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[ { "plaintext": "Prince of Songkla University (PSU) (; ) is the first university in southern Thailand, established in 1967. The name of the university was granted by the King Bhumibol Adulyadej in honor of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla, the King's father.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1453076, 203756, 1588362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 84 ], [ 158, 176 ], [ 189, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The university consists of four campuses and one education service area. In 1968, the first permanent campus was established in Pattani. The campus in Hat Yai was opened in 1971 and is now the main campus, with more than 50% of the university's students. Other campuses were established in Phuket (1977) and Surat Thani (1990). Additionally, the Trang education service area was founded in 1991 and later developed to be a campus of PSU in 1999. As 2007, the university offers 295 educational programs to its 34,000 students, including 18 international programs and three foreign language programs.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 489230, 482222, 236482, 180094, 194043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 135 ], [ 151, 158 ], [ 290, 296 ], [ 308, 319 ], [ 346, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince of Songkla University hosts hundreds of international students. The Phuket campus accommodates the most students from European and North American universities. The International Study Program in Phuket (ISPP) is multidisciplinary, offering courses in social sciences, history, intercultural communications, tourism, human resources, and international finance and economics.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1962 the Department of Provincial Administration was assigned by the Thai government, through the Southern Development Committee, to initiate a project to set up a university in southern Thailand in accordance with the Southern Development Plan. In 1965 the cabinet approved, in principle, that the main campus of the university was to be at Ruesamilae, an urban area of Pattani.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since the Pattani site abuts the sea, very high humidity and sea water vapor would lead to prohibitive maintenance costs for the upkeep of the engineering laboratory equipment and engineering teaching facilities. It was agreed to relocate the Faculty of Engineering to a new site. After a long search, it was decided that the Faculty of Engineering should be located in Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province. Lady Atthakraweesunthorn agreed to donate a plot of land totaling 690 rai (approximately 276 acres) at Tambon Korhong, Hat Yai district, Songkla Province, which was to be used as a new campus of Prince of Songkla University where the Faculty of Engineering would be based.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 52812, 32505, 482222, 752812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 56 ], [ 71, 76 ], [ 370, 377 ], [ 388, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1968 the National Assembly of Thailand passed the Prince of Songkla University Act, which became effective on 13 March of that year. Prince of Songkla University thus proclaimed 13 March as its “Foundation Day”. In 1969, the construction at Hat Yai campus was started. On 5 July 1971 when it was partially completed, about two hundred students and staff members of the Faculty of Engineering were moved to the new campus at Hat Yai.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14846736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince of Songkla University is always ranked in the top 10 universities of Thailand. The university was 481st worldwide in 2006 and 525th in 2007 in THES - QS World University Rankings which was the 7th and 6th Thai universities on the list, respectively.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Rankings", "target_page_ids": [ 25057928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the university performs as a successful cyber-university. In Thailand, it has topped the list of Thai universities for five non-consecutive times in 2008, 2009, and 2011. Prince of Songkla University is the first Thai university to make top 400 (January 2008), top 300 (January 2009) and top 200 (July 2009) of the world rankings. In July 2009, the university was ranked 175th in the world, 18th in Asia and 2nd in the Southeast Asia behind the National University of Singapore.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Rankings", "target_page_ids": [ 9809522, 5131769, 689, 28741, 286880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 48 ], [ 90, 95 ], [ 450, 454 ], [ 470, 484 ], [ 496, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince of Songkla University a member of 9 universities of Thailand National Research Universities Project", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Energy (CENE) officially started in April 2012, when the former Excellence Center ended. The former Center (October 2006 – March 2012) comprised three groups of the faculties from Pharmacy, Science and Engineering which had been doing research in drug delivery, multilayers for MEMs and membranes for nanofiltration, and engineering nanomaterials, respectively. They have published more than 40 articles in various international journals plus 10 petty patents and patents. For the present, CENE consists of two groups of faculties from Science and Engineering who both focus on the theme of \"Micro- and Nanoscale Energy\". This involves energy conversion, energy storage and energy saving.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The objectives and ultimate goals of CENE are:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1) to develop the materials and systems for energy conversion without using external power supply and no combustible fuels. The production of electricity is aimed to feed ultra-low and low-power consumption electronics.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2) to develop the thermal energy storage derived from agricultural products and waste crops. They are aimed to be environmental friendly from the starting process until the end of usage and recycling process.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3) to develop the nanomaterials for color and multifunctional films coated on window glasses for long-life using in buildings and cars.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the objectives and goals described above, it is believed that CENE achievement would lead to \"Clean Energy for Green City\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "National Research Universities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hat Yai Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Agro-Industry ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Dentistry ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Economics ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Engineering", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Environment Management ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Law", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Liberal Arts ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Management Sciences", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Medical Technology", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Medicine ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [ 56910777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Natural Resources ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Nursing", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Sciences ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Veterinary Sciences", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Institute of Peace Studies ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International College", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Graduate School", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Marine and Coastal Resources Institute", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pattani Campus ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Communication Sciences", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Education", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Nursing", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Political Sciences ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Sciences and Technology", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " College of Islamic Studies ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Phuket Campus ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of International Studies ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Technology and Environment", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " College of Computing", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Department of Computer Engineering", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Phuket Community College", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Earth System Science and Andaman Natural Disaster Management", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International College of Arts and Sciences, Phuket", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Surat Thani Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Liberal Arts and Management Sciences ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Sciences and Industrial Technology", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Innovative Agriculture and Fisheries", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International College", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Graduate School ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Trang Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Commerce and Management ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Faculty of Architecture", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " College of Innovation for Performing Arts and Management", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Faculties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "PSU's English website", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "rak-mor-or.com <in Thai>", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Prince of Songkla University Admissions", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Applications of Piezo and Pyroelectric Materials as Microsources of Energy Harvesting", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Faculty of Science", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Research And Development Office, Prince of Songkla University", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "CENE Official Site", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "uguidemag.com", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Universities_in_Thailand", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Songkhla_province", "Educational_institutions_established_in_1967", "1967_establishments_in_Thailand" ]

[ "Prince of Songkhla University", "Mahawitthayalai Songkhla Nakharin" ]

[ { "plaintext": "British Library, Add MS 40618 is a late 8th century illuminated Irish Gospel Book with 10th century Anglo-Saxon additions. The manuscript contains a portion of the Gospel of Matthew, the majority of the Gospel of Mark and the entirety of the Gospels of Luke and John. There are three surviving Evangelist portraits, one original and two 10th century replacements, along with 10th century decorated initials. It is catalogued as number 40618 in the Additional manuscripts collection at the British Library.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 92310, 337758, 12492, 12490, 12491, 12493, 2058291, 49148723, 18934361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 63 ], [ 70, 81 ], [ 164, 181 ], [ 203, 217 ], [ 253, 257 ], [ 262, 266 ], [ 294, 313 ], [ 448, 470 ], [ 489, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The manuscript has 66 surviving vellum folios. The pages are 130 by 105 mm. The text occupies an area of 101 by 73 mm. There are gatherings of 16 or 20 folios. The oak board used as the back cover survives along with a vellum cover from another book that was used as a wrapper starting in the 17th century.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The manuscript is missing several folios. The first 18 folios are missing from Matthew so the text begins at . There are two folios missing that contained the end of Matthew and the beginning of Mark. The remainder of Mark and the other two Gospels are complete. The original final page of John has been lost, but was replaced by a folio written in by a 10th-century Anglo-Saxon scribe. The original Evangelist portraits of Matthew, Mark and John have also been lost. In the 10th century Evangelist portraits were added to either replace or to supplement the originals. Of these the portraits of Luke and John survive.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 367, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The manuscript is a pocket gospel. The text belongs to the Irish Vulgate tradition with a few Old Latin readings. The manuscript is written in a pointed Insular minuscule in three hands, although the second hand wrote only a few lines on folio 51. Edward the Deacon, the scribe who wrote the Anglo-Saxon page at the end of John, wrote in an Anglo-Saxon minuscule that had some features of Carolingian minuscule. Edward added a colophon in rustic capitals (QUI LEGAT ORAT PRO SCRIPTORE EADVVARDO DIACONE – \"may he who reads this pray for the scribe Edward the deacon\").", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9206479, 32576, 430636, 1273671, 204495, 241268, 1104379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 65, 72 ], [ 94, 103 ], [ 153, 170 ], [ 389, 410 ], [ 427, 435 ], [ 439, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The portrait of Luke, which is the only surviving original miniature, strongly resembles the Evangelist portraits of the Book of Mulling. The Anglo-Saxon miniatures are done in an early version of the Winchester Style and were influenced by Carolingian illumination. The manuscript originally contained decorated initials. These were erased in the 10th century and new zoomorphic initials were repainted in an Anglo-Saxon style. The placement of the initials is unusual because lines are rarely broken to start a new paragraph. The text usually continues and the initial is omitted from its proper place and is instead inserted into the margin. This system is used in some Greek manuscripts including the Codex Alexandrinus. There are gold crosses, which were probably also added in the 10th century, in the margins of John.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 354195, 1049434, 1285343 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 136 ], [ 369, 379 ], [ 706, 724 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The manuscript is thought to have belonged to King Athelstan, who may have ordered the 10th century \"modernization\". On folio 66 verso there is a partially erased 12th century inscription which reads \"iste est liber sanct......\" Also on folio 66v are two ownership inscriptions. One indicates that in 1538 the book was owned by William Newman. The other indicates that in 1662 it was owned by Robert Lancaster. The manuscript was purchased by the British Museum at Sotheby's in 1922.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 58522, 4675, 541267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 60 ], [ 447, 461 ], [ 465, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British Library catalogue entry", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "British Library Digital Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts entry", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New Palaeographical Society, Series II, plates 140, 141.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Henry, F. \"An Irish Manuscript in the British Museum.\" Journal of The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 87 (1957) pp. 147–166. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lowe, E.A. Codices latini antiquiores (Oxford, 1934–1971), vol. 2, no. 179.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alexander, J.J.G. Insular Manuscripts, 6th to the 9th century (Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles), (Harvey Miller: London, 1978), no.46.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Temple, E. Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066 (Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles), (Harvey Miller: London, 1976), no.15.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Keynes, S. \"King Athelstan's Books.\" Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England, ed. M. Lapidge and H. Gneuss (Cambridge, 1985) pp. 143–201.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "McGurk, P. Gospel Books and Early Latin Manuscripts, Variorum Collected Studies (Aldershot, 1998) pp. I 250 and 261, II165-6 and 173–4, XII 14 and XIV 45.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gneuss, H. Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: A List of Manuscripts and Manuscript Fragments Written or Owned in England up to 1100 (Tempe, Arizona, 2001), no. 299.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Brown, K.L. and R.J. Clark, ‘The Lindisfarne Gospels and two other 8th century Anglo-Saxon/Insular manuscripts: pigment identification by Raman microscopy.’ Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 35 (2004), pp.4-12.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Gospel_Books", "Hiberno-Saxon_manuscripts", "Irish_manuscripts", "8th-century_biblical_manuscripts", "British_Library_additional_manuscripts", "Later_Anglo-Saxon_illuminated_manuscripts" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS) (Slovene: Statistični urad Republike Slovenije, SURS) is an independent Slovenian state institution in charge of official statistical surveying. It reports directly to the prime minister of Slovenia. One of the office's activities is a nationwide census every 10 years, the last one being conducted in 2011. The office is located at Litostrojska cesta 54 (54 Litostroj Street) in Ljubljana. As of August 2019, its director is Bojan Nastav.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28135, 27338, 272134, 27646969, 6889, 42374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 66 ], [ 130, 138 ], [ 180, 198 ], [ 230, 256 ], [ 305, 311 ], [ 438, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alojz Dular (1944–1945)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Silva Exel Škerlak (1945–1948)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Boris Debevec (1948–1951)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vojko Konvalinka (1951–1954)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rajko Kiauta (1954–1967)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Franta Komel (1967–1981)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tomaž Banovec (1981–2003)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Irena Križman (2003–2013)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Genovefa Ružić (2013–2019)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bojan Nastav (2019–)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Directors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "National_statistical_services", "Government_of_Slovenia", "Organizations_based_in_Slovenia" ]

[ "Statistical Office of Slovenia", "Statistični urad Republike Slovenije", "SURS" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Oldbury Camp (also known as Oldbury hill fort) is the largest Iron Age hill fort in south-eastern England. It was built in the 1st century BC by Celtic British tribes on a hilltop west of Ightham, Kent, in a strategic location overlooking routes through the Kentish Weald. The fort comprises a bank and ditch enclosing an area of about , with entrances at the north-east and south ends. Wooden gates barred the entrances. Archaeological excavations carried out in the 1930s and 1980s found that the hill fort's interior had probably not been permanently occupied. It had been abandoned around 50 BC and the north-east gate had been burned down, possibly due to a Roman invasion. The wooded southern part of Oldbury Camp is now owned and managed by the National Trust and is open to the public.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14711, 156693, 9316, 2208391, 671660, 16766, 261840, 99078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 71, 80 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 145, 159 ], [ 188, 195 ], [ 197, 201 ], [ 266, 271 ], [ 752, 766 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Camp is located near the village of Ightham, Kent. It is situated on the summit of Oldbury Hill, a partly wooded plateau on a north-south alignment on the Greensand Ridge. It is bounded by very steep natural cliffs on the eastern side, with commanding views over one of the main routes through the Weald. The hill fort covers an area of around and is of the multivallate type; while its defences mostly comprise a single bank and ditch surrounding the north, west and south of the hilltop, in a few places the bank is doubled to provide extra defences. The bank probably originally stood about high, though it survives only to a height of about , while the ditch is up to wide and is situated about below the bank's crest.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 9366470, 156693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 178 ], [ 367, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At least two entrances were constructed, on the north-east and southern ends of the hill fort. A spring is located near the centre of the site and would have ensured a constant supply of fresh water for the hill fort's defenders. Overhangs and hollows in the rocks on the eastern side of the hill fort were occupied as long ago as the Middle Palaeolithic period and are now known as the Oldbury rock shelters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 1158720, 1448362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 354 ], [ 387, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The hill fort was constructed during the first century BC, likely in a rapidly executed project carried out on a massive scale. Around 100 BC, a V-shaped ditch about deep was initially cut to form the outer perimeter of Oldbury Camp and the spoil was heaped up to form a bank. The defences follow a rough diamond shape, measuring north-south by east-west. The eastern side above the cliffs was probably defended only by a wooden pallisade, as the cliffs there made it unnecessary to continue the bank and ditch along the escarpment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 153859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 432, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The defences were subsequently strengthened by adding further material to the bank to create a glacis. The ditch was widened to give it a wide, flat bottom of the Fécamp type, named after a Gaulish oppidum near the eponymous town in Normandy. A stone revetment was constructed at the north-east entrance, probably with a wooden breastwork, above and beside a heavy wooden gate protected by a defensive outwork. The gate was destroyed by burning and a large quantity of sling stones was found nearby. Another gate was constructed at the south entrance but has been badly damaged by the construction of a modern road. It is not clear whether buildings existed in the hill fort's interior, although large quantities of pottery have been discovered there. Oldbury Camp was probably used only as a temporary shelter or a place of refuge, rather than as the site of a permanent settlement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 44430, 1126654, 652429, 21724, 1763009, 2893673, 2795352, 28347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 101 ], [ 163, 169 ], [ 198, 205 ], [ 233, 241 ], [ 251, 260 ], [ 328, 338 ], [ 402, 409 ], [ 469, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The reasons for the construction and eventual abandonment of Oldbury Camp are unclear, but it may have been built by a local tribe seeking to resist the invasion at the time of the Belgae, a tribal confederation from northern Gaul. They were evidently unsuccessful as the Belgae conquered and settled in Kent. The fort was abandoned around the time of Caesar's invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC and may have been attacked by the Romans, if the burned northern gate indicates an assault rather than slighting by retreating defenders. Parts of the site appear to have been reused for quarrying during the Roman period.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 506318, 36545, 5169185, 973614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 187 ], [ 226, 230 ], [ 352, 381 ], [ 501, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Camp has been excavated archaeologically twice: once in 1938 by John Bryan Ward-Perkins and again in 1983–84. While the 1938 excavations suggested that the hill fort had been built in two phases about half a century apart, this theory was abandoned as a result of the 1983–84 excavations determining that it was instead constructed as a single rapidly executed project. It had previously been thought that modifications to the defences were the result of the Belgae refortifying it against the Roman invasion but this now seems unlikely.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Excavations", "target_page_ids": [ 3342598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The southern part of Oldbury Hill and Styants Wood immediately to the west is now in the ownership of the National Trust, which acquired it in 1945, and is open to the public. It is managed by Kent County Council. The northern part is privately owned farmland, but is covenanted to protect it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Access", "target_page_ids": [ 1222511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oldbury Hill – National Trust", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Hill_forts_in_Kent", "Archaeological_sites_in_Kent", "Tonbridge_and_Malling", "National_Trust_properties_in_Kent", "1st_century_BC_in_Great_Britain", "Iron_Age_England" ]

[ "Oldbury Camp", "Large multivallate hillfort and Palaeolithic rock shelters at Oldbury Hill" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Kuldīga District () was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west. It was organized into a city and thirteen parishes, each with a local government authority. The main city in the district was Kuldīga.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3545082, 17514, 181080, 497735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 50 ], [ 54, 60 ], [ 73, 81 ], [ 239, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The district was located in the western part of Latvia on both sides of the Venta River. It had borders with 5 other former districts: Ventspils, Talsi, Tukums, Saldus and Liepāja. The borders of the district that it had when it was dissolved were established in 1950.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1145316, 5847437, 909625, 5847462, 5847746, 5847591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 87 ], [ 135, 144 ], [ 146, 151 ], [ 153, 159 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 172, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Districts were eliminated during the administrative-territorial reform in 2009.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The district occupied an area of 2,499.87km2, has a population of 37,119 — 13,335 in the main town of Kuldīga.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Railroads in Kuldīga district connect Riga to Liepāja and Liepāja to Ventspils, the latter being closed for public traffic. Also, one of the main roads in Latvia — route A9 from Riga to Liepāja goes through the territory. The main industries are agriculture, wood processing, forestry, and fish farming.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 25508, 168935, 494542, 627, 6395908, 53912, 153520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 42 ], [ 46, 53 ], [ 69, 78 ], [ 246, 257 ], [ 259, 274 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 290, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Piejuras Plains lie in the north-western part of the district. In the middle of the district are the Rietumkurzemes Heights with hills that are 100–120 m above sea level, the highest point being Vardupe Kalns with a peak at 140 m. In the northeast side of the district are the Austrumkurzemes Heights at 60–110 m above sea level. Hilly relief covers 35% of the district territory. There are more than 40 rivers longer than 5km, and 48 lakes bigger than 1km2. The largest rivers are the Venta River and the Abava River. Forests cover about 48% of the district territory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Terrain", "target_page_ids": [ 1145316, 25537100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 490, 501 ], [ 510, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The average temperature in January is about -3°C, in July +16.8°C. The amount of precipitation is 600–700mm per year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Terrain", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kuldīga city", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 497735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skrunda town", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 13397595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alsunga parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ēdole parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 22172931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gudenieki parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Īvande parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kabile parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kurmāle parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Laidi parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nīkrāce parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Padure parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 16985110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pelči parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Raņķi parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Renda parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 7275286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rumba parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [ 22173009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rudbārži parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Snēpele parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Turlava parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vārme parish", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cities and parishes of the Kuldīga District", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "City of Kuldīga", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Districts_of_Latvia" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Oldbury rock shelters are a complex of Middle Palaeolithic sites situated on the slopes of Oldbury hillfort near Ightham in the English county of Kent.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1158720, 1448351, 671660, 9316, 16766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 95, 111 ], [ 117, 124 ], [ 132, 139 ], [ 150, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They were occupied by Mousterian flint tool manufacturers around 50,000 years ago and examples of their characteristic bout-coupé handaxes were found there during excavations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 659026, 1491240, 320336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ], [ 119, 129 ], [ 130, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site is open to the public and owned by the National Trust.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 99078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 62 ] ] } ]

[ "19th-century_archaeological_discoveries", "Archaeological_sites_in_Kent", "Tonbridge_and_Malling", "Rock_shelters", "Mousterian" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The first USS Relief was a supply ship in the United States Navy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3249592, 20518076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 38 ], [ 46, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Relief was laid down in 1835 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and launched on 14 September 1836. Designed by Samuel Humphreys, she was built along merchant vessel lines and included trysail mast and gaffsail on all three masts to enable her to work to windward in strong winds. Her hull was pierced for 16 small guns, but she usually carried only four to six 18-pounder and two 12-pounders.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 196260, 5618803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 58 ], [ 106, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early December 1836, Relief, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas A. Dornin, left Philadelphia for Norfolk, Virginia to join the ships assigned to the United States South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition. However, that expedition, held up by lack of money, ships, equipment, and trained personnel—and by administrative feuding since its first authorization in 1828—continued to be delayed until the summer of 1838. During her 19-month wait, Relief remained at Norfolk or engaged in runs along the east coast.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 18608481, 50585, 57898, 1409766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 72 ], [ 79, 91 ], [ 96, 113 ], [ 148, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 19 August 1838, the squadron, commanded by Lt. Charles Wilkes, cleared Hampton Roads and set a course for Rio de Janeiro. Sailing with the prevailing winds—westerlies and northeast trades—their planned course took them across the Atlantic to Madeira; then straight to Brazil. However, Relief, under Lt. A. K. Long, proved to be a slow sailer. She soon fell behind and was detached with orders to rejoin the other five vessels in the Cape Verde Islands. The rendezvous was accomplished in early October and the squadron sailed for Brazil. Relief, the last to arrive, reached Rio on 26 November.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 417610, 193371, 25936, 19898, 3383, 18962637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 64 ], [ 74, 87 ], [ 109, 123 ], [ 245, 252 ], [ 271, 277 ], [ 436, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 6 January 1839, the squadron sailed for the Río Negro and Cape Horn. Relief, bypassing the former where surveys were conducted, rounded the Cape and reached Orange Harbor, on the Hardy Peninsula, Hoste Island, on the 30th. There for almost three weeks, her crew kept hourly registers of the tides, placed navigation lights, and cut wood. On 18 February, the others arrived and toward the end of the month they were dispersed on various missions. Two followed James Weddell's course to Antarctica; others traced James Cook's path. Relief was ordered north to the Straits of Magellan, via the Cockburn Channel, to survey harbors in the straits. Caught in storms, however, she was unable to penetrate the channel and, in mid-March, was almost wrecked off Noir Island. The loss of her anchor during her battle with the sea off Noir, prohibited further attempts to enter the channel and she headed for Valparaíso.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 2626157, 4460850, 3451227, 1346441, 651875, 18959138, 15630, 299035, 35400067, 25671881, 70566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ], [ 61, 70 ], [ 182, 197 ], [ 199, 211 ], [ 462, 475 ], [ 488, 498 ], [ 514, 524 ], [ 565, 584 ], [ 594, 610 ], [ 755, 766 ], [ 900, 910 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 15 April she entered the anchorage to make repairs and await the remainder of the squadron which by mid-May was reunited. In June, they moved on to Callao, where the ships were refitted and replenished. When Relief was unloaded and smoked, her dead rats filled three barrels.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 294857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of her slowness, Relief was ordered to proceed from Callao to Sydney, then sail home—carrying the sick and malcontents with her. Sailing in mid-July, she spent two weeks in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) and three months after leaving Peru, put into Sydney. She discharged her remaining cargo, took on water, wood, and rock ballast and headed east. En route home, she again doubled Cape Horn and on 28 March 1840 she reached New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 27862, 158383, 170691, 645042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 203, 219 ], [ 252, 256 ], [ 442, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of the year, Relief, repaired and overhauled, sailed again for the Pacific, where she remained for five years operating primarily off the west coast of South America. She returned to New York in April 1846. In May, war with Mexico broke out; and, in July, Relief joined the Home Squadron. From then until June 1848, she cruised in the Gulf of Mexico, attempting to maintain a steady supply line to the ships engaged in the blockade of the Mexican coast despite the distance to supply bases and the scarcity of ships of her type.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 23070, 26769, 21073732, 3966054, 1190990, 21076367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 226, 229 ], [ 235, 241 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 346, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 1848, Relief returned to New York and in the fall sailed from Norfolk for the Brazil Station. The following spring, she was back at Norfolk, but, with the autumn, she headed east. She operated in the Mediterranean Sea until she returned to the United States in July 1850, and engaged in resupply runs to Brazil until placed out of commission for overhaul 20 November 1855. She recommissioned 19 February 1856 and resumed her runs to the Brazil Station and continued them through 1857.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 14071379, 19006 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 100 ], [ 208, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 1858 she rejoined the Home Squadron and cruised in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1861, she crossed the Atlantic again, resupplied the African Squadron and, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, returned to the United States to resupply the ships of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. In July 1862, she returned to the Gulf of Mexico and, until the fall of 1863, served primarily as station store ship at Ship Island in Mississippi Sound.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 1549632, 863, 1984020, 2971610, 2940124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 151 ], [ 182, 200 ], [ 261, 295 ], [ 417, 428 ], [ 432, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Then ordered to Boston, Massachusetts for overhaul, she was decommissioned 5 December 1863. Recommissioned 29 April 1864, she was ordered back to the Pacific. In July she delivered supplies at Rio de Janeiro, whence she continued on to China, arriving at the Portuguese colony of Macau in December. After service on the Asiatic Station, she returned to New York in late 1866 and was placed in ordinary. In 1871 she was ordered to Washington, D.C., where she served as receiving ship until 1877. The following year she was laid up, at Washington, and on 27 September 1883 she was sold to J. B. Agnew.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Service history", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894, 5405, 23033, 19068, 1076071, 108956, 407592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 37 ], [ 236, 241 ], [ 259, 269 ], [ 280, 285 ], [ 320, 335 ], [ 430, 446 ], [ 468, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Union Navy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5953763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of United States Navy ships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 186858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] } ]

[ "Ships_built_in_Philadelphia", "Mexican–American_War_ships_of_the_United_States", "Ships_of_the_Union_Navy", "American_Civil_War_auxiliary_ships_of_the_United_States", "1836_ships", "Stores_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy", "Ships_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (, abbreviated: KITLV) at Leiden was founded in 1851. Its objective is the advancement of the study of the anthropology, linguistics, social sciences, and history of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Area, and the Caribbean. Special emphasis is laid on the former Dutch colonies of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), Suriname, and the Dutch West Indies (the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba). Its unique collection of books, manuscripts, prints and photographs attracts visiting scholars from all over the world. On July 1, 2014, the management of the collection was taken over by Leiden University Libraries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46599, 569, 22760983, 26781, 10772350, 28741, 46400302, 18956035, 23476997, 14579, 26828, 30931401, 21332, 690, 1754392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 105 ], [ 180, 192 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 207, 222 ], [ 228, 235 ], [ 239, 253 ], [ 259, 271 ], [ 281, 290 ], [ 353, 370 ], [ 376, 385 ], [ 388, 396 ], [ 406, 423 ], [ 429, 449 ], [ 454, 459 ], [ 650, 677 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1969, a KITLV office was started by Hans Ras in Jakarta (\"KITLV-Jakarta\"), as a part of an agreement with the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Here, publications from Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore are bought and given a place in the library of the institute, publications of the institute are sold, and original scientific works in the Dutch language are translated into Indonesian. The Jakarta office is, since July 1, 2014, part of Leiden University Libraries and doubles as the representative office of Leiden University.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Jakarta", "target_page_ids": [ 1305859, 16275, 7786306, 3607937, 27318, 19985174, 37042, 1754392, 13723277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 47 ], [ 51, 58 ], [ 113, 145 ], [ 182, 190 ], [ 195, 204 ], [ 344, 358 ], [ 379, 389 ], [ 442, 469 ], [ 489, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The KITLV Press published and distributed academic books on Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. It also published three journals: ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [ 14331536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, and ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [ 14331597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brill acquired KITLV Press in 2012.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [ 30874803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " KITLV-Jakarta", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Research_institutes_in_the_Netherlands", "Anthropological_research_institutes", "Caribbean_studies", "Southeast_Asian_studies", "Leiden_University", "Organisations_based_in_South_Holland", "Organisations_based_in_the_Netherlands_with_royal_patronage", "World_Digital_Library_partners", "1851_establishments_in_the_Netherlands", "Organizations_established_in_1851" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Mianwali (Punjabi/Saraiki/) is the capital city of Mianwali District in Punjab, Pakistan. The 81st largest city of Pakistan, it is known for its diverse population of Saraiki, Punjabi and Pashtun ethnicities.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25044, 509685, 4419191, 24751, 23235, 24045036, 25699564, 583048, 36973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 19, 26 ], [ 52, 69 ], [ 73, 79 ], [ 81, 89 ], [ 95, 112 ], [ 168, 175 ], [ 177, 184 ], [ 189, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mianwali District was an agricultural region with forests during the Indus Valley Civilization. Then later Vedic Civilization took place. In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin. In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul, followed by the conquests of Punjab region. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The population of the Punjab region became majority Muslim, following the conquests by various Muslim dynasties from Central Asia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46853, 21476772, 651860, 577843, 577859, 30994122, 16826, 24717, 295402, 24217897, 19541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 94 ], [ 108, 126 ], [ 150, 172 ], [ 187, 204 ], [ 239, 256 ], [ 283, 288 ], [ 293, 298 ], [ 329, 342 ], [ 348, 363 ], [ 374, 387 ], [ 458, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the British rule, the area formed an integral portion of the Graeco-Bactrian Empire of Kabul and the Punjab. Immediately preceding the annexation of the Punjab by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, this area was part of the Sikh Empire. During British rule, the Indian empire was subdivided into provinces, divisions and districts; afterward, the independence of Pakistan divisions remained the third tier of government until 2000. The British had made the town of Mianwali as tehsil headquarters of Bannu District then part of Dera Ismail Khan Division of Punjab province. The population of Mianwali, according to the 1901 census of India, was 3,591.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30871308, 779319, 935946, 2512470, 4208015, 4113177, 21244356, 988574, 11609384, 3177624, 4330279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 83 ], [ 84, 114 ], [ 192, 213 ], [ 241, 252 ], [ 261, 273 ], [ 389, 398 ], [ 494, 500 ], [ 517, 531 ], [ 545, 570 ], [ 574, 589 ], [ 641, 656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city of Mianwali is located in North-west region of the Punjab. The city is located near to the Chashma lake to south west and Namal Lake to its north east. The Chasma lake is home to the Chasma Barrage, that houses a 184 MW power station. The Chasma lake also houses one of the two nuclear power facilities in Pakistan – the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant. The city has an airport built near the old World War II aerodrome and known as M.M.Alam Base Mianwali. It is one of the major operational and training air bases of the country. The No. 1 Fighter Conversion Unit of the PAF is stationed here. Notable locations in the vicinity of the city include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 24751, 4552405, 3976726, 5398124, 32927, 6171474, 377433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 66 ], [ 100, 112 ], [ 131, 141 ], [ 330, 357 ], [ 402, 414 ], [ 438, 460 ], [ 577, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (or CHASNUPP), is a large commercial nuclear power plant located in the vicinities of Chashma colony in Mianwali District Punjab in Pakistan. Officially known as Chashma Nuclear Power Complex, the nuclear power plant is generating energy for industrial usage with four nuclear reactors with one being in planning phase in cooperation with the China. Supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Department of Energy of the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 5398124, 207347, 4307969, 24751, 23235, 5405, 14984, 62866, 3434750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 69, 88 ], [ 118, 132 ], [ 154, 160 ], [ 164, 172 ], [ 375, 380 ], [ 399, 433 ], [ 445, 465 ], [ 473, 486 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was established in 2000, the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant became operational when it joined the nation's grid system with China National Nuclear Corporation overseeing the grid connections of the power plant. In 2004, the China National Nuclear Corporation was awarded contract for building a second unit based on the first reactor, followed by contracting for two more reactors in 2011.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 5015484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "PAF Base M.M. Alam (IATA: MWD, ICAO: OPMI) is a Pakistan Air Force airbase located at Mianwali, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The base is named after Muhammad Mahmood Alam. It primarily serves as the Fighter converter base for the Pakistan Airforce.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 150179, 376521, 377433, 185235, 24751, 23235, 30856398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 24 ], [ 31, 35 ], [ 48, 66 ], [ 67, 74 ], [ 103, 109 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 156, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally a World War II airstrip, it was decided that Mianwali would be upgraded into a satellite airbase for PAF Base Mushaf (then PAF Base Sargodha) during the 1965 Indo-Pak War to act as an alternate recovery airfield. The airbase was again upgraded to a permanent operational airbase in August 1974, although construction of facilities was not completed for another three years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 6171488, 612233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ], [ 112, 127 ], [ 164, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Namal Institute is a private university about 20 min drive from the city of Mianwali. The institute is located on 30km, Talagang Mianwali Road near Namal Lake. Initially it was established as an affiliate college of the University of Bradford, UK. Later in 2019 Namal College acquired a DAI (Degree Awarding Institute) status and thus became Namal Institute. There are further plans to turn the small campus into an education city, construction is already under way.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 4418751, 1699468, 23166881, 3976726, 367336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 25, 43 ], [ 124, 132 ], [ 152, 162 ], [ 224, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mianwali city has an urban population of 220,010, accounting for only about 20.82% of Mianwali District's Population. The rest of 79.18% of the rural population is spread around the district in small villages called Moza's. The average household size comes about to 7.1, that means on average 7 people live in one house. This is in line with Joint family culture prominent in North-West regions of Pakistan. Mianwali has a literacy ratio of about 42.8%, considerably less than other urban cities in Punjab.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 4419191, 23235, 24717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 105 ], [ 398, 406 ], [ 499, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As for male to female ratio, Male inhabitants count for 63.8% of population and female inhabitants account for the remaining 22.2%. This number may somewhat be inaccurate, as Parda culture doesn't allow audience with non-Mahrams. So census teams might have not been able to accurately access the number of females in each house.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 165826, 864621 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 180 ], [ 221, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The main languages spoken in the city include Saraiki, Punjabi, Pashto and Urdu.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Language", "target_page_ids": [ 509685, 25044, 113248, 32231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 53 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 64, 70 ], [ 75, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mianwali District", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4419191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Cities of Punjab, Pakistan by Area", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18425346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Early history of Niazi tribe\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Niazi Chiefs in the Mughal empire\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Populated_places_in_Mianwali_District" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Samir Khader is the Head of Programs and Current Affairs at Sky News Arabia, after having been the Program Editor & Head of Output of Qatar-based broadcaster Al Jazeera. He comes from Jordan. He has degrees in journalism and mathematics from universities in Grenoble and Paris. Samir Khader began his career as a TV journalist in 1979 on French television. He worked for many years in Jordan as a journalist in television news before joining Al Jazeera and then Sky News Arabia in Abu Dhabi. He is well known for being featured in the documentary film Control Room, when he was a senior producer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 34126042, 8238258, 48370461, 7515964, 15928, 18831, 50972, 22989, 50100, 29831, 20781999, 8088, 724383, 845728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 75 ], [ 134, 139 ], [ 158, 168 ], [ 185, 191 ], [ 211, 221 ], [ 226, 237 ], [ 259, 267 ], [ 272, 277 ], [ 399, 409 ], [ 413, 423 ], [ 424, 428 ], [ 537, 553 ], [ 554, 566 ], [ 589, 597 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Between us, if I am offered a job with FOX NEWS, I would take it - to change the arab nightmare into the American dream....I still have that dream.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Quotes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "-Control Room, interview with Samir Khader", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Quotes", "target_page_ids": [ 724383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Counter Currents - Al-Jazeera: Holding The Head High interview with Samir Khader, February 7, 2006", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "CBC News - Passionate Eye Showcase: Control Room program on the making of the documentary film, September 26, 2004", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "IPA - Voices That Must Be Heard - Inside Al Jazeera: A Conversation with Samir Khader interview July 1, 2004 issue", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In These Times - Inside Al-Jazeera interview June 18, 2004", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Philadelphia City Paper - The View From Here interview June 18, 2004", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LA Weekly - Meeting Al-Jazeera extensive interview June 4, 2004", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pacifica Radio report and audio", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Democracy Now! - Massacre in Fallujah: Over 600 Dead, 1,000 Injured, 60,000 Refugees April 12, 2004 with transcript, audio and video", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Inside Al Jazeera\" interview by Mridu Chandra and Rehan Ansari The Brooklyn Rail (June 2004)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Iraqi_journalists", "Al_Jazeera_people", "Living_people", "Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Ezekiel is the Graecised version of the Hebrew name Yehezkel, denoting a prophet of the Hebrew Bible. The form Ezekiel is used in the Christian Old Testament.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ezekiel may also refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ezekiel (name), a variant of the Hebrew name Yehezkel, used as both a given name and surname (including a list of people and fictional characters with the name)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "People", "target_page_ids": [ 50216623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ezekiel, a ring name of American professional wrestler Elias", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "People", "target_page_ids": [ 49250288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yehezkel, an alternate spelling of the Hebrew prophet Ezekiel (including a list of people with the name)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "People", "target_page_ids": [ 62620444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " King Ezekiel, in The Walking Dead franchise", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arts, entertainment, and media", "target_page_ids": [ 51164656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ezekiel, from the Total Drama animated series", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arts, entertainment, and media", "target_page_ids": [ 27578692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Book of Ezekiel, a book of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arts, entertainment, and media", "target_page_ids": [ 4390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Book of Ezekiel (album), 2007 album of rapper Freekey Zekey", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arts, entertainment, and media", "target_page_ids": [ 11818011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " EZ3kiel, French alternative music band", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arts, entertainment, and media", "target_page_ids": [ 44595323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": " is a Japanese children's story about the life of a little fox called Gon. The story is considered the masterpiece of Niimi Nankichi, also sometimes known as the Hans Christian Andersen of Japan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 165627, 52847, 11299, 187970, 13550, 15573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 14 ], [ 15, 31 ], [ 59, 62 ], [ 118, 132 ], [ 162, 185 ], [ 189, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gon (Japanese: ) is a little fox. Looking for food he comes to a little village, where he repeatedly steals food and creates other mischief, constantly evading the angry villagers. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One day Gon steals an eel in front of Hyoju (Japanese: ), which Hyoju wanted to give to his sick old mother. His mother subsequently dies. Gon realizes his mistake and tries to make it up by secretly giving Hyoju gifts he stole, although the villagers now accuse Hyoju of stealing and beat him up. Afterwards, Gon only gives mushrooms and nuts he collected in the forest. Hyoju is grateful for the gifts, although he does not know where they come from. One day, Hyoju sees the fox sneaking around, and shoots him to death out of anger about the death of his mother. Only afterwards does he realize to his horror that the fox he just shot gave him all the mushrooms and nuts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Japanese stories do not always have a happy ending. In this story, Hyoju's mother dies, Gon gets shot by Hyoju while trying to make up for his errors, and Hyoju feels guilty for shooting the fox that was trying to help him. The moral is often interpreted that everybody has to accept their fate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Foxes (see kitsune) are also seen in Japanese culture as magical and often mischievous animals. Some folk tales tell stories how foxes change shape to impersonate other beings and objects. Gon also mimics humans on occasions, although there seem to be no magical powers involved. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 237685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The eel stolen by Gon may have accelerated or caused the death of Hyoju's mother. Dishes with eels have a reputation in Japan for providing strength, especially during the heat of the summer (see kabayaki).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 8001454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nankichi wrote the story in 1930 when he was seventeen, based on a Japanese folk tale he heard. He wrote the story in Handa, Aichi prefecture, the town where he was born. He also lost his mother when he was 4 years old, and was touched deeply by the tale. Like Gon, Nankichi also did not live very long and died at age 29 of tuberculosis.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Author background", "target_page_ids": [ 35668706, 329034, 524618, 30653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 85 ], [ 118, 123 ], [ 125, 141 ], [ 325, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gon, The Fox received favorable reviews. Marilyn Taniguchi writing for the School Library Journal described it as a \"poignant tale (that) will resonate with older readers, who will empathize with the struggles of a lonely outsider.\" and suggested \"Teachers will also appreciate the glimpse into Japan’s rich culture.\" Kirkus Reviews wrote \"A lot of information about Japanese culture and custom is imparted in the course of this telling,\" and commented \"(Illustrator Genjirou) Mita’s beautiful and delicate original watercolors offer readers’ eyes large and lovely resting places as they make their ways through this long tale.\" concluding \"The startling and violent ending may make it difficult to find an audience, but it is a valuable introduction to a non-Western storytelling aesthetic.\" JQ Magazine called it \"a valuable read for young people\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 2021041, 2329418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 98 ], [ 320, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The book was made into an animated movie Gongitsune (ごんぎつね) with Mayumi Tanaka as the voice of Gon. The movie premiered in March 1985.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Adaption", "target_page_ids": [ 800, 922419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 40 ], [ 65, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inspired by Nakichi Niimi's Gongitsune novel, Takeshi Yashiro who penned the script is also the director and animator for the short, under TECARAT stop motion animation studio. It had been announced that it will be screening in Japan from February 28 to March 5 2020. And is voiced by Masato Tanaka as Gon, and Miyu Irino as Hyojyu.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Adaption", "target_page_ids": [ 187970, 27036, 39811880, 1788766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ], [ 147, 158 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 311, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Japan Mint: 2007 Coin Set with the story of Gon, the Little Fox", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 12442145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] } ]

[ "1932_children's_books", "Japanese_folklore", "Japanese_short_stories", "Japanese_children's_literature", "Fables", "Anthropomorphic_foxes", "Books_about_foxes" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Karratha is a city in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, adjoining the port of Dampier. It was established in 1968 to accommodate the processing and exportation workforce of the Hamersley Iron mining company and, in the 1980s, the petroleum and liquefied natural gas operations of the North West Shelf Venture. As of June 2018, Karratha had an urban population of 16,708. The city's name comes from the cattle station of the same name, which derives from a word in a local Aboriginal language meaning \"good country\" or \"soft earth\". The city is the seat of government of the City of Karratha, a local government area covering the surrounding region.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 491918, 33613, 409122, 39742, 23195, 832128, 17940195, 2976447, 2912594, 7754708, 140290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 33 ], [ 44, 61 ], [ 85, 92 ], [ 184, 198 ], [ 237, 246 ], [ 251, 272 ], [ 291, 315 ], [ 409, 423 ], [ 479, 489 ], [ 581, 597 ], [ 601, 622 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha, an isolated city, is located approximately north of Perth and west of Port Hedland on the North West Coastal Highway.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 24355, 558940, 1441120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 68 ], [ 82, 94 ], [ 102, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is at the south central end of Nickol Bay, which has had settlements on the bay since the 1860s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 59982558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is roughly rectangular in layout and is located on flat land adjacent to Nickol Bay. Tidal salt flats and areas of mangrove separate the city from the sea. Immediately to the rear of the city (south) lies a line of low hills.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), that just avoids a hot desert climate (BWh) classification. Temperatures are warm to hot all year round, with low rainfall, most of which falls in late summer due to the influence of tropical cyclones and the monsoon, although there is a second rainfall peak in early winter as the northern edges of cold fronts occasionally cause rain in the region. It is very rare for any rain to fall in the period from August to December. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 10°C, while maximums stay in the mid to high 20s°C's and days are sunny with low humidity. Summers are very hot and usually dry although the erratic influence of the monsoon can cause periods of high humidity and thunderstorms. The record high temperature is 48.4°C (119.1°F) was set 13 January 2022, while the record low is 6.9°C (44.4°F). The highest monthly rainfall on record was 348.8mm (13.7in) in February 2011, owing to the passage of Tropical Cyclone Carlos and several other monsoonal lows over Karratha. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 569881, 170350, 484254, 8282374, 57630, 20279444, 70807, 23120847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 36 ], [ 67, 81 ], [ 88, 102 ], [ 227, 244 ], [ 253, 260 ], [ 344, 354 ], [ 722, 734 ], [ 952, 975 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 2018, there were 16,708 people in Karratha, a decline from the recent peak of 17,927 in 2013.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the 2016 census:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 65.7% of people in Karratha were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 5.3%, Philippines 3.0%, England 2.9%, South Africa 1.5% and India 1.3%.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 76.2% of people in Karratha spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Tagalog 1.7%, Filipino 1.1%, Afrikaans 0.8% and Mandarin 0.7%. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The most common responses for religion were No Religion 35.3% and Catholic 22.0%.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, predominantly Ngarluma, make up 10.1% of the population. The Yinidbarndi, Yaburara, Mardudhunera, and Woon-goo-tt-oo peoples have lived in the surrounding area for approximately 50,000 years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 52068364, 52360334, 51884972, 54865212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 68 ], [ 107, 118 ], [ 120, 128 ], [ 130, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha's economic base includes the iron ore operations of the Rio Tinto Group, sea-salt mining, ammonia export operations, North West Shelf Natural Gas Project, Australia's largest natural resource development, the newest Natural Gas Project called Pluto LNG which is situated adjacent the existing North West Shelf LNG facility and Ammonia/Technical Ammonium Nitrate production facility of Yara International.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 145352, 1097432, 231065, 1365, 22131, 4689264, 22131, 1365, 96590, 1294100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 65, 80 ], [ 82, 90 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 164, 173 ], [ 225, 236 ], [ 336, 343 ], [ 354, 370 ], [ 394, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha came into being in 1968 due to the tremendous growth of the iron-ore industry and the need for a new regional centre caused by a shortage of land in Dampier.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 409122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha has the largest shopping centre in the Pilbara, Karratha City, which has major food and grocery retailers and department store chains. It was opened in 1986 as Karratha City and expanded in 2005. The centre also serves the neighbouring towns of Dampier, Wickham and Roebourne. There is also a smaller centre, Karratha Village, which has health services including a pharmacy and medical and dental practices. The Karratha Health Campus is the hospital that services the greater City of Karratha local government area, newly opened in 2018.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 409122, 2824636, 1452070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 254, 261 ], [ 263, 270 ], [ 275, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Education is provided through four public primary schools, one independent public school and one private primary school, one public and one private high school (Karratha Senior High School and St Luke's College), a TAFE centre with remote university facilities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 26911640, 31386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 188 ], [ 215, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A new state of the art library was opened in 2018, Karratha Public Library.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A new hospital was opened in 2018, Karratha Health Campus.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Red Earth Arts Precinct opened in 2018. This venue has a theatre that can also operate as an indoor cinema, outdoor cinema, rehearsal rooms and art spaces.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha Airport has two passenger airlines servicing the city with regular schedules: Qantas and Virgin Australia. The airport also serves as the hub of the Pilbara's light-aircraft and helicopter services, enabling contractors to access offshore destinations and other parts of the region. Cape Preston Aerodrome [YCPR] is about 70km south of town.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 9784800, 25254, 346096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 87, 93 ], [ 98, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Each year in August Pilbara Iron, Dampier Salt, Woodside Petroleum Limited, and other smaller companies sponsor one of the largest festivals in the North West, over two days. The name FeNaClNG Festival is derived from Fe (iron), NaCl (salt) and NG (natural gas).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [ 39742, 21944919, 1193774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 32 ], [ 34, 46 ], [ 48, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Red Earth Arts Festival.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cossack Art Awards.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Facilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karratha is composed of 9 main suburbs: Karratha City Centre, Bulgarra, Pegs Creek, Millars Well, Nickol, Nickol West, Baynton, Baynton West, Tambrey and one industrial area, known as both the LIA (Light Industrial Area) and KIE (Karratha Industrial Estate). Karratha's housing development continues, with new villages and suburbs being built. Baynton West is currently being developed. Also a new suburb going east of Bulgarra with an indigenous name, Mulataga has received council approval. There is current development of a second industrial estate: Gap Ridge which is west of the city, past the cemetery.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Suburbs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Radio services available in Karratha:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Karratha FM 93.7 – \"Today's Hot Country\" (country music format)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ABC North West WA (6KP: 702 AM) – (Part of the ABC Local Radio Network).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 17096584, 752766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 48, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ABC News Radio (6PNN: 104.1 FM)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 1107498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ABC Radio National (6ABCRN: 100.9 FM) – Speciality talk and music.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 273422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " TAB Racing Radio – FM 101.7", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Triple J (6JJJ: 103.3 FM) – Alternative music", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 31552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hit FM (106.5) – Top 40 Music", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Triple M – Radio 6KA (102.5 FM) – Classic Hits / Adult Contemporary Music format aimed at 35 years + audience.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 577598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ngaarda Radio (92.1) Indigenous radio station - Country Music / Indigenous Music and regional news.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Television services available include:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) – ABC, ABC TV Plus/Kids, ABC Me, ABC News (digital channels)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 3079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) – SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, SBS Food, NITV (digital channels)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 162469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " GWN7 (Golden West Network), an affiliate station of the Seven Network", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 1028250, 494657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 57, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WIN Television, an affiliate station of the Nine Network", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 13138617, 176014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 45, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " West Digital Television, an affiliate station of the Network 10 (provided jointly by Prime Television and WIN Television)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 39021159, 342308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 54, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The programming schedule is mainly the same as the Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Perth with variations for News bulletins, sport telecasts such as the Australian Football League and National Rugby League, children's and lifestyle programs and infomercials. GWN7 produces a 30-minute regional news program each weeknight (broadcast from Bunbury) with a newsroom based in the town, covering the surrounding areas.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 4732785, 255709, 303043, 1028250, 146685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 179 ], [ 184, 205 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 259, 263 ], [ 338, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The local newspaper is The Pilbara News (owned by Seven West Media, publisher of The West Australian). An independent local newspaper, which included classifieds, The Pilbara Echo, closed in April 2014. Newspapers from Perth including The West Australian and The Sunday Times are also available, as well as national newspapers such as The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 31651817, 420334, 4589008, 396952, 1251177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ], [ 235, 254 ], [ 259, 275 ], [ 335, 349 ], [ 354, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The North Pilbara Football League (NPFL) is an Australian rules football league with seven teams: Karratha Kats, Karratha Falcons, Dampier Sharks, Roebourne Magpies, Wickham Wolves, Port Hedland Rovers and South Hedland Swans.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 38854689, 2403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 33 ], [ 47, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Pilbara Rugby League has 6 teams: Karratha Stormers, Karratha Broncos, Karratha Roosters, Port Hedland Juniors, South Hedland Cougars and Wickham Wasps.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Soccer has 5 teams: Bulgarra Glory, Karratha Snow Whites, Nickol, Dampier Red Dogs and Salt.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "West Pilbara Cricket Association has 6 teams: Karratha Kats, Baynton Lions, Rec Club, Dampier Taverners, Wickham Wallabies and Pegs Creek Crabs. Kats are the current champions and won the trophy against Baynton Lions (Baynton Lions is a new team competing first time in 15–16 season and reaching both 40-40 and 20-20 finals.)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Map of Karratha", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Port_cities_and_towns_of_the_Indian_Ocean", "Port_cities_in_Western_Australia", "Mining_towns_in_Western_Australia", "City_of_Karratha" ]

