air.
More than one-third of the world’s annual heat deaths are due directly to global warming, according to a study published in May in the journal Nature Climate Change. It included about 200 U.S. cities and found over 1,100 yearly deaths from climate change-caused heat, many in the East and Midwest, where many homes lack air conditioning.
In the West, Phoenix's Maricopa County recorded 323 heat related deaths in 2020, and Clark County, which includes Las Vegas, had 82.
The rising death tolls are challenging governments to protect vulnerable populations and to ensure there is enough water for everyone as the drought and increasingly hot summers drain reservoirs fed by the Colorado River.
Those challenges will only grow as cities keep attracting more people.
Maricopa County’s population jumped 15.8% over the past decade to 4.4 million as people undeterred by rising temperatures fled more expensive areas like California. Not only was Phoenix the fastest-expanding U.S. city with 11.2% growth, the census confirmed its status as the fifth largest, surpassing Philadelphia's 1.603 million, with 1.608 million people.
The increase in Clark County, which includes Las Vegas, got a big push from residents identifying as Hispanic or Latino, who comprise more than 30% of the population.
Environmental activist Cinthia Moore said she's watched Clark County's population explode as more people move to southern Nevada, even as her largely Latino East Las Vegas neighborhood endures more frequent heat waves.
“People here don’t walk outside in the heat unless they have to,” said Moore, Nevada organizer for the group Moms Clean Air Force.
Moore said the heat is especially hard on low-income renters who cannot install solar panels to save energy costs and must rely on landlords to fix broken air conditioners.
Three years ago, a 72-year-old Phoenix-area woman died at her home after Arizona’s largest electric utility turned off her service for failure to pay $51. The utility this year suspended disconnections and waived late fees through Oct. 15.
Still, only 15% of Maricopa County's heat-related deaths last year occurred indoors. Most of those people had air conditioning that was either broken or turned off.
The other 85% died outside, illustrating the dangers for people with landscaping or construction jobs, or those without cars who must walk, bike or take public transportation.
Researchers at Arizona State University's Morrison Institute and the Guinn Center recently produced parallel studies on extreme heat and sought ideas from community leaders in diverse neighborhoods in Phoenix and Las Vegas. Many of them noted a lack of shade.
Both cities intend to plant tens of thousands more drought-resistant trees in vulnerable areas, but that increases the need for more water, especially with young trees.
Phoenix also plans to install 400 shelters at bus stops in the next few years. Phoenix and Las Vegas residents interviewed for the studies suggested adding water fountains, water bottle filling stations and misters at transit stops.
The nonprofit group Trees Matter is working to increase canopy coverage in low-income Phoenix neighborhoods of color, especially around schools identified by health officials as needing shade, said Aimee Esposito, the group's executive director.
The Edison-Eastlake project is a model for cities seeking to protect residents from heat, said David Hondula, associate professor at Arizona State University’s School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning.
Once home to Arizona's largest concentration of public housing, Edison-Eastlake suffered decades of crime and blight. With a $30 million grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the city is replacing 577 obsolete public housing units with over 1,000 new mixed-income, affordable and market-rate units. More trees and other vegetation are envisioned.
It's an optimistic vision for what the area can become — and the kind of project that could become more necessary if the city keeps on growing.
Associated Press writers Michael Schneider in Orlando, Florida, and Angeliki Kastanis in Los Angeles contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:560ae7e7-4719-48da-840d-4d0aaee98d4a> | {
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Just a starting note to this blog, raw milk is illegal to sell in Canada for human consumption. I, myself don’t drink cows milk. I get my calcium and the other minerals needed for calcium to be properly utilized in the body from such sources as: broccoli, goat’s milk, almonds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, kale, spinach, salmon and shrimp. There are a lot more food sources of calcium besides the ones I’ve listed, and they are all a more bio-available source then pasteurized milk.
Recent research has shown that the actual calcium utilization is not good from milk, but more important though, the higher fat levels of milk may increase cholesterol and blood triglyceride levels which increase the atherosclerosis risk and may create more long-range problems with hypertension (high blood pressure) and other cardiovascular diseases. (source: Staying Healthy with Nutrition, The Complete Guide to Diet & Nutritional Medicine, by Elson M Haas, M.D)
“The truth about pasteurized milk”
“The truth is: the human body has a hard time digesting pasteurized milk. When milk is pasteurized, its protein molecules – the casein – are changed. This strains the pancreas, forcing it to produce its own digestive enzymes to break the molecules down. This helps explain why many people develop milk allergies.”
“Like any enzyme-void food, pasteurized milk puts an enormous strain on the body’s digestive function. Those with milk intolerance, a leaky gut, or poor digestion, pass the casein through the intestinal walls and into the blood stream. This excites many allergies, including autoimmune disorders.”
“The lost enzymes in milk, heated and destroyed through the pasteurization process, were designed to help the body break down nutrients like calcium. Without essential enzymes, calcium cannot be utilized; thus, the calcium passes out the body, unused.” | <urn:uuid:0032dd23-2671-4ea1-b9b8-c009f74cdc36> | {
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A father kisses his babys foot in an act of endearment.
- The love you feel for friends, family or pets is an example of endearment.
- The nickname "love" or "sweety" are examples of endearments.
Endearment is defined as affection, or to words used to express affection.
- an endearing or being endeared; affection
- a word or act expressing affection
- The act of endearing.
- An expression of affection, such as a caress.
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raven defined in 1930 yearraven - Raven;
raven - Black with purple reflections; tail black; iris with two circles, the inner grey, the outer ash-brown. Length, twenty-five inches.
The raven has the reputation, true or false, of being one of the longest-lived birds; certainly it is one of the hardiest, and capable of adapting itself to the greatest extremes of temperature. Its range in the northern hemisphere extends from the regions of ' thick-ribbed ice ' to the damp, hot woods and burning coasts of Southern Mexico and Central America. The tropical jaguar may help it to a meal at one extremity of its range, the polar bear at the other. Compared to such diversities of climate and of other conditions, those of the British Islands are as nothing, From the Isle of Wight and the southern coast to the northern extremity of Scotland, and beyond, to ' utmost Kilda's lonely isle,' the raven has lived in what, to a bird of his grit, must have been a very pleasant garden with a mild and equable temperature throughout the year. Formerly he was a fairly common bird in all parts of our island, and it is probable that some protection was accorded to him by owners of large estates, in spite of his evil reputation, on account of some such sentiment as now exists with regard to the rook. A pair of ravens in a woodland district, Seebohm says, ' was often considered the pride and pest of the parish.' But the sentiment, if it existed, was not strong enough, and the constant persecution of the bird by its two principal enemies, the gamekeeper and the shepherd, joined by a third during the present century in the ' collector,' has gradually driven it from all, or well-nigh all, its ancient inland haunts, and it now exists in its last strongholds, the rugged iron-bound sea-coast on the northern coasts of Scotland and the neighbouring islands. A few - a very few - pairs are still to be met with on some of the cliffs on the south and south-west coasts of England, and on the Welsh coast; but even in the rudest and most solitary localities inhabited by it the bird can keep its hold on life only by means of a wariness and sagacity exceeding that of most other wild and persecuted species.
Like most of the members of its family, the raven is omnivorous, feeding indiscriminately on grubs, worms, insects, grain, fruit, carrion, and animal food of all kinds. Being so much bigger and more powerful than other crows, with a larger appetite to satisfy, he is more rapacious in his habits, and bolder in attacking animals of large size. He will readily attack a small lamb left by its dam, and pick out its eyes; but, as a rule, his attacks on lambs and sheep are confined to the very young and to the sickly or dying. He also attacks hares, rabbits, and birds of various kinds, when he finds them ailing or wounded by shot. He is fond of eggs, as well as of nestlings, and plunders the nests of the sea-birds that inhabit the cliffs in his neighbourhood. But the greatest part of his food consists of dead animal matter cast up by the sea, and carrion of all kinds: a dead sheep will afford him pasture for some days, and keep him out of mischief - for he can be hawk or vulture as occasion offers.
In appearance the raven is a larger rook or carrion crow; he is a fine bird, and his large size, the uniform blackness of his plumage, and his deep, harsh, and human-like, croaking voice, strongly impress the imagination. But the effect produced on the mind by the raven is, doubtless, in part due to the bird's reputation, to its ancient historical fame, its large place in our older literature, and to the various sombre superstitions connected with it. When feeding on a carcase his appearance is not engaging: there is a lack of dignity in his sidling or ' loping ' motions, and savage haste in tearing at the flesh, with a startled look round after each morsel. When disturbed from his repast the slow, cumbrous, flapping flight as he rises strongly reminds you of the vulture. He makes a nobler figure when soaring high in the air, or along the face of some huge beetling cliff that fronts the sea; for then his flight has power and ease as he falls and rises, playing, like a giant chough or jackdaw, with his mate.
The raven pairs for life, and uses the same nest year after year. A pair or two may still breed in a tree somewhere in Scotland or in the north of England, but, in almost all cases, the bird now makes his nest on a ledge of rock on some cliff on the sea-coast. It is a rude, bulky structure, formed of sticks and heather, and fined with grass and wool. The eggs are four to six in number, bluish green in ground-colour, more or less thickly spotted and marked with dark olive-brown.
The raven is the earliest bird to breed in this country: the nest-building begins in January, and the eggs are laid in February or March.
Besides the eight species described, a ninth member of the corvine family has been included among British birds; this is the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), a very irregular straggler to our shores from northern Europe.
pictures for raven
near raven in Knolik
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Pranata Mangsa or Institutions Prey: dating Systems season astronomy intelligence evidence of our ancestors
As with other cultures in the world, indigenous peoples Indonesia have long been concerned with the sky. Sky observations used in agriculture and shipping. Pranatamangsa known in the Java community, which is based on the season forecasting of natural phenomena, and is generally associated with the layout of the stars in the sky.
According Daldjoeni in his book "Java Agriculture calendar Pranata Prey" Prey Pranata quite brilliant invention.
Complexity is not less weight than those found dating system of Ancient Egypt, China, Maya, and Burma. The more so when compared with American-style model of Farming Almanac, Pranata prey is far more advanced.
Although the technology is increasingly sophisticated, as now, the application of the calculation of prey are still relevant institutions. That's because our ancestors used to study natural phenomena such as the rainy season / dry season flowering / fruiting, the position of constellations, the influence of full moon, and so forth. By studying the natural phenomena of our ancestors can better appreciate the preservation of nature.
Actually there are many technologies that our ancestors used that are not listed here. Such findings were in fact since the first of Indonesia has been able to master the advanced technology of his day was not worth it when we boast ourselves as the current generation if we do not value and appreciate our ancestors .. Our ancestors have built the temples of exquisite architecture and the last hundred years. Our ancestors also built a fleet that has sailed the sea. Our ancestors have also found objects that tebilang simple but a lot of benefits. That is proof that our ancestors are very intelligent.
Occupiers who have made us weaker and less confident. Therefore, after becoming an independent nation we must be able to get back up to align ourselves with other nations that have been developed.
Form of formal institutions introduced in the Sunan prey Pakubuwana VII (king of Surakarta) and came into use since June 22, 1856, is intended as a guide for farmers on the cultivation of rice itu.Perlu realized that at that time was only conducted once a year, followed by pulses or rice gogo. In addition, institutions prey on those days meant as a guide for relevant parties to prepare for natural disasters, given the weather forecast technology not yet known. Institutions of prey in the form of "body of knowledge" is spoken is still applied by a group of people and in some ways its observations of natural phenomena.
There are instructions that the Java community, especially those living in the area around Mount Merapi, Mount Merbabu, until Lawu, has known the principles of prey institutions long before the arrival of the influence of India. These principles are based on the circulation of the sun in the sky and circulation plow constellation (Orion)
. In the area of type Am according to Koeppen climate, the inhabitants of the sun-based calendar implemented and constellations as part of the harmony of the natural rhythm of life follows the change in a year. This knowledge can be thought to have been passed down from generation to generation since the period of the Kingdom of Medang (Hindu Mataram) from the 9th century until the period of the Sultanate of Mataram in the 17th century as a guide in the field of agriculture, economics, administration, and defense (military).
Changes are implemented in Java technology since the 1970s, a package of agricultural intensification such as the use of chemical fertilizers, early maturing cultivars of old (can be harvested at age 120 days or less, previously took up to 180 days), the widespread network of irrigation through dams or weir, and especially the rapid growth forecast techniques have led to institution of prey (in the form of formal Kasunanan version) lost a lot of relevance. The issue of global climate change is getting stronger since the 1990s also made a prey of institutions should be reviewed because it was considered "no longer be read".
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Nori Perez December 6, 2018CM 309 CUNY SPS ” Fall 2018Instagram and Its Screen CultureIntroduction:Media theorist Marshall McLuhan once stated that “cool mediums are those with high participation” whereby the audience is an active constituent of the viewing or listening experience. McLuhan elegantly argued that our society went from a print culture to a culture reliant on electricity (electric culture) with the advent of the telegraph and subsequently the television screen. I would like to apply McLuhan’s ideas in the context of social media ” specifically Instagram as a social media application/platform and as a cool medium.
Narcissism & The Mirror Effect:I believe that if McLuhan were alive today, he would apply the same argument regarding Instagram and social media as a cool medium where individuals can access information quickly and efficiently. Instagram currently affords its user the ability to perform many functions, including but not limited to, posting pictures, videos, and communicating with other users via a direct message feature.
In addition, Instagram allows the end user to act as a participatory observer in the lives of other Instagram users. McLuhan would have certainly referred to our society today as a screen culture. And just like how he referred to the television screen as a proverbial mirror whereby causing one to become mesmerized by the reflection given off by the screen, so too does a social media platform like Instagram achieve the same purpose (Adria, 2016).McLuhan expanded on this concept by describing the numbing effects of media in his bestselling book, Understanding Media: “Narcissus mistook his own reflection in the water for another person. This extension of himself by mirror numbed his perceptions until he became the servomechanism of his own extended or repeated image. The nymph Echo tried to win his love with fragments of his own speech, but in vain. He was numb. He had adapted to his extension of himself and had become a closed system.”(Adria, 2016) I would like to further examine the following: Is Instagram reshaping our society? And how does narcissism play a part in our screen culture?As a medium, Instagram serves as a mirror thereby becoming an extension of ourselves as humans. It allows us to see ourselves and others on a screen and make assumptions and sometimes pass judgment. It also provides us with a mechanism to see our image and that of others replicated in the form of selfies and funny video posts forming a constant flow of imagery in loop. McLuhan has stated in his work on new forms of media that the use of a brand-new form of technology as a means of communication constitutes an exchange. The exchange being the willful documentation of everyday life in exchange for attention and validation. Instagram as a cool medium provides the user with the benefit of heightened perception. This virtual heightened perception changes the way we view ourselves and others in relation to our irrespective realities thereby creating a cultural shift. A Brief History of InstagramIn 2010, Instagram, a then photo sharing platform was launched as the brainchild of Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. Instagram has morphed into a photo and video sharing platform that also includes a messaging feature whereby users can communicate and interact. The platform itself is used by over 500 million users worldwide and its valuation is set to be worth over a billion, thanks largely to being purchased by Facebook. And it has become the number one free photography app on the planet.The platform itself was created by Systrom to assist him fine tune his coding skills. The app itself was originally called Burbn and was conceived to be used among his inner circle of friends where they can use it to check-in to places as well as upload photos. The idea was so well received that Systrom shopped the app around to secure investor capital. Soon after creating a viable prototype, Systrom was able to demo the app in front of seed capital firms willing to provide seed money to fund making the app into a real business venture. Prior to its launch, Instagram took almost a year to develop and fine tune. And a little over two years to become hugely successful. Both Systrom and Krieger were able to take their original concept app and fine tune by centering its use on one single phone feature ” the camera. Instagram has revolutionized social networking in our modern era.Social Media Then & Now:Prior to Instagram, other social media platforms such as Myspace and Facebook also have afforded its users the very same capabilities to interact and overshare part of their lives with others online, at will. As a society, we are becoming increasingly more dependent on social media. Social media after all does serve a purpose as it is a means of entertainment and provides an escape from the everyday ills of life, and the world around us. It also acts as a proverbial soapbox by which individuals can freely express their opinions and thought processes in an instant. A streaming flow of consciousness that is constantly being refreshed, thanks in part to a few algorithms and a feed.Since its inception, Instagram has become a fast-growing and popular social media platform. Instagram users can engage with other users and develop a positive relationship and perception within the tool based on their overall life satisfaction and social activity, such as traveling, going to sporting events, having dinner and drinks with friends, for example. Instagram acts as a medium that motivates its users to willingly share glimpses of their everyday lives by the means of a controlled environment (Bryant, K., & Sheldon, P. 2016). On the other hand, Instagram, when used for the wrong reasons, has the ability to further perpetuate a narcissist’s agenda. Instagram allows narcissists to self-promote in a way that they can form, foster and control shallow relationships with other users (Moon, 2016). A study was conducted by the Department of Public Relations & Advertising, Sookmyung Women’s University, Republic of Korea by means of having 212 active Instagram users in Korea complete an online survey. The results of the study showed that individuals that ranked higher in narcissism tended to post selfies, updated their profile picture more often, and spent more time on Instagram, as compared to their counterparts (Moon, 2016). They also rated their Instagram profile pictures as more physically attractive (Moon, 2016). Instagram was originally meant to allow other users a sneak peek behind the curtain into the lives of other users and has now morphed into an ever-present quest for validation in order to assuage one’s vanity.The Past & Present Collide:In 1969, media theorist Marshall McLuhan was interviewed by Playboy whereby he stated that “the basic thing to remember about electric media,” he further explained, “is that they inexorably transform every sense ratio and thus recondition and restructure all our values and institutions.” McLuhan’s prediction regarding electric media has come to fruition, but I don’t think McLuhan would have expected our screen culture to be as it stands today: a society that lives for the image that is reflected from the proverbial mirror. Simple day-to-day events and things like enjoying brunch with friends, happy hour with colleagues or enjoying an overpriced caf© au lait really has not transpired unless there is documentation or a record of said activities and events on Instagram, where others can witness in real-time or after the fact and validate our inherent experiences via a tap of an Instagram post (New Republic, 2016). Self-worth and popularity has now become directly tied to the number of followers a user has on their page as well as the number of likes received on posts. One can also make the argument the social media platforms like Instagram are to blame for the body image issues as well as an inability to decipher reality from farce. Conclusion:Social Media has become the fastest and most prominent medium for people to communicate, interact, and obtain information in today’s digital age. It has changed our way of life in terms of how we communicate with one another as well as how we express our views and address certain issues. It also serves as a vehicle for the unauthentic and self-obsessed to pick apart their individuality and showcase that which has been filtered and deemed worthy of praise and validation. It has become easier to achieve perfection by editing a picture as opposed to the hard work it takes to truly be comfortable in your own skin.ReferencesAdria, M. (21 Feb 2016). What would Marshall McLuhan say about screen culture? The Calgary Journal. Retrieved from: D. (4 Jul 2018). Memoir and McLuhan In the Social Media Era. Forbes Online Magazine. Retrieved from: K., & Sheldon, P. (2016). Elsevier. Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 58, pp. 89-97. doi: # 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059McLuhan, M. (1964) Understanding Media: The extensions of Man. Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England: The MIT Press.Moon, J.H. et al. (2016). Elsevier. The role of narcissism in self-promotion on Instagram. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 101, pp. 22-25. doi: # 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.042Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). ScienceDirect.com. Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 62, pp. 155-167. doi: # 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084Sung, Y. et al. (2016). ScienceDirect.com. Why we post selfies: Understanding motivations for posting pictures of oneself. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 97, pp. 260-265. doi: # 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.007″The Playboy Interview: Marshall McLuhan, Playboy Magazine (March 1969) Retrieved from: Staff of The New Republic. The New Republic. (16 Feb 2016). The Social Artifice of Instagram. Retrieved from: E. B. (2016). ScienceDirect.com. #Me: Narcissism and its facets as predictors of selfie-posting frequency. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 86, pp. 477-481. doi: # 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.007 | <urn:uuid:11360a4e-4a10-4d5e-ac96-bc8c7304ff5b> | {
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While demographics alone are not necessarily predictive of political consumer voting behaviors and beliefs, this chart gives a sense of the similarities and differences across the groups. For example, in the upper left among high-turnout Democrats, the top-ranked demographic characteristic is African-American; the index score of 176 means that black Americans are 1.76 times more likely than the average adult to be a high-turnout Democrat. The table estimates there are roughly 6.6 million black high-turnout Democrats of 36 million high-turnout Democrats.
High-turnout partisans and leaners at both ends of the political spectrum tend to be older, better educated and, particularly in the case of Republicans, to have higher incomes. High-turnout independents are demographically similar to the high-turnout partisans, although a bit younger and less wealthy. The none-of-these voters are less well-off, less well-educated, and more likely to be out of work.
The lower turnout presidential-only voters in the second row are younger. Presidential-only voters under 30 are particularly likely to describe themselves as a pure independent or none-of-these. Interestingly, military-specific occupation is the one demographic characteristic of the presidential-only vote that cuts across party segments. The presidential-only independent segment is a good example of the limitations of demographics to explain political consumer behaviors – this segment indexes highly against both high-income professionals and the unemployed.
This table ranks the top ten media categories, based on their index scores, for each of the twelve political consumer segments. Cable channels, because their audiences are relatively smaller, are most likely to show up in these rankings. Fox News and Fox Business lead with Republicans and Republican leaners, while MSNBC, CNN, HLN and, less predictably, CNBC are favored by Democrats and Democratic leaners. High-turnout voters enjoy sports – for example, The Golf Channel ranks in the top ten for high- turnout independents and none-of-these, as well as Republicans and Republican leaners.
Media preferences of presidential-only voters reflect their age. Hours spent on the Internet shows up here, along with radio music formats and reality television programs. For example, higher turnout Republicans and leaners are more-likely to be listening to news/talk radio. But the radios of presidential-only Republicans, leaners, and independents are more likely to be tuned to contemporary Christian, country, classic rock, and hot adult contemporary stations. Presidential-only voters are lighter consumers of news, and therefore more likely to get candidate information from advertising and entertainment programs. | <urn:uuid:74a7d0bb-b425-43c4-87d1-258c591edd4b> | {
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Aboriginal people always have had a
deep adoration and respect for nature and have never tried to impose
changes on it, so there was no agriculture or stockbreeding. They
consider Nature the holy legacy of their ancestors from the Dreamtime.
This is in the Aboriginal mythology the sacred time of creation,
when their ancestors in form of humans or animals wandered throughout
the world and gave the earth its geographical shape and created
all living things. The major and most popular mythological being
is the Rainbow Serpent (or snake), a being of immense proportions,
which resides in a deep waterhole and controls the most precious
resource of life - water. Many regional different stories and legends
entwine around this spirit and some describe it as the creator of
mountains and valleys during the Dreamtime.
In 1770 James Cook arrived the fertile east coast of Australia
and formally took possession of the land as British Colony New South
Wales and soon after that, Australian's fate as a British penalty
colony was sealed. When in 1788 the first British fleet with 700
prisoners on board arrived, there, where Sydney is today, approximately
750,000 Aborigines lived in Australia. They were considered fair
game, were driven from their land, massacred and murdered and had
their children taken away. A long period of suffering began.
Today about 464,000 Aborigines live in Australia, about 70% in
cities. They have equal rights now and each region of the country
is represented by an Aboriginal district administrator. Some of
the Aboriginal people even successfully reclaimed their ancestral
land. However, despite of government supported programs, their living
standard and life expectancy is low and only around 10,000, mainly
in the Northern Territory, stay in direct contact with their traditional
Aborigines are proud of their culture and try to cultivate their
heritage. They want to get more involved in cultural tourism, because
it means they can present their culture and benefit economically.
One of the priority aspirations Rainforest Aboriginal people have
is, to get secure title to their traditional lands to ensure the
integrity and survival of their culture, just as to hunt and to
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14 June 2002
Although system performance suffers by only about 10 percent for heat exchangers
with effectiveness values as low as 0.3, the popularity of compact plate-type heat
exchangers and their low add-on costs allow the designer to achieve high effectiveness
levels with only a slight increase in equipment cost.
f. Pumps. Heat transfer fluids are circulated by pumps. Two circulation pumps
are required in the system shown in Figure F-1. For the majority of liquid-based solar
energy systems, centrifugal pumps with fractional horsepower requirements are used
for heat transfer fluid circulation.
g. Transport Sub-System (Lessons Learned)
(1) Heat Transfer Fluids. To eliminate past problems with fluid
maintenance, freeze protection, and corrosion control, a USP/food-grade uninhibited
propylene glycol/distilled water mixture is required for systems that need freeze
protection and pure water is recommended for systems that do not
(2) Piping and Transport Sub-System Materials. Materials problems with
piping include corrosion, erosion, and scaling. Corrosion can be avoided by using flow
passages of copper, bronze, brass or other non-ferrous alloys. Pipe erosion and
excessive hydraulic noise can be avoided by ensuring that fluid velocities in closed
piping systems are kept below 5 ft/s (1.5 m/s).
a. Purpose and Experiences. The control sub-system consists of an
electronic control unit, temperature sensors, and interfaces to pumps. A Btu meter may
also be installed for system diagnostics and monitoring purposes. Experience with past
systems has shown that a major cause of system failure has been control systems that
were too complicated and unreliable. Control strategies for solar energy systems
should be as simple and reliable as possible.
b. Control Strategy. Most solar systems use a control strategy known as
differential temperature control. Temperature sensors are located on the collectors and
at the coolest part (the bottom) of the storage tank. Circulating pumps in the collector
and storage loop are simultaneously activated whenever the temperature of the solar
collector is a specified level greater than that of the storage tank (typically 15 to 25
degrees F (-9 to -4 degrees C). The pumps are then shut off when the temperature
difference falls below another limit (typically 5 to 8 degrees F (-15 to 13 degrees C)).
This built in hysteresis helps prevent short cycling of the pumps during start-up as the
colder water from the storage tank comes in contact with the hot collector plate.
c. Diagnostics. The control system can contribute to the system's longevity
and ease of maintenance by providing remote readings of system parameters such as
component temperatures, pump status, and maximum/minimum temperatures. If
installed, a Btu meter can measure the flow rate and temperature of fluid delivered to
storage in order to calculate the total energy contributed by a system. It is possible for
a solar system to be inoperative and yet show no symptoms due to the existence of an | <urn:uuid:7a8c8355-fc4b-4113-bdc6-4700af5bd695> | {
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RELIGION AND NATIONAL VALUES
THEME: CIVIC EDUCATION
PREVIOUS LESSON – VALUING NIGERIAN GOODS Primary 6 (Basic 6) – Civic Education
TOPIC: VALUES THAT PROMOTE PEACE – TOLERANCE
1. Introductory Activities
2. Meaning and Types of Values
3. Acceptance Behaviours in our Society
4. Meaning and Characteristics of Tolerance
5. Lesson Evaluation and Weekly Assessment (Test)
By the end of the lesson, most of the pupils should have attained the following objectives –
1. explain the meaning of value;
2. state the difference between tolerance and intolerance;
3. mention the characteristics of tolerance;
4. identify values that promote peace.
The pupils can differentiate between good behaviour and bad behaviors.
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of posters/pictures.
METHOD OF TEACHING
Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
Scheme of Work
9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
All Relevant Material
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION
Values are the acceptable standard behaviour of people in our society.
There are behaviours that are not acceptable.
Values influence people’s behaviors and attitudes positively or negatively.
Values serve as important guidelines in all situations such as home, community, establishment such as workplace, school, religion etc.
Values are lasting beliefs, ideas, opinions shared by an individual, group or member of a community (culture) about something useful.
TYPES OF VALUES
1. Good values
2. Bad values
Good values are the behaviours that are acceptable in our society.
For example – tolerance, honesty, respect, etc.
Bad behaviours the behaviours that are not acceptable in our society.
For example – lying, stealing, killing, etc.
EXAMPLES OF STANDARD VALUES
12. Generosity, etc.
These are examples of values that many people endorse. Good value promote peace.
LESSON 2 – TOLERANCE
Tolerance is one of the acceptable behaviours and values that promote peace in our society.
Tolerance is the willingness to tolerate or accept people’s behavior, beliefs, opinions or practices that a different from your own.
Intolerance is when people cannot accept views, beliefs, or behavior that different from their own.
Tolerance does not mean that you have to do what they do or you have follow their beliefs or practices.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOLERANCE
1. Respect for each other
2. Behaviour and ways of doing things
5. Slow to anger
7. Think and rethink before you do anything.
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. Revises the previous lesson based on the pupil’s related knowledge or experience.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the lesson revision.
2. Tells story of good and bad behaviours.
3. Lets pupils state the moral lesson of the story.
Pupil’s Activities – Listen to the teacher’s story and state the moral lessons in the story.
4. Uses the story to introduce the lesson.
5. Displays chart to support your lesson introduction.
Pupil’s Activities – Pay attention to the lesson introduction.
6. Leads discussion on the meaning and types of values.
Pupil’s Activities – Participate actively in the discussion.
7. Lets the pupils items examples of goods and bad behaviours.
Pupil’s Activities – Differentiate between good and bad behaviours with appropriate examples.
8. Explains the meaning of tolerance as one of the examples of good values and its characteristics.
Pupil’s Activities – Define and state the characteristics of tolerance.
9. Summarizes the lesson on the board.
Pupil’s Activities – Copy as instructed.
- To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following week’s lesson.
Ask pupils to:
1. explain the meaning of values.
2. differentiate between good and bad behaviours.
3. State 6 examples of acceptable behaviour in your society.
4. List 5 examples of acceptable behaviour in our school.
6. explain the meaning of tolerance.
7. mention 5 characteristics of tolerance.
WEEKLY ASSESSMENT (TEST)
1. ________ are the acceptable standard behaviour of people in our society.
2. Good values are the behaviours that are ________ in our society.
C. bad values
3. Bad values are the behaviours that are ________ in our society.
C. bad values
4. ________ is the willingness to tolerate or accept people’s behavior, beliefs, opinions or practices that a different from your own.
5. ________ is when people cannot accept views, beliefs, or behavior that different from their own.
6. Tolerance does not mean that you have to do what they do or you have follow their beliefs or practices.
7. There are behaviours that are not acceptable.
8. Values influence people’s behaviors and attitudes positively or negatively.
9. Values serve cannot as important guidelines in all situations such as home, community, establishment (work, school, religion etc.).
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Digital Demos, sponsored by the Virginia Lottery, are live, virtual lessons that are highly interactive and designed to involve students in STEM through inquiry, hands-on activities, and demonstrations.
These workshops are designed for school audiences and aligned with the Virginia SOLs but are easily adjustable to fit the learning level of any group.
Fees for a Digital Demo are based on class size:
Digital Demos are $150 per classroom; $125 for each additional class (over 30 students or consecutive classes on the same day). Demos are available Monday - Friday with start times at 9 a.m., 10 a.m., 11 a.m., 1 p.m., 2 p.m., or 3 p.m.
Review our menu of offerings below and be sure to check out our Group Information page for the nitty gritty about booking, technology requirements, and how to best prepare for your Digital Demo.
Have an up-close encounter with snakes, cockroaches, and rats. Find out what different animals need to survive in their environment. And come on, who doesn’t love animals?!
Watch an educator dissect a sheep brain while learning its different parts and functions. This demo will really make you think about its role in the nervous system.
You won’t believe your eyes! Watch an educator dissect a cow eye while explaining its different parts and functions. Learn about the eye-brain system by comparing human eyes to cow eyes.
How does your heart work? Watch an educator dissect a sheep heart while explaining its different parts and functions. You're going to love learning about the cardiovascular system.
Discover chemistry at its coolest as we make fire and foam. Explore four types of chemical reactions to learn about acids and bases, and exothermic and endothermic reactions.
How do solids, liquids, and gases react to cold temperatures? Make predictions and observations as pennies shatter, balloons shrink, and plants crumble.
Have fun with a Museum educator as we investigate scientific phenomena while working collaboratively to imagine, plan, create, test, and improve upon solutions to design challenges. We’ll send you a list of common materials you will need to have ready before the lesson. We will engage your group during the lesson as they experiment together.
Gather your supplies and your favorite small object, and work with us to design a better parachute. We’ll leap into this challenge together and let our engineering skills soar.
Discover the fun of scientific investigation! Explore the four forces of flight by designing a paper airplane. Don't wing it: see if your gliding machine can hover in our vertical wind tunnel. | <urn:uuid:30e9cd5f-e442-418b-8ddc-9463dfe4348f> | {
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The Poisoning of America's Water Supplies
Published on Thursday, July 3, 2008 by Mark Sircus Ac., OMD
Taken from http://www.naturalnews.com/023565.html.
(NaturalNews) Every day in the United States more than 240 million people turn on their faucets in order to drink, bathe, and cook, using water from public water systems. But more people are arriving to the point where they will not let a drop of water touch their lips in their own homes unless that water comes from a bottle shipped from a fresh water source. And even then we still have trouble in the home. Researchers at the University of Texas found that showers and dishwashers liberate trace amounts of chemicals from municipal water supplies into the air [i].
"The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives." - American Indian Proverb
Squirting hot water through a nozzle, to produce a fine spray, increases the surface area of water in contact with the air, liberating dissolved substances in a process known as "stripping." So if we want to avoid those chemicals drinking bottled water is not enough. Chemically sensitive individuals would also have to wear a gas mask in the shower, and when unloading the dishwasher if they want to avoid chemical contamination. And even then the skin will absorb directly in the shower chemicals like fluoride so we cannot assume we are safe from the contaminants even if we are drinking pure water. The majority of people still take the purity of their tap water for granted when they shouldn't.
When we look deeper we can see that even in a rich country like the United States, we all have reason to be concerned about not only drinking, but even bathing in water that comes from public treatment systems. Albuquerque, Fresno, and San Francisco are examples of cities that have water that is sufficiently contaminated so as to pose serious potential health risks to pregnant women, infants, children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems, according to Dr. David Ozonoff [ii]. What we find in these waters are contaminants that occur with surprising regularity, regardless of location, such as chlorination by-products, lead, and coliform bacteria. Other contaminants, such as Teflon and rocket fuel occur less frequently but pose major health concerns. If we include the fact that fluoride is actually poisonous we have water that is slowly killing some Americans and depressing the health of almost everyone who drinks and showers in it.
And the problems with water just do not end. In August 2005 we learned that common household brass plumbing fixtures may release far more lead into drinking water than previously believed. As a result, even new homes built with brass fixtures like ball valves and water meters could end up with potentially unsafe lead levels. In a report trumpeted by the National Science Foundation, Virgina Tech researchers charged that the standards used to certify the brass plumbing supplies found at most hardware stores may be inadequate to predict lead contamination of water. This contradicts years of assumptions that lead contamination primarily comes from old leaden pipes or public water systems with lead contamination problems [iii]. Contrary to popular belief, many plumbing supplies sold today are not lead-free but contain up to 8 percent lead content in brass fixtures [iv]. Lead makes brass and other metals more malleable, helping manufacturers create intricate shapes.
The consequence though is extraordinarily high for exposure to lead in drinking water which results in delays in physical and mental development, along with slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. In adults, it can cause increases in blood pressure. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure according to the American EPA [v]. The Romans had their engineers turn the populace into neurological cripples when they started using lead in their water systems but they did not have to deal with either fluoride or mercury. The three together, mercury, lead and fluoride become a kind of devil's triangle of chemical toxicity that is only made worse by aluminum and a host of other hostile chemicals that are clogging up our bodies.
Water pollution by drugs is an emerging issue that is extremely important. Pharmaceuticals are now attracting attention as a whole new class of water pollutants. At the recent American Chemical Society conference, Chris Metcalfe of Trent University in Ontario reported finding a vast array of drugs leaving Canadian sewage treatment plants. Padma Venkatraman, a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins concluded that antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anticancer drugs and antimicrobials are among the pharmaceuticals most likely to be found at "toxicologically significant levels" in the environment.
These drugs and many more [vi] are finding their way into public water systems because pharmaceutical industries, hospitals and other medical facilities as well as households dispose of unused medicines and even human excreta can contain incompletely metabolized medicines. Millions of doses of prescription drugs that Americans swallow annually to combat cancer, pain, depression and other ailments do not disappear harmlessly into their digestive systems but instead make their way back into the environment where they may contaminate drinking water and pose a threat to life, according to researchers at John Hopkins medical center.
These drugs pass intact through conventional sewage treatment facilities, into waterways, lakes and even aquifers. Discarded pharmaceuticals often end up at dumps and land fills, posing a threat to underlying groundwater. And farm animals also are a huge source of pharmaceuticals entering the environment because of the massive use of hormones, antibiotics and veterinary medicines used in their care. Along with pharmaceuticals, personal care products also are showing up in water. Generally these chemicals are the active ingredients or preservatives in cosmetics, toiletries or fragrances. For example, nitro musks, used as a fragrance in many cosmetics, detergents, toiletries and other personal care products, have attracted concern because of their persistence and possible adverse environmental impacts. Some countries have taken action to ban nitro musks. Also, sun screen agents have been detected in lakes and fish.
It is hard to tell which is worse, the toxic chemicals and drugs that are leeching into the public water systems or the noxious chemicals deliberately put in the water by public health officials. Standard water treatments result in health threats yet health officials are loath to admit any problem that we should beware of. Chlorination of drinking water supplies virtually eliminates most disease or bacterial contamination, but creates traces of several toxic by-products in drinking water -- such as chloroform, trihalomethanes and other chlorinated organic compounds. In recent years municipal water districts across the United States are changing the way they disinfect public water supplies. Many are adding ammonia to chlorinated water to produce chloramines [vii], or chloraminated water. They are doing that in order to meet standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While chloramination has been used as a way to lower the level of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) created by chlorination, it has led to extreme water toxicity. Chloraminated water kills fish and reptiles and there is no reason to believe it is safe for human consumption.
"I almost died," Denise Kula Johnson of Menlo Park said the day after chloramines were added to her water supply. "I was in the shower and suddenly I could not breathe. I passed out on the floor. I was terrified."
"The government is hiding the fact that the drinking water is not usable," says medical scientist Dr. Winn Parker who tells us that the most at-risk groups from chloraminated water are the fetus in the first trimester, children to age three, people over age 60 and those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Women in the 35-45 age group are at risk of recurring rashes on the inner thighs and chest, he added. Parker is calling for government funding of alternative disinfection methods, such as ultra-violet and reverse osmosis, which would make harmful chemical disinfection methods obsolete. "We need to amend the Constitution," Parker said, "to give the people in each state the right to vote on what goes into their water."[viii] A recently discovered disinfection byproduct iodoacetic acid, found in U.S. drinking water treated with chloramines, is the most toxic ever found according to Dr. Michael J. Plewa, a genetic toxicology expert at the University of Illinois [ix].
"Individuals who consume chlorinated drinking water have an elevated risk of cancer of the bladder, stomach, pancreas, kidney and rectum as well as Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." [x] - Dr. Michael J. Plewa
When Washington DC changed in 2000 to chloramines, this newly treated water reacted with the lead in the pipes to poison the drinking water. Lead levels were found in Washington's water 3,200 times the EPA's "action level" and 4,800 times the UN's acceptable level for the toxic heavy metal. Americans have been conditioned to believe that the problem with lead has mostly disappeared but nothing could be further from the truth. According to the Washington Post, "In New York City, the nation's largest water provider has for the past three years assured its 9.3 million customers that its water was safe because the lead content fell below federal limits. But the city has withheld from regulators hundreds of test results that would have raised lead levels above the safety standard in two of those years."[xi]
"The drinking water lead crisis in Washington D.C. poses serious public health risks to thousands of residents of the national capital area, and casts a dark shadow of doubt over the ability, resources, or will of federal and local officials to fulfill their duty to protect our health," said Paul D. Schwartz, National Policy Coordinator, Clean Water Action [xii].
After switching to chloraminated water, children in Washington ingested more than 60 times the EPA's maximum level of lead with one glass of water [xiii].
Jim Elder, who headed the EPA's drinking water program from 1991 to 1995, said he fears that utilities are engaging in "widespread fraud and manipulation. It's time to reconsider whether water utilities can be trusted with this crucial responsibility of protecting the public. I fear for the safety of our nation's drinking water. Apparently, it's a real crap shoot as to what's going to come out of the tap and whether it will be healthy or not."
Cities across the country are manipulating the results of tests used to detect lead in water, violating federal law and putting millions of Americans at risk. - Washington Post [xiv]
Underground aquifers can become contaminated with bacteria and viruses because of insufficient topsoil layers to filter rainwater as it trickles down to recharge the groundwater. Livestock manure, human sewage sludge, fertilizers, weed killers [xv] and pesticides seep down into groundwater supplies. The intensification of agricultural practices -- in particular, the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides -- has had a huge impact on water quality. The main agricultural water pollutants are nitrates[xvi], phosphorus, and pesticides. Rising nitrate concentrations threaten the quality of drinking water, while high pesticide use contributes substantially to the direct poisoning of our water supplies.
The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM, 1992) concluded that "groundwater is threatened by pesticides in all European states." WHO (1993) has established drinking water guidelines for 33 pesticides but an awareness is growing that in all matters water related we are not being protected from serious harm. There really is no limit to the concerns and chemicals that make drinking public water a bad idea.
There really is no end to the serious problems with tap water that are being seriously underestimated. The National Academy of Sciences has concluded that arsenic is so dangerous in drinking water that stringent levels set by the Clinton administration and later suspended by the Bush White House were not strict enough. For decades, the Environmental Protection Agency set an acceptable arsenic level of 50 parts per billion in drinking water. But recent studies suggested that this level was too high and increased the risk of bladder and lung cancer. A report by the National Academy of Sciences in 1999 said the standard should be made stricter "as promptly as possible." President Bill Clinton ordered the limit to be lowered to 10 parts per billion in 2006 and scientists doubt if even this low level of concentration is safe [xvii].
ii. National Resources Defence Council. Ozonoff is chair of the Environmental Health Program at Boston University School of Public Health and a nationally known expert on drinking water and health issues ((http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/usci...)
iv. Drinking Water Act in 1996 banned plumbing devices with pure lead pipe but still allows low levels of lead. Homes built before 1986 are more likely to have lead pipes, fixtures and solder. However, new homes are also at risk: even legally "lead-free" plumbing may contain up to 8 percent lead. The most common problem is with brass or chrome-plated brass faucets and fixtures which can leach significant amounts of lead into the water, especially hot water.
v. (http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/index.html) Amendments made to the federal Safe
vi. Detected contaminants include caffeine, which was the highest-volume pollutant, codeine, cholesterol-lowering agents, anti-depressants, and Premarin, an estrogen replacement drug taken by about 9 million women. Also chemotherapy agents were found downstream from hospitals treating cancer patients. Final results from the study are expected to be released in the fall. For additional information about the U.S.G.S. study check the website: (http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html)
vii. Chloramine is a disinfectant put into many municipal water supplies. In recent years it has often replaced chlorine for two main reasons. The first is that it is much longer lasting, so it continues to provide a disinfectant action in supply pipes, where chlorine typically loses its capacity to disinfect. The second is that it does not react with organics nearly as readily as does chlorine. The reaction products of chlorine and organics (chlorinated organics) are very toxic to people, and water supply operators elect to use chloramine to reduce this toxicity.
viii. Bollyn, Christopher. The Unhealthy Consequences of Chloraminated Water. ((http://www.americanfreepress.net/html/c...)
x. Sep 2004 ((http://www.watertechonline.com/News.asp...)
xii. US House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform
Hearing on the District of Columbia's Lead Contamination Experience
Statement of Paul D. Schwartz, National Policy Coordinator, Clean Water Action
May 21, 2004. (http://www.dcwatch.com/wasa/040521i.htm)
xiii. From April 2 to May 8 of 2004, utility officials switched back to chlorine, a yearly change intended to rinse bacteria from the pipes before summer. During that time, officials said yesterday, lead level test results in homes with lead service lines were 25 percent to 30 percent lower than they would have predicted. ((http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ar...)
xv. The weed killer atrazine affects the levels of a number of hormones needed for normal development and function of the reproductive system, including estrogen, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. Atrazine has been linked to sexual malformations in frogs that were exposed to water containing just 1/30th as much atrazine as the EPA regards as safe in human drinking water. Sanders, Robert. Popular weed killer atrazine feminizes native frogs across Midwest, could be impacting amphibian populations worldwide 30 October 2002. University of Berkely. ((http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/rele...)
xvi. Nitrate in drinking water is also associated with increased risk for bladder cancer, according to a University of Iowa (UI) study that looked at cancer incidence among nearly 22,000 Iowa women. The study results suggest that even low-level exposure to nitrates over many years could cause increases in certain types of cancer, said Peter Weyer, Ph.D., associate director of the UI Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC) and one of the study's lead authors. The study was published in the May 2001 issue of the journal Epidemiology. "From a public health perspective, source water protection is a main concern. Sources of nitrate which can impact water supplies include fertilizers, human waste, and animal waste," Weyer said. "All of us, rural and urban residents alike, need to be more aware of how what we do as individuals can impact our water sources and, potentially, our health." ((http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/articles/O...)
xvii. New York Times September 11, 2001
About the author
Mark A. Sircus Ac., OMD, is director of the International Medical Veritas Association (IMVA)http://www.imva.info/. Dr. Sircus was trained in acupuncture and oriental medicine at the Institute of Traditional Medicine in Sante Fe, N.M., and in the School of Traditional Medicine of New England in Boston. He served at the Central Public Hospital of Pochutla, in México, and was awarded the title of doctor of oriental medicine for his work. He was one of the first nationally certified acupuncturists in the United States. Dr. Sircus's IMVA is dedicated to unifying the various disciplines in medicine with the goal of creating a new dawn in healthcare.
He is particularly concerned about the effect vaccinations have on vulnerable infants and is identifying the common thread of many toxic agents that are dramatically threatening present and future generations of children. His book The Terror of Pediatric Medicine is a free e-book one can read. Dr. Sircus is a most prolific and courageous writer and one can read through hundreds of pages on his various web sites.
He has most recently released his Survival Medicine for the 21st Century compendium (2,200 page ebook) and just released the Winning the War Against Cancer book. Dr. Sircus is a pioneer in the area of natural detoxification and chelation of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. He is also a champion of the medicinal value of minerals and is fathering in a new medical approach that uses sea water and different concentrates taken from it for health and healing. Transdermal Magnesium Therapy, his first published work, offers a stunning breakthrough in medicine, an entirely new way to supplement magnesium that naturally increases DHEA levels, brings cellular magnesium levels up quickly, relieves pain, brings down blood pressure and pushes cell physiology in a positive direction. Magnesium chloride delivered transdermally brings a quick release from a broad range of conditions.
International Medical Veritas Association: http://www.imva.info/ | <urn:uuid:a5293359-8406-4031-a72b-86497f0abce5> | {
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SACRAMENTO The exhaust that came out of the tailpipe of the Ford Focus that I used to drive was cleaner than the surrounding air — at least when tooling around smog-choked San Bernardino County.
That a cheapo car with a high-mileage and reasonably peppy engine could achieve such an impressive outcome eight years ago is a reminder that many environmental improvements come incrementally, inexpensively, and without much governmental “investment,” albeit with some regulatory prodding in that particular case.
It’s a lesson to remember as California officials speed down yet another costly road designed to slash carbon-dioxide emissions that are tied to global warming.
Whatever one’s views of it, the state’s policy makers are committed to being worldwide leaders on the issue of climate change by pushing “green” technologies that limit emissions. The remaining questions, in the Capitol at least, center on the costs and benefits of particular technologies.
This brings us to recently renewed efforts to build a so-called “hydrogen highway” — an infrastructure of fueling stations that will power hydrogen-fueled cars that emit water vapor rather than pollutants. Cars with hydrogen fuel cells will be pollution-free, according to supporters.
“I’m actually cleaning the air as I drive,” said one hydrogen-car driver who met then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger at a Los Angeles event. That view explains why the former governor, who signed the law (AB 32) creating the climate-change-battling cap-and-trade system, generated so much hoopla around the hydrogen idea beginning in 2004.
His plan involved a partnership between the oil industry and the state, but the former resisted something that could lead to its demise, according to a recent San Jose Mercury News article. The California Air Resources Board, under the new governor, tried to force oil companies to help pay for the filling stations to jump-start the process.
“(A)fter oil companies threatened to sue, (Gov. Jerry) Brown agreed to a compromise in which the costs of constructing hydrogen stations will be shifted to car owners through existing vehicle registration fees,” the article continued. A new law, AB 8, extends registration fees that will be used to fund this project.
The Mercury News cited opposition only from “extremes” — conservatives opposed to the fee hikes and environmentalists who didn’t want oil companies to get a reprieve. But critics raise other, serious questions about hydrogen technology.
“Hydrogen fuel cells in the cars themselves produce virtually no pollution, aside from water,” concluded a 2007 study by the libertarian Reason Foundation. “However, depending on the technology used, the manufacture of hydrogen cells produces as much or more net pollution than the manufacture and use of gasoline.”
Advocates respond that hydrogen production will become cleaner as the technology advances. But Adrian Moore, who managed the Reason study, told me, “The only way it is green is if each station makes the hydrogen from solar, wind or hydro power on site, without shipping the hydrogen in tankers.” He said the 2007 conclusions are still valid.
Proponents of the hydrogen highway cite the “chicken and egg” problem: The public won’t buy these cars if there is no hydrogen infrastructure to fuel them, and service stations won’t invest in the hydrogen apparatus if people won’t use them. The Brown plan addresses this. | <urn:uuid:9bcfabd8-1bfb-4533-807c-0444e2ba0b3b> | {
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Imperceptible Virus Reveals Perceptible Problems
Updated: Dec 14, 2020
Author : Amishreya Gupta
The ubiquitous influence of religion in our country fostered one of the most vicious incessant customs of all time; untouchability. The ancient Indian system of segregation of people based on their Varna in the name of religion continues to be a tormenting practice for many people even today. The archaic caste-system that one sees today was initially introduced with the aim to preserve purity, establish an order which would avoid chaos, and hamper encroachment concerning one's duties. While there were several privileges bestowed upon the higher class, the ones lower in the hierarchy only received repression in the form of sanctions along with a long road full of agony and struggle. Society's paradigm of an ideal civilization predominantly referred to the one with a concrete social construct that was divided into Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. Depending upon the Varna several duties were inflicted upon people who were eventually bound to follow them. Shudras particularly were believed to be humans who were born for servitude to higher classes. They were not only allotted menial work for low wages but also ostracized from society and compelled to live in deplorable conditions. Shudras were not only forbidden from accessing temples and common village but also considered to be 'untouchables’.
Many believed that the concept of the ideal society was merely a façade to protect the superiority of the higher class and thus it was always condemned for being regressive and unjust. Even during the British Era, the sporadic incidents of discrimination faced by the lower caste only amplified.
Understanding Legal History
The makers of independent India’s Constitution knew that this practice of untouchability was not only inhuman but also something that would hinder our country’s social development. As a result of which Article 17 was enshrined in the Constitution to abolish the practice of untouchability and any disability arising out of it. Even though the word ‘untouchability’ was not defined in the Article; according to Dr. BR Ambedkar, ‘untouchability is the notion of defilement, pollution, contamination and the ways and means of getting rid of that defilement. It is a permanent hereditary stain which nothing can cleanse.’
The rights under Article 17 are not only available against the state but also private individuals. The Article confers a duty on the State to ensure that the rights enshrined under it are not getting violated since untouchability often arises due to private conduct.
Article 17 must be read with Article 35 (a) (ii) which deliberates power to the Parliament to enact laws that would prescribe punishments for the offenses under Part III of the Constitution of India. For instance, The Untouchability (Offenses) Act, 1955 by the parliament was created under the power deliberated to it under Article 35 of the Constitution. This Act provides provisions for penalties for the offense of untouchability in any form such as preventing access to public temples/ places of worship and preventing drawing water from sacred lakes, tanks, wells, etc. Any person guilty under this Act can be sentenced to imprisonment up to six months or a fine of 500 or both in case of a subsequent offence.
The Rajya Sabha on September 2, 1976, passed the Bill was known as the Untouchability (Offences) Act and Miscellaneous Provision Bill which aimed to amend the Untouchability (offences) Act, 1955. After the Amendment Bill, the title of the Act was then changed to Protection of the Civil Rights Act 1955. The main reason why this Amendment Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha was to expand the scope of the Act and to make the penal provisions more stringent.
The Bill sought to make willful negligence by the investigating officers of complaints relating to untouchability tantamount to abatement. It also bought under its purview the privately owned places of worship along with lands and subsidiary shrines and such places used for public worship. The act of directly or indirectly preaching of untouchability or its justification on historical, philosophical, or religious grounds was made an offence under the Act after the Amendment Bill. It envisages setting up of committees for proper implementation of the Act and grant of adequate facilities to persons who were subjected to untouchability.
Not only this the Government of India to curb the problem of untouchability also instituted propaganda against untouchability throughout India. “Harijan weeks and Harijan day” were observed all over the country.
Discrimination Glazed on Safety
It's been 70 years since then but very little has changed. Stigmatization, violence, and caste-based unfair treatment have been a constant in our country, and even during the pandemic, it hasn't ceased to exist.
The filing of a letter petition by a lawyer in the Supreme Court stating that the term “Social Distancing” should not be used due to the tradition of Untouchability in India has once again highlighted the deep-rooted practice of untouchability in India. History bears testimony to the fact that unlike the world, India is not new to the practice of social distancing. The practice of Social Distancing and Physical Distancing has been historically entrenched in various forms of isolation by the upper caste. It was in 1992 that the first case relating to Untouchability, i.e. State of Karnataka Vs Appa Balu Ingale was recorded in the Supreme Court of India, in which the respondents were held guilty by the Apex Court on the ground of using force to prevent Dalits from drawing water from the wells. The Supreme Court relying on Article 17 of the Indian Constitution which abolishes and makes the practice of untouchability an offense and giving importance to the statement of Harijans reversed the judgment of the High Court, which had held respondents not- guilty on the ground of inconsistency or non-clarity in the statements of the 4 Harijans.
Though it has been 28 years since the first case was recorded in India, still India as a whole has not been able to evolve from the practice of Untouchability to a more progressive nation as envisioned by our freedom fighters or constituent assembly. Even in the present time when the whole world is suffering from Coronavirus words such as 'Social Distancing' are being used as means to commit discriminatory acts towards the lower caste. Even though, the virus does not see race, religion, color, caste, creed, language, or borders before striking, numerous incidents have been recorded involving differential treatment meted out to the people because of their caste.
Understanding the Current Scenario
Case Study 1 :
Recently being found Corona positive after getting tested 5 people belonging to a village in Uttar Pradesh, were quarantined in a primary school. Out of the 5 people, it was reported that 2 people walked every morning and evening to their home to get food, as the food prepared at the school was by a lower caste woman. The persons stated that they had never eaten food cooked by a lower caste person, so they wouldn’t touch this food either. This led to an investigation being launched against the accused persons and they were told that they need to follow the guidelines of the quarantine facility otherwise legal action would be taken against them.
This incident depicts the temperament of some people in India, where they are ready to put their lives and the lives of their loved ones at stake by roaming around despite having the virus but not eating the food prepared by a lower caste woman. It is due to this type of mentality or approach on part of people that it is essential to use words such as “Safe Distancing” or “Physical Distancing” in place of “Social Distancing”.
Case Study 2 :
Another incident that highlights the severity of the problem which we are dealing with in the case of a 9-months old pregnant woman who had to walk a long distance to the grocery store in secrecy to feed her 4 young children at home. The woman belonging to a lower caste was forbidden to buy essential items from the grocery store amidst the pandemic. As a result of which she was compelled to buy the items in secrecy and each time she was caught, she was not only subjected to discrimination but forced to go back empty-handed.
This type of cruel treatment is meted out to the woman because she belongs to a community of waste pickers and drain cleaners and the higher class of the village believes that the lower class might be the hub of spreading diseases and consequently should be kept away.
This incident is a clear violation of Articles 15 and 17 of the constitution. Article 15 of the constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, caste, sex, and place of birth. By the virtue of Article 15(2), any citizen of India shall not be denied access to public places and public goods.They should be provided with equal opportunities in all spheres of life to ensure holistic development and well-being. Article 15 works as a shield against discrimination on the basis of the caste system. The ordeal that the pregnant woman was facing was not only inhumane but also violated her fundamental rights under Article 14 and 15 of the Constitution. Article 15 is a mere extension of Article 14. It was stated in the case of Indra Swahney v. Union of India , that Article 15 derives its power from Article 14. Article 14 of the Constitution talks about “equality before law” and “equal protection of the law". The article states that the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. The Right to Equality is one of the core features of India which extends to both citizens and non-citizens. Thus, Articles 14 & 15 when read together aim at eradicating discriminatory behavior from society.
Role of Article 21
The Yadani community (waste picker and drain cleaning community) of Andhra Pradesh were barred from purchasing essentials such as food and medicine by their upper-caste locales and the children of the Musahar community of Varanasi were compelled to sustain on the grass. Regardless of the noble intent, the lockdown was not just a preventive lockdown, for many it was a lockdown from access to food, water, shelter, medicines, livelihood, and employment.
Every person has a fundamental right to have access to food, water, shelter, medicines, and livelihood, and restricting these basic amenities from one's life is a violation of Article 21. Article 21 of the Constitution states, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law."
The Article does not restrict its definition to the mere physical act of breathing but has a wide sense of things under its ambit. The right to life is not only the right to exist but also includes aspects of life that make it worth living.
The Supreme Court in Francis Coralie v. Union Territory of Delhi , observed that: "The right to live includes the right to live with human dignity and all that goes along with it, viz., the bare necessities of life such as adequate nutrition, clothing, and shelter over the head and facilities for reading writing and expressing oneself in diverse forms, freely moving about and mixing and mingling with fellow human beings and must include the right to necessities the necessities of life and also the right to carry on functions and activities as constituting the bare minimum expression of the human self." Similarly, in the landmark case of Naz Foundation V. Government of NCT and others , the apex court observed that “the Constitutional protection of human dignity requires us to acknowledge the value and worth of all individuals as members of our society”.
Amid the pandemic when everyone around the globe is fighting the same enemy; restricting someone’s access to basic necessities is simply cruel. The pandemic in some ways has extended opportunity in the hands of the so-called higher caste people to exploit the lower caste community during this time. The fact that lower caste people are being shunned and ostracized even during these hard times shows how much we as a society have yet to accomplish.
Thus, it is quite clear that despite the present legislation and development, India still suffers from its inherent problem of untouchability. Services that once the lower caste community was forced to take up are now being considered as an 'essential service' by the Government since maintaining sanitation at this time is of utmost importance. Our society would undoubtedly collapse without the help of these essential workers and yet they are facing discrimination and maltreatment.
It is high time that the difference between the upper caste and the lower caste ceases to exist and that there is equality of opportunity and availability of services to every citizen of India so that we can take steps towards a more progressive India.
Edited by A.T. Hingorani, 1961 Edn. at p. 146, cited in Jagdish Swarup, "Constitution of India", L.M. Singhvi, Vol. I, P. 771, 3rd Edition, Thomson Reuters, New Delhi, 2013.
(1992) Supp. (3) SCC 217
1981 AIR 746, 1981 SCR (2) 516
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(16. September 2018)
This debate has been in progress since Lanka was granted independence by the British in 1948. It involves the disfranchisement of plantation Tamils in 1948, the passing of the Official Language Bill (better known as the Sinhala Only Bill) in 1956, the 1958 riots against the Tamil community and those in 1977, the two insurrections by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (Peoples Liberation Front – JVP) which were brutally suppressed, and the 1972 and 1977 constitutions, both of which stated that Sri Lanka is a Sinhala Buddhist country. These are matters which the country’s elite have consistently downplayed.