[ "Karratha, Western Australia", "Karratha, Western Australia, Australia" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ryhall is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. It is situated close to the eastern boundary of the county, about 2miles (3km) north of Stamford. The parish includes the hamlet of Belmesthorpe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 644233, 23571693, 53107, 389771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 54, 61 ], [ 69, 82 ], [ 183, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The village's name means 'Rye nook'. The 'nook' in question has been identified as a bend in the River Gwash.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46574, 1781457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 29 ], [ 97, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 13th-century Church of St John the Evangelist, Ryhall, has a number of carved figures around the exterior. The southern entrance has a porch with a room over it, originally for the priest, now called the Parvis Room.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 68385313, 1532288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 57 ], [ 208, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Tibba, patron saint of falconers, is believed to have lived in Ryhall in the 7th century. She was buried here, but in the 11th century her relics were translated to Peterborough Abbey, now Peterborough Cathedral, by Abbot Ælfsige (10061042). According to legend, St Tibba was a niece of King Penda of Mercia. The remains of a small hermitage associated with the saint can be seen on the west side of the north aisle of church.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 169696, 98640, 98640, 145326, 12096816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ], [ 171, 189 ], [ 195, 217 ], [ 293, 313 ], [ 339, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 19th-century book refers to a holy well dedicated to Saint Tibba, though the location cannot now be identified, and there is similar doubt about the location of a well said to have been dedicated to Tibba's alleged relative, St Ebba.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12344884, 25286020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 41 ], [ 227, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The route of the Stamford and Essendine railway passed through the parish, on embankments still clearly visible today. It included a station called \"Ryhall & Belmisthorpe\", located in Belmesthorpe. The line opened in 1856 but closed a century later in 1959.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2186634, 18325657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 39 ], [ 150, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011 Ryhall had a population of 1,614, making it one of the largest villages in Rutland. It is bounded to its west by the A6121 main road from Stamford to Bourne and on the other three sides by the River Gwash, although some development has spilled over the river to the north and out along the Essendine road.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [ 382150, 1781457, 2186634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 164 ], [ 201, 212 ], [ 298, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ryhall has a Church of England Academy School with an attendance, in March 2022, of 192 pupils aged 4 to 11.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [ 5955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The village also has a post office/village shop, Methodist Chapel, library and two public houses, The Millstone and The Green Dragon. The former Fordham's supermarket of the 1960s-70s was a kitchen showroom, which closed in 2016.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [ 24578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The local football club, Ryhall United F. C., left Ryhall in 2015, moving to nearby Stamford under the new name of Stamford Lions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Also in the parish is the hamlet of Belmesthorpe situated just South of Ryhall about three miles (5km) north of Stamford in Lincolnshire. Apart from the Blue Bell Inn, there are two old farmhouses here as well as a few old cottages in the main street as well as two former dovecotes both now converted into private dwellings. Castle Rise is a cul-de-sac added in the 1960s but there is no evidence for any castle having been located there.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [ 53295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ecclesiastical parish is Ryhall with Essendine and Carlby, part of the Rutland Deanery of the Diocese of Peterborough. As of April 2022, the incumbent is The Revd Jo Saunders.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [ 2186634, 9925334, 4456859, 1437079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 50 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 83, 90 ], [ 98, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Millstone pub", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Green Dragon Inn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Village Store", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " C S Fenn & Sons, Builders", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " T&S Fenn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quibble Content", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Blue Bell Inn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Community", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carlby", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9925334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Essendine", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2186634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba. the dynasty of St Tibba", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19093292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nearby Holywell", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16699670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rutland Website - Ryhall", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ryhall.com - A Community Website for the Village of Ryhall in Rutland.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " St John the Evangelist Church", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ryhall Village Hall's website", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Villages_in_Rutland", "Civil_parishes_in_Rutland", "Burial_sites_of_the_House_of_Icel" ]

[ "Ryhall, Rutland" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Takfiri (, lit. \"excommunicational\") is an Arabic and Islamic term denoting a Muslim which excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an apostate. Since according to the traditional interpretations of Islamic law (sharīʿa) the punishment for apostasy is the death penalty, and potentially a cause of strife and violence within the Muslim community (Ummah), an ill-founded accusation of takfīr is considered a major forbidden act (haram) in Islamic jurisprudence, with one ḥadīth declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is himself an apostate. Takfirism has been called a \"minority ideology\" which \"advocates the killing of other Muslims declared to be unbelievers\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 803, 173131, 19541, 1767413, 28840, 1767413, 47616174, 202444, 1117301, 11114, 13749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 50 ], [ 55, 67 ], [ 79, 85 ], [ 182, 190 ], [ 246, 257 ], [ 287, 295 ], [ 303, 316 ], [ 376, 392 ], [ 475, 480 ], [ 485, 506 ], [ 517, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The accusation itself is called takfīr, derived from the Arabic word kāfir (\"unbeliever\"), and is described as when \"one who is a Muslim is declared impure.\" An apostate is a murtad. In principle, in mainstream Sunnī Islam, the only group authorized to declare another Muslim a kāfir are the scholars of Islam (Ulama), and this is only done if all the prescribed legal precautions have been taken. An ill-founded accusation of takfīr is a major forbidden act (haram) in Islamic jurisprudence. Traditionally, the declaration of takfīr was used against self-professed Muslims who denied one or more of the basic tenets of Islam. Throughout the history of Islam, Islamic denominations and movements such as Shīʿa Muslims and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community have been accused of takfīr and labeled as kuffār (\"unbelievers\") by Sunnī Muslims, becoming victims of religious discrimination, violence, and persecution perpetrated against them over the centuries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 962838, 261924, 29402, 165511, 1117301, 11114, 11059, 13306, 26961, 26282410, 261924, 29402, 483260, 1721530, 175923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 38 ], [ 69, 74 ], [ 211, 222 ], [ 292, 309 ], [ 460, 465 ], [ 470, 491 ], [ 604, 625 ], [ 642, 658 ], [ 704, 717 ], [ 726, 752 ], [ 796, 802 ], [ 822, 835 ], [ 857, 881 ], [ 883, 891 ], [ 897, 908 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the history of Islam, a sect originating in the 7th century CE known as the Kharijites carried out takfīr against both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims, and became the main source of insurrection against the early caliphates for centuries. Since the latter half of the 20th century, takfīr has also been used for \"sanctioning violence against leaders of Islamic states\" who do not enforce sharia or are otherwise \"deemed insufficiently religious\". This arbitrary application of takfīr has become a \"central ideology\" of insurgent Wahhabi-Salafi jihadist extremist and terrorist groups, particularly al-Qaeda and ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, who have drawn on the ideas of the medieval Islamic scholars Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Kathir, and those of the modern Islamist ideologues Sayyid Qutb and Abul A'la Maududi. The practice of takfīr has been denounced as deviant by the mainstream branches of Islam and mainstream Muslim scholars such as Hasan al-Hudaybi (d. 1977) and Yusuf al-Qaradawi.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13306, 296037, 29402, 26961, 19541, 321175, 159040, 19360285, 8734632, 566821, 1921, 9087364, 272074, 455164, 23839057, 10566279, 2360572, 14489718, 457803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ], [ 79, 89 ], [ 122, 127 ], [ 132, 137 ], [ 138, 145 ], [ 162, 218 ], [ 524, 531 ], [ 532, 547 ], [ 548, 557 ], [ 562, 578 ], [ 593, 601 ], [ 606, 624 ], [ 687, 700 ], [ 705, 715 ], [ 761, 772 ], [ 777, 794 ], [ 856, 884 ], [ 924, 940 ], [ 955, 972 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, Muslims have agreed that someone born a Muslim or converting to Islam who rejects the faith is deserving of capital punishment, provided legal precautions have been taken (the accused being educated in their error, given a chance to repent, evaluated for mental soundness, etc.). This is true in the case of a self-professed apostates, or \"extreme, persistent and aggressive\" proponents of religious innovation (bidʻah). ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Issues and criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 19541, 1767413, 47616174, 2254206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 85, 106 ], [ 123, 141 ], [ 427, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the 19th century onwards, liberal/modernist/reformist Muslims have complained that this capital punishment is a violation of the principle of no compulsion in religion, and only those guilty of treason should be executed. Revivalist and conservative Muslims see the capital punishment as a matter of obedience to the Islamic law (sharīʿa) and protection of the faith. Since the 20th century, capital punishment is seldom applied by the state in Muslim-majority countries; instead, it is frequently carried out by \"vigilantes\" who believe that they are executing their \"individual duty\". (See also: Apostasy in Islam)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Issues and criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 7017481, 28840, 191429, 1767413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 172 ], [ 322, 333 ], [ 450, 475 ], [ 603, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is also agreement among Muslims in the case of declaring takfīr upon orthodox, self-professed Muslims. Generally, Muslims agree that the declaration of takfīr is \"so serious, and mistakes therein are so grave\", that great care is needed, and that if the accused is actually a believing Muslim, then the act of accusing makes the accuser themself guilty of apostasy. There is also a belief shared by various Muslim scholars which assert that the practice of takfīr may be dangerous for the entire Muslim community (Ummah); they believe that if takfīr is \"used wrongly or unrestrainedly\", retaliation could lead down a slippery slope of \"discord and sedition\" to mutual excommunication and \"complete disaster.\" The Sunnī Islamist militant group and Salafi-jihadist terrorist organization ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, for example, have declared takfīr not only upon Shīʿa Muslims and Sufi Muslims but also against rival insurgent Islamist groups (although they are also Salafi-jihadists) and all those who oppose its policy of enslaving and killing Shīʿa Muslims and Non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly Christians and Yazidis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Issues and criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 1767413, 165511, 202444, 15012, 310790, 19360285, 63578, 9087364, 9761047, 38580119, 3140575, 49264982, 43501465, 50280659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 362, 370 ], [ 413, 428 ], [ 502, 518 ], [ 725, 733 ], [ 734, 742 ], [ 753, 768 ], [ 769, 791 ], [ 792, 810 ], [ 860, 873 ], [ 878, 890 ], [ 1021, 1030 ], [ 1043, 1056 ], [ 1107, 1117 ], [ 1122, 1129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "What to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) disagree with other Muslims on an important doctrinal point is more controversial. In the case of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community—who are accused of denying the basic tenet of the Finality of Prophethood—the Islamic Republic of Pakistan declares in Ordinance XX of the Second Amendment to its Constitution, that Ahmadi Muslims are Non-Muslims and deprives them of religious rights. All religious seminaries and madrasas in Pakistan belonging to different sects of Islam have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the political and religious persecution of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan has sparked several large riots (in 1953 and 1974) and bombings (in 2010) who have targeted and killed hundreds of Ahmadi Muslims in the country.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Issues and criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 26282410, 13510722, 33743631, 8874865, 10100717, 261924, 209717, 2360572, 16065121, 26479582, 36796687, 27505240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 185 ], [ 232, 259 ], [ 264, 292 ], [ 305, 317 ], [ 325, 361 ], [ 387, 398 ], [ 467, 474 ], [ 501, 525 ], [ 667, 732 ], [ 769, 773 ], [ 778, 782 ], [ 801, 805 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The importance of takfir in modern Islamic political thought, insurgent Islamist groups, and religiously-motivated terrorist attacks on civilians is underscored by the fact that as of 2017 (according to Anthony Cordesman and the CSIS), \"the overwhelming majority\" of violent terrorist attacks had occurred in Muslim-majority countries and the \"primary victims\" of these attacks were Muslims.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 321175, 566821, 6123185, 540797, 191429, 31557036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 60 ], [ 93, 132 ], [ 203, 220 ], [ 229, 233 ], [ 309, 334 ], [ 343, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studying the largest Arab country, Egypt, Elie Podeh distinguishes between three groups: conservative Islamists, \"jihadi\" Muslims, and takfiri. All three see the government and society sadly lacking in piety and in need of Islamification and restoration of sharia law. Conservative Islamists do not support armed struggle against the secular government, whereas jihadist and takfiri groups do, and invoke the concepts of jahiliyya (regression of Muslims to pre-Islamic ignorance), al-hakimiyya (God's sovereignty), and al-takfir (branding as apostate). However, according to Podeh's formulation, takfiri groups are more extreme, and regard not just some Muslims but the whole of Egyptian society as kafir, and consequently completely disengage from it. Podeh also points out that unlike jihadists, takfiri groups make no distinction between the regime and the ordinary population when employing violence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 8087628, 882070, 261924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 40 ], [ 421, 430 ], [ 699, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some political scientists and scholars of Middle Eastern studies (such as Jacob Zenna, Zacharias Pier, and Dale Eikmeier) argue that the accusation of takfir may serve as a sort of ingenious \"legal loophole\" for Islamist insurgents, allowing them to bypass the sharia injunction against imprisoning or killing fellow Muslims. Since it is very difficult to overthrow governments without killing their (self-proclaimed) Muslim rulers and officials or any Muslim opposing the Islamists, and since enforcing sharia is the insurgents raison d'être, the prohibition against killing Muslims is a major impediment against taking power. But if the enemy can be made to be not Muslims but unbelievers claiming to be Muslims, the prohibition is turned into a religious obligation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 24388, 1912857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 25 ], [ 42, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Takfiris have also been classified by some scholars as violent offshoots of the Salafi movement. Although most Salafis oppose terrorism or violence within the Muslim community (Ummah), Takfiris condone acts of violence as legitimate methods of achieving religious or political goals. Middle East expert Robert Baer has written that", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 355699, 202444, 1460648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 95 ], [ 159, 175 ], [ 303, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"takfiri generally refers to a Wahabi Salafi who looks at the world in black-and-white; there are true believers and then there are nonbelievers, with no shades in between. A takfiris mission is to re-create the Caliphate according to a literal interpretation of the Qur'an.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 804036, 36922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 221 ], [ 267, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Takfiris also reject the traditional Muslim duty to obey one's legitimate rulers in all manners that do not contradict the Sharia, as sedition is viewed as a great danger to a nation. However, takfiris consider all political authority that does not abide by their interpretation of Islam to be illegitimate and therefore apostate; this view closely mirrors Qutb's views on what he perceived as jahiliyyah in the Muslim world. As such, violence against such regimes is considered legitimate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 455212, 191429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 357, 369 ], [ 412, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term takfiri was brought to a more public prominence by the BBC investigative journalist Peter Taylor in his 2005 BBC television series The New Al Qaeda.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 4465432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Takfiri views on suicide also differ significantly from those of orthodox Muslims. In mainstream Islam, suicide is considered a major sin, but Takfiris believe that one who deliberately kills himself whilst attempting to kill a religious enemy is a martyr (shahid) and therefore goes straight to heaven without having to wait for the Day of Judgement. According to this doctrine, all sins of the martyrs are absolved when they die in martyrdom, allowing carte blanche for the indiscriminate killing of civilians and non-combatants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Islamists, Salafists, jihadists, Takfiri, Khawarij", "target_page_ids": [ 3064834, 3064834, 22771176, 37525108, 507555, 70627194, 22771176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ], [ 65, 81 ], [ 134, 137 ], [ 249, 255 ], [ 296, 302 ], [ 334, 350 ], [ 384, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the \"early times\" of Islam, \"charges of apostasy\" were also \"not unusual, and ... the terms 'unbeliever' and 'apostate' were commonly used in religious polemic\" in hopes of silencing the deviant and prodding the lax back to the straight path. Classical manuals of jurisprudence in Islam sometimes provided fairly detailed lists of practices and beliefs that would render a Muslim an apostate that went far beyond infractions of the basic tenets of Islam. For example, Madjma' al-Anhur by Hanafi scholar Shaykhzadeh (d.1667 CE), declared such misdeeds as \"to assert the createdness of the Quran, to translate the Quran, ... to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate Nowruz the Iranian New Year\", would make a Muslim an unbeliever. Nonetheless, those accused of apostasy were usually left \"unmolested\", and in general executions for apostasy were \"rare in Islamic history\", unless the violation was \"extreme, persistent and aggressive\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 39123107, 200561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 574, 598 ], [ 672, 678 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to researcher Trevor Stanley, the precedent \"for the declaration of takfir against a leader\" came from the medieval Islamic scholar Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328 CE), who supported the Mamluks in their jihad against the invading Central Asian Mongols. After the Mongols converted to Islam, another cause was sought for the jihad against them. In his famous fatwa, Ibn Taymiyyah reasoned that since the Mogols followed their traditional Yassa law rather than Sharia (Islamic law), they were not really Muslims, and since non-Muslims who called themselves Muslims were apostates, the Mongols should be killed. Ibn Taymiyya wrote that he \"was among the strictest of people in forbidding that a specific person be accuse of unbelief, immorality or sin until proof from the Messenger[to this effect] has been established\", yet he \"regularly accused his opponents of outright unbelief and has become a source of inspiration to many Islamist and even takfiri movements.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 272074, 172627, 172627, 11259, 1019023, 28840, 1767413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 167 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 238, 268 ], [ 375, 380 ], [ 454, 459 ], [ 477, 483 ], [ 586, 595 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnis, and Shiʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. Shiʿas believe Ali ibn Abi Talib is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shiʿas and the Sunnis during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfīr (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims to be either infidels (kuffār) or false Muslims (munāfiḳūn), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 8734632, 13306, 296037, 296037, 29402, 26961, 19541, 1751742, 202444, 30933488, 18934, 405374, 1715, 2183153, 962838, 261924, 2136760, 47616174, 1767413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 36, 58 ], [ 85, 95 ], [ 147, 157 ], [ 159, 165 ], [ 171, 177 ], [ 184, 191 ], [ 214, 248 ], [ 272, 288 ], [ 320, 335 ], [ 336, 344 ], [ 513, 530 ], [ 588, 596 ], [ 693, 704 ], [ 800, 806 ], [ 890, 898 ], [ 911, 924 ], [ 964, 979 ], [ 1000, 1008 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the battle between 'Ali and Mu'awiya at Siffin in 657 CE. When 'Ali was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. \"Judgement belongs to God alone\" (لاَ حُكْكْ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves al-Shurat (\"the Vendors\"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in martyrdom.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 3041739, 37525108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 108 ], [ 473, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These original Kharijites opposed both 'Ali and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by 'Ali, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the Umayyads, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the Second Fitna (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 49855, 7334348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 234 ], [ 294, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate Ibadi Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the 'Abbasid period. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 632373, 49856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 188 ], [ 313, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim (\"even an Ethiopian slave\") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 47674564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of 'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Islamic heartlands. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to surivive into modern times.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 2867231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 18th-century Islamic revivalist Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and 20th-century Muslim authors Maulana Maududi and Sayyid Qutb have referred to Ibn Taymiyyah when condemning self-proclaimed Muslims as not being real Muslims. ibn Abd al-Wahhab condemned the practices of Shia, Sufi and other Muslims as bid'a (innovation of the religion), and ibn Abd al-Wahhab's followers slew many Muslims for allegedly pagan (kufr) practices.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 19975, 10566279, 23839057, 26961, 28246, 2254206, 261924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 62 ], [ 95, 110 ], [ 115, 126 ], [ 270, 274 ], [ 276, 280 ], [ 302, 307 ], [ 411, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(In his books Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā’idatuhu and Kashf ush-Shubuhaat (Clarification of the Doubts), ibn Abdul-Wahhāb makes an explicit takfir of people who invoke or implore for help from dead people (such as the prophet and his family) or, in other words, intercede for themselves with God by seeking intercession from the prophet and his family.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the colonial and post-colonial Muslim world the influence and pressure of Western powers meant that not only was apostasy rare in practice, but that it was (contrary to sharia) abolished as a crime punishable by death in state statutes of law (the West also encouraged establishing laws giving equal rights to women and non-Muslims in violation of sharia). Some Muslims (such as the cleric 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) responded by preaching that if the state would not kill apostates then it had \"become a duty of individual Moslems\" to do so, and gave advice on how to plead in court to avoid punishment after being arrested for such a murder.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 28840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān (In the shade of the Qurʾān) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq (Milestones), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the sharia law. In order to restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for jihad against what he perceived as jahili government/society, and overthrow them. Qutbism, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Historical background", "target_page_ids": [ 23839057, 246903, 20742, 2258933, 2150475, 191429, 882070, 28840, 10909553, 16203, 455212, 457803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 162, 171 ], [ 206, 224 ], [ 437, 447 ], [ 536, 564 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 729, 738 ], [ 842, 852 ], [ 866, 879 ], [ 1141, 1146 ], [ 1223, 1230 ], [ 1399, 1416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the mid 1990s, one list of Qutb-inspired groups included al-Jihaad al-Islami, Takfir wal-Hijra, Jund Allah, al-Jihaad, Tanzim al-Faniyyah al-Askariyyah—all of which were fighting violent insurgencies.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 40477972, 32595136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 79 ], [ 81, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Qutb declared that the Islamic world had \"long ago vanished from existence\" and that true Muslims would have to confront \"arrogant, mischievous, criminal and degraded people\" in the struggle to restore Islam, he had not specifically stated that the self-professed Muslim \"authorities of the jahili system\" were apostates (or whether they should all be killed)—but his followers have.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ayman al-Zawahiri, \"jihad's main ideologist,\" (originally of al-Jihaad al-Islami aka Egyptian Islamic Jihad), and the current leader of al-Qaeda, paid homage to Qutb in his book Knights under the Prophet's Banner Al Qaeda is commonly described as seeking to overthrow the \"apostate\" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with \"true\" Islamic governments, and having a \"habit\" of denouncing Muslims who did not \"accept a narrow interpretation\" of Sunni Islam as \"non-believers and legitimate targets.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 319799, 40477972, 1921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 85, 107 ], [ 136, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shukri Mustaf, founder of Jama'at al-Muslimin (known to the public as Takfir wal-Hijra) had been in prison with Qutb, and was a \"disciple\" of his.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 32595136, 32595136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ], [ 71, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Takfir of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant may be more rooted in Wahhabism and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab than Qutb, but \"one famous quote\" from him \"has been seen written on walls and has also appeared repeatedly in IS texts: 'Whoever does not pay the price of jihad, shall pay the price of abstention'\". Another source writes that the \"roots\" of ISIL's \"takfiri\" ideology \"can be found in the Khawarij’s view, and in the writings of Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and Sayyid Qutb.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 9087364, 46188292, 19975, 272074, 19975, 23839057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 50 ], [ 73, 82 ], [ 87, 104 ], [ 436, 449 ], [ 451, 468 ], [ 474, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Qutb's home country of Egypt in the 1980s and 1990s many authorities of \"the jahili system\" were attacked and killed (along with non-Muslims such as tourists and Christians) by extremists.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1974, 100 members of the \"Islamic Liberation Organization\", led by one Salih Sirriya, stormed the armory of the Military Technical College in Cairo, seizing weapons and vehicles, as part of a plan to kill President Anwar El Sadat and other top Egyptian officials.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 49522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1977, the group Jama'at al-Muslimin (known to the public as Takfir wal-Hijra for its strategy of takfiring Muslim society and going into psychological hijra/exile from it), kidnapped and later killed an Islamic scholar and former Egyptian government minister Muhammad al-Dhahabi. The group's founder, Shukri Mustaf—who had been imprisoned with Sayyid Qutb, and was now one of Qutb's \"most radical\" disciples—believed that not only were the Egyptian President and his government officials apostates, but so was \"Egyptian society as a whole\" because it was \"not fighting the Egyptian government and had thus accepted rule by non-Muslims\". Hundreds of members of the group were arrested and Shukri Mustafa was executed but (according to journalist Robin Wright), the group reorganized with thousands of members. Later its ex-members went on to help assassinate Anwar Sadat, and be involved in the Algerian Civil War and Al-Qaeda.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 32595136, 32595136, 23839057, 1767413, 1526860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 38 ], [ 63, 79 ], [ 348, 359 ], [ 492, 500 ], [ 899, 917 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981, President Sadat was successfully assassinated (along with six diplomats) by members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 30836429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1990s, a violent Islamic insurgency in Egypt, primarily perpetrated by Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, targeted police, government officials (but also civilians including tourists). In one particularly bloody year (1993), 1106 persons were killed or wounded, and \"several senior police officials and their bodyguards were shot dead in daylight ambushes.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 487379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "But in addition to the authorities of the jahili system, civilians also were targeted. Unlike the scholars of classical Islam, extremists not only expanded the definition of what constituted an apostate, but enforced its penalty. Along with other traditional socio-economic-ethnic-military-personality factors of insurgency, takfir played a part in the bloodshed of extremist violence.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the brutal 1991–2002 Algerian Civil War between the Algerian Government and various Islamist rebel groups, takfir was known to be declared by the hardline Islamist GIA (Armed Islamic Group of Algeria). Starting in April 1998, a series of massacres in villages or neighborhoods killed tens, and sometimes hundreds, of civilians without disregard to the age and sex of victims. Although the government had infiltrated the insurgents and it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved in massacres, the GIA amir, Antar Zouabri claimed credit for two massacres (Rais and Bentalha massacres), calling the killings an \"offering to God\" and declaring impious the victims and all Algerians who had not joined its ranks. He declared that \"except for those who are with us, all others are apostates and deserving of death,\" Between 100,000 and 200,000 were ultimately killed in the war.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 1526860, 300210, 1281634, 663660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ], [ 172, 202 ], [ 594, 598 ], [ 603, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 1998 the Taliban insurgents slaughtered 8000 mostly Shia Hazara non-combatants in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan. The Taliban indicated revenge, or ethnic hatred may have been a motivation for the slaughter, but comments by Mullah Niazi, the Taliban commander of the attack and newly installed governor, also indicated that takfir may also have been a motive. Niazi declared in a number of post-slaughter speeches from Mosques in Mazar-i-Sharif: \"Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are kofr [infidels]. The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. ... You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. ...\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 14131, 20517, 962838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 73 ], [ 92, 106 ], [ 332, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ironically, the Taliban seemed to have backed off the \"Hazaras are not Muslim\" approach and were later denounced by the ISIS for their tolerance of Shia. The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine Dabiq (19 January 2016) attacked the Taliban for \"considering the Rāfidah [a slur for Shia] to be their brothers and publicly denouncing those who target the Rāfidah:\" Dabiq quoted \"Abdullāh al-Wazīr, the official correspondent of the nationalist Taliban media committee\":", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 44093475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Shī’ah are Muslims ... Everyone who says there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s Messenger is a Muslim. The sects are many and Allah will decide between them on Judgment Day.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "as evidence of Taliban wrongdoing.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Al Qaeda shared some of the takfir beliefs of ISIS, with, for example senior leader Ayman al-Zawahiri denigrating Shi’a as \"a religious school based on excess and falsehood\", but al-Zawahiri (and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi) also opposed attacks on Shia as a distraction from the more important goal of defeating the \"far enemy\", the United States. Attacks \"on ordinary Shi’a, their mosques, and the mausoleum of their Imams\" would \"lift the burden from the Americans by diverting the mujahedeen to the Shi’a\". What did provoke it to takfir and \"legitimize targeting\" was the fighting by Muslim soldiers as the allies of the West against Muslims.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 319799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From its inception in 2013 to 2021, directly or through affiliated groups, ISIS (also Daesh or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), \"has been responsible for 27,947 terrorist deaths\". The majority of these have been Muslims \"because it has regarded them as kafir\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 9087364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who founded Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in Iraq in 1999, is said to have turned \"an insurgency against US troops\" in Iraq \"into a Shia–Sunni civil war\". He saw himself as fighting not just the occupying United States military, but what he called \"the sects of apostasy\" (i.e. Shia Muslims). In September 2005 he declared \"all-out war\" on Shi'ites in Iraq after the Iraqi government offensive on insurgents in the Sunni town of Tal Afar.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 8484783, 748820, 2372429, 26961, 2614388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 34, 61 ], [ 163, 172 ], [ 361, 369 ], [ 450, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine Dabiq dedicates \"dozens of pages\" were devoted \"to attacking and explaining the necessity of killing Shia\", who the group refers to by the label Rafidah.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Initiated by a sly Jew, [the Shia] are an apostate sect drowning in worship of the dead, cursing the best companions and wives of the Prophet, spreading doubt on the very basis of the religion (the Qur’ān and the Sunnah), defaming the very honor of the Prophet, and preferring their \"twelve\" imāms to the prophets and even to Allah! ...Thus, the Rāfidah are mushrik [polytheist] apostates who must be killed wherever they are to be found, until no Rāfidī walks on the face of earth, even if the jihād claimants despise such...", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to takfiring Shia, from about 2003 to 2006 al-Zarqawi expanded \"the range of behavior\" that could make large number of self-proclaimed Muslims apostates: including \"in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one's beard, voting in an election—even for a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Al-Zarqawi was killed in 2006 the successor of the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad—the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, aka ISIL or Daesh, expanded takfir still further. ISIL not only called for the revival of slavery of non-Muslims (specifically of the Yazidi minority group), but takfired any Muslim who disagreed with their policy.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 748820, 9087364, 20557247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 78 ], [ 83, 119 ], [ 255, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yazidi women and children [are to be] divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the Sinjar operations ... Enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from Islam.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 43562207, 261924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 154 ], [ 190, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting in 2013, the ISIL began \"encouraging takfir of Muslims deemed insufficiently pure in regard of tawhid (monotheism)\". The Taliban were found \"to be \"a 'nationalist' movement, all too tolerant\" of Shia. In 2015 ISIL \"pronounced Jabhat al-Nusrat—then al-Qaida's affiliate in Syria—an apostate group.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One of ISIL's \"most infamous large-scale killings\" was the June 2014 Camp Speicher massacre in Iraq, \"when the group murdered more than 1,500 Shi’a army cadets in Tikrit\". In a film made by ISIL about the Camp Speicher massacre, a narrator states: \"All are apostates who have come from cities of apostates to kill Sunnis here, we have more than 2,000 of them.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 43694501, 199988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 91 ], [ 163, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Along with Shia, ISIL and to a lesser extent Al-Qaeda have takfired Sufi Muslims, considering their the shrines and these living saints a violation of monotheism. The deadliest attack by ISIL on Sufis, and \"the worst terrorist attack in Egypt’s modern history\", occurred on 24 November 2017, when approximately 40 gunmen attacked the al-Rawda mosque (associated with the Jaririya Sufi order) near El-Arish Sinai during Friday prayers. 311 people were killed and at least 122 injured. While no group claimed responsibility for the attack, the Islamic State's Wilayat Sinai branch was strongly suspected. On 25 November, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office, citing interviews with survivors, said the attackers brandished the Islamic State flag. In an interview in the Islamic State magazine Rumiyah (January 2017 issue five) an insurgent Islamic State commander condemned Sufi practices and identified the district where the attack occurred as one of three areas where Sufis live in Sinai that Islamic State intended to \"eradicate.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 38580119, 55876196, 497008, 9087364, 48029499, 32251187, 51522084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 80 ], [ 321, 329 ], [ 400, 405 ], [ 543, 556 ], [ 559, 572 ], [ 730, 748 ], [ 797, 804 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Writing in 2014, Aaron Y. Zelin and Phillip Smyth argue that the combatants in the Syrian Civil War have used sectarian language to \"cast one another\" as non-Muslims/infidels, dehumanizing the enemy and intensifying the bloodshed and mayhem. The Shia Hizbollah, for example had successfully \"tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis\", with the brush of \"takfiri\". The Sunnis and Shiites antagonism has spread from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon, so that \"there have been incidents in Australia, Azerbaijan, Britain, and Egypt\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 30741795, 13919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 99 ], [ 253, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Well-known cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi, often branded as \"moderate,\" declared Nusayris (aka Alawiyya) of Syria bigger infidels than even the Jews or Christians in a conference in June 2013 in Cairo (a conference that called for jihad in Syria and was attended by the Grand Imam of al-Azhar). Indications that executions of the enemy may have religious motivation came from a October 2013 video clip where Shiite Islamist fighters executed alleged captured Syrian rebels with the claim by one of the shooters that: \"We are performing our taklif [religious order] and we are not seeking personal vengeance.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 457803, 436616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 35 ], [ 76, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier, takfir has been a major part of the focus of Boko Haram under the leadership of Abubakar Shekau.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 23769768, 34481306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 112 ], [ 137, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "after 2010 ... Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed the group \"JAS\" in 2010. Rather, there was a \"priority scale\" with Christians, the government, and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were \"guilty\" for not having joined his jihad. ... [by] October 2010, ... assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The policy led to a schism in the group, and after Shekau ordered an \"urban invasion\" in Kano in 2012 where \"up to 200 people\" were killed, a splinter group called \"Ansaru\" left, complaining of the excessive killing of Muslims.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Takfir in late 20th and early 21st century", "target_page_ids": [ 34308155, 508782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 84 ], [ 89, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Deobandi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 65171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Islamofascism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3221214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wahhabism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 159040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sahih al-Bukhari 4.574", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi, A Critical Study of the Multiple Identities and Disguises of 'al-Muhajiroun': Exposing the Antics of the Cult Followers of Omar Bakri Muhammad Fustuq, Jamiah Media, 2009 ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi, Abdullah El-Faisal Al-Jamayki: A Critical Study of His Statements, Errors and Extremism in Takfeer, Jamiah Media, 2011 ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reza Aslan (2009), Global Jihadism as a Transnational Movement: A Theoretical Framework, PhD dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1656053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam, Penguin, 2004 ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Islam-related_controversies", "Islam-related_slurs", "Islamic_fundamentalism", "Sectarianism" ]

[ "Takfirism", "Takfiris" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A global union federation (GUF) is an international federation of national trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups. Historically, such federations in the social democratic tradition described as international trade secretariats (ITS), while those in the Christian democratic tradition described themselves as international trade federations. Equivalent sectoral bodies linked to the World Federation of Trade Unions described themselves as Trade Union Internationals.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1765698, 17626, 328969, 38332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 75, 86 ], [ 291, 311 ], [ 421, 453 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many unions are members of one or more global union federations, relevant to the sectors where they have their members. Individual unions may also be affiliated to a national trade union centre, which in turn can be affiliated to the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) or the WFTU.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 384687, 7719021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 193 ], [ 234, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Global Unions", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 982723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Books", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Articles", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Profiles", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Global_union_federations", "Labor_relations" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Ivan Chodkiewicz; ( 1420 – 1484) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia. He was a son of Chodko Jurewicz and ancestor of the Chodkiewicz family. Ivan married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, first cousin of Casimir IV Jagiellon. The marriage into the royal line helped him to obtain positions of starosta of Lutsk (1473) and voivode of Kiev (1480). During a Tatar invasion in 1482, Ivan and his family were taken hostage. Ivan died in captivity while his wife, daughter Agrafena, and son Aleksander Chodkiewicz were ransomed and continued the family line.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18272104, 380252, 17247438, 1405626, 39064, 1342632, 510151, 38500298, 56877, 17198130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ], [ 64, 112 ], [ 130, 145 ], [ 166, 184 ], [ 243, 263 ], [ 332, 340 ], [ 344, 349 ], [ 361, 376 ], [ 394, 399 ], [ 524, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, historiography states that Ivan Chodkiewicz first appears in written sources in 1453 when his was a member of a GDL delegation sent to Polish sejm in Parczew. However, this note is based on an unreliable account by Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz. According to Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė, the first reliable mention of Ivan was on 6 June 1459 when he witnessed a treaty. At the time he was starosta of Minsk. He reappeared as a military commander in 1466 during the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania declared neutrality and officially did not participate in the war. In 1466, the Knights defended themselves in Chojnice (Konitz) and the siege by Polish troops, commanded by Piotr Dunin, stalled. Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon sent reinforcements of 500 Lithuanian and 300 Tatar soldiers, who were commanded by Ivan Chodkiewicz. The Polish–Lithuanian forces succeeded in burning and capturing the city on 28 September 1466.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 28167, 389584, 17339731, 1342632, 51593, 21744294, 30776, 153306, 21700994, 39064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 161 ], [ 165, 172 ], [ 230, 253 ], [ 407, 415 ], [ 419, 424 ], [ 483, 512 ], [ 551, 567 ], [ 709, 717 ], [ 772, 783 ], [ 832, 852 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1470, Ivan Chodkiewicz became part of the royal court. In a 23 October 1470 document he was mentioned as court marshal (marszałek hospodarski) and governor of Lida. In this position, which was shared with other people and held by Ivan until 1479, he was responsible for the security of the royal court. Around this time he married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, daughter of and first cousin of Casimir IV. It is believed that their first son, Aleksander Chodkiewicz, was born around 1475. Kirkienė argued that the wedding was a boost for further career of Ivan, who lost his position in Lida to become a governor of Vitebsk around 1473.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1455765, 1267462, 17198130, 160979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 132 ], [ 162, 166 ], [ 444, 466 ], [ 617, 624 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 12 October 1474, Ivan Chodkiewicz commanded Lithuanian troops in a battle near Wrocław (Breslau) against Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Ivan, his otherwise unknown brother Pavel, and eleven other Ruthenian nobles signed a letter to Pope Sixtus IV in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), Metropolitan of Kiev. The letter expressed loyalty to the Council of Florence and supported a church union between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It also contained complains that the Catholics were discriminating the Orthodoxs and asked the Pope for protection. There are doubts whether the letter was authentic and not a later forgery.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 33603, 272105, 81189, 24845, 21771156, 144596, 2717213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 89 ], [ 108, 136 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 234, 248 ], [ 295, 315 ], [ 353, 372 ], [ 389, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1478, Ivan was mentioned as starosta of Lutsk. It was a high-level position in Volhynia, an important region contested between Poland and Lithuania. As starosta, Ivan enacted new taxes that faced resistance and were canceled by his successor. Ivan Chodkiewicz reached the top of his career when he became voivode of Kiev in summer 1480. This upset dynastic interest of the Olelkovich and Belsky families, who could claim ancestry from the ruling Gediminid dynasty and Princes of Kiev. Disappointed by such dynastic policies, Mikhailo Olelkovich with relatives and planned a coup against Casimir IV in 1481. However, the conspiracy was discovered, possibly by Ivan Chodkiewicz, and Mikhailo and Ivan were executed. Kiev Voivodeship was threatened by the Crimean Khanate under Khan Mengli Giray. Therefore, it had to have strong and organized military, and Ivan's military experience was useful. However, the Tatars invaded the region and kidnapped Ivan and his family in 1482. Ivan and his daughter (name unknown) died in captivity, while his wife, son Aleksander, and daughter Agrafena were ransomed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 510151, 405978, 38500298, 28710063, 3152516, 1202971, 158407, 13135488, 966167, 5816232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 48 ], [ 82, 90 ], [ 308, 323 ], [ 376, 386 ], [ 391, 406 ], [ 449, 458 ], [ 471, 486 ], [ 528, 547 ], [ 758, 773 ], [ 785, 797 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1420s_births", "1484_deaths", "Year_of_birth_uncertain", "Chodkiewicz_family", "Ruthenian_nobility" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Julliberrie's Grave, also known as The Giant's Grave or The Grave, is an unchambered long barrow located near to the village of Chilham in the south-eastern English county of Kent. Probably constructed in the fourth millennium BCE, during Britain's Early Neolithic period, today it survives only in a state of ruin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36083734, 2947193, 52926, 16766, 35943, 6088, 29323603, 800948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 96 ], [ 128, 135 ], [ 143, 156 ], [ 175, 179 ], [ 209, 226 ], [ 227, 230 ], [ 249, 264 ], [ 310, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeologists have established that the monument was built by pastoralist communities shortly after the introduction of agriculture to Britain from continental Europe. Although representing part of an architectural tradition of long barrow building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe, Julliberrie's Grave belongs to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the vicinity of the River Stour. Of these, it lies on the eastern side of the river, alongside the Shrub's Wood Long Barrow, while the third known example in this barrow group, Jacket's Field Long Barrow, is located on the western side.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18951655, 966760, 655874, 150208, 58634624, 58634688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 63, 74 ], [ 229, 240 ], [ 398, 409 ], [ 477, 501 ], [ 555, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Julliberrie's Grave is long, high, and at its widest. It was originally larger, with the northern end having been destroyed. Unlike many other long barrows, no evidence for any Early Neolithic human remains have been found at the site; it is possible that its builders never placed human remains within it, or that such burials were included in the barrow's (since lost) northern end. A broken polished stone axe was included in the centre of the monument, which archaeologists believe was likely placed there as part of a ritual act of deposition. A rectangular pit was dug into the western side of the barrow shortly after its completion, likely containing a ritual deposit of organic material, before being refilled.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 102920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 526, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Iron Age, a hearth was established in the ditch circling the barrow; in the Romano-British period, human remains and a coin hoard were buried around its perimeter. Ensuing millennia witnessed local folklore grow up around the site, associating it with the burial of either a giant or an army and their horses. The ruin attracted the interest of antiquarians in the 17th century, although was heavily damaged by chalk quarrying around the 18th. During the 18th and 19th century, antiquarians dug into the barrow at least twice, while cautious archaeological excavation took place in the 1930s. A Scheduled Ancient Monument, it is accessible to visitors all year around.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1299531, 13525, 11303, 149685, 60697, 100240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 83, 97 ], [ 205, 213 ], [ 352, 364 ], [ 549, 574 ], [ 602, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Julliberrie's Grave is located on a shoulder of downland that flanks the eastern side of the River Stour. It is located just over half-a-mile southeast of St Mary's Church, Chilham, and can be inspected from an adjacent public path. It is recognised as a Scheduled Ancient Monument under British law.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Location and status", "target_page_ids": [ 150208, 100240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 104 ], [ 255, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British history. Between 4500 and 3800 BCE, it saw a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living in the British Isles adopted agriculture as their primary form of subsistence, abandoning the hunter-gatherer lifestyle that had characterised the preceding Mesolithic period. This came about through contact with continental societies, although it is unclear to what extent this can be attributed to an influx of migrants or to indigenous Mesolithic Britons adopting agricultural technologies from the continent. The region of modern Kent would have been a key area for the arrival of continental European settlers and visitors, because of its position on the estuary of the River Thames and its proximity to the continent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 3736, 627, 210098, 20568, 49031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 180 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 254, 269 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 735, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Britain was largely forested in this period; widespread forest clearance did not occur in Kent until the Late Bronze Age (c.1000 to 700 BCE). Throughout most of Britain, there is little evidence of cereal or permanent dwellings from this period, leading archaeologists to believe that the Early Neolithic economy on the island was largely pastoral, relying on herding cattle, with people living a nomadic or semi-nomadic life. It is apparent that although a common material culture was shared throughout most of the British Isles in this period, there was great regional variation regarding the nature and distribution of settlement, architectural styles, and the use of natural resources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 13047516, 966760, 1257710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 120 ], [ 339, 347 ], [ 465, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Across Western Europe, the Early Neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape. These were tombs that held the physical remains of the dead, and though sometimes constructed out of timber, many were built using large stones, now known as \"megaliths\". Individuals were rarely buried alone in the Early Neolithic, instead being interred in collective burials with other members of their community. The construction of these collective burial monumental tombs, both wooden and megalithic, began in continental Europe before being adopted in Britain in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 332248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 288, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Early Neolithic people of Britain placed far greater emphasis on the ritualised burial of the dead than their Mesolithic forebears had done. Many archaeologists have suggested that this is because Early Neolithic people adhered to an ancestor cult that venerated the spirits of the dead, believing that they could intercede with the forces of nature for the benefit of their living descendants. Given that other rites may have taken place around these monuments, historian Ronald Hutton termed them \"tomb-shrines\" to reflect their dual purpose.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 32632, 696413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 251 ], [ 477, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Britain, these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the surrounding landscape, perhaps at the junction between different territories. Archaeologist Caroline Malone noted that the tombs would have served as one of a variety of markers in the landscape that conveyed information on \"territory, political allegiance, ownership, and ancestors.\" Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb-shrines served as territorial markers between different tribal groups, although others have argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society. Instead it has been suggested that they represent markers along herding pathways. Many archaeologists have suggested that the construction of such monuments reflects an attempt to stamp control and ownership over the land, thus representing a change in mindset brought about by Neolithicisation. Others have suggested that these monuments were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 2341763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeologists have differentiated these Early Neolithic tombs into a variety of different architectural styles, each typically associated with a different region within the British Isles. Passage graves, characterised by their narrow passage made of large stones and one or multiple burial chambers covered in earth or stone, were predominantly located in northern Britain and southern and central Ireland. Alternately, across northern Ireland and central Britain long chambered mounds predominated, while in the east and south-east of Britain, earthen long barrows represented the dominant architectural trend. These earthen long barrows were typically constructed of timber because building stone was scarce in southern Britain; archaeologist Aubrey Burl argued that these timber tombs might have been \"even more eye-catching\" than their stone counterparts, perhaps consisting of \"towering carved poles, flamboyantly painted\", but that evidence of such sculptures has not survived.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 24663, 36083734, 717948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 202 ], [ 546, 566 ], [ 746, 757 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeologists are aware of around twelve Neolithic long barrows that are located in Kent. The best known of these are the Medway Megaliths, all of which are found in the vicinity of the River Medway and each of which contains a stone burial chamber. This use of stone as a building material sets these Medway Megaliths apart from Julliberrie's Grave and the Stour long barrows. The decision by the builders of the Stour long barrows to not use stone was likely deliberate, for sarsens are naturally present in the local area and could have been obtained had they wanted them. Archaeologists recognise the Stour long barrows as a distinct regional grouping of this form of monument. The archaeologist Paul Ashbee thought that there was a typological link between Julliberrie's Grave and the long barrows on the chalk downlands of Sussex, despite the fact that they are over fifty miles apart from each other. The three tumuli are located within eight kilometres of each other, high up on the North Downs between Canterbury and Ashford. As of 1998, Julliberrie's Grave is the only one of the trio to have been archaeologically excavated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Context", "target_page_ids": [ 811529, 242224, 652462, 24641154, 49699, 413922, 48274, 350215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 139 ], [ 187, 199 ], [ 478, 484 ], [ 701, 712 ], [ 830, 836 ], [ 992, 1003 ], [ 1012, 1022 ], [ 1027, 1034 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Trapezoidal in shape, Julliberrie's Grave is oriented on a north-northwest to south-southeast orientation. As of the mid-1930s, the barrow measured 43.9 metres (144 feet) in length, with a width of 14.6 metres (48 feet) at its northern end and 12.8 metres (42 feet) at its southern end. The tumulus measured 2.1 metres (7 feet) at its highest point. The long barrow was once larger than this; a letter written by an antiquarian in 1703 reported that the barrow was over 54.8 metres (180 feet) in length and over 12.1 metres (40 feet) in width at its widest section.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A ditch encircled the southern end and sides of the tumulus and was not broken by any causeways. Whether this ditch also encircled the barrow's northern end is unknown due to the damage to that end of the monument. The inclusion of an encircling ditch without breaks in it is also seen in some of the long barrows found along Britain's southern coast, in Hampshire and Dorset.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 13861, 37589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 355, 364 ], [ 369, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No primary burials of human remains have been found in the barrow. This tumulus might therefore have been an example of a long barrow that did not contain a burial; several other empty examples are known. Conversely, it could have been that human remains were located in the northern end of the mound, which was later destroyed — likely by chalk quarrying — prior to any archaeological excavation. It is possible that the barrow's purpose was not funerary, perhaps instead serving as a territorial marker.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Julliberrie's Grave has not been firmly dated, and an understanding of its age relies upon circumstantial evidence. However, both its U-shaped plan and its lack of burials are representative of a later form in the European long barrow tradition. On the typological basis of a polished axe-head found within the barrow, the archaeologist Stuart Piggott suggested that the monument had been constructed at a late date within the Early Neolithic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 789125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 337, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Located well into the original turf-core of the southern end of the barrow was a broken polished stone-axe, discovered during the 1937 excavation of the site. Given both the high status prestige of such an item and its location deep inside the barrow, various archaeologists have deemed it likely that it had been deliberately deposited into the barrow as part of a ritual act.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 102920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 366, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The inclusion of an axe within the monument is not unique to Julliberrie's Grave; elsewhere in Britain, axes have been found deposited inside other Early Neolithic monuments, including both long barrows and causewayed enclosures. Piggott highlighted that such polished axes have also been found in the long barrows of the Netherlands, furthermore highlighting that the style of the axe found within Julliberrie's Grave was akin to that found in the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Scandinavia, thereby suggesting a link between this part of Kent and those regions during the Early Neolithic. Ashbee suggested that the location of this axe reflects the existence of an axe cult that was present in both Kent and elsewhere during this period.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 645962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the western side of the barrow, a rectangular pit had been dug which measured 4.7 metres (15.5 feet) from east to west and 2.3 metres (7.75) feet from north to south, as well as to a depth of at least 1.5 metres (5 feet) below the mound's surface. Its appearance suggested that care had been taken when both digging and filling it in; at its bottom was a deposit of lumpy chalk along with organic material that archaeologists in the 1930s could not identify, but which likely represented the item originally placed within the pit. Although no datable material was found within this pit, analysis of land mollusc shells recovered from both the top and the bottom of the pit suggested that it was broadly contemporary in date with the construction of the barrow itself. The archaeologist responsible for excavating this pit, Ronald Jessup, therefore suggested that the \"burial pit\" was \"likely to postdate the mound only by a short period\". He thought that it may have contained \"a ritual offering made at the completion of the barrow\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Britain's Early Neolithic communities placed greater emphasis on the ritual burial of the dead than their Mesolithic forebears. Archaeologists have suggested that this is because Early Neolithic Britons adhered to an ancestor cult that venerated the spirits of the dead, believing that they could intercede with the forces of nature for the benefit of their living descendants. The archaeologist Robin Holgate stressed that rather than simply being tombs, the Medway Megaliths were \"communal monuments fulfilling a social function for the communities who built and used them\". Thus, it has been suggested that Early Neolithic people entered into the tombs—which doubled as temples or shrines—to perform rituals honouring the dead and requesting their assistance. For this reason, the historian Ronald Hutton termed these monuments \"tomb-shrines\" to reflect their dual purpose.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 32632, 48134, 465979, 696413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 230 ], [ 673, 679 ], [ 684, 690 ], [ 794, 807 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Britain, these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the landscape, perhaps at the junction between different territories. The archaeologist Caroline Malone noted that the tombs would have served as one of various landscape markers that conveyed information on \"territory, political allegiance, ownership, and ancestors\". Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb-shrines were territorial markers between different tribes; others have argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society. Instead it has been suggested that they represent markers along herding pathways. The archaeologist Richard Bradley suggested that the construction of these monuments reflects an attempt to mark control and ownership over the land, thus reflecting a change in mindset brought about by the transition from the hunter-gatherer Mesolithic to the pastoralist Early Neolithic. Others have suggested that these monuments were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Design and construction", "target_page_ids": [ 2341763, 33423392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 192 ], [ 671, 686 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeologists found evidence for activity at the site during the British Iron Age. In this period, a hearth was established in the barrow's western ditch. The remains of two pots were found alongside this hearth; one was made from \"friable reddish-brown ware with large flint grits\" and the other from \"sandy, brown fabric, smoothed on the inside and with a fine flint tempering\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 1299531, 143176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 82 ], [ 102, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Romano-British finds are commonly located in and around Early Neolithic monuments, and at Julliberries' Grave there is evidence for what the archaeologist Paul Ashbee called \"more than [a] casual Romano-British interest\". Archaeologists found several Romano-British burials—both inhumations and cremations—just to the south of the long barrow. \"Roman Burial I\" was an inhumation of a child aged between 5 and 7, lain on its back with its feet to the northeast. It had been buried with a bronze brooch used to pin a shroud, as well as a bronze bracelet on its right arm and both a pottery dish and a cup by its head, all artefacts dated to the middle of the first century CE. \"Roman Burial II\" contained a female skeleton aged around 17 at the time of death. She was positioned on her back with her feet facing westward. Interred with the grave were a dish and a cup, both also dated to the middle of the first century CE. Between Burial I and II was an area of \"greasy yellow chalk\", which the excavators believed represented evidence for the burial of an infant. \"Roman Burial III\" contained six pottery vessels: a flagon, a butt-shaped beaker, two small cups, a dish, and a wide-mouthed bowl containing the cremated remains of a human cranium, as well as parts of the thorax and the long bones of a young adult. The bowl was placed atop six contiguous cervical vertebrae and a severed hand. The excavators believed that this was an early example of inhumation burial in Roman Britain, a practice that only became widespread in the third century CE.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 24641154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A pot containing a hoard of Roman coins dating to the era of the Emperor Constantine was buried in the vicinity of the barrow; it was rediscovered in the nineteenth century. During the 1930s excavations, eight Roman coins of late fourth-century date were found below the turf at the southern end of the barrow – perhaps having been dropped from the hoard when it was discovered – while a Roman coin dating from the reign of the Emperor Magnus Maximus was found in ploughsoil. On the monument's south-eastern side had been a Romano-British hearth, which subsequently was used to deposit animal bones, oyster shells, a fragment of a glass cup, and pieces of pottery—including a piece of Samian ware—most of which dated to the first century CE. This had been topped by several large chalk flints. Excavators interpreted this as \"a rubbish dump\", with the stones perhaps having come from a collapsed memorial cairn associated with the nearby burials. Excavation on the site's northwest corner also revealed worn sherds of Romano-British pottery, including a piece from a second-century Samian ware cup, located 15.2cm (six inches) below the surface of the turf. Romano-British pottery sherds were also found in the upper level of the ditch around the barrow.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 7236, 49040, 795212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 84 ], [ 436, 450 ], [ 685, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Romano-British burial of individuals around prehistoric barrows is not unique to Julliberrie's Grave and can be seen at other sites; for example, broadly contemporary with these burials were the cremation interments placed around a round barrow near Pakenham in Suffolk, Eastern England. The archaeologist Howard Williams noted that the Romano-British use of such prehistoric monuments could have been because, at the time, they were regarded \"as the embodiment of local deities, ancestors and group identity\". He added that they \"could have provided an important role in the construction and negotiation of social identities and power relations in Romano-British society, alternative to those resources and ideologies provided by the Roman state.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 1150075, 4036173, 27886, 17109913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 248 ], [ 254, 262 ], [ 266, 273 ], [ 310, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jessup believed that at some point in the barrow's history, an encroaching chalk pit destroyed its northern end; by the mid-1930s, it was reported that this pit has \"not been worked for the past century\" and had been stabilised by the growth of vegetation, which was preventing any further erosion. Conversely, Ashbee suggested that this damage might have been caused by a river meander gradually eroding that end. The northern end of the tumulus has also faced some damage from wastage, a result of rain water repeatedly dripping onto it from overhanging trees. Along part of the barrow's western side, ploughing has damaged the tumulus.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the early decades of the twentieth century, the archaeological site had come to be known as \"Julliberrie's\", \"The Grave\", and \"The Giant's Grave\" among residents of the local area. The -berrie element of the site's name may have derived from the Old English word or , meaning artificial mound or hill. The Julli- element might have derived from an individual's name or might be a reference to jewels, items which locals could have thought were present inside the barrow. In his study of Kentish place names, the etymologist J. K. Wallenberg suggested that the name \"Julliberrie's Grave\" may have emerged from antiquarian speculation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 22667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1930s, the idea that the barrow marked the grave of a giant was still present among the local population. Another tale recorded at the time was that the tumulus marked the burial place of one hundred horses and one hundred men who had been killed in battle but who could not be fitted into the graveyard of Chilham Church. Also in this period, a local man named Mr Read, who lived in the neighbouring mill, said that his father had forbidden him from climbing the mound, because it would be disrespectful to stand upon a grave.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Julliberrie's Grave also appears in R. Austin Freeman's 1936 novel The Penrose Mystery.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Subsequent history", "target_page_ids": [ 2487168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike the other two Stour long barrows, the existence of Julliberrie's Grave has been known for many centuries.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the writings of the antiquarian William Camden, Julliberrie's Grave is presented as the burial place of Julius Laberius, one of the tribunes of the Roman general Julius Caesar, who Camden alleged died fighting the Iron Age Britons in 54 BCE during the second of Caesar's invasions of Britain. According to Camden:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 102497, 30594, 15924, 5169185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 165, 178 ], [ 265, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Below this town [Chilham], is a green barrow, said to be the burying-place of one Jul-Laber many ages since; who, some will tell you, was a Giant, others a Witch. For my own part, imagining all along that there might be something of real Antiquity couch'd under that name, I am almost perswaded [sic] that Laberius Durus the Tribune, slain by the Britains [sic]... was buried here; and that from him the Barrow was call'd Jul-Laber.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Camden's ideas were largely accepted by later antiquarian commentators on the site, among them William Lambarde in his 1576 Perambulation of Kent, Richard Kilburne in his 1650 A Topographie of Kent, and Thomas Philipott in this 1659 Villare Cantianum. The account would also influence William Gostling, who in various editions of his Walk in and About the City of Canterbury—published between 1774 and 1825—included the long barrow on a map, where he labelled it \"Jullaber or Tomb of Laberius\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 1220245, 38833551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 111 ], [ 285, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other prominent antiquarians also made visits to the site. The antiquarian John Aubrey visited in about 1671 when staying at Hothfield with his friend and patron, Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet. Aubrey then made reference to the site in his unpublished document on British archaeology, Monumenta Britannica. In October 1722, the site was visited by the antiquarian William Stukeley, who made a drawing of the landscape around the long barrow; in October 1724, he returned to the site and produced a second sketch. In May 1725 he again visited Chilham and on this occasion produced Prospect of Julaber's Grave from Chilham, a drawing from the vantage point of the Woolpack Inn. This and other drawings were converted into engravings by Elisha Kirkall and featured in Stukeley's publications.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 302993, 4942898, 29425123, 189716, 59640238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 86 ], [ 125, 134 ], [ 163, 198 ], [ 370, 386 ], [ 740, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An excavation of the barrow was carried out by Lord Weymouth and Heneage Finch—later the 5th Earl of Winchelsea—in 1702 at the instigation of Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth, both of whom had antiquarian interests. Finch dug a shaft 1.5 metres (5 feet) in diameter through the middle of the mound and then expanded it into a 4.8 metre (16 foot) trench along the barrow's length. He found a few bones he regarded as non-human and described a chalk cap covering core of dark earth within the barrow. In a letter Finch wrote to John Battely, the Archdeacon of Canterbury, shortly after the excavation, he noted that: \"that it has been a burial-place is manifest, but of what people or time I find no marks.\" It was later noted that this was one of the earliest organised \"barrow openings\" to take place in England. Later excavation in the 1930s found surface-evidence of a cross-trench in the heart of a barrow; this may be evidence for another, un-documented excavation that had taken place, perhaps conducted by a member of the Wildman family who owned the Chilham Castle estate between 1792 and 1861.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 60697, 25932657, 7149474, 3934361, 9038049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 13 ], [ 65, 78 ], [ 142, 178 ], [ 530, 542 ], [ 548, 572 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early nineteenth century, the site's owner set up a fence around the barrow to prevent trespassers walking onto it; this was gone by the mid-1930s. It was during the digging of a post hole for the fence that the hoard of Roman coins was discovered. Although the site had long been recognised as a tumulus, it was only in 1868 that it was first recognised as a long barrow, by the archaeologist John Thurnam.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 715464, 1802514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 195 ], [ 401, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1880, the archaeologist Flinders Petrie recorded the site among a list of Kentish earthworks, referring to it as \"Julaber's Grave\". It was then examined and recorded by the archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford in his 1924 Ordnance Survey, Professional Papers.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 216965, 266034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 42 ], [ 190, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 1936, an excavation of the barrow was carried out under the directorship of the archaeologist Ronald Jessup. The excavation was both instigated and funded by the landowner who owned the barrow, Sir Edmund Davis, after the publication of Dr. R. Austin Freeman's novel, The Penrose Mystery (London: Hodder & Stouton, 1936) in which it plays a central role. After conducting this excavation, Jessup's team engaged in some conservation by filling in rabbit holes and removing thorn bushes that were damaging the barrow.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 2487168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937, Davis paid for Jessup to run a second excavation at the site. This time lasting for eight weeks, the \"primary object\" of this excavation was to gain good dating evidence for the creation of the tumulus, something that had not been obtained in the 1936 excavation. The lithics discovered at the site were analysed by the archaeologist Grahame Clark, while the pottery was examined by his colleague, Stuart Piggott. Jessup's investigation confirmed Thurnam's view that the tumulus was a Neolithic long barrow, ascertained that the northern end had been destroyed, and revealed both the polished stone axe and the Romano-British burials.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 1239814, 789125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 343, 356 ], [ 407, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Characterising Jessup's excavation as \"careful, [and] comprehensive\", Ashbee later related that it was one of \"a small series of long barrow excavations carried out\" during the 1930s which \"were the valued precedents\" of those carried out after the Second World War.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Antiquarian and archaeological investigation", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Julliberrie's Grave at Historic England", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Julliberrie's Grave at The Megalithic Portal", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 15303241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Julliberrie's Grave at The Modern Antiquarian", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1071348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Julliberrie's Grave at the Kent County Council website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1222511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 47 ] ] } ]