1983 was a pivotal year in the history of post-independence Sri Lanka. It was in July of that year a pogrom against Tamils in the south and east of Sri Lanka was instigated. Their possessions and business were looted, their houses burnt, many women were raped and probably 2,000 people were killed. This resulted in an exodus of around 100,000 Tamils from the south. It is not surprising that the civil war began in earnest in its bloody aftermath. It ended only with the complete victory of the Lankan state and the annihilation of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) twenty-six years later. During the conduct of the long civil war there were countless human rights violations by both sides, with the civilian population being caught in the middle. The conduct of the last phase of the war, known as Eelam War IV, came under particular scrutiny by the international community. It is this scrutiny that has angered that section of the Sinhala community that refuses to admit any fault on their own side. | <urn:uuid:d17199f0-020c-4dd7-bfc0-92ec1281b9d2> | {
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Scribes — anciently held various important offices in the public affairs of the nation. The Hebrew word so rendered (sopher) is first used to designate the holder of some military office (Judg. 5:14; A.V., “pen of the writer;” R.V., “the marshal’s staff;” marg., “the staff of the scribe”). The scribes acted as secretaries of state, whose business it was to prepare and issue decrees in the name of the king (2 Sam. 8:17; 20:25; 1 Chr. 18:16; 24:6; 1 Kings 4:3; 2 Kings 12:9–11; 18:18–37, etc.). They discharged various other important public duties as men of high authority and influence in the affairs of state.
There was also a subordinate class of scribes, most of whom were Levites. They were engaged in various ways as writers. Such, for example, was Baruch, who “wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the Lord” (Jer. 36:4, 32).
In later times, after the Captivity, when the nation lost its independence, the scribes turned their attention to the law, gaining for themselves distinction by their intimate acquaintance with its contents. On them devolved the duty of multiplying copies of the law and of teaching it to others (Ezra 7:6, 10–12; Neh. 8:1, 4, 9, 13). It is evident that in New Testament times the scribes belonged to the sect of the Pharisees, who supplemented the ancient written law by their traditions (Matt. 23), thereby obscuring it and rendering it of none effect. The titles “scribes” and “lawyers” (q.v.) are in the Gospels interchangeable (Matt. 22:35; Mark 12:28; Luke 20:39, etc.). They were in the time of our Lord the public teachers of the people, and frequently came into collision with him. They afterwards showed themselves greatly hostile to the apostles (Acts 4:5; 6:12).
Some of the scribes, however, were men of a different spirit, and showed themselves friendly to the gospel and its preachers. Thus Gamaliel advised the Sanhedrin, when the apostles were before them charged with “teaching in this name,” to “refrain from these men and let them alone” (Acts 5:34–39; comp. 23:9). | <urn:uuid:5952a317-9523-4456-b5c3-32e5be99f307> | {
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About 7 miles north of Mrauk U are the barely discernible remains of the kingdom of Wethali. It was founded in AD 327 by King Mahataing Chandra, according to the Rakhine chronicles; archaeologists believe that the kingdom lasted until the 8th century. Today, in addition to the walls of the 1650ft-by-990ft central-palace site, the main attraction for visitors is the so-called Great Image of Hsu Taung Pre, a 16.5ft-high Rakhine-style sitting buddha said to date from AD 327.
The elevated track that runs adjacent to Wethali is in fact an abandoned railway line. A rare incidence of the former military government bowing to popular opinion occurred here in late 2010, when a few brave locals protested against the planned route of a new railway linking Sittwe with Minbu, the construction of which was damaging temples and sites within the archaeological area. The project was halted and the railway’s route changed. | <urn:uuid:49f0d0b5-381b-4540-8f05-e31fd39a2dbc> | {
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Understanding the Overall Program: Logic Models Make It Easier to Run Towards the Goal
Often when you are preparing for an evaluation, it is helpful to do what is called a logic model. I describe the process of creating a logic model below. Logic models help program planners and program evaluators chart out where the program started, where it is trying to get to, and what strategies it is using to go from the starting point to the end point. Logic models help us see whether there may be problems with the program trying to achieve too much, having expectations that cannot be met with the available strategies, or simply going in too many directions.
To start to understand logic models, consider the following example:
"I really need a car right now but I can't afford one. How will I ever be able to get a car? Wait…if I save $200 each month, I could get a used one selling for $1000 in just 5 months."
- Current Situation - no car and no money to buy a car
- Goal/Desired Situation - to buy a car
- Plan to Achieve Goal - save $200 a month for five months
Congratulations, you have just worked through a simple logic model!
What's a Logic Model?
Logic models are a way to plan out how to reach a desired condition. Oftentimes a person or an organization has many great goals that it would like to achieve. However, the way to achieve those goals is sometimes difficult to determine and people end up feeling more overwhelmed than empowered.
Logic models can help make sense out of seemingly unattainable goals by getting ideas onto paper and into an explicit schema that will result in a concrete action plan.
Creating a logic model consists of the following three steps:
- Listing the current conditions (i.e., what's going on now; what's the present situation like?)
- Listing the desired conditions (i.e., goals)
- Listing the strategies that can be used to achieve the desired conditions
Schematic Example of a Logic Model
One of the best reasons to use a logic model is that it serves as an active way for to see current conditions and then to also clearly see what the desired conditions are. Additionally, it allows an organization to determine whether there is agreement on what the current conditions are and what the desired conditions should be. This logic model will help give the organization a clear visual schema that they can use to better achieve their desired conditions. "Active ", "clear " and "visual " are the key characteristics of logic models.
Here is a schematic example of a logic model, using the above example as the subject:
|Current Conditions||Strategies||Desired Conditions|
No money to buy a car
Difficulty in getting around the town
|Place $200 in savings account
Do not touch the saving
account except in emergency
Easier access to fun places
A place to hang my fuzzy dice
Remember, the logic model is not static; it is adaptable and will grow even more useful as organization participants develop and strengthen the logical connections between the strategies and the desired conditions. How might an evaluator or program planner use a logic model in evaluation?
The internal or external evaluator might ask the staff to identify current conditions and desired conditions in order to see if all staff are "on the same page" in terms of what the program is supposed to be achieving. If there are disagreements, this may be a sign that the evaluator should assist the staff in clarifying program goals and objectives.
The internal or external evaluator might study the strategies that the program is using to go from current conditions to desired conditions. Using "best practice" information ( please see "Comparing Your Program Against the Best: Using Best Practices in Evaluations") the evaluator might point out what is missing in the planned or implemented strategies that will make it difficult for the program to meet its objectives.
The internal or external evaluator might use the logic model to focus the evaluation; that is, to see if what the program staff say is important is actually what most of the time, effort, and expense is being dedicated to.
The internal or external evaluator might use the logic model as a way to organize the communications with the program staff. Each report or discussion would remind program staff which part of the logic model is being focused on in this segment of the evaluation.
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Research in Brief
Major funding from BrightFocus encouraged scientists to pursue an unconventional hypothesis about what may be driving early origins of Alzheimer’s in the brain.
A BrightFocus Alzheimer’s Disease Research grant helped fund an early clinical trial showing that a drug long approved for ALS may have benefits in Alzheimer’s disease.
BrightFocus-funded researchers—assisted by a citizen science video game-- were among the first to show that Alzheimer’s contributes to stalls in the brain’s tiniest blood vessels, and they’re working on possible treatments.
Scientists have discovered that a rare version of the so-called “neutral” APOE3 genotype, one they’ve named APOE3-Jacksonville (APOE3-Jac), may help protect against Alzheimer’s through increased lipid binding and cholesterol removal.
Years ago, a BrightFocus grantee said it might be possible to manipulate the blood-brain-barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Now his hypothesis is driving an international effort to develop drugs for this purpose.
New evidence shows the same molecular pathway contributes to inflammation in AMD and lupus, helping to drive a hyperactive immune response in both diseases. The discovery could fast-track development and approval of existing anti inflammatory drugs to treat AMD.
Why does the impact of an Alzheimer’s risk factor vary by race and genetic ancestry? Researchers are learning the answers.
BrightFocus-funded researchers were among the first to “map” the normal 3D structure of a protein called myocilin, which is abundant in the drainage pathway of the eye. Now, with a second grant, they’ve designed antibodies to help diagnose and treat myocilin misfolding as it contributes to glaucoma.
Early research suggests that modifying cross-talk between the eye’s immune and vascular systems may be a new way to treat AMD.
Extracellular vesicles isolated from the blood of people with Down syndrome-related Alzheimer’s disease have been shown to seed toxic tau species in the brains of normal mice, shedding light on the uptake and transmission of toxic tau. | <urn:uuid:0035d755-0631-48ed-96f0-ea22320392c2> | {
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Bought a Agapanthus late October, it's roots were tightly wrapped around itself that pot had to be cut. I could not separate the roots to help them spread out. It's repotted in a bigger container with potting soil, with a west facing window nearby. The leaves are yellowing, it is watered about once a week. What can I do to stop the yellowing of leaves? Is it going through a dormant phase? Any information you can provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you.
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
Yellowing leaves are often caused by overwatering in container plants. Larger pots hold onto more water than smaller pots, so your plant will probably need to be watered less frequently than when it was in its smaller pot. Push your finger into the soil each time before you water to make sure the soil isn't staying too damp.
Higher light levels could also help your plant green up. A disease is unlikely, but check this article just in case: | <urn:uuid:5b40e3ae-b2c1-473c-97ac-86112f036a54> | {
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What causes stuttering? The Valsalva Hypothesis
- Category: Book Reviews
- Published: Monday, 14 July 2014 05:56
- Written by Lisa Wilder
A Review of the book Understanding and Controlling Stuttering: A Comprehensive New Approach Based on the Valsalva Hypothesis, by William D. Parry, CCC-SLP. 3rd edition 2013.
William D. Parry is a former trial lawyer whose life has been severely affected by stuttering. Thirty years ago, after trying every method of speech therapy under the sun, he started to research the subject of stuttering himself to better understand the condition and find a treatment that would work for him. Eventually he published a paper in a scientific journal outlining what he saw as the cause of stuttering and a way to control it. In order to have the credentials to perform empirical research and test his hypothesis, he went back to graduate school – this time to become a certified speech-language pathologist.
The Valsalva Maneuver
Today Parry is a published researcher and practicing speech-language pathologist who has helped hundreds of people who stutter. His approach is based on a hypothesis that was supported through scientific study. According to this research, stuttering is caused by an involuntary physical reaction to stress known as the Valsalva Maneuver.
Named for an 18th century Italian doctor who first identified it, The Valsalva Maneuver is an involuntary physical response enacted when a person is in a state of fear and/or preparing for physical exertion, such as when lifting a heavy object or running faster. It is also employed to expel things from the body such as during bowel movements, and women use it during childbirth. The trunk of the body stiffens, the abdomen tightens, air pressure is built up in the lungs, and the larynx closes.
The nature of human speech
Speech is one of the most complex human activities, but it is also automatic, requiring little conscious thought or effort. When most people prepare to speak, they don't anticipate physical exertion or strain. People who stutter, on the other hand, have been conditioned since childhood (when they first started experiencing disfluencies) to think of speech as something difficult. Therefore, when a stutterer prepares to speak he automatically activates a maneuver that his mind believes will help. In fact, the Valsalva response makes speech more difficult as it blocks the larynx and stiffens the abdominal muscles, cutting off airflow, and, in Parry's hypothesis, is what causes stuttering.
Techniques to practice
Speech therapy has existed for a long time, with varying degrees of success in treating stuttering. But there has never been an overall theory of what causes the condition. By identifying a specific physical force that is causing a stutterer's disfluencies, a treatment can be directly targeted to reduce its interference with speech. Although the book is not meant to be a substitute for therapy with an SLP, he gives some exercises and practice routines to try out. Parry's therapy regimen involves reversing negative expectations, relaxation techniques, diaphragmatic breathing and a focus on vowel phonation.
U.S. Navy SEALS
William Parry made a presentation at the 2014 National Stuttering Association conference. Not long ago he successfully treated a U.S. Navy SEAL for stuttering. He found that some aspects of military training related to his theories about controlling fearful thoughts and the inhibition of the Valsalva response. Specifically, the SEALS training program teaches techniques to help the brain's frontal lobes (the "thinking" part of the brain) override the stress hormones triggered by the amygdala (the "fear" centre). The SEAL credited Parry's therapy with helping to get his stuttering under control.
William D. Parry's book about the theory and practice of the Valsalva Hypothesis is concise and readable. His description of the stuttering experience and his survey of speech pathology and the current research will resonate with anyone who stutters who has been through therapy. He certainly makes a good case for the Valsalva Maneuver to be at least part of the puzzle of what causes stuttering. | <urn:uuid:667719b7-9a5b-4118-8ba5-5607148a724e> | {
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Knowing what we now know about how our lives affect the planet, it is so important that we all do our best to reduce our carbon footprint. There are many ways to do this, but installing residential solar power in Waterbury, Connecticut is definitely one of the most effective. Every single home that uses fuel-based electricity is contributing to the fuel crisis that is of such dire concern these days.
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1.Source: Solar Power World. Verengo operates exclusively in the residential solar sector. | <urn:uuid:47e82ce5-01ff-4f3e-bb92-ec8260fb2c0a> | {
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Published by North South Books
Published by Flyaway Books
Summary: These two books arrived in the library for me from interlibrary loan land on the same day. Walking Toward Peace is the story of Mildred Lisette Norman, who had a vision of walking across the U.S. advocating for peace in the aftermath of World War II. She changed her name to Peace Pilgrim, and from 1953 until her death in 1981, walked through all 50 states, handing out flyers and talking to people about ending war and living in peace. Remarkably, she never carried any money with her, relying on her knowledge of outdoor living and, to a great extent, the kindness of people she encountered on the road.
Peace draws on Baptiste and Miranda Paul’s experiences growing up in war-torn Mozambique. With simple rhyming text (“Peace is pronouncing your friend’s name correctly/Peace means we talk to each other directly”) and pictures of kids and animals living harmoniously, the book offers concrete actions for fostering peace. The authors’ note explains how war affects not only humans, but animals and the natural world as well. Both books are 40 pages and recommended for ages 4-8.
Pros: I’ve heard about Peace Pilgrim for years, so I was happy to learn about this new book. Her story is sure to intrigue both children and adults, and is a moving testimony to following your own path in life (literally, in her case). Peace would make a great follow-up book to read, with its emphasis on how peace is important to animals as well as humans, something that will resonate with a lot of kids. I loved the simple actions described, and the illustrations, especially the beautiful tree on the endpapers, with the word “peace” written in different languages on its leaves.
Cons: It seems like an ironic bummer that Peace Pilgrim was killed in an accident while riding in a car at the age of 72, and did not live to see the end of the Cold War. | <urn:uuid:d198bb88-f52b-4031-8d73-38becb235b75> | {
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Physical education in schools
Physical education in schools 2005-2008
Ofsted report into the strengths and weaknesses of PE in a sample of primary and secondary schools between 2005 and 2008.
- Improving trend in standards, achievement, provision and leadership
- Increased opportunities for professional development of PE teachers
- The majority of schools were providing the expected two hours (except in KS4)
- There are increasing concerns about childhood obesity
- Need to develop the continuity of learning experiences in the majority of schools
- PE subject leaders in primary school are less secure in their subject knowledge than in secondary schools
- There are inconsistencies in judging pupils' standards and achievements
- Provision of 'non-traditional' activities was inconsistent
- ICT was only used in patches to support PE
- Support from the senior leadership team tended to result in higher standards
- Provision of resources in primary schools was variable
- The PESSCL strategy was having a major impact on all aspects of provision for physical education.
- Continuity of learning across points of transition needs improving
- Continuing funding the physical and sports strategy for young people
- Establish a post-16 entitlement to physical education and school sport
- Enable sports colleges and school sport partnerships to be at the heart of local and regional initiatives to tackle childhood obesity
- The TDA should review how much time teacher training establishments spend on PE development
- There should be a robust common assessment strategy
- Continuing to focus on the professional development of all staff
- Provide advice for PE subject leaders about how they might best monitor, evaluate the quality of teaching, outcomes for pupils and the impact of the PESSCL strategy
- Enable subject leaders to monitor, evaluate and improve provision
- Broaden provision to include non-traditional activities so that young people in hard-to reach groups are motivated to participate
- Make more use of modern technologies
- Improve transition of information arrangements within and between schools
- Consider new approaches to assessment and evaluation
Physical education in primary schools
Pupils' understanding of health and fitness was an area of strength at key stages 1 and 2. Performance against the other three strands was more variable. Ofsted commends those schools where pupils had opportunity to reflect on and discuss their performance.
The report emphasises the benefits of pupils being able to lead sessions and work with younger pupils. It also notes the increasing opportunities that pupils now have to comment on provision and give feedback.
The report identifies the following characteristics of good teaching:
- teachers’ good questioning skills to ensure that pupils understood the task and what they needed to do to improve
- a mix of teacher-directed activities, peer teaching opportunities and pupils being guided to make decisions for themselves
- pupils being enabled to use their observation, evaluation and feedback skills consistently to help improve their own and others’ work
- tasks and equipment planned to meet pupils’ differing needs, including those in mixed-age classes
- the effective deployment of teaching assistants to support individual pupils or groups, particularly pupils with learning difficulties and/or disabilities.
The report criticises the over reliance on schemes of work that have not been adapted to meet the needs of the school's pupils. Sometimes teachers' subject knowledge was insufficient so teachers were not able to help pupils progress and reach higher standards. The point is made that the range of knowledge necessary is considerable. Games is a stronger element for teachers with dance and gymnastics identified by teachers themselves as weaker aspects. The report highlights the issues this raises for teacher training.
A small number of schools were using specialist teachers to deliver PE. Generally, Ofsted report, this resulted in higher standards and better progress. Some concern is raised about the use of sports coaches. For although it is acknowledged that they bring specialist expertise their pedagogical skills tend to be weaker and they do not always teach the full breadth of the PE National Curriculum.
Assessment was perhaps the weakest area with only one school visited having a secure assessment system. The use of assessment to raise standards is identified as a weakness. As is the transition of pupils to secondary school. Good assessment is identified by:
- detailed assessment and records that reflected the four National Curriculum strands of the subject
- pupils tracking their own progress against learning criteria and setting their own targets for improvement
- National Curriculum levels of attainment adapted to form the basis of a tracking sheet
- assessment information being used effectively to identify pupils for additional support, such as the development of hand–eye coordination or spatial awareness
- comprehensive analysis by the subject leader of progress against the 10 outcomes, incorporating a ‘traffic light’ system to track pupils’ progress and identify those underachieving or achieving highly.
The report recommends the use of ICT, particular to assist the pupil's self- evaluation. For example through:
- effective use of the interactive whiteboard in classrooms to stimulate interest and motivation and to promote discussion of progress in previous lessons and targets for improvement before pupils moved to the working area
- using still images with pupils in the Reception year and moving images with Year 1 to analyse their movement
- teaching assistants recording and evaluating performances with digital cameras
- recording performances to indicate pupils’ progress
- pupils’ use of laptops in gymnastics to view their work on sequences that had been captured on digital camera in the previous lesson, enabling them to discuss how they might improve the quality of their performance.
Good planning was characterised by:
- well-conceived medium and long-term plans
- links to arrangements for assessment
- clear learning objectives
- outcomes shared with pupils
- awareness and use of 10 outcomes of high-quality physical education
In reference to the use of commercial schemes, practice was praised where ideas had been selected from different schemes and adapted for use with particular classes. Less than a fifth of schools were making strong connections between PE and other subjects.
There is praise for the impact that the PESSCL strategy (PE, School Sport and Club Links strategy) has had. Particularly in relation to the links that have been built between different providers and sport partnerships. Primary schools were benefiting from being able to use secondary school facilities and from the additional resources available through school sport partnership.
Although overall, the report is complimentary of leadership and management, it makes reference to the need to focus on outcomes for pupils and be more precise about success criteria so that improvement in standards and achievement can be measured. The commitment of senior leadership within the school was a major indicator of the overall quality of provision. The importance of a full-time subject leader was also highlighted.
Physical education in secondary schools
Ofsted report increased standards and achievement generally in secondary schools. There is no longer a gap between the overall attainment of boys and girls in PE at GCSE although boys tend to be stronger in the practical aspects and girls in the written papers.
All the secondary schools visited offered opportunities to complete sports leaders, dance leader or national governing body awards. The report comments that pupil involvement in decision-making about PE provision enhances students' personal development.
Teaching and learning standards were good our outstanding in two thirds of the schools surveyed. Non-specialist teachers and external coaches tended to have lessons rated as satisfactory rather than good. Ofsted found that newly qualified teachers were well-prepared for teaching PE. Occasionally, however, the most able students were not sufficiently challenged. As in Primary, use of ICT was limited. Procedures for assessing, recording and tracking students' progress was relatively weak.
There were differences noted in the use of effective assessment for learning techniques. Students in KS3 were more aware of what they needed to do to improve and knew how well they were doing in comparison to students in KS4.
Health and fitness programmes did not feature consistently. Outdoor and adventurous activities and swimming were infrequently offered. Less than half of the schools surveyed offered two or more hours at Key Stage 4.
As in primary schools, the systematic monitoring and evaluation of teaching was relatively weak. Sometimes the available data was not used effectively to analyse provision. In particular, there were weaknesses in tracking the progress of different groups of students. There was little moderation of teacher assessments in both primary and secondary schools.
There were significant gaps identified in the transition arrangements between primary and secondary schools. The majority of secondary schools in the survey had no information on pupils' achievements in PE in their primary school.
Where transition arrangements were effective they included:
- schemes of work introduced in primary schools that were also used in Key Stage 3
- secondary schools successfully adapting their Year 7 curriculum to compensate for weaker aspects of primary school provision or experiences
- pupils identified as gifted and talented in primary school attending summer schools before starting secondary school
- Year 7 programmes introduced to tackle identified weaknesses or to extend identified strengths for individual pupils or groups of pupils
- leadership skills developed in primary schools that were extended through specific roles assigned to Year 7 pupils.
- wigl – what is good leadership?
- wigt – what is good teaching?
- sandwell early numeracy test
- project-based learning resources
- creative teaching and learning
- school leadership and management
- every child journal
- professional development today
- learning spaces
- vulnerable children
- e-learning update
- leadership briefing
- manager's briefcase
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(York & Loeb, 2018)
Large systematic differences in young children’s home learning experiences have long-term economic consequences. Many parenting programs place significant demands on parents’ time and inundate parents with information. This study evaluates the effects of READY4K!, an eight month-long text-messaging intervention for parents of preschoolers that targets the behavioral barriers to engaged parenting. We find that READY4K! increased parental involvement at home and school by 0.15 to 0.29 standard deviations, leading to child gains in early literacy of about 0.11 standard deviations. The results point to the salience of behavioral barriers to parenting and the potential for low-cost interventions to reduce these barriers. | <urn:uuid:dc7dbb8f-1498-4d14-b7a7-ac4a99dac01f> | {
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The Roma people : the effects of discrimination on living standards, a case study of Kristiansand, Norway
MetadataShow full item record
The Roma people are one of the largest minority groups in Europe and also the least integrated one. Due to discrimination and exclusion in their home countries, many Roma choose to migrate to countries such as Norway to earn money, primarily through begging. This thesis stems from a desire to learn more about the living standards of Roma people in Kristiansand and to find out what effect long-term discrimination has had on their lives. In this thesis empirical findings from an interview based qualitative study of 24 Roma informants as well as seven representatives from the support system are presented. The support system includes Christian organizations, churches, a politician from the political party Venstre and private people. Findings are discussed with reference to literature related to living standards of Roma, discrimination against them and policies implemented to reduce discrimination towards this people. I also focus on discussing findings with reference to research on the new poverty, links between discrimination, exclusion and poverty, as well as migration, development and poverty, which also include push and pull factors. In this thesis I argue that Roma’s living standards are heavily impacted by the long-term discrimination and exclusion they have experienced. What is interesting is that in general literature on the Roma people argue for an understanding of Roma as discriminated against and the people supporting Roma in Kristiansand also perceive them to be discriminated against. The Roma people in my study, however, claim that they do not feel discriminated against. One potential cause is that the situation for Roma in Romania is experienced as worse than in Kristiansand. The effects of the efforts that have taken place towards the Roma people in Kristiansand may also contribute to their feeling of not being discriminated against in this particular city. Services provided for in Kristiansand, mainly the sanitation facility and the access to the Salvation Army’s welfare center, have enabled Roma to meet daily needs; access to a toilet and a shower facility and access to food and clothing. The support system perceives the services provided for to have worked as intended and that these measures have reached poor people in need and helped increase living standards and well-being. And Roma agree to such an understanding. Having said so, my findings indicate that hierarchical structures within the Roma community in Kristiansand may have an impact on how Roma experience their stay in Kristiansand, access to and use of the sanitation facility and the ability to generate money. Thus beyond the services provided for there are challenges which complicate the picture of how Roma experience being and living in Kristiansand.
Master thesis in development management - University of Agder 2013 | <urn:uuid:eabbbed1-3363-450e-86dd-9b4a8204449c> | {
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Learn how government resources can help your business sell services internationally. David Josephson, managing direct of the Export-Import Bank of...
Virtual earthquakes compute probable damage to a highway network
Earthquakes can strike anywhere in the U.S., and there is always a chance that a quake will topple a bridge pier, shake open a gaping rupture in a road or make the earth flow like liquid out from under a highway. A transportation agency needs to know what the risk really is and how it might be cost-effectively reduced. REDARS (for Risks from Earthquake DAmage to Roadway Systems) is software being designed to offer seismic risk analysis.
REDARS can simulate damage to highway systems, including bridges and roadways, and how the damage might affect traffic flow. The simulations yield information about potential bridge damage, geographic areas where infrastructure is more likely to sustain serious damage and potential traffic congestion caused by the damage. Transportation managers can use information from the simulation before an earthquake to devise measures to strengthen bridges, control traffic and prevent economic losses. After an earthquake, transportation managers can use the simulation to help identify traffic control and bridge repair measures that will mitigate losses and get traffic flowing normally as soon as possible.
REDARS is being produced under a program called Seismic Vulnerability of the Highway System. The program is sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and administered by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. (http://mceer.buffalo.edu).
“I think REDARS will be useful to transportation agencies nationwide who face earthquake risks to their highway system and can possibly use this software to help plan seismic improvements to their system,” Stuart D. Werner, a principal at Seismic Systems & Engineering Consultants, Oakland, Calif., and team leader of the REDARS project, told Roads & Bridges.
An early version of REDARS was used to demonstrate the requirements and capabilities of the software by estimating seismic risk in Shelby County, Tenn.
Why Shelby County? “We wanted to choose a roadway system that was compact, moderate in size, had some interesting earthquake hazard risk implications to it and also was located outside of California in order to demonstrate REDARS’ applicability in other parts of the country,” Werner said.
Shelby County has several major infrastructural features, such as the city of Memphis. Two bridges over the Mississippi River along I-40 and I-55 are critical to interstate travel.
Earthquakes that might affect Shelby County occur infrequently. But when they do occur, such as the 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes, they tend to have severe consequences. Much of the existing highway infrastructure in the Midwest (and the East where damaging earthquakes also have occurred) have been built with limited seismic protection.
And earthquakes in the Midwest and East are felt over a much larger area, according to Werner. “The seismic waves tend to attenuate, or reduce, much slower in the Midwestern or Eastern United States than they do in California.”
REDARS takes various characteristics of the roadway network as input parameters: locations and capacities of the roads; soil conditions; locations and structural characteristics of the bridges; and traffic demands.
For a given earthquake, REDARS first uses seismic models to estimate ground shaking and permanent ground displacement from liquefaction or rupture. Then REDARS estimates damage to each bridge by applying either simplified default models of bridge fragility that are built into the software or by importing a more detailed fragility model derived from a separate analysis of the specific bridge. The models also are used to estimate damage to related components, such as approach fills and tunnels.
Once the damage is estimated, REDARS uses default or user-specified repair models to estimate a repair cost and a repair time for each component and then to estimate traffic flows and travel times.
In the final step of the analysis, the program estimates the cost of repairing the highway system and the economic losses from delays in travel caused by earthquake damage.
In a probabilistic simulation like REDARS, the software generates many events and performs a statistical analysis of the results. For the Shelby County demonstration, REDARS used a “walk-through” period of 50,000 years. For each year of the walk-through, regional earthquake models developed by the U.S. Geological Survey are randomly sampled to predict whether an earthquake will occur in that year. At the end, the combined results of the earthquakes are used to develop probabilistic estimates of losses resulting from earthquake damage.
Random sampling for Shelby County resulted in 2,321 earthquakes during the walk-through with magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.0 on the Richter scale.
It pays to have confidence
The goal of conducting a long walk-through period, or running multiple simulations, is to build up enough statistics to yield what the statisticians call good confidence levels and limits (CLLs). The Shelby County demonstration yielded 95% confidence that the true value of the average annual loss was within ±12.6% of the computed average annual loss. That was considered acceptable.
Since the Shelby County experiment, the REDARS group has incorporated more advanced statistical analysis methods into the software. The new methods reduce the walk-through period needed to achieve the desired CLLs.
Another upgrade since the Shelby County simulations is the inclusion of a variable-demand traffic model that estimates how trip demands and travel times will vary with traffic congestion after an earthquake. The early REDARS evaluated how traffic flow would change depending on congestion, but did not account for the fact that, as damage and congestion increases, fewer potential travelers will choose to travel. Use of the variable-demand model will improve REDARS’ estimates of travel times and economic losses.
REDARS is scheduled to be available as public-domain software by the end of next year. Between now and then, Werner and his colleagues will be programming and testing the software. As the release date nears, they plan to run another demonstration on an actual highway network to show the software’s applicability for potential users.
Werner will present a paper on the subject of the REDARS software at the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering in Vancouver, British Columbia, Aug. 1-6. His co-authors on the paper are his co-workers and fellow contributors to REDARS: Craig E. Taylor, Natural Hazards Management Inc., Torrance, Calif.; Sungbin Cho, Charles K. Huyck and Ronald T. Eguchi, ImageCat Inc., Long Beach, Calif.; Jean-Paul Lavoie and Chip Eitzel, Geodesy, San Francisco; and James E. Moore II, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
“I like to look at REDARS as a decision-guidance tool where one can first look at the highway network as is, with no seismic improvement,” said Werner, “and then proceed with this risk analysis and estimate potential risks and losses due to earthquake damage to the as-is system. Then one can ask, ‘What if we strengthen certain bridges in the highway network?’ This will have a certain initial design/construction cost associated with it. Next, the REDARS risk analysis can be repeated using a model that now includes these strengthened bridges in order to determine how much the risks and losses are reduced as a result of these bridge improvements.”
The transportation agency can run several simulations with different seismic improvement options and see which one would be most cost-effective. It can investigate where a new roadway would be least likely to suffer earthquake damage while increasing system redundancy and traffic capacity. The agency can plan how to reroute traffic after a quake, possibly converting some two-way routes to one-way routes, for example, to improve overall traffic flow or improve access to a medical center, airport or other emergency-response facility.
By studying the effects of virtual earthquakes in REDARS, agencies around the country have a better chance to minimize damage when a real earthquake hits. | <urn:uuid:0c7c4a33-4f32-49be-8a31-5b3476fdc201> | {
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Classics professor unearths archaeological clues about ancient Roman vineyardsDecember 6th, 2012 by Elizabeth Bettendorf in Other Sciences / Archaeology & Fossils
They may not look like much to the untrained eye, but these ancient Roman grape seeds, believed to back to the 1st century A.D., could provide “a real breakthrough” in the understanding of the history of Chianti vineyards in the area, de Grummond says.
(Phys.org)—Call it a toast to the past. A Florida State University classics professor whose decades of archaeological work on a remote hilltop in Italy have dramatically increased understanding of the ancient Etruscan culture is celebrating yet another find.
This time around it's not the usual shards of pottery and vessels, remnants of building foundations or other ancient artifacts unearthed in past years, but rather a treasure that's far more earthy: grape seeds.
Actually, Nancy Thomson de Grummond has discovered some 150 waterlogged grape seeds that have some experts in vineyard-grape DNA sequencing very excited.
The tiny grape seeds, unearthed during a dig this past summer in Cetamura del Chianti, were discovered in a well and are probably from about the 1st century A.D., roughly about the time the Romans inhabited what is now Italy's Chianti region. The seeds could provide "a real breakthrough" in the understanding of the history of Chianti vineyards in the area, de Grummond said.
"We don't know a lot about what grapes were grown at that time in the Chianti region," she said. "Studying the grape seeds is important to understanding the evolution of the landscape in Chianti. There's been lots of research in other vineyards but nothing in Chianti."
Nearly every summer since 1983, de Grummond, the M. Lynette Thompson Professor of Classics, has shepherded teams of enthusiastic Florida State students into Italy's Tuscany region to participate in archaeological digs at Cetamura del Chianti, a site once inhabited by the Etruscans and later by ancient Romans.
Over the years, she and her students have unearthed numerous artifacts that have reshaped current knowledge of the religious practices and daily lives of a long-gone people.
De Grummond is a leading scholar on the religious practices of the Etruscans, a people whose culture profoundly influenced the ancient Romans and Greeks. Her book "Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend," the first comprehensive account of Etruscan mythology, was published in 2006. She also co-wrote another book, "The Religion of the Etruscans," with fellow Etruscan scholar Erika Simon; that book was published the same year.
The Etruscans, who once ruled most of the Italian peninsula, were conquered and absorbed by the Romans in the second and first centuries B.C.E. ("Before the Common Era"). Prior to that time, however, they were a highly advanced civilization that constructed roads, buildings and sewer systems and developed the first true cities in Europe. They also built large, complex religious sanctuaries.
De Grummond, who next summer will celebrate her 30th anniversary of taking Florida State students on research trips to Cetamura, said that fellow scholars at the site now include professors who were her former students at FSU. And those professors are now leading their own teams of students.
"We're now getting the 'grand-students,'" de Grummond said—a fond reference to the third generation of researchers she now works with in Cetamura.
Florida State's international archaeological summer program in Italy features field trips to sites and museums that help enrich students' knowledge of the cultures under excavation at Cetamura. It's open to all interested students and is particularly recommended for students majoring in anthropology, art history and classics. Learn more about the program at http://international.fsu.edu/Types/College/Italy/Cetamura/Archaeology.aspx .
De Grummond said researchers in southern France who are compiling a database of vineyard seeds will study the grape seeds from this year's dig.
"It's kind of hard for me as an art historian who studies religion to think that these grape seeds might be my finest hour," de Grummond said with a laugh. "But they might be."
Provided by Florida State University
"Classics professor unearths archaeological clues about ancient Roman vineyards." December 6th, 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-12-classics-professor-unearths-archaeological-clues.html | <urn:uuid:a3f79bbc-7959-4937-852b-941264ee9126> | {
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There're actually still a lot of questions that can come into play here, but I'll walk you through my thoughts...
As the Earth is warming due to global warming, we're seeing coastal areas of land become uninhabitable. So we know a 1 degree C increase in temperature could make portions of the Earth uninhabitable due to sea level rise. I imagine, however, that you're wondering at what point would the Earth become entirely uninhabitable by any human anywhere. We'd first have to ask a biologist how high of a temperature humans could stand. I'm not a biologist, but I'll throw out a guess that we could probably survive (quite uncomfortably) in temperatures near the highest that have been recorded on Earth, so something like 135 degrees F or 57 degrees C.
The next question is, how much closer would the Earth have to be to the sun for the entire planet to have temperatures over 57 degrees C (or whatever the biologist tells us would be an entirely unlivable temperature for humans)? Also, we'd have to consider other factors that might contribute to the temperature of the Earth as we move the planet closer to the sun -- for instance, the rising temperature allows more water to be stored as vapor, which is a greenhouse gas, which would allow temperatures to rise further. Also, we need that liquid water to live and we need oxygen in our atmosphere. It would be important to consider how those might be affected.
To start this or any other theoretical question about the Earth, I'm going to use information we already know. The planet Venus is the planet one closer to the sun than us. It's about 108,200,000 km from the sun and we're about 149,600,000 km from the sun. The temperature on the surface of Venus is about 460 degrees C. Clearly, that's way too hot for us to live and it's too hot for liquid water. So to start, I know that the Earth would probably be uninhabitable if it were 40,000,000 km closer to the sun.
That doesn't get us much closer to an answer, but next I'll consider what we know about the Earth's eccentricity, that is, how elliptical the Earth's orbit is around the sun. The Earth's orbit is nearly a perfect circle, but not quite. How circular it is changes over time and this plays a small part in climate change on Earth on 100,000-year and 400,000-year time-scales. If you find the difference in distance between the sun and Earth when the Earth is at its closest point and when it's at its furthest point, then find the increase in solar forcing this causes, we can get a better idea for temperature change over relatively short distances (at least compared to the last Venus example). Estimates for temperature changes due to the changes in solar forcing can be done, but you'll have to keep in mind that our atmosphere will be changing as well.
I hope you have enough information to start your road to discovery! This was an interesting question. I also like science for the sake of science and impractical theoretical questions, but you might also be interested in learning more about real climate change on our planet. Here's a link to some papers and presentations by James Hansen that might be of interest to you:click_here
Click Here to return to the search form. | <urn:uuid:066b670f-c00c-4291-9afe-7a731ce81159> | {
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Good stuff happens from adding compost to the soil or mulching it under the drip line, says Glenn McGourty, University of California Cooperative Extension. Growers can make their own, especially if they have easy access to fruit packing or processing wastes or grape pomace from wineries.
As wine grape advisor for Mendocino and Lake counties, California’s hotbed for organic wine grapes, McGourty has much experience working with organic fertilizers and soil amendments. Many of the growers he works with use green waste from landfills and manure to make their own.
“It’s not hard to make compost,” he said in a telephone interview with the Good Fruit Grower. “You need a front-end loader and preferably a location in the south 40 where neighbors are not nearby. And it’s good to locate your compost pile near a water source because you’ll want to add moisture when you’re turning it.”
In his experience, compost piles are turned four to six times. Aeration and moisture are important because the microbes need oxygen and water; aerobic composting reduces phytotoxins. The rate of decomposition depends on ambient temperature, temperatures generated by the compost, moisture content of the compost, particle size, and physical size and shape of the system. California laws require that the ground of the composting area first be compacted to prevent leaching into groundwater. Black, plastic tarp is sometimes used to keep the rain off the compost piles, but it could also be used to keep the moisture in and heat things up. The composting process can take about a year.
A general composting recipe he recommends uses an equal part of green wastes (grape pomace, fruit wastes, vineyard or orchard prunings) and manure. In some areas, municipal landfills are mandated to recycle or reduce the amount of green waste sent to the landfill, and may be a good source for growers, he said.
McGourty acknowledged that getting the compost to go to work in high desert soils and dry climates like eastern Washington is more challenging than northern California, which receives around 30 inches of rainfall annually. However, he said that Northwest growers would be amazed at the improvement in water infiltration from adding soil organic matter, such as compost.
Previous research in wine grape vineyards by Washington State University showed that compost at rates of two tons per acre protected soil from erosion and reduced soil moisture loss.
He prefers compost to raw manure, because manure is likely to contain weed seeds and have high salt levels, and raw manure has a harvest interval.
He encourages growers to test their own or purchased compost so they know what they’re putting on. Samples are relatively inexpensive and cost around $35 each. Mature compost can contain from 20 to 60 pounds of total nitrogen per ton, 10 to 20 pounds of phosphorus, 10 to 60 pounds of potassium, and many micronutrients.
“The problem with the organic form of nitrogen is that it’s not water soluble like synthetic fertilizers,” he said. “Nutrients are tied up in the organic form, and they want to leach easily. It’s not predictable when the nutrients are available, which is why farmers moved away from the old way of fertilizing with compost and manures and went to synthetics.”
He recommends that growers apply compost to the berm, incorporating it into the soil if possible. Tillage equipment is available for such a task.
There is also value in putting material under the drip line, especially compost that is coarse in texture, he noted. “It lets the water in, helps conserve soil moisture, and keeps the soil surface from sealing.” For example, tree and vine prunings can be run through a chipper, allowed to rest for a year, and then shoveled under drip emitters, targeting areas where vines or trees are stressed.
Getting it right
Using organic fertilizer is challenging and involves things like nutrient ratios and knowing when nitrogen is available, said Dan Nickolaus of Vigneron Management LLC, Grandview, Washington. “It takes a lot of time and energy to get it right,” he said during a composting panel at the annual meeting of the Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers.
Vigneron Management, the managing arm of Wallula Vineyards and Wallula Gap Biodynamics Vineyard, and the den Hoed family vineyards, makes its own compost and uses it in preplant and established vineyards. For preplant, they use five to seven tons per acre, applying, incorporating, and watering only the rows where vines will be planted. In established vineyards, three to five tons per acre are spread over both sides of the berm. A Pellenc Sunflower flail-type implement is used to lightly incorporate the compost into the soil, disturbing only the top two to three inches.
Moisture is important when using compost, Nickolaus said, adding that if the compost dries out before application, it becomes inactive. They always water the vines after the compost has been applied to ensure there is good soil moisture.
The rate of nitrogen release from compost is highly variable and depends on the moisture of the material, temperature, and soil moisture. Knowing when nitrogen and other nutrients from compost are available to the plant is always a question, he said. Nickolaus bases his fertility management strategy on the following: he plans that of the total available nitrogen, 40 percent will be released in the first year, 40 percent released in the second, and 20 percent in the third.
This means that if one ton of compost contained 15 pounds of total nitrogen, the plant would have available 6 pounds in the first year, 6 pounds in the second, and 3 pounds in the third, he explained. “For nitrogen, you’ve got to put on a lot of compost to get the full source of nitrogen in your soil.” | <urn:uuid:a3b871b2-7012-48ad-9446-113e19728ead> | {
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When constructing the mirrored surfaces for telescopes, I've read of the painstaking efforts involved in producing the glass to exacting dimensions/surface roughness, and then depositing the reflective coating on the surface. Manufacturer's are at/near the limits on the size of glass that can be produced, resulting in some other approaches used to work around the limitationssuch at the telescope that uses multiple hexagonal mirrors (name?) instead of a single large mirror.My question is (and it's probably obvious, but I'm not seeing it), why must glass be used as the substrate? Could not many other materials be used (which don't have the manufacturing limitions that glass possesses), and then the surface mirrored? I would think telescopes of huge appatures could be produced, without the tremendous time and expense of working with glass. Again, I'm sure I'm missing the obvious reason(s) that's not done! I appreciate your time for reading/responding!
it reacts to CO2 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 at 200°C and Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2 at 1000°C so it is basically a regular CO2 extinguisher but can be used in electrical fires or burning fat
You can buy mylar plastic tht has a reflective coating. It is bendable and would never shatter like glass. | <urn:uuid:30e08c2d-fd71-4a0a-9f82-9098fd132266> | {
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Privacy, GNU/Linux, Online Safety vs Convenience (Updated 08/26/2019)
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Today we’re going to talk about privacy and how to keep your information online safe.
First off why should you care about your privacy? After all those that are worried the loudest have something to hide right? Actually wrong. Everyone in the world has a fundamental right to privacy. Here are some events that occurred that should make you think twice about privacy and why it matters to you:
- The iCloud leaks of 2014.
- In 2014 according to Wikipedia nearly five hundred pictures of various celebrities mostly women were leaked onto the internet onto social media, picture sites and other forums due to a breach of cloud services by way of spear phishing “highly targeted” attacks. This event aka termed “Celebgate” and other more popular names (which we’re not mentioning here but you can do a search to find out the more popular name since we’re trying to maintain some semblance of journalist respect) leaked this information or as the term is called “doxxed” the individuals.
- Doxxing is not a port manteau but a “neologism” or a new word or utterance that becomes common enough to actually may become a new word and as opposed to sniglets may not be so humorous as in this case of doxxing. Doxxing is supposedly taking the word “documents” according to Wikipedia again and basically releasing of hacked documents in a leaked fashion in order to embarrass or compromise someone in order to get revenge or abet and aid some other purpose. This has happened to some politicians for example during recent 2016 campaigns where phone numbers were leaked or perhaps some information was leaked that was meant to be private or hard to obtain. It has also been a source of cyberbullying in the new age of social media.
- Cambridge Analytica, Twitter plaintext, FedEx records exposed, government personnel records, phone record breaches, Target & Home Depot, & Turbo Tax
- Whether you really have something to hide or you don’t sometimes you can do everything to be protect your privacy and still have it exposed. A recent example was where supposedly over 21.5 million personnel records were exposed or stolen from a government targeted data breach. You may have also heard about a big blue social media company which harvested data on its users or some other ones where passwords were exposed or simply from using your phone or buying stuff online. All you had to do was be a daily consumer or just be going through your normal course of daily life. Think about it, you going in and buying and shopping at your store and your store data gets exposed.
So whether you want to protect or hide something or just need to protect your privacy it doesn’t matter. Everyone needs to have a way to protect their information from misuse and protect their dignity as is the case of the picture leaks above. Simply using devices like Alexa or even social media or chat apps can get your info exposed across the planet if you aren’t careful and things go viral as many people have found out when on the internet and you don’t need your passwords across the world to see or people judging your creases of the folds of your skin or putting your love for designer clothing put up for judgment.
OKAY, So I understand why I need privacy. But what can I do about it?
Great it should be no question why you need some common decency to shield your identity. There are HIPAA laws after all shielding your personal medical information after all and there’s attorney client privileges and tax / bank / financial privacy acts and so it’s all important that there’s a way to mask your footprint online because – and here’s the kicker by the way – it seems anything you put online has a way of leaking out. So the smart thing is if you have a secret don’t tell anyone and KEEP YOUR TRAP shut. But you can absolutely minimize your footprint online.
We scoured some security experts and what they said about ways to stay private. Here are some tips which you of course will ALWAYS need to do additional research before implementing these as a prescribed course of action.
- #1 If you can’t keep it secret then don’t even think about putting it online and don’t even access it online. Once it’s out there you can kiss that picture or thing you wrote goodbye. There are drives and tools to recover your information and even the most secure phones have been know to been able to recover through hardware means your data even with deletes and basic wipes. Heck, every teen probably knows about the Cameron Diaz & Jason Segel movie where romp-edy movie where a homemade “tape” is uploaded to the cloud by accident. Don’t even think about recording or taping or making the record in the first place and it can’t be sent.
- #2 If you do make some record then you need to burn, wipe, destroy, pulverize etc becomes it even becomes an issue and can get you in a compromising situation. Had people done a lot of these top two things then tapes, messages, … emails… would have never been an issue and it would never made the evening news like it always inevitably seems to happen. No records, no public access, no problems.
- #3 If you’re going to be dumb and keep an archive of something that you can look back at wistfully 20 years from now such as how svelte your Cadillac 6 pack abs are or baby smooth arms and pinky toes are then find a way to encrypt them. I believe in the movie Watchmen there’s character that writes in a notebook and is so far gone in thinking that his writing is almost gibberish or basically encrypted in a sense. So if you’re going to be Project Sunshine to the world about your breakfast, lunch and dinner then make sure that the bit about the extra slice of avocado toast you hid from your husband while you were on your Special K diet stays mum. Oops! What happened in Vegas, right?
Here are some additional brief tips if you’re in a tl;dr mode.
- Isolate, cut yourself off from society. Hey it works, just be prepared to trade convenience for true privacy. “Something something about a whole village raising a child while sacrificing their privacy.”
- If you can’t do that start by turning off tracking as in things like LOCATION tracking.
- Anytime you start a new fresh install in a operating system say NO to s**** like opening in to sharing data with improving a user experience for the programmers.
- Opt out of sending voice recordings, location data, search results, other user interface embellishments to improve your experience. Yes it’s inconvenient but if I never used it or needed it before do I need it now. So you have to ask yourself are you really wanting to help them improve their programming and are you high enough of a target that you won’t get data leaked in unintended fashion. Probably some of that data is safe if you’re high profile, but again… “do you feel lucky punk?”
- Replace your basic search engine in most defaults on your browsers. It is getting to the point that I have to install all my own operating systems and customize my own software. People, especially guys, like to fix their own cars cause either they like tinkering or don’t trust anyone else to do it. But software on laptops and fresh installs you usually have the option to go through basic set ups when you first get a laptop. DEVOTE an evening to looking at the manual, spend time going through tabs and settings and make sure you are controlling your software and not that YOU do not become the product yourself. Many big organizations especially those at a regulating state and above level have whole departments configure their IT departments and have firewalls and VPN’s. If they can spend more than 5 minutes to configure their network, you can spend at least 30 minutes looking through your phone or computer settings at least to try to harden some of your security. Something is better than nothing.
- Spend time learning, or reading or subscribing to security alerts also and learing about best practices, just don’t inundate your inbox with useless spam.
- Consider again the search tools your use and even your choice of web browser. If your browser known to be safe or is it made in such a way that it has ads and commercials all over and it leaks data or is known to be made by a country that doesn’t respect privacy?
- Here are some search engines to consider and we aren’t advocating any particular ones because you have to look at them yourselves and we have not tried them all:
- !— (Update: 08/26/2019 Search encrypt is removed as a recommendation due to reports of adware)
- Discrete Search
- Get at least two phones or two email accounts. One for spammy junk and one for normal business life etc. Never give out your important account to anyone and always give them your spammy account first online if someone is unknown. These are also known as burner accounts. Some people that are not “in the know” think that there’s something less than honest about multiple accounts but that’s because they are not open minded or aware that not everyone out there looks out for you best interest and unless you “take care of your own” you will always be left holding the bag and taken advantage of. Basically “suckered”. This happens because human nature is to try to help which is great and altruistic and has helped people stay together as a community for several hundreds of years and through the millennium. But people online don’t care about that community feel. And sometimes people in real life needing money also are just as “pathologically fixated enough” that you need to protect yourself. Burner phones are not because you’re going to do anything bad. Think of it like insurance. You might not need something but if something bad happens you’ll be so glad you have it. And you can often get these second accounts for free. Thank goodness.
- You need a Virtual Private Network option or distributed network browser option so that your traffic is not exposed. Think about it this way. You’re at the airport or coffee shop and surfing. Oops. You’re not actually connected to Starbucks but some hacker’s network. If you have an encrypted connection or some decentralized connection you just might be able to prevent your data packets from being read or some nosey person.
- Consider a Alternativeto type software option. There are lots of software now. Everywhere and many them are open source. Some of them proprietary and code is not open to inspection. We’re not going to necessarily debate the merits of either here. But if a software option is NOT meeting your needs, switch it up. Don’t even think about giving up your permission options in your phone or identity if you don’t want it leaked. There might be some other option that’s less intrusive so you may have to give up using that app. Or find someone to get you an app that works the same way. Maybe that’s how you start a business niche and make money that way. (After all our site is about making money and you have a problem and a need and someone will always need a privacy program).
- A lot of suites and software for “big name” companies readily sell your data and plug and plant ads in front of you as you sit and watch these commercials flash past your eyes. Map apps, Email apps. There are other options. If not in the main app stores, you might be able to find alternatives or overseas options as well.
- Use encrypted messaging. This is a stickler for some people that argue that backdoors are needed for law enforcement but there’s also a slippery slope argument. Where does it begin and end? Companies and regulation needs to be separated. Sort of like separation of religion and governance in some countries there needs to be a separation to allow privacy and freedom from surveillance to be codified into universal rights. The early creators of countries may have never envisioned all the cameras and interconnectedness all the technology would be and how it would impact our lives and this needs to be brought up in today’s dialogue.
- Also consider using encrypted email services and PGP or GPG.
- Consider ridding yourself of useless social media accounts. You’re hit the gym more and spend more time with friends and be more productive instead of scrolling through your phone. During some commutes to work, all we see are people scrolling through their phones. I wouldn’t say hypnotized because they are learning and absorbing information, but consider the trade off with productivity.
- Consider getting a better operating system that respects privacy. Unfortunately some of the changes in operating systems have us less than enthusiastic. It feels like some operating systems are now spyware and destined to continue down that path for the foreseeable future. Luckily we have open source and other options being developed in other countries. Many people like to say their country has the best stuff or about nationalism. But in Justice: Tower of Babel which was an episode and comic book any nation or country or software if unchecked can stray from the original intentions and deviate into something unrecognizable. Even small companies like which have now become monoliths like Apple, Microsoft, Facebook which were of course once start ups have become bigger. And as they Uncle Ben Parker “With great power…” I’m sure you can finish the rest. Nations check each other’s powers. It’s how WWII ended without the whole world becoming one government. And it’s how differences and views continue to date. If everyone thought exactly the same then there would be no diversity and innovation and things would possibly stagnate.
- Note: some of the earliest attempts at free and open systems include Libreboot and Trisquel according to Wikipedia during a GNU/Linux movement. There may be much better operating systems and apps and programs now.
- Consider full disk encryption if your data falls in the wrong hands. Contingency plans are so important and “expecting the unexpected”.
- Limit what you put into search engines. It’s so important because searches are now saved across many platforms.
- Consider using a Office Suite that is open and not trying to sell you other products.
- Back to the burner accounts, make sure you decouple your real identity from your public identity. People online are starting to realize safety of pseudonyms. It’s probably why the creator of certain virtual currencies is said to have possibly an identity that’s not that person’s real name. And it’s also why credit card companies are starting to tokenize your accounts so that your online transactions and cards can’t be associated to your real card if their databases are compromised.
- Don’t give away all your secrets. Security through obscurity is important. There’s a saying “A girl doesn’t reveal all her secrets” or something like that. Same for just in general you don’t give away all your power. In dating, in life. You hold back your offer and keep a poker face saving your ace card if you need it. Don’t tell people how much money you make. Don’t tell them your true age and other things to hurt you with. There’s another saying. Enemies will punch you right in your face. Friends stab you in your back. If you reveal everything your opponent in the boxing ring knows all your moves and how to counter. So don’t give them your secret boss move.
- Flip off unused services when not required. Turn off location, flip on airplane mode. Turn off WiFi. Kill NFC and Bluetooth and your data connection if you’re done with it for the night. Someone can’t remote in if it’s not active to brute force in or hack into. Turn off folder and network sharing. Check file permissions. This includes camera functions, Siri, Cortana, Alexa services, Google Now etc.
- Cover up cameras with stickers including your phones. There were reports that certain devices such as baby monitors were exposed and as things are connected as Internet of Things (IoT) devices and a botnet disaster is waiting to happen, you may be paranoid, but the person that laughs last is the one that doesn’t have their tinfoil fig leaves exposed.
- Uninstall and deactivate apps, and other “spyware”.
- Incognito mode in browsers just delete your history and cache but your IP address is still exposed which is why a Virtual Private Network may be needed or some other way to hide your IP address. If a hacker knows your IP they may be able to know what services you log in or use for your web servers and also the cookies and credentials for logging into a service.
- Use old fashioned methods. Maybe use an old fashioned typewriter. I know this used to drive someone batty but forget them. It’s not their life. Or handwrite a letter and give it to a significant other. It means more if you wrote it with your own two shaking doctor’s handwritten scribbles. Pick up your regular landline and call maybe instead of emails. Or walk over and give your significant other a physical hug instead of Snapchatting those mother-shocking photos. Buffet, the great investor of stocks was known to use a basic phone or flip phone it was said for many years.
- Pay using cash or other secure methods is another thing you can do and in the store sometimes instead of doing all things via credit and online transactions.
- Consider using a virtual machine that you’re running in under or a sandboxed program.
- Poison the well. Sometimes ad data collectors will try to collect unnecessary data. If you are just needing to get to the next screen you may need to feed it fake data. An example for example is to connect to a free public wifi hotspot or some other example that escapes me right now… like maybe a survey. You may be able to feed data. The wifi obviously wants you to give up an email address or something to use wifi but you don’t want to give up the info so you could in this instance feed in some data like the above spam account and a bunk name. Or something like why are you visiting our site and other survey cr–. Most times you’re only going to be on that wifi for a short time or get that free shopping deal etc and they don’t need all that data and they know they use it for marketing. An example is also when you go shopping they often ask for your email address. You can give them your email address or say you don’t have one. But if it’s a field that requires again some field to sell you junk or advertise that’s when you may have to put in data. Not to do anything bad of course just get where you need to go.
Some additional resources (keep learning to stay ahead):
Check out privacy dot haus / checklist/ .
Check out proprivacy dot com
Check out prism dash break dot org
Remember what you don’t know can HURT you. There’s a saying in legal matters that ignorance of something (legal requirements & regulations) doesn’t exempt you from liability of responsibility.
Nowadays it’s nearly impossible to be completely off the grid and you’re likely in some database somewhere, but armed with some knowledge you can at least reduce your digital footprint so hackers have a harder time hitting a moving small target.
These are just a compendium of some great things we found online. Hope this helps.
Stay safe, secure and if possible anonymous and obscure. Of course there’s no perfect solution yet and you’re trading off usability. | <urn:uuid:48bbdd21-053b-4eb8-a7f8-78326cd4020c> | {
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Environments “Temple of Mercury” features sound gestures from a corrugated plastic pipe and the impulse response of the Temple of Mercury, situated in a wide caldera near the west of Naples (Italy). The Temple is also known as “The Echo Temple” for its several acoustic reflections caused by a dome vault and water on the floor. The temple is entirely made of tophus, and it has a diameter of 21.5 meters (71ft) and a circular opening in the vault reminiscent of the one in the Pantheon in Rome. The sampled instrument produces flute, horn, efxs, impulsive sounds, and, with a little electroacoustic modification, feedback sounds; all sounds are playable with or without the convolution of the Temple. This library was inspired by a video by Salvatore Carannante, a musician who plays common or recycled everyday objects as a way of interacting with the acoustic space.
- 24 Kontakt Instruments (.nki)
- 5 Kontakt Multis (.nkm)
- 3 Round Robin samples
- Up to 3 velocity layers
- 87 Samples (44.1kHz / 24Bit)
- 1 Impulse Response
- Formats: Kontakt and WAV
- Sample sets including:
flute, horn, efxs, impulsive sounds, feedback sounds, sound designed instruments
Salvatore is a pianist and electroacoustic composer/performer. He studied Piano and Electronic Music at Music Conservatory of Naples, Italy. He is helping to develop a series of sample libraries entitled “Environments”. His interests are in the research field as sound artist are focused on interaction between human-sound-environment. Many of his projects aim to the recycling of common objects into musical instruments. | <urn:uuid:500cf5cb-8dc6-4edb-9291-01129a6d3260> | {
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Following the capture of Washington in late August 1814, British expeditionary forces under Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved to attack Baltimore. As the third largest American city and home to privateering operations that had netted over 500 British merchantmen, the Maryland port offered a tempting target for a destructive, retaliatory blow. Fort McHenry, a star-shaped masonry fortification guarding the entrance to Baltimore harbor, held the key to the city’s defenses. U.S. naval forces not only helped garrison Fort McHenry but manned shore and floating batteries protecting the water and land approaches to the American bastion.
On 12 September the British landed approximately 5000 soldiers and sailors at North Point, launching a landside attack on Baltimore’s eastern defenses. While the British assault succeeded in rolling back the city’s defenders, it failed to breach the main American lines. It also resulted in the death of Cochrane’s second-in-command, Major General Robert Ross. To aid his stalled land forces, Cochrane ordered a bombardment of Fort McHenry on the morning of the 13th. For twenty-four hours the American garrison withstood the bombs and rockets hurled at them from enemy vessels lying off the fort. The stout Yankee resistance displayed by McHenry’s soldiers and sailors ultimately compelled Cochrane to abandon his attack on Baltimore.
Francis Scott Key, a young D.C. lawyer and amateur poet who witnessed the bombardment from the vantage point of the British fleet, was so inspired by Fort McHenry’s resolute defense that he composed a poem to honor its gallant defenders. This poem, set to the English tune “Anacreon in Heaven,” was soon published in sheet music form as “The Star Spangled Banner.” The Star Spangled Banner gained steady popularity as a patriotic tune in the nineteenth century. It became our nation’s national anthem on 3 March 1931. | <urn:uuid:cdda3569-09a7-4d78-800d-169af6dedbdf> | {
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Heavy metal poisoning
Heavy metal poisoning is the toxic accumulation of heavy metals in the soft tissues of the body.
Heavy metals are chemical elements that have a specific gravity (a measure of density) at least five times that of water. The heavy metals most often implicated in human poisoning are lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Some heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese, are required by the body in small amounts, but can be toxic in larger quantities. Heavy metals may enter the body through food, water, or air, or by absorption through the skin. Once in the body, they compete with and displace essential minerals such as zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium, and interfere with organ system function. People may come in contact with heavy metals in industrial work, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and agriculture. Children may be poisoned as a result of playing in contaminated soil.