[ "Archaeological_sites_in_Kent", "Borough_of_Ashford", "Barrows_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Kent", "Stone_Age_sites_in_Kent", "Megalithic_monuments_in_England" ]

[ "Julliberrie's Grave Long Barrow" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Buddha of Suburbia may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Buddha of Suburbia (novel), a 1990 novel by Hanif Kureishi", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2342511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Buddha of Suburbia (TV serial), a 1993 BBC television series based on the book", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2434141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Buddha of Suburbia (soundtrack), a 1993 soundtrack album by David Bowie inspired by the above television series", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2342228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Buddha of Suburbia\" (song), a single released from the soundtrack album", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3481993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] } ]

[]

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[ { "plaintext": "Northampton is a town north of Geraldton, in the Mid West region of Western Australia. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 868.The town contains a National Trust building. The town lies on the North West Coastal Highway. Originally called The Mines, Northampton was gazetted in 1864 and named after the colony's Governor, John Hampton. The town was sited in the Nokanena Brook valley, between the hamlets around the two major copper mines in the area, the Wanerenooka and the Gwalla.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 413069, 1364041, 4700864, 553241, 1441120, 479450, 1066266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 41 ], [ 50, 86 ], [ 95, 106 ], [ 161, 175 ], [ 207, 233 ], [ 326, 334 ], [ 336, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was the service town to the micronation, the Principality of Hutt River.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 163266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town is known for its many wildflowers. Cave paintings at the Bowes River turnoff show that the region has been inhabited by Indigenous Australians.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22390754, 12598742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 77 ], [ 129, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town has a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36858, 6700, 38953843, 17588585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 35 ], [ 46, 52 ], [ 75, 88 ], [ 93, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lead ore was first found by explorer James Perry Walcott, a member of Augustus Charles Gregory's party, in 1848 in the bed of the Murchison River, establishing the mining industry in Western Australia. By 1864, 980 tons of lead ore and 230 tons of copper ore were exported from the district, representing 14% of the colony's total annual exports, exceeded only by wool (52%) and sandalwood (18%). By 1877 the district's exports of copper and lead ores had grown 350% and were the colony's second largest export, still at 14% of the total, after wool (53%).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17747, 1134310, 1461729, 262108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 70, 94 ], [ 130, 145 ], [ 379, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town was left under water by flooding in 1900 following torrential rainfall. The bridge over Nokanena Brook was swamped, with extensive damage; the water levels were the highest recorded in ten years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1936, 4,628 tons of lead were produced from the Northampton field, followed by 6,163 tons in 1937. Most of this came from the Grand Junction mine, which was closed in 1938.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Northampton State Battery opened in 1954 and operated for about 30 years leaving large amounts of tailings stockpiled. Locals removed the waste to use in buildings and other construction works. The battery was demolished in 2010 with the remaining tailings being sealed in a containment cell.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4723892, 469762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 29 ], [ 102, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An investigation into lead contamination in the town commenced in 2013. The Northampton Lead Tailings Project aims to collect information on all land parcels around the town to determine extent of the distribution of lead tailings, which contain about 3% lead, in the area.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 294338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2021 the town suffered serious damage from Tropical Cyclone Seroja after making landfall as an Australian scale Category 3 system north of nearby Gregory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67293316, 19928476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 75 ], [ 155, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Northampton is one of the oldest towns in Western Australia, having been declared a townsite in 1864. It was classified as a \"historic town\" by the National Trust of Australia (WA) in 1993 in recognition of the important heritage buildings that have been conserved and which are still in use there. Notable among them are two buildings by the eminent priest architect Mgr Hawes. Most important is the Church of Our Lady in Ara Coeli, built . It is a romantic Neo Gothic, hammer dressed, sandstone building with some Arts and Crafts elements. Next to the church is the Convent of the Sacred Heart, also by Mgr Hawes, built in 1919 in a more conventional two storied Australian style with its deep sun-shading wooden verandahs. Both buildings are on the Permanent Register of the State Heritage Register of Western Australia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Heritage", "target_page_ids": [ 42209442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first Western Australian government railway was constructed from Geraldton to Northampton, a distance of 33 miles 25 chains, and opened on 26 July 1879. An extension from Northampton to Ajana of 33 miles 5 chains was opened on 13 March 1913. The line closed on 29 April 1957.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 37568819, 17633328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 93 ], [ 190, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sir David Brand (1912-1979), 19th Premier of Western Australia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1077694, 24680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 35, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bradley John Murdoch, convicted murderer of English backpacker Peter Falconio", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1921533, 1825227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 63, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Burges (c. 1806-1876), established Bowes Estate, pastoralist, resident magistrate, MLC", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4430222, 302464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 92, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jamie Cripps, Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 29979655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Patrick Cripps Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 42497136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Drew (1865-1947), newspaper publisher, anti-federationist, Colonial Secretary, Minister for Agriculture, Minister for Lands, Minister for Education.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 36499421, 1241326, 1774673, 40679263, 27991758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 45, 63 ], [ 65, 83 ], [ 85, 109 ], [ 131, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paul Hasleby, Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4287028, 2403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Herbert Johnson (1889-1962), federal Minister for the Interior", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 14655937, 14492090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 38, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Josh J. Kennedy, Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 5309510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Lockyer, Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 19354638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel Mitchell (c. 1838-1912), pioneer of the mining industry in Western Australia, MLC, MLA", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 50713308, 1864012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 91, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harry Taylor, Australian rules footballer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 14443258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gibbs, M. (1997) Landscapes of Meaning – Joseph Lucas Horrocks and the Gwalla Estate, Northampton, Western Australia. Historical Traces: Studies in Western Australian History, No. 17. University of Western Australia Press.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Northampton,_Western_Australia", "Towns_in_Western_Australia", "Grain_receival_points_of_Western_Australia", "Mining_towns_in_Western_Australia" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, \"one man, one vote\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 70322, 167334, 1895016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 67, 72 ], [ 253, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all men in 1792. It was revoked by the Directory in 1795. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11188, 8217, 201973, 172180, 30328671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 29 ], [ 42, 93 ], [ 125, 144 ], [ 199, 208 ], [ 290, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Australian colonies, universal male suffrage first became law in the colony of South Australia in 1856. This was followed by the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales in 1857 and 1858. This included the introduction of the secret ballot. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the United States, the rise of Jacksonian democracy from the 1820s to 1850s led to a close approximation of universal manhood suffrage among white people being adopted in all states by 1856. Poorer white male citizens gained representation; however, tax-paying requirements remained in five states until 1860, in two states until the 20th century, and many poor white people were later disenfranchised. The expansion of suffrage was largely peaceful, excepting the Rhode Island Dorr Rebellion. Most African-American men remained excluded; though the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, upheld their voting rights, they were denied the right to vote in many places for another century until the Civil Rights Movement gained passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through Congress.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 372347, 374424, 2154, 31667, 49001, 55791, 31756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 34, 54 ], [ 481, 495 ], [ 502, 518 ], [ 553, 606 ], [ 734, 755 ], [ 778, 803 ], [ 812, 820 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As women also began to win the right to vote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the goal of universal manhood suffrage was replaced by universal suffrage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 220636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Women's suffrage ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 175581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] } ]

[ "Suffrage", "Equality_rights", "History_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States", "Revolutions_of_1848" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Lullingstone is a village in the county of Kent, England. It is best known for its castle, Roman villa and its public golf course.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16766, 5132129, 39744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 47 ], [ 83, 89 ], [ 91, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lullingstone was a civil parish until 1955, when it was annexed to Eynsford. The parish was in Axstane Hundred and its successor Dartford Rural District.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 644233, 1240913, 37127849, 9442807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 31 ], [ 67, 75 ], [ 95, 110 ], [ 129, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is believed that an Iron Age hill fort is sited on the hill above the castle, although this is unconfirmed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lullingstone Roman villa was discovered in 1939, and is believed to have been built around 100 AD. It contains some of the finest excavated remains of a Roman villa in Britain, including a Romano-Christian chapel, displaying some of the earliest evidence of Christianity in Britain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39744, 13525, 342526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ], [ 153, 158 ], [ 159, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nearby is the site of a decoy airfield for the nearby Biggin Hill airfield. Known as a Q-site, this was intended to entice bombers to misinterpret it as Biggin Hill.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 93890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937 a plan was announced to create an airport the size of Heathrow in Lullingstone. The area of land had been reserved and construction of Lullingstone railway station to serve the site began. The proposal was abandoned at the outbreak of World War II.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46865873, 34707756, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 49 ], [ 143, 171 ], [ 243, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lullingstone Country Park was established in the 20th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31191174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Farningham", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 4195984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eynsford", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 1240913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Swanley", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 1077077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sevenoaks", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 339728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chelsfield", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 11119699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Petts Wood", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 94232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St Mary Cray", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 3012694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Farnborough", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nearest places", "target_page_ids": [ 1230533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " uk-golfguide.com", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " kentattractions.co.uk", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " lullingstonecastle.co.uk", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " kentarchaeology.org.uk", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Villages_in_Kent" ]

[ "Lullingstone, Kent" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Jovan Nenad (; ca. 1492 – 26 July 1527), known as the Black was a Serb military commander in the service of the Kingdom of Hungary who took advantage of a Hungarian military defeat at Mohács and subsequent struggle over the Hungarian throne to carve out his own state in the southern Pannonian Plain. He styled himself emperor (tsar).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 59512, 879716, 39076, 1676371, 10111, 39879893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 70 ], [ 112, 130 ], [ 165, 190 ], [ 284, 299 ], [ 319, 326 ], [ 328, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jovan Nenad is attributed by Serbian historians as the founder of Vojvodina and the leader of the last independent Serbian state before the Ottoman conquest.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 176801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An ethnic Serb, he was born ca. 1492 in Lipova near the Mureş River in northern Banat (present-day Romania). Other facts about his origins are uncertain; he himself claimed to be \"a descendant of Serbian and Byzantine rulers\", although other contemporaries thought that he was a descendant of the Serbian despots or that he was a man of low rank. He was of medium height, slender, and highly moral and pious. His contemporaries called him \"the Black Man\" because of a strange birthmark which many considered a divine mark: \"he had a dark stripe, one finger wide, starting at the right temple of his head and running in a straight line over his body down to his right foot\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin", "target_page_ids": [ 7436929, 493426, 271319, 25445, 252944, 8363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 46 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 80, 85 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 476, 485 ], [ 510, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, the Ottoman Empire destroyed the army of Hungarian-Czech King Louis Jagellion, who was killed on the battlefield. After this battle, the Kingdom of Hungary became divided in three parts: Royal Hungary in the north and west became a Habsburg province, Transylvania in the east became an independent state, while the former central and southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary were absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. As King Louis had no children, Hungary was divided into two parties: one elected John Zápolya, a respected Hungarian noble, while the other declared for the King of Hungary a Habsburg, Ferdinand, Louis' brother-in-law. A part of this struggle was the leader of Serb mercenaries, Jovan Nenad.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military career", "target_page_ids": [ 39076, 22278, 879716, 53938, 46209, 1598647, 1041515, 30853, 558193, 151069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ], [ 47, 61 ], [ 84, 93 ], [ 94, 99 ], [ 105, 120 ], [ 230, 243 ], [ 275, 283 ], [ 294, 306 ], [ 536, 548 ], [ 640, 649 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Right after Mohács, Jovan Nenad appeared between Tisza and Danube as a leader of a Serb regiment. He quickly drove the Ottomans from Bačka and parts of Banat and Syrmia, which he then ruled independently. At first he sided with the Zapolyai, however, after the Hungarian nobility of Bačka estranged him from John Zápolya (who also refused to acknowledge Nenad's territory), he decided to support the Habsburg pretender, Ferdinand, in the beginning of 1527. The conflict with the Hungarian nobility arose when Hungarian refugees were refused to return to their rightful properties in Bačka, which Nenad saw as his. With his forces he continued to pillage Hungarian estates and villages and terrorized the Hungarian population. This turned against him not just the Hungarian nobility but villagers and peasants as well.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military career", "target_page_ids": [ 54275, 21209639, 543512, 271319, 458802, 558193, 558193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 54 ], [ 59, 65 ], [ 133, 138 ], [ 152, 157 ], [ 162, 168 ], [ 232, 240 ], [ 308, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He named Radoslav Čelnik the general commander of his army, while his emissaries to foreign rulers were Fabijan Literat, a Franciscan from Ilok, Ivan Dolić, the castellan of Bač from Irig. His treasurer and palatine was Subota Vrlić from Jagodina. Besides his main army, he also organized a personal guard numbering 600 soldiers. His army grew by drawing Serbs from Ottoman territory, Vlachs from Banat and Transylvania, and also some Roman Catholics, and by the beginning of 1527, it numbered around 15,000 men. It is believed that the cooperation of Orthodox and Catholic Slavs was the key of his later success. By the time of the reign of Jovan Nenad, Serbs had already considerable populations in the southern Pannonian Plain, most notably in the Danube and Tisa regions (a region commonly known as \"Rascia\").", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military career", "target_page_ids": [ 3689013, 64176, 3491348, 769680, 2176519, 1792844, 996688, 2380683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 123, 133 ], [ 139, 143 ], [ 161, 170 ], [ 174, 177 ], [ 183, 187 ], [ 207, 215 ], [ 804, 810 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jovan Nenad considered the struggle around the Hungarian throne just a temporary occupation, his primary task being the fight against the Ottomans for the liberation of the Serb lands. In the first half of 1527, Ferdinand was outside of Hungary, preparing for what would become the Hungarian campaign of 1527–28 to fight Zápolya. During that time, King Zápolya sent armies after Jovan Nenad, wishing to settle his internal affairs before Ferdinand could return to Hungary. Underestimating Nenad's strength, Zápolya sent 300 knights under László Csáky, which were defeated by Jovan Nenad in early April, Csáky himself was captured and executed. After this, Jovan Nenad rose to the peak of his power and he styled himself Emperor. Another Hungarian army was dispatched, led by the Voivode of Transylvania, Péter Perényi. It was defeated by late April near Tiszaszőlős (Battle of Szőlős) on the banks of the Tisza river. Finally, a second army, which encompassed the entire strength of Transylvania and upper Hungary, led by Perényi and Bishop Czibak decisively defeated Jovan's army in the Battle of Sződfalva, killing around 8,000 of his men.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military career", "target_page_ids": [ 11832115, 30853, 10512248, 8051091, 17919376, 4092, 17936452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 311 ], [ 790, 802 ], [ 804, 817 ], [ 854, 865 ], [ 867, 883 ], [ 1034, 1040 ], [ 1088, 1107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an attempt to unite with the forces of Ferdinand, Jovan Nenad was severely wounded in Szeged. In his retreat towards Senta, he was intercepted and murdered in the village of Tornjoš. Jovan Nenad's head was delivered to Zápolya and soon after his death the remainder of his army dispersed, which was the end of Jovan Nenad's liberation movement. After Jovan Nenad's death his general Radoslav Čelnik led the remains of the army to Ottoman Syrmia, where he ruled until 1530 as an Ottoman vassal, and then as a Habsburg subject.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military career", "target_page_ids": [ 397272, 12810533, 3689013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 95 ], [ 177, 184 ], [ 386, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As time passed, Jovan Nenad became a mythical figure to the Serbs. Many Serbian historians consider him the founder of contemporary Vojvodina, although in reality his insurrection was too short-lived and his reign too tumultuous to have a lasting impact. Subotica, the province's second largest city (which was once his capital) erected a monument to him bearing the inscription \"Your thought has prevailed\" ().", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 59512, 176801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 65 ], [ 132, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1942 Hollywood film, Cat People, a small statue of Jovan Nenad (albeit referenced as \"King John of Serbia\"), plays a central role in developing the underlying mythological basis of the film's plot. The statue is of Jovan Nenad on horseback holding up an impaled cat on his sword.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1056686, 74700, 6678, 27863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ], [ 238, 247 ], [ 270, 273 ], [ 281, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Starina Novak (1530s-1601), hajduk leader", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24890632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Serbian rulers", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 61928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of rulers of Vojvodina", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1729429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Serbs of Vojvodina", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3158691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rascians", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2380683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Još jednom o caru Jovanu Nenadu", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "16th-century_Serbian_nobility", "16th-century_Serbian_monarchs", "Eastern_Orthodox_monarchs", "Serbian_military_leaders", "Serbian_rebels", "Serbs_of_Romania", "People_from_Subotica", "History_of_Bačka", "History_of_Banat", "16th_century_in_Serbia", "1527_deaths", "Year_of_birth_uncertain", "1492_births", "People_from_Lipova,_Arad", "Self-proclaimed_monarchy" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Ethnopoetics is a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e. verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts. The goal of any ethnopoetic text is to show how the techniques of unique oral performers enhance the aesthetic value of their performances within their specific cultural contexts. Major contributors to ethnopoetic theory include Jerome Rothenberg, Dennis Tedlock, and Dell Hymes. Ethnopoetics is considered a subfield of ethnology, anthropology, folkloristics, stylistics, linguistics, literature and translation studies.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4312132, 20649523, 12236006, 28263, 421127, 17579843, 51504, 9928, 569, 661507, 302445, 22760983, 51123, 954508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 129, 134 ], [ 136, 142 ], [ 148, 154 ], [ 518, 535 ], [ 537, 551 ], [ 557, 567 ], [ 611, 620 ], [ 622, 634 ], [ 636, 649 ], [ 651, 661 ], [ 663, 674 ], [ 676, 686 ], [ 691, 710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jerome Rothenberg coined the term ethnopoetics in the 1960s. According to Catherine S. Quick, Rothenberg had recognized that “most translations of Native American oral traditions . . . failed to capture the power and beauty of the oral performances on the written page,” especially when “Western poetic styles” were imposed upon these written texts (1999, 96). Rothenberg’s influence has increased public awareness of the rich narrative and poetic traditions of cultures all over the world.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "A need for ethnopoetics: Rothenberg", "target_page_ids": [ 491696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The development of ethnopoetics as a separate subfield of study was largely pioneered from the middle of the 20th century by anthropologists and linguists such as Dennis Tedlock and Dell Hymes. Both Tedlock and Hymes used ethnopoetic analysis to do justice to the artistic richness of Native American verbal art, and while they have disagreed on some analytic details, they agree on the fundamental issues and purposes of ethnopoetics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the one hand, Dennis Tedlock argues not only that pauses in oral performances indicate where poetic line breaks should occur in the written texts, which he compares to musical scores, but also that words on the page should be formatted to reflect the more subtle qualities of speech used in oral performances. Tedlock explain his perspective in this way,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An ethnopoetic score [or text] not only takes account of the words but silences, changes in loudness and tone of voice, the production of sound effects, and the use of gestures and props. . . . Ethnopoetics remains open to the creative side of performance, valuing features that may be rare or even unique to a particular artist or occasion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In other words, Tedlock argues that by visually representing oral performance features in the written texts, ethnopoetic methods more accurately convey the aesthetic qualities of the performance than uniformly formatted text in prose paragraphs ever could. Tedlock himself defines ethnopoetics as “a decentered poetics, an attempt to hear and read the poetries of distant others, outside the Western [poetic] tradition as we know it now.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the other hand, Dell Hymes believes that even previously dictated texts retain significant structural patterns of poetic repetition that “are the ‘reason why’” storytellers use pauses in their oral performances (1999, 97–98). Hymes’s ethnopoetic theories focus on repetitions in the grammar and syntax of transcribed and translated texts that he suggest can still be analyzed and retranslated. For example, accordingly to folklorist Barre Toelken, the poetic beauty and power of Native American texts like “The Sun's Myth” have been restored “because a dedicated anthropological folklorist and linguist, Dell Hymes, dedicated a good part of his life to resuscitating a dry, written text collected . . . by a long-dead anthropologist [i.e., Franz Boas] and stored away in a dusty volume” (2003, 122). When Hymes retranslated “The Sun’s Myth,” he recovered the poetic and stylistic devices that were used in the original recorded performance, but which had been lost in the myth’s earlier translation by Franz Boas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [ 59116747, 11698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 436, 449 ], [ 1006, 1016 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hymes’ ethnopoetics revolves around a conception of narratives as primarily organized in terms of formal and aesthetic—‘poetic’—patterns, not in terms of content or thematic patterns. Narrative is therefore to be seen as a form of action, of performance, and the meanings it generates are effects of performance. Narratives, seen from this perspective, are organized in lines and in groups of lines (verses, stanzas), and the organization of lines in narratives is a kind of implicit patterning that creates narrative effect. . . . Content, in other words, is an effect of the formal organization of a narrative: What there is to be told emerges out of how it is being told. (Blommaert 2007, 216)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Also, understanding the native language of oral performers is essential for accurate, ethnopoetic translation of their words into written texts. For example, folklorist Barre Toelken explains that Hymes’s “knowledge of the extant Chinookan languages” helped him to “notice stylistic devices that highlighted certain actions and themes and even performance styles that brought scenes into sharp focus” (2003, 122). In other words, without his knowledge of the native language of oral performers, Hymes could not have placed his ethnopoetic translation of “The Sun’s Myth” within its specific Native American cultural context.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethnopoetic theory: Tedlock and Hymes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Various other writers and poets can be said to have contributed to the field of ethnopoetics as an aesthetic movement. For example, Tristan Tzara created calligrams and William Bright worked with the Karuk tribe to preserve their native language. However, within the fields of linguistics, folkloristics, and anthropology, ethnopoetics refers to a particular method of analyzing the linguistic features and syntactical structures of oral literature (such as poetry, myths, narratives, folk tales, ceremonial speeches, etc.) in ways that pay attention to poetic patterns within speech. Overall, then, ethnopoetic methods and theories strive to capture on the written page the unique aesthetic elements of individual cultures’ oral poetry and narrative performance traditions, or what folklorists would call their verbal lore. Classicist Steve Reece has attempted to envision how folklorists like Dennis Tedlock or Elizabeth Fine, if transported to an eighth-century BCE social gathering in Ionia where Homer was performing a version of the Odyssey, would transcribe that oral performance into a textual form. This exercise is not entirely hypothetical: Homer’s Odyssey was, after all, written down at some point in history; otherwise it would not have survived.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Ethnopoetics: aesthetic movement or academic discipline?", "target_page_ids": [ 2697009, 7468339, 22760983, 661507, 569, 710771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 164 ], [ 169, 183 ], [ 277, 288 ], [ 290, 303 ], [ 309, 321 ], [ 433, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Blommaert, Jan. 2007. “Applied Ethnopoetics.” Narrative–State of the Art. Edited by Michael G. W. Bamberg. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Benjamins Current Topics Series (Number: 595215). 215–224.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quick, Catherine. 1999. \"Ethnopoetics.\" Folklore Forum 30(1/2): 95–105. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tedlock, Dennis. Syllabus. “English 699: Ethnopoetics.” Colleges of Arts and Sciences. University at Buffalo. Accessed 22 November 2011.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Toelken, Barre. 2003. The Anguish of Snails. Vol. 2, Folklife of the West, edited by Barre Toelken and William A. Wilson. Logan: Utah State University Press.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hymes, Dell H. 1981. \"In vain I tried to tell you\": Essays in Native American ethnopoetics. Studies in Native American Literature 1. University of Pennsylvania publications in conduct and communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. . ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hymes, Dell H. 2003. Now I know only so far: Essays in ethnopoetics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (hbk); (pbk).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tedlock, Dennis. 1972. Finding the Center: Narrative Poetry of the Zuñi Indians. New York: Dial Press.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tedlock, Dennis. 1983. The spoken word and the work of interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. . ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tedlock, Dennis. 1999. Finding the Center: The Art of the Zuni Storyteller (Second Edition). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. .", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ethnopoetics, Prof. Dennis Tedlock", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ethnopoetics at the millennium, Jerome Rothenberg, 5 May 1999", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Selections from Alcheringa, pdf format", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ubuweb, a comprehensive, rather useful online anthology of poets, poems, manifestos, writings, materials, and enything related to Ethnopoetics.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 20832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jerome Rothenberg class on ethnopoetics and performance, mp3u", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ethnopoetics new and old", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Ethnopoetics", "Folk_poetry" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "There have been seven baronetcies created for members of the Lowther family, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, two in the Baronetage of England, two in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2008.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7499455, 7499455, 7499455, 7499455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 113 ], [ 126, 147 ], [ 160, 187 ], [ 203, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Lowther in the County of Westmorland, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in circa 1638 for John Lowther, of Lowther Hall, Westmorland. For more information on this creation, which became extinct in 1802, see Earl of Lonsdale.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8526058, 3991147, 184396, 464275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 139 ], [ 144, 156 ], [ 158, 169 ], [ 244, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Whitehaven in the County of Cumberland, was created in the Baronetage of England on 11 June 1642 for Christopher Lowther. He was the younger brother of the first Baronet of Lowther. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He sat as Member of Parliament for Cumberland. After his death the title passed to his elder son, the third Baronet. He was disinherited by his father. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baronet. He was a distinguished industrialist and politician. Lowther never married and on his death in 1755 the baronetcy became extinct. He left his vast estates to his cousin Sir William Lowther, 3rd Baronet, of Marske (see below), and following his death to the Lowther branch (see Earl of Lonsdale).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11328993, 98066, 7076034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 146 ], [ 267, 287 ], [ 292, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Marske in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of England on 15 June 1697 for the twenty-one-year-old William Lowther, subsequently Member of Parliament for Cumberland. He was the grandson of Robert Lowther, brother of Sir John Lowther, father of the first Baronet of Lowther and of the first Baronet of Whitehaven. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He also represented Lancaster in the House of Commons. On his death the title passed to his son, the third Baronet. He served as Lord-Lieutenant of Westmorland. In 1755 he succeeded to the vast estates of his cousin Sir James Lowther, 4th Baronet, of Whitehaven (see above). However, Lowther died unmarried at an early age the following year when the baronetcy became extinct.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8519521, 7076034, 13828, 3093389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 156 ], [ 196, 206 ], [ 441, 457 ], [ 533, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Swillington in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 6 January 1715 for William Lowther, Member of Parliament for Pontefract. He was the grandson of Sir William Lowther, brother of the first Baronet of Lowther and the first Baronet of Whitehaven (see above) and the uncle of the first Baronet of Little Preston (see below). He was succeeded by his elder son, the second Baronet. He was also Member of Parliament for Pontefract. On his death in 1763 the baronetcy became extinct. John Lowther, younger son of the first Baronet, was Governor of Surat.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8518631, 7395725, 226715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 145 ], [ 172, 182 ], [ 601, 606 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Little Preston in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 22 August 1764 for Reverend William Lowther. He was the great-grandson of Sir William Lowther, brother of the first Baronet of Lowther and the first Baronet of Whitehaven, and the nephew of the first Baronet of Swillington. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baronet. In 1802 he succeeded his third cousin once removed James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale (a great-grandson of the first Baronet of Lowther – see Earl of Lonsdale), as second Viscount Lowther according to a special remainder in the letters patent. In 1807 the earldom of Lonsdale was revived in his favour. See Earl of Lonsdale for further history of the titles.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8519865, 1890302, 464275, 238216, 464275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 157 ], [ 445, 480 ], [ 537, 553 ], [ 623, 637 ], [ 702, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Swillington in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 3 November 1824 for John Lowther. He was the second son of the first Baronet of Little Preston and brother of William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale (1807). His seat was Wilton Castle. The second Baronet sat as a Member of Parliament. The present holder of the baronetcy is also in remainder to the Baronetcy of Little Preston and in special remainder to the barony and viscountcy of Lowther, titles held by his kinsman the Earl of Lonsdale.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8526795, 8520920, 20110342, 98066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 148 ], [ 226, 263 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 328, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lowther baronetcy, of Belgrave Square in the County of London, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 19 January 1914 for the diplomat Gerard Lowther. He was the second son of William Lowther, second son of Henry Lowther, second son of the first Earl of Lonsdale of the second creation. James Lowther, 1st Viscount Ullswater (see Viscount Ullswater), and Sir Cecil Lowther, were his brothers. Lowther had three daughters but no sons and on his death in 1916 the baronetcy became extinct.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12738368, 8882282, 8881979, 4772910, 471206, 8882864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 169 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 227, 240 ], [ 307, 344 ], [ 350, 368 ], [ 375, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "see Earl of Lonsdale", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Lowther (c. 1638)", "target_page_ids": [ 464275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Christopher Lowther, 1st Baronet (died 1644)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Whitehaven (1642)", "target_page_ids": [ 11328993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1643–1706)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Whitehaven (1642)", "target_page_ids": [ 8727264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Christopher Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1666–1731)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Whitehaven (1642)", "target_page_ids": [ 8925383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir James Lowther, 4th Baronet (1673–1755)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Whitehaven (1642)", "target_page_ids": [ 8541302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1670–1705)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Marske (1697)", "target_page_ids": [ 8519521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Thomas Lowther, 2nd Baronet (died 1715)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Marske (1697)", "target_page_ids": [ 8543375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1727–1756)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Marske (1697)", "target_page_ids": [ 8519695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1663–1729)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1715)", "target_page_ids": [ 8518631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 2nd Baronet (died 1763)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1715)", "target_page_ids": [ 8518826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1707–1788)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Little Preston (1764)", "target_page_ids": [ 8519865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1757–1844) (succeeded as Viscount Lowther in 1802 and created Earl of Lonsdale in 1807)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Little Preston (1764)", "target_page_ids": [ 8520920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "for later holders, see Earl of Lonsdale", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Little Preston (1764)", "target_page_ids": [ 464275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet (1759–1844)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 8526795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir John Henry Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1793–1868)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 3910426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Charles Hugh Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1803–1894).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 9136261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Charles Bingham Lowther, CB, DSO, 4th Baronet (1880–1949)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 13152339, 311455, 355648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ], [ 29, 31 ], [ 33, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir William Guy Lowther, OBE, 5th Baronet (1912–1982)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 212182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Charles Douglas Lowther, 6th Baronet (1946–2018)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Patrick William Lowther, 7th Baronet (born 1977), educated at Radley College followed by Durham University (BA Politics, 1999) and Cass Business School (MA Real Estate, 2004), currently serving as Head of Investment at Assura plc", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 1448462, 531339, 29997930, 1627662, 17474338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ], [ 66, 80 ], [ 93, 110 ], [ 135, 155 ], [ 223, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hugo Charles Sandy Lowther (born 2008).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Swillington (1824)", "target_page_ids": [ 213047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sir Gerard Augustus Lowther, 1st Baronet (1858–1916)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Lowther baronets, of Belgrave Square (1914)", "target_page_ids": [ 12738368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Earl of Lonsdale", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 464275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Viscount Ullswater", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 471206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowther family", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13928164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lowther pedigree 1", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lowther pedigree 2", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_Great_Britain", "Baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom", "Extinct_baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_Nova_Scotia", "Extinct_baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_England", "Extinct_baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_Great_Britain", "Extinct_baronetcies_in_the_Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom", "1638_establishments_in_Nova_Scotia", "1642_establishments_in_England", "1715_establishments_in_Great_Britain", "1824_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Lowther_family" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Kidričevo () is a town near Ptuj in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Kidričevo. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The town is industrialized and best known for the Talum aluminum-smelting factory. The town developed due to the industry in the area and is an example of urban planning in the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 554196, 27338, 38458732, 1118310, 24378154, 12889413, 12561401, 46212943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 32 ], [ 49, 57 ], [ 81, 106 ], [ 154, 160 ], [ 202, 226 ], [ 279, 284 ], [ 285, 310 ], [ 384, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The historical settlement that the town was built around was called Strnišče. In 1947, this was renamed Kidričevo after Boris Kidrič, a leading Slovenian communist and one of the chief organizers of the Partisan movement in Slovenia from 1941 to 1945. In 1974, territory was separated from the settlements of Kidričevo and Župečja Vas to create the current settlement of Strnišče.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [ 1682049, 1115992, 28441737, 28428659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 132 ], [ 203, 211 ], [ 323, 334 ], [ 371, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sterntal Concentration Camp (, ) was located in Kidričevo. It was a central collection point for the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Slovenia (Ostsiedlung) after the Second World War. The roots of the camp go back to a prisoner of war camp from the First World War, later used as a refugee camp for people displaced by the Battles of the Isonzo. In 1941, the German occupation authorities () established a prisoner of war camp at the site to provide labor to build an aluminum smelter (the plant was not completed until 1947–1954, using forced labor by political prisoners from postwar camps). At the beginning of 1942, the camp contained 1,076 workers, 185 criminal internees, and 89 prisoners of war. In 1944, family members of deserters were also forced to work at the camp. In May 1945, under the direction of Aleksandar Ranković, the Yugoslav secret police (OZNA) established a concentration camp at the site to collect ethnic Germans from across Slovenia, especially from Lower Styria and Gottschee. Ethnic Hungarians from Prekmurje were also sent to the camp. Overcrowding and poor hygiene at the camp caused many of the inmates to die from amoebiasis and typhoid fever. The inmates were also physically and mentally tortured, and many were shot. Tortures included forcing the prisoners to lie on the ground while their captors rode motorcycles over them. The deaths included large numbers of the elderly and young children; some accounts state that no children under the age of two survived. The camp, which was designed to accommodate 2,000 people, contained between 8,000 and 12,000 prisoners. Up to 5,000 people died at the camp. The Sterntal Concentration Camp was closed down in October 1945 through the efforts of the Red Cross, and most of the survivors were sent to Austria.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sterntal Concentration Camp", "target_page_ids": [ 53889538, 152735, 38268832, 32927, 25008, 4764461, 30862328, 1681944, 1669115, 1118310, 10313874, 20927048, 31596, 15487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 118, 132 ], [ 148, 159 ], [ 171, 187 ], [ 224, 239 ], [ 254, 269 ], [ 328, 349 ], [ 819, 838 ], [ 868, 872 ], [ 983, 995 ], [ 1000, 1009 ], [ 1153, 1163 ], [ 1168, 1181 ], [ 1737, 1746 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kidričevo is the site of two mass graves connected with the Sterntal Concentration Camp. The Sterntal 1 Mass Grave () was uncovered in the 1980s during excavation work at the Talum factory. The remains were removed and disposed of in an undocumented manner. The grave is located in a meadow behind the factory. The Sterntal 2 Mass Grave () contains the bodies of prisoners from the Šterntal concentration camp. It is located in a pine grove opposite the entrance to the former camp, about from the road.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mass graves", "target_page_ids": [ 38955014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kidričevo at Geopedia", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kidričevo municipal site ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Talum Company ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Populated_places_in_the_Municipality_of_Kidričevo" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Laplacian matrix, also called the graph Laplacian, admittance matrix, Kirchhoff matrix or discrete Laplacian, is a matrix representation of a graph. Named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, the graph Laplacian matrix can be viewed as a matrix form of the negative discrete Laplace operator on a graph approximating the negative continuous Laplacian obtained by the finite difference method.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18831, 12401, 1394358, 3870862, 1394358, 20556859, 325806, 344783, 1394358, 174706, 6054681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ], [ 29, 41 ], [ 81, 96 ], [ 98, 115 ], [ 137, 155 ], [ 162, 168 ], [ 189, 194 ], [ 208, 228 ], [ 304, 329 ], [ 379, 388 ], [ 405, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Laplacian matrix relates to many useful properties of a graph. Together with Kirchhoff's theorem, it can be used to calculate the number of spanning trees for a given graph. The sparsest cut of a graph can be approximated through the Fiedler vector — the eigenvector corresponding to the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian — as established by Cheeger's inequality. The spectral decomposition of the Laplacian matrix allows constructing low dimensional embeddings that appear in many machine learning applications and determines a spectral layout in graph drawing. Graph-based signal processing is based on the graph Fourier transform that extends the traditional discrete Fourier transform by substituting the standard basis of complex sinusoids for eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix of a graph corresponding to the signal.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1270691, 455770, 2180494, 3396069, 7762273, 13576645, 309261, 233488, 18412684, 325813, 29324, 64388266, 8811, 5826, 324749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 100 ], [ 144, 157 ], [ 183, 195 ], [ 239, 253 ], [ 363, 383 ], [ 389, 411 ], [ 456, 482 ], [ 503, 519 ], [ 550, 565 ], [ 569, 582 ], [ 596, 613 ], [ 630, 653 ], [ 683, 709 ], [ 748, 755 ], [ 756, 764 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Laplacian matrix is the easiest to define for a simple graph, but more common in applications for a edge-weighted graph, i.e., with weights on its edges — the entries of the graph adjacency matrix. Spectral graph theory relates properties of a graph to a spectrum, i.e., eigenvalues, and eigenvectors of matrices associated with the graph, such as its adjacency matrix or Laplacian matrix. Imbalanced weights may undesirably affect the matrix spectrum, leading to the need of normalization — a column/row scaling of the matrix entries — resulting in normalized adjacency and Laplacian matrices. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 325806, 325802, 244463, 534914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 104, 123 ], [ 184, 200 ], [ 202, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given a simple graph with vertices , its Laplacian matrix is ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 325806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "defined element-wise as", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "or equivalently by the matrix ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where D is the degree matrix and A is the adjacency matrix of the graph. Since is a simple graph, only contains 1s or 0s and its diagonal elements are all 0s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 1449175, 244463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 42, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Here is a simple example of a labelled, undirected graph and its Laplacian matrix.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We observe for the undirected graph that both the adjacency matrix and the Laplacian matrix are symmetric, and that row- and column-sums of the Laplacian matrix are all zeros.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 244463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For directed graphs, either the indegree or outdegree might be used, depending on the application, as in the following example:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 19721986, 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 32, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the directed graph, both the adjacency matrix and the Laplacian matrix are asymmetric. In its Laplacian matrix, column-sums or row-sums are zero, depending on whether the indegree or outdegree has been used.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 244463, 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 48 ], [ 174, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The incidence matrix B with element Bve for the vertex v and the edge e (connecting vertexes and , with i>j) is defined by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 420919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even though the edges in this definition are technically directed, their directions can be arbitrary, still resulting in the same symmetric Laplacian matrix L defined as", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the matrix transpose of B.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 173844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An alternative product defines the so-called edge-based Laplacian, as opposed to the original commonly used vertex-based Laplacian matrix L.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Laplacian matrix of a directed graph is by definition generally non-symmetric, while, e.g., traditional spectral clustering is primarily developed for undirected graphs with symmetric adjacency and Laplacian matrixes. A trivial approach to apply techniques requiring the symmetry is to turn the original directed graph into an undirected graph and build the Laplacian matrix for the latter. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 13651683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the matrix notation, the adjacency matrix of the undirected graph could, e.g., be defined as a Boolean sum of the adjacency matrix of the original directed graph and its matrix transpose , where the zero and one entries of are treated as logical, rather than numerical, values, as in the following example:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 1924901, 173844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 109 ], [ 174, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A vertex with a large degree, also called a heavy node, results in a large diagonal entry in the Laplacian matrix dominating the matrix properties. Normalization is aimed to make the influence of such vertices more equal to that of other vertices, by dividing the entries of the Laplacian matrix by the vertex degrees. To avoid division by zero, isolated vertices with zero degrees are excluded from the process of the normalization. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symmetrically normalized Laplacian matrix is defined as:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the Moore–Penrose inverse.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 331258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The elements of are thus given by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symmetrically normalized Laplacian matrix is symmetric if and only if the adjacency matrix is symmetric. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For a non-symmetric adjacency matrix of a directed graph, either of indegree and outdegree can be used for normalization:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The left (random-walk) normalized Laplacian matrix is defined as:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the Moore–Penrose inverse.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 331258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The elements of are given by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Similarly, the right normalized Laplacian matrix is defined as ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The left or right normalized Laplacian matrix is not symmetric if the adjacency matrix is symmetric, except for the trivial case of all isolated vertices. For example, ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The example also demonstrates that if has no isolated vertices, then right stochastic and hence is the matrix of a random walk, so that the left normalized Laplacian has each row summing to zero. Thus we sometimes alternatively call the random-walk normalized Laplacian. In the less uncommonly used right normalized Laplacian each column sums to zero since is left stochastic. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 217313, 235451, 235451, 217313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 87 ], [ 117, 128 ], [ 241, 252 ], [ 366, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For a non-symmetric adjacency matrix of a directed graph, one also needs to choose indegree or outdegree for normalization:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The left out-degree normalized Laplacian with row-sums all 0 relates to right stochastic , while the right in-degree normalized Laplacian with column-sums all 0 contains left stochastic .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions for simple graphs", "target_page_ids": [ 217313, 217313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 88 ], [ 172, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Common in applications graphs with weighted edges are conveniently defined by their adjacency matrices where values of the entrees are numeric and no longer limited to zeros and ones. In spectral clustering and graph-based signal processing, where graph vertices represent data points, the edge weights can be computed, e.g., as inversely proportional to the distances between pairs of data points, leading to all weights being non-negative with larger values informally corresponding to more similar pairs of data points. Using correlation and anti-correlation between the data points naturally leads to both positive and negative weights. Most definitions for simple graphs are trivially extended to the standard case of non-negative weights, while negative weights require more attention, especially in normalization.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 13651683, 29324, 831350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 206 ], [ 223, 240 ], [ 359, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Laplacian matrix is defined by", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where D is the degree matrix and A is the adjacency matrix of the graph. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 1449175, 244463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 42, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For directed graphs, either the indegree or outdegree might be used, depending on the application, as in the following example:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 19721986, 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 32, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Graph self-loops, manifesting themselves by non-zero entries on the main diagonal of the adjacency matrix, are allowed but do not affect the graph Laplacian values.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For graphs with weighted edges one can define a weighted incidence matrix B and use it to construct the corresponding symmetric Laplacian as . An alternative cleaner approach, described here, is to separate the weights from the connectivity: continue using the incidence matrix as for regular graphs and introduce a matrix just holding the values of the weights. A spring system is an example of this model used in mechanics to describe a system of springs of given stiffnesses and unit length, where the values of the stiffnesses play the role of the weights of the graph edges.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 420919, 31675463, 19559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 277 ], [ 365, 378 ], [ 415, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We thus reuse the definition of the weightless incidence matrix B with element Bve for the vertex v and the edge e (connecting vertexes and , with i>j) defined by", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 420919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We now also define a diagonal matrix W containing the edge weights. Even though the edges in the definition of B are technically directed, their directions can be arbitrary, still resulting in the same symmetric Laplacian matrix L defined as", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the matrix transpose of B.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 173844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The construction is illustrated in the following example, where every edge is assigned the weight value i, with ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Just like for simple graphs, the Laplacian matrix of a directed weighted graph is by definition generally non-symmetric. The symmetry can be enforced by turning the original directed graph into an undirected graph first before constructing the Laplacian. The adjacency matrix of the undirected graph could, e.g., be defined as a sum of the adjacency matrix of the original directed graph and its matrix transpose as in the following example:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 173844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 397, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where the zero and one entries of are treated as numerical, rather than logical as for simple graphs, values, explaining the difference in the results - for simple graphs, the symmetrized graph still needs to be simple with its symmetrized adjacency matrix having only logical, not numerical values, e.g., the logical sum is 1 v 1 = 1, while the numeric sum is 1 + 1 = 2.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alternatively, the symmetric Laplacian matrix can be calculated from the two Laplacians using the indegree and outdegree, as in the following example:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sum of the out-degree Laplacian transposed and the in-degree Laplacian equals to the symmetric Laplacian matrix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The goal of normalization is, like for simple graphs, to make the diagonal entries of the Laplacian matrix to be all unit, also scaling off-diagonal entries correspondingly. In a weighted graph, a vertex may have a large degree because of a small number of connected edges but with large weights just as well as due to a large number of connected edges with unit weights.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 325802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Graph self-loops, i.e., non-zero entries on the main diagonal of the adjacency matrix, do not affect the graph Laplacian values, but may need to be counted for calculation of the normalization factors. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symmetrically normalized Laplacian is defined as", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where L is the unnormalized Laplacian, A is the adjacency matrix, D is the degree matrix, and is the Moore–Penrose inverse. Since the degree matrix D is diagonal, its reciprocal square root is just the diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries are the reciprocals of the square roots of the diagonal entries of D. If all the edge weights are nonnegative then all the degree values are automatically also nonnegative and so every degree value has a unique positive square root. To avoid the division by zero, vertices with zero degrees are excluded from the process of the normalization, as in the following example:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 331258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The symmetrically normalized Laplacian is a symmetric matrix if and only if the adjacency matrix A is symmetric and the diagonal entries of D are nonnegative, in which case we can use the term the symmetric normalized Laplacian.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symmetric normalized Laplacian matrix can be also written as ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "using the weightless incidence matrix B and the diagonal matrix W containing the edge weights and defining the new weighted incidence matrix whose rows are indexed by the vertices and whose columns are indexed by the edges of G such that each column corresponding to an edge e = {u, v} has an entry in the row corresponding to u, an entry in the row corresponding to v, and has 0 entries elsewhere.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 420919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The random walk normalized Laplacian is defined as", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where D is the degree matrix. Since the degree matrix D is diagonal, its inverse is simply defined as a diagonal matrix, having diagonal entries which are the reciprocals of the corresponding diagonal entries of D. For the isolated vertices (those with degree 0), a common choice is to set the corresponding element to 0. The matrix elements of are given by", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The name of the random-walk normalized Laplacian comes from the fact that this matrix is , where is simply the transition matrix of a random walker on the graph, assuming non-negative weights. For example, let denote the i-th standard basis vector. Then is a probability vector representing the distribution of a random walker's locations after taking a single step from vertex ; i.e., . More generally, if the vector is a probability distribution of the location of a random walker on the vertices of the graph, then is the probability distribution of the walker after steps.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 462005, 217133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 242 ], [ 262, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The random walk normalized Laplacian can also be called the left normalized Laplacian since the normalization is performed by multiplying the Laplacian by the normalization matrix on the left. It has each row summing to zero since is right stochastic, assuming all the weights are non-negative.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 217313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the less uncommonly used right normalized Laplacian each column sums to zero since is left stochastic. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 217313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For a non-symmetric adjacency matrix of a directed graph, one also needs to choose indegree or outdegree for normalization:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The left out-degree normalized Laplacian with row-sums all 0 relates to right stochastic , while the right in-degree normalized Laplacian with column-sums all 0 contains left stochastic .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [ 217313, 217313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 88 ], [ 172, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Negative weights present several challenges for normalisation:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The presence of negative weights may naturally result in zero row- and/or column-sums for non-isolated vertices. A vertex with a large row-sum of positive weights and equally negatively large row-sum of negative weights, together summing up to zero, could be considered a heavy node and both large values scaled, while the diagonal entry remains zero, like for a isolated vertex. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Negative weights may also give negative row- and/or column-sums, so that the corresponding diagonal entry in the non-normalized Laplacian matrix would be negative and a positive square root needed for the symmetric normalization would not exist. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arguments can be made to take the absolute value of the row- and/or column-sums for the purpose of normalization, thus treating a possible value -1 as a legitimate unit entry of the main diagonal of the normalized Laplacian matrix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Definitions for graphs with weighted edges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For an (undirected) graph G and its Laplacian matrix L with eigenvalues :", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 2161429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " L is symmetric.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 126474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " L is positive-semidefinite (that is for all ). This can be seen from the fact that the Laplacian is symmetric and diagonally dominant.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 40326, 5262748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 27 ], [ 116, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " L is an M-matrix (its off-diagonal entries are nonpositive, yet the real parts of its eigenvalues are nonnegative).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 7939066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Every row sum and column sum of L is zero. Indeed, in the sum, the degree of the vertex is summed with a \"−1\" for each neighbor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In consequence, , because the vector satisfies This also implies that the Laplacian matrix is singular.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The number of connected components in the graph is the dimension of the nullspace of the Laplacian and the algebraic multiplicity of the 0 eigenvalue.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 246223, 1072915, 2161429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 73, 82 ], [ 108, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The smallest non-zero eigenvalue of L is called the spectral gap.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 7999250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The second smallest eigenvalue of L (could be zero) is the algebraic connectivity (or Fiedler value) of G and approximates the sparsest cut of a graph.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 3396069, 3396069, 2180494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 82 ], [ 87, 100 ], [ 128, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Laplacian is an operator on the n-dimensional vector space of functions , where is the vertex set of G, and .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 174706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " When G is k-regular, the normalized Laplacian is: , where A is the adjacency matrix and I is an identity matrix.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 85821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " For a graph with multiple connected components, L is a block diagonal matrix, where each block is the respective Laplacian matrix for each component, possibly after reordering the vertices (i.e. L is permutation-similar to a block diagonal matrix).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 246223, 457464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ], [ 56, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The trace of the Laplacian matrix L is equal to where is the number of edges of the considered graph.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Now consider an eigendecomposition of , with unit-norm eigenvectors and corresponding eigenvalues :", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Because can be written as the inner product of the vector with itself, this shows that and so the eigenvalues of are all non-negative.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " All eigenvalues of the normalized symmetric Laplacian satisfy 0 = μ0 ≤ … ≤ μn−1 ≤ 2. These eigenvalues (known as the spectrum of the normalized Laplacian) relate well to other graph invariants for general graphs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " One can check that:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "i.e., is similar to the normalized Laplacian . For this reason, even if is in general not symmetric, it has real eigenvalues — exactly the same as the eigenvalues of the normalized symmetric Laplacian .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 341149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The graph Laplacian matrix can be further viewed as a matrix form of the negative discrete Laplace operator on a graph approximating the negative continuous Laplacian operator obtained by the finite difference method.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Interpretation as the discrete Laplace operator approximating the continuous Laplacian", "target_page_ids": [ 1394358, 174706, 6054681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 107 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 192, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(See Discrete Poisson equation) In this interpretation, every graph vertex is treated as a grid point; the local connectivity of the vertex determines the finite difference approximation stencil at this grid point, the grid size is always one for every edge, and there are no constraints on any grid points, which corresponds to the case of the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition, i.e., free boundary. Such an interpretation allows one, e.g., generalizing the Laplacian matrix to the case of graphs with an infinite number of vertices and edges, leading to a Laplacian matrix of an infinite size.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Interpretation as the discrete Laplace operator approximating the continuous Laplacian", "target_page_ids": [ 5138147, 18558187, 735443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 30 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 357, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The generalized Laplacian is defined as:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Notice the ordinary Laplacian is a generalized Laplacian.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Entries of the adjacency matrix can be complex-valued, in which case the notion of the matrix symmetry needs to be replaced with a Hermitian matrix. Magnetic Laplacian for a directed graph with real weights is constructed as the Hadamard product of the real symmetric matrix of the symmetrized Laplacian and the Hermitian phase matrix with the complex entries", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [ 244463, 189682, 34260496, 126474, 5826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ], [ 131, 147 ], [ 232, 248 ], [ 256, 277 ], [ 347, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "which encode the edge direction into the phase in the complex plane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the context of quantum physics, the magnetic Laplacian can be interpreted as the operator that describes the phenomenology of a free charged particle on a graph, which is subject to the action of a magnetic field and the parameter is called electric charge.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the following example :", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The deformed Laplacian is commonly defined as", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where I is the identity matrix, A is the adjacency matrix, D is the degree matrix, and s is a (complex-valued) number. The standard Laplacian is just and is the signless Laplacian.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The signless Laplacian is defined as", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the degree matrix, and is the adjacency matrix. Like the signed Laplacian , the signless Laplacian also is positive semi-definite as it can be factored as", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the incidence matrix. has a 0-eigenvector if and only if it has a bipartite connected component other than isolated vertices. This can be shown as", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This has a solution where if and only if the graph has a bipartite connected component.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An analogue of the Laplacian matrix can be defined for directed multigraphs. In this case the Laplacian matrix L is defined as", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where D is a diagonal matrix with Di,i equal to the outdegree of vertex i and A is a matrix with Ai,j equal to the number of edges from i to j (including loops).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Generalizations and extensions of the Laplacian matrix", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " SciPy", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Open source software implementations", "target_page_ids": [ 263472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NetworkX", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Open source software implementations", "target_page_ids": [ 26908549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scikit-learn Spectral Clustering", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [ 33490859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " PyGSP: Graph Signal Processing in Python", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " megaman: Manifold Learning for Millions of Points", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " smoothG", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Laplacian Change Point Detection for Dynamic Graphs (KDD 2020)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LaplacianOpt (A Julia Package for Maximizing Laplacian's Second Eigenvalue of Weighted Graphs) ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LigMG (Large Irregular Graph MultiGrid)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Laplacians.jl", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Application software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stiffness matrix", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21878925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Resistance distance", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 695230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Transition rate matrix", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37868330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Calculus on finite weighted graphs", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 61556353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Graph Fourier transform", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 64388266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] } ]

[ "Algebraic_graph_theory", "Matrices", "Numerical_differential_equations" ]

[ "Kirchhoff matrix", "admittance matrix" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an English language encyclopedia first published in 1842. The second, improved and enlarged, edition appeared in 1848, and there were many revised editions up to 1890. The encyclopedia covered law, religion, architecture, warfare, daily life, and similar subjects primarily from the standpoint of a classicist. It was one of a series of reference works on classical antiquity by William Smith, the others cover persons and places. It runs to well over a million words in any edition, and all editions are now in the public domain.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9253, 5178, 252905, 1395165, 18935551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 79 ], [ 346, 356 ], [ 403, 422 ], [ 426, 439 ], [ 563, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2586299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2055360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "References", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sources", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References and sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1870 edition, OCR at Ancient Library", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1875 edition at LacusCurtius (about 50% of it: the Roman articles)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 932942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1890 edition at Perseus Project", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 185832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also the Internet Archive has a derivative work:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 176931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "1842_non-fiction_books", "British_online_encyclopedias", "Reference_works_in_the_public_domain", "Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Studebaker President was the premier automobile model manufactured by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (US) from 1926 until 1942. The nameplate was reintroduced in 1955 and used until the end of the 1958 model when the name was retired.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13673345, 184192, 112607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 78, 88 ], [ 104, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to mid-1926, Studebaker’s premium model was the Studebaker Big Six. The first automobile bearing the name President was unveiled on July 23, 1926, designated as the ES model in internal Studebaker memos. It was powered by a six-cylinder engine until the appearance in January 1928 of the smaller and smoother straight-eight engine of . Albert Russel Erskine, Studebaker’s president, spared no expense in his goal of making the President the finest automobile on the American road, with prices ranging from $1,985 to $2,485, ($ in dollars ) to ($ in dollars ). Presidents produced from 1928-1933 established land speed records, some of which went unbroken for 35 years. The President benefited from engineering improvements once the company took control of Pierce-Arrow in 1928.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "First generation", "target_page_ids": [ 4273911, 200658, 200044, 8695066, 254065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 72 ], [ 231, 250 ], [ 316, 337 ], [ 343, 364 ], [ 765, 777 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The primary advances of the 1931 engine was the increase in displacement to and the crankshaft was drilled for oil passage to each of its nine large main bearings. At this time, the straight-eight engines of many other firms had only five bearings; connecting the crank throws of every pair of cylinders between said bearings, their crankshafts had a heavy diagonal beam to take the stress, and the lubrication of the bearings was not as effective. Other advances for performance were that the valves had spring dampers and the muffler was a straight-through type. With these improvements the engine achieved . It also had modern filters for air, oil, and fuel, an improved thermostat, and a Lanchester vibration damper.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "First generation", "target_page_ids": [ 7249, 2828537, 420521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 95 ], [ 150, 162 ], [ 693, 703 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1931, Studebaker introduced \"Ovaloid\" headlights which were oblong in shape and made identification of the President and other \"senior\" Studebaker models easier. Presidents manufactured in this era were considered to rival more expensive marques such as Cadillac, Packard, Lincoln, and Chrysler’s Imperial model range. Studebaker went into receivership during 1933-34, Albert Erskine committed suicide, and the era of the big, impressive President came to an abrupt end.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "First generation", "target_page_ids": [ 64252, 177354, 62705, 895122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 265 ], [ 267, 274 ], [ 276, 283 ], [ 289, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For 1934, Studebaker trimmed its model lineup and streamlined its vehicles. The company designed a new body, the Land Cruiser, which was offered on the Dictator, Commander and President. The Land Cruiser models were easily identified by their extreme streamlining features, unusual 4-piece rear window, trunk and the full fender skirts on the rear of the vehicle. The new Presidents were smaller and less impressive than their predecessors, though still fine automobiles, priced at $1,245, ($ in dollars ).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Second generation", "target_page_ids": [ 1297300, 1446632, 1297315, 1297300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 125 ], [ 152, 160 ], [ 162, 171 ], [ 191, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For 1935, Presidents and Commanders offered an optional steel sliding roof similar to sunroofs common on vehicles today. In 1936, all Studebaker cars featured the \"Planar\" suspension system, and offered the \"Startix\" automatic engine-starting system as an optional accessory. Vehicles manufactured from 1936 also showed the influence of industrial designer Raymond Loewy, who was hired as Studebaker’s design consultant, and Helen Dryden who specialised in interior styling. Studebaker made its Hill-Holder device (an anti-rollback brake system) standard on the President in that year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Second generation", "target_page_ids": [ 43633653, 908990, 7909319, 3373164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 215 ], [ 357, 370 ], [ 425, 437 ], [ 495, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1938, the company offered a remote-controlled \"Miracle-Shift\" transmission which featured a dashboard-mounted shifter. The unit was discontinued in 1939 when the transmission shift lever was moved to the steering column.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Second generation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For 1941, the President received a new body style, a four-door sedan with rear-opening rear doors, as opposed to the then-conventional front-opening (suicide) rear doors. This vehicle was designated the Land Cruiser, recognizable by its concealed running-boards and lack of rear quarter-windows. The Land Cruiser was available in the beginning of 1941, in the Custom and DeLuxetone series. In mid year 1941, the Skyway series was introduced, with a Land Cruiser included. The Skyway had an upgrade in upholstery, and lacked the double strip of chrome down the side of the car. This style continued for the shortened 1942 model, after which the President was discontinued. The Skyway designation was, however, used for shortened 1946 Studebaker Champions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Third generation", "target_page_ids": [ 1297331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 733, 752 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studebaker reintroduced the President nameplate in 1955 when it was applied to all premium-trimmed vehicles. The most noteworthy of these later Presidents was the 1955 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Fourth generation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Studebaker Speedster. The President name was discontinued after the 1958 model year, when Studebaker began focusing on the compact Studebaker Lark. The final editions of Packard automobiles (1957–58) were based on this platform.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Fourth generation", "target_page_ids": [ 1451842, 1418878, 177354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 131, 146 ], [ 170, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The President set 118 stock car records in 1928. It also came in third in the 1932 Indianapolis 500.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Motorsports", "target_page_ids": [ 159018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Classic Car Club of America, regarded as the American authority for accreditation of \"classic car\" status, recognizes only the 38,403 8-cylinder FA & FB model Studebaker Presidents produced in 1928 and those produced between 1929 and 1933 as “full classics”.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Classic car status", "target_page_ids": [ 312642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maloney, James H. Studebaker Cars, Crestline Books, 1994, ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Automobile Quarterly Vol X, No 3, Third Quarter 1972, (Pennsylvania U.S.A.) pp 228–281 (5 articles on Studebaker)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Classic Car Club of America Web Site", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Smithsonian Institution article featuring a 1931 Studebaker President Brochure", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Studebaker_vehicles", "Rear-wheel-drive_vehicles", "Sedans", "1920s_cars", "1930s_cars", "1940s_cars", "1950s_cars", "Cars_introduced_in_1927", "Limousines" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Fully Informed Jury Association (FIJA) is a United States national jury education organization, incorporated in the state of Montana as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. It works to educate citizens on their authority when they serve as jurors. FIJA's stated aims are to educate the public, provide commentary on current jury-related cases, and assist defendants with jury authority strategies — including the right to veto bad laws and the misapplication of laws by refusing to convict the defendant. The organization was formed in 1989 by Larry Dodge, a Montana businessman, and his friend Don Doig. It was formed following discussions about forming such a group at the National Libertarian Party convention in Philadelphia in 1989.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 19978, 1979418, 72487, 74661, 180345, 46518744, 48467650, 32044, 473277, 50585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 61 ], [ 129, 136 ], [ 142, 151 ], [ 152, 179 ], [ 431, 435 ], [ 479, 512 ], [ 553, 564 ], [ 604, 612 ], [ 693, 710 ], [ 711, 721 ], [ 725, 737 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the U.S., every defendant in a criminal case has the right, under Article III, Section 2 and the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, to be tried by an impartial jury. If the defendant is acquitted, the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment forbids the government from putting him or her on trial again. FIJA advises jurors to vote for acquittal if they disagree with the law a concept known as jury nullification even if they believe the defendant committed the crime for which he or she is charged.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31648, 31658, 18916677, 13575603, 300834, 180345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 91 ], [ 100, 140 ], [ 211, 233 ], [ 241, 256 ], [ 352, 361 ], [ 412, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIJA has lobbied state legislatures to enact legislation that would explicitly elevate the jury's formerly unspoken power to nullify to an openly acknowledged right. On June 18, 2012, New Hampshire passed a law explicitly allowing defense attorneys to inform juries about Jury Nullification. FIJA has also proposed abolishing the juror's oath. FIJA has also launched a \"Challenge for Churches\" program of jury seminars, focusing on \"serving justice through conscience\". FIJA has also launched a \"Lunch Break for Liberty\" program to encourage people to use their lunch break to hand out FIJA pamphlets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activism", "target_page_ids": [ 26166365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 330, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIJA activists have demonstrated outside courthouses and handed out literature to potential jurors in hundreds of cases. They have generally not been arrested for doing so. FIJA speculates that this may be because \"prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence\". FIJA and its activists have been involved in litigation over these matters. Another argument is that since FIJA literature is generic, making no reference to any cases potential jurors may be called upon to serve on, its distribution is not jury tampering.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In dismissing an activist's lawsuit for false arrest for disorderly conduct, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit stated, \"Although advocacy of jury nullification could no more be flatly forbidden than advocacy of Marxism, nudism, or Satanism, we cannot think of a more reasonable regulation of the time, place, and manner of speech than to forbid its advocacy in a courthouse.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activism", "target_page_ids": [ 1488232, 878020, 428329, 1904053, 21911, 27706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 52 ], [ 57, 75 ], [ 81, 126 ], [ 227, 234 ], [ 236, 242 ], [ 247, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Past members include Libertarian party politician, Mike Fellows.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 46692536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A board member was Robert Anton Wilson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 26056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some prosecutors and law enforcement professionals are strongly opposed to the notion that juries can nullify undesirable laws. In 2008, Clay Conrad, author of Jury Nullification: The Evolution of a Doctrine, quit the organization, stating that it was \"so centered on jury nullification that it was ignoring the numerous threats that exist to the jury as an institution,\" as evidenced by the fact that the percentage of cases going to jury trial is continually shrinking. Executive Director Iloilo M. Jones described his parting comments as sour grapes motivated by his disappointment at not being able to shift FIJA's focus toward preparing attorneys to pursue jury nullification. Conrad rebutted that the organization needed to teach the importance of the jury system as a whole, not merely the nullification doctrine. FIJA has been condemned as a threat to the system of rule of law rather than rule of men. According to Erick J. Haynie, \"it is highly questionable whether jurors should be instructed to 'make' the law when a legislative body has already done the job for them. Congress and the state legislatures have superior expertise, resources and perspective to make macro-social decisions, and much more time to reach a well-reasoned decision than does 'a group of twelve citizens of no particular distinction snatched away from their primary vocations' to spend a couple of days in court.'", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Opposition", "target_page_ids": [ 27433887, 25166191, 25166191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 148 ], [ 874, 885 ], [ 898, 909 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, Jerry Begly was dismissed from the jury pool after a bailiff noticed he was passing out copies of the Citizens Rule Book, a jury rights publication. The bailiff confiscated the booklets from the recipients and Begly was charged with contempt of court. The judge dropped the charges \"in the interest of judicial economy\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 220689, 6873907, 7201, 16364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 69 ], [ 111, 129 ], [ 242, 259 ], [ 311, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Turney v. State of Alaska, FIJA advocate Frank W. Turney was indicted by a grand jury for jury tampering and criminal trespass, and on interlocutory appeal, the Supreme Court of Alaska allowed the indictment to stand. While a felon in possession of a firearm case was underway, Turney allegedly told a juror, who was wearing a button identifying him as such, to call FIJA's telephone number and learn about his rights. According to court records:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 12684, 895798, 215415, 2772959, 1709543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 88 ], [ 93, 107 ], [ 112, 129 ], [ 138, 158 ], [ 164, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the verdict, Turney called in to a radio talk show to express his opinion that Hall should not have been prosecuted for possessing a concealable firearm since Hall previously had been convicted only of a non-violent felony. Turney's writ of habeas corpus was denied by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 14091, 325378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 260 ], [ 279, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Julian Heicklen has been arrested multiple times by U.S. Department of Homeland Security federal police officers while distributing FIJA literature at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 58236, 747093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 88 ], [ 155, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 25, 2010, Julian Heicklen was arrested after refusing to stop handing out pamphlets at a U.S. District Courthouse in New York City, and was indicted for jury tampering. Because of previous failures to appear in court, he was remanded to Riker's Island until his June 8 arraignment. His arrest gained national attention over the following year due to the First Amendment implications of arresting a citizen for handing out educational pamphlets about jury nullification to prospective jurors outside of a courthouse.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 747093, 706914, 31653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 137 ], [ 244, 258 ], [ 362, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heicklen has been arrested or fined multiple times related to distributing pamphlets on nullificiation. Heicken wrote that during one arrest he chose to fall to the ground limp and silent; an ambulance was called and he signed his hospital release form as \"John Galt\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 10239178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another activist was arrested for filming on federal property without permission while recording Heicklen's November 9, 2009 arrest. Fellow nullification activists held a protest in his defense.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On April 19, 2012, District Court Judge Kimba Wood granted Heicklen's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment as legally deficient.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 22185430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 2000, Douglas Bruce was called to appear as a potential juror for a sexual assault trial in Colorado Springs, CO. During the jury selection process, Bruce distributed leaflets written by the Fully Informed Jury Association in support of jury nullification. After defense attorneys objected to Bruce's actions, the presiding judge dismissed Bruce and 50 other potential jurors who had received the fliers, resulting in a two-week delay for the trial.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 26-year-old man was acquitted on obstruction of justice charges stemming from his distribution of FIJA literature at the Perry County, Pennsylvania courthouse in 1994. In 1996, a 53-year-old man was arrested for passing out FIJA pamphlets to prospective jurors at the Clark County, Nevada courthouse. In 1995, a 51-year-old mother was charged with jury tampering for papering the windshields of cars near the federal courthouse with FIJA literature when her son was on trial and facing a heavy mandatory minimum sentence for drug offenses. In 2014, a candidate running for office in Greene County, Illinois was charged with jury tampering two weeks before his primary election for allegedly communicating with and providing a link to the FIJA website to another local office holder via a public Facebook post after that public figure posted that he had been summoned for jury duty.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cases", "target_page_ids": [ 91935, 48944, 1552290, 96244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 149 ], [ 270, 290 ], [ 496, 522 ], [ 585, 608 ] ] } ]

[ "Jury_nullification", "Political_advocacy_groups_in_the_United_States", "Juries_in_the_United_States", "Charities_based_in_Montana", "Non-profit_organizations_based_in_Montana", "1989_establishments_in_Montana", "Organizations_established_in_1989" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Op. cit. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase or opere citato, meaning \"the work cited\" or in the cited work, respectively.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The abbreviation is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work. Op. cit. thus refers the reader to the bibliography, where the full citation of the work can be found, or to a full citation given in a previous footnote. Op. cit. should never, therefore, be used on its own, which would be meaningless, but most often with the author's surname, or another brief clue as to which work is referred to. For example, given a work called The World of Salamanders (1999) by Jane Q. Smith, the style would typically be \"Smith op. cit.\", usually followed by a page number, to refer the reader to a previous full citation of this work (or with further clarification such as \"Smith 1999, op. cit.\" or \"Smith, World of Salamanders, op. cit.\", if two sources by that author are cited). Given names or initials are not needed unless the work cites two authors with the same surname, as the whole purpose of using op. cit. is the economy of text. For works without an individually named author, the title can be used, e.g. \"CIA World Fact Book, op. cit.\" As usual with foreign words and phrases, op. cit. is typically given in italics. The variant Loc. cit., an abbreviation of the Latin phrase loco citato meaning \"in the place cited\", has been used for the same purpose but also indicating the same page not simply the same work; it is now rarely used or recognized.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 330432, 330432, 190988, 6114207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 38 ], [ 42, 50 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 1218, 1227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, claims that op. cit. and loc. cit. are \"rightly falling into disuse\", and \"instead uses the short-title form\", e.g. the form World of Salamanders, to use the example above. Various different styles call for other alternatives, such as a reference to the author's surname and publication year, e.g. \"Smith 1999\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 75877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Op. cit is contrasted with ibid., an abbreviation of the Latin adverb ibidem, meaning \"in the same place; in that very place\" which refers the reader to the title of the work in the preceding footnote. The easily confused idem (sometimes abbreviated id.), the Latin definitive pronoun meaning \"the same\" is also used on occasion (especially in legal writing) within footnotes, and is a stand-in for the last-cited author, rather than title. The Latin adverb supra, meaning \"above\", means simply \"see above\" and can therefore be somewhat imprecise.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 190975, 3270420, 2372658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 32 ], [ 222, 226 ], [ 458, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Footnotes 9 to 15:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (9) R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p.23.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (10) G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: London, 2000), p.217.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (11) G. Wiki, Towards a More Perfect Speech (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p.354.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (12) G. Wiki, I Say, You Say (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p.35.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (13) Millan, op. cit., p.5.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (14) Wiki 2000, op. cit., p.66.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (15) Wiki, I Say, You Say, op. cit., p.4.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reference number 13 refers to the last cited work by the author R. Millan, and hence, it is the same as in number 9 (R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar), although the page referred to is different. Reference number 14 refers to reference number 10, Language and Its Uses (because the work was published in 2000), page 66. Reference number 15 refers to reference number 12: there are two works by Wiki published in 2003 so you must use the title.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For the short-title form:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (9) R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p.23.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (10) G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: London, 2000), p.217.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (11) G. Wiki, Towards a More Perfect Speech (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p.354", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (12) G. Wiki, I Say, You Say (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p.35", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (13) Art of Latin Grammar, p.5.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (14) Language and Its Uses, p.66.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (15) I Say, You Say, p.4.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is exactly the same as the long form above.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 190988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "MLA style (may or may not apply to APA style)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6003989, 360397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 35, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dictionary.com: ibid", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ebenda", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bibliography", "Latin_literary_phrases" ]

[ "opus citatum" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The United States Chamber of Commerce (USCC) is the largest lobbying group in the United States, representing over three million businesses and organizations. The group was founded in April 1912 out of local chambers of commerce at the urging of President William Howard Taft and his Secretary of Commerce and Labor Charles Nagel. It was Taft's belief that the \"government needed to deal with a group that could speak with authority for the interests of business\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 48934, 33522, 762455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 74 ], [ 256, 275 ], [ 316, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current president and CEO of the Chamber is Suzanne P. Clark. She previously worked in the Chamber from 1997 to 2007, and returned in 2014, holding multiple executive roles before being named the organization's first female CEO in February 2021.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The U.S. Chamber of Commerce was founded at a meeting of delegates on April 22, 1912. An important catalyst for the creation of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce were two prior business engagements between the U.S. and Japan. In 1908, Eiichi Shibusawa invited the first official, modern day U.S. business delegation to visit Japan. This delegation was led by the prominent banker/economist Frank A. Vanderlip accompanied by sixty business representatives from the West coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The goal was to bridge their nations diplomatically and to promote increased business and commerce.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2880454, 13964112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 246 ], [ 385, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1909, in appreciation for the hospitality shown to the 1908 Vanderlip business delegation during their visit to Japan, an invitation was now sent to Japanese business leaders to tour the U.S. This invitation came from the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, whose membership included eight principal cities from western coastal states of California, Oregon and Washington. Their invitation was accepted by the Japanese, and in 1909, Shibusawa, accompanied by his delegation of over fifty of Japan's most prominent business leaders and notables spent three months visiting 53 cities across America.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Their travels were highlighted in many newspapers as they journeyed in a specially outfitted ‘Million Dollar Train,’ provided by the American industrial community. The U.S. government recognized the significance of their visit and sent U.S. representatives to accompany and assist them during their trip. Six representatives of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast also accompanied them, to help facilitate the events along the way.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Their meetings included many chambers of commerce, tours of factories, power plants, fire departments, port facilities, mines, farms, schools, universities, libraries, theaters, churches, hospitals, and many other facilities. Their main goals to develop friendship and familiarity between the two nations while encouraging bilateral trade and commerce. An important influence of their visit was that it connected chambers of commerce across U.S., which likely motivated them to recognize the benefits of becoming a national organization. President Taft was one of the U.S. leaders that Shibusawa and his delegates met with during their visit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Chamber was created by President Taft as a counterbalance to the labor movement of the time. John H. Fahey was the first chairman, and Henry A. Wheeler was the first president and Elliot Hersey Goodwin was the first secretary. It opened its first office in the Evans Building. In 1913, President Taft spoke at its first banquet at the Willard Hotel, where he called for the organization to lobby for comprehensive currency legislation and to support the Commission on Economy and Efficiency. During its first year in existence, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's membership consisted of 297 commercial organizations and 165,000 firms and individuals. The U.S. Chamber's staff grew drastically in just ten years of being created. In 1912, there were only four employees. However, by the time 1921 came along, the number of employees had risen to three hundred", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 33522, 408186, 3452243, 40811786, 28705712, 36088416, 992256, 6308914, 32801220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ], [ 69, 83 ], [ 125, 133 ], [ 170, 179 ], [ 184, 205 ], [ 220, 229 ], [ 339, 352 ], [ 394, 399 ], [ 458, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1919 U.S. Chamber board meeting, Henry A. Wheeler proposed an idea that surprised many in the Chamber itself. The idea was to create a national headquarters. Wheeler stated during this proposal that the Board of Directors should take this vote very seriously in deciding whether or not to make a national headquarters due to having to pay for it with their own money. Nevertheless, the Board of Directors didn't hesitate with their answer and they began the process to create the headquarters. Wheeler and Edson already had a planned location for where they believed the headquarters should be. The location was facing the White House on the corner of Lafayette Square. The only thing that was stopping them from building were two 19th-century mansions: the Corcoran House and the Slidell house. Nevertheless, the mansions were purchased for $775,000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Washington, D.C., headquarters of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce occupies land that was formerly the home of Daniel Webster.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout its history, the United States Chamber of Commerce promoted the nation's business and economy. The Chamber's first referendum in January 1913 called for the planning of a National Budget. This calling for a National Budget created The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. From there, the Chamber worked to aid the U.S. Government during both World Wars and through the Great Depression. During the 1960s, the Chamber thought of the business community in a different way. They didn't have a World War to fight, however, a war against crime and poverty.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the oil crisis of 1973, the Chamber pushed for expanding domestic production. This entailed oil and gas exploration, as well as coal mining, and the Trans Alaska Pipeline. In 1981, the Chamber launched the Let's Rebuild America campaign to help support President Reagan's Economic Recovery and Tax Act. With increased globalization in the 1990s, the Chamber promoted expanding opportunities for the export of American goods and services in hopes of creating jobs for Americans.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although various chambers of commerce can work with all levels of government, they tend to concentrate their efforts on specific levels: Local chambers of commerce tend to focus on local issues, state chambers on state issues, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce focuses on national issues at the federal government level. They also work closely with a number of youth organizations in the country about the value and role of business in our society today.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, the Chamber lost several members over its support for Clinton's healthcare reform efforts. The Chamber had chosen to support healthcare reform at that time due to the spiraling healthcare costs experienced by its members. However, House Republicans retaliated by urging boycotts of the organization. By the time health care reform became a major issue again in 2010–2012, the organization opposed such efforts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1369907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 2011 it was revealed that the Chamber's computer system was breached from November 2009 to May 2010 by Chinese hackers. The purpose of the breach appeared to be gain information related to the Chamber's lobbying regarding Asian trade policy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since a 1971 internal memo by Lewis Powell advocating a more active role in cases before United States Supreme Court, the Chamber has found increasing success in litigation. Under the Burger and Rehnquist Courts the Chamber was on the prevailing side 43% and 56% of the time, respectively, but under the Roberts Court, the Chamber's success rate rose to 68% as of June 21, 2012.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 376929, 376929, 31737, 13392049, 7402985, 3954036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ], [ 30, 42 ], [ 89, 116 ], [ 185, 191 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 305, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 2008 election cycle, aggressive ads paid for by the USCC attacked a number of Democratic congressional candidates (such as Minnesota's DFL Senate candidate Al Franken) and supported a number of Republican candidates including John Sununu, Gordon Smith, Roger Wicker, Saxby Chambliss and Elizabeth Dole.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 75413, 251879, 32070, 171566, 3540873, 417439, 335056, 211748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 95 ], [ 142, 145 ], [ 163, 173 ], [ 201, 211 ], [ 233, 244 ], [ 246, 258 ], [ 260, 272 ], [ 274, 289 ], [ 294, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chamber of Commerce was an opponent of the Obama administration during Barack Obama's eight years in power.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the 2010 campaign cycle, the Chamber spent $32 million, 93 percent of which was to help Republican candidates. The Chamber's spending out of its general funds was criticized as illegal under campaign finance laws. In a front-page article titled \"Large Donations Aid U.S. Chamber in Election Drive\", The New York Times reported that the Chamber used contributions in campaigns without separating foreign and domestic contributions, which if true would appear to contravene prohibitions on lobbying by foreign nations and groups. In question was the Chamber's international branches, \"AmChams\", whose funds are unaccounted for and perhaps mix into the general collection. All branches, corporations, and members of the Chamber pay dues; the question is how they divide the money for expenses in national campaigns.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 306, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The truth of these allegations is unknown, as neither the Chamber nor its detractors can provide any concrete evidence to support or refute the allegations. In reference to the matter, Tom Donohue wrote his council and members on October 12, 2010. He stated, \"Let me be clear. The Chamber does not use any foreign money to fund voter education activities—period. We have strict financial controls in place to ensure this. The funds we receive from American Chambers of Commerce abroad, bilateral business councils, and non-U.S.-based global companies represent a small fraction of our more than $200 million annual revenues. Under our accounting system, these revenues are never used to support any political activities. We are in full compliance with all laws and regulations.\" Organizations Moveon.org, Think Progress, and People for the American Way rallied against the Chamber at the Justice Department to start an injunction for a criminal investigation. The Chamber is not required to produce fundraising records.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 412286, 7416486, 625680, 52563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 793, 803 ], [ 805, 819 ], [ 825, 852 ], [ 888, 906 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President Barack Obama and other legislators asked the IRS and Federal Elections Commission to ensure that the foreign funds that the Chamber receives are not used for political activities. Obama criticized the Chamber for not disclosing its contributors. The Chamber has responded that \"No foreign money is used to fund political activities.\" After the election, the Chamber reiterated the nature of Obama's policy dictated action from the Chamber, however the conflict would not be made \"personal\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 534366, 23430752, 238487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ], [ 55, 58 ], [ 63, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the expenditures from the Chamber's own funds, in 2010 its political action committee gave $29,000 (89 percent) to Republican candidates and $3,500 (11 percent) to Democratic candidates. The Chamber's PAC received a total of 76 donations from individual donors ($200 or more donation) totaling $79,852 in 2007–2008, or an average of $1050 per donation, and three donations per month.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 195777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite more than $33 million spent supporting candidates in the 2012 Congressional races, Chamber-backed candidates lost 36 out of the 50 elections in which the Chamber participated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In late 2013 the Chamber announced it would distribute campaign contributions in \"10s\" of Republican primary elections to oppose the Tea Party movement and create a \"more governable Republican party.\" In early 2014 Tom Donohue clarified that the push would be to elect \"pro-business\" members of Congress \"who favor trade, energy development and immigration reform\". During Donohue's tenure as head of the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber formed an alliance with the Republican Party. Donohue retired in February 2021.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 22754875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recent years, as Republicans have backed more trade restrictions and staunch anti-immigration policies and more Democrats have embraced immigration, free trade, and other pro-business policies, the composition of the Chamber's political support has shifted. In 2019, the Chamber updated the formula for its scorecard used to determine endorsements, to \"more fully reward members of Congress for helping to advance pro-business policies, while simultaneously encouraging members to reach the compromises necessary for effective governing.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After Donald Trump refused to concede following the 2020 presidential election, and most Republican members of Congress supported attempts to overturn the election results based on false claims of fraud, the Chamber of Commerce released a memo to its members, stating it would \"review the totality of actions of its members\" and \"take into consideration... future conduct that erodes our democratic institutions\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, Chamber lobbyist Neil Bradley said there would be a \"political price\" to pay for any lawmakers who supported the PRO Act, which the Chamber called a \"litany of almost every failed idea from the past 30 years of labor policy.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67055400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas J. Donohue led the U.S. Chamber from 1997 to 2021.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5575475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2009, the Chamber began an ad campaign against the proposed Employee Free Choice Act. Critics such as the National Association of Manufacturers have contended that additional use of card check elections will lead to overt coercion on the part of union organizers. Opponents of the Employee Free Choice Act also claim, referring to perceived lack of access to a secret ballot, that the measure would not protect employee privacy. For this reason the Chamber argued the act would reduce workers' rights.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9508525, 930650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 93 ], [ 115, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2009, the Chamber was reported to be seeking to spend $50,000 to hire a \"respected economist\" to produce a study that could be used to portray health-care legislation as a job killer and threat to the nation's economy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2009, activist group Velvet Revolution, under the name StopTheChamber, posted a $200,000 reward for \"information leading to the arrest and conviction of Chamber of Commerce CEO Tom Donahue.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some in the business community have criticized the Chamber's approach to public issues as overly aggressive. Hilary Rosen, former CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, added that \"Their aggressive ways are out of step with a new generation of business leadership who are looking for more cooperative relationship with Washington.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 173147, 18949819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 121 ], [ 141, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until 2019, the U.S. Chamber rejected the scientific consensus on climate change. Historically, the organization has promoted the work of climate change deniers and sought to stymie efforts to combat climate change. In 2019, the organization acknowledged that humans contribute to climate change.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 326324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chamber's senior vice president for environment, technology, and regulatory affairs William L. Kovacs threatened to sue the Environmental Protection Agency in order to have what he termed \"the Scopes monkey trial of the 21st century\" on climate science before any federal climate regulation was passed in October 2009. Chamber CEO Tom Donohue disavowed the comment, but the Chamber strongly opposed the American Clean Energy and Security Act. In response to this position, several companies quit the Chamber, including Exelon Corp, PG&E Corp, PNM Resources, and Apple Inc. Nike, Inc resigned from their board of directors position, but continued their membership. Nike stated that they believe they can better influence the policy by being part of the conversation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 58666, 28406, 22246660, 2202520, 692722, 3112167, 856, 18998781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 159 ], [ 197, 216 ], [ 408, 446 ], [ 524, 535 ], [ 537, 546 ], [ 548, 561 ], [ 567, 576 ], [ 578, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peter Darbee, CEO of former chamber member PG&E (a natural gas and electric utility company in California), said, \"We find it dismaying that the Chamber neglects the indisputable fact that a decisive majority of experts have said the data on global warming are compelling... In our view, an intellectually honest argument over the best policy response to the challenges of climate change is one thing; disingenuous attempts to diminish or distort the reality of these challenges are quite another.\" In response to an online campaign of Prius owners organized by Moveon.org, Toyota stated that it would not leave the Chamber. The Aspen Chamber Resort Association of Aspen, Colorado left the U.S. Chamber because of its views on climate change, in light of how climate change could hurt Aspen's winter tourism industry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 692722, 346651, 412286, 30984, 48921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 47 ], [ 536, 541 ], [ 562, 572 ], [ 574, 580 ], [ 665, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, U.S. Chamber president Tom Donohue agreed to work with Senators John Kerry, Lindsey Graham, and Joe Lieberman as they crafted legislation to address climate change; the effort fell apart and failed to produce a bill. The climate campaign organization 350.org estimated that 94% of US Chamber of Commerce political contributions during the 2010 midterm elections went to candidates denying the scientific consensus on climate change.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5122699, 363279, 74456, 23450595, 12474403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 83 ], [ 85, 99 ], [ 105, 118 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 379, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2017, before President Trump withdrew the US from the Paris Agreement, the Chamber funded a report that said the US commitments under the international agreement would significantly reduce industrial sector jobs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30242372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2017, Karen Harbert, CEO of the U.S. Chamber's Global Energy Institute, published an op-ed in USA Today criticizing the EPA's Clean Power Plan, saying, \"The plan's fundamental flaw was that it would have intentionally raised the cost of energy without regard to the impact on families and businesses.\" Harbert added, \"To be clear, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce believes that the climate is changing, and that man is contributing to these changes. We also believe that technology and innovation, rather than sweeping federal mandates, offer the best approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 47423035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2019, the U.S. Chamber adopted the following policy addressing climate change: \"The climate is changing and humans are contributing to these changes. We believe that there is much common ground on which all sides of this discussion could come together to address climate change with policies that are practical, flexible, predictable, and durable. We believe in a policy approach that acknowledges the costs of action and inaction and the competitiveness of the U.S. economy.\" They recommended that the US rejoin the Paris Agreement and summarized that an effective climate policy should:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2119179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leverage the power of business (rely primarily on private sector)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maintain U.S. leadership in climate science", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Embrace technology and innovation", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aggressively pursue greater energy efficiency", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Promote climate resilient infrastructure", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Support trade in U.S. technologies and products", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Encourage international cooperation", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, the organization said it had no position on a carbon tax.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On January 19, 2021, the day before President Trump's term ended, the Chamber said it wanted Congress to pass \"durable climate policy\" while also encouraging \"a market-based approach\" to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The U.S. Chamber opposed President Donald Trump's executive order ending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. The U.S. Chamber's Chief Policy Officer Neil Bradley said, \"With approximately 700,000 DACA recipients working for all sorts of businesses across the country, terminating their employment eligibility runs contrary to the president's goal of growing the U.S. economy.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4848272, 37009866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 77, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chamber of Commerce has come under attack by populist conservatives and others for its support of \"amnesty\" for illegal immigrants. In 2014, Tom Donohue stated the Chamber will \"pull out all stops\" for the passage of immigration reform in Congress. According to The Washington Post, Donohue did not offer specifics with regard to provisions or bills on the matter, speaking generally about the impact immigration would have on the U.S. economy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In early November 2021, the Biden Administration COVID-19 action plan set in motion OSHA's Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) mandating COVID-19 vaccines or weekly testing for employees of companies with 100 or more employees. Numerous lawsuits were filed in several Federal appellate courts, and the Fifth Circuit granted a 30-day stay of the order. The U.S. Chamber did not file or join in any of the lawsuits, and in mid November Chamber vice president of employment policy Marc Freedman told CNBC that \"employers still need to take this as a live ETS until it is definitively shut down... they should not bank on the preliminary actions of the 5th Circuit.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 69084591, 69084591, 428326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 69 ], [ 91, 119 ], [ 301, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Politically, the US Chamber of Commerce is considered to be on the political right, but is known to take positions that many Republicans, particularly populists, do not support. The US Chamber is often associated with the establishment wing of the Republican Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 56522, 211484, 804003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 82 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 222, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Campaigned against portions of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. (Introduced 02/14/2002) (07/30/2002 Became Public Law)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 67031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the SAFETY Act. (Passed 2002)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. (Introduced 01/26/2009) (02/17/2009 Became Public Law)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 21158533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Food Safety Modernization Act. (Introduced 03/03/2009)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Opposed the American Clean Energy and Security Act climate change bill. (Introduced 05/15/2009) \"[H]elped kill several attempts to pass climate-change legislation\" between 1997 and 2010, but did not oppose efforts by Senators Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman in 2010.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 22246660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Chamber views some reform as necessary, but opposed the Dodd/Frank legislation that was passed, asserting that it would damage loan availability. (Introduced 12/02/2009) (07/21/2010 Became Public Law) ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 25037165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA). (Introduced in House (10/26/2011)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 33629639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Jobs Act of 2012. (Introduced 12/08/2011) (04/05/2012 Became Public Law)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. (Introduced 02/25/2013) (07/22/2014 Became Public Law)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Electronic Communications Privacy Act. (Introduced 02/04/2015)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Actively lobbies against anti-tobacco policies implemented in other countries. In particular, it opposes attempts to carve out tobacco from the Investor-state dispute settlement mechanism negotiated under the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement. (Signed 4 February 2016)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 26922341, 3505712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 178 ], [ 210, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Ozone Implementation Act of 2017 (Introduced 02/01/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Furthering Asbestos Claim Transparency Act. (Introduced 02/07/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Fairness in Class Action Litigation Act. (Introduced 02/09/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the SAFE Act. (Introduced 03/16/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Opposed the American Health Care Act of 2017. (Introduced 03/20/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 53405836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Opposed the Clean Power Plan. (added new bullet point) (On March 28, 2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 47423035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Reauthorization Act. (Introduced 04/25/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Self Drive Act. (Introduced 07/25/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Supported the Tribal Tax and Investment Reform Act of 2017. (Introduced 10/05/2017)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Opposes the DISCLOSE Act, which aims to limit foreign influence on U.S. elections. (House - 06/27/2018)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 28880953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Opposed to using the government shutdown and debt ceiling limit as negotiating tactics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 32480155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Support for business globalization, free trade, and offshoring.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 46313, 59212, 529536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ], [ 37, 47 ], [ 53, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qualified opposition to financial regulation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Argued against mandatory immigration status checks by employers in Arizona including in a Supreme Court case.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Filed an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Citizens United v FEC to urge the court to overrule Austin and restore \"free corporate speech.\" Its position is opposed by some advocates for independent businesses.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Positions taken", "target_page_ids": [ 236334, 22097436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ], [ 52, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chamber has emerged as the largest lobbying organization in America. The Chamber's lobbying expenditures in 2018 were nearly 30 percent larger than those of the second-biggest spender, the National Association of Realtors at $72.8 million.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lobbying expenditures", "target_page_ids": [ 48934, 440267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 47 ], [ 193, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "US Chamber Members, USPBC 2021", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abbott", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AEAI", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bayer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cargill", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Caterpillar, Inc.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Citi", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Coca-Cola Company", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Excelerate Energy L.P.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ExxonMobil", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Facebook", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " General Electric", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gilead Sciences, Inc.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Global Logistics Providers", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Google", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hecate Energy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jamil & Jamil USA", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Netsol Technologies", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " North Shore Medical Labs", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PepsiCo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pfizer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PMI Global Services, Inc.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Procter & Gamble", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " S&P Global", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Target", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Resource Group", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Uber", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Visionet Systems Inc", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of October 2010, the Chamber had a worldwide network of 115 American Chamber of Commerce affiliates located in 108 countries. The US Chamber says that a relative handful of the Chamber's 300,000 members are \"non-U.S.-based (foreign) companies.\" It claims that, \"No foreign money is used to fund political activities.\" A US Chamber executive has said that the organization has had \"foreign multinationals\" (foreign companies) as members for \"over a century, many for decades.\" The US Chamber states that it receives approximately $100,000 annually in membership dues from its foreign affiliates, out of an annual budget of $200 million.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Americans for Transportation Mobility", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Center for International Private Enterprise", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Global Energy Institute", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Institute for Legal Reform", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4799297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Institute for Organization Management (IOM)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Chamber Litigation Center", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation (previously the National Chamber Foundation)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Organizational structure and membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several organizations have attacked the Chamber for its advocacy, including Chamber Watch (a campaign of Public Citizen). Advocates for independent business, like the American Independent Business Alliance (AMIBA) and green businesses, like the American Sustainable Business Council, have fought the Chamber on multiple issues. Among major divisions between the Chamber and these business advocates is allowing corporations to engage in electioneering. Oliver E. Diaz Jr. says one example of this was when the Chamber spent $1,000,000+ to fund negative campaign ads against him and have judicial candidate Keith Starrett elected instead.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Opposition", "target_page_ids": [ 195977, 4589147, 2237839, 21426794, 21832273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 119 ], [ 167, 205 ], [ 218, 232 ], [ 453, 471 ], [ 606, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American Green Chamber of Commerce", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26057244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Global Intellectual Property Center, US Chamber of Commerce institution", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26595024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Federation of Independent Business", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2350093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4121867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10394898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anthony D. Salzman", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 61418898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "General:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Advocacy group", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26561880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lobbying in the United States", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6308914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Davis, Cory, \"The Political Economy of Commercial Associations: Building the National Board of Trade, 1840-1868,\" Business History Review, 88 (Winter 2014), 761–83. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heald, Morrell. \"Business thought in the twenties: Social responsibility.\" American Quarterly (1961): 126–139. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lesher, Richard and Dave Scheiber. Voice of Business: The Man Who Transformed the United States Chamber of Commerce (2017), Richard Lesher was president of the US Chamber of Commerce from 1975 to 1997.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Werking, Richard Hume. \"Bureaucrats, businessmen, and foreign trade: the origins of the United States Chamber of Commerce.\" Business History Review 52#03 (1978) pp: 321–341.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Real Clear Politics Portal", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Guide to Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Publications. 5332. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Communications Development Division. Videotape collection, 1988-1992. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce", "Climate_change_denial", "Political_advocacy_groups_in_the_United_States", "Business_organizations_based_in_the_United_States", "Organizations_established_in_1912", "1912_establishments_in_Washington,_D.C.", "501(c)(6)_nonprofit_organizations", "Conservative_organizations_in_the_United_States", "Immigration_political_advocacy_groups_in_the_United_States", "Lobbying_organizations_based_in_Washington,_D.C." ]