Sources of exposure for some heavy metals
- lead: old paint, leaded gasoline, old pipes
- mercury: contaminated fish, industrial and agricultural wastes
- cadmium: industrial waste, insecticides, old galvanized pipes
- arsenic: insecticides and industrial processes, some drinking water
Causes & symptoms
Symptoms will vary, depending on the nature and quantity of the heavy metal, and whether it was ingested or inhaled. Patients who ingest a heavy metal may complain of cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, sweating, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Mercury can cause skin burns if it has touched the skin, and inhaled mercury vapor can cause severe inflammation of the lungs. If lead is inhaled in the form of lead dust, insomnia, headache, mania, and convulsions may occur. In severe cases of heavy metal poisoning, patients exhibit obvious impairment of cognitive, motor, and language skills. The expression "mad as a hatter" comes from the mercury poisoning prevalent in seventeenth-century France among hatmakers who soaked animal hides in a solution of mercuric nitrate to soften the hair.
Heavy metal poisoning may be detected using blood, urine, and stool tests, hair and tissue analysis, or x rays. In children, blood lead levels above 80 mcg/dl generally indicate lead poisoning; however, significantly lower levels (>.30 mcg/dL) can cause mental retardation and other cognitive and behavioral problems in chronically exposed children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers a blood lead level of 10 mcg/dl or higher in children a cause for concern. In adults, symptoms of lead poisoning are usually seen when blood lead levels exceed 80 mcg/dl for a number of weeks. Blood levels of mercury should not exceed 3.6 mcg/dl, while urine levels should not exceed 15 mcg/dl. Symptoms of mercury poisoning may appear when mercury levels exceed 20 mcg/dl in blood and 60 mcg/dl in urine. Mercury levels in hair may be used to gauge the severity of chronic mercury exposure, but a 2002 report says that these tests have questionable validity.
Since arsenic is rapidly cleared from the blood, blood arsenic levels may not be very useful in diagnosis. Arsenic in the urine (measured in a 24-hour collection following 48 hours without eating seafood) may exceed 50 mcg/dl in people with arsenic poisoning. If acute arsenic poisoning is suspected, an x ray may reveal ingested arsenic in the abdomen (since arsenic is opaque to x rays). Arsenic may also be detected in the hair and nails for months following exposure. Cadmium toxicity is generally indicated when urine levels exceed 10 mcg/dl of creatinine and blood levels exceed 5 mcg/dl.
Emergency treatment of acute poisoning, especially in children, can be handled by calling a poison control line (800-222-1222) or by dialing 911. Alternative practitioners often rely on the same chelating agents used by standard doctors to treat heavy metal poisoning, but also use natural supplements and additional techniques to assist the body's own detoxification processes. One highly contested issue between alternative medicine and mainstream dentistry surrounds mercury poisoning. Alternative practitioners believe that there is a large body of evidence suggesting that silver amalgam tooth fillings, which contain mercury, are a major factor in mercury poisoning. For those with high mercury levels in their bodies, they recommend that all mercury-containing tooth fillings be removed by a holistic dentist. The National Institutes of Health hope to put some of the debate over amalgam fillings to rest with two clinical trials on fillings currently underway. However, the results are not expected until 2005.
Dietary changes are used to support the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. Detoxification diets are predominantly vegetarian, and reduce or avoid foods that may stress the immune system, such as processed foods, fried foods, sugar, fat, alcohol, caffeine, meat, and dairy products. Organic foods are recommended to avoid exposure to pesticides and chemicals. Detoxification diets include plenty of high-fiber foods, including oat bran and psyllium seeds, to help cleanse the digestive tract. Apples, pears, and legumes are high in pectins, which are believed to have chelating effects on heavy metals. Foods high in antioxidants are recommended, such as fruits, vegetables, and fresh juices. Sulfur-containing foods such as garlic, onions, and eggs (organically produced) are utilized, as are dark-green leafy vegetables that contain high amounts of chlorophyll. Foods that may contain heavy metals are avoided, including many fish and shellfish. Factory-farmed chicken and eggs are avoided as well, because chickens are often fed fish meal. A 2002 study reported that eating tofu may reduce lead levels in the blood. Tofu is rich in calcium, which may help reduce the blood's ability to absorb and retain lead.
Nutritional supplements include antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E, and multimineral supplements that contain calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, chromium, selenium, and zinc. Cysteine, methionine, L-gluthione, and DMSA (dimethyl succinate) are other supplements. Herbal support includes herbs that have detoxification effects, such as milk thistle, burdock, and numerous others. Spirulina and chlorella sea algae are used as well, and acidophilus helps rebuild the digestive tract.
Homeopathic remedies, which prompt the body's detoxification mechanisms, have shown success with heavy metal poisoning. Detoxification therapies are also highly recommended, including fasting, sweating, colonics, and therapeutic vomiting. Ayurvedic medicine has an intensive detoxification and healing program called panchakarma.
In an emergency, patients should call 911 or a poison control hotline (800) 222-1222. The treatment for most heavy metal poisoning is chelation therapy. A chelating agent specific to the metal involved is given orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The three most common chelating agents are edetate calcium disodium, dimercaprol (BAL), and penicillamine. Succimer (DMSA) is used for children suffering from lead poisoning. The chelating agent encircles and binds the metal in the body's tissues, forming a complex that is then released from the tissue and travels in the bloodstream. The complex is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. This process may be lengthy and painful, and typically requires hospitalization. Chelation therapy is effective in treating lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning, but is not useful in treating cadmium poisoning. To date, no treatment has been proven effective for cadmium poisoning. In cases of acute mercury or arsenic ingestion, vomiting may be induced. Washing out the stomach (gastric lavage) may also be useful. The patient may also require treatment such as intravenous fluids for complications of poisoning such as shock, anemia, and kidney failure.
The chelation process can only halt further effects of the poisoning; it cannot reverse neurological damage already sustained.
Because exposure to heavy metals is often an occupational hazard, protective clothing and respirators should be provided and worn on the job. Protective clothing should then be left at the work site and not worn home, where it could carry toxic dust to family members. Industries are urged to reduce or replace the heavy metals in their processes wherever possible. Exposure to environmental sources of lead, including lead-based paints, plumbing fixtures, vehicle exhaust, and contaminated soil, should be reduced or eliminated.
Goldberg, Burton. Chronic Fatigue, Fibromyalgia and Environmental Illness. Tiburon, CA: Future Medicine, 1998.
Lappe, Marc. Chemical Deception: The Toxic Threat to Health and the Environment. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1991.
Lawson, Lynn. Staying Well in a Toxic World. Chicago: Noble, 1993.
Kales, Stefanos N., and Rose H. Goldman. "Mercury Exposure: Current Concepts, Controversies, and a Clinic's Experience." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health (February 2002): 143–146.
"Should Amalgam Fillings be Banned? Evidence on the Risks of Mercury Fillings is Mixed. Should They be Outlawed Anyway?." Natural Health (March 2002): 26.
"Tofu May Lower Lead Levels in Blood." Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients (February–March 2002): 23.
American Association of Poison Control Centers. 3201 New Mexico Avenue, Suite 310. Washington, DC 20016. (800) 222-1222. <http://www.aapcc.org>.
American Holistic Medical Association. 12101 Menaul Blvd. NE, Suite C., Albuquerque, NM 87112. (505) 292-7788. info@ holisticmedicine.org. <http://www.holisticmedicine.org>.
Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 7510 Northforest Drive, North Charleston, SC 29420. (843) 572-1600. firstname.lastname@example.org. <http://www.coem.com>.
A Citizen's Toxic Waste Manual. Greenpeace USA, 1436 U St. NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202) 462-1177.
Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6270abba-55ef-476b-a423-40012b78078b> | {
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Description Chiricahua National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service located in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. It is famous for its extensive vertical rock formations.Geologists believe that it preserves the remains of an immense volcanic eruption that shook the region some 27 million years ago. The thick white-hot ash spewed forth from the nearby Turkey Creek Caldera, cooled and hardened into rhyolite tuff, laying down almost two thousand feet of dark volcanic ash and pumice, highly siliceous in nature which eventually eroded into the natural features visible that we see at the monument today. Original photo.
Paul Coco, Brooklyn, NY Member Since August 2008 Artist Statement After a career in international sales and marketing, early retirement enabled me to turn a hobby into a passion and modern photo editing programs enabled me to add creativity to my view of the world.
You can view more of my work at the above web site. If you are interested to purchase an image that you don't see here, please send me a message. | <urn:uuid:00ebbf51-0f08-4829-97d3-559e06d8ca1a> | {
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LOS ANGELES - In the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd, more people are having important conversations about racism and racial injustice. But how do you discuss those topics constructively and effectively?
FOX 11's Vanessa Borge spoke with psychologist, Dr. Julia Harper.
Q: How do we speak to our kids about race?
A: "I always say the way you talk to your child about race the way you talk to them about sex. It's part of life and it's not a one-time conversation. You need to have that conversation over and over and over again. The younger the child is keep it simple keep it limited but keep it honest. As the child gets older you can add dimension to it and talk about why people see things different."
Q: How do you have meaningful conversations about racism with family and friends?
A: "I don't believe people have to understand each other I do think people have to respect each other. Understanding means I need you to get my point of view, but I don't need you to get it but I need you to respect it. I respect your choice to believe what you want to believe. I respect who you want to vote for. I choose to see it that we do not have to agree and we certainly don't have to understand each other.
Once you get into trying to convince someone or get someone to understand your point of view that's when things get ugly turns in to a fight and communication breaks down. If I'm not speaking to you to understand then why talk about this? Education. Education does not require that you agree with me."
Q: What are some ways people can overcome the anxiety of saying the wrong thing or doing the wrong thing?
A: "When that anxiety comes up it's 'oh am I going to say the wrong thing am I going to offend somebody?' They are anxious because if I say the wrong thing not only will you see that I am a racist but more importantly I'll see that I am a racist and that's the challenge that we have. We don't want to face ourselves. Respectfully saying I know I am going to mess up I don't know what to say but I am here with an open heart please educate me that's all we can ask anyone to do. That's where real change can happen."
Q: How do we overcome the anxiety, fear and sadness that has been building this year from the ramifications of the coronavirus crisis to now the murder of George Floyd?
A: "Anxiety is really the fear of the future so if we weren't afraid of COVID or racism it would be something else. This anxiety is coming from a place of wanting to control the future COVID-19 will take over we will all die in a race war that nightmare we all have in our minds. These things are not necessarily things we can control but what we can do is control ourselves the counterbalance to anxiety is self-control. What is it that I can control in my thoughts in my communication because I can not control what is going to happen out there in the world."
Dr. Harper said something very encouraging as well - she works in the field of neuroplasticity - that's the idea that the brain is constantly changing and growing. She said she knows for a scientific fact that we can change. So keep having the tough conversations. Keep learning. | <urn:uuid:f970150d-c4ee-4208-b97c-a98bf1069936> | {
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A general description of the problem of chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, smoker, recurrent bronchitis – all varieties of the same problems. It consists in inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi and bronchial walls. Usually Bronchitis starts with acute inflammation, such as during viral infection. Membrane of the bronchi swells, then a large amount of mucus. As a result, the lumen of the bronchus is narrowed, the appropriate ventilation worsens of the lungs. Because of this, there may be congestion.
Deteriorating blood circulation in the affected bronchus, and as a consequence, associated, chronic infection, which may have existed there for a very long time. Very it often happens that after the flu or some other viral cough is still present in the form of residual effects, and can last for months or even years. Chronic bronchitis is a predisposing factor to the containers for graphical development of asthma and even pneumonia. So treat chronic bronchitis is very important. The main symptoms of chronic Bronchitis: 1.
Cough may be dry or wet. It is often in the morning, with expectoration of sputum or without. 2. Periodic temperature rises. Generally low, to 37.5. But, if in the event of a weakened organism, it is the opposite – body temperature is lowered. 3. Discomfort in the chest and back between the shoulders (as if itching inside). Usually characterized by a period of exacerbation. 4. Cough with copious expectoration of sputum after the meal. 5. If you put your palms on your chest so that the thumbs are facing up to, and take a deep breath, you can feel his hands vibration, 'as though the air with the force passes chezez viscous liquid'. Rales in the lungs, often heard even without phonendoscope. Of course, when the cough worried a long period, while the general condition is poor, extremely it is important to visit a doctor and undergo additional testing. | <urn:uuid:34a3e55d-ba43-4f86-b201-9a2c44f5b91b> | {
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Did you know that just 70 years ago, few cats lived entirely indoors at all? In fact, for more than 10,000 years, cats have lived outdoor lives, sharing the environment with birds and wildlife. Understanding cats’ place in history and human evolution reveals how very recently domestic cats came indoors and how millions of this species—feral cats—continue to live healthy lives outdoors today, as all domestic cats are biologically adapted to do.
Origins of the Domestic Cat
Cats began their unique relationship with humans 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, the geographic region where some of the earliest developments in human civilization occurred (encompassing modern day parts of West Asia). One such development was agriculture. As people abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and settled permanently to farm the land, stored grain attracted rodents. Taking advantage of this new, abundant food source, Middle Eastern wildcats, or felix silvestris lybica, preyed on the rodents and decided to stick around these early towns, scavenging the garbage that all human societies inevitably produce—just as feral cats do today.
Over thousands of years, a new species of cat eventually evolved that naturally made its home around people: felis catus. Today, pet, stray, and feral cats belong to this species that we call the domestic cat.1
Cats Travel the World
Cats formed a mutually beneficial relationship with people, and some scientists argue that cats domesticated themselves.2 Especially prized as mousers on ships, cats traveled with people around the globe:
- A burial site in Cyprus provides the first archaeological evidence of humans and cats living side-by-side, as far back as 9,500 years ago. Cats must have been brought to the island intentionally by humans.3
- In ancient Egypt, cats were worshipped, mummified, and sometimes even dressed in golden jewelry to indicate the status of their owners.
- In 31 BC, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire. Cats were introduced into Roman life, becoming truly widespread in Europe around the 4th century AD.4 A cat skeleton from this period shows the shortened skull of domestic cats today.5
- Geoffrey Chaucer mentioned a cat door in The Canterbury Tales in the 1380s.
- From Europe, cats boarded ships to the Americas, reportedly tagging along with Christopher Columbus, with the settlers at Jamestown, and aboard the Mayflower.
- Cats continued their service as mousers throughout history, even serving as official employees of the United States Postal Service as late as 19th and early 20th century America.6
- Towards the end of the 19th century, more Americans began to keep cats for their company as well as their utility. The first cat show was held at Madison Square Garden in 1895. By the end of World War I, cats were commonly accepted as house pets in the U.S.
Throughout all this time, cats were allowed to come and go freely from human households—even President Calvin Coolidge’s cat had free rein to wander to and from the White House during the 1920s. As Sam Stall, author of 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization and The Cat Owner’s Manual, writes, “Back in Coolidge’s day no one thought of confining cats indoors—not even one belonging to the president of the United States.”7
Catering to Cats: Inventing the Indoor Cat
Keeping cats indoors all the time was not possible—nor was it even a goal—until several important 20th century innovations: refrigeration, kitty litter, and the prevalence of spaying and neutering.
Even though these changes to our modern lifestyle make keeping cats inside possible, biologically, cats are the same as they were thousands of years ago. Their role in our society has evolved and broadened over the last hundred years, but their basic behaviors and needs haven’t changed.
Unlike dogs, who have undergone many physical changes since domestication and evolved to survive on an omnivorous diet, cats haven’t changed much, and still require a high-protein diet. Before the development of refrigeration and canned cat food in the 20th century, feeding indoor cats who could not supplement their diets by hunting would have been impossible for most Americans, who could not afford extra fresh meat or fish.8
Up until the 1950s, cats roamed American neighborhoods freely, using the great outdoors as their litter area. Pans filled with dirt or newspaper were used indoors by a few cat owners, but it wasn’t until the first clay litter was accidentally discovered in 1947 and the subsequent marketing of the Tidy Cats® brand in the 1960s that litter boxes really caught on. With the invention of cat litter, cats rocketed to popularity as indoor pets, but their outdoor survival skills remain.9
Spaying and Neutering
Until spaying and neutering pets became available and accessible around the 1930s, keeping intact cats indoors was messy business during mating season. Techniques had been developed for sterilizing livestock, but American households would have had a hard time finding a veterinarian trained to safely neuter pets before this time.10 Just as cats found their own food and litter areas outdoors, 20th century cats bred and gave birth outdoors as they have done since their origins in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago. While some of those cats’ offspring can – if brought into human contact when they are young enough – successfully be socialized and integrated into human homes, many cats remain outside, living the same outdoor lives they always have, with or without human contact. Although adult feral cats—cats that are not socialized to people—cannot become indoor pets, neutering and returning them to their outdoor home improves their lives.
Cats are Part of Our Environment
In the thousands of years that cats have lived alongside people, indoor-only cats have only become common in the last 60 or 70 years—a negligible amount of time on an evolutionary scale.
Throughout human history, cats have always lived and thrived outside. It is only recently that we have begun to introduce reproduction control like spaying and neutering to bring them indoors. And also, bring the outdoors to them: using canned food and litter boxes to satisfy biological needs developed over thousands of years of living outdoors.
Although human civilization and domestic cats co-evolved side by side, the feral cat population was not created by humans. Cats have lived outdoors for a long time—they are not new to the environment and they didn’t simply originate from lost pets or negligent pet owners. Instead, they have a place in the natural landscape.
Feral cats deserve a chance to live their lives outside just as they have for thousands of years. Indoor homes are not an option because they have not been socialized to live with humans. They would be scared and unhappy indoors. Their home is the outdoors and—just like squirrels, raccoons, and birds—they’re well suited to their outdoor home.
Accepting and acknowledging this simple reality is key to understanding and helping these animals. TNR is an act of compassion society can extend to them.
Just as many, many kind people place bird feeders, suet and bird houses in the gardens to help increase the odds of birds living through cold winters, many kinds people feed feral cats and build outdoor shelters for them.
Through TNR, we further help cats by spaying and neutering them and having them vaccinated.
This is not only good for the cats, but also does a nice job of balancing needs and concerns of the human communities in which many feral cats live. People don’t want cats rounded up and killed. They do want to see cat populations stabilized and often appreciate when some of the behaviors manifested by intact cats are brought into check. TNR makes great public policy – it is a well considered, balanced approach to helping improve co-existence between outside cats and humans in our shared environment. This is why so many cities are adopting it. TNR stabilizes cat populations, greatly reduces the number of calls of concern about cats that municipalities receive, decreases euthanasia rates at shelters, and saves municipalities money.
- Driscoll, Carlos A. et al. “The Taming of the Cat.” Scientific American (2009): 71-72.
- Donalson, Malcolm Drew. The Domestic Cat in Roman Civilization. The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York: 1999.
- Weir, Harrison. Our Cats and All About Them. Fanciers’ Gazette, London: 1892.
- Stall, Sam. 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization. Quirk Books, Philadelphia: 2007.
- Bradshaw, John W.S., The Evolutionary Basis for the Feeding Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis catus), 136(7) J Nutrition (2006).
- Rainbolt, Dusty. “The Best Idea,” Cat Fancy. (August 2010): 30-31.
- Grier, Katherine C. Pets in America: A History. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill: 2006. | <urn:uuid:0cc89d02-ae10-48ed-934b-bdfb9cc356dc> | {
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Tonight we continue with invertebrates—those spineless creatures without which no horror movie would be complete—and I am already expecting chills instead of thrills. Maybe to know them is to love them, so I’m going to give them a chance to win me over.
Keeper Margaret Rousser was back tonight to give us a proper introduction to the many-legged residents of our Bug House. Margaret supervises the invertebrate Keepers and is responsible for keeping the exhibits filled with interesting animals, so who best to promote this part of the Children’s Zoo?
All Insects are Invertebrates…
…but not all invertebrates are insects. In fact, 40% of invertebrates are animals like spiders, scorpions and centipedes. Margaret said that invertebrates are the most popular exhibits in zoos today. Does that surprise you?
We covered our scorpions and millipedes in the lecture on Arthropods, so tonight our focus is on insects, which are also Arthropods. They lay eggs, might have wings, and some can metamorphose from one shape to another, like frogs. Butterflies have all these traits.
Keeping Bugs in the Bug House
One of the challenges in keeping insects in a zoo is actually keeping them. Since all are pretty short-lived, constant replacements are needed and since they can fly and are small enough to get out through tiny openings, the exhibits have to be, well, bug-proof.
In our Bug House the walls have windowed cut-outs that show different naturalistic settings similar to the insects’ home turf. Behind the scenes, though, these little dioramas are more like aquarium tanks sitting on wheeled carts. When the insects are fed, or need other care, the tanks are wheeled backwards where they can be [very carefully] opened.
So….off we trotted with our flashlights to seek out the Bug House and its occupants. I can’t say I let myself look at the cockroaches very long, but the branch-like Walking Sticks were fascinating—especially their molted exoskeletons (their hard outer “skin” which looked exactly like them.
Our Honey Pot Ants use some of their colony members as food storage depots: the workers collect nectar and store it in the bellies of fat little repletes who hang from the ceiling of the nest all the time, taking food in and regurgitating it back up when needed to feed the others in times of food shortage. These ants are also predators: they kill and eat other insects like fruit flies.
And while we are on the subject of ants, there are the Leaf Cutter Ants. These are the most fascinating insects to watch as they literally turn trees and forest floors into moving green rivers. The “Forager” ants go off and cut leaves into pieces many times larger than they are, which they carry back to the nest. “Gardener” ants then grow fungus on the leaves which is later broken off and fed to the queen and others. Here’s a wonderful video showing it all in action: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/animals-pets-kids/bugs-kids/leafcutter-ant-kids.html.
The Cobalt-Blue Tarantulas are absolutely gorgeous and absolutely venomous. These bugs are very aggressive and can live 20 years.
Chilean Rose Tarantulas, on the other hand, take a passive approach to defense: they have hairs on their bellies that are very irritating to predators who happen to get close enough.
Presentations are Next
We just got our final instructions for the presentations we each will be giving on Saturday. I’m going to talk about how our Black Tree Monitors, who only live in New Guinea (and zoos) teach us how the adaptations of animals and their environments are inseparable. That’s why we have to preserve rain forests and rivers and deserts and oceans: animals that are adapted to live one place can’t pick up and move somewhere else. And if their climate changes, their adaptations might not help them at all. Ask the polar the bears about this.
Wish me luck! | <urn:uuid:42f61cdc-6394-4255-94d9-37e94b3fe089> | {
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Some proponents of catastrophic global warming are finally admitting that the actual global temperature is not rising as fast as their models predict. In fact, data published recently by the British Met Office may actually indicate the beginning of a cooling trend. The official global temperatures published by the Met Office appear to be dropping out of the range predicted with 90% confidence by computer climate models.
Global surface temperatures have not risen in fifteen years.
Piers Forster, climate change professor at Leeds University, notes, “Global surface temperatures haven't risen in the past fifteen years. . . . [They] make the high estimates unlikely.” Professor Judith Curry of the Georgia Institute of Technology agrees that “[climate] models are running too hot” and says the “current flat trend may continue for two more decades.”
Most of the scientists who believe the earth is heating up at catastrophic rates believe the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide from human activity is the primary cause of increasing global temperature for the past half century. According to creation meteorologist Dr. Larry Vardiman, “They have not considered some of the long-term changes in solar activity as a possible explanation for this divergence from their predictions.”
For years, some creation scientists who specialize in climate have maintained that global warming is driven by cyclical solar effects that the Creator apparently put in place. Over the past five years, Dr. Vardiman has been predicting that the global temperature should have started declining sometime after 2000, based on complex statistical studies of the Central England Temperature (CET) records and solar activity.* Such data appear to confirm those predictions, although the downturn has taken longer than predicted to begin.
The British Met Office has now released strong evidence for this global cooling trend.
Based on observations of the solar effects that drive global temperature, Dr. Vardiman and others believe temperatures should continue to decline for several decades to come.
Unfortunately, Western governments have invested so much capital and reputation into the carbon dioxide theory that they are unlikely to give up on it anytime soon. This seems to be another sad case where people who reject the Bible’s revelation are chasing costly errors. If only they would recognize that we live on a young earth that has undergone radical climate changes as a result of the Flood, they would spend their efforts more wisely on understanding climate problems and solving them!
These climate variations should not surprise us or cause undue alarm. We know that God is holding the earth together until the day of His final judgment, and nothing can destroy it until He dissolves it Himself. | <urn:uuid:180c4522-150a-4b38-92d8-c270377612b9> | {
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Sentences with Confine, Past and Past Participle Form Of Confine V1 V2 V3
Sentences with Confine
1.A cold confined him to his house.
2.He’s been confined to bed for the past three months.
3.To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit.
4.Do things that make you happy within the confines of the legal system.
5.We’re all sentenced to solitary confinement inside our own skins, for life.
6.Confine yourself to the present.
7.I am done living my life in the confines of others’ dreams, waiting to live my own.
8.A pedestal is as much a prison as any small, confined space.
9.An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity. | <urn:uuid:d1c0552b-0493-4d26-b832-d3f96e50aae2> | {
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Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809. The world he was born into would be entirely unrecognisable to us today. Bicycles had yet to be invented, steam engines were just beginning to appear, and slavery was commonly practiced in both England and the United States. During the course of his lifetime, Darwin saw the world around him change enormously, but arguably the most significant change came from his own ideas. Darwin’s theory evolution of natural selection, altered the ways we think about almost every aspect of life.
While Darwin’s theory was ground breaking, shocking, and tremendously illuminating during his lifetime, what can it mean for us today? With all the time that has passed since Darwin’s birth, is there anything we can still learn from him? In the pursuit of science and everyday life, there are countless ways Darwin’s words still ring true today.
I recently watched a film called ‘Concussion’, which triggered the thoughts behind this blog. Starring Will Smith as Dr. Bennet Omalu, a Nigerian-born pathologist who brought the issue of brain damage in retired NFL players to the forefront, Concussion is the sort of underdog-stares-down-corporate-behemoth feature that reliably manages to stir up some awards buzz.
The true-life story began unfolding in September 2002 when Omalu, then with the Allegheny County coroner’s office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was assigned to perform an autopsy on the body of Mike Webster. Known as “Iron Mike,” Webster was a beloved former Pro Bowler with Pittsburgh Steelers, the anchor of a front line that helped the team win four Super Bowls. However, his mental health deteriorated to the point where he was ranting at strangers and zapping himself with a Taser gun, until his death from a heart attack at age 50.
In the film, Dr. Bennet Omalu did significant research across Darwin’s observations of birds and quoted in the film: ‘All of these animals have shock absorbers built into their bodies. The woodpecker’s tongue extends through the back of the mouth out of the nostril, encircling the entire cranium. It is the anatomical equivalent of a safety belt for its brain. Human beings? Not a single piece of our anatomy protects us from those types of collisions. A human being will get concussed at sixty G’s. A common head-to-head contact on a football field? One hundred G’s. God did not intend for us to play football.’
NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell was subsequently hauled in to testify before a House Judiciary Committee in October 2009 about safety measures, and stricter guidelines were established in the pro game to limit head injuries. Still, dozens of former players embarked on legal action against the NFL in 2011, claiming that the league had failed to adequately warn and protect them. As of the summer of 2015, more than 5,000 former players were involved in a consolidated lawsuit, with a settlement figure of $765 million deemed insufficient by a judge.
This was just one example of Darwin and his teachings in our fast-technological world, it could be said that we do not observe enough, and only in times of necessity or extreme need, as with the case with ‘Concussion.’
Nature is wonderful. Darwin taught us that complex animals like birds, frogs, and even humans came about in complex ways over long periods of time. Evidence for this history is everywhere, you just have to stop and notice the details. His vivid description of an entangled bank reminds me that there is wonder in acknowledging this simple fact from time to time:
“It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.”
Beauty can be found in the struggle. Darwin knew all too well that nature can be brutal. Individual animals fight, starve, and die other horrible deaths. Darwin acknowledged that existence is a struggle, that nature is often at war, and that resources are scarce. Somehow, he still found solace in the end product:
“Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object of which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life…from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”
We are all connected and we depend on each other. Evolution reminds us that all living creatures came about through the same basic principles. We all evolved from common ancestors in the remote past, from simple beginnings. Let’s return to Darwin’s entangled bank quote. He asks us to:
“….reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner…”
His theories are now associated with business through the concept of ‘Darwinian Economics’, namely that it is organisations that are best able to adapt that are most likely to survive.
But what else can you, entrepreneur, business leader or individual learn from Charles Darwin?
Use the power of observation. Many people are so busy making decisions, analysing problems and seeking answers that they pay no attention to simply observing. Darwin, on the other hand, spent much of his career observing. He spent six years, for example, dissecting and describing in eye-watering detail the structure of barnacles!
If you are observing you cannot be analysing, and vice versa, and it was Darwin’s observations that formed the basis of his idea that changed the world. His five years on the Beagle trip, for example, involved him taking thousands of samples of various species.
Observation requires getting out there, suspending your beliefs and simply taking note. It cannot be done from behind a desk through reports.
How much time do you spend on the front-line observing your team or your customers rather than analysing second or third-hand data?
Looking to the past for innovation breakthroughs. Darwin was not the first person to have thought of the concept for evolution: he was not even the first person in his own family to have the idea! His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, had promulgated the idea that all animals had a common origin before Charles was born.
Similarly you can see the process of recombining ideas in other major breakthroughs and innovations. For example, Lou Gerstener refocused IBM away from hardware to service and consultancy support by connecting his prior (negative) experience as an IBM customer with his McKinsey consultancy experience and with the existence of a highly-active sales support unit within the company. This change in strategic direction transformed IBM from a company delivering record losses in the early 1990’s to multi-billion dollar profits by the end of the century.
What are you doing to make new connections that lead to new, breakthrough concepts?
You can only change the world through action, not thinking. Darwin sat on his theory for 17 years before he published ‘On The Origin Of The Species’. He held back publication in order to ensure that he had irrevocable evidence to support his theory (hence his interest in barnacles!). Darwin’s hand was only forced when a rival publication was developed and his desire to be seen as the originator of the idea of evolution overcame his need to be 100% certain of his ideas.