[ "U. S. Chamber of Commerce", "USCC", "US Chamber of Commerce", "Chamber of Commerce" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding technique used to join pieces of metal or thermoplastics through the use of a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat source, allowing for narrow, deep welds and high welding rates. The process is frequently used in high volume and precision requiring applications using automation, as in the automotive and aeronautics industries. It is based on keyhole or penetration mode welding.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 44883, 17556, 173354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 37 ], [ 116, 121 ], [ 314, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like electron-beam welding (EBW), laser beam welding has high power density (on the order of 1MW/cm2) resulting in small heat-affected zones and high heating and cooling rates. The spot size of the laser can vary between 0.2mm and 13mm, though only smaller sizes are used for welding. The depth of penetration is proportional to the amount of power supplied, but is also dependent on the location of the focal point: penetration is maximized when the focal point is slightly below the surface of the workpiece", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 758604, 1830354, 1032610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 26 ], [ 121, 139 ], [ 404, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A continuous or pulsed laser beam may be used depending upon the application. Millisecond-long pulses are used to weld thin materials such as razor blades while continuous laser systems are employed for deep welds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LBW is a versatile process, capable of welding carbon steels, HSLA steels, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium. Due to high cooling rates, cracking is a concern when welding high-carbon steels. The weld quality is high, similar to that of electron beam welding. The speed of welding is proportional to the amount of power supplied but also depends on the type and thickness of the workpieces. The high power capability of gas lasers make them especially suitable for high volume applications. LBW is particularly dominant in the automotive industry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 633593, 339129, 27059, 904, 30040, 758604, 1193370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 59 ], [ 62, 72 ], [ 75, 90 ], [ 92, 100 ], [ 106, 114 ], [ 243, 264 ], [ 426, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the advantages of LBW in comparison to EBW are:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "the laser beam can be transmitted through air rather than requiring a vacuum", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "the process is easily automated with robotic machinery", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 1853037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "x-rays are not generated", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "LBW results in higher quality welds", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A derivative of LBW, laser-hybrid welding, combines the laser of LBW with an arc welding method such as gas metal arc welding. This combination allows for greater positioning flexibility, since GMAW supplies molten metal to fill the joint, and due to the use of a laser, increases the welding speed over what is normally possible with GMAW. Weld quality tends to be higher as well, since the potential for undercutting is reduced.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 2186444, 33731132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 41 ], [ 104, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although laser beam welding can be accomplished by hand, most systems are automated and use a system of computer aided manufacturing based on computer aided designs. Laser welding can also be coupled with milling to form a finished part.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 162289, 37315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 132 ], [ 142, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2016 the RepRap project, which historically worked on fused filament fabrication, expanded to development of open source laser welding systems. Such systems have been fully characterized and can be used in a wide scale of applications while reducing conventional manufacturing costs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 1993025, 44215035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 18 ], [ 57, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The two types of lasers commonly used are solid-state lasers (especially ruby lasers and YAG lasers) and gas lasers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 3184580, 4565309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 59 ], [ 73, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first type uses one of several solid media, including synthetic ruby (chromium in aluminum oxide), neodymium in glass (Nd:glass), and the most common type, neodymium in yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 5669, 141888, 21276, 21276, 20373503, 37506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 86, 100 ], [ 103, 112 ], [ 160, 169 ], [ 173, 180 ], [ 190, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gas lasers use mixtures of gases such as helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide ( laser) as a medium.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 13256, 21175, 5906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ], [ 49, 57 ], [ 63, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Regardless of type, however, when the medium is excited, it emits photons and forms the laser beam.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Solid-state lasers operate at wavelengths on the order of 1micrometer, much shorter than gas lasers used for welding, and as a result require that operators wear special eyewear or use special screens to prevent retina damage. Nd:YAG lasers can operate in both pulsed and continuous mode, but the other types are limited to pulsed mode. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 20627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original and still popular solid-state design is a single crystal shaped as a rod approximately 20mm in diameter and 200mm long, and the ends are ground flat. This rod is surrounded by a flash tube containing xenon or krypton. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 387514, 34139, 10624594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 201 ], [ 213, 218 ], [ 222, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When flashed, a pulse of light lasting about two milliseconds is emitted by the laser. Disk shaped crystals are growing in popularity in the industry, and flashlamps are giving way to diodes due to their high efficiency. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Typical power output for ruby lasers is 1020W, while the Nd:YAG laser outputs between 0.046,000W. To deliver the laser beam to the weld area, fiber optics are usually employed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gas lasers use high-voltage, low-current power sources to supply the energy needed to excite the gas mixture used as a lasing medium. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These lasers can operate in both continuous and pulsed mode, and the wavelength of the gas laser beam is 10.6μm, deep infrared, i.e. 'heat'. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fiber optic cable absorbs and is destroyed by this wavelength, so a rigid lens and mirror delivery system is used. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Power outputs for gas lasers can be much higher than solid-state lasers, reaching 25kW.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 21347693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In fiber lasers, the main medium is the optical fiber itself. They are capable of power up to 50kW and are increasingly being used for robotic industrial welding.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 4555508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern laser beam welding machines can be grouped into two types. In the traditional type, the laser output is moved to follow the seam. This is usually achieved with a robot. In many modern applications, remote laser beam welding is used. In this method, the laser beam is moved along the seam with the help of a laser scanner, so that the robotic arm does not need to follow the seam any more. The advantages of remote laser welding are the higher speed and the higher precision of the welding process.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 4261793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 314, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pulsed-laser welding has advantages over continuous wave (CW) laser welding. Some of these advantages are lower porosity and less spatter. Pulsed-laser welding also has some disadvantages such as causing hot cracking in aluminum alloys. Thermal analysis of the pulsed-laser welding process can assist in prediction of welding parameters such as depth of fusion, cooling rates, and residual stresses. Due to the complexity of the pulsed laser process, it is necessary to employ a procedure that involves a development cycle. The cycle involves constructing a mathematical model, calculating a thermal cycle using numerical modeling techniques like either finite elemental modeling (FEM) or finite difference method (FDM) or analytical models with simplifying assumptions, and validating the model by experimental measurements.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 18233581, 18233581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 656, 681 ], [ 691, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A methodology combining some of the published models involves:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Determining the power absorption efficiency.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Calculating the recoil pressure based on temperatures and a Clausius-Clapeyron equation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Calculate the fluid flow velocities using the volume of fluid method (VOF).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 16676201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Calculating the temperature distribution.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Increment time and repeat steps 1-4.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Validating of results", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Not all radiant energy is absorbed and turned into heat for welding. Some of the radiant energy is absorbed in the plasma created by vaporizing and then subsequently ionizing the gas. In addition, the absorptivity is affected by the wavelength of the beam, the surface composition of the material being welded, the angle of incidence, and the temperature of the material.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 477175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rosenthal point source assumption leaves an infinitely high temperature discontinuity which is addressed by assuming a Gaussian distribution instead. Radiant energy is also not uniformly distributed within the beam. Some devices produce Gaussian energy distributions, whereas others can be bimodal. A Gaussian energy distribution can be applied by multiplying the power density by a function like this:, where r is the radial distance from the center of the beam, =beam radius or spot size.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Using a temperature distribution instead of a point source assumption allows for easier calculation of temperature-dependent material properties such as absorptivity. On the irradiated surface, when a keyhole is formed, Fresnel reflection (the almost complete absorption of the beam energy due to multiple reflection within the keyhole cavity) occurs and can be modeled by , where ε is a function of dielectric constant, electric conductivity, and laser frequency. θ is the angle of incidence. Understanding the absorption efficiency is key to calculating thermal effects.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 11149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 220, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lasers can weld in one of two modes: conduction and keyhole. Which mode is in operation depends on whether the power density is sufficiently high enough to cause evaporation. Conduction mode occurs below the vaporization point while keyhole mode occurs above the vaporization point. The keyhole is analogous to an air pocket. The air pocket is in a state of flux. Forces such as the recoil pressure of the evaporated metal open the keyhole while gravity (aka hydrostatic forces) and metal surface tension tend to collapse it. At even higher power densities, the vapor can be ionized to form a plasma.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The recoil pressure is determined by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation., where P is the equilibrium vapor pressure, T is the liquid surface temperature, HLV is the latent heat of vaporization, TLV is the equilibrium temperature at the liquid-vapor interface. Using the assumption that the vapor flow is limited to sonic velocities, one gets that , where Po is atmospheric pressure and Pr is recoil pressure.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This pertains to keyhole profiles. Fluid flow velocities are determined by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the velocity vector, P=pressure, ρ= mass density, =viscosity, β=thermal expansion coefficient, g=gravity, and F is the volume fraction of fluid in a simulation grid cell.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In order to determine the boundary temperature at the laser impingement surface, you'd apply an equation like this. , where kn=the thermal conductivity normal to the surface impinged on by the laser, h=convective heat transfer coefficient for air, σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant for radiation, and ε is the emissivity of the material being welded on, q is laser beam heat flux.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 53068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike CW (Continuous Wave) laser welding which involves one moving thermal cycle, pulsed laser involves repetitively impinging on the same spot, thus creating multiple overlapping thermal cycles. A method of addressing this is to add a step function that multiplies the heat flux by one when the beam is on but multiplies the heat flux by zero when the beam is off. One way to achieve this is by using a Kronecker delta which modifies q as follows: , where δ= the Kronecker delta, qe=experimentally determined heat flux. The problem with this method, is it does not allow you to see the effect of pulse duration. One way of solving this is to a use a modifier that is time-dependent function such as:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 182890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where v= pulse frequency, n=0,1, 2,...,v-1), τ= pulse duration.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Next, you would apply this boundary condition and solve for Fourier's 2nd Law to obtain the internal temperature distribution. Assuming no internal heat generation, the solution is , where k=thermal conductivity, ρ=density, Cp=specific heat capacity, =fluid velocity vector.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [ 72536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incrementing is done by discretizing the governing equations presented in the previous steps and applying the next time and length steps.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Results can be validated by specific experimental observations or trends from generic experiments. These experiments have involved metallographic verification of the depth of fusion.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The physics of pulsed laser can be very complex and therefore, some simplifying assumptions need to be made to either speed up calculation or compensate for a lack of materials properties. The temperature-dependence of material properties such as specific heat are ignored to minimize computing time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The liquid temperature can be overestimated if the amount of heat loss due to mass loss from vapor leaving the liquid-metal interface is not accounted for.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Thermal modeling of pulsed-laser welding", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cary, Howard B. and Scott C. Helzer (2005). Modern Welding Technology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Weman, Klas (2003). Welding processes handbook. New York: CRC Press LLC. .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kalpakjian, Serope and Schmid,Steven R.(2006). Manufacturing Engineering and Technology5th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dual beam laser welding; research article from the 2002 Welding Journal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Weld morphology and thermal modeling in dual-beam laser welding; research article from the 2002 Welding Journal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Laser welding articles from the Industrial Laser Solutions Magazine", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robotic laser welding", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Laser_machining", "Laser_applications", "Welding", "Articles_containing_video_clips" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Trishtubh (, , IAST: ) is a Vedic metre of 44 syllables (four padas of eleven syllables each), or any hymn composed in this metre. It is the most prevalent metre of the Rigveda, accounting for roughly 40% of its verses.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 557097, 3604827, 5573158, 36692953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 19 ], [ 28, 39 ], [ 62, 66 ], [ 169, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Trishtubh pada contains a \"break\" or caesura, after either four or five syllables, necessarily at a word-boundary and if possible at a syntactic break, followed by either three or two short syllables. The final four syllables form a trochaic cadence. For example RV 2.3.1:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 187505, 4850103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 246 ], [ 268, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Agni is set upon the earth well kindled", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "he standeth in the presence of all beings.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wise, ancient, God, the Priest and Purifier", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "let Agni serve the Gods for he is worthy.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(trans. Griffith; the translator attempts to imitate the meter in English)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is to be read metrically as follows, with marking the caesura and separating the cadence:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Avesta has a parallel stanza of 4x11 syllables with a caesura after the fourth syllable.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 63118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Trishtubh verses are also used in later literature, its archaic associations used to press home a \"Vedic\" character of the poetry. The Bhagavad Gita, while mostly composed in shloka (developed from the Vedic anushtubh) is interspersed with Trishtubhs. A particularly long section of Trishtubhs is chapter 11, verses 15-50.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23277715, 519068, 4464363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 148 ], [ 175, 181 ], [ 208, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " E. V. Arnold, Vedic Metre in its Historical Development, 1905", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " E. W. Hopkins, The Great Epic of India, 1901", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anustubh", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4464363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vedic meter", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3604827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] } ]

[ "Sanskrit_words_and_phrases", "Poetic_rhythm" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Symphony No. 4 (\"Heroes\") is a symphony composed by American composer Philip Glass in 1996 based on the album \"Heroes\" by David Bowie. Glass had based his earlier Symphony No. 1 on the David Bowie album Low.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24540, 1261557, 8786, 1448584, 1448572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 82 ], [ 110, 118 ], [ 122, 133 ], [ 163, 177 ], [ 203, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 3 horns, 3 trumpets, 2 trombones, bass trombone, tuba, percussion, harp, piano, celesta and strings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symphony", "target_page_ids": [ 10553, 82848, 22206, 6433, 399942, 4207, 11456, 30353, 29837, 1557772, 30961, 24638, 13911, 23034, 52875, 10696096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ], [ 37, 44 ], [ 48, 52 ], [ 57, 65 ], [ 68, 81 ], [ 85, 92 ], [ 97, 102 ], [ 106, 113 ], [ 118, 126 ], [ 129, 142 ], [ 144, 148 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 162, 166 ], [ 168, 173 ], [ 175, 182 ], [ 187, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The symphony is in six movements:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symphony", "target_page_ids": [ 462250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Abdulmajid\", the David Bowie song on which the second movement was based, was not included on the original release of Heroes, but was recorded around the Heroes recording sessions. The song would later be released on the Rykodisc reissue of the album in 1991.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symphony", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The album \"Heroes\" Symphony includes only the \"Heroes\" Symphony performed by American Composers Orchestra directed by Michael Riesman and conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. Recorded and distributed by POINT Music record label, a joint venture of Euphorbia Productions Ltd and Philips Classics Productions, catalog number 454-388-2.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [ 4900050, 44819578, 199162, 4842066, 5812925, 1326798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 105 ], [ 118, 133 ], [ 138, 147 ], [ 151, 172 ], [ 202, 213 ], [ 277, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Heroes\" (5:53)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abdulmajid (8:53)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sense of Doubt (7:20)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sons of the Silent Age (8:18)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Neuköln (6:41)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " V2 Schneider (6:48)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Album", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Programme note by the composer, Chester Novello", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 3095222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 47 ] ] } ]

[ "Symphonies_by_Philip_Glass", "Philip_Glass_albums", "1996_compositions", "20th-century_symphonies" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) is a nonprofit organization of journalists and photographers who report on the entertainment industry activity and interests in the United States for media (newspaper, magazine and book publication, television and radio broadcasting) predominantly outside the U.S. The HFPA consists of about 105 members from approximately 55 countries with a combined following of more than 250million. It conducts the annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony in Los Angeles every January, which honors notable examples of film and television and achievements in entertainment businesses.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 72487, 50100, 84303, 418334, 3434750, 173088, 142724, 18110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 74 ], [ 78, 88 ], [ 94, 106 ], [ 126, 148 ], [ 179, 192 ], [ 261, 279 ], [ 457, 476 ], [ 489, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The association was founded in 1943, by Los Angeles-based foreign journalists who wanted a more organized distributing process of cinema news to non-U.S. markets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first Golden Globes awardees were for the cinema industry in early 1944 with a ceremony at 20th Century Fox. There, Jennifer Jones was awarded \"Best Actress' honors for The Song of Bernadette which also won for \"Best Film', while Paul Lukas took home \"Best Actor\" laurels for Watch on the Rhine. Awards were presented in the form of scrolls.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 170318, 67375, 77672, 145646, 77674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 111 ], [ 120, 134 ], [ 173, 195 ], [ 234, 244 ], [ 280, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following year members came up with the idea of presenting winners with a golden globe encircled with a strip of motion picture film and mounted on a pedestal.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1950, differing philosophies among members caused a schism within the organization, resulting in a split into two separate groups: The Hollywood Foreign Correspondents Association and the Foreign Press Association of Hollywood. The separation ended in 1955 when the journalists reunited under the collective title The Hollywood Foreign Press Association with firm guidelines and requirements for membership.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955, the Golden Globes began honoring achievements in television as well as in film. The first honorees in the \"Best Television Show\" category that year were Dinah Shore, Lucy & Desi, The American Comedy and Davy Crockett.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 445332, 144832, 22009904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 173 ], [ 175, 186 ], [ 212, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Membership meetings are held monthly, and the officers and directors are elected annually.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Membership criteria", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In February 2021, the Los Angeles Times reported that none of the association's members was black. In response, in early May 2021, the HFPA announced a plan to increase membership with a \"specific focus on recruiting Black members\", improving governance and reducing conflicts of interest.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Membership criteria", "target_page_ids": [ 273319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lorenzo Soria was elected President of Hollywood Foreign Press Association in 2019. Helen Hoehne was named President in September 2021.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Membership criteria", "target_page_ids": [ 64787723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The HFPA is a nonprofit organization that donates funds to entertainment-related charities. The Golden Globe Awards brings in about $10million from its television broadcast each year. The HFPA hosts an annual grants banquet to distribute funds; $2.1million was donated to nonprofits in 2015. According to the HFPA, since 1990 more than $23.9million was donated to charity up to 2015 and used to fund scholarships and grants.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Charity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Funds have also been used to restore more than 90 films, including King Kong (1933) and Woman on the Run (1950).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Charity", "target_page_ids": [ 16782, 2783102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 76 ], [ 88, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2018, the HFPA announced its residency program in partnership with Film Independent. The program selects three winners from the Italian Venice Film Festival’s Orizzonti section and three participants from Canada's Toronto International Film Festival to Los Angeles for an intensive workshop.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "HFPA Residency", "target_page_ids": [ 1239235, 32497, 178751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 89 ], [ 142, 162 ], [ 220, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 2019 residency fellows include Emir Baigazin, Mahmut F. Coskun, Georgia Fu, Maria Bozzi, Avril Z. Speaks, Rati Tsiteladze, Cynthia Kao.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "HFPA Residency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 2020 residency program winners were TIFF participants: All These Creatures by Australian Charles Williams, Misterio by Chema Garcia from Spain, and Measure by Canadian director Karen Chapman. This is in addition to Venice winners: Atlantis, by Ukrainian Valentyn Vasyanovych, Blanco en Blanco by Spaniard Théo Court and Filipino Raymund Ribay Gutierrez.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "HFPA Residency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 2021 residency program winners were TIFF participants: Hair: The Story of Grass, Maha Al–Saati's, Jeff Wong's H’mong Sisters, and Matria by Alvaro Gago Diaz. This is in addition to the Venice winners in the Orizzonti section: Best Film - Dashte Kamoush (\"The Wasteland\"), by Ahmad Kahrimi;  Lahi, Hayop (\"Genus Pan\"), Lav Diaz; Best Director, and Special Jury Prize Listen, by Ana Rocha de Sousa.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "HFPA Residency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2018, actor Brendan Fraser claimed that former HFPA president Philip Berk groped him in 2003. The organization commissioned an internal investigation, which concluded that Berk acted inappropriately but meant no harm. HFPA officials asked Fraser to sign onto a joint statement about the matter but would not share the complete findings with him.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 386491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An investigation by the Los Angeles Times in 2021 found that the HFPA regularly pays its 87 members in excess of US$1 million annually for serving on various committees, which may jeopardize its status as a tax-exempt non-profit organization.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 273319, 960403, 72487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 207, 217 ], [ 218, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The HFPA's small membership has also been described as easier to sway than the significantly larger voting bodies of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and the Television Academy; the report alleged that members had been offered access to actors and film sets, and expensive gifts (including high-priced hotel stays and restaurant bookings).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 39842, 1239779, 57296316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 160 ], [ 177, 195 ], [ 246, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The report also alleged that many of its members are not journalists at all, established foreign journalists who apply were regularly rejected.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An antitrust lawsuit was filed against the HFPA by a Norwegian journalist, whose request for membership in the HFPA had been repeatedly rejected. She alleged that the group was operating as a cartel monopolizing the market of foreign entertainment journalism, that she had been rejected as to not cannibalize other Scandinavian members, and that her inability to join was impacting her ability to gain their \"exclusive\" access to celebrities and junkets. On November 24, 2020, a federal court threw out the lawsuit, arguing that the reporter did not define the \"market\" that the HFPA was allegedly monopolizing, and that the HFPA was not subject to the right of fair procedure, since engaging in an \"activity of some interest to the public\" was not the same as operating \"in the public interest\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 36526, 20460, 20972898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 198 ], [ 446, 453 ], [ 662, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, the HFPA faced criticism for the lack of Black representation among its members; it was reported by the Los Angeles Times that the association had not had a new Black member since Meher Tatna, its former president, in 2002. Variety cited criteria requiring new members to have been sponsored by two current HFPA members as being a major roadblock towards recruiting new black members, stating that \"for a foreign journalist based in Los Angeles, building relationships with this small group, which are largely unknown to the public, is difficult due to its tight and exclusive membership policies. More transparency would help alleviate the public perception that the group doesn't seek to be inclusive.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 4745, 22101487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 55 ], [ 233, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ahead of the 78th Golden Globe Awards, Time's Up launched a social media campaign to draw attention to the issue. On February 25, 2021, the HFPA stated that it was \"fully committed to ensuring our membership is reflective of the communities around the world who love film, TV and the artists inspiring and educating them\", and that it planned to \"immediately work to implement an action plan\" to \"bring in Black members, as well as members from other underrepresented backgrounds.\" The HFPA stated that over 35% of its members were from non-European countries, and does contain people of color, but it was aware that none of its current members were Black.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 63036891, 56192528, 526594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 37 ], [ 39, 48 ], [ 578, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 9, 2021, the HFPA announced that it had hired Shaun R. Harper, executive director of the USC Race and Equity Center, as its new \"strategic diversity officer\", and hired Ropes & Gray to \"support the continued development of a confidential reporting system for investigating alleged violations of our ethical standards and code of conduct.\" In April 2021, former HFPA president Philip Berk was expelled after he emailed fellow members an article that described Black Lives Matter as a \"racist hate movement\", and slammed organizer Patrisse Cullors for purchasing a home in an upscale neighborhood.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 49792151, 3887923, 44751865, 46783214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 70 ], [ 178, 190 ], [ 468, 486 ], [ 538, 554 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 3, 2021, the HFPA announced plans for a reform package, including a 50% increase in members over the next 18 months with a particular focus on underrepresented groups (with at least 20 new members over the next year, which will have a focus on new Black members), new professional administrative positions (including a CEO, CFO, chief diversity, equity, and inclusion officer, and chief human resources officer), establishing an oversight board for a \"critical organizational reform\", and other accountability improvements (including term limits for board members and restricting internal \"gifts\"). The majority of the HFPA's members voted in favor of the package on May 6; due to California law, the changes to the organization's bylaws are subject to further votes by the HFPA's full membership scheduled in June and July.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 52234, 80007, 19541574, 10214818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 326, 329 ], [ 331, 334 ], [ 336, 382 ], [ 388, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Dick Clark Productions and NBC—the long-time producer and broadcaster of the Golden Globes respectively—supported the planned reforms, Time's Up and a group of 100 PR firms criticized the lack of given timelines for filling some of the new management positions, arguing that they would not be completed soon enough to have any material impact on the cycle of the next Golden Globes. Time's Up further argued that the package \"largely contains no specifics\" nor \"commitments to real accountability or change\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 850427, 21780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 28 ], [ 33, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 7, 2021, both Amazon Studios and Netflix announced that they would stop their activities with the HFPA until sufficient actions on reforms are made. Netflix co-CEO Ted Sarandos explained that the company \"[doesn't] believe these proposed new policies — particularly around the size and speed of membership growth — will tackle the HFPA's systemic diversity and inclusion challenges, or the lack of clear standards for how your members should operate\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 37137750, 175537, 45064023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 35 ], [ 40, 47 ], [ 171, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 10, AT&T-owned WarnerMedia and its subsidiaries similarly boycotted the HFPA, stating that the proposed reforms \"[don't go] far enough in addressing the breadth of our concerns, nor does your timeline capture the immediate need by which these issues should be addressed\", and also criticizing \"special favors and unprofessional requests [that] have been made to our teams and to others across the industry\", the lack of diversity among Golden Globe nominees and winners, and the HFPA not having an \"enforced code of conduct that includes zero tolerance for unwanted physical contact of all talent and staff.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 83045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The same day, NBC announced that it would not broadcast the 79th Golden Globe Awards ceremony in 2022, stating that \"change of this magnitude takes time and work, and we feel strongly that the HFPA needs time to do it right\", and that \"we are hopeful we will be in a position to air the show in January 2023.\" In support of the boycotts, Tom Cruise returned the Golden Globes that he won for Born on the Fourth of July, Jerry Maguire and Magnolia. Following these events, the HFPA released a new timeline for its reforms, which would see the process completed by the week of August 2. On October 1, the HFPA released a list of 21 new members that it had recruited under these reforms, increasing its membership by 20 percent. The HFPA then announced on October 15 that it still planned to hold the 79th Golden Globe Awards ceremony anyway, with or without a U.S. broadcaster. The ceremony was ultimately held as a private event with only HFPA beneficiaries present, and contained a major focus on its philanthropic activities.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 69038403, 31460, 4457806, 142435, 231829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 84 ], [ 338, 348 ], [ 392, 418 ], [ 420, 433 ], [ 438, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2022, the HFPA approved a major restructuring, under which interim CEO Todd Boehly will establish a for-profit entity via his holding company Eldridge Industries (owner of ceremony producer Dick Clark Productions, as well as the entertainment trade publication The Hollywood Reporter) that will hold the Golden Globe Awards' intellectual property and oversee the \"professionalization and modernization\" of the ceremony, including \"[increasing] the size and diversity of the available voters for the annual awards\". The HFPA's philanthropic activities would continue separately as a non-profit entity.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [ 35675191, 53445585, 791422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 90 ], [ 150, 169 ], [ 269, 291 ] ] } ]

[ "American_film_critics_associations", "Culture_of_Hollywood,_Los_Angeles", "1943_establishments_in_California", "Golden_Globe_Awards", "Organizations_established_in_1943", "Non-profit_organizations_based_in_California", "Non-profit_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "The Hollywood Foreign Press Association", "HFPA" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Trethomas () is a small village northeast of Caerphilly, southeast Wales, situated in the Caerphilly county borough, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 339588, 69894, 654592, 338147, 370053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 56 ], [ 68, 73 ], [ 91, 116 ], [ 129, 148 ], [ 152, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It neighbours Bedwas and Machen, and forms a council ward in conjunction with those communities.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448626, 1451715, 3283310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 20 ], [ 25, 31 ], [ 53, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With an original name of Thomastown, it was mainly built by William James Thomas, a co-owner of the Bedwas Navigation Colliery Company, (also of mines in Aberdare in the Cynon Valley). Most of the earlier parts of Trethomas were built in and around 1900 - 1913, when the mine was developing and at the apex of coal production in the South Wales coalfield. The terraced streets of Trethomas were appropriately named, some were named after members of William Thomas's family, hence the names: William, James, Thomas, and Mary. Others involved association with local areas, such as Navigation Street (associated with the Bedwas Navigation Colliery Company), Coronation Street (for Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953), Redbrook Avenue after Redbrook House, which once stood on the left of the road entering the village from Machen (opposite the Chequered Flag petrol station), until its demolition in the late 1950s. It was named after the brook that ran nearby and coloured red with rust from the old drift mine that was situated at Glyn Gwyn - now redeveloped as Addison Way leading up to Graig-Y-Rhacca. The bridge over the now demolished railway line on Addison Way was built on the remains of the coal tipping from the mine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Post 1900 New Town", "target_page_ids": [ 15849369, 2701, 450920, 5987, 3445202, 12153654, 1754422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 126 ], [ 154, 162 ], [ 170, 182 ], [ 310, 314 ], [ 333, 354 ], [ 678, 696 ], [ 1003, 1013 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The oldest building in Trethomas was the Ty'n-Y-Pwll Inn, known locally as the 'Pyke' (Turn-Pike in English) due to the building being the original Toll House where tolls were charged for the use of the Toll road between Caerphilly and Newport. After closing as a public house the building sat empty and unused for many years. Connections Community Hub (CCH) agreed to purchase the building in 2014 and had plans to create a multi-functional hub for the whole community to use but the plan collapsed after the charity behind the scheme could not secure funding. In January 2021, despite local opposition to the plans, permission was granted by Caerphilly Country Borough Council to demolish the now derelict building and replace it with flats. The building was demolished in August of that year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 79726, 339588, 338052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 212 ], [ 221, 231 ], [ 236, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway ran through Trethomas, east to Newport and west to Rhymney, Merthyr Tydfil and Brecon via Talybont-on-Usk. Passenger traffic ceased on 31 December 1962 (the loop line from White Hart to Gwern y Doman via Fountain Bridge closed on 17 September 1956), but the line remained in freight use as far as Bedwas until the closure of Bedwas Navigation Colliery in 1985. Nature has since engulfed the two platforms of the old station, and most of what remains of the former trackbed between Trethomas and Machen has been updated by Sustrans as a cyclepath/walkway which joins Route 4 of the National Cycle Network at Graig-Y-Rhacca.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1663745, 338052, 792308, 351127, 250631, 2113707, 1451715, 537074, 12810297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 46 ], [ 78, 85 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 107, 121 ], [ 126, 132 ], [ 137, 152 ], [ 542, 548 ], [ 569, 577 ], [ 613, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nothing remains of the colliery, which closed in March 1985 during the UK miners' strike (1984-1985). The British Benzol coke ovens, which closed on Christmas Eve 1986, located at the top of upper Navigation street next to Tynywern Terraces, were aptly named 'The White City' mainly because the streets and houses were always dirty due to the coke ovens being so close and the coal dust stirred up by the emptying of the wagons into the hoppers. The colliery and what was termed 'The Plant' closed after the 1984/85 miners' strike.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 208413, 196171, 157627, 291861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 31 ], [ 71, 100 ], [ 149, 162 ], [ 377, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ground on which the colliery stood is yet to be re-developed. The ground has reportedly high concentrations of Benzines in the soil at present and therefore it would be dangerous to re-use in its present condition. This is one major blight on the landscape. Caerphilly County Borough Council inherited most of the land and face a difficult situation; cleaning up the land would more than likely cost more than what the land is worth, so restoration work in the future is unlikely.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is worthy of note that, during World War II, German aircraft actually dropped bombs, both incendiary and active, on the top of Caerphilly Mountain (visitors to the area will find it still full of craters) mistaking it for the Bedwas/Trethomas mountain where the intention was to eliminate the National Benzol 'plant' which produced aviation fuels from the coal as by-products.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since the demise of the collieries further up the valley, the Rhymney River, which passes through Trethomas, has gone from being a contaminated, black monstrosity, to a clean, aromatic river, now teeming with wildlife and fish after many barren years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2136546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 'Fountain Bridge' on the main road between Trethomas and Waterloo was so named because, for many years, prior to road alterations, there was a free running spring at the roadside close to the site of the bridge. The point where the spring emerged was fashioned into a stone 'fountain well' which was regrettably demolished during the road works to improve the road.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Over many years, Trethomas has continually expanded in all directions, not only in industry, but in housing as well, so much so that it is now difficult to work out exactly where Bedwas ends and Trethomas starts. Today notable residents include Jeff Whitefoot (Bedwas, Cardiff and Wales Lions rugby player), Councillor Elizabeth Aldworth who became the Lady Mayor of Caerphilly County Borough Council in 2006 and local legend Rachel Ball.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1448626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Men from Trethomas participate in one of the world's longest running epidemiology studies - The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. Since 1979, a representative sample of adult males born between 1918 and 1938, living in Caerphilly and the surrounding villages of Abertridwr, Bedwas, Machen, Senghenydd and Trethomas, have participated in the study. A wide range of health and lifestyle data have been collected throughout the study and have been the basis of over 400 publications in the medical press. A notable report was on the reductions in vascular disease, diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia attributable to a healthy lifestyle.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Health research", "target_page_ids": [ 40617207, 1724509, 1448626, 1451715, 17658184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 126 ], [ 260, 270 ], [ 272, 278 ], [ 280, 286 ], [ 288, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Trethomas and surrounding area", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Welsh Coal Mines - check out the histories of the local pits", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Villages_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough" ]

[ "Tretomos" ]

[ { "plaintext": "25 to Life is a third-person shooter video game developed by Avalanche Software and Ritual Entertainment and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox and released in 2006.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25394701, 5363, 5272934, 36951, 1739945, 18890, 15822958, 17416342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 36 ], [ 37, 47 ], [ 61, 79 ], [ 84, 104 ], [ 122, 139 ], [ 144, 161 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 182, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Set in a modern environment, the game allows the player to play as both a cop and a gangster, at different times, in a \"cops and robbers\" style game. The game can be played online with up to 16 players using the network adaptor for the PS2 and through Xbox Live for Microsoft Xbox, and there is online play for the Windows version as well. On purchasing the Windows version, customers would also obtain a free, \"Street Warriors\" playing card which included a featured character from the game itself. These playing cards were exclusive, in which they were only included in the PC copies.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23627, 234656, 801076, 881586, 19001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 77 ], [ 84, 92 ], [ 213, 228 ], [ 253, 262 ], [ 267, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The game is about a man named Freeze, his friend Shaun Calderon, and a police officer, Officer Williams. The game features three playable protagonists during single player campaign in the game. Freeze commits crimes with Shaun to get money, which he promptly spends for his family while Officer Williams is trying to stop at all costs the organized crime and felony across the city of Las Ruinas (based on Los Angeles).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 18110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One night upon returning home, his wife confronts him about these actions. Saying they are a bad influence to their son, she wants him to stop. After an argument, he agrees. The next day, he tells Shaun he wants out of the game. Shaun levels a gun on Freeze, informing him that he must do one last \"job\"—a narcotics trade.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the deal, Freeze finds the Colombian gang members dead, and police officer Maria Mendoza waiting. Freeze flees with the police in pursuit and loses them. The 2nd Street D-Boys realize Freeze wants out of the gang, and he has to avoid both his former homies and the police. Later, he robs a bank until the police arrive. After a gun fight against the police, he finally reaches his getaway car only to be arrested after being hit by a nightstick.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 5222, 12841199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 38 ], [ 438, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, Mendoza informs Officer Williams of a new criminal, Shaun Calderon. They look for Shaun in his house (with a rookie) only to be found in a gun fight. Officer Williams then finds evidence and gets into Mendoza's car. Officer Williams goes to a club to find Shaun and chases him to the subway. Officer Williams then arrests Shaun but Mendoza kills him and tells Shaun to leave and go to Mexico.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 3966054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 396, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shaun goes to Tijuana and fights his way to a local club called \"The Curtains Club\". Shaun then robs a casino, fights security and goes to a wealthy man named Saragosa in his penthouse. Shaun then kills him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 101739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeze breaks out of jail and gets new clothes at the mall while being chased by the police. Freeze then kills Mendoza in the mall and hunts down Shaun, now a wealthy drug kingpin, then saying, \"We used to be best friends, until you sold me out. Now, it's nothin' but flowers and a funeral for you, home boy\", as Freeze steps on Shaun's neck until he suffocates. The final scene shows Freeze telling Darnell, \"From now on, it's just you and me against the world. Now let's do this\", as a large number of police officers arrive, with Freeze picking up a gun and pointing it at the police.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "25 to Life received \"unfavorable\" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 16512942, 805870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 100 ], [ 101, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hyper'''s Maurice Branscombe commented that the game's soundtrack was okay only \"if you like rap.\" However, he criticised the game as \"absolutely unadulterated bullshit.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 1893415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "USA Today gave the game a score of four stars out of ten and stated that its only strong quality \"is a decent multiplayer mode. Most of the action is team-based, allowing you to choose between police or thugs. Players can choose to rob a location and return the stash to their home turf, raid a criminal hangout, or engage in an all-out deathmatch. Freeze's goal at the start of this story was to get out of the \"game.\" Five minutes slogging through this shooter will have players wanting the same.\" The A.V. Club gave it a D+ and called it \"a half-baked copy of someone's urban nightmare.\" Detroit Free Press'' gave the PS2 version one star out of four and stated that it \"lacks everything that would make it new, innovative or just plain fun. The graphics are really muddy and sub-par. The controls seem to be a bit confusing.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 208463, 4444257, 756902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 500, 513 ], [ 591, 609 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "GamePolitics: Thompson Urges Injunction, Police Seizures of 25 To Life", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " CNN's Showbiz Tonight Reports on 25 To Life", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "2006_video_games", "PlayStation_2_games", "Windows_games", "Xbox_games", "Organized_crime_video_games", "Video_games_about_police_officers", "Video_games_developed_in_the_United_States", "Video_games_featuring_black_protagonists", "Eidos_Interactive_games", "Multiplayer_and_single-player_video_games", "Video_games_set_in_New_York_City" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "James Vasser Jr. (born November 20, 1965) is an American former racing driver. Vasser won the 1996 CART IndyCar championship with Chip Ganassi Racing, and scored ten victories in the series. Vasser was the last American to win the CART championship.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1022, 15306457, 1882119, 225290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 77 ], [ 94, 111 ], [ 130, 149 ], [ 231, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vasser made his CART debut in 1992 and qualified for the Indianapolis 500, setting a record for the fastest qualifying run by a first-year driver. Although he did become a top driver, his rise to prominence coincided with the CART–IRL split, so Vasser's best years were spent away from the Indianapolis 500. He has raced in the event on a one-off basis a few times since, finishing as high as fourth (in the 2001 race.)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 1689989, 159018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 20 ], [ 57, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vasser won four races in 1996 and did enough to maintain a lead in the standings for most of the season, clinching the championship at the season's final race. Teammate Alex Zanardi outperformed him over the next two years, winning the points championship both years. Vasser teamed with Juan Pablo Montoya in 1999. He was once again outperformed by his teammate and Montoya won the championship on his rookie season. In 2000, his last year with Chip Ganassi Racing, Vasser won the Houston Grand Prix for his first victory since 1998.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 348734, 164992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 181 ], [ 287, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For 2001, Vasser moved to the Patrick Racing team to drive the No. 40 Reynard Toyota. Despite having limited sponsorship for the car at first, Vasser started the season strong with four straight finishes of 4th to 6th place. Continuing the strong start to 2001, Vasser was reunited with Target Chip Ganassi Racing driving for them in the Indianapolis 500. Vasser ran well and finished in 4th place as CART drivers swept the top five spots at the 500. However, once returning to the CART circuit, back to back crashes in race No. 5 at Milwaukee and race No. 6 at Detroit seemed to derail the season as Vasser finished the final sixteen races of the season with only four more finishes of 5th to 7th.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 3247345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After a disappointing year without even a podium, Vasser was able to secure the seat of the No. 8 Shell Lola Ford with Rahal Letterman Racing for 2002 which had finished 2nd in CART points the previous season. In the Shell car, Vasser showed some muscle at Long Beach scoring the pole, leading laps late, and finishing 2nd behind Michael Andretti. Vasser and Rahal Letterman also crossed over into the IRL where they ran the IRL race in Fontana to prepare for Indianapolis and then the Indianapolis 500. Success was limited as Vasser scored only a 9th at Fontana and a gearbox failure cut short his Indy 500 race. Vasser's 2002 season in the Shell car was much improved over the previous year with Patrick Racing. Vasser really finished the year strong with scoring points in each of the final nine races including a podium at Miami and a dominating win at Fontana after a late-race pass of Andretti. Vasser's Fontana win was to be the final win of his CART career.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 2007417, 1048955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 141 ], [ 330, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Without sponsorship at Rahal for 2003, Vasser had to look for opportunities with other teams and without many seats available for the 38-year-old he ended up with Stefan Johansson's startup American Spirit team. The team was not fully funded and they ran the Reynard chassis which were not up to the pace of the current Lola chassis cars. Additionally, Reynard had gone bankrupt so further development of the chassis had to be taken on by the teams so the performance gap to the Lolas continue to widen during the season. Except for a couple of fourth-place finishes, leading 15 laps at Cleveland, and podium at Surfer's Paradise in a wet/dry race the season was not very successful as rookie teammate Ryan Hunter-Reay was outpacing Vasser. Vasser reunited with Rahal Letterman for his final run at an Indianapolis 500 win but was again sidelined with gearbox failure during the race.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 1226329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004 he became co-owner of PKV Racing (later renamed to KV Racing Technology) along with Dan Pettit and Kevin Kalkhoven and was a driver for the team. In 2004, he broke the modern CART–Champ Car record for the most consecutive starts. Vasser retired from open wheel racing in 2006, but remains active in his ownership role. He temporarily came out of retirement to drive in the final Champ Car World Series event at the 2008 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 1625698, 19283243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 122 ], [ 423, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, Vasser competed in three Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series races, including the 24 Hours of Daytona, driving for GAINSCO/Blackhawk Racing. In 2007, he again drove for the renamed GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing at the 24 Hours of Daytona, and on Sept. 4, 2007, it was announced that he would return to the team for the season-ending Sunchaser 1000km. Vasser drove again for Stallings' team beginning at Laguna Seca in May 2008, pairing with fellow Champ Car champion Cristiano da Matta.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 1396157, 679720, 4230448, 4230448, 647271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ], [ 88, 107 ], [ 121, 145 ], [ 187, 215 ], [ 472, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2013, Vasser joined the Stadium Super Trucks and was scheduled to make his debut at Honda Indy Toronto. However, he was injured prior to the race and was replaced by Davey Hamilton.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Driving career", "target_page_ids": [ 39112292, 2975638, 4515902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ], [ 87, 105 ], [ 169, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Won the 1986 Formula Ford National Championship, SCCA.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 2022221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Competed in the 1988 Corvette Challenge.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Competed in the 1989 and 1990 Pro F-2000 Canadian Championship. Vasser and his teammate Ken Murillo were sponsored by LucasFilm.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 44023984, 80872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 100 ], [ 119, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Competed in Atlantic Championship in 1990 and 1991 for Genoa Racing / Della Penna Motorsports.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 1886378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Won the Formula Atlantic East/West Challenge in 1990.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Finished Runner-up (by 4 points Jovy Marcelo) in the 1991 season, six wins and seven pole positions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 6035177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(key)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Motorsports career results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Motorsports career results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! 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[ "Living_people", "1965_births", "People_from_Canoga_Park,_Los_Angeles", "Racing_drivers_from_California", "24_Hours_of_Daytona_drivers", "Indianapolis_500_drivers", "Champ_Car_champions", "Champ_Car_drivers", "IndyCar_Series_drivers", "Rolex_Sports_Car_Series_drivers", "Indy_Lights_drivers", "Atlantic_Championship_drivers", "NASCAR_drivers", "International_Race_of_Champions_drivers", "IndyCar_Series_team_owners", "SCCA_National_Championship_Runoffs_winners", "Chip_Ganassi_Racing_drivers" ]