Likewise, taking action and prudent risks is the cornerstone of business growth and an offensive, rather than defensive strategy, is critical for ongoing survival and success. For example, Gillette has established market leadership by a stream of innovations that make their existing ranges obsolete. As a senior Gillette executive once said, “We have never launched a major new product without having its successor in development. You have to steer the market.”
In summary, the miraculous discoveries upon Darwin’s ideas established a philosophy by introducing the time factor, by demonstrating the importance of chance and contingency, and by showing that theories in evolution are based on a set of new principles that influence the thinking of every person in the living world, through evolution, can be explained without recourse to supernaturalism; essentialism or typology, and possibly one of the most important facts is that we must adopt population thinking, in which all individuals are unique with a belief and a can do attitude.
One of Darwin’s most famous quotes:
“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change.” | <urn:uuid:a77e6706-6573-4503-890b-ff218c9717bb> | {
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Energy saving resources
With the cost of energy increasing it makes sense to be energy efficient. Reducing energy use not only saves on your bills but also helps the planet, too. In NSW, most of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels such as coal, which creates greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change and global warming.
Easy ways to reduce energy use
There are many simple ways you can be more energy efficient at home, reduce your power bills and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Install energy efficient lighting and always turn off lights when you leave a room
- Switch off appliances at the power point instead of leaving them on standby
- Purchase appliances with a high energy star rating as they use less energy
- Install a green roof or wall to help reduce your heating and cooling needs
- Install a green roof to increase the efficiency of solar panels by up to 15%
- Wash your clothes in cold water and hang your clothes out to dry instead of using the dryer
- Use the energy efficient setting on your dishwasher and only run it when it is full
- Set your air conditioning/ heating units appropriately a couple of degrees higher in summer and a couple of degrees lower in winter i.e. summer 23–26ºC and winter 18–21ºC
- When replacing your hot water system, install a hot water heat pump
- Ride a bike, walk or use public transport instead of driving where possible
For more help saving energy at home, visit the Your Energy Savings website.
Borrow a thermal imaging camera
Thermal imaging cameras use infrared light to help detect areas of heat loss in the home, such as draughts, leaks and poor insulation. Council has two thermal imaging cameras available for residents to borrow at no charge from the Green Living Centre.
We'll provide you with instructions on how to use the cameras. They are easy to use, no professional knowledge is required.
Please contact the Green Living Centre on 9335 2129 or email firstname.lastname@example.org to arrange a loan
Borrow a power kit to measure your energy use
The Power-Mate is a very useful tool for understanding energy use in your home and will allow you to make more informed decisions about how you can reduce energy consumption, save money off your energy bills and help combat climate change through reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Power-Mates can be borrowed free of charge from the Green Living Centre and can be used to monitor the energy consumption of different appliances in your home. The Power-Mate will even estimate the average costs of running the appliance over the year, both in dollar value and in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.
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"The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces that performs land-based military operations. It is also the largest overall and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services. The modern army has its roots in the Continental Army which was formed on 14 June 1775, to meet the demands of the American Revolutionary War before the establishment of the United States. The Congress of the Confederation officially created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 after the end of the Revolutionary War to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The army considers itself to be descended from the Continental Army and thus dates its inception from the origins of that force.
The primary mission of the army is "to fight and win our Nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders." The army is a military service within the Department of the Army, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The army is headed by the Secretary of the Army, and the top military officer in the department is the Chief of Staff of the Army. The highest ranking army officer is currently the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. During fiscal year 2011, the Regular Army reported a strength of 546,057 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) reported 358,078 and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) reported 201,166 putting the combined component strength total at 1,105,301 soldiers."
Source: Wikipedia, "Unites States Army", available under the CC-BY-SA License. | <urn:uuid:60c1180c-a665-4adc-aef1-96aa7b9815bc> | {
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Active in Italy’s early Baroque period, Carpioni was a painter and etcher of religious and mythological subjects. He first trained under the Venetian painter, Alessandro Varotari, called Il Padovanino (1588 – 1649), giving him the influence of Venetian master, Titian (1490 – 1576). Carpioni’s work also showed an influence from early Baroque painters such as Carlo Saraceni (1570 – 1620) and his Flemish pupil, Jean LeClerc (1585 – 1633), both labeled as “Caravaggisti” or “Caravaggesque”, as in the artist Caravaggio (1571 – 1610).
His works were also influenced by Lombard art, as well as another pupil of Varotari’s, Pietro della Vecchia (1603 – 1678). Carpioni’s etchings were influenced by the Bolognese artists, Simone da Pesaro (1612 – 1648) and Odoardo Fialetti (1573 – 1638), as well as Pietro Testa’s (1611 – 1650) etchings of the French painter Nicolas Poussin (1594 -1665).
Carpioni’s first dated works were executed in Vicenza between 1647 and 1651; the Apotheosis of the Dolfin Family and Allegory of the Grimani Family. He painted many important religious works including his Crucifixion, Martyrdom of Saint Catherine, Adoration of the Magi, among others. Many of these pieces were painted in a style that matched that of his contemporary in Veneto, Francesco Maffei (1600 – 1660). Also in Vicenza are his ceiling cycles depicting the Miracles and Life of San Nicola in the Oratory of San Nicola da Tolentino. Carpioni eventually made his way to Padua, where he collaborated with several artists and continued his important religious works.
Of his Mythological depictions in painting are Apollo and Marsyas, Banquet of the Gods, and his piece in the Uffizi Gallery, Neptune Pursuing Coronis. There are also a number of both Mythological and religious etchings of his now in the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, U.S. His small, festive depictions of the mythological Bacchanalia gatherings were highly praised, described as “perfect conceptions, such as dreams, sacrifices, bacchanals, triumphs, dances of putti, the most attractive caprices and fantasies that a painter, inclined to work on a small scale, has ever conceived” (Grove Dictionary of Art). | <urn:uuid:5094ac40-bf25-4fea-a0a2-5811e0984b34> | {
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Precise assembly of synapses is critical for proper functioning of the brain. Abnormal synapse formation or synaptic loss contributes to the progression of many neurological disorders. The goals of the research proposed here are to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation in the brain and then use this information to develop new treatments for diseases resulting from synaptic malfunction. Synapses are formed by signaling between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. Postsynaptic cell-derived "presynaptic organizers" promote local differentiation of presynaptic axons into functional nerve terminals at sites of synaptic contact. We performed an unbiased search for such presynaptic organizers and identified fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22), and its close relatives FGF7 and FGF10 as molecules that promote differentiation of presynaptic nerve terminals. In the brain, two major types of synapses, excitatory and inhibitory, need to be formed at their appropriate sites. An imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses has been proposed to contribute to various neurological disorders including autism, schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome and epilepsy. We have recently found that FGF22 and FGF7 promote the organization of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic terminals, respectively, as target-derived presynaptic organizers in the hippocampus. The differentiation of excitatory or inhibitory nerve terminals is specifically impaired in mutants lacking FGF22 or FGF7. As expected from the alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance, FGF22 knockout (KO) mice are resistant and FGF7KO mice are prone to epileptic seizures. These results indicate that understanding the precise mechanisms of FGF-mediated excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation will lead to novel treatment strategies for epilepsy. Here we address (1) the mechanisms underlying the differential effects by FGF22 and FGF7 on excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic differentiation, (2) the signaling mechanisms that mediate the effects of FGFs, (3) physiological consequences of FGF deficiency in vivo, and (4) the role of FGFs in epileptogenesis. For these studies, we propose the following aims.
Aim 1 : Determine the in vivo localization of FGF22 and FGF7 and their dynamic distribution to distinct postsynaptic sites.
Aim 2 : Examine whether FGF22 and FGF7 signal through different FGF receptors and signaling pathways for their differential presynaptic effects.
Aim 3 : Delineate the functional consequences of FGF inactivation during brain development.
Aim 4 : Determine whether FGFs are involved in epileptic circuit formation during development or after brain insults. We will use an integrated combination of molecular genetic, cellular biological, biochemical, electrophysiological and imaging techniques to address these aims. It is anticipated that this study will reveal novel mechanisms underlying specific synapse formation and suggest novel strategies for treating brain disorders, such as epilepsy, that result from improper synapse formation.
The proposed research is aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of specific synapse formation in the brain. Specific synapse formation is critical for the proper functioning of the nervous system. The coordinated studies focus on the synaptogenic role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their differential effects on excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the hippocampus. We will specifically determine the role of FGFs in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, a disease with improper synaptic connections in the hippocampus. This body of work will allow us to determine the precise function and underlying mechanisms for FGFs in specific synapse formation, and help design appropriate strategies for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy.
|Terauchi, Akiko; Johnson-Venkatesh, Erin M; Bullock, Brenna et al. (2016) Retrograde fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) signaling regulates insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression for activity-dependent synapse stabilization in the mammalian brain. Elife 5:|
|Williams, Aislinn J; Yee, Patricia; Smith, Mitchell C et al. (2016) Deletion of fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) causes a depression-like phenotype in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 307:11-7|
|Dabrowski, Ania; Umemori, Hisashi (2016) Buttressing a balanced brain: Target-derived FGF signaling regulates excitatory/inhibitory tone and adult neurogenesis within the maturating hippocampal network. Neurogenesis (Austin) 3:e1168504|
|Hu, Hsiao-Tang; Umemori, Hisashi; Hsueh, Yi-Ping (2016) Postsynaptic SDC2 induces transsynaptic signaling via FGF22 for bidirectional synaptic formation. Sci Rep 6:33592|
|Dabrowski, Ania; Terauchi, Akiko; Strong, Cameron et al. (2015) Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 142:1818-30|
|Terauchi, Akiko; Timmons, Kendall M; Kikuma, Koto et al. (2015) Selective synaptic targeting of the excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic organizers FGF22 and FGF7. J Cell Sci 128:281-92|
|Jacobi, Anne; Loy, Kristina; Schmalz, Anja M et al. (2015) FGF22 signaling regulates synapse formation during post-injury remodeling of the spinal cord. EMBO J 34:1231-43|
|Williams, Aislinn J; Umemori, Hisashi (2014) The best-laid plans go oft awry: synaptogenic growth factor signaling in neuropsychiatric disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 6:4|
|Lee, Clara H; Umemori, Hisashi (2013) Suppression of epileptogenesis-associated changes in response to seizures in FGF22-deficient mice. Front Cell Neurosci 7:43|
|Toth, Anna B; Terauchi, Akiko; Zhang, Lily Y et al. (2013) Synapse maturation by activity-dependent ectodomain shedding of SIRPα. Nat Neurosci 16:1417-25|
Showing the most recent 10 out of 17 publications | <urn:uuid:816c129d-f788-474b-a834-718ac2c1cdad> | {
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Betsie RiverThe Betsie River Map
The Betsie River is located in Grand Traverse, Benzie and Manistee counties. The stream originates at Green Lake near the village of Interlochen and flows in a westerly direction to its outlet into Betsie Lake and Lake Michigan near Elberta and Frankfort. A large part of the river lies within the boundaries of the Fife Lake and Betsie River State Forests and flows through the Betsie River State Game Area near its mouth. The Betsie River drains a surface area of approximately 165,800 acres and includes about 93 linear miles of streams, 52 miles of which is mainstream.
The Betsie River Plan Full Text (316 KB)
Below are individual sections of the plan:
-Cover Sheet, Preface and Table of Contents
-The Study Area
-Existing Uses and Recreational Opportunities
-Future Uses and Potential Problems
-Existing and Proposed Local Zoning
-Laws and Programs Reinforcing Objectives
-Preliminary Natural Rivers Plan
-Appendix A - Part 305, Natural Rivers PA 451 of 1994>
-Appendix B - "Alteration of Rivers" Law
-Appendix C - Related Laws
Natural River Zoning Rules - Zoning standards for the Betsie River system are found on pages 1-21 and 23-25. | <urn:uuid:12b43e30-13a8-412e-8cdb-9a73383c1595> | {
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From pedaling to charge our laptops to converting our body heat into electricity, the idea of using our bodies to generate energy is becoming more common. And a 24-year-old entrepreneur in Kenya has another idea to add to that mix: He's created a shoe technology to help us charge our mobile devices as we walk or run.
The technology lies within an ulta-thin chip of crystals that would be inserted within the soles of your shoes. According to creator Anthony Mutua, when put under pressure — such as the weight of a person's body — the crystals create electricity:
"This charger works using pressure, as you walk you generate pressure that in turn generates energy, once you have arrived where you were going you can now sit down and charge your mobile phone," he said.
There are two ways to harvest this energy to charge cellphones. The first is to charge your phone while you're in motion by connecting a thin extension cable from your shoe to your pocket, which presumably holds your cellphone. The second, as Mutua explained in the Kenyan newspaper the Daily Nation, is to "charge the phone immediately after a walk because the crystals have the capacity to store the electric energy."
In other words, you can walk or run wire-free but still generate the energy necessary to charge your devices with the pressure from your feet.
The crystal chip can be fitted into any type of shoe except for bathroom slippers. If your shoe wears out, you can transfer the chip into another shoe sole as well.
Currently, the National Council of Science and Technology (NCST) in Kenya is funding Mutua's project. According to David Ngigi, a senior science secretary for the NCST, the council is planning to sponsor Mutua so he can commercialize his invention for mass production.
"We have been financing the development of ideas to prototype levels, but because most innovators lack funds for commercialization, this innovations [sic] never reach the market. So we are changing this," Ngigi said in the Daily Nation article.
The shoe-charging chip will sell for the equivalent of about $46 in Kenya and come with a two-and-a-half year warranty.
Would you be interested in charging your cellphone with the power of your feet? Sound off in the comments. | <urn:uuid:86db79aa-71e6-49e0-bc01-bb10132ab6fd> | {
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Reception children baked and decorated Autumn themed cupcakes with a little help from their teachers.
This week Reception children have been learning all about pumpkins. They have learnt a wonderful song about the lifecycle of a pumpkin and also visited the pumpkin patch in our lovely school garden. One of their favourite activities has been carrying out a science experiment entitled ‘The Erupting Pumpkin’.
Reception children enjoyed their paddling and water play in the last week of term with Miss Chadwick. Here are a few action shots.
The infants and infant staff enjoyed a wonderful day exploring at Black Rocks. To begin the day we split off into year groups and made large faces using natural materials. On our long walk we learnt all about the High Peak Railway and even saw the wreckage of an old station wagon. We were also lucky enough to find a
What lives up the bean stalk? How did it grow so tall? Can we grow our bean stalks? The Infants have been planting, writing about and studying the germination process following on from the wonderful book – “Jasper and the Bean” and the traditional tale “Jack and the Bean Stalk”.
We have created a new home school link book for children in Reception to help support their progression in learning. This log will enable you as parents and us as teaching staff to share important information relating to your child. This book will also act as a reading record and should be kept in your child’s book bag at all
Our Reception children are learning all about algorithms and have been directing our class beebots around their home made tracks. They are beginning to write down their directions (algorithms) and debug them if there is a problem.
We have been learning all about bees this week in our reception classroom. The children have been creating model bees and beehives independently and writing super facts for our buzzy bee display.
We had a wonderful time at the International Space Centre in Leicester learning all about rockets and our amazing solar system. We watched a super film in the planetarium and spent the afternoon making and testing rockets. The trip wouldn’t have been complete without a trip to the shop to spend our money and a snooze on the coach. O
We have been looking at mini beasts and the stories by Eric Carle. We studied The Very Hungry Caterpillar carefully then wrote our own short stories about a hungry animal. Here are some of the final stories created by our reception children. | <urn:uuid:4127b1a1-a50c-4d0a-b30b-e1907dddff8d> | {
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This tutorial will examine how the Listening strand of the Common Core Standards aligns with many state academic standards. The tutorial also explores listening as a learning strategy for students with print disabilities, including sensory, cognitive, learning, and physical impairments.
Participants will earn 1.5 ACVREP, CTLE credits, or Continuing Education credits by completing an online quiz. By registering for ACVREP, CTLE credits, or Continuing Education credits, you will be provided with a self-paced tutorial using video clips and other resources related to this topic, as well as an online test to assess your knowledge.
This is a web-based, self-guided professional development activity for TVIs, VRTs, O&Ms, Parents, Teachers of the Deafblind or Severely Impaired, and Rehabilitation Specialists. ACVREP has approved this course for Certified Assistive Technology Instructional Specialists for People with Visual Impairments (CATIS).
All sales on self-paced courses are final! | <urn:uuid:ac814bbe-ecbf-4e6f-b7bf-4352524f5bee> | {
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During World War II, British scientists developed a new and extremely lethal secret weapon: a bomb which released a cloud of sewing needles, tipped with deadly poison.
The weapon is disclosed in the latest release of declassified documents from the UK’s National Archive. It was developed at Porton Down, which is now home to Defence Science and Technology Laboratory — but remains notorious for testing chemical and biological weapons on unsuspecting troops during the Cold War. Work on the darts was carried out with the assistance of Canadian and American researchers.
Each dart consisted of a hollow steel needle with a paper tail. The tip of the needle was filled with toxin and a dense ‘inertia pellet’ above it. When the needle struck a target, the pellet kept going and forced the toxin out of the needle. Breaking the skin was enough to inject a lethal dose.
The needles were tested on sheep and goats under “realistic” conditions, sometimes covered with two layers of clothing and protected by trenches. Researchers concluded that if a needle “penetrat[ed] into the flesh, it will cause death if not plucked out within thirty seconds.” Even if the needle was removed, it would cause “cause disablement by collapse.”
Media reports (including the BBC) claim that the chemical agent was mustard gas; this is extremely unlikely as the dose required would be much too high. Realistically, it would be one of the new nerve agents that were first fielded during WWII. The lethal dose for Sarin is 30 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, so three milligrams would kill most people. For Mustard gas, the dose needed would be about two hundred times higher. The effects reported on animal subjects (twitching and convulsions followed by death) also strongly suggest a nerve agent.
The program called for the production of thirty million darts. This would require a large number of specially-made needles; the head of the British project contacted the obvious source: the Singer Sewing Machine Company, in a letter apologizing that: “It is a little difficult to explain what I want sewing machine needles for… ”
The reply from Singer was helpful, if baffled: “From your remarks it would seem the needles are required for some purpose other than sewing machines. In any case, we should like to help you, if at all possible.”
The weapon never went into production, possibly because the darts had very little penetrating power. As soon as its effects were known, scientists said that people would start to take cover under trees or in buildings or vehicles, which would make the rain of darts ineffective. The report also notes that the dart bomb would have been a “highly uneconomical weapon.” That may have sealed its fate.
These days, nobody in a western military would dream of using poison darts. But darts filled with a nonlethal “calmative” agent are another matter. British researchers were looking at non-lethal dart guns for crowd control back in 1972 ; it wouldn’t take much imagination to turn that into a non-lethal artillery round. I wonder if they still have the quote from Singer?
[Picture: British National Archive]
- Secret Strobelight Weapons of World War II
- WWII Jewish Insurgent Leader Remembers
- WWII Planes Live On … in Secret Missions
- WWII’s Translators: Can Do
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Growing out of a small town school event in California in 1978, Women’s History Month has been observed in March since 1987, when the U.S. Congress declared it. It is a celebration of women’s contributions to history, culture and society. The National Women’s History Alliance chooses a theme each year. The 2019 theme is Visionary Women: Champions of Peace and Nonviolence. These are women who have led efforts to end war, violence and injustice and pioneered the use of nonviolence to change our society.
There have been women who have made a positive difference through peaceful protest and nonviolent actions for centuries. We have chosen a few of these amazing women to showcase from the mid 1800’s to the present.
Susan B. Anthony was raised in the Quaker tradition of nonviolence and was influenced by her parents with a sense of independence and social justice. She was collecting anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17 and became the New York State agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1856. After meeting fellow suffragist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the two women formed the New York State Temperance Society when Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance meeting due to her gender. They founded the Women’s Loyal National League to petition against slavery and later founded the National American Suffragette Association.
Anthony was arrested in 1872 for voting as a woman in her home town of Rochester, New York which led to a highly publicized trial and a fine she refused to pay. Ultimately, it resulted in a grant by Congress in 1878 for an amendment giving women the right to vote. Anthony became known as the “Napoleon of Feminism” and is remembered today as one of the most historically significant advocates for women’s rights.
American painter, illustrator, muralist and stained glass designer, Violet Oakley was the first American woman to receive a public mural commission. She is best known for the series of murals she completed for the Pennsylvania State Capital. Her political beliefs were shaped by William Penn, whose ideals she represented in her murals. When the United States refused to join the League of Nations after World War I, Violet traveled to Geneva, Switzerland where she spent three years drawing portraits of the League delegates and later published them as “The Law Triumphant: The Opening of the Book of the Law and the Miracle of Geneva” in 1932.
She was an early advocate of nuclear disarmament following World War II. Oakley was the first woman elected to the National Society of Mural Painters. She received the Gold Medal of Honor of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and was the first woman awarded the Gold Honor from the Architectural League of New York. In 1977, her studio in Philadelphia was listed in the National Registry of Historic Places in recognition of her artistry and beliefs.
American born French entertainer, activist and French resistance agent, Josephine Baker resided and made her career in Europe. She was an icon of the Jazz Age and was noted for wearing a costume consisting of only a girdle of artificial bananas. Baker was the first women of color to earn international renown and to star in a major motion picture, Zouzou. She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and was noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. In 1968, she was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., however she declined in order to protect her children. She received the French Croix de Guerre for aiding the French Resistance during WWII.
American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the civil rights movement in the 1960’s. She was an active advocate for African American equality. King was also a singer and often incorporated her music into her civil rights work. After her husband’s assassination, she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the women’s movement. King founded the King Center and fought to make her husband’s birthday a national holiday. She broadened her scope to include apartheid and advocacy for LGBTQ rights.
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The U.S. Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights.” On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to give up her seat in the colored section of the bus to a white passenger after the white section was full. Her prominence in the community and willingness to become a controversial figure inspired the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. Her act of defiance became an important symbol of the civil rights movement. Parks organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders. Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit and did similar work there. She wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that the struggle for justice was not over.
Mother Teresa Bojaxhiu was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation which has over 4500 nuns and, as of 2012, has been active in 133 countries. It manages homes for people dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, dispensaries and mobile clinics, children’s and family counseling programs, orphanages and schools. Members who take vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, also take a fourth vow “to give wholeheartedly free service to the poorest of the poor.” Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and was canonized as a Saint on September 4, 2017.
Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate at age 17. She is known for human rights advocacy, especially the education of women and children in her native home of Swat Valley in northwest Pakistan, where the Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school. Her advocacy has grown into an international movement. According to the Pakistani Prime Minister, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, she has become the “most prominent citizen of the country.”
Malala’s family ran a chain of schools in the region and she was inspired by her father’s thoughts and humanitarian work. She wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, a New York Times documentary was made about her life as the Pakistani Military intervened in the area. On October 9, 2012, while on a bus after taking an exam, Malala and two other girls were shot by a Taliban gunman in an assassination attempt in retaliation for her activism. Malala was hit in the head and remained in critical condition in the hospital. She improved and survived, rallying to an international outpouring of support for her. The Taliban was internationally denounced by governments, human rights organizations and feminist groups. They responded by promising a second assassination attempt on Malala. After her recovery, she became a prominent activist for the right for education and established the Malala Fund, a nonprofit.
In 2013, she co-authored a book, “I am Malala,” an international best seller. In 2015, Time magazine put Malala on the cover as one of the most influential people globally. From 2013-2017, she attended Edgbaston High School and is currently studying for her bachelor’s degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall in Oxford. There is no doubt that we will see more of her amazing efforts in the future.
It is so important to become familiar with inspiring women during Women’s History Month, and every month. We urge all of you to take a few minutes to read about the many women who have either changed, or are changing, our world for the better in peaceful and nonviolent ways. Whether or not you agree with their interests and causes, they still have managed to become role models and achieve change. Share their stories with your children so they too can learn about these visionary women.
written by Tonia DeCosimo | <urn:uuid:0cd5954b-de4e-4bd4-b59d-3bb252037feb> | {
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Published Humanitas, Volume VIII, No. 2, 1995
Republics Ancient and Modern: The Ancient Regime in Classical Greece, by Paul A. Rahe. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 380 pp. $22.95.
Republics Ancient and Modern, Vol. II: New Modes and Orders in Early
Modern Political Thought, by Paul A. Rahe. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 490 pp. $24.95.
Republics Ancient and Modern, Vol. III: Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime, by Paul A. Rahe. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 380 pp. $19.95.
When historians look at political regimes they may focus on a number of variables held significant by the people or by the rulers, or they may focus on the circumstances of the regimes and how they affected the world around them. This is especially common today when historians have adopted a comparative methodology. Political philosophers tend to focus on theorists of regimes, their desire to impart architectonic schemes for modifying or improving organized living-together. Hence the political philosopher will most likely dwell on the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, rather than the practices of Athens or Sparta that reflect certain ideas. Of course these lines are often fuzzy, reflecting the prejudices and limitations of the historian or philosopher. In Paul Rahe we have someone educated in both history and philosophy whose deliberate objective is a melding of these crafts. Although his effort is sometimes uneven (as when he deals with the early modern period, for instance) we are treated to a historical overview of the rise of republican virtue and its adaptation to the major historical epochs of political thought.
Rahe follows Montesquieu’s Spirit Wayne Allen of the Laws in noting that various forms of government are shaped and sustained by their own determinative principle: virtue in a republic, honor in a monarchy, fear in a despotism, and equality in a democracy. Of course Montesquieu was following the typologies given to us by Aristotle. But regardless of the thinker and how he may have adapted it to unique circumstances, virtue has been the defining essence of republicanism.
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How to Bulk the Chest With Dumbbells
The chest is made up of many muscles, the largest two being the pectoralis major clavicular head and the pectoralis major sternocostal head. These muscles are commonly referred to as the upper and lower chest, respectively. The pectoralis major muscles have several functions, but their main action is to bring the humerus, or arm bone, inward toward the midline of the chest. This movement is called transverse flexion. The dumbbell chest fly involves this movement and is an excellent exercise for building the mass of the pectorals. When you do the exercise at an incline angle, you primarily work the upper chest. When you do it on a decline bench, you mainly work the lower chest.
Incline Dumbbell Chest Fly
Grasp a dumbbell with each hand in an overhand grip and lie face-up on the incline bench with your knees flexed and feet down on the floor.
Position the dumbbells over your upper chest with the palms of your hands facing each other and your elbows flexed a bit.
Keep your chest up and shoulders back slightly on the bench and maintain this position throughout the movement.
Move your arms outward until the dumbbells are near chest height.
Move your arms inward until the dumbbells are over the midline of your chest.
Decline Dumbbell Chest Fly
Place the dumbbells by the sides of the decline bench.
Position your feet under the roll pads of the decline bench and lie face-up on the bench with your knees flexed.
Hold each dumbbell with an overhand grip and position them over the midline of your chest with your hands facing inward toward one another and with your elbows slightly flexed.
Lower your arms outward until the dumbbells are near the level of your chest.
Raise your arms inward until the dumbbells are over the midline of your chest.
- To gain maximal mass in the pectoralis major muscles, use the heaviest weight possible that allows you to perform 8 to 12 repetitions. For each exercise in your chest workout, do three to five sets, with a two-minute break between each set.
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Another reminder of space being a creepy place has been presented in the lost Apollo 10 tapes – the mission that circled over to the dark side of the Moon. The tapes contain strange ‘music’ that was received out of Earth’s signal reach.
The mission happened in May just ahead of Apollo 11’s 1969 moon landing two months later. The recordings recovered from Apollo 10 were only declassified in 2008 and will now be played on the Science Channel’s Unexplained Files coming up later this month.
So, what was strange about those recordings? Besides the fact that they contained a very musical dance of frequencies and noise, it was the fact that they could not have come from any manmade source, as there’s no radio signal on the far side of the Moon. This means also that astronauts can’t talk to Earth and are effectively alone in outer space for the duration of their time there.
In 1969, two months before Neil Armstrong would set foot on the moon, Apollo 10 was cruising just above the lunar surface when the crew was surprised by a “whistling sound.” The three astronauts discuss the incident at length in the upcoming show.
Al Worden, astronaut with Apollo 15, explains: “There are recorders that record whatever’s going on on the back side, and then you do a data dump when you come around the front side, and Houston or mission control then can see what happened when you were around the back side.”
The “music” transmission lasted for almost an hour, and had the crew talking about whether NASA needed to know at all what they had heard. “It’s unbelievable! You know?” they confess. Almost five decades later there is still no clue as to the source.
When the three eventually got back, they opted not to tell NASA, which could be a smart move, seeing as the agency could have had them remanded into custody and kept from flying because of concerns for their mental state.
The debate will rage on in the upcoming episode of ‘NASA’s Unexplained Files’, as scientists continue to discuss the more prominent theories: one possible one is that charged particles were interacting with a magnetic field, the way they did on Jupiter and Saturn. There’s of course one problem here: the Moon has no magnetic field or atmosphere of any kind.
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Where do our visitors come from?
Monthly Archives: January 2017
Today Mrs Price gave us sentences with NO fingers spaces in them! We had to work with our friends to try and figure out what the sentence said and where the full stops should go.
This week we are learning all about division. Take a look what the children have been doing today.
Today we have been practising our throwing and catching skills.
Well done to Violet who is this week’s writer of the week in Year 1 Green!
Jenson wrote his own fantastic Winnie the Witch story this week. Well done Jenson!
Well done Connor who is our writer of the week!
Well done to Theo who has worked so hard all week on his handwriting!
Today we placed numbers on a blank number line and pretended it was a 30cm ruler. Don’t forget to keep learning your measure facts at home! | <urn:uuid:8f807e00-e80d-4564-aaaa-99d68dddc7c9> | {
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Hong Kong is synonymous with seafood. Every night, tourists pile into the famous seafood restaurants of Sai Kung, Lei Yu Mun and Lamma Island. They pick their dinners from gurgling glass water tanks stacked from floor to ceiling, teeming with a colourful array of marine life.
This, they’re told, is an authentic local experience. But what they might not realise is that the fish on their plates has travelled just as far to get there as they have.
Locals do love their seafood: Hong Kong people place second in Asia only to the Japanese in terms of seafood consumption. But less than 10% of what they eat is pulled from the overexploited waters of the Pearl River Delta. Instead, a unique mix of history, trade links and culture have made this Special Administrative Region the global hub for the destructive and often illegal, but incredibly profitable, Live Reef Fish Food Trade (LRFFT).