[]

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[ "International_Olympic_Committee", "Olympics-related_lists", "International_Olympic_Committee_sessions", "Olympic_Congress" ]

[]

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[ "Painting_techniques" ]

[ "alla prima" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Low is the 11th studio album by the English musician David Bowie, released on 14January 1977 through RCA Records. After years of drug addiction when living in Los Angeles, Bowie moved to France in 1976 with his friend Iggy Pop to sober up. There, Bowie produced and co-wrote Pop's debut studio album, The Idiot, featuring sounds Bowie would explore on his next record. After completing The Idiot, Bowie began recording the first of three collaborations that became known as the Berlin Trilogy with American producer Tony Visconti and English musician Brian Eno. Sessions began at Hérouville's Château d'Hérouville in September 1976 and ended in October at Hansa Studios in West Berlin, where Bowie and Pop had relocated.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8786, 177256, 157437, 1260011, 3742574, 751761, 21222062, 16036561, 18198448, 12439517, 33170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 64 ], [ 101, 112 ], [ 218, 226 ], [ 301, 310 ], [ 478, 492 ], [ 516, 529 ], [ 551, 560 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 593, 613 ], [ 656, 669 ], [ 673, 684 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grounded in art rock and experimental rock and influenced by German bands such as Tangerine Dream, Neu!, Harmonia and Kraftwerk, Low features Bowie's first explorations in electronic and ambient styles. Side one consists primarily of short, direct avant-pop song-fragments, with mostly downbeat lyrics reflecting Bowie's state of mind, and side two comprises longer, mostly instrumental tracks, conveying musical observations of Berlin. Visconti created the distinctive drum sound using an Eventide H910 Harmonizer, a pitch-shifting device. The cover artwork, a profile of Bowie from the film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), was intended as a visual pun, meaning \"low profile\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 48147, 30860202, 276919, 42562, 954140, 1661953, 16797, 9510, 55319, 48563457, 31212982, 3404398, 4298666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 25, 42 ], [ 61, 73 ], [ 82, 97 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 105, 113 ], [ 118, 127 ], [ 172, 182 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 248, 257 ], [ 490, 514 ], [ 518, 532 ], [ 593, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "RCA refused to issue Low for three months, fearing it would be a commercial failure. Upon release, it divided critical opinion and received little promotion from RCA or Bowie, who opted to tour as Pop's keyboardist. Nevertheless, it reached number two on the UK Albums Chart and number 11 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. Two singles were released: \"Sound and Vision\", which peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, and \"Be My Wife\". The success prompted RCA to release The Idiot in March 1977. In mid-1977, Bowie played on Pop's follow-up album Lust for Life before recording his album \"Heroes\", which expanded on Lows musical approach and features a similar mix of songs and instrumentals.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2465857, 730350, 3350309, 3349146, 3350657, 923669, 1261557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 259, 274 ], [ 299, 323 ], [ 359, 375 ], [ 414, 430 ], [ 438, 448 ], [ 563, 576 ], [ 604, 612 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In later decades, critics have rated Low one of Bowie's best works, and it has appeared on several lists of the greatest albums of all time. It influenced numerous post-punk bands such as Joy Division, and its drum sound has been widely imitated. A forerunner in the development of the post-rock genre of the 1990s, Low has been reissued several times and was remastered in 2017 as part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25382326, 16579, 63109, 55347581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 173 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 286, 295 ], [ 394, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1974, David Bowie developed a cocaine addiction. It worsened over the next two years, affecting his physical and mental state. He recorded Young Americans (1975) and Station to Station (1976), and filmed The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), while under the drug's influence. Bowie attributed his growing addiction to Los Angeles, where he moved from New York City in early 1975. His drug intake escalated to the point where, decades later, he recalled almost nothing of the recording of Station to Station, saying, \"I know it was in L.A. because I've read it was.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and inspiration", "target_page_ids": [ 8786, 7701, 14079207, 1261545, 1261548, 4298666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ], [ 33, 40 ], [ 103, 128 ], [ 142, 157 ], [ 169, 187 ], [ 207, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After completing Station to Station in December 1975, Bowie began work on a soundtrack for The Man Who Fell to Earth with Paul Buckmaster, who worked with Bowie on the 1969 album Space Oddity. Bowie expected to be wholly responsible for the music, but withdrew his work when he was invited to submit it along with the work of other composers: \"I just said, 'Shit, you're not getting any of it.' I was so furious, I'd put so much work into it.\" Station to Station co-producer Harry Maslin argued Bowie was \"burned out\" and could not complete the work. Bowie eventually collapsed, saying later, \"There were pieces of me laying all over the floor.\" Only one instrumental composed for the soundtrack was released, evolving into the Low track \"Subterraneans\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and inspiration", "target_page_ids": [ 2119841, 700842, 49128111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 137 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 475, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Bowie presented his material for the film to director Nicolas Roeg, Roeg decided it was unsuitable. He preferred a more folk-styled sound, although the soundtrack's composer John Phillips described Bowie's contributions as \"haunting and beautiful\". Six months after Bowie's proposal was rejected, he sent Roeg a copy of Low with a note that read, \"This is what I wanted to do for the soundtrack. It would have been a wonderful score.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and inspiration", "target_page_ids": [ 70250, 10623, 470340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 71 ], [ 125, 129 ], [ 179, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The soundtrack abandoned, Bowie decided he was ready to free himself from the Los Angeles drug culture and move back to Europe. He began rehearsals for the Isolar tour to promote Station to Station in January 1976; the tour began on 2February. Though it was critically acclaimed, Bowie became a controversial figure during the tour. Speaking as his persona the Thin White Duke, he made statements about Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany that some interpreted as expressing sympathy for or promoting fascism. Bowie later blamed his erratic behaviour during this period on his addictions and precarious mental state, stating: \"It was a dangerous period for me. I was at the end of my tether physically and emotionally and had serious doubts about my sanity.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and inspiration", "target_page_ids": [ 16495762, 809108, 2731583, 21212, 11054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 167 ], [ 357, 376 ], [ 403, 415 ], [ 420, 432 ], [ 495, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After performing the 7May 1976 show in London, Bowie caught up with ex-Roxy Music keyboardist and conceptualist Brian Eno backstage. The two had met occasionally since 1973. After leaving Roxy Music, Eno had released two solo albums in 1975 in the ambient genre: Another Green World and Discreet Music. Bowie listened to Discreet Music regularly on the American leg of the tour. Biographers Marc Spitz and Hugo Wilcken later recognised Another Green World in particular as a major influence on the sound Bowie aimed to create for Low; Christopher Sandford also cites Eno's Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) (1974) as an influence. Bowie and Eno became infatuated with the German musical movement known as krautrock, including the acts Tangerine Dream, Neu!, Kraftwerk and Harmonia. Eno had worked with Harmonia in the studio and on stage, and Bowie exhibited a krautrock influence on Station to Station, particularly its title track. After meeting, the pair agreed to stay in touch.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background and inspiration", "target_page_ids": [ 25892, 21222062, 55319, 202454, 1075033, 1075033, 6811799, 66338890, 529502, 276919, 42562, 954140, 16797, 1661953, 4181909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 81 ], [ 112, 121 ], [ 248, 255 ], [ 263, 282 ], [ 287, 301 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 391, 401 ], [ 535, 555 ], [ 573, 608 ], [ 707, 716 ], [ 737, 752 ], [ 754, 758 ], [ 760, 769 ], [ 774, 782 ], [ 923, 934 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the conclusion of the Isolar tour on 18May 1976, Bowie and his wife Angela moved to Switzerland, although the two would rarely spend time there. David booked studio time later in the summer at the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France, where he made plans to write and produce an album for his old friend, singer Iggy Pop. Although the two had been friends for many years, the last time they worked together officially was in 1973, when Bowie was hired to mix the Stooges' Raw Power (1973). After the Stooges' demise, Pop descended into drug addiction. By 1976, he was ready to get sober and accepted Bowie's invitation to accompany him on the Isolar tour and then move to Europe with him. The two relocated to the Château, where Bowie had recorded his 1973 covers album Pin Ups. Afterwards, Bowie travelled back to Switzerland, where he spent the next few months writing and planning his next album.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 2856590, 18198448, 16036561, 157437, 146021, 195610, 159031, 1261533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 77 ], [ 200, 220 ], [ 224, 234 ], [ 321, 329 ], [ 468, 479 ], [ 481, 490 ], [ 766, 778 ], [ 779, 786 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie and Pop regrouped at the Château in June 1976. Through August, they recorded what would become Pop's debut studio album The Idiot (1977). Bowie composed much of the music, and Pop wrote most of the lyrics, often in response to the tunes Bowie was creating. During the album's recording, Bowie developed a new process whereby the backing tracks were recorded first, followed by overdubs; the lyrics and vocals were written and recorded last. He heavily favoured this \"three-phase\" process, which he would use for the rest of his career. Because The Idiot was recorded before Low, it has been referred to as the unofficial beginning of Bowie's Berlin period, as its music features a sound reminiscent of that which Bowie would explore in the Berlin Trilogy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 1260011, 1677157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 135 ], [ 383, 391 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After completing The Idiot, Bowie and Pop travelled to Hansa Studios in West Berlin to mix the album. Because Tony Visconti was already in line to co-produce Bowie's next album, Bowie called on him to help mix the record to familiarise himself with his new way of working. Bowie became fascinated with Berlin, finding it a place for a great escape. In love with the city, Bowie and Pop decided to move there in a further attempt to erase their drug habits and escape the spotlight. Although Bowie was ready to move fully to Berlin, he had already booked another month of studio time at the Château after The Idiot, so recording began there. Although The Idiot was completed by August 1976, Bowie wanted to be sure he had his own album in stores before its release. Château owner and The Idiot bassist Laurent Thibault opined that \"[Bowie] didn't want people to think he'd been inspired by Iggy's album, when in fact it was all the same thing\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 12439517, 33170, 751761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 68 ], [ 72, 83 ], [ 110, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Low sessions began on 1September 1976. The album had the working title New Music: Night and Day. Although Low is considered the first of Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, most of it was recorded at the Château in France. Returning from the Station to Station sessions were guitarist Carlos Alomar, bassist George Murray and percussionist Dennis Davis. Along with Eno, new members included Roy Young, the former keyboardist for the Rebel Rousers, and Ricky Gardiner, former guitarist of Beggars Opera. A guest during the Château sessions was Visconti's then-wife Mary Hopkin, credited as Mary Visconti. She contributed backing vocals to \"Sound and Vision\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 2371832, 3907822, 7043693, 40681778, 15793520, 4015167, 22142557, 262953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 277, 290 ], [ 300, 313 ], [ 332, 344 ], [ 383, 392 ], [ 421, 438 ], [ 444, 458 ], [ 480, 493 ], [ 556, 567 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie and Visconti co-produced the album, with contributions from Eno. Visconti, who was absent for the recording of Station to Station because of conflicting schedules, was brought back to co-produce after mixing The Idiot. In 2000, Bowie stressed Visconti's importance as co-producer, stating that \"the actual sound and texture, the feel of everything from the drums to the way that my voice is recorded,\" was due to Visconti. Eno was not a co-producer, despite being widely perceived as such. Visconti said: \"Brian is a great musician, and was very integral to the making of those three albums [Low, \"Heroes\" and Lodger]. But he was not the producer.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Like The Idiot, the Low sessions began with Bowie and the rhythm players running through the backing tracks quickly, beginning in the evening and continuing into the night, which biographer Thomas Jerome Seabrook believes fit the mood of the music perfectly. As he had done on Station to Station, Bowie left Alomar in charge of the guitar, bass and percussion arrangements, with instructions about how they should sound. Bowie brought many song ideas he had in Switzerland to the sessions; some, including \"What in the World\", were brought back from The Idiot.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to biographer Paul Trynka, Eno arrived after the backing tracks for side one were \"essentially\" finished. Shortly before arriving, Eno had recorded with Harmonia, who would serve as a major influence on the recording of Low. On his arrival, Eno and Bowie sat down with the musicians and informed them of the next stage in the recording process. According to Young, they played tapes of the Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack for the musicians and said they planned something similar. Young added he and some of the other musicians were not fond of the idea, as it was outside their experiences. Bowie thought RCA would feel the same way, warning: \"We don't know if this will ever be released, but I have to do this.\" Visconti insisted on completing the project, telling Bowie and Eno: \"Wasting a month of my time with David Bowie and Brian Eno is not wasting a month of my time.\" Two weeks into the project, Visconti compiled a tape and played it for Bowie, who was surprised and enthusiastic that they had an album.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Low is noted for its unusual drum sound, described by biographer David Buckley as \"brutal\" and \"mechanistic\". Davis played the drums, which Visconti processed using an Eventide H910 Harmonizer. The Harmonizer was the first commercially available pitch-shifting device, which could alter the pitch of a sound without changing the speed. When Bowie asked what it did, Visconti replied, \"It fucks with the fabric of time.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 31212982, 3404398, 77933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 192 ], [ 246, 260 ], [ 291, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Visconti rigged the Harmonizer to Davis's snare drum and monitored the results through his headphones. Speaking to Buckley, Visconti said: \"My brain nearly exploded when I found what I could do with drums.\" He fed the pitch-altered sound back into the device, creating \"an infinite dropping of [the] pitch, ever renewing itself\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Buckley describes the sound, particularly evident on \"Speed of Life\", \"Breaking Glass\" and \"Sound and Vision\", as \"revolutionary\" and \"stunning\". Davis said it sounded \"as big as a house\". Bud Scoppa of Phonograph Record compares the sound to \"cherry bombs exploding under tin cans\". Trynka writes that Davis's \"spirit and energy\" propel the album's first side \"ever onward\". On its release, Kris Needs of ZigZag magazine called the drum sound one of the best sounds he had ever heard; Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone later described it as \"one of rock's all-time most imitated drum sounds\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 44028890, 7427081, 4193848, 5787868, 25441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 220 ], [ 392, 402 ], [ 406, 412 ], [ 486, 499 ], [ 503, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With no deadline or planned structure, the mood during the sessions, says Seabrook, was \"upbeat and relaxed\". The studio was in the middle of the French countryside, and the musicians bonded and experimented regularly. According to Trynka, Eno was responsible for Bowie's motivation. Even Alomar – the most resistant to Eno's \"avant-garde bullshit\" – warmed to the experimentation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Seabrook writes that everyone ate together, watched the British television programme Fawlty Towers in their free time, and entertained each other with stories. Gardiner said, \"We had some good conversations about music, astrology – the world.\" Davis was the \"comedian\" during the sessions, performing acts and telling tales. As well as contributing backing vocals to \"What in the World\", Pop was present throughout the sessions. Gardiner recalled him being \"fit, healthy and positive\". Like Davis, he encouraged a positive atmosphere by telling stories of his time with the Stooges. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 11673, 2122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ], [ 220, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sessions were not without problems. Most of the Château's staff were on holiday, leaving an inexperienced engineer and a kitchen staff who did not serve a variety of meals. Months after the sessions, Visconti said: \"We found the studio totally useless. The people who own it now don't seem to care. We all came down with dysentery.\" Bowie and Visconti both contracted food poisoning.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 63764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie was in a fragile state of mind throughout the sessions, as his days of cocaine addiction were not far behind him. \"Low was largely drug-free,\" he remarked. \"That was the first instance in a very long time that I'd gone into an album without anything like that to help me along. I was scared, because I thought that maybe my creativity had to be bound up with drugs – that it enhanced my ability to make music. But that album turned out okay.\" He also had conflicts with his wife and faced legal problems after firing his manager Michael Lippman; he left the sessions in September 1976 to work on resolving the case. Despite the problems, Visconti recalled that he, Bowie and Eno were working \"at their peak\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the end of September, Bowie and Visconti had grown tired of the Château. Bowie was mentally drained; Visconti frustrated by the lack of outside assistance. After recording the wordless vocals for \"Warszawa\", Bowie, Visconti, Pop and Bowie's assistant Coco Schwab left France for West Berlin. The sessions continued at Hansa Studios. According to Nicholas Pegg and Seabrook, it was not the same \"Hansa by the Wall\" location where Low would be mixed and \"Heroes\" would be recorded. At Hansa, the final tracks, \"Weeping Wall\" and \"Art Decade\", were completed, as well as vocal overdubs for the Château recordings. Recording continued until early October 1976, and mixing was finished later that month.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recording and production", "target_page_ids": [ 4724716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 349, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low features Bowie's first explorations of electronic and ambient music. Ultimate Classic Rock and Consequence of Sound retrospectively categorised Low as art rock and experimental rock, respectively. Along with its successor \"Heroes\", the songs on Low emphasise tone and atmosphere, rather than guitar-based rock. German bands like Tangerine Dream, Neu! and Kraftwerk influenced the music. Seabrook considers Neu! the biggest influence on Bowie's new musical direction; he explained that their 1975 album Neu! '75 is, like Low and \"Heroes\", characterised by a song/instrumental split and contains a song titled \"Hero\". Ron Hart of The Observer recognised Kraftwerk's Radio-Activity (1975) as an influence, noting that album's harmony of \"experimentalism and repetition\" as providing the template for Low.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 9510, 1362272, 28234551, 48147, 30860202, 954203, 191086, 555353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 53 ], [ 73, 94 ], [ 99, 119 ], [ 155, 163 ], [ 168, 185 ], [ 506, 514 ], [ 632, 644 ], [ 668, 682 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Side one consists primarily of short, direct avant-pop song-fragments; side two comprises longer, mostly instrumental tracks. In 1977, Bowie said side one was about himself and his \"prevailing moods\" at the time and side two is about his musical observations of living in Berlin. Musically, one reviewer characterised side one as a direct extension of Young Americans and Station to Station. Regarding the song/instrumental split, Visconti said: \"We felt that getting six or seven songs with Bowie singing, with choruses and verses, still make for a good album...then making the second side instrumental gave a perfect yin-yang balance.\" Biographer Chris O'Leary writes that the instrumental pieces share the theme of \"a tour of an imaginary Eastern Europe by the isolate, paranoiac character of Lows manic side\". Some tracks, including \"Speed of Life\" and \"A New Career in a New Town\", were originally going to have lyrics, but Bowie could not come up with suitable words and left them as instrumentals. The instrumentals feature contributions from Eno, who used his portable EMS AKS synthesiser. Visconti recalled, \"It had no keyboard, just a joystick, and he came up with wonderful sounds you can hear all over the album that weren't produced by conventional instruments.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 48563457, 144804, 37403, 1213168, 1410991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 619, 627 ], [ 742, 756 ], [ 1077, 1080 ], [ 1081, 1084 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Author Peter Doggett describes \"Speed of Life\" as a perfect opening track, in the sense that it brings the audience into \"a subject too profound for words\". It features a rapid fade-in that Pegg believes makes for a \"bizarre\" opener, writing that \"[it's as if] the listener has just arrived within earshot of something that's already started\". \"Breaking Glass\" is a song-fragment, featuring six lines of lyrics, two of them demanding the audience \"listen\" and \"see\". Eno said of the track, \"the feeling around was that we'd edit together... and turn it into a more normal structure\" before Alomar vetoed the idea and recommended leaving it as it was. Credited to Bowie, Murray and Davis, Alomar recalled the trio mainly composed the song. O'Leary writes \"What in the World\" was created around the beginning of the sessions and was possibly slated for inclusion on The Idiot; it features backing vocals from Pop. The song is one of the few tracks on Low to combine art rock with more straightforward pop. According to Pegg, it features a \"wall of synthesiser bleeps against a barrage of guitar sound [and] distorted percussion effects\". The lyrics describe a little girl who is stuck in her room.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 48976630, 4220148, 10791746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 756, 773 ], [ 1047, 1058 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Sound and Vision\" contains wordless backing vocals from Hopkin, which she recorded before there were lyrics, a title or a melody. Bowie's vocals take a full 1:45 to appear; Eno insisted on this to \"confound listener expectations\". Described by Bowie as his \"ultimate retreat song\", the lyrics reflect his mental state following his long period of drug addiction. They provide a stark contrast to the music itself, which is more joyous and upbeat. Buckley writes that the track is the closest to a \"conventional pop song\" on the album. The lyrics of \"Always Crashing in the Same Car\" reference an incident when Bowie kept ramming his car into that of a drug dealer who was ripping him off in Los Angeles. In a broader context, the lyrics are a metaphor for making the same mistake repeatedly and Bowie's obsessive need to travel and change his lifestyle. O'Leary calls the song \"the depression in the middle of the 'manic' side\". Seabrook considers it the only song on side one that has a definite beginning and end.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 3350309, 4220991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 551, 582 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie described his lyrics to \"Be My Wife\" as \"genuinely anguished, I think\". They reflect Bowie's feelings of loneliness, his inability to settle, and constitute a plea for human connections. Several biographers have suggested the lyrics allude to Bowie's failing marriage. Musically, the track is led by a \"barrelling bar-room piano\", played by Young. Wilcken writes that \"Always Crashing in the Same Car\" and \"Be My Wife\" are the only tracks on Low that have more conventional song structures. \"A New Career in a New Town\", as its title suggests, is an instrumental that acts as a musical transition. It begins as an electronic piece, before moving into a more rock-style tune enhanced by a harmonica solo from Bowie. Doggett and O'Leary describe the solo as reminiscent of blues music. The title reflects Bowie's upcoming move to Berlin.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 14349, 3352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 694, 703 ], [ 777, 782 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Warszawa\", the opening track of what O'Leary calls Lows \"night\" side, is named after the Polish city of Warsaw, which Bowie visited in April 1976. He found the landscape to be desolate and wanted to capture this through music. Eno mostly composed the song. He heard Visconti's four-year-old son playing A, B, C in a constant loop on the studio piano and used this phrase to create the main theme. The piece is haunting, featuring wordless vocals from Bowie that Doggett describes as reminiscent of a \"monkish vocal chorale\". Buckley calls it the \"most startling\" piece on the album. In 1977, Bowie said that \"Art Decade\", a pun on \"art decayed,\" is about West Berlin, \"a city cut off from its world, art and culture, dying with no hope of retribution\". Heavily influenced by Eno's ambient work, the piece paints visual impressions and evokes feelings of melancholy and beauty. O'Leary writes that for a time, the piece was co-credited to Eno. Hansa engineer Eduard Meyer played cello on the track.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 2609239, 32908, 4221395, 34638621, 6558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 105, 111 ], [ 610, 620 ], [ 709, 716 ], [ 979, 984 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie played every instrument on the third instrumental, \"Weeping Wall\". Influenced by minimalist composer Steve Reich, the main melody is an adaptation of the tune \"Scarborough Fair\". Bowie uses synthesisers, vibraphone, xylophone and wordless vocals to create a sense of frustration and imprisonment. The piece is reportedly meant to evoke the pain and misery caused by the Berlin Wall. Bowie described \"Subterraneans\" as a portrait of \"the people who got caught in East Berlin after the separation, hence the faint jazz saxophones representing the memory of what it was\". Originally recorded for the aborted The Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack, the piece contains wordless vocals similar to \"Warszawa\". Doggett describes Bowie's saxophone solo as \"remarkable\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Songs", "target_page_ids": [ 4221408, 26822, 213330, 52867, 3722, 4221446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 107, 118 ], [ 166, 182 ], [ 222, 231 ], [ 376, 387 ], [ 406, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George Underwood, Bowie's school friend, designed Lows cover artwork. Similar to the artwork for Station to Station, it features an altered still frame from The Man Who Fell to Earth. Bowie is seen in profile as his character from the film, Thomas Jerome Newton, wearing a duffel coat set against an orange background. His hair is the same colour as the background, which Wilcken says \"underlines the solipsistic notion of place reflecting person, object and subject melding into one\". Wilcken notes that as The Man Who Fell to Earth was out of theatres by the time of Lows release, the design choice was not to promote the film, but to show the connection between it and the album. Buckley writes that the cover was a visual pun, meaning 'low profile'; many did not understand the joke until Bowie pointed it out in a later interview.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and release", "target_page_ids": [ 42041037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie's previous albums, Young Americans and Station to Station, were massive commercial successes. RCA Records was eager to have another best-seller from the artist but, on hearing Low, label staff were shocked. In a letter to Bowie, RCA rejected the album and urged him to make a record more like Young Americans. Bowie kept the rejection letter on his wall at home. After Bowie refused to make any changes, RCA delayed Low from its original planned release date in November 1976. According to Seabrook, the label's executives considered the album to be \"distinctly unpalatable\" for the Christmas market.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and release", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "RCA eventually released Low on 14January 1977—less than a week after Bowie's 30th birthday—with the catalogue number PL 12030. The album received little to no promotion from both RCA or Bowie, who felt it was his \"least commercial\" record to that point. He opted to tour as Iggy Pop's keyboardist instead. Low became a commercial success, entering the UK Albums Chart at number 37 before peaking at number two the following week; Slim Whitman's Red River Valley kept the album from the top spot. It remained on the chart for 30 weeks. In the US, Low entered the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart at number 82, peaking at number 11 four weeks later and remaining on the chart for 20 weeks.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and release", "target_page_ids": [ 2465857, 1594732, 36159722, 730350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 352, 367 ], [ 430, 442 ], [ 445, 461 ], [ 562, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Sound and Vision\" was released as the first single on 11February 1977, with the instrumental \"A New Career in a New Town\" as the B-side. It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Bowie's highest charting new single in the UK since \"Sorrow\" in 1973. The song did not fare so well in the US, peaking at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and signalling Bowie's commercial downturn in the country until 1983. Although Bowie did not promote it, Pegg writes the single was an \"instant turntable favourite\" and was bolstered by the BBC's usage for television commercials. The single's UK success confused RCA executives. Bowie intimidated the label and persuaded RCA to release Pop's The Idiot in March 1977.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and release", "target_page_ids": [ 156540, 156541, 3349146, 3309930, 423161, 19344654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 51 ], [ 130, 136 ], [ 169, 185 ], [ 249, 255 ], [ 335, 352 ], [ 543, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Be My Wife\" was released as the second single on 17June 1977, backed by the instrumental \"Speed of Life\". It became Bowie's first single that failed to chart since his pre-Ziggy days (1972). Despite this, a music video—his first since 1973—promoted the song. An extended version of \"Breaking Glass\" was released as a single in Australia and New Zealand in November 1978. The single edit was created by splicing in a repeated verse of the original album recording. This rare version was made available for the first time in 2017 on Re:Call3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) compilation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and release", "target_page_ids": [ 3350657, 90138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 208, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon release, Low divided critical opinion. Rolling Stones John Milward said that \"Bowie lacks the self-assured humour to pull off his avant-garde aspirations\" and found the album's second side weaker than its first, due to the band inflicting \"discipline into Bowie's writing and performance\". Another reviewer, Dave Marsh, gave Low two stars out of five, finding a lack of \"thought\" and \"real songs\", calling the majority of side two \"as limpid as the worst movie soundtrack\". He ultimately found the record a new low point for the artist. A reviewer for Record Mirror found the album boring at first listen, and upon repeated listens, felt Bowie had hit an \"all time low\", releasing an album that lacks a \"genuine vision\" with in cohesive music and few lyrics. NMEs Charles Shaar Murray gave the album an extremely negative assessment, describing it as \"a state of mind beyond desperation\". He felt that the record encouraged the listener to feel down and offered no help in getting back up, stating, \"It's an act of purest hatred and destructiveness. It comes to us in a bad time and it doesn't help at all.\" Murray ultimately asked, \"Who needs this shit?\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 2379413, 2300282, 156699, 2011964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 313, 323 ], [ 557, 570 ], [ 764, 767 ], [ 769, 789 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau found side one's seven \"fragments\" to be \"almost as powerful as the 'overlong' tracks on Station to Station\", but described \"the movie music on side two\" as banal. He revised his opinion on the second side after the release of \"Heroes\", writing that Low \"now seems quite pop, slick and to the point even when the point is background noise\". Christgau included it at number 26 on his \"dean's list\" of the year's best albums for the 1977 Pazz & Jop critics poll. Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn found some of the album as \"striking\" and \"satisfying\" as Ziggy but felt the rest lacked mass appeal. Robin Denslow agreed, calling Low Bowie's \"least commercial\" yet \"most experimental\" work yet in The Guardian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 184247, 556641, 176945, 1629941, 273319, 24762336, 19344515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 20 ], [ 22, 38 ], [ 168, 179 ], [ 475, 485 ], [ 500, 517 ], [ 525, 539 ], [ 739, 751 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other reviewers praised the record. NMEs Ian MacDonald found Low \"stunningly beautiful [...] the sound of Sinatra reproduced by Martian computers\". He considered it a conceptual sequel to Station to Station and concluded that Low is \"the ONLY contemporary rock album\". A writer for Melody Maker called it \"the music of Now\", praising the album as feeling \"right for the times\", despite its lack of popularity. A reviewer for Billboard described the second side as \"adventurous\" with an appeal that was as yet uncertain, while Canadian critic Dave Winnitowy found Low \"hideously interesting\". Though John Rockwell of The New York Times called the lyrics \"mindless\" and described the instruments as \"strange and spacey\", he found the album \"alluringly beautiful\". Sounds magazine's Tim Lott considered Low both Bowie and Eno's best work thus far and a \"mechanical classic\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 957660, 11181, 20257, 462002, 18309966, 6022524, 30680, 1866275, 8941076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 54 ], [ 106, 113 ], [ 128, 135 ], [ 282, 294 ], [ 425, 434 ], [ 599, 612 ], [ 616, 634 ], [ 762, 768 ], [ 780, 788 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie's musical direction perplexed some reviewers. Rockwell felt that Bowie's fans would find Low was his finest work after they overcame their shock at hearing it for the first time. In National RockStar, David Hancock was surprised the record was Bowie's, calling it \"his most bizarre and adventurous LP\". Kris Needs in ZigZag described Low as strange and shocking but believed it was one of Bowie's greatest achievements. Phonograph Records Bud Scoppa felt the album made little sense. He found it \"the most intimate and free recording this extraordinary artist has yet made\", and believed listeners would be \"baffled\" by it or \"give in\" to it.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 7427081, 44028890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 309, 319 ], [ 427, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although RCA was hoping he would tour to support Low, Bowie opted instead to continue to support Pop on his tour to promote The Idiot. Bowie was adamant about not taking the spotlight away from Pop, often staying behind his keyboards and not addressing the audience. The tour began on 1March 1977 and ended on 16April. At the end of the tour, Bowie and Pop returned to the studio to record Pop's second studio album Lust for Life (1977). Bowie played a minor role in Lust for Life, allowing Pop to compose his own arrangements for the tracks, resulting in a sound more reminiscent of Pop's earlier work. Recording took place at Hansa by the Wall in West Berlin and was completed in two and a half weeks, from May to June 1977. Although Bowie had told interviewers in 1978 he planned to do a third collaboration with Pop, the album would be their last official collaboration until the mid-1980s.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 923669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 416, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After completing Lust for Life in mid-June 1977, Bowie travelled to Paris to film a music video for \"Be My Wife\". He contacted Eno to discuss their next collaboration; recording for the follow-up \"Heroes\" took place at Hansa by the Wall from July to August 1977. Developing the material found on Low, the songs on \"Heroes\" have been described as more positive in tone and more atmosphere than those of its predecessor. The albums are similarly structured, side one featuring more conventional tracks and side two mainly featuring instrumentals. Eno played a much greater role on \"Heroes\" than on Low, being credited as co-author of four of the ten tracks. Although well-received in its own right, critical and public opinion has typically favoured Low as the more groundbreaking record. The final release of the Berlin Trilogy, Lodger (1979), abandoned the electronic and ambient styles and the song/instrumental split that defined the two earlier works, in favour of more conventional song structures, which The Quietus described as presaging world music.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 1261561, 24393924, 33134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 829, 835 ], [ 1010, 1021 ], [ 1045, 1056 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the decades since its release, Low has been acclaimed for its originality and cited as an influence on the post-punk genre. Susie Goldring of BBC Music wrote: \"Without Low, we'd have no Joy Division, no Human League, no Cabaret Voltaire, and I bet, no Arcade Fire. The legacy of Low lives on.\" Spitz also acknowledges the influence of the album on post-punk, naming Joy Division, Magazine, Gang of Four and Wire as bands influenced by Lows \"odd anti-aggression and unapologetic, almost metaphorical use of synthesised music\". Music journalist Simon Reynolds said: \"I think it's Lows inhibition and repression that Joy Division and others responded to. The fact that the music, while guitar-based and harsh and aggressive, never rocks out. It's imploded aggression.\" James Perone suggested that both \"What in the World\" and \"Be My Wife\" foreshadowed the punk/new wave sound of English band the Stranglers, particularly their 1977 releases Rattus Norvegicus and No More Heroes.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 25382326, 6368296, 16579, 151397, 275709, 1098713, 334326, 147935, 34096, 11145134, 23037, 21151, 30518, 1495161, 567385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 119 ], [ 145, 154 ], [ 189, 201 ], [ 206, 218 ], [ 223, 239 ], [ 255, 266 ], [ 383, 391 ], [ 393, 405 ], [ 410, 414 ], [ 546, 560 ], [ 856, 860 ], [ 861, 869 ], [ 892, 906 ], [ 941, 958 ], [ 963, 977 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the second edition of his book All Time Top 1000 Albums (1998), Colin Larkin cites Gary Numan, Ultravox and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark as artists influenced by Low. Wilcken finds Radiohead's album Kid A (2000), particularly the track \"Treefingers\", to reflect a similar influence. William Doyle of The Quietus wrote that before the release of Kid A, Bowie created the blueprint \"reinvention\" album with Low, a record from an artist at the peak of their popularity that confounded his fans' expectations. Bjorn Randolph of Stylus Magazine felt the album had a crucial influence on the post-rock genre that came to prominence among underground musicians nearly two decades after Lows release. Doggett writes that, like Station to Station before it, Low established Bowie as an artist who was \"impossible to second-guess\". He found Bowie's five-year progression from Hunky Dory to Low daring and courageous.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 33653662, 19645225, 46014, 295416, 171507, 38252, 13920913, 63109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 58 ], [ 67, 79 ], [ 86, 96 ], [ 98, 106 ], [ 111, 144 ], [ 189, 198 ], [ 532, 547 ], [ 594, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bowie's biographers have highlighted the influence the album had on Joy Division, as have the band themselves; their original name was \"Warsaw\", a reference to \"Warszawa\". Wilcken writes that Joy Division imitate the \"split mentality\" of Low on their final album Closer (1980), a record which contains progressively darker track sequencing. Joy Division's drummer Stephen Morris told Uncut magazine in 2001 that when making their 1978 An Ideal for Living EP, the band asked the engineer to make the drums sound like \"Speed of Life\"; \"Strangely enough he couldn't.\" Like Morris, many musicians, producers and engineers tried to imitate Lows drum sound. Visconti refused to explain how he crafted the sound, asking them instead how they thought it had been done. Approximations began appearing throughout the rest of the 1970s and, by the 1980s, were found on almost every record on the charts. Seabrook credits Bowie as being indirectly responsible for the \"thumping backbeat\" heard on tracks ranging from Phil Collins' \"In the Air Tonight\" to Duran Duran's \"Hungry Like the Wolf\". In an interview with Musician magazine in 1983, Bowie expressed his dismay, stating, \"That depressive gorilla effect was something I wish we'd never created, having had to live through four years of it with other English bands.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 159454, 691834, 2043650, 1490281, 153557, 649267, 148703, 3966429, 4091514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 263, 269 ], [ 364, 378 ], [ 384, 389 ], [ 435, 454 ], [ 1005, 1017 ], [ 1020, 1038 ], [ 1043, 1054 ], [ 1058, 1078 ], [ 1102, 1110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many musicians have discussed the album's influence. On learning the title of the album was Low (without an \"e\"), English singer-songwriter Nick Lowe \"retaliated\" by naming his 1977 EP Bowi (without an \"e\"). Robert Smith, of the English rock band the Cure, listened to the record frequently while making their 1980 album Seventeen Seconds. In 1994, musician Trent Reznor of the American rock band Nine Inch Nails cited Low as a key inspiration for The Downward Spiral (1994), crediting its \"song-writing\", \"mood\" and \"structure[s]\" as influences. Dave Sitek of the American rock band TV on the Radio stated: \"That particular album, that song 'Warszawa', that's when I knew music was the ultimate force, at least in my own life.\" Bowie worked with the band in 2003.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 206050, 11681321, 150209, 57568, 154024, 144040, 71966, 9441, 3170406, 1245893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 149 ], [ 185, 189 ], [ 208, 220 ], [ 247, 255 ], [ 321, 338 ], [ 358, 370 ], [ 397, 412 ], [ 448, 467 ], [ 547, 557 ], [ 584, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1992, the American composer and pianist Philip Glass produced a classical suite based on the album, titled \"Low\" Symphony, his first symphony. It consisted of three movements based on Low tracks: \"Subterraneans\"; \"Some Are\" (an outtake); and \"Warszawa\". The Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra recorded the symphony at Glass' Looking Glass Studios in New York and it was released in 1993. Speaking of the album, Glass said: \"They were doing what few other people were trying to do—which was to create an art within the realm of popular music. I listened to it constantly.\" Of his decision to create a symphony based on the record, Glass said: \"In the question of Bowie and Eno's original Low LP, to me there was no doubt that both talent and quality were evident there.... My generation was sick to death of academics telling us what was good and what wasn't.\" The \"Low\" Symphony acknowledges Eno's contributions to the original record and portraits of Bowie, Eno and Glass appear on the album cover. Bowie was flattered by the symphony and praised it, as did Pegg. Glass followed up the \"Low\" Symphony with classical adaptations of the other \"Berlin\" records with \"Heroes\" and Lodger in 1997 and 2019, respectively.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 24540, 6668778, 1448584, 1448522, 56565149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 1164, 1172 ], [ 1177, 1183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Commentators continue to regard Low as one of Bowie's best works. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that with the album, Bowie \"confirmed his place at rock's cutting edge\", concluding that \"the record is defiantly experimental and dense with detail, providing a new direction for the avant-garde in rock & roll\". Dele Fadele of NME found the record a \"futuristic touchstone that still stands\". In 2001, Sheffield wrote that Low contained some of the artist's best work. \"[The album] flows together into a lyrical, hallucinatory, miraculously beautiful whole, the music of an overstimulated mind in an exhausted body, as rock's prettiest sex vampire sashays through some serious emotional wreckage.\" Sheffield concluded by noting the timelessness of the record, calling it one of Bowie's \"most intense and influential\" records. Goldring praised the album as \"ambitious\" and felt it complimented Bowie's artistic growth, the singer having turned 30 on its release. In a 2013 readers' poll for Rolling Stone, Low was voted Bowie's fourth best album. The magazine noted its underappreciation at the time of release and the recognition as a masterpiece in the ensuing decades.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1747792, 697535, 66414469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 89 ], [ 93, 101 ], [ 321, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some reviewers have considered Low Bowie's greatest artistic achievement. Following Bowie's death, Bryan Wawzenek of Ultimate Classic Rock listed Low as his greatest album, writing: \"Low is more than songs and sounds. The creative partnership behind the record forged a feeling, a mood, a place. Like very few of the best albums ever recorded, Low contains a universe you can inhabit, for 40 minutes at a time. It's Bowie's masterpiece.\" Laura Snapes of Pitchfork gave the album a 10 out of 10 rating, saying it shows Bowie succeeding in setting a new path for himself following a period of drug addiction. Snapes summarises side one as feeling like \"having the carpet ripped out from under you by three wizards who have plans to fly it elsewhere\". Although she believed side two's instrumentals feel \"a little ponderous by today's standards\", their ability to provoke imagery of different worlds is \"something to behold\". The album's 40th anniversary in 2017 attracted reviews. Hart noted Low contains music that sounds both of its time and before its time, shrouded with \"forward-thinking artfulness\" that remains unmatched in 2017, further stating that it is an album \"that will make you dance, think and weep all in [...] 38 minutes.\" Doyle praised Lows production and its ability to \"transport the listener to certain frontiers of place and thought in a very powerful way\". He described Low as \"a moment of pure discovery that most other records have failed to surpass\", adding that the record is open to interpretation by each listener.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1040371, 350381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 454, 463 ], [ 869, 876 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low has frequently appeared on lists of the greatest albums of all time. Ranking the 100 best albums ever made, Sounds placed it at number 35 in 1986 and The Guardian ranked it number 62 in 1997. A year later, Q readers voted it the 43rd greatest album of all time. On lists of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever, Q and The Observer ranked Low numbers 16 and 39, respectively. In 2004, Pitchfork named it the greatest album of the 1970s; Erlewine described it as \"a record that hurtles toward an undefined future while embracing ambiguity\", as well as \"an album about rebirth, which is why it still possesses the power to startle.\" Similarly, Paste magazine included it at number 34 in their list of the 70 best albums of the 1970s, and Ultimate Classic Rock later featured Low in a similar list of the 100 best rock albums from the 1970s in 2015. In 2013, NME listed the album as the 14th greatest of all time in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Larkin ranked it numbers 120 and 47 in the second and third editions of All Time Top 1000 Albums, respectively. In 2003, Low was ranked number 249 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was subsequently ranked number 251 in a 2012 revised list and number 206 in a 2020 revised list.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19344515, 511253, 2842318, 43468614, 4113741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 166 ], [ 210, 211 ], [ 645, 650 ], [ 934, 965 ], [ 1144, 1175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The album was also included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Based on Lows appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists it as the 6th most acclaimed album of 1977, the 39th most acclaimed album of the 1970s and the 122nd most acclaimed album in history.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Influence and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 8599897, 42276009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 112 ], [ 201, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "RCA first released the album on CD in the mid-1980s. A 1991 CD release by Rykodisc contained three bonus tracks, including a remix of \"Sound and Vision\" and the outtakes \"Some Are\" and \"All Saints\". EMI released the 1991 edition in the UK on CD, Cassette and LP, while it was subsequently rereleased on AU20 Gold CD. The reissue charted at number 64 on the UK Albums Chart in September 1991. A 1999 CD release by EMI, without bonus tracks, featured 24-bit digitally remastered sound. In 2017, the album was remastered for Parlophone's A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set. It was released in CD, vinyl and digital formats.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Reissues", "target_page_ids": [ 222289, 140624, 81575, 246038, 172121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 199, 202 ], [ 522, 532 ], [ 574, 581 ], [ 606, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Personnel per the album's liner notes and biographer Nicholas Pegg. Track numbers noted in parenthesis below are based on the CD track numbering of the 1991 reissue.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 4724716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " David Bowie– vocals (2–6, 8, 10–11), saxophones (4, 11), guitar (6, 9–11), pump bass (6), harmonica (7), vibraphone (9–10), xylophone (10), pre-arranged percussion (9), keyboards: ARP synthesiser (1, 10–11), Chamberlin: Credited on the album sleeve notes as \"tape horn and brass\" (1), \"synthetic strings\" (1, 4, 9–10), \"tape cellos\" (5) and \"tape sax section\" (7), piano (7, 9–11)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 8786, 52872, 52867, 24638, 474054, 1032493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 106, 116 ], [ 125, 134 ], [ 141, 164 ], [ 181, 196 ], [ 209, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brian Eno– keyboards: Minimoog (2, 8–9), ARP (3, 11), EMS Synthi AKS (listed as \"E.M.I.\") (3, 5), piano (7–9, 11), Chamberlin (8–9), other synthesisers, vocals (4), guitar treatments (5), synthetics (7)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 21222062, 173282, 1410991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 23, 31 ], [ 55, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carlos Alomar– rhythm guitars (1, 3–7), lead guitar (1, 2), guitar (11)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 2371832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dennis Davis– percussion (1–7)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 7043693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Murray– bass (1–7, 11)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 3907822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ricky Gardiner– rhythm guitar (2), lead guitar (3–7)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 4015167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roy Young– piano (1, 3–7), Farfisa organ (3, 5)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 40681778, 893230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 28, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additional musicians", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Iggy Pop– backing vocals (3)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 157437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mary Visconti– backing vocals (4)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 262953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eduard Meyer– cellos (9)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peter and Paul– pianos and ARP (11) ( J. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster, who had worked with Bowie on The Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 21286084, 2119841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 56 ], [ 61, 76 ] ] } ]

[ "1977_albums", "Albums_produced_by_Tony_Visconti", "Albums_produced_by_David_Bowie", "Avant-pop_albums", "David_Bowie_albums", "Electronic_albums_by_English_artists", "EMI_Records_albums", "RCA_Records_albums", "Rykodisc_albums", "Virgin_Records_albums", "Parlophone_albums", "Art_rock_albums_by_English_artists" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Frosinone () is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91comuni (singular: comune; see Comuni of the Province of Frosinone). Its capital is the city of Frosinone. It has an area of and a total population of 493,605 (2016).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 18701, 14532, 457055, 457055, 6939976, 982612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ], [ 50, 55 ], [ 66, 71 ], [ 80, 86 ], [ 98, 104 ], [ 110, 145 ], [ 175, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province was established by Royal Decree on 6 December 1926 with territories belonging to the then provinces of Rome and Caserta. The areas of the then province of Caserta were the left valley of the Liri-Garigliano river, the district of Sora, the Comino Valley, the district of Cassino, the Gulf of Formia and Gaeta, the Pontine islands, which until then had been for centuries included in the Province called Terra di Lavoro, of the Kingdom of Naples (or of the Two Sicilies). Most of these territories were part of the ancient Latium adiectum.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2861948, 179589, 3713121, 797583, 1022771, 390602, 1834714, 258779, 3202585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 132 ], [ 243, 247 ], [ 253, 266 ], [ 284, 291 ], [ 305, 311 ], [ 316, 321 ], [ 327, 342 ], [ 441, 458 ], [ 536, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province largely follows the territory of the low and middle Latin Valley, a larger region that extends from south of Rome to Cassino. In the eastern area, on the other hand, the Comino Valley extends along the border with Abruzzo.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 17504424, 3713121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 77 ], [ 183, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The territorial boundaries are mostly marked by mountain ranges: the Ernici Mountains to the north and the Lepini Mountains to the southwest, the Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains to the south, the Mainarde to the northeast.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 10725647, 10725832, 43034826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 85 ], [ 107, 123 ], [ 193, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mountain system of the territory of the province of Frosinone follows the natural development of the mountain ranges of the Italian peninsula; the two main systems are part of the central Apennines to the north, and the Lazio pre-Apennines to the south, divided by the low and middle Latin Valley crossed by the Sacco and Liri rivers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 200366, 1126732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 201 ], [ 326, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first traces of human presence in the provincial territory date back to prehistoric times: a famous skull of Homo erectus (Homo cepranensis, in the Prehistorical Museum of Pofi), dating from 800,000 years ago, constitutes the most ancient finding of the Homo species in Europe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19554533, 2165266, 6767826, 9239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 125 ], [ 127, 143 ], [ 176, 180 ], [ 274, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In historical times (10th-9th centuries BC), the area, previously occupied by the so-called Pelasgic civilization, was settled by Indo-European colonists. This arrival is referred to in numerous legends, such as those of Aeneas and Saturn. The latter, ousted by Olympus, was said to come to Lazio to help the men and found seven cities whose name begins with \"A\" (for example, Alatri and Anagni).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 82966, 24818, 1540, 19230710, 12418604, 1137912, 157141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 99 ], [ 130, 143 ], [ 221, 227 ], [ 232, 238 ], [ 262, 269 ], [ 377, 383 ], [ 388, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 7th century BC the area of what is now the province entered the orbit of Rome, which made it the so-called Latium adiectum (\"Adjoined Lazio\"). However, Rome needed some 300 years to obtain a definitive victory against the Volsci and the Hernici. The territory was colonized by thousands of Latins and Romans without citizenship, unlike the areas on the coast where there were mainly small colonies of Roman citizens. Also, the original inhabitants became Romanized after the Social and the Samnite Wars.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 521555, 3202585, 158353, 158360, 262246, 169161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 84 ], [ 114, 129 ], [ 229, 235 ], [ 244, 251 ], [ 482, 488 ], [ 497, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the northern part of the province (officially referred to as Campagna since the 12th century) belonged to the Papal States, while the region south of the Liri orbited around the powers of Benevento and then Naples.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 504379, 29905812, 59534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 105, 113 ], [ 154, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Middle Ages, the abbey of Monte Cassino was always a major landowner and a politically renowned element of the area. The southeastern part was a frontier area which was long claimed by the other major powers of the time, the Duchies of Benevento and Gaeta and the County of Aversa: annexed to the Kingdom of Naples under the Normans (12th century), from the late 14th century it became part of the county and then, with an independent status, of the Duchy of Sora. Pontecorvo remained a Papal enclave from 1463.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 37785, 1273903, 3761562, 5090564, 258779, 6278574, 5530226, 30876838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 243, 252 ], [ 257, 262 ], [ 271, 287 ], [ 304, 321 ], [ 332, 339 ], [ 457, 470 ], [ 472, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the unification of Italy, in 1927 the Fascist government made Frosinone the capital of a province which unified different that which belonged to the Papal and Neapolitan states. This action generated criticism, as these states were considered too different in history, language and culture, especially by the Bourbon-nostalgic party that maintained a strong position in southern Italy for many decades.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 59642, 11054, 44705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 30 ], [ 44, 51 ], [ 315, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The creation of a new province, with capitals in Cassino, Formia and Sora, and comprising the former territories of the Kingdom of Naples, has been proposed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 797583, 1022771, 179589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 56 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 69, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 31 December 2014, the main comuni by population are:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main comuni", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official Website", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Frosinone", "Provinces_of_Italy", "States_and_territories_established_in_1926" ]