According to a report published recently by the University of Hong Kong’s Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, ADM Capital Foundation and the WWF Coral Triangle Program, popular wild-caught reef fish species could even disappear from our plates within our lifetimes. To avoid this, they say, immediate action needs to be taken all along the supply chain. Locally, that means reining in Hong Kong-registered vessels that illegally take live reef fish from Southeast Asia and then smuggle them via Hong Kong into mainland China.
“The rate at which we are taking reef fish from our oceans, including juveniles, is simply not sustainable,” says Dr Yvonne Sadovy, a professor of biological sciences at Hong Kong University and lead author of the report.
The Napoleon fish is an apex predator in its natural environment. It’s already listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Sadovy says the camouflage grouper should now be considered threatened as well.
The species targeted by the trade are under immense pressure, but they are not alone.
Cyanide fishing, which sees concentrated sodium cyanide squirted onto reefs in order to stun fish, is widespread in the LRFFT. These toxic chemicals kill coral polyps and algae as well as other collateral damage to fish species, turning swathes of the Coral Triangle area – a global centre of biodiversity hailed as the “Amazon of the seas” – into marine deserts.
Source countries have awakened to this threat and have sought to stamp out or contain the trade. Sadovy explains that Pacific island countries such as Fiji, Palau and the Seychelles reversed their positions on the LRFFT after it began to rapidly expand in the 1980s and 90s.
“They saw that too many fish were being taken too quickly and saw rapid declines as a result,” she says, adding that these countries objected to the widespread use of cyanide, feeding target species other reef fish as they awaited transportation in sea pens, and the bribery and corruption that always seemed to follow in the trade’s wake.
Sadovy estimates that only about 40% of the cargo imports on live fish carriers will be legitimately marketed in Hong Kong, and even some of that is illegally sourced. The rest is secreted across the border to mainland China through a network of smuggling routes at sea, on the road, and in the air. The subterfuge pays off.
By bringing the fish to Hong Kong first, sometimes holding them temporarily in nearshore aquaculture zones, traders evade the steep 17% tariff levied on imports into the mainland, and slip straight into a market of 1.3 billion people.
Only 40% of the cargo imports on live fish carriers will be legitimately marketed
Most live reef fish passing through Hong Kong today come from the Philippines or Indonesia. In both places, the seaborne export of live, wild-caught reef fish is illegal but enforcement is lax, due to a lack of resources and huge sea areas that need to be patrolled. When boats from Hong Kong pull into Indonesian waters to collect their shipments, they do so under the guise of receiving cultured rather than wild-caught fish, facilitated by locals who stand to profit.
Hong Kong, a modern metropolis with overflowing coffers and a relatively small sea area, could easily address this problem. But owing to an outmoded legal loophole, this trade, technically illegal at both source and destination, is able to operate with virtual impunity.
All “marine fish” brought into Hong Kong, which are by definition dead, must be marketed through the territory’s Fish Marketing Organisation (FMO); and incoming cargo ships, like anywhere else in the world, need to present manifests to customs authorities. But live fish arriving by sea or by air are exempted from reporting to the FMO by omission in relevant laws drafted before the LRFFT began to flourish, since they are not classified as “marine fish.”
“Traders, transport and logistics carriers are allowed to exploit a vacuum created by inadequate and outdated regulation, loopholes in the law and lax enforcement of live seafood trade into, within and through Hong Kong,” says Dr Geoffrey Muldoon, senior manager with the WWF Coral Triangle Program and co-author of the report.
Although a 2007 update to the law demands large vessels declare live fish in their holds within 14 days, this is breached more often than observed. Unlike other vessels, fishing boats are not tracked or required to report their entry and exit to relevant departments. For unknown reasons, they are exempted by the director of the marine department, a hangover from the days when the constant ebb and flow of the local fishing fleet rendered such oversight an impractical burden on fishermen and officials alike.
Muldoon, Sadovy and the report’s other co-authors are calling for an end to what ADM Capital Foundation environmental director Sophie Le Cure calls Hong Kong’s “culture of deliberate tax avoidance, poor governance, and lack of transparency in the marketing and transport of live fish.”
Authorities must make common sense changes to laws on the import of live fish, improve vessel reporting and traceability, and better monitor and control live fish carriers, they say. Additional measures such as requiring windows on polystyrene transport containers and introducing commodity codes for more species could also broaden oversight.
Reef fish is the new shark
Retailers and consumers can also help by supporting sustainable fisheries and ensuring that the Napoleon fish they buy is legally licensed.
“We are not talking about not eating fish at all. What we are talking about is not eating so many wild fish that we destroy their populations,” says Sadovy. “We need to know where seafood comes from, that it’s legally sourced, safe to eat, and that it is sustainable. We need legal trade to ensure sustainable trade.”
Squaretailed groupers and coral trout do not enjoy the same public profile as sharks or elephants, but progress made recently by anti-ivory and shark fin campaigners is cause for optimism. In response to awareness campaigns and a government clampdown on official banquets, consumers in mainland China have turned away from shark fin soup, according to another recent report from advocacy group WildAid. As a result, consumption of shark fin soup in China no longer constitutes the single greatest threat to sharks.
The government of Hong Kong has also clamped down on illegal Napoleon fish sales, which have dropped by two-thirds over the last year, and public interest in the species is said to be growing.
“We can do more than just sharks,” concludes Stan Shea, marine programme director at the conservationist group BLOOM Hong Kong and another of the report’s co-authors.
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- The grey headed swamphen is endemic to the South Asian region but they have become common in America too. Juveniles are duller than adults and lack the red bill and shield. They usually inhabitant, in small groups, marshy areas and fresh water bodies such as swamps, rivers, and lakes. They clumsily feed on reeds and floating vegetation at muddy water edges.
- A young swamphen was brought to the centre from Jigni, on the outskirts of Bangalore. He was being kept as a pet captivity. Now he is active and healthy but will not be released soon as he is very comfortable with humans. This would pose a threat to his survival in the wild. BRC is in the process of rehabilitating and rewilding him. Once this happens, he will be released near a protected water body.
Intro to Partner
Intro to Partner
The Wildlife Rescue & Rehabilitation Centre (WRRC)
was registered in July 1999 as a public charitable trust for the conservation
and welfare of wildlife in urban and rural areas around Bangalore, India. WRRC
was set up by the trustees of Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA), in
response to a keenly felt need: to provide relief to wild animals, birds and
reptiles; including medical treatment and housing; as well as to handle cases
of cruelty involving these animals.
WRRC operate two facilities – the Bannerghatta
Rehabilitation Centre (BRC) and Elephant Care Facility (ECF) in Lakshmisagar,
Karnataka. Besides wildlife rescue and rehabilitation WRRC is also involved in
the prevention of cruelty, humane education, campaigns and legal battles, research
and surveys on captive elephants.
Work done so far
Work done so far
WRRC manages the first ever Elephant Care Facility in
Karnataka, situated at Lakshmisagar, Kolar; which provides a safe haven for
elephants in private custody that have faced decades of abuse and
It is home to Aneesha, a 52-year-old crippled elephant
who was injured by logging. Gowri, a 41-year-old elephant handed over by an
institution for treatment. and Durga, a 24 year old elephant handed over for
care by the Karnataka Forest Department. They also recently welcomed Janumani,
who was rescued from Goa.
Your kind donations mean that the facility has a daily
supply of fresh grass, fruits, and vegetables, a full-time manager and mahouts,
to ensure that the elephants are well cared for. Regular health check-ups can
be carried out on both elephants and specialized elephant veterinarians visit
- They are native to India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan and are usually found in dry, scrub forests. The species is threatened by habitat loss and poaching for the illegal wildlife trade. They are herbivorous, mostly thriving on leaves and grasses in the wild.
- The Bangalore police in two separate incidents confiscated a total of 551 Star Tortoises from poachers and handed them over to us for rehabilitation and release into the wild. On arrival at the centre, they were examined by our veterinarian and the team. Some of them were isolated due to health issues and the others were housed in specially prepared enclosures equipped with diffused lighting and heating. Once they were cleared for release by our veterinarian, they were released in small batches inside the forests in the presence of officials from the Forest Department
- Cobras are found from southern Africa through southern Asia to islands of Southeast Asia. They are highly venomous snakes, most of which expand the neck ribs to form a hood. The Indian Spectacled Cobra was formerly considered as a single species with the same distribution as the king cobra. However, biologists have recently discovered that about a dozen species exists in Asia, some being venom spitters and others not.
- WRRC received a case about a cobra, presumably a victim of a human-animal conflict situation. Due to the delay in discovering and rescuing the animal, the wounds were infected and maggot infested. A lot of effort was required to attend to the injuries and the chances of his survival seemed less but the staff did not give up hope and continued the treatment with utmost care. It's amazing to see how wildlife can overcome even the most harsh conditions. The snake made a full recovery and we will be releasing them in due course.
- Mugger Crocodile is native to freshwater habitats from the Indian subcontinent to southern Iran. Adults prey on fish, reptiles and mammals while the young feed on insects. The species has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. They are threatened by human-wildlife conflict, get caught in fishing nets or killed in fear by humans.
- A young baby crocodile was rescued by the police and brought to the centre for rehabilitation. She was being kept in the sump of a house for sale into the illegal wildlife trade. The baby was very aggressive with a sharp set of teeth. She had to be carefully handled for examination and was left in an enclosure with a water pool filled with fish and frogs. Hiding and basking spaces were also provided which is essential for all captive reptiles. After an observation period of three weeks, the baby crocodile was released in a water body deep inside the protected forest.
- Flying kites has always been considered to be a recreational activity and people enjoy it dearly. However, what most of us don’t know is the harm it causes the environment and the birds. The carelessly discarded manja often gets stuck on the tree branches or rooftops trapping unsuspecting birds who get severely injured by these glass coated threads.
- One such case is that of an owl who was brought to BRC. This young owl was tangled in the manja and her wings were deeply cut and infected leaving her severely dehydrated and disoriented. The team administered the required treatment. During the course of a few weeks her showed remarkable recovery and was soon released back into the wild.
- The Alexandrine Parakeet lives in forests, woodlands, agricultural lands and mangrove forests. They feed on seeds, fruits and nuts. The Alexandrine Parakeet is listed as near threatened because of the steep population decline in their native range due to habitat loss, persecution and excessive capture to meet the demands of the illegal wildlife trade.
- On February, 26 baby Alexandrine Parakeets were rescued by the Bannerghatta Police Department and brought to the centre. After examination, they were divided into batches based on size.
- Vaccinations were completed in one month and as the temperature rose, they were all shifted to larger aviaries with platforms and branches that served as natural perches. A water bath was placed inside the enclosure for hydration. Here they got more space to move, exercise wings, practice flight, bathe in the water bath, groom themselves and bask in the spring sunlight. At night when temperature dropped, they would all huddle together to keep warm.
- In 6 months they should be ready to go back to the wild to live a life of complete freedom with no dependence on humans.
- Found in South India, the bonnet macaque feeds on fruits, nuts, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, and cereals. Being in proximity of human habitation this monkey sometimes raids gardens or stores for food, often resulting in conflicts with humans.
- This is a rescue story of a fearless male bonnet macaque who was found with a severe bite injuries from a vicious encounter with a domestic animal. He was stabilised and surgery was conducted to address all his injuries. He was strong and survived in spite of multiple injuries and copious blood loss. In a month all his injuries had healed perfectly and he was ready to go back home. Though spirited, we hope he has gained enough experience from his injuries not to confront and fight with any dog or cat even human beings for that matter.
- Native to India and Sri Lanka, they are found in tropical rainforests, swamps, scrub and semi-deciduous forests. Slender lorises are arboreal, traveling along the treetops with slow and precise movements. They live up to 15 years and are mostly insectivorous and frugivorous.
- Slender Lorises are highly endangered due to indiscriminate poaching and superstitious beliefs that their body parts have medicinal or magical powers.
- Rescued by Bangalore Police, two male slender lorises were admitted to BRC. Traumatized and confused, they were initially under observation to rule out any internal injuries. Fortunately, they seemed to be healthy enough. Since slender lorises are nocturnal primates, we fed them insects and fruits in the night. After observation of two weeks, they were released inside a safe protected forest at night.
- These reptiles are caught from the forests of south India and used for their meat and fat; both of which are falsely believed to have aphrodisiacal and medicinal properties.
- In most cases, we find that their limbs are usually bound tightly together and their tail is thin, and devoid of any fat, indicating months of captivity and starvation. The limbs being tied for months causes the blood flow to be cut off and the extremity usually rots and falls off.
- An adult monitor lizard was rescued and brought to BRC for rehabilitation. This monitor was lucky as his limbs were not tied and tail was thick with fat deposits indicating that he was caught recently. After all the preliminary examination, treatment and observation were done to ascertain that he was healthy, the lizard was released in a safe, protected forest in the presence of Forest Department officials. It was so rewarding to see him scamper away at lightning speed.
- Jackals are widespread across India and are omnivores, predators and scavengers.
- Most active at both dawn and dusk, they usually hunt either alone or in pairs. Sometimes they also gather in small packs to scavenge a carcass.
- A female jackal was rescued by the Forest Department officials and brought to BRC in January 2022. She was diagnosed with canine distemper (CD). Since there is no treatment for CD, we could only treat the illness caused by it and hoped for the best. But against all odds she recovered and is currently residing at the centre. | <urn:uuid:f4e177d5-c21f-4842-b1e2-b54ab1a7ec1e> | {
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ExoMars was supposed to be for Mars what Lewis and Clark were to the exploration of the wild American western frontier: a mission to understand the biological mysteries of the Red Planet. The mission — a joint collaboration by the European Space Agency and Russia’s space agency, Roscosmos — was set to make its first major splash on Wednesday when the Schiaparelli lander was supposed to barrel through the Martian atmosphere and land on the planet.
Supposed to is the operative term here — ESAs ExoMars team lost contact with Schiaparelli and has no idea whether it survived its descent to the Red Planet, experienced a fatal crash, or simply lost the ability to communicate with the Trace Gas Orbiter (or TGO, the ‘mothership’ for Schiaparelli and the ExoMars mission as a whole) and any other satellites orbiting Mars. ESA put a positive spin on the setback, emphasizing that Schiaparelli was able to collect critical data during its descent to the surface, and that TGO is working as well as its supposed to be.
It’s an especially devastating blow, considering the fact that Schiaparelli was a test run for a brand new spacecraft entry, descent, and landing system designed for future missions to Mars. That exact same system is set to be used for the launch and delivery of the ExoMars rover in 2020, whose primary goal is to look for signs of past — or present — extraterrestrial life on Mars.
But that ExoMars rover mission is just one of three Martian rover missions taking place next year, arguably making 2020 a banner year for an explosion of Martian knowledge.
NASA is revving up preparations to launch an ExoMars-like mission called Mars 2020, the successor to the Curiosity rover. Its primary scientific objective is, like ExoMars, to search for evidence of extant or current Martian organisms, and to assess the historical and present potential for habitability on the Red Planet. Mars 2020 will be very, very similar to the Curiosity rover and use a very similar entry-descent-landing system — it’s a tried-and-true method that’s worked for NASA in the past, so why mess with a good thing? The biggest difference between those two little buggers, however, is that Mars 2020 will be specifically fitted with instruments relevant to astrobiology.
That’s not to say ExoMars and Mars 2020 are copycats — far from it. Mars 2020 will be tasked with collecting samples that NASA expects to retrieve on a future mission, then return to Earth for more in-depth analysis. ExoMars, on the other hand, will test out mechanisms relevant to extraterrestrial sample retrieval, but the actual sample return task for ExoMars is set aside for an unnamed, unplanned future mission.
We all know three’s company — and that’s why China is joining the Martian robot rave, with plans to launch its own rover to the Red Planet in 2020 as well. Details are sparse, but the scientific goals behind that mission seem more generalized than ExoMars and Mars 2020.
So far, China’s space missions have been focused much more around establishing technological feasibility for space travel rather than actually conducting science. There are some exceptions, most notably that one time China’s lunar rover helped uncover some pretty strange history in the moon’s geology. But if China expects its Mars rover to actually ascertain something new about Mars, it will need to possess the kind of state-of-the-art instruments ESA/Roscosmos and NASA are building for their respective rovers.
Ultimately, the mission that’s most likely to conduct some groundbreaking science on Mars is Mars 2020. NASA’s been launching and operating these robotic bad boys since the Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997. The agency knows what it’s doing.
Russia’s previous Martian rover missions occurred in 1971, but that ended in epic failure. So did ESA’s Beagle 2 mission in 2003. In that vein, it’s not entirely surprising to see that contact with Schiaparelli was lost. If the Schiaparelli saga proves anything, it’s that Mars missions are an intricate, lucky, flaky science, and 2020 has many surprises in store for us. | <urn:uuid:1058910c-5ec6-40a0-8a4e-8ca6d253b6a7> | {
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How thin can rotor drums be safely turned?
If a customer wants drums turned to a size outside the limits cast into the drum, you must refuse. They cannot be turned thinner than the minimum thickness specifications stamped or cast on the rotor or drum itself. A drum or rotor worn or turned too thin may not be able to absorb and dissipate heat quickly.
This can make the brakes run hot, accelerate lining wear, and reduce braking effectiveness. It can also lead to rotor or drum warpage and a pulsating brake pedal.
Most drums are cast with enough thickness to allow 0.090" of wear. In other words, the difference between a drum’s diameter when new and its discard diameter is 0.090," but that doesn’t mean you can machine a drum right up to the 0.090" limit. You should never turn a drum that’s worn more than 0.060" beyond its original diameter.
The 0.060" limit leaves a 0.030" margin for additional wear. If you turn a drum that’s worn more than 0.060," or if the drum ends up being more than 0.060" larger after turning, there may not be enough metal left to handle normal wear until the next brake job.
The 0.090" discard limit is the maximum acceptable wear the drum can safely handle before the metal is too thin. Any drum worn beyond 0.060", or that would be over 0.060" larger after resurfacing, should never be turned on a lathe, it should be replaced.
Wear is checked by measuring diameter with a drum micrometer. If the gauge shows enough metal left to safely turn it, the drum can be resurfaced to restore and true the surface.
Like drums, the amount of wear a rotor has experienced will determine whether or not it can be resurfaced. The two-key rotor dimensions to take into account are minimum refinish thickness and discard thickness.
Discard thickness is usually cast in the rotor itself, but minimum refinish thickness must often be looked up in a reference manual or brake specification chart.
Minimum refinish thickness is the limit for resurfacing the rotor. If the rotor has worn to the point where its thickness will be less than the specified dimension after resurfacing, the rotor should be replaced.
Discard thickness is the maximum acceptable wear limit. Once the rotor is worn beyond discard thickness, it must be replaced. The difference between discard and minimum refinish thickness is the margin the vehicle manufacturer believes is necessary to allow for normal wear between brake jobs. It varies considerably from one vehicle manufacturer to the next, and according to vehicle size and type of brakes used.
The margin specified on most domestic passenger cars is around 0.015." The range is 0.020" to 0.030" for most imports. A few, such as Jaguar, have as much as a 0.050" difference between minimum refinish thickness and discard thickness.
Thickness should be measured with a micrometer at six evenly spaced points around the rotor. The smallest measurement should be used since this is how far the rotor will have to be machined to restore the surface.
Measuring at various points around the rotor will reveal any variations in rotor thickness or parallelism. Both surfaces of the rotor must be within the manufacturer’s specified tolerances for parallelism, otherwise the rotor can cause excessive pedal travel (by kicking the pads too far out as it turns), front end vibration, pedal pulsation, and chatter.
Parallelism specs recommended by various vehicle manufacturers range from as low as 0.0001" to as high as 0.0008." Refer to reference charts to determine how much correction, if any, is needed.
Another critical rotor dimension is runout. Lateral runout is the movement of the rotor from side to side as it turns. Excessive runout will kick the pads out as the rotor turns, creating excessive clearance requiring increased pedal travel when brakes are applied.
Runout specifications vary from as low as 0.002" to as high as 0.006." You should always refer to the particular specs listed by the vehicle manufacturer when checking runout.
Runout is checked with a dial indicator while the rotor is still on the car. If run-out exceeds the recommended limit, the rotor must be resurfaced or replaced.
Drums and rotors should always be inspected for heat cracks, distortion, damage, and hard spots prior to resurfacing. Cracks, damage and hard spots call for replacement. If distortion can’t be eliminated within the limits of resurfacing, replacement will also be necessary. | <urn:uuid:cb7413c3-d1fb-4587-b1d2-eb8e1ade2576> | {
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Is Too Much Sitting Harming Your Body?
Dr. Elan Goldwaser discusses the dangers of prolonged sitting, how it causes more than just back pain, and ways to undo the damage.
Our bodies were not designed to sit for long periods of time, yet most of us are guilty of sitting too much. Regardless of our age or occupation, we sit — in front of a screen — far more frequently than we should be. While more and more studies confirm the negative effects of a sedentary life, the good news is that people can actively address the wear-and-tear with some simple changes.
Dr. Elan Goldwaser, an osteopathic physician with NewYork-Presbyterian Lawrence Hospital who is a non-operative sports medicine specialist, spoke with Health Matters about how sitting too long can harm our bodies — from our necks, through our backs, and even down to our feet — and discusses steps people can take to stay healthy, high functioning, and pain-free.
What is the impact of sitting all day?
As sitting all day becomes more accepted, we decondition ourselves, and when we’re deconditioned, we end up increasing our risk for injury.
It’s about posture more than anything else. The neck gets tense and tight because we’re straining. This is assuming we don’t have great posture to begin with. We’re arching our necks up a little bit, which increases the curvature of our necks, or cervical lordosis. It puts a strain on our trapezius muscle, which connects to the shoulder and the upper back to hold the neck up in place. Over time that becomes tender, painful, and tight. We begin to develop those classic “knots.”
Then the whole back starts to arch forward because the muscles get a little strained and thus a little weaker. As the back starts coming forward, the body is almost caving in on itself. The lower back bears the brunt of the strain.
What are the most serious problems caused by sitting too much?
One of the bigger problems is that the discs in between our lumbar vertebrae start to bulge, which usually becomes a chronic problem. When a disc bulges or even herniates, the muscles around it start to lock up to hold everything in place so we can’t damage it further. Which is fine if we don’t move, but that’s not what our bodies were made for. We’re made to move, and when we try to stand and move again, we’re asking these tight muscles to comply but they’re not going to. All these awkward stresses on the body are collectively called “biomechanical instability.”
You mentioned that biomechanical instability often begins at the hips and lower back, and that weak hips are “borderline epidemic.”
People will come in — especially kids — and they’ll say, “My ankles hurt a little bit and my knees hurt a little in front, usually after sports.” I ask if they have hip pain and usually they’ll say no. But when we examine them, their hips are not only really weak but there’s often tenderness on the sides of their hips where the gluteus muscles attach.
When you’re sitting, you’re putting all your muscles into a different kind of posture. So you’re stretching some of the hamstring muscles, you’re loosening some of the quadriceps, and you’re creating a different kind of posture for your hips. When you go to stand up, you end up trying to put the pelvis back into a standing position and some of these muscles get irritated and strained in the process. You could even compress nerves and develop common issues like sciatica from sitting too much.
How do weak hips affect the rest of your body?
Think of the hips as the keystone for the body — they have to be strong and sturdy to hold the legs and torso in a good alignment. To maintain good posture, the hips have to battle against gravity. As hips weaken and gravity wins out, the legs collapse inward, putting pressure on your kneecaps and eventually causing the feet to flatten.
If the hips aren’t strong enough, they can’t hold themselves up when we try to take a step. They end up dropping with each step we take, which can lead to hip pain.
To compensate for these poor leg mechanics, the low back starts to take on extra strain as it unnaturally bends against the hip dropping during every step. This eventually causes pain that travels up the spine and into the neck.
We’re twisting our muscles into positions that they don’t normally like to exist in for long periods of time. When that happens, the back starts to slump forward, we develop poor posture, the muscles themselves get a little strained — and that strain becomes weakness.
We start developing back pain because our bodies are evolutionarily not supposed to be seated for long periods of time.
Are you seeing any trends in certain types of injuries?
The flat feet, the kneecap pain, and the weak hips — I see those across the entire spectrum of ages and sports.
Sitting doesn’t just affect the bones and muscles. It affects metabolism as well, and as we gain weight, it’s more pressure and increased force that go through the joints and can cause more injury.
You also see decreased blood flow. People end up with more varicose veins. Even blood flow to the brain gets a little dampened and you get “foggy brain,” where you’re a little slower just because your blood isn’t moving as smoothly as it should.
I also see plenty of e-athletes who play video games for sport. This population has a unique challenge in that they’re encouraged to sit and play video games all day as part of their training. So when I counsel them on the importance of standing, stretching, and moving, I’m met with incredulous looks and disbelief.
Are there specific exercises you recommend?
My team and I recommend core exercises for hip stabilization and strengthening. There are two exercises that I’m a big fan of: One is the “clamshell,” where you lie on your side with your knees bent and you have a stretchy band around your knees and you’re opening one leg and slowly closing it. The second one is the “bird dog,” where you’re on all fours and you lift one leg straight out behind you and the opposite arm straight out in front of you. These are excellent for hip strengthening. There are others, too, like the abductor machine in the gym, where you’re sitting and you press the panels out on the sides with your knees.
Is there a recommended amount of movement to counteract the effects of sitting?
Yes, absolutely. It’s recommended that we get about 20 minutes of exercise a day, seven days a week, or 30 minutes on five days. Whether it’s walking or jogging, continuous or split up, the act of moving in itself is enough to counteract the effects of sitting. Building up muscle strength is also helpful.
We can’t get away from sitting. We have to be at our computers doing work. So any exercise is better than none at all. Whether it’s standing desks, treadmill desks, or frequent breaks, we all have the challenge of finding our own life hacks to getting exercise in where we can to stay strong and live healthy lives.
This is the second in a series on the health impacts of sitting.
Elan Goldwaser, D.O., is an osteopathic physician with NewYork-Presbyterian Lawrence Hospital who is a non-operative sports medicine specialist and an assistant professor of sports medicine at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. He cares for athletes of all levels and ages, with a specialty focus on office-based interventions that accelerate healing, including the latest in ultrasound diagnostics and interventions, as well as cutting-edge technologies such as PRP and stem cell therapies. Dr. Goldwaser serves as the team physician for the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association, Fordham University Athletics, and the New York Streets arena football team, and as ringside physician for the New York State Athletic Commission. | <urn:uuid:c7060d29-0f29-44dc-a253-6cb6d9bf1314> | {
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Alphabet Publishing must have been feeling generous! Not only did they send me Classroom Community Builders (Burns), but I also received a copy of Successful Group Work by Patrice Palmer. This book hasn’t been out long, so it’s the perfect time for a review!
Successful Group Work is a short book of 13 activities for teaching teamwork skills. Palmer begins by writing about some benefits of group work in the EFL classroom, such as increased student talk time and the chance to negotiate meaning. She highlights, however, that to ensure group work is effective learners first need to be aware of what makes it a success – that’s where teambuilding skills come in. Activities in the book are designed as a ‘complete course’, helping students identify and develop the necessary teamwork skills in order to succeed in group projects.
In defining ‘teamwork skills’, Palmer refers to a list compiled by the Conference Board of Canada, clearly stating how each of the activities in the book focus on these various skills. Some examples include:
- Recognising and respecting diversity
- Contributing to a team
- Understanding and working within the dynamics of a group
- Planning, designing or carrying out a task
There are some good tips in the introduction about setting clear expectations and post-task reflection. (more…) | <urn:uuid:e5d6f224-dbef-4e79-ac51-11d4d55f53dc> | {
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The Yarrol Province in eastern-central Queensland contains rocks ranging from latest Silurian to Permian. Devonian corals are locally abundant within the Yarrol Province, but their preservation is typically poor compared to the well-known Carboniferous coral faunas of this Province. Whilst deposition began in the Yarrol Province in the latest Silurian, the oldest corals found are Early Devonian. Except for the Mount Etna coral fauna, the Devonian corals had not been systematically described.
There are five, major, latest Silurian to Middle Devonian geological units recognised. These are the Late Silurian to Middle Devonian Erebus beds and Craigilee beds, Early Devonian Calliope beds, Early? to Middle Devonian Capella Creek Group (containing the Mount Dick beds, Mount Warner Volcanic and Raspberry Creek Formation, with its Ginger Creek Member), and the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Marble Waterhole beds. All of these five units have produced corals. Most of the corals from the Capella Creek Group are from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian to Givetian) Raspberry Creek Formation, with only rare occurrences in the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Mount Warner Volcanics, and none in the Mount Dick beds which is lowest unit of the Capella Creek Group. On the basis of differences in rock types, stratigraphy, geochemistry and geophysics, the latest Silurian to Middle Devonian units have been placed into three tectono-stratigraphic assemblages. From east to west, the Calliope beds is placed in the Calliope Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage; the Erebus beds is placed in the Erebus Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage; and the Craigilee beds, Capella Creek Group and Marble Waterhole beds are placed in the Mount Morgan Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage.
The Late Devonian to earliest Carboniferous strata of the Yarrol Province are split into seven units: Mount Hoopbound Formation, Balaclava Formation, Lochenbar Formation, Three Moon Conglomerate, Mount Alma Formation, Yarwun beds, and Channer Creek beds . These geological units are interpreted as part of the Bindawalla Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage. Fossil corals have been collected from all these units except for the Balaclava Formation and the Yarwun beds. All the corals collected from these units appear to be restricted to the Frasnian, with no Famennian or Early Carboniferous corals found. In the Three Moon Conglomerate and Mount Alma Formation, the corals were only found as clasts in mass-flow conglomerates. Only two coral specimens were collected from the Mount Alma Formation. Although fossil bearing conglomerates were found in only a few places within the Three Moon Conglomerate, a large number of specimens and species were collected. Fossil corals were sparse in the Mount Hoopbound Formation and the Channer Creek beds. A large number of specimens and species were recovered from the shallow marine Lochenbar Formation.
Mapping of the Bindawalla Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage has identified a large number of allochthonous limestone blocks. Coral faunas have been collected from several of these limestone masses, and the corals indicate that limestones of both Early and Middle Devonian age have been eroded from the older tectono-stratigraphic assemblages.
The taxonomic study of all pre-existing collections, and the extensive collections made during the recent stratigraphic mapping of the province, has identified 78 species of rugose and tabulate corals belonging to 43 genera.
Forty-three species were referred to previously described taxa: Tryplasma wellingtonensis Etheridge, 1907, Rhizophyllum parvum Strusz, 1970, Microplasma caespitosum (Schluter, 1882), Microplasma ronense (Mansuy, 1913), Pseudomicroplasma australe (Etheridge, 1892), Pseudamplexus princeps (Etheridge, 1907), Barrandeophyllum cavum Hill, 1954, Endophyllum columna columna (Hill, 1942), Blysmatophyllum multigemme Zhen, 1994, Mictocystis sp. cf. M. endophylloides Etheridge, 1908, Sanidophyllum davidis Etheridge, 1899, Tabulophyllum abrogatum (Hill, 1942), Acanthophyllum (Acanthophyllum) clermontense (Etheridge, 1911), Dohmophyllum clarkei Hill, 1942, Grypophyllum jenkinsi Strusz, 1966, Xystriphyllum insigne Hill, 1940, Xystriphyllum sp. cf. X. magnum Hill , 1942, Stringophyllum bipartitum Hill, 1942, Stringophyllum quasinormale Hill, 1942, Columnaria jenkinsi Wright, 1990, Disphyllum caespitosum (Goldfuss, 1826), Amaraphyllum amoenum Pedder, 1970, Argutastrea hullensis (Hill, 1954), Chalcidophyllum gigas Pedder, 1972, Chostophyllum gregorii (Etheridge, 1892), Piceaphyllum menyouense (Hill & Jell, 1971), Temnophyllum turbinatum Hill, 1954, Phillipsastrea carinata Hill, 1942, Favosites careyi Jell & Hill, 1970, Favosites duni Etheridge, 1920, Favosites forbesi Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851 , Favosites goldfussi d' Orbigny, 1850, Favosites gothlandicus Lamarck, 1816, Favosites grandipora Etheridge, 1890, Squameofavosites bryani (Jones, 1937), Squameofavosites nitidus (Chapman, 1914), Thamnopora boloniensis (Gosselet, 1877), Alveolites caudatus Hill, 1954, Alveolites suborbicularis Lamarck, 1801, Heliolites daintreei Nicholson & Etheridge, 1879, Heliolites porosa (Goldfuss, 1826), Romingeria sp. cf. R. emergens (Quenstedt, 1881) , and Syringopora jonesi Jell & Hill, 1970.
There are 34 new species , of which, 20 have been named: Tryplasma careoseptis, Tryplasma abyssis, Aphyllum simplexum, Cystiphylloides magnusis, Breviphyllum mirourum, Smithiphyllum petercollsi, Smithiphyllum finseni, Tabulophyllum tholusum, Solipetra margaritatus, Papiliophyllum jelli, Disphyllum castellum, Disphyllum stupendum, Temnophyllum kroombitensis, Temnophyllum stainesi, Phillipsastrea maceria, Squameofavosites craigileei, Alveolites murrayi, Heliolites amplusa, Heliolites comminus, and Multithecopora tubus; and 14 species have been left in open nomenclature: Breviphyllum sp. nov. A, Metriophyllum? sp. nov . A, Tabulophyllum sp. nov. A, Dohmophyllum sp. nov. A, Embolophyllum sp. nov. A, Papiliophyllum sp. nov. A, Charactophyllum sp. nov. A, Charactophyllum sp. nov. B, Temnophyllum sp. nov. A, Phillipsastrea sp. nov. A, Thamnophyllum sp. nov. A., Favosites sp. nov. A, Favosites sp. nov. B, and Multithecopora sp. nov. A.
The rugose coral genus Calceola was recorded, but no specimens were found that were suitable for collection, therefore its species is left in open nomenclature.
The coral species have been assigned to six coral faunas. Three of the faunas, the Favosites, Papiliophyllum, and Tryplasma Faunas are from the Early Devonian. The Favosites Fauna is interpreted as Pragian, and the Papiliophyllum and Tryplasma Faunas are both considered as early Emsian. The Phillipsastrea and Amaraphyllum Faunas are from the Middle Devonian, and the former is interpreted as Eifelian, and the Amaraphyllum Fauna Givetian. The youngest Devonian fauna, the Temnophyllum Fauna, is Late Devonian, spanning much of the Frasnian.
The Early and Middle Devonian coral faunas are most similar to coral faunas in Asia, with lesser similarities to the coral faunas of North America and Europe. This is consistent with the finding of other researchers, and supports the tectonic model of Australia occupying the northeastern seaboard of Gondwana with the North China and South China Blocks proximally located to the northwest. The Late Devonian coral fauna is unusual, in that it is more similar to the distal European and North American coral faunas than the more proximal Asian faunas.
The Early Devonian coral faunas delineated in this thesis correlate with the Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblages proposed by the Geological Survey of Queensland during their re-mapping of the Yarrol Province during the mid to late 1990s . The Favosites Fauna is confined to the Calliope Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage; the Papiliophyllum Fauna to the Erebus Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage, and the Tryplasma Fauna to the Mount Morgan Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage. The contrast in the geology and the coral faunas of the three Late Silurian to Middle Devonian tectono-stratigraphic assemblages supports the tectonic model that interprets these assemblages as representing separate oceanic arcs.
As there does not appear to be any differentiation in the geological history nor the coral faunas of the Late Devonian geological units, they are considered a single, widespread tectono-stratigraphic assemblage, the Bindawalla Tectono-Stratigraphic Assemblage. | <urn:uuid:b5410fc5-46ca-4e7e-8221-285694507a7b> | {
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Many people suffer from health related problems today and they slowly begin to realize how important health is. They began to take steps to maintain their health and fitness. Taking your health care right includes many things from changing your eating habits and lifestyles to avoid unhealthy foods etc. At the same time, if you suffer from a disease or a problem, you also need to take medication to treat that condition.
To treat any disease, you have 2 choices. Either you can choose for natural health products or choose chemical-based drugs prescribed by a doctor. Chemical-based drugs can provide quick assistance, but they can prove to be very dangerous in the long run. They can cause unwanted side effects that are difficult to get rid of. In addition, your body might get used to such medicines and you will only feel better when you take medicine. After you stop using it, the disease will usually return again.
For this reason, it is strongly recommended to use natural health products to treat health conditions. Don’t put your health using chemicals and antibiotics. Natural health products can treat almost all types of health problems ranging from kidney problems, diabetes, obesity, heart problems, and more. However, it may need a little longer to start seeing results. But don’t worry because your illness is likely to be treated from the root and in the end can disappear. You can enjoy a healthy life without having to depend on drugs.
At the same time, you have to be a little careful here. Because of the increasing interest in people in natural health products, many fake products have appeared on the market. There are many products labeled as ‘natural’ but contain hazardous chemicals and are not made of natural ingredients. Natural health products do not require FDA approval so that there is a risk here that something sold as a natural product may actually not be so. For this reason, you must stick to the company and the famous seller when buying natural health medicines. One way to do research is to go to a large shopping portal like Amazon or eBay and check the user reviews and feedback for certain company products.
You might also consult a well-known health practitioner who has expertise in alternative care such as homeopathy, Ayurvedic or Unani. These people can prescribe medicines for you after diagnosing your condition. You can feel much safer in using the products they recipeer than just buying something yourself. | <urn:uuid:1360e759-810b-4312-b4e7-a8def9cf7f75> | {
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The postcard above shows the stupendous engineering works underway in Place Saint-Michel in 1904-5 when Métro line 4 was under construction. This is the point where the tunnel passes beneath the Seine en-route for Porte d’Orleans in the south of the city. Construction techniques had greatly advanced in the decades since London built its first underground lines and the new line was described in detail in the pages of The Sphere magazine from December 1905 reproduced below. The subterranean gloom on the postcards has vanished from today’s Métro where the system runs with a level of reliability and efficiency that Londoners can only dream of. The network continues to expand – an extension of line 4 from Porte d’Orleans to Montrouge will open next year and other schemes exist elsewhere in the city. The French find ways to finance their infrastructure projects from public funds without resorting to the ruinous public-private partnerships that stifle progress in the neo-liberal capital of Babylon on Thames. The state-owned RATP that has responsibility for all public transport in the Paris region has recently acquired London United Busways and operates 80 routes across London. Presumably the profits they make can be applied toward the cost of developing new projects for the benefit of Parisians. | <urn:uuid:74992c6a-0f27-4b5a-a85d-4ec57418f61d> | {
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There were many factors that led to the initial outbreak of World War I in Europe. A constant struggle to gain the upper hand in the balance of power existed, and it resulted in the formation of many alliances between European nations. For the most part, these agreements stipulated that the nations would aid one another if one of them were to be attacked by an enemy. Eventually two distinct sides formed: the Allies and the Central Powers. The former consisted of Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, while the latter was made up of Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and what was left of the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism was an important factor in the outbreak of war as well.
The French desperately wanted revenge against Germany, as well as the return of the Alsace-Lorraine region, which Germany had seized, from them. The Germans had their own nationalism at work, as their government took great pride in the industrial growth of the country, as well as the mounting power of their military. Conflict for power existed not only in Europe, but also because of imperialism it spread across much of the Eastern Hemisphere. First and foremost, economic rivalries had developed between Britain, Germany, and France. The two Allied members of the group were very concerned about their Central opponent, as both wished to contain Germanys territorial claims on the resource- and labor-rich continent of Africa.
But what would ultimately lead to the outbreak of the First World War was Germanys ever-increasing belief in militarism. The German military power had continued to grow as their industrial sector did the same; such power was seen as a symbol of national pride by the government. Other nations had built up their arms stockpiles as well, though they did not glorify it nearly as much as the Germans did. Nevertheless, the availability of arms, when combined with other political and economic factors, meant that a full-scale conflict was all but unavoidable. Billions upon billions of dollars worth of resources were poured into manpower and resources in World War I, yet after millions of lives were being lost to gruesome trench warfare, little was being gained by either side; for all their toils, the Allies and Central Powers were at a stalemate. The United States, tied to British trade, and supporters of their system of democracy, broke their official neutrality policy that dated back to the days of George Washington and joined the Allied powers.
U. S. support would prove to be enough of a boost to strike down the Central Powers attack, and it also signaled Americas entrance into the peace negotiations that followed. During a speech to Congress while the war was still going on, President Woodrow Wilson introduced his Fourteen Points, which called for a new Europe and a peaceful world. Ideas expressed in the speech included a policy of open diplomacy with no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of tariffs, arms reduction, fair colonial policies, as well as several boundary changes in Europe.
But most important of all was point fourteen. This item called for a general association of nations for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. This association, which would come to be known as the League of Nations, was conceived by the idealistic Wilson to keep the peace after the war and to promote open diplomacy between countries of varying types of size and power. In order to maintain peace the league was to be given the authority to impose economic sanctions against offending states, and it additionally called for its member states to respect the territorial boundaries of their neighbors. All of this was to take place without the league having any power to back it up.
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The Galloway Gazette continues its series of articles about The Great War and, this week, the aftermath of the Battle of Jutland, which took place on May 31st 1916.
News of local casualties from the great sea battle between the British and German Navies off the coast of Denmark appeared in print a fortnight later.
The Galloway Gazette, June 10th, 1916
SIGNALMAN FEARED LOST
Amongst those who are presumed to have been lost in the sinking of the HMS Invincible in the battle of Jutland is a very promising Newton Stewart lad, Signalman Henry Armstrong, the eldest son of police Sergeant Armstrong, Newton Stewart.
Henry Armstrong was 18 year old and had joined the Navy 15 months before his death. Previously he had worked in Newton Stewart where he was a member of the Boys’ Brigade. He had visited his parents just two weeks before sailing with his ship.
Some years before, Henry had a narrow escape from drowning in the Kirk Pool of the River Cree and had to be rescued by another member of the Boys’ Brigade, Samuel McGowan. A few months before Henry’s death, Samuel also gave his life for his Country, having been killed in action at Gallipoli.
Also serving in the navy on HMS Hannibal was Henry’s younger brother John, who worked in Newton Stewart Post Office before joining up.
CASTLE DOUGLAS BOYS DROWNED
It was also feared that three Castle Douglas youths had gone down in the battle - Stokers A Middleton and R White, of the Indefatigable, and Stoker Young of the Invincible.
Middleton was one of five brothers all serving in the forces. Four other brothers were in the army, two of which had been wounded. The eldest son William had been wounded three times and was then convalescing at home. | <urn:uuid:259dc74f-ed16-457d-af2d-44d37958882e> | {
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Seattle Volunteer Firefighter
The Seattle Fire division is continuing to grow over time to accommodate Seattle's growth, in both populace plus size. The division typically happens to be close-knit, happy with the commitment of its members. From its early days as a volunteer device, its roots had been as a social and fraternal business. Gaining users from armed services, the fire fighting product was known as the "fight Division, " by the mid-twentieth century had created a strong male tradition. The story regarding the ladies who changed the picture of female firefighters from the unusual into the usual is regarded as courage, dedication, and perseverance.
Early Years: 1883-1915
The town of Seattle was integrated in 1869 but with no founded means to protect the City from "accidents by fire." Conditions in earlier charters were created for regulating markets, burying the dead, and stopping pets from working at-large, but fire-protection wasn't included until 1883. That year, the Charter produced a fire division and provided for "fire engines as well as other device, and a sufficient availability of liquid, and also to levy and gather unique fees for these purposes." Gear purchases were financed, yet not firefighters.
Seattle had seven volunteer fire businesses because of the late 1880s. Following damaging Great Fire of 1889, a professional fire division was made with five district fire channels and a fire motorboat. By 1895 the Department contains "sixty-two males totally compensated and ten men at Fremont partially paid."In the early several years of the Fire division, there is a thin range between your individual and work resides. The Department acted as an intermediary whenever outdoors debts needed to be reduced, bore in your mind reasons behind tardiness whenever assigning demerits, and frequently gotten letters from landlords yet others inquiring about employment status regarding the firefighters.
By 1909, the amount used in the Seattle Fire division had grown to "an overall total of 228 full-paid guys" by 1916, the sheer number of those in the "manual power" had been 611. A merit system ended up being introduced in 1914 to manage control for violation of principles; tardiness ended up being the most frequent offense.
Totally Manned: 1915-1960
During World War I, the main expressed concern that division was not "fully manned." He noted in 1917 that "if the experienced and trained guys continue to keep the division it will probably surely cripple its efficiency really materially." But the problem quickly righted it self following the war, while the 611 men on the handbook power in 1917 risen up to 652 by 1925.
a target training methods amongst the wars formed Seattle's reputation as a design for other individuals in nation on education. In 1921, a School of Instruction was implemented to "institute uniform and standard means of dealing with gear and instructing members." Drill work and endurance and health and fitness examinations had been developed. Testing showed that actual decline coincided with an increase in age. Routine calisthenics were instituted in 1921, and were required for members of each change for 15 to thirty minutes just about every day.
A system of drill school training ended up being implemented on September 1, 1934. In the place of practicing four months out from the 12 months and only at downtown programs, the exercises had been done all year around at each and every fire section. Exercises were conducted randomly without advance notice in order that programs had to be ready anytime.
Down in numbers once again considering World War II, the Department made use of the Volunteer Auxiliary in 1943 and 1944. Trained and preserved as a unit associated with the regular division, the Auxiliary had been thanked by the Chief inside the 1943 yearly report. "providing completely without settlement, so when direct share to your war energy, they've contributed a large number of man-hours of their own time so they could be willing to defend this town from fires or just about any other catastrophe."
Men gone back to the Department after the war, but and morale had been large. A fresh 8-hour move was implemented in 1947, requiring the hiring of a large number of extra firefighters, plus "intensified instruction." The 1947 annual report claimed that those entering the Department from armed forces solution were an asset: "Their particular enthusiasm carried throughout the business, and for that reason, worker respect and morale achieved brand new highs."
Morale continued to be high through the 1950s. Two way radio capability had been introduced throughout first-line units in 1950; station wagons followed aid cars beginning in 1958, allowing stretchers becoming transported to hospitals immediately. By 1959 the Fire division followed an innovative new fire signal according to nationwide criteria. Additionally they created a "revolutionary fire fighting curriculum" that was unique to Seattle.The many innovative event associated with the decade, however, had not been pointed out into the annual report. In January 1959, Claude Harris, the very first African-American firefighter, joined the Department. In 1985, however come to be Fire Chief. | <urn:uuid:6121bb4c-8f82-4737-85fd-79678abaf8e8> | {
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Building AI tools that are less dependent on human behaviour and instead focused on objective and factual outcomes can minimise the biases
Many companies are on a high visibility campaign to recruit more women in line with their gender diversity policy. TCS, for instance, has recently announced the initiative ‘Rebegin’ to attract women with work experience to rejoin after a break. Similarly, several tech companies such as Dell, Microsoft, Accenture and IBM have been wooing women with experience to return to work. At the same time, there is a concern that when women apply for jobs there is an unconscious bias towards women which blocks their entry into the workforce. The entire traditional recruitment process starting with job descriptions, screening, interviewing and selection of the candidates is often biased by traditional mindsets specially towards women.
Recognising the need to overcome gender bias in the recruitment process, firms such as Mozilla and BBC have started using blind hiring, that is, without the need for the candidate to specify gender or name while sending in the application. An industry survey has found that increasingly, companies are using automated tools for hiring for almost every stage of the lifecycle of hiring. Estimates indicate almost 55% of HR leaders in the US are using such tools for hiring. The process of recruitment therefore has got diversified to include tech based assessments that help in knowing the capability of candidates based on test outcomes. Lately, some have started using AI and algorithm to eliminate biases and bring in objectivity in the decision-making process. Language tools supported by AI are enabling managers to word the job descriptions with more care and eliminate gender related words.
Yet there have also been indications that AI tools may end up strengthening the biases leading to worse outcomes for women in the context of hiring. The classic example is that of Amazon which had to scrap its automated recruitment programme as it was discovered that the program had an in-built bias against women. The hiring tool was supposed to rate the candidates on a score of one to five stars, thus highlighting the top candidates that could be considered for hiring. The tool was trained to rate and identify candidates based on an algorithm that had the intelligence drawn from the hiring patterns followed in the previous 10 years when mostly male candidates were hired. As a result the program did not recognise women talent and female candidates were not considered.
It is possible to address such issues and build AI tools that are less dependent on human behaviour and are focused on objective and factual outcomes. In his HBR article, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic states three ways to get the most out of AI tools which would minimise or eliminate gender discrimination. First, by automating all unstructured interviews and eliminating human ratings, it would be possible to reduce the bias and encourage meritocracy. Next he says, AI tools can be trained to ignore biases such as gender and focus solely on specific competences.
Third, these tools could be trained to identify the actual performance drivers that would assess the human potential valuable for the business.
Even with the best of attempts to make algorithms bias free and enable fairer recruitment processes, biases could still creep into the algorithms. Therefore, algorithmic audits are now proposed to ensure standards of coding are followed and thus minimise the biases.
Originally appeared in Financial Express | <urn:uuid:6451a613-b4f8-45cc-b8ca-c8af5bfa618a> | {
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Analysis of UK GP records by researchers at the University of Birmingham indicates that otherwise “metabolically healthy” obese people do have a statistically higher chance of heart disease, stroke or mini stroke (transient ischaemic attack) and heart failure compared to healthy people of normal (recommended) weight.
Mundasad, S. (2017). ‘Fat but fit is a big fat myth’. London: BBC Health News, May 17th 2017.
‘Fat but fit’ still at higher risk of heart disease. London: NHS Choices; Behind the Headlines, May 17th 2017.
There is a press release, too, but as yet no formal publication:
EurekAlert! (2017). Study of 3.5 million people shows ‘healthy’ obese people are still at higher risk of cardiovascular disease events than the general population. EurekAlert! European Association for the Study of Obesity; European Congress on Obesity (ECO2017), May 16th 2017.
October 2017 Update: Proposed Hospitals Ban on High-Calorie Fast Foods and Snacks
Public Health England (PHE) wants hospitals to play their role in addressing obesity:
Hospitals in England to ban ‘super-size’ chocolate bars. London: BBC Health News, October 16th 2017.
Obesity Statistics From the OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has found Britain to be the “most obese nation” in Western Europe, with obesity rates having doubled over two decades, and 63% of UK adults being overweight,
UK most overweight country in Western Europe says OECD. London: BBC Health News, November 11th 2017.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
The is a charity, Beat, which provides help for persons with Binge Eating Disorder (and a range of other eating disorders).
Ives, L. (2018). ‘I’d binge on Nutella, eating a giant tub a week’. London: BBC Health News, September 29th 2018.
Epidemiology of the Double Burden of Malnutrition
Statistics on the so-called “Double Burden”; where overweight and undernourished people co-occur locally.
Hawkesworth, S. [and] Keir, L. (2018). The places where too many are fat and too many are thin. London: BBC Health News / Wellcome, October 24th 2018.
Obesity Reduces Life Expectancy: With an Obesity Paradox
Persons at the top and the bottom ends of the BMI spectrum tend to have shorter lives.
Westbrook, I. (2018). Being too fat or too thin ‘can cost four years of life’. London: BBC Health News, October 31st 2018.
Possibly of interest:
Restrictions on laxative sales in the UK to stop misuse. London: BBC Health News, August 18th 2020.
Possible Reason Why Obesity is Associated With Elevated Cancer Risk
Over one in 20 cancer cases (estimated 22,800 cases per year in the UK) could be caused by excess body weight, according to Cancer Research UK.
Fat-clogged cells explain why obesity can cause cancer. London: BBC Health News, November 12th 2018. | <urn:uuid:54fcbb19-f107-4892-83d4-81902946ae64> | {
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Cross-platform measurement: The number of marketing channels continues to expand, as measurement practices are growing in complexity. A cross-platform view must be used to unify audience measurement and media planning. Market researchers need to understand how the Omni-channel affects consumer's behaviour, although when advertisements are on a consumer's device this does not get measured. Significant aspects to cross-platform measurement involves de-duplication and understanding that you have reached an incremental level with another platform, rather than delivering more impressions against people that have previously been reached (Whiteside, 2016). An example is ‘ESPN and comScore partnered on Project Blueprint discovering the sports broadcaster achieved a 21% increase in unduplicated daily reach thanks to digital advertising’ (Whiteside, 2016). Television and radio industries are the electronic media, which competes with digital and other technological advertising. Yet television advertising is not directly competing with online digital advertising due to being able to cross platform with digital technology. Radio also gains power through cross platforms, in online streaming content. Television and radio continue to persuade and affect the audience, across multiple platforms (Fill, Hughes, & De Franceso, 2013).
Your social media strategy is more than just a Facebook profile or Twitter feed. When executed correctly, social media is a powerful customer engagement engine and web traffic driver. It’s easy to get sucked into the hype and create profiles on every single social site. This is the wrong approach. What you should do instead is to focus on a few key channels where your brand is most likely to reach key customers and prospects. This chapter will teach you how to make that judgment call.
It helps to improve your ranking for certain keywords. If we want this article to rank for the term ’SEO basics’ then we can begin linking to it from other posts using variations of similar anchor text. This tells Google that this post is relevant to people searching for ‘SEO basics’. Some experts recommend varying your anchor text pointing to the same page as Google may see multiple identical uses as ‘suspicious’.
First, we have a catchy story. A family making a world tour just thanks to Home Exchange! The couple are teachers with 3 kids. Everybody can identify to them. And they realise the dream of those people watching and it is possible thanks to Home Exchange. Anyone would like to understand how that is possible and would like to be in their place. That video, among other communication tools, created huge publicity for them. They have been contacted by the number one channel in France to make a TV report on their project! http://y2u.be/e29F5n3ea0I
But, just like blogging, this trend has also encouraged plenty of low-quality, rapidly produced content. Although this content may not actually work very well, it does compete for attention with any content you create. It makes it even more challenging for a B2B or B2C buyer to discover the video that will actually answer their question or solve their problem.
You’ll want to use email, blogging, and social media tactics to increase brand awareness, cultivate a strong online community, and retain customer loyalty. Consider sending personalized emails to past customers to impress or inspire them -- for instance, you might send discounts based off what they’ve previously purchased, wish them a happy birthday, or remind them of upcoming events. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=e29F5n3ea0I
Consider the average cost-per-click in your industry. Before deciding that SEM is right for your business, research and consider how much you’ll need to spend to show in paid search results. Keywords have varying cost-per-clicks based on competition. If your cost-per-click is low, it might be the right strategy for you. On the flipside, a very high cost-per-click might make you decide you’re better off focusing on SEO.
In all instances, this approach works by integration of the slope, so vertical slopes and overhangs are ignored; for instance, if an entire sphere lies on a flat, little more than the upper hemisphere is seen emerging above the flat, resulting in wrong altitude of the sphere apex. The prominence of this effect depends on the angle of the BSE detectors with respect to the sample, but these detectors are usually situated around (and close to) the electron beam, so this effect is very common.
Collaborative Environment: A collaborative environment can be set up between the organization, the technology service provider, and the digital agencies to optimize effort, resource sharing, reusability and communications. Additionally, organizations are inviting their customers to help them better understand how to service them. This source of data is called User Generated Content. Much of this is acquired via company websites where the organization invites people to share ideas that are then evaluated by other users of the site. The most popular ideas are evaluated and implemented in some form. Using this method of acquiring data and developing new products can foster the organizations relationship with their customer as well as spawn ideas that would otherwise be overlooked. UGC is low-cost advertising as it is directly from the consumers and can save advertising costs for the organisation. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7bNPg8UbhaE&feature=youtube_gdata
After you’ve determined the type of music you need, it’s time to start analyzing potential songs. Consider the song’s pacing. Songs with a steady rhythm are easy to change to suit your video style. Hoping to include your favorite, Top 40 hit? Popular, radio songs are usually structured in 4-5 parts and can be difficult to transition. Try to choose simple songs that are easy to loop. If you’re looking for an instrumental song, be sure to find something that was recorded with real instruments. Songs made with digital samples can make your video feel unprofessional and out of date.
Completion rate: Completion rate is the number of people who completed your video divided by the number of people who played it. Completion rate, and other engagement metrics, are a great way to gauge a viewer’s reaction to your video. Do you have a low completion rate? Are people all dropping off at a certain point? This might be a sign that your video content is not resonating with your target audience.
Achieving video marketing success is sometimes seen as expensive and hard to do. Content creators are often disappointed with the amount of effort it takes to produce an online video versus the online exposure and visibility that it actually receives. What if your video could appear extremely high in the search engines and thousands of views could be obtained for an extremely low price point?
Consider the age of your business. If you just opened your business and launched your website, it’s going to take time to develop your SEO and begin to appear organically in the search. While that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t put together an SEO strategy, it does mean that you could benefit from an SEM strategy until you build your SEO. SEM is an effective way to drive traffic while building organic SEO.
Maintenance. Ongoing addition and modification of keywords and website content are necessary to continually improve search engine rankings so growth doesn’t stall or decline from neglect. You also want to review your link strategy and ensure that your inbound and outbound links are relevant to your business. A blog can provide you the necessary structure and ease of content addition that you need. Your hosting company can typically help you with the setup/installation of a blog.
You may not want certain pages of your site crawled because they might not be useful to users if found in a search engine's search results. If you do want to prevent search engines from crawling your pages, Google Search Console has a friendly robots.txt generator to help you create this file. Note that if your site uses subdomains and you wish to have certain pages not crawled on a particular subdomain, you'll have to create a separate robots.txt file for that subdomain. For more information on robots.txt, we suggest this Webmaster Help Center guide on using robots.txt files13.
Why It Worked So Well: It was the first of its kind, a reality show using the Google Glass. I became a Google Glass Explorer in July of 2013 and tried to think of strategies to use Glass to promote our clients at HJMT Public Relations, Inc. Through Glass, you can watch me scramble as my life takes unexpected twists and turns and see how I navigate through the life of being a small business owner. Glasslandia is a work of art that we pieced together using real video from a production company and video produced through Glass. Glasslandia shared a different point of view.
There are endless platforms for video marketing. YouTube, broadcast television, video boards and street marketing, you name it. The possibilities are endless. With a smartphone, consumers can access online video anytime, anywhere. The same is not true with traditional, paper marketing. With video, you can reach your audience wherever they are in a cost-effective way.
Video marketing needs to work across a number of channels to be extremely effective. Facebook is a truly social platform; videos aren’t easily searchable. Users see videos that appear in their newsfeeds because their network of peers have shared those videos. Users also aren’t necessarily looking to watch a video, because that isn’t the sole purpose of the site. Even if your content may be of interest to people, they may not see it because they scrolled right by. The autoplay feature of Facebook also means that videos play without audio unless a user clicks on it, which is tricky if your message requires sound.
A navigational page is a simple page on your site that displays the structure of your website, and usually consists of a hierarchical listing of the pages on your site. Visitors may visit this page if they are having problems finding pages on your site. While search engines will also visit this page, getting good crawl coverage of the pages on your site, it's mainly aimed at human visitors.
The third and final stage requires the firm to set a budget and management systems; these must be measurable touchpoints, such as audience reached across all digital platforms. Furthermore, marketers must ensure the budget and management systems are integrating the paid, owned and earned media of the company. The Action and final stage of planning also requires the company to set in place measurable content creation e.g. oral, visual or written online media.
Finally, it’s critical you spend time and resources on your business’s website design. When these aforementioned customers find your website, they’ll likely feel deterred from trusting your brand and purchasing your product if they find your site confusing or unhelpful. For this reason, it’s important you take the time to create a user-friendly (and mobile-friendly) website.
Vlogging has become huge on Youtube. Vloggers film multiple aspects of their daily lives whether they be mundane, like preparing breakfast, or exciting, like going on vacation. Businesses and entrepreneurs have slowly been invading the vlogging world lately; and in 2019, you can expect this practice to become even more popular. Reason? Vlogging gives your viewers a peek into your life and can help you form a better connection with your audience. https://m.youtube.com/embed/7bNPg8UbhaE | <urn:uuid:22191222-edad-44ac-a741-ba161c68bcfe> | {
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Subsets and Splits