[ "Frosinone province", "provincia di Frosinone" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Black & Lane's Ident Tones for Surround (BLITS) is a way of keeping track of channels in a mixed surround-sound, stereo, and mono world. It was developed by Martin Black and Keith Lane of Sky TV London in 2004. BLITS is used by Sky, the BBC and other European and US broadcasters to identify and lineup 5.1 broadcast circuits. It is also an EBU standard: EBU Tech 3304. It is designed to function as a 5.1 identification and phase-checking signal and to be meaningful in stereo when an automated downmix to stereo is employed.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 253836, 1369770, 363770, 321943, 10380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 111 ], [ 113, 119 ], [ 125, 129 ], [ 188, 194 ], [ 341, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "BLITS is a set of tones designed for television 5.1 sound line-up.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It consists of three distinct sections.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first section is made up from short tones at -18 dBfs to identify each", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "channel individually:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ø L/R: Front LEFT and Front RIGHT - 880Hz", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ø C: CENTRE - 1320Hz", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ø Lfe: (Low Frequency Effects) - 82.5Hz", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ø Ls/Rs: Surround LEFT and Surround RIGHT - 660Hz.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The second section identifies front left and right channels (L/R) only:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1kHz tone at -18 dBfs is interrupted four times on the left channel and is continuous on the right. This pattern of interrupts has been chosen to prevent confusion with either the EBU stereo ident or BBC GLITS tone after stereo mix down.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The last section consists of 2kHz tone at -24dBFS on all six channels. This can be used to check phase between any of the 5.1 legs.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When the tone is summed to stereo using default down-mix values this section should produce tones of approximately -18 dBfs on each channel.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The BLITS sequence repeats approximately every 14 seconds.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Glits", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17325007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "EBU Tech.3304 - BLITS Ident", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A zipped .wav file (interleaved multichannel format) of the BLITS 5.1 ident sequence is available from Sky.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Broadcast_engineering", "Test_items", "Telecommunications-related_introductions_in_2004", "2004_in_British_television", "2004_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "British_inventions" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Latina () is an area of local government at the level of province in the Republic of Italy. It is one of five provinces that form the region of Lazio. The provincial capital is the city of Latina. It is bordered by the provinces of Frosinone to the north-east and by the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital to the north-west. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 14532, 221250, 18701, 2072707, 1448576, 44978776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 81 ], [ 101, 106 ], [ 151, 157 ], [ 161, 166 ], [ 206, 212 ], [ 249, 258 ], [ 288, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an area of and a population of 561,189 (2012). There are 33 comuni (singular: comune) in the province", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 74 ], [ 86, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most populous comuni are:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sub-divisions of the province", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The province of Latina was founded on 18 December 1934, encompassing mainly the drained areas of the Agro Pontino previously part of the province of Rome. Apart from the Pontine lands, it includes the Aurunci, Lepini and Ausoni mountain ranges, as well as the Pontine islands archipelago. The port of Gaeta and Formia, in the southernmost part of the province, belonged traditionally and linguistically to Campania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1861965, 3382089, 7257047, 10725832, 19634709, 1834714, 390602, 1022771, 44943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 113 ], [ 137, 153 ], [ 201, 208 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 221, 227 ], [ 260, 275 ], [ 301, 306 ], [ 311, 317 ], [ 406, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the smallest of the provinces in the Lazio region, the province of Latina includes a variety of geographical and historical areas.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mainland area is, in the south- and north-eastern part, mostly occupied by limestone hills and mountains. Ranges include the Lepini, Aurunci, Ausoni. The highest elevation is that of Monte Petrella (Aurunci). The climate is semi-continental with hot summers and cold winters; temperatures rarely fall below . The mountains are characterized by small medieval settlements (borghi) and traditionally live of cattle raising and agriculture; however, these activities saw a marked decline in recent times, and today workers usually commute daily to work in Rome or Latina.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 17748, 10725832, 7257047, 19634709, 11321234, 25458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 88 ], [ 129, 135 ], [ 137, 144 ], [ 146, 152 ], [ 188, 202 ], [ 558, 562 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tourism is an increasing interesting resource, attracted especially by the uncontaminated nature and by artistic traces of the Middle Ages (Abbeys of Valvisciolo and Fossanova, where St. Thomas Aquinas died). The main centres of this area are Cori, Sezze, and Priverno.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 23579946, 4399449, 21490957, 5844911, 2583394, 5667273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 161 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 183, 201 ], [ 243, 247 ], [ 249, 254 ], [ 260, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Agro Pontino occupies the plain extending southwards from Aprilia to Terracina, along the Tyrrhenian Sea. Until the 1930s, it was covered by unhealthy marshes, which were dried up under Fascist government; the area as subsequently settled by immigrants coming from north-eastern Italy, in newly built cities like Sabaudia or Latina itself. The sole mountain peak is that of Circeo promontory. The climate is mild. The Agro Pontino is the most economically developed part of the province, housing a flourishing agricultural sector and numerous service firms and industries. It also houses much of the water basins of the province, like the coast Lakes of Fogliano, Caprolace, and Paola.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1861965, 75753, 1726683, 5667304, 44244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 62, 69 ], [ 73, 82 ], [ 317, 325 ], [ 378, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Apart the capital, the main cities include Cisterna di Latina, Terracina, Sabaudia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 200995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cities rich of ancient and medieval history, Gaeta and Formia were traditionally part of the Kingdom of Naples. They belonged to the Campania region until 1934. Traces of the different cultural milieu can be identified in the costumes and, most of all, in the local dialect, a variant of Neapolitan. Formia and Gaeta constitutes a single metropolitan area with an important port (with connection to the Pontine Islands), a station on the main railway line Rome-Naples. Other important centres include Sperlonga and Minturno.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 258779, 44943, 796241, 2331050, 2392751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 110 ], [ 133, 141 ], [ 288, 298 ], [ 501, 510 ], [ 515, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once mainly used as penitentiaries, the Pontine Islands are now a renowned tourist resort in summer. The only inhabited islands are Ponza and Ventotene.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 496948, 1094756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 137 ], [ 142, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5610602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Latina", "Provinces_of_Italy", "1934_establishments_in_Italy" ]

[ "Latina province", "provincia di Latina", "Latina (province)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Symphony No. 1 (Low) is a symphony by Philip Glass based on David Bowie's 1977 album Low.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 44114, 24540, 8786, 1448572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 34 ], [ 38, 50 ], [ 60, 71 ], [ 85, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996 Glass based another symphony on David Bowie's following album \"Heroes\", and in 2018 he based his 12th Symphony on Bowie's album Lodger, completing his trilogy of symphonies based on Bowie's Berlin Triptych.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448522, 1261557, 56565149, 1261561, 3742574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 36 ], [ 70, 78 ], [ 105, 118 ], [ 136, 142 ], [ 198, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The symphony was composed in 1992 and scored for full orchestra with 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, E clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, percussion, harp, piano and strings (including 8 first violins, 6 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The symphony", "target_page_ids": [ 10553, 82848, 22206, 6433, 2643426, 399942, 4207, 11456, 29837, 30961, 13911, 32427, 32600, 6558, 8816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 76 ], [ 79, 86 ], [ 90, 94 ], [ 99, 107 ], [ 110, 120 ], [ 122, 135 ], [ 139, 146 ], [ 151, 156 ], [ 172, 180 ], [ 183, 187 ], [ 201, 205 ], [ 244, 250 ], [ 273, 278 ], [ 283, 288 ], [ 296, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The symphony has three movements:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The symphony", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Some Are\", the David Bowie song on which the second movement was based, was not included on the original release of Low, but was recorded around the Low recording sessions. The song would later be released on the Rykodisc reissue of the album in 1991, as well as the 2008 David Bowie compilation \"iSelect\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The symphony", "target_page_ids": [ 222289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first recording of this work was released in 1993 under the title Low Symphony. It was performed by the Brooklyn Philharmonic orchestra under the batons of Dennis Russell Davies, principal conductor, and Karen Kamensek, assistant conductor. Philip Glass allowed ideas of Bowie and Brian Eno, who worked together on Low, to influence how he worked on the music.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recordings", "target_page_ids": [ 6059875, 4842066, 24540, 21222062, 1448572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 129 ], [ 160, 181 ], [ 245, 257 ], [ 285, 294 ], [ 319, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Subterraneans\" – 16:08", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recordings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Some Are\" – 11:11", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recordings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Warszawa\" – 19:24", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recordings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Symphony No. 4 \"Heroes\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1448522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] } ]

[ "Symphonies_by_Philip_Glass", "Philip_Glass_albums", "20th-century_symphonies", "1992_compositions" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Rieti () is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rieti. Established in 1927, it has an area of with a total population of 157,887 people as of 2017. There are 73 comuni in the province.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 18701, 14532, 2824456, 6940201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 38 ], [ 46, 51 ], [ 62, 67 ], [ 96, 101 ], [ 211, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A large area of its territory corresponds to the historical-geographical region of Sabina. Rieti is located in the north-east Lazio. It is bordered to the west, along the river Tiber by the Province of Viterbo and to the south-west by the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. It is also bordered by the regions of Umbria to the north and by Marche to the east. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 3516549, 30359, 1448604, 44978776, 221250, 51590, 301292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 89 ], [ 177, 182 ], [ 190, 209 ], [ 239, 272 ], [ 301, 308 ], [ 312, 318 ], [ 339, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province is mostly mountainous with the Monti della Duchessa and the Monti del Cicolano ranges in the south with Monte Nuria and Monte Giano, the Monti Reatini range with Monte Terminillo (2217 m) in the north in part of the Abruzzese Apennines, and Monti della Laga (2458 m) to the east on the border with Abruzzo. Of particular importance are the two artificial lakes in the Valle del Salto: Lago del Salto and Lago del Turano, which were both created during the Fascist period. Lago del Salto, also known as Del Salto Lake is the largest in the Lazio region and is situated at an altitude of .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 44395461, 19741959, 200366, 5872935, 21917387, 21915939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 163 ], [ 175, 191 ], [ 239, 248 ], [ 254, 270 ], [ 398, 412 ], [ 417, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several protected areas in the province. To the south lies the Parco regionale naturale dei Monti Lucretili, to the southeast the Riserva regionale Montagne della Duchessa, and a small part of the Parco regionale naturale del Sirente - Velino. Between the two areas is the Riserva naturale Monte Navegna e Monte Cervia (between the lakes of Salto and Turano. In the east, in the Monti della Laga range is the Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga. Also of note is the Riserva parziale naturale dei Laghi Lungo e Ripasottile on the Rieti plain, and the Riserva naturale di Nazzano, Tevere-Farfa to the west. Riserva parziale naturale dei Laghi Lungo e Ripasottile contains the lakes of Lungo and Ripasottile, which support a diversity of wildlife, particularly birds such as herons and little grebes. There are numerous natural oases, castles, fortresses and Franciscan sanctuaries dotted about Rieti Province.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 53550023, 3639440, 237577, 213766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 554, 565 ], [ 708, 713 ], [ 797, 802 ], [ 808, 820 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sabina (region)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3516549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Rieti", "Provinces_of_Italy", "States_and_territories_established_in_1927" ]

[ "Rieti province", "provincia di Rieti" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Bellegra is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, in the Lazio region of central Italy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 44978776, 18701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 29 ], [ 37, 62 ], [ 72, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its original name since 11 January 967 had been Civitella (). The town council changed that name to its current one on 10 October 1880, out of the belief that the town lay on the site of an ancient town called Belecre, possibly from the Latin bella aegra (blood-stained wars).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 645032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 78 ] ] } ]

[ "Cities_and_towns_in_Lazio" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Viterbo () is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 18701, 14532, 92898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 24 ], [ 32, 37 ], [ 48, 53 ], [ 82, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Viterbo is the most northerly of the provinces of Lazio. It is bordered to the south by the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital and to the south-east by the Province of Rieti. It is also bordered by the regions of Tuscany (Province of Grosseto) to the north and by Umbria (Province of Terni) to the east. The Tyrrhenian Sea is located to the west.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 44978776, 1448595, 221250, 21967242, 13122, 51590, 990240, 31549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 125 ], [ 155, 172 ], [ 201, 208 ], [ 212, 219 ], [ 221, 241 ], [ 263, 269 ], [ 271, 288 ], [ 307, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2017, the province has a total population of 318,163 inhabitants over an area of , giving it a population density of 89.05 inhabitants per square kilometre. The provincial president is Marcello Meroi and the province contains 60 comuni.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The area of the province of Viterbo contained a number of Etruscan cities including Tuscania, Vetralla, Tarquinia, and Viterbo. Viterbo was conquered by the Roman Republic in 310 BCE; despite this, minimal information is known of Viterbo until it was utilised in 773 CE by King of the Lombard Kingdom Desiderius as a base against the Holy Roman Empire. Matilda of Tuscany gifted the city to the papacy in the 11th century. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor was based in Viterbo as he planned to invade Rome in 1153, and Frederick I conquered the city in 1160 while preparing to attack Rome.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 113293, 20188, 39699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 301, 311 ], [ 353, 371 ], [ 423, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After a period as a free commune, in the early 13th century Viterbo became part of the Papal States. The Knights of Saint John were expelled from Rhodes in the 16th century and were temporarily granted refuge in Viterbo before they could travel to Malta. Pope Paul III described himself as a citizen of Viterbo and formed a university in the city. It joined the Kingdom of Italy on 12 September 1870 and during World War II, Viterbo was heavily bombed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 59534, 8055956, 7037100, 47437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 99 ], [ 105, 126 ], [ 132, 172 ], [ 255, 268 ] ] } ]

[ "Province_of_Viterbo", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Viterbo province", "provincia di Viterbo" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Geoffrey S. Knauth is a software engineer, and currently serves as president of the Free Software Foundation since August 2020.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27010, 18949437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 84, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Knauth joined the Free Software Foundation (FSF) Board of Directors in 1998 as treasurer. He is also co-founder of the GNU Objective-C project. On August 5, 2020, Knauth was elected as president of FSF, 11 months following the resignation of Richard Stallman, who had been its founding president since 1985.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "FSF activities", "target_page_ids": [ 18949437, 247097, 39809523, 3434143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 42 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 119, 134 ], [ 229, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 25 2021 Geoffrey Knauth promised to resign from being a voting member of the FSF once there was suitable leadership to replace him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "FSF activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Knauth received a artium baccalaureus (A.B. or Bachelor of Arts) degree from Harvard University in 1983 in Economics. He also took many courses on Slavic languages and literatures there. Later in the late 1980s and 2000s he also took additional computer science and language courses both at Harvard and Northeastern University. In 2006-2010 he served as a Computer Science Instructor at Lycoming College.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academic background", "target_page_ids": [ 18426501, 9223, 5323, 385997, 1042108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 95 ], [ 107, 116 ], [ 245, 261 ], [ 303, 326 ], [ 387, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Knauth has been employed by various companies, in various roles including programmer, senior associate, systems engineer, and systems analyst. Knauth is currently employed by AccuWeather Inc. as a Senior Software Developer since March 2014.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Professional experience", "target_page_ids": [ 652031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Knauth is fluent in English, Russian and French, with some knowledge of German and Chinese. He is also a pilot and has been involved with rowing and various other activities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John Sullivan, former executive director of FSF", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12284380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Stallman, former president of FSF", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3434143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Geoffrey Knauth's homepage", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LinkedIn profile", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Twitter profile", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Facebook page", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Free_software_programmers", "Members_of_the_Free_Software_Foundation_board_of_directors", "GNU_people", "Lycoming_College_faculty", "Harvard_University_alumni", "Living_people", "Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In computer architecture, speedup is a number that measures the relative performance of two systems processing the same problem. More technically, it is the improvement in speed of execution of a task executed on two similar architectures with different resources. The notion of speedup was established by Amdahl's law, which was particularly focused on parallel processing. However, speedup can be used more generally to show the effect on performance after any resource enhancement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25652303, 2323, 145162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 24 ], [ 306, 318 ], [ 354, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Speedup can be defined for two different types of quantities: latency and throughput.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 17933, 30932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 69 ], [ 74, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Latency of an architecture is the reciprocal of the execution speed of a task:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " v is the execution speed of the task;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " T is the execution time of the task;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " W is the execution workload of the task.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Throughput of an architecture is the execution rate of a task:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ρ is the execution density (e.g., the number of stages in an instruction pipeline for a pipelined architecture);", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 220314, 1236187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 82 ], [ 89, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A is the execution capacity (e.g., the number of processors for a parallel architecture).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 5218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Latency is often measured in seconds per unit of execution workload. Throughput is often measured in units of execution workload per second. Another unit of throughput is instructions per cycle (IPC) and its reciprocal, cycles per instruction (CPI), is another unit of latency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 211556, 2592865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 193 ], [ 220, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Speedup is dimensionless and defined differently for each type of quantity so that it is a consistent metric.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Speedup in latency is defined by the following formula:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Slatency is the speedup in latency of the architecture 2 with respect to the architecture 1;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " L1 is the latency of the architecture 1;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " L2 is the latency of the architecture 2.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Speedup in latency can be predicted from Amdahl's law or Gustafson's law.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [ 2323, 4243252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ], [ 57, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Speedup in throughput is defined by the following formula:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sthroughput is the speedup in throughput of the architecture 2 with respect to the architecture 1;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Q1 is the throughput of the architecture 1;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Q2 is the throughput of the architecture 2.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We are testing the effectiveness of a branch predictor on the execution of a program. First, we execute the program with the standard branch predictor on the processor, which yields an execution time of 2.25 seconds. Next, we execute the program with our modified (and hopefully improved) branch predictor on the same processor, which produces an execution time of 1.50 seconds. In both cases the execution workload is the same. Using our speedup formula, we know", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Our new branch predictor has provided a 1.5x speedup over the original.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We can also measure speedup in cycles per instruction (CPI) which is a latency. First, we execute the program with the standard branch predictor, which yields a CPI of 3. Next, we execute the program with our modified branch predictor, which yields a CPI of 2. In both cases the execution workload is the same and both architectures are not pipelined nor parallel. Using the speedup formula gives", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We can also measure speedup in instructions per cycle (IPC), which is a throughput and the inverse of CPI. Using the speedup formula gives", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 211556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We achieve the same 1.5x speedup, though we measured different quantities.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Let S be the speedup of execution of a task and s the speedup of execution of the part of the task that benefits from the improvement of the resources of an architecture. Linear speedup or ideal speedup is obtained when . When running a task with linear speedup, doubling the local speedup doubles the overall speedup. As this is ideal, it is considered very good scalability.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [ 185529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 364, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Efficiency is a metric of the utilization of the resources of the improved system defined as", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Its value is typically between 0 and 1. Programs with linear speedup and programs running on a single processor have an efficiency of 1, while many difficult-to-parallelize programs have efficiency such as 1/ln(s) that approaches 0 as the number of processors increases.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In engineering contexts, efficiency curves are more often used for graphs than speedup curves, since", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " all of the area in the graph is useful (whereas in speedup curves half of the space is wasted);", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " it is easy to see how well the improvement of the system is working;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " there is no need to plot a \"perfect speedup\" curve.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In marketing contexts, speedup curves are more often used, largely because they go up and to the right and thus appear better to the less-informed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Additional details", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sometimes a speedup of more than A when using A processors is observed in parallel computing, which is called super-linear speedup. Super-linear speedup rarely happens and often confuses beginners, who believe the theoretical maximum speedup should be A when A processors are used.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Super-linear speedup", "target_page_ids": [ 145162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One possible reason for super-linear speedup in low-level computations is the cache effect resulting from the different memory hierarchies of a modern computer: in parallel computing, not only do the numbers of processors change, but so does the size of accumulated caches from different processors. With the larger accumulated cache size, more or even all of the working set can fit into caches and the memory access time reduces dramatically, which causes the extra speedup in addition to that from the actual computation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Super-linear speedup", "target_page_ids": [ 849181, 137146, 3007794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 90 ], [ 120, 138 ], [ 364, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An analogous situation occurs when searching large datasets, such as the genomic data searched by BLAST implementations. There the accumulated RAM from each of the nodes in a cluster enables the dataset to move from disk into RAM thereby drastically reducing the time required by e.g. mpiBLAST to search it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Super-linear speedup", "target_page_ids": [ 363695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Super-linear speedups can also occur when performing backtracking in parallel: an exception in one thread can cause several other threads to backtrack early, before they reach the exception themselves.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Super-linear speedup", "target_page_ids": [ 238867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Super-linear speedups can also occur in parallel implementations of branch-and-bound for optimization: the processing of one node by one processor may affect the work other processors need to do for the other nodes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Super-linear speedup", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Amdahl's law", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gustafson's law", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4243252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brooks's law", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 229070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Karp–Flatt metric", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9453042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Parallel slowdown", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15167068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scalability", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 185529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] } ]

[ "Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A quest is a journey toward a goal.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 188949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Quest may also refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Development, a software company", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Computing", "target_page_ids": [ 3918282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Oracle Community (formerly Quest International Users Group), an Oracle User Group", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Computing", "target_page_ids": [ 31412756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " QuEST, DARPA Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology initiative", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Computing", "target_page_ids": [ 56284478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Software, a management software company", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Computing", "target_page_ids": [ 42437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (1996 film), an animated short", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 19123886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (2006 film), an Indian drama film", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 19124254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (2017 film), an American documentary film", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 56008326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (TV channel), a UK TV channel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 20297140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (Canadian TV series), a 1960s television anthology", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 54980530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (U.S. TV network), a US over-the-air television network", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 56333102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jonny Quest, a fictional character", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 304122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Quest (born 1962), English television journalist", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 1127405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (gamebook)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 2212134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (video gaming), a task in a video game", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 2096142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest 64, a 1998 Nintendo 64 game", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 1608752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Corporation, a video game company", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 6235107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oculus Quest, a virtual reality headset by Oculus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 58635703, 42316398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 43, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oculus Quest 2, a successor to the Oculus Quest", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 65331925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (band), an American jazz band", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 25505986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (singer) (born 1982), Filipino hip-hop and R&B singer and songwriter", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 37046394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest, an American jazz group led by Don Randi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 28843405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest, a 2016 mini-album by Japanese band White Ash", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 52554039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Crew, a dance crew", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [ 21640035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Aircraft, an aircraft manufacturer", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 10649186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Community Newspapers, a newspaper company in Queensland, Australia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 7566512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Diagnostics, a clinical laboratory services company", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 1496757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Global, an engineering services organization", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 35990516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest International, a flavor and fragrances company", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 3499399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Pakistan", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 22331403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest University, Canada", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Organizations", "target_page_ids": [ 1046513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (British magazine), a fortnightly science/technology magazine for youth", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 34239393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (Dutch magazine), monthly science/technology magazine in the Netherlands", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 46370180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (Indian magazine)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 41895537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (lifestyle magazine)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 22644080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (Theosophical magazine), a publication of the Theosophical Society in America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 1121227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " An African Journal of Philosophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The History of Spaceflight, a quarterly journal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Quest, a publication of the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Periodicals", "target_page_ids": [ 157845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Q and U Extragalactic Submillimeter Telescope, part of cosmic microwave background polarization experiment", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 11371069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " QUEST (Cluster of Excellence), a collaborative research project in Germany", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 32798000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, an astronomical survey in Venezuela", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 3718083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quaternion estimator algorithm, a solution to Wahba's problem", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 70174520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest Joint Airlock, part of the International Space Station", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 926429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " QUEST Q-shu University Experiment with Steady-State Spherical Tokamak, a fusion research experimental device on the campus of Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Science", "target_page_ids": [ 35644341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (cigarette), a cigarette brand by Vector Tobacco", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 3992060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Quest\" (Anderson novelette), a novelette by Poul Anderson", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 8843183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest (ship), a 1917 sealing ship and polar exploration vessel", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 26416062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest, a model of velomobile", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 196376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nissan Quest, a minivan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 2197028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LaSilla–Quest Variability Survey, an astronomical survey in Chile", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1000624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quest for the historical Jesus", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1603511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Quest (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51380843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Questing (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20874749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qwest (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25246771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A Tribe Called Quest, an American hip-hop band", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 147462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World of Quest, an animated Canadian TV series", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16344390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The British Rail Class 50 is a class of diesel locomotives designed to haul express passenger trains at . Built by English Electric at the Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows between 1967 and 1968, the Class 50s were initially on a 10-year lease from English Electric Leasing, and were employed hauling express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe and Scotland. Initially numbered D400–D449 and known as English Electric Type 4s, the locomotives were purchased outright by British Rail (BR) at the end of the lease and became Class 50 in the TOPS renumbering of 1973.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 390889, 1148676, 314562, 182538, 372377, 4385, 310342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 131 ], [ 139, 153 ], [ 157, 174 ], [ 373, 393 ], [ 402, 407 ], [ 533, 545 ], [ 602, 606 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The class gained the nickname \"Hoovers\" because of the noise made by the clean air plant at the No. 2 end, prior to refurbishment, which was likened to that of a vacuum cleaner, a name believed given to them by the staff at Paddington Station. Once the electrification from Crewe to Glasgow was completed the locomotives were moved to the Great Western Main Line (GWML) out of Paddington to allow the retirement of most of the remaining diesel-hydraulic locomotives then in use. As trains on the GWML steadily moved to High Speed Train operation from 1976, the Class 50s moved to hauling trains between London Waterloo and Exeter St Davids, and also trains from London Paddington to Hereford and Worcester via Oxford until the majority of those trains too were taken over by IC125 operation. The class was steadily retired from service in the late 1980s and early 1990s as their services moved to operation by second-generation Class 159 DMUs.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 389950, 620042, 78377, 1700027, 152777, 3093569, 5574999, 2769378, 36465586, 1040579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 438, 465 ], [ 520, 536 ], [ 604, 619 ], [ 624, 640 ], [ 663, 680 ], [ 684, 692 ], [ 697, 706 ], [ 711, 717 ], [ 911, 928 ], [ 929, 938 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The origins of the Class 50 lie in an invitation from the British Transport Commission (BTC) to manufacturers to produce a design for a lightweight Type 4 diesel locomotive with a gross power output of at least 2,500hp. In order to produce a prototype quickly, English Electric based their design on that for their Deltic locomotives which were then in production. Unlike the Deltics, this design was powered by a single engine, the 16CSVT, a development of the 16SVT used in the Class 40 locomotives. Parts related to the contemporary Class 37s were also used. The result was DP2, a 2,700hp Diesel-electric locomotive weighing 105 tons and with a top speed of 100mph.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 561593, 11221995, 389950, 390889, 422764, 4518982, 828143, 1439049, 1276650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 86 ], [ 148, 154 ], [ 155, 172 ], [ 261, 277 ], [ 315, 321 ], [ 433, 439 ], [ 480, 488 ], [ 536, 545 ], [ 577, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, before the prototype could be completed, English Electric's design was rejected by the BTC, primarily on the grounds that the 16CSVT was unproven, and doubted its ability to produce the required power levels. Even after the delivery of DP2 in May 1962, any hope of future orders seemed over with the BTC's decision to standardise its Type 4 fleet on the Brush-Sulzer Class 47 design.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 992189, 722220, 978039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 363, 368 ], [ 369, 375 ], [ 376, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The DP2 design earned a reprieve in 1965, when the National Traction Plan of that year identified a need for an additional 50 Type 4 locomotives. By this time the Class 47 fleet were starting to suffer serious problems with engine stress cracking, a problem which necessitated the derating of the fleet to 2,580 hp. At the same time, DP2 and its 16CSVT engine had proved far more reliable than expected. Negotiations took place with English Electric for a production batch of 50 locomotives for use on the Eastern Region. English Electric intended to build the new batch as similar to DP2 as possible but the British Railways Board (successor to the BTC) had produced a standard locomotive cab with a flat front and headcode box and also had specific requirements relating to the engine room and other equipment. English Electric produced several alternative front-end designs including one with a wrap-around windscreen but the standard front-end design was eventually adopted for the class.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 3322761, 561588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 506, 520 ], [ 609, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The complete production run of 50 locomotives was built in just over a year and numbered from D400 to D449. D400 entered service in October 1967 and deliveries were completed with D449 in November 1968. Unusually, the ownership of the locomotives remained with the manufacturer and they were operated by British Rail on a 10-year lease which included certain stipulations relating to availability. The D prefix was quickly dropped for all diesel engines after steam was banned from British Rail's mainline in 1968. The Class 50 engines were numbered as 400 to 449 from 1969 to 1974.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The class was built for working passenger services on the West Coast Main Line (WCML) north of , to , , Carlisle, and Perth, occasionally reaching as far north as Aberdeen. Services south of Crewe would generally be worked by an electric locomotive, with the Class 50s taking over for the journeys that continued north. Initially trains were hauled by a single locomotive, but from May 1970 they were paired on 8 out of 34 locomotive diagrams covering Anglo-Scottish services north of Crewe, allowing greatly accelerated timings to be applied (including a six-hour schedule for the \"Royal Scot\" London Euston-Glasgow Central and v.v. service). Once the electric service was introduced as far as Preston in 1973, this double-heading by Class 50s transferred there, although poor availability often resulted in single-heading with consequent delays. The ability to operate using multiple working had been part of the locomotive's initial design brief, but only two of the class had the facility from new, but with the introduction of the regular double headed duties, this facility was fitted to the whole class.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Service", "target_page_ids": [ 182538, 2176829, 1743045, 390883, 6328939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 78 ], [ 104, 112 ], [ 119, 124 ], [ 230, 249 ], [ 878, 894 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1974 the northern WCML was electrified, and the Class 50 fleet was displaced by new Class 87 electrics. The fleet was transferred to the Western Region between 1972 and 1976, working mainline passenger services from London Paddington along the Great Western Main Line (GWML) to destinations such as , Bristol Temple Meads, and . It was not unusual for locomotives to work services on other routes, such as the Birmingham New Street to Bristol Temple Meads corridor. The introduction of the Class 50s on these routes enabled the last remaining, non-standard, diesel hydraulic \"Westerns\" to be withdrawn.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Service", "target_page_ids": [ 1407947, 1205177, 152777, 584346, 88821, 209844, 389950, 517192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 95 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 219, 236 ], [ 247, 270 ], [ 304, 324 ], [ 414, 435 ], [ 562, 578 ], [ 579, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late-1970s, following a period where the policy of locomotive naming had been abandoned, BR was persuaded to name the class 50s after Royal Navy ships with notable records in World War I and II. As a result, the first locomotive naming occurred in January 1978, when 50035 was named Ark Royal by the captain and crew of then current aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal. The rest of the fleet was named during the course of the next few years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Service", "target_page_ids": [ 26061, 4764461, 32927, 2219, 485354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 151 ], [ 182, 193 ], [ 198, 200 ], [ 340, 356 ], [ 357, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1977, British Rail introduced InterCity 125s onto the Great Western Main Line which began the displacement of the Class 50 fleet onto other routes, such as services to Birmingham New Street from London Paddington and Bristol Temple Meads. The class also found work on the West of England Main Line from London Waterloo to , Exeter and . However, due in part to the over-complexity of the design, the class was plagued with reliability problems which resulted in frequent service failures and cancellations. As a result, the decision was taken in the late 1970s to refurbish the entire fleet.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Service", "target_page_ids": [ 620042, 209844, 1379905, 78377, 1700027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 48 ], [ 173, 194 ], [ 277, 302 ], [ 308, 323 ], [ 329, 335 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To deal with increasing reliability problems, the Class 50 fleet was refurbished at Doncaster Works between 1979 and 1984. Doncaster had taken responsibility for the fleet after BR completed the purchase of the locomotives from English Electric. The work involved simplifying the complex electronics and removing redundant features such as slow speed control and rheostatic braking. In addition, the air intake fan arrangement was modified, because the original setup often prevented fresh air from entering the engine room and stale, oil mist-filled air from escaping, leading to many main generator failures. This was in part due to the moisture in the air in the UK: dust and other particles would lodge in the filter system and become 'gummed up' with moisture, preventing circulation which in turn also hampered the intended engine compartment pressure levels which then meant 'filtered' air could not be evacuated by the intended means. The filtration system was fundamentally sound and widely used in other countries; the problems arose because relative humidity had not been taken into account at the design stage. This modification eliminated the characteristic droning \"sucking\" noise which had earned the \"Hoover\" nickname.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 2606570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Externally, the locomotives all received high-intensity headlights, which changed the appearance of the front end. Starting with 50006, the first six locomotives were outshopped in the standard BR Blue livery. However, in 1980, 50023 Howe became the first to be outshopped in a revised livery with wrap around yellow cabs, large bodyside numerals and BR logo, in a livery that became known as BR Large Logo Blue. The final loco to be refurbished was 50014 which was released to traffic in the latter half of 1983.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 17644910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 393, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following refurbishment, the fleet was concentrated at two depots; Laira in Plymouth, and Old Oak Common in west London. The class were again used for Western Region services on the GWML out of Paddington, and on the West of England Main Line from Waterloo to Salisbury and Exeter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 5731852, 5717747, 17867, 72119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 72 ], [ 90, 104 ], [ 113, 119 ], [ 260, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1984, 50007 Hercules was repainted into lined Brunswick green livery and renamed Sir Edward Elgar, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Great Western Railway (GWR). Four Class 47 locomotives were similarly treated, and a Class 117 diesel multiple unit (DMU) was repainted in chocolate and cream livery. As a result, 50007 quickly became a favourite with rail enthusiasts. Another locomotive repainted in a special livery was 50019 Ramillies, which was repainted in a variation of BR Blue by staff at Plymouth Laira depot.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 1960695, 10085, 96875, 978039, 3140037, 8840, 737838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ], [ 84, 100 ], [ 146, 167 ], [ 180, 188 ], [ 231, 240 ], [ 241, 261 ], [ 364, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986 the West of England Main Line came under the control of the Network SouthEast (NSE) sector, which saw the introduction of their bright blue, red and white livery. The first locomotive in this livery was again 50023 Howe. The NSE livery had two versions; the original had upswept red, white and grey stripes at the ends, with white cab window surrounds; the revised livery introduced in 1988 had the red and white stripes continue to the body ends, with a blue cab surround. In the revised livery the blue became a darker shade.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 986296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Towards the end of the 1980s, the fleet could be found mostly on the West of England route, as well as fast services from Paddington to Oxford. Some locomotives were also transferred to the civil engineers department to work maintenance and engineering trains. Around this time, the first locomotives were withdrawn, starting with 50011 Centurion in early 1987. This locomotive's nameplates were later transferred to 50040, which was previously named Leviathan. A further two locomotives, 50006 Neptune and 50014 Warspite were withdrawn in 1987, followed by a further five locomotives in 1988 (50010/13/22/38/47).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1987, consideration was given to using the class on freight trains. To this end, 50049 \"Defiance\" was renumbered to 50149, equipped with modified Class 37, lower-geared bogies and outshopped in the new trainload grey livery with Railfreight General decals. It was based at Plymouth Laira depot, and tested on local china clay trains in Cornwall as well as heavy stone trains to London from Devon quarries. The project was, however, not an outstanding success and by 1989 the locomotive had been returned to its original identity. Ironically, the electronic anti-wheelslip equipment, with which the entire class had originally been built and which would have been key to the success of this experiment, had been removed during the refurbishment process.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 1006190, 16938, 5648, 12974712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 290 ], [ 318, 328 ], [ 339, 347 ], [ 565, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the start of the 1990s, the reliability of the fleet became a problem again. By this time, the class was solely used on the West of England route, having been replaced on the Oxford route by Class 47/4 locomotives, displaced from Railfreight Distribution after the collapse of Speedlink in 1991. Arguably, the Class 50s were not suitable for the stop-start service pattern of Waterloo-Exeter services, nor to the extended single-line sections of this route, where a single locomotive failure could cause chaos. Therefore, the decision was taken to retire the fleet, temporarily replacing them with Class 47/7 locomotives, which were in turn replaced by new diesel multiple units. From 1992, the Oxford route was worked by Class 165 and Class 166 units, whilst Class 159 units were introduced onto the West of England route in 1993.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 8840, 1191033, 1189392, 1040579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 660, 680 ], [ 725, 734 ], [ 739, 748 ], [ 763, 772 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1992, just eight locomotives remained in service, these being 50007/008/015/029/030/033/046/050. Several of these locomotives were specially repainted to commemorate the run-down of the fleet. The first-built locomotive, 50050 Fearless was renumbered D400 and painted in its original BR Blue livery. Two other locomotives, 50008 Thunderer and 50015 Valiant were also repainted, the former in a variation of BR Blue (the same as 50019 had previously carried), and the latter in \"Dutch\" civil-engineers grey/yellow livery. Of the final eight locomotives, three were retained until 1994 for use on special railtours, these being 50007 Sir Edward Elgar, 50033 Glorious and 50050 Fearless. 50007 was returned to working order using parts from 50046, which surrendered its recently overhauled power unit and bogies. By this time, 50050 had been repainted into Large Logo livery and 50007 also received a repaint into GWR green as the 1985 paint was wearing very thin. The final railtours operated in March 1994, during one of which 50033 was delivered for preservation at the National Railway Museum. The final railtour operated with 50007 and 50050 from London Waterloo to Penzance and returning to London Paddington. Both locomotives were later preserved.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 186339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1073, 1096 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " On 23 November 1983, a sleeper train hauled by 50 041 Bulwark was derailed on the approach to due to excessive speed through a crossover. Three of the seventy passengers were injured.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Accidents and incidents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " On 6 August 1989, 50025 Invincible was derailed at West Ealing whilst hauling the 21:15 Oxford to Paddington service. The cause was a length of rail that vandals had placed across the track. There were no fatalities and the locomotive was subsequently scrapped in October that year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Accidents and incidents", "target_page_ids": [ 312101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Portuguese Railways, CP, bought ten locomotives similar to the BR Class 50, but built to Iberian track gauge (1,668mm). These locomotives, designated by CP as \"Série 1800\" (numbered 1801–1810), entered service in 1968.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Portuguese locomotives", "target_page_ids": [ 23033, 4688585, 18502510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ], [ 25, 27 ], [ 93, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like the British Class 50s, they were equipped with an English Electric 16 CSVT engine and produced 2700hp (2020 HP at the wheels). Unlike the BR locomotives upon which electronic control is extensively used, the Portuguese locomotives employ conventional control gear (the only exceptions being stepless control of tractive effort by a solid-state load regulator and the use of a very effective out-of-balance wheel-slip detector). The main generator and the traction motors are identical to those used on the BR Type 3 and Deltic locomotives. Contrary to BR Class 50, the Portuguese Série 1800 locomotives were built to be as much compatible with the smaller Série 1400 (themselves similar to BR Class 20) as possible and also to use as many common components as possible.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Portuguese locomotives", "target_page_ids": [ 34459744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 661, 671 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They were the only diesel locomotives in Portugal authorised to run at 140km/h. The CP Série 1800s were all withdrawn in 2001 and (as of 2012) several have been cut up, and the future of the rest is unclear. Today some of these locomotives are still mostly seen as freight trains rather than passenger trains.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Portuguese locomotives", "target_page_ids": [ 23033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Locomotive 1805 has been preserved in operational condition by the Portuguese National Railway Museum at Entroncamento. Since the 1980s it had been painted in CP's corporate orange livery; it has been repainted in its original distinctive blue livery by the CP workshop at Contumil near Porto. While still an integral part of the National Railway Museum, is set to return to service pulling tourist trains in the Douro River Line.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Portuguese locomotives", "target_page_ids": [ 34616738, 1810770, 100715, 68691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 101 ], [ 105, 118 ], [ 287, 292 ], [ 413, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Class 50 locomotives proved popular with rail enthusiasts, with eighteen locomotives saved for preservation and several subsequently registered for use on the mainline.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 737838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An ambitious project involving preserved Class 50s was \"Operation Collingwood\", an engineering charity established in the early 1990s. The aim had been to train young engineering apprentices by getting them to rebuild railway locomotives and Class 50s were chosen both for the fact that they were a British design throughout and that all were named (so the apprentices would derive some pride from rededication ceremonies at the completion of their work). To this end, Operation Collingwood purchased and stored 50001, 50023, 50029, 50030, 50040 and 50045. All except 50029 and 50030 were heavily stripped examples sold to scrapyards for final cutting up. The intention was to restore them by using industrial sponsorship money to build an engineering centre and overhaul the components, making brand new ones where necessary to overcome lack of availability of some parts unique to the original design. These ambitions failed when sponsorship did not reach the required level and the project lost various key people. The charity was wound up in 2002; 50001/023/040 and 045 were sold back to scrapyards and their state as little more than bodyshells deterred most further preservation attempts. 50045 was scrapped to provide spares for preserved 50026, and 50001 met a similar fate. A private individual made an attempt to restore 50023 using some parts from 50001 but this was abandoned and the shell was cut up a few years after the initial purchase. 50040 could have been suitable for cosmetic restoration, but after many years untouched and in a derelict state at the Coventry Railway Centre, it finally had all remaining parts stripped for spares and was transported to Sims Metals of Halesowen for scrapping. The cutting of the derelict hulk was completed by Wednesday 2 July 2008. 50029 and 50030 were in far better mechanical condition, and were sold to a preservation group for full restoration.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 162619, 554919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 190 ], [ 1490, 1510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "50043 Eagle was purchased in almost working order (the main generator had failed, a very common Class 50 problem) but it was never intended for restoration. Instead the power unit was gutted to provide parts for preserved Class 40 no. 40118 as the two share a very similar design of diesel engine. Eagle was then subjected to a further bout of stripping when electrical and other parts were sold to various Class 50 preservationists. Although cosmetically very smart, the loco was by this stage unrestorable and although an ambitious private individual did try, this effort soon came to naught and it was scrapped to provide parts for 50026 Indomitable. 50026 itself was rescued from Booth's Scrapyard in 1993.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 828143, 2853997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 230 ], [ 685, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once preserved, 50002 became the first class 50 to operate a train for a private excursion on the South Devon Railway (April 1992), while 50031 was the first to operate a train for fare paying passengers (Severn Valley Railway May 1992). 50031 was also the first to operate on the mainline, hauling the Past Time Railtours Pilgrim Hoover train from Birmingham International to Plymouth on 1 November 1997. Since then several other members of the class have also been passed for use on Network Rail (was Railtrack) lines. However, with changes in the UK's Rail Access regulations (requiring fitment of additional equipment: TPWS/OTMR/GSMR) some of these locos are no longer of a standard to continue mainline operation. At present, 50007, 50008, 50044, 50049 & 50050 are passed for main line running. The owner of 50021 & 50026 aims to restore them to mainline use in the near future.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 253593, 145436, 26081, 808512, 2150880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 374 ], [ 486, 498 ], [ 504, 513 ], [ 624, 628 ], [ 629, 633 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One locomotive, 50017, was hired to Venice Simplon Orient Express (VSOE) to work the Northern Belle service from Bath to Manchester Victoria. As part of the contract it was painted in LMS-style maroon livery. Following this, the loco spent several years dumped at Tyseley locomotive works before being sold to a private individual. The loco was then restored to working order at the Plym Valley Railway, before being sold to Boden Railway Engineering a few years later. In Feb 2019 the engine was sold from Boden Rail to the Great Central Railway minus it's mainline equipment.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 4439501, 2385950, 310287, 187448, 1161294, 349706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 65 ], [ 113, 117 ], [ 121, 140 ], [ 184, 187 ], [ 383, 402 ], [ 525, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003 the National Railway Museum decided to dispose of 50033 due to an inability to commit to maintenance and storage costs. This was subject to a suitable owner being found for what was now a museum asset. After spending a period on loan to the North Yorkshire Moors Railway in 2004 the locomotive was moved to the Swindon Steam Railway Museum. However, soon after it was sent on to the Tyseley Locomotive Works as part of a proposed move to the RailSchool project and Royal Docks Heritage Railway in North Woolwich, London. When the Crossrail project was authorised, this scheme fell by the wayside, stranding 50033 at the Birmingham Railway Museum (Tyseley). After a period the ownership of the loco was transferred between the museums in lieu of storage payments. Unfortunately due to lack of covered accommodation the loco was stored in the open. This situation ended in February 2018, when an agreement between the Birmingham Railway Museum and the Fifty Fund was reached to return the locomotive to operational use. As part of this arrangement the locomotive was moved to the Severn Valley Railway in May of the same year. After an intense restoration effort the loco hauled trains at the Class 50 Golden Anniversary Gala in October 2018. As the loco was still in undercoat, it was possible for gala attendees to graffiti the loco body for a payment towards its full repaint - an exercise that raised over £3,800.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 186339, 142175, 1350533, 1167478, 10737078, 387712, 1167478, 1167478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 35 ], [ 249, 278 ], [ 319, 347 ], [ 391, 415 ], [ 473, 501 ], [ 505, 519 ], [ 628, 653 ], [ 924, 949 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, 50031 and 50049 were on long term hire to Arriva Trains Wales (ATW), for use on special services in connection with events at the Millennium Stadium, and over the summer period saw regular use on the Monday to Saturday \"Fishguard Flyer\" from Cardiff to Fishguard and return, in connection with the ferry sailing to Ireland. One of the two locomotives was used for the service each day, along with 4 Mark 2 coaches, the short formation and high power leading to very good performance. This arrangement lasted for one year. At the end of this period 50031 failed whilst working an ECS (Empty Coaching Stock) train, again for ATW.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 346605, 113367, 1208338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 70 ], [ 229, 238 ], [ 408, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the summer of 2008 50044 \"Exeter\" was fitted with OTMR, and the TPWS fitted previously was commissioned. In October 2008 '44 was re-registered for mainline use, and operated its first revenue mainline train on 18 October 2008, when it worked, in multiple with 50049 \"Defiance\" on a railtour from Manchester Piccadilly to Minehead.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 2150880, 808512, 209875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 61 ], [ 71, 75 ], [ 303, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several owning groups have ceremonially re-dedicated their locomotives to the warships whose names they carry. The HMS Hood Association rededicated 50031 Hood at the Mid Hants Railway, unveiling new crests. The crew of HMS Exeter re-dedicated D444 Exeter at the Severn Valley Railway a year before the vessel was decommissioned, unveiling a crest and early-BR-style nameplates. The captain of HMS Ark Royal performed the re-dedication ceremony for 50135 Ark Royal at the Eastleigh 100 Open Days.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 653944, 142154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 183 ], [ 262, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "October 2018 saw the Severn Valley Railway host the 'Class 50 Golden Jubilee' gala, celebrating fifty years since the class was introduced into traffic. Eleven of the eighteen preserved 50s attended the event, these being: 50007, 50008, 50015, 50017, 50026 (non-operational), 50031, 50033, 50035, 50044, 50049 and 50050. This made it the largest gathering of a single type of locomotive in preservation history. Of significance was 50033, which had undergone a speedy overhaul since transferring to the railway in May of that year, hauling its first passenger trains since 2004.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 142154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seven of the preserved class 50s have operated on the mainline in preservation, these being: 50050 Fearless, 50007 Hercules, 50008 Thunderer, 50017 Royal Oak, 50031 Hood, 50044 Exeter and 50049 Defiance.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lima produced the first model of the Class 50 in OO gauge - initially in unrefurbished condition - with Graham Farish producing the type in British N gauge. Neither of these models are now available new, but second-hand models do appear from time to time.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Model railways", "target_page_ids": [ 85423, 145490, 1465380, 15999042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 49, 57 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 140, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003, Hornby Railways launched its first version of the BR Class 50 in OO gauge. Hornby have since updated the Class 50 and have produced models of 50007 Hercules and 50049 Defiance in GBRF colours as part of their 2020 range. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Model railways", "target_page_ids": [ 663962, 145490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 74, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recently, Heljan have also made models of Class 50 in O gauge which includes 50007 Hercules as Sir Edward Elgar in GWR green, 50149 Defiance in BR Railfreight general sector triple grey, 50017 Valiant in BR Civil Engineers 'Dutch' grey and yellow and 50008 Thunderer in BR Laira Blue as well as unnamed and unnumbered 50s in BR Blue, and in the original and revised Network South East livery. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Model railways", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dapol have also released a model of the Class 50 in N gauge which include samples in BR Blue, BR large logo Blue and the original NSE livery.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Model railways", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 50015 Bury Valiant Group - Information on D415/50015 based at the East Lancashire Railway", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Fifty Fund - Supporters group for the locomotives owned and operated by The Class 50 Alliance Ltd. - Information on all class 50s and specific coverage of 50007 Hercules, 50031 Hood, 50035 Ark Royal, 50044 Exeter and 50049 Defiance all nominally based at the Severn Valley Railway", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Class 50 loco-by-loco photo gallery", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " English Electric Archive – gallery dedicated to English Electric Type 4 Co-Co (British Rail Class 50) locomotives in preservation and their restoration", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 50042 - Information on 50042 Triumph based at the Bodmin and Wenford Railway", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "British_Rail_diesel_locomotives", "Co-Co_locomotives", "English_Electric_locomotives", "Vulcan_Foundry_locomotives", "Railway_locomotives_introduced_in_1967", "Standard_gauge_locomotives_of_Great_Britain", "Diesel-electric_locomotives_of_Great_Britain" ]

[ "English Electric Type 4" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Genoa (Italian Provincia di Genova) was a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Genoa. It was replaced by Metropolitan City of Genoa.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14708, 316057, 71864, 14532, 47332321, 46951493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 30 ], [ 58, 66 ], [ 74, 81 ], [ 92, 97 ], [ 127, 132 ], [ 153, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an area of and a total population of about 0.9 million (2009). There are 67 communes in the Metropolitan City of Genoa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The city of Genoa would be named after a mythical two-headed God, Janus, protector of ships. Or it could derives from a Ligurian tribal word, for \"knee\" (genu), or the Latin name for gate, \"janua\". The city is set at the foot of mountains in the Gulf of Genoa at the most northerly end of the Tyrrhenian Sea, where at one time it ruled the maritime world. Genoa has fine examples of Baroque Church and Palace architecture.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 159852, 47332321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 71 ], [ 356, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the establishment of the Republic of Genoa in the 11th century, the whole territory subjected to it was divided into underlying local podesterias. At the same time, in some areas of the Genoese territory, the creation of lordships, subjected or, in other cases, even semi-independent from Genoa, were administered by the various noble families of the time; among these the Fieschi, the Spinola, the Doria and the Malaspina, among the best known. Administrative and jurisdictional divisions of the territory which on several occasions also led to clashes between cities, sometimes even neighboring ones, in favor or against the domination of \"La Superba\". ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 559961, 34645, 793425, 2768771, 23331924, 1127061, 53830355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 47 ], [ 55, 67 ], [ 139, 150 ], [ 378, 385 ], [ 391, 398 ], [ 404, 409 ], [ 418, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The history of the provincial territory remained almost tied to the historical facts that affected the Genoese republic, until its end in 1797. In 1800, Napoleon became Emperor and King of Italy, and it became part of the French Empire. When Napoleon was defeated in 1814, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. At that time Genoa was the most important port and trading center in Italy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 69880, 21486771, 47332321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 161 ], [ 295, 314 ], [ 329, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Genoa was established in 1859 by decree and was established on 1 March 1860. The first chairman was Antonio Caveri, a lawyer. It was subdivided into five districts, Levante, Chiavari, Genoa, Savona, and Albenga, which largely corresponded to previous divisions of the Republic of Genoa, which had broken up after Napoleon's Italian campaign. King Vittorio Emanuele II approved the province's coat of arms in 1875 and they were amended in 1933 by the Fascist Government by the addition of fasces.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 69880, 868542, 69818, 11755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 337 ], [ 340, 356 ], [ 358, 383 ], [ 504, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most populated municipalities", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Below is a list of the ten municipalities of the province sorted by number of inhabitants at 31 December 2010:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aveto Natural Regional Park", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11780080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wikipedia in Ligurian language", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Genoa", "Former_provinces_of_Italy", "Metropolitan_City_of_Genoa", "Provinces_of_Liguria", "2015_disestablishments_in_Italy", "States_and_territories_disestablished_in_2015" ]

[ "Genoa", "Genoa Province", "provincia di Genova" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Bedwas is a town situated two miles north-east of Caerphilly, south Wales, situated in the Caerphilly county borough, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 339588, 69894, 654592, 338147, 370053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ], [ 68, 73 ], [ 91, 116 ], [ 129, 148 ], [ 152, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bedwas neighbours Trethomas, Graig-y-Rhacca and Machen, and forms a council ward in conjunction with those communities.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448535, 52132881, 1451715, 3283310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 29, 43 ], [ 48, 54 ], [ 76, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name Bedwas means \"grove, bank or place of birch trees\", which is found in more modern Welsh as .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally a farming community, Bedwas was originally called Lower Bedwas. Maesycwmmer, a small village not far from Bedwas, was called Upper Bedwas. The two villages became known as what we know them today in the 19th century. Bedwas owes much of its own development to the development of the South Wales coalfield and the Welsh coal mining industry. This is depicted in the early Census records. According to the 1811 census, Lower Bedwas consisted of 47 occupied houses and 65 families. 59 of these families were engaged in agriculture and 6 in trade, manufacture and handicraft. There were 254 residents in Lower Bedwas in 1811, 130 males and 124 females. By 1911, the population had risen to 3231 according to the census. In the late 19th century it was home to four coal pits and the construction of a large-scale colliery, Bedwas Navigation Colliery, had been completed by 1913. The colliery suffered an explosion in 1912.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early history", "target_page_ids": [ 6439604, 3445202, 208413, 6889, 208413, 15849369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 89 ], [ 297, 318 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 385, 391 ], [ 823, 831 ], [ 833, 859 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bedwas is the village where the runner and \"fastest man in Wales\", Guto Nyth Brân, died in 1737. After winning a 12-mile race between Bedwas and Newport for 1000 guineas, he suffered a heart attack in the arms of his wife. There is a plaque commemorating him opposite the Church Inn, on the wall of the church at the top of the village.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Guto Nyth Brân", "target_page_ids": [ 826851, 338052, 225453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 81 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 162, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bedwas Navigation Colliery, along with other collieries, closed in the Miners' Strike of 1984–85, and did not re-open. Light industry replaced mining as the main local employer. Bedwas House Industrial Estate houses the home of the nationwide brand Peter's Pies, a local depot for Stagecoach Buses, DAS Motor Claims Centre, a Brewery (Well Drawn Brewing Co)and Cider Producer (Williams Brothers. There are 4 pubs (Fisherman's Rest, The Bridgend Inn, The Wonky Bar and The Church House).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Present", "target_page_ids": [ 196171, 1040592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 96 ], [ 282, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Transport of both passengers and coal was provided by a local station located on the Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway. The line was never profitable even after grouping into the Great Western Railway company, and hence all passenger services were withdrawn by British Railways by December 1962 before the Beeching Axe. By 1980 only one section of survived, serving coal traffic to Bedwas Navigation Colliery, but after its demise the section between Bedwas and Machen was closed in 1985.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 1663745, 96875, 4385, 181323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 127 ], [ 188, 209 ], [ 270, 286 ], [ 315, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Bridge Field is home to Bedwas RFC who are currently in the Welsh Championship and also has an active comprehensive school side. There is also a longstanding Mini & Junior Football team BTM FC that has served the area since 1969, the club runs girls & boys Mini and Junior teams and currently plays in the TERV (Taff Ely & Rhymney Valley) League. Past players for BTM include former Cardiff City captain and Wales International Jason Perry, former Nottingham Forest player Christian Edwards, and David Pipe of Newport County. The club was also an important part of the Bedwas and Trethomas Community Association which after over 10 years of fighting last year succeeded in getting a community hall built on the clubs site at Bryn Field, Bedwas which allows the club access to the excellent facilities the hall offers.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 1911908, 1911963, 5624949, 13199427, 157294, 4985253, 8052452, 285880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ], [ 106, 126 ], [ 387, 399 ], [ 432, 443 ], [ 452, 469 ], [ 477, 494 ], [ 500, 510 ], [ 514, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The parish church is dedicated to St. Barrwg, who was a disciple of St. Cadoc, and had a hermitage on what is now Barry (Barrwg) Island. The church is affiliated to the Church in Wales. It has a saddle-back tower, and dates back at least to the 12th Century, first appearing in historical records in 1102. The current (2021) rector is the Rev. Dean Aaron Roberts.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Parish church", "target_page_ids": [ 149937, 6815820, 291339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 34, 44 ], [ 169, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Men from Bedwas participate in one of the world's longest running epidemiology studies – The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. Since 1979, a representative sample of adult males born between 1918 and 1938, living in Caerphilly and the surrounding villages of Abertridwr, Bedwas, Machen, Senghenydd and Trethomas, have participated in the study. A wide range of health and lifestyle data have been collected throughout the study and have been the basis of over 400 publications in the medical press. A notable report was on the reductions in vascular disease, diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia attributable to a healthy lifestyle.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Health research", "target_page_ids": [ 40617207, 1724509, 1451715, 17658184, 1448535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 123 ], [ 257, 267 ], [ 277, 283 ], [ 285, 295 ], [ 300, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George Borrow passed through Bedwas in November 1854. He recorded it in his later book of his travels Wild Wales as Pentref Bettws, which he said meant village of the bead-house.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 205648, 11627720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 102, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bedwas Workmen's Hall", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 48205161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " www.geography.co.uk : photos of Bedwas and surrounding area", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Towns_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "There have been two rail crashes at Stafford in recent times:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 295903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "8 March 1996", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "August 1990", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4016401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A few miles away, there was the Hixon rail crash on 6 January 1968.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1486262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 48 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Imperia (, , Ligurian: Provinsa d’Imperia) is a mountainous and hilly province, in the Liguria region of Italy, situated between France to the north and the west, and the Ligurian Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Its capital is the city of Imperia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2200415, 316057, 71864, 14532, 5843419, 1226281, 19006, 30860758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ], [ 86, 94 ], [ 103, 110 ], [ 121, 126 ], [ 145, 151 ], [ 187, 199 ], [ 215, 232 ], [ 274, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To the east lies the Italian province of Savona while its western edge forms part of Italy's frontier with France (the département of Alpes-Maritimes) and it shares its northern border with the Piedmontese province of Cuneo. The mountain chain to the north of the province has several peaks above , with some peaks on the French border above such as Monte Saccarello at . Ranges of hills run down to the coast in a generally north-south direction, in effect making the province of Imperia a succession of hills and valleys ending at the coast in rocky headlands and small pebbly bays. Each valley tends to have its own seasonal river or torrential stream and only one valley can lay claim to a year-round river - the River Roia (or Roya in French) whose upper stretches are within France. This coast is in an earthquake zone and the deserted ruins of Baiardo and Bussana Vecchia are reminders of the 1887 earthquake. Bussana has become the haunt of hippies and artists.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1448640, 38523, 80989, 25061, 961044, 26620068, 11035304, 6569692, 963106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 47 ], [ 119, 130 ], [ 134, 149 ], [ 194, 202 ], [ 206, 223 ], [ 351, 367 ], [ 735, 739 ], [ 855, 862 ], [ 867, 882 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notwithstanding the terrain, the main communications infrastructure runs east-west along the coast. Several international express trains serve this coast while the motorway is characterised by many tunnels and viaducts. The nearest international airport is Nice Côte d'Azur Airport in France.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 291627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 259, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This stretch of coast shares much sentiment and history with the French coast, which as far as the Var just west of Nice was until 1860 a part of the northern Italian Kingdom of Sardinia and Savoy. Prehistoric cave remains were found near the French border at Balzi Rossi, although there is far more evidence of Roman civilisation. The coast road was the original Roman Via Aurelia and there are remains of a town including a Roman theatre near Ventimiglia. During the early Middle Ages until the 11th or 12th century, this part of the Ligurian coast was subject to various local lords such as the Doria and Grimaldi families and the Counts of Ventimiglia and Clavesana. Many hill-top villages date from this period when the coast was subject to raids from Saracen pirates and evidence of Saracen watchtowers can still be seen along the coast. It was only after this feudal period that Savoy and Genoa vied for control over this part of Liguria for over two centuries, in turn being replaced by French and Milanese dominance until the 16th century after which Genoa reasserted its control. During the years of Napoleon's French Empire, this coast became part of the French annexed 'Ligurian Republic'. Indeed, It is believed that Napoleon over-nighted in Imperia during his Italian campaign. The overthrow of Napoleon eventually led to this coast reverting to the House of Savoy and the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 83567, 47088, 21486771, 27885, 1467698, 1355570, 1127061, 966848, 1355570, 6555085, 46689, 46689, 27885, 47332321, 71864, 1523664, 69880, 30860758, 69880, 27885, 21486771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 102 ], [ 116, 120 ], [ 167, 186 ], [ 191, 196 ], [ 371, 382 ], [ 446, 457 ], [ 600, 605 ], [ 610, 618 ], [ 646, 657 ], [ 662, 671 ], [ 760, 767 ], [ 792, 799 ], [ 890, 895 ], [ 900, 905 ], [ 941, 948 ], [ 1186, 1203 ], [ 1235, 1243 ], [ 1260, 1267 ], [ 1315, 1323 ], [ 1379, 1384 ], [ 1393, 1412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With its close proximity to France, the province of Imperia is often viewed as just a continuation of the French Riviera and this stretch of coast is often referred to as the Italian Riviera. However, many historians claim that the Imperia resorts of Sanremo (also referred to incorrectly as San Remo), Bordighera and Ospedaletti (plus Alassio which is found in the adjoining province of Savona) formed the world's first 'Riviera', predating and originally outshining today's far more glitzy Côte d'Azur or French Riviera.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 266388, 66460, 245508, 2729258, 6569881, 2885385, 1448640, 266388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 120 ], [ 175, 190 ], [ 252, 259 ], [ 304, 314 ], [ 319, 330 ], [ 337, 344 ], [ 377, 395 ], [ 508, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 19th Century these resorts became very popular with wealthy Europeans, especially the British who can lay claim to starting the local tourism industry. It is claimed Britain's Queen Victoria once stayed on this coast and at one time there were large communities of resident British and Russian aristocrats who favoured the mild winter climate. Amongst those who lived on this coast are Queen Margherita of Savoy who lived in Bordighera, Alfred Nobel who died in Sanremo, the Russian Tsarina Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), Tchaikovsky who wrote his Eugene Onegin in Sanremo, Claude Monet who painted around Bordighera and finally Grock the famed Swiss clown who died in Imperia. These resorts remained popular with the British until the mid-20th century when Spain became more favoured.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 47923, 193887, 2729258, 851, 1444362, 24503, 708937, 6548, 2729258, 20782097, 30860758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 197 ], [ 400, 419 ], [ 433, 443 ], [ 445, 457 ], [ 499, 534 ], [ 536, 547 ], [ 562, 575 ], [ 588, 600 ], [ 620, 630 ], [ 643, 648 ], [ 683, 690 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today there are few remnants of these communities although traces of its past can be found in the Villa Hanbury (or Giardini Botanici Hanbury) near the French border, famed for its tropical and sub-tropical gardens founded by Sir Thomas Hanbury. Other examples are the Russian Orthodox church in Sanremo and the Villa Grock in Imperia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 7349601, 245508, 30860758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 142 ], [ 298, 305 ], [ 329, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nowadays the term \"Italian Riviera\" is used for the whole Ligurian coast as far east as La Spezia, so it is more accurate to refer to the coast of the Imperia province as the Riviera dei Fiori (or Riviera of Flowers). It takes this name from the exotic flora and important flower-growing industry centred on the Sanremo and Ventimiglia flower markets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 66460, 161618, 1355570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 88, 97 ], [ 325, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several ports and marinas along the coast including Sanremo and Imperia, although fishing boats have given way to pleasure craft of the rich. Tourism is still very important today, but apart from flower growing, olive cultivation and oil pressing are important mainstays around the city of Imperia. Sanremo is the tourist capital and chic-est and largest resort on this coast. As well as a Casino, Sanremo is home to the Sanremo Music Festival, a TV event in Italy. Bordighera supplies palms to the Vatican for Palm Sunday.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 30860758, 201785, 2729258, 313895, 24178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 301, 308 ], [ 433, 455 ], [ 479, 489 ], [ 512, 519 ], [ 524, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As well as sharing a common history, the local Ligurian language dialect of Imperia province is a mix of French and Italian, the architecture and cuisine also show many Italianate similarities. Pasta, fish, seafood, game, vegetables, herbs, nuts and fruit are all mainstays of the diet. Menton in France and Ventimiglia in Italy claim to be the first international joint-community. This coast even has its own princely version of the French Riviera's Principality of Monaco: Seborga near Ospedaletti claims an unrecognised and much-humoured independence from Italy dating back to those early feudal days.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 2200415, 429099, 1355570, 266388, 19261, 10431485, 6569881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 64 ], [ 289, 295 ], [ 310, 321 ], [ 437, 451 ], [ 454, 476 ], [ 479, 486 ], [ 492, 503 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although there are few examples of Renaissance or Baroque architecture in this part of Italy, most coastal towns and many hill-top villages still exhibit picturesque old quarters dating from the Middle Ages. There has been much development during the 20th century. In general the coastal strip has become over-populated while inland villages are steadily becoming depopulated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is a list of the ten most populous municipalities as of 31 December 2010:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Largest municipalities (by population)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Imperia", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Imperia", "provincia di Imperia" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of La Spezia (, Ligurian: Provinsa dea Spèza) is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of La Spezia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2200415, 316057, 71864, 14532, 161618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ], [ 64, 72 ], [ 80, 87 ], [ 98, 103 ], [ 132, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an area of and, , a total population of 220,225 inhabitants. There are 32 communes in the province (source: Italian institute of statistics Istat", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the province of La Spezia are the Cinque Terre, Portovenere and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto), a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Also more in this area are the villages of Brugnato, Montemarcello, Tellaro and Varese Ligure, which were included in the list of the most beautiful villages in Italy. In addition, the Province of La Spezia is one of the institutions awarded with the Gold Medal for Military Valour for the sacrifices of its people and its activities in the partisan struggle during the Second World War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 735147, 44940, 47301772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 49 ], [ 111, 137 ], [ 192, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two main lines cross the territory: the \"Tirrenica\" line linking the province to Genoa and Rome, and the \"Pontremolese\" line that goes in the direction of Parma and Milan/Venice. There are regular trains that connect the province with other italian cities, including Turin, Palermo and Ventimiglia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 36511, 32616, 19450529, 38881, 1355570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 170 ], [ 171, 177 ], [ 267, 272 ], [ 274, 281 ], [ 286, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the province there is the airport of Luni, which is used only by general aviation. The nearest airports with international and intercontinental connections are: the airport Cristoforo Colombo of Genova, Firenze-Pisa airport, and Milan Malpensa airport.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are two motorways that cross the territory. The A12 motorway which connects the province with Genoa and Livorno, and the A15 motorway, which connects La Spezia to Parma.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The fictional city of Portorosso in the 2021 animated film Luca was inspired by several towns in the province of La Spezia, such as Vernazza and Riomaggiore. The Pixar animation team visited Cinque Terre as well as Tellaro and Porto Venere for inspiration for the film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 64686462, 1104678, 1724149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 63 ], [ 215, 222 ], [ 227, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website (in Italian)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Tuttifrutti\" in the Province of La Spezia", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official page of tourism in Liguria", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tuttitalia ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_La_Spezia", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "provincia della Spezia", "provincia di Spezia" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Catrina Elizabeth Gulliver (born 30 November 1969) is an English professional darts player. She is the 10-time Women's World Professional Darts Champion of the British Darts Organisation (BDO). Her nickname is Golden Girl and in 2003, she was named as the BBC Midlands Sports Personality of the Year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 397713, 2158619, 19344654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 84 ], [ 161, 187 ], [ 257, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The daughter of publicans, Gulliver was born in Warneford Hospital in Leamington Spa, and was brought up in the small town of Southam in Warwickshire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 24578, 184281, 200311, 383648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 126, 133 ], [ 137, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She trained as a carpenter and joiner, and later taught carpentry and joinery at Mid-Warwickshire College, Leamington Spa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 189274, 2671777, 184281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 26 ], [ 81, 105 ], [ 107, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the introduction of the BDO Women's World Championship in 2001, Gulliver remained undefeated in the competition until her defeat in the 2008 Championship by Anastasia Dobromyslova. During this undefeated run Gulliver beat Francis Hoenselaar of the Netherlands to win the title on five occasions. Gulliver has the top 3 highest winning 3 dart averages in the Women's World Championship, all of which are higher than 90. During the 2008 tournament Trina stated on many occasions that she was not happy with the prize money and the game length compared to the men's competition. In 2008 the women's champion only received £6,000, whereas the men's champion wins £95,000 and the male competition is first to 7 sets whereas the women's is first to 2. Despite this she didn't enter the inaugural (and thus so far only) PDC Women's World Championship in 2010, that offered higher prize money than the BDO version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Darts career", "target_page_ids": [ 3921843, 8128433, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 184 ], [ 227, 245 ], [ 253, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gulliver was beaten in the 2009 World Championship Final by close friend Hoenselaar. In 2010 Gulliver defeated Hoenselaar, Deta Hedman and Rhian Edwards all 2-0 to become World Champion for the first time since 2007. In 2011 Gulliver defeated Wendy Weinstadtler, Irene Armstrong and Rhian Edwards all 2-0 to successfully defend the Women's World Championship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Darts career", "target_page_ids": [ 28322032, 28823849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 135 ], [ 140, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gulliver has been sponsored by the leading Global Darts Brand Winmau for over 10 Years, and in 2003 was named as the BBC Midlands Sports Personality of the Year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Darts career", "target_page_ids": [ 7407424, 571551, 21048975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 68 ], [ 117, 129 ], [ 130, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to darts and to charitable fundraising.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Darts career", "target_page_ids": [ 212182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gulliver married Paul Gulliver in 1994, after nine years together, and they lived in Southam, but divorced in 2005 after eleven years of marriage.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 200311 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the break up of her marriage, Gulliver became a secret alcoholic and used to drink four bottles of wine a night. She has spoken about her alcoholism and stated that, \"I was lucky to survive\". ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 2965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gulliver came out after her divorce, although she kept it a secret from her family because she felt that she was going to \"lose my sponsors, friends and whether my family would understand\". She then lived in Cheddar, Somerset until 2017 with her England ladies' darts colleague Sue Gulliver. They signed a registered partnership in July 2010. As of April 2022, her website stated she is \"Engaged to Nicole\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 6427, 51763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 215 ], [ 217, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gulliver's mother Muriel died on 5 January 2012, two days before the start of the BDO World Darts Championship. Trina still took part in the competition, at the request of her mother before she died.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2008 saw the publication of her autobiography, Golden Girl: The Autobiography of the Greatest Ever Ladies' Darts Player, which chronicles her ongoing rivalry with ladies' darts superstar and former Olympian Crissy Manley, wife of PDC player Peter Manley.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Autobiography", "target_page_ids": [ 2161626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001: Winner (beat Mandy Solomons 2–1)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2002: Winner (beat Francis Hoenselaar 2–1)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2003: Winner (beat Anne Kirk 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 20746874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2004: Winner (beat Francis Hoenselaar 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2005: Winner (beat Francis Hoenselaar 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2006: Winner (beat Francis Hoenselaar 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2007: Winner (beat Francis Hoenselaar 2–1)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2008: Runner-up (lost to Anastasia Dobromyslova 0-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 3921843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2009: Runner-up (lost to Francis Hoenselaar 1–2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 8128433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2010: Winner (beat Rhian Edwards 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 28823849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2011: Winner (beat Rhian Edwards 2–0)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 28823849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2012: Semi-finals (lost to Anastasia Dobromyslova 0–2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 3921843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2013: Semi-finals (lost to Anastasia Dobromyslova 1–2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 3921843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2014: First round (lost to Tamara Schuur 0–2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2015: Quarter-finals (lost to Lisa Ashton 0-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 20747036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2016: Winner (beat Deta Hedman 3-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 28322032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2017: Quarter-finals (lost to Aileen de Graaf 0-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 44081837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2018: Semi-finals (lost to Anastasia Dobromyslova 0-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 3921843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2019: Quarter-finals (lost to Lorraine Winstanley 0-2)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 32679978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2022: Second round (lost to Robert Thornton 0–3)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "World Championship results", "target_page_ids": [ 14313846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official Website", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Profile and stats on Darts Database", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1969_births", "Living_people", "English_carpenters", "English_darts_players", "Members_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire", "Sportspeople_from_Leamington_Spa", "LGBT_sportspeople_from_England", "Women_carpenters", "BDO_women's_world_darts_champions", "Female_darts_players", "Bisexual_sportspeople", "LGBT_darts_players" ]

[ "Catrina Elizabeth Gulliver" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Aldo Di Clemente (born 1948) is an Italian amateur astronomer (active 1996–1997). He has worked as a technician at the Campo Imperatore station of the Osservatorio astronomico di Roma (Astronomical Observatory of Rome) since 1982. His assistance was valuable in conducting the Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey (CINEOS).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 385155, 748, 1135942, 3652153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 42 ], [ 43, 61 ], [ 101, 111 ], [ 277, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The main-belt asteroid 91214 Diclemente, discovered by astronomers Andrea Boattini and Luciano Tesi in 1998, was named in his honour. Naming citation was published on 15 December 2005 ().", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1191321, 760273, 760285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 39 ], [ 67, 82 ], [ 87, 99 ] ] } ]

[ "1948_births", "Discoverers_of_asteroids", "20th-century_Italian_astronomers", "Living_people" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Savona (; Ligurian: provinsa de Sann-a) is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Savona, which has a population of 61,219 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 279,754.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2200415, 316057, 71864, 14532, 745321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 34 ], [ 61, 69 ], [ 77, 84 ], [ 95, 100 ], [ 129, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Savona was first settled by the Ligurian tribe of the Sabazi, who supported the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars. This support of the Carthaginian Empire led to Savona being conquered by the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, Savona allied with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and fought against Genoa. In 1440 it also fought against Genoa during its war against the Visconti of Milan; in response, Genoa sacked the city and destroyed the port and shipping. It allied itself with the French in the 16th century, but this campaign also failed and resulted in Genoa invading the area again, this time destroying three loaded ships and the port.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 424214, 6555, 24417, 25507, 68974, 559961, 46662088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 80, 93 ], [ 101, 111 ], [ 190, 202 ], [ 247, 279 ], [ 299, 304 ], [ 442, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was occupied by Napoleon's French forces at the start of the 19th century, but the area was later conquered from Napoleon by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Following this, ironworks were founded in Savona and the port revived.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The province of Savona is one of four provinces in the region of Liguria which forms a coastal strip in the northwest of Italy. Savona has a long coastline on the Gulf of Genoa; the Province of Imperia lies to the west and the Metropolitan City of Genoa lies to the east. The region of Piedmont lies inland, with the Province of Cuneo to the northwest and the provinces of Asti and Alessandria to the north. The provincial capital is the city of Savona. Inland is the mountain chain formed by the Ligurian Alps and the Apennines.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 71864, 2454486, 1448629, 46951493, 25061, 961044, 1449127, 1448810, 745321, 1916981, 200366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 72 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 182, 201 ], [ 227, 253 ], [ 286, 294 ], [ 317, 334 ], [ 373, 377 ], [ 382, 393 ], [ 446, 452 ], [ 497, 510 ], [ 519, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Savona", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Savona", "Savona province", "provincia di Savona" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is a rare, autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy (weakness and breakdown of muscular tissue) mainly described in Japan but also identified in Turkish and Ashkenazi Jewish patients; fifteen cases were first described on 1960 by Dr. Yukio Fukuyama.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1916, 68300, 18982, 15573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 66 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 85, 103 ], [ 168, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FCMD mainly affects the brain, eyes, and muscles, in particular, the disorder affects development of the skeletal muscles leading to weakness and deformed appearances, and brain development is blunted affecting cognitive functioning as well as social skills. In 1995, the disorder was linked to mutations in a gene coding for the protein fukutin (the FCMD gene). Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy is the second most prevalent form of muscular dystrophy in Japan. One out of every 90 people in Japan is a heterozygous carrier.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3717, 157898, 380541, 380541, 4250553, 13052131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 29 ], [ 31, 35 ], [ 41, 48 ], [ 105, 121 ], [ 310, 314 ], [ 338, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In terms of the signs/symptoms of Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy it is characterized by a decrease in skeletal muscle tone as well as an impairment in brain and eye development. Initial symptoms of FCMD present in early infancy as decreased ability to feed. Marked differences in facial appearance occur due to decreased muscle tone. Further characteristics include:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [ 380541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seizures", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [ 27154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Delay in development", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cardiac issues", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [ 36808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Swallowing difficulty", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Neurological problems", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [ 21226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy also affects the nervous system and various associated parts. FCMD affects normal development of the brain producing a broadly smooth, bumpy shaped cortex named cobblestone lissencephaly as well as various other malformations, notably micropolygyria. Children also experience delayed myelination in the brain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms and signs", "target_page_ids": [ 232048, 13395553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 226 ], [ 275, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cause of Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy is rooted in the FKTN gene, located at human chromosome 9q31, codes for the protein fukutin. Mutations in this gene, and therefore the fukutin protein, are the cause of FCMD. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cause", "target_page_ids": [ 4250553, 6438, 3406778, 13052131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 78 ], [ 97, 107 ], [ 108, 112 ], [ 137, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 9 is an autosome), and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cause", "target_page_ids": [ 1916, 16464479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 84 ], [ 309, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two mutations have been identified. The first and most common is an SVA retrotransposal insertion in the 3'-untranslated region. The second is a deep-intronic point mutation c.647+2084G>T. This second mutation has only been found to date in the presence of the first mutation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cause", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanism of this sub-type of muscular dystrophy consists of a mutation in the FKTN gene which results in a malformed fukutin protein. It is thought that fukutin modifies the alpha-dystroglycan protein, which is important in anchoring cells to certain molecules, specifically including some proteins. Alpha-dystroglycan in skeletal muscles helps to prevent the breakdown of muscle fibers through stabilization and protection. Alpha-dystroglycan also helps brain development by assisting in the migration of neurons. Most frequently, FKTN is mutated in such a way that creates a shortage of fukutin in the cell, which in turn creates problems during formation of alpha-dystroglycan leading to less stabilization of muscle cells. Use of the destabilized muscle fibers over time causes them to break down and a gradual decline in muscle tone and atrophy of muscle fibers occurs. The decline in cerebral fukutin causes neuronal cells to continue moving beyond their intended destination. Additionally, oxidative stress has some effect on astrocytes (as well as, neurons) when fukutin is subdued.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Pathophysiology", "target_page_ids": [ 7137808, 13052131, 1024090, 21120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 205 ], [ 596, 603 ], [ 1041, 1051 ], [ 1065, 1072 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In terms of diagnosis of Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, serum creatine kinase concentration and muscle biopsies can be obtained to help determine if the individual has FMCD. FKTN molecular genetic testing is used to determine a mutation in the FKTN gene after a serum creatine kinase concentration, muscle biopsies, and/or MRI imaging have presented abnormalities indicative of FCMD, the presence of the symptoms indicates Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. The available genetic test include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 337102, 310782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 120 ], [ 199, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Linkage analysis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Deletion analysis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 245186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sequence analysis - exons", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 10238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sequence analysis - entire coding region", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 509959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Currently this sub-type of muscular dystrophy has no cure and no definitive treatment exists. Treatment offers preventative tactics to delay muscle breakdown and increase life expectancy. Stretching and physical therapy can increase mobility. Treatment also includes correcting skeletal abnormalities through orthopedic surgery and other orthopedic techniques. Antiepileptic medication is administered to help prevent seizures. ACE inhibitors and beta blockers help treat heart conditions, and respiratory assistance is more than likely needed at some point for the affected individual.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Treatment", "target_page_ids": [ 2767, 180150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 432, 445 ], [ 451, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy has a poor prognosis. Most children with FCMD reach a maximum mobility at sitting upright and sliding. Due to the compounded effects of continually worsening heart problems, impaired mental development, problems swallowing and additional complications, children with FCMD rarely live through adolescence, the disorder proves fatal by age 20.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Prognosis", "target_page_ids": [ 19356, 196983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 229 ], [ 252, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Congenital muscular dystrophy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5144459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Muscular dystrophy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Muscular_dystrophy", "Rare_diseases" ]

[ "FCMD", "muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies) type A, 4", "MDDGA4", "Muscular dystrophy, congenital progressive, with mental retardation", "Cerebromuscular dystrophy, Fukuyama type", "Muscular dystrophy, congenital, Fukuyama type", "Muscular dystrophy, congenital, with central nervous system involvement", "Fukuyama type muscular dystrophy" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A Travelling Post Office (TPO) was a type of mail train used in Great Britain and Ireland where the post was sorted en route.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 51138, 13530298, 14560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 49 ], [ 64, 77 ], [ 82, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The TPO can be traced back to the earlier days of the railway, the first ever postal movement by rail being performed by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) on 11 November 1830. The Railways (Conveyance of Mails) Act 1838 obligated railway companies to carry mail, and thus specialised rolling stock was quickly provided; the first true TPO emerged that same year. Further innovations followed, such as the development of lineside apparatus for picking up and setting down mailbags while underway, and the use of dedicated mail trains. By 1914, there were 126 TPO carriages in operation throughout the United Kingdom, while numerous other nations had adopted the concept, wholly or in part, as well.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 186950, 6802013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 157 ], [ 190, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the latter part of the twentieth century, rail mail was subject to various changes. In Britain, Rail Express Systems (RES) was formed during the 1980s to rejuvenate the market, streamlining and centralising rail mail services, resulting in TPO coverage decreasing over the following years. During the 1990s, the Royal Mail, Britain's main customer for TPOs, ordered 16 four-car British Rail Class 325 electric multiple units to replace locomotive-hauled counterparts in handling parcels. However, wider economic factors, including increasingly effective mechanical sorting methods in comparison to the TPO's manned sorting, along with operational safety concerns, made it increasingly unattractive to continue operating such services. Accordingly, the final regular TPO service in Great Britain was performed on 9 January 2004, with the carriages themselves used sold for scrap or to preservation societies. Since then, the Royal Mail has occasionally transferred some mail by rail, but has preferred using aircraft or road vehicles for doing so.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1419127, 349823, 3127813, 3697808, 349823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 123 ], [ 319, 329 ], [ 385, 407 ], [ 408, 431 ], [ 931, 941 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 11 November 1830, the first ever postal movement by rail was made by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), which had come to an agreement with the General Post Office (GPO) to move their mail upon L&MR services. It quickly became apparent that the railways were providing a much faster method of conveying letters across the country than traditional horse-drawn coaches. Accordingly, the carriage of mail by train in Great Britain became a routine event within a matter of years. Initially, the movement of mail was at the choice of individual railway companies, being able to accept or refuse to do so at their discretion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 186950, 23310800, 13530298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 108 ], [ 157, 176 ], [ 427, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The passing of the Railways (Conveyance of Mails) Act 1838 substantially reshaped the rail mail market. Chiefly, it required all railway companies to carry mail, either by ordinary or special trains, as required by the Postmaster General; however, this act did not stipulate what was to be charged for such services. In addition to making it mandatory for railway companies to carry mail, the act also required the provision of carriages fitted for sorting it as required; to handle this new obligation, these companies quickly developed specialised rolling stock for the task.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6802013, 158586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 58 ], [ 219, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to industry periodical Rail Magazine, the first Travelling Post Office (TPO) carriage emerged during 1838, and credited George Kastadt, a surveyor employed by the GPO, with the concept. On 6 January 1838, Kastadt proposed a trial of a ‘travelling office’, of which the first run was conducted just weeks later. The advantage of this innovation was that time could be saved by sorting mail while it was being transported, rather than separately sorting it either beforehand or afterwards and thus taking more time to do so. This initial TPO was a converted horsebox and was initially operated on the Grand Junction Railway. Karstadt's son was one of two mail clerks who did the sorting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11462985, 186915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 566, 574 ], [ 609, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During 1845, the Midland Railway decided to extend their TPO services via Derby to Newcastle upon Tyne; and soon after reached Scotland. The first special postal train was operated by the Great Western Railway between London and Bristol; the inaugural train ran on 1 February 1855, leaving Paddington station at 20:46, and arriving at Bristol at 00:30.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 188429, 18727355, 70348, 26994, 96875, 17867, 36741, 152777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 32 ], [ 74, 79 ], [ 83, 102 ], [ 127, 135 ], [ 188, 209 ], [ 218, 224 ], [ 229, 236 ], [ 290, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to 1885, it was common practice for TPO carriages to be added to consists of normal passenger services. That same year, the first dedicated Mail Special was conducted. Early on, the TPOs were relatively barebones in terms of their onboard facilities. Internal space was limited and prioritised for the principal purpose of sorting mail, thus measures to enhance staff comfort was typically more of an afterthought. Initially, toilets were not even provided, although this position was reportedly reversed after the accidental death of a postal worker while relieving himself at the rear of a TPO.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While rail mail had emerged in Britain, the country was quickly followed by many of the member nations within the British Commonwealth along with various third party countries. TPOs were usually equipped with letter boxes, enabling people in stations to post mail whilst the train was stationary. The post-marks from TPOs are valued by philatelists.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21175158, 23681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 134 ], [ 336, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During 1866, apparatus for picking up and setting down mailbags without stopping was installed at Slough and Maidenhead. This concept had first been patented in 1838 by Nathaniel Worsdell, first deputy mayor of Crewe, and carriage and wagon superintendent at Crewe Works. Use of the system became prevalent over the following decades, it became commonplace for TPO carriages to be fitted with several for handling automated mail pickups/dropoffs, sometimes being furnished with four separate arms per carriage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 45221, 206470, 23273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 104 ], [ 109, 119 ], [ 149, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1914, there were 126 TPO carriages in operation throughout the United Kingdom. They were only referred to as TPOs for the first time in 1928, prior to this, the common term for mail carriages had been Railway Post Offices (RPOs).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the nationalisation of the railways and the formation of British Rail (BR) in the late 1940s, TPOs continued to be operated by this new state-owned company. However, it was during the BR era that the transportation of mail by rail acquired an negative reputation for unreliability due to services frequently experiencing delays, typically resulting in late arrivals.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1963, the year of the Great Train Robbery, there were 49 mail trains in service, with between one and five TPOs being typically attached to passenger trains, while complete TPO trains were routinely being operated between London and Aberdeen and Penzance. The final mail drop from a moving train using automatic apparatus was carried out on 4 October 1971 at a location just north of Penrith. Although there were in excess of 40 TPOs running at this time, item transfers were only carried out at stations after this date.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 154189, 1627, 350532, 460631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 44 ], [ 236, 244 ], [ 249, 257 ], [ 387, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1980s, BR planners endeavoured to rejuvenate numerous aspects of its operations and to better fulfil customer demands. Under the policy of Sectorisation, the TPOS and all rail mail operations were consolidated into their own business unit, Rail Express Systems (RES). This reorganisation under its own management team led to a new focus of its operations on the specific needs of its primary customer, the Royal Mail (RM).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8076283, 1419127, 349823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 163 ], [ 251, 271 ], [ 417, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seeking to rejuvenate rail mail, RES devised a £150 million strategy that focused on long-distance services that worked in conjunction with a central hub based in London at its heart, known as Railnet. During late 1993, RED and RM had signed a 13-year deal with RES to operate the trains from this new hub, also referred to as the London Distribution Centre or the Princess Royal Distribution Centre, at Stonebridge Park, near Wembley. Furthermore, RM commissioned ABB to manufacture 16 four-car British Rail Class 325 electric multiple units, which were designed specifically for the transport of pre-sorted mail.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 370164, 94377, 195678, 3127813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 404, 420 ], [ 427, 434 ], [ 465, 468 ], [ 496, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the privatisation of British Rail in the mid 1990s, all British TPOs were acquired along with RES by the privately owned company English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS) in February 1996. Following the opening of the new London hub on 30 September 1996, British rail mail operations were drastically restructured; only dedicated mail trains were operated after this date while TPOs were no longer based at any main line stations, as it had been decided to centrally base all London TPOs at the hub instead. Accordingly, the final TPO services departed King's Cross, Euston, Liverpool Street and Paddington stations on 27 September 1996.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 710043, 586628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 43 ], [ 139, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The restructuring of services, intended to enable the faster delivery of mail to distant destinations, necessitated the streamlining of both mail pick-ups and drop-offs, a policy which resulted in many intermediate locations seeing the permanent withdrawal of coverage by TPOs. Instead, mail was to be transported by road to the 45 stations that would be served by the remaining TPO services. Despite this, the increasing efficiency of mechanical sorting in comparison to the hand sorting methods used onboard TPOs meant that the latter was becoming increasingly uneconomic regardless of these changes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A further factor that negatively impacted TPO operations was the Hatfield rail crash during October 2000, which led to numerous restrictions being imposed upon TPOs, including new speed limitations and numerous cancellations across many routes. There were also rising concerns over wellbeing of workers within TPOs, as there was little consideration towards crashworthiness or the wellbeing of the occupants in the event of a major accident. Furthermore, RM had increasingly decided to make use of other means of transporting mail, including aircraft and road vehicles.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 917407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Amid these various factors, during 2003, it was announced that Royal Mail had decided to suspend all transportation of mail by rail. The discontinuation of TPOs reportedly saved RM £10m per year, while the contract to operate them reportedly equated to 10 per cent of EWS’ overall business, representing a major loss to the company. The last TPO services went out on the night of 9 January 2004, marking the end of sorting of mail on trains in Britain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, Royal Mail did restore the movement of some already-sorted letters by rail in time for the Christmas season that year, contracting with EWS's competitor GB Railfreight to resume bulk transfer services along the West Coast Main Line between its mail terminals at London (Willesden), Warrington and Glasgow (Sheildmuir) using the dedicated Class 325 electric multiple units that had been in operation since 1996. In 2009, the contract for these mail trains was transferred to EWS's successor DB Schenker Rail. For flexibility, Royal Mail had preserved rail access to its distribution centres on Tyneside (Low Fell) and at Tonbridge in Kent, and did occasionally send mail trains to Low Fell, for example when Newcastle Airport was closed by snow. In June 2013, a regular service resumed from Low Fell.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12085438, 182538, 4253913, 3127813, 586628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 176 ], [ 220, 240 ], [ 315, 325 ], [ 347, 356 ], [ 499, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The carrying of mail by train commenced on 6 April 1835 and early TPOs began on Irish trains on the Dublin to Cork line on 1 January 1855, though general post-carrying vehicles had been around since the early days of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway. By 1910, a total of 13 TPOs were in operation throughout the country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ireland", "target_page_ids": [ 4828195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1958, Coras Iompair Eireann built four modern TPOs for Department of Posts and Telegraphs at their Inchicore Works. Some time before their withdrawal it had been decided that two would be dedicated to use on the Cork Mail and two to the Galway Mail, both of which originated from Connolly station in Dublin. The movement of post by rail in Ireland ended in 1994 with the last day mails on 14 January and the final operational night mails on 17 January on both the Cork and Galway routes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ireland", "target_page_ids": [ 497797, 493141, 55552313, 3020071, 6801497, 969079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 30 ], [ 58, 92 ], [ 102, 117 ], [ 215, 219 ], [ 240, 246 ], [ 283, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two of the 1958-built TPOs survived into preservation- 2977 of the Cork Mails and 2978 of the Galway Mails. Both are at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway, who own 2978, whilst 2977 is still owned by An Post.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ireland", "target_page_ids": [ 1084276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several Royal Mail TPOs have been preserved along with stowage vans and general utility vans (GUVs). Only one PCV (Propelling Control Vehicle) remains, currently at the Mid-Norfolk Railway. At these preserved lines the TPOs can be seen performing a live drop off/pick up from a preserved lineside apparatus. The Great Central Railway and the Nene Valley Railway are leading this endeavour with many weekends devoted to Mail by Rail. Other lines are following in their wake.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Preservation", "target_page_ids": [ 1481652, 1165388, 349706, 907798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 141 ], [ 169, 188 ], [ 312, 333 ], [ 342, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "TPOs were formed of several different types of vehicle:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Post Office Sorting Van", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 1607133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Post Office Stowage Van", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 2409694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brake Post Office Stowage Van", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 2409706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Propelling Control Vehicle", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 1481652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brake Van", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 329959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "General Utility Van", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "TPO vehicles", "target_page_ids": [ 1606792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Great Central Steam Railway - where the Travelling Post Office and Mail Exchange on the Move is recreated", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 349706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Great Train Robbery (1963) in which £2.3 million was stolen from a Glasgow to London TPO train", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 154189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Night Mail - Film and poem about Travelling Post Office", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6351105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Railways (Conveyance of Mails) Act 1838", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6802013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Railway post office - North American term for cars that served similar functions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1107867, 21139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 23, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SNCF TGV La Poste - French Post Office dedicated TGV sets.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2327360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " British Rail Class 325, Royal Mail EMUs used in Britain.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3127813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " London Post Office Railway, that Royal Mail used to transport mail across London on private underground tracks.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nene Valley Railway, where visitors can ride the TPOs and get off at a remote exchange point to watch the mail pickup/drop off.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 907798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Travelling Post Office, British Postal Museum and Archive", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 10889753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British Postal Museum & Archive - Victorian Travelling Post Office.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Travelling Post Offices, Allan Yeo website.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Parcels and Post Office Traffic, Mike Smith 'Goods and Not So Goods' website.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mail by Rail, John Chenery 'Light Straw' website.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Friends of M30272M TPO Group, Nene Valley Railway (via archive.org)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 907798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schedule of mail trains operating from London (Willesden) in 2002", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "TPO and Seapost Society for all collectors of Rail and Ship Mail worldwide", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , an account of Travelling Post Offices in the 1930s", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "British_railway_wagons", "DB_Cargo_UK", "Philatelic_terminology", "Postal_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Postal_vehicles", "Sorting_offices" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Back to the Future (also known as Back to the Future: The Animated Series) is an animated science-fiction comedy adventure television series for television based on the live-action Back to the Future film trilogy. The show lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991 to December 26, 1992 with reruns until August 14, 1993. The network chose not to renew the show for a third season (citing low ratings). It was later rerun on Fox, as a part of the FoxBox block, from March 22 to August 30, 2003.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 593, 19508643, 1359577, 37653, 46252, 373293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 89 ], [ 123, 140 ], [ 181, 212 ], [ 282, 285 ], [ 469, 472 ], [ 491, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the series takes place after the films, creator Bob Gale has stated that the animated series and the comic books take place in their own 'what if' and alternate timelines. This show marked the debut television appearance of Bill Nye on a nationally broadcast show.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1286515, 10276064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ], [ 233, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the conclusion of Back to the Future Part III, in 1991, Dr. Emmett Brown moved into a farm in Hill Valley with his wife Clara, their sons Jules and Verne, and the family dog, Einstein. As with the films, time travel was achieved through the use of a modified DeLorean, which had apparently been rebuilt after it was destroyed at the end of the trilogy. The DeLorean now has voice-activated \"time circuits\" and can also travel instantaneously to different locations in space and time, in addition to folding into a suitcase. The characters also travel through time using the steam engine time machine Doc invented at the end of the third film.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [ 213275, 2207150, 362059, 5299314, 5299314, 5299314, 5299314, 31591, 1436547, 11978558, 196788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 55 ], [ 66, 82 ], [ 104, 115 ], [ 130, 135 ], [ 148, 153 ], [ 158, 163 ], [ 185, 193 ], [ 214, 225 ], [ 269, 277 ], [ 367, 375 ], [ 584, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Marty McFly is the show's main character and Jennifer Parker makes occasional appearances, the show focused primarily on the Brown family, whereas the films focused on the McFly family. The film's villain, Biff Tannen, also appeared frequently. In addition, relatives of the McFly, Brown, and Tannen families were plentiful in the past or future parallel time zones visited. Unlike the films, which took place entirely in Hill Valley and the surrounding area, the series frequently took the characters to exotic locations. At the end of every episode, Doc Brown would appear to do an experiment, often related to the episode's plot. The first season also included post-credits segments with Biff Tannen telling a joke related to the episode, alluding to Thomas F. Wilson's career as a stand-up comedian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [ 399100, 5299314, 486851, 273626, 103067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ], [ 54, 69 ], [ 215, 226 ], [ 763, 779 ], [ 794, 811 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marty McFly (voiced by David Kaufman) – The main character of the series. Marty spends a lot of time visiting the Brown house where Doc, Clara, and their sons live. He continues to travel through time alongside Jennifer, Doc and the rest of the Brown family on many of their misadventures. Marty and Jennifer become students at Hill Valley College after graduating from Hill Valley High School.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 399100, 2253321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 24, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jennifer Parker (voiced by Cathy Cavadini) – Marty's girlfriend.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 5299314, 3380707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 28, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Emmett \"Doc\" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in live-action segments, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated segments) – Marty's middle-aged best friend and the inventor of the DeLorean time machine, which he built out of a DeLorean sports car in 1985; he subsequently built a locomotive time machine from 1885 to 1895. In the first episode of the series, the DeLorean is apparently being rebuilt with added features, nodding to the events of Back to the Future Part III. He lives with Clara and two sons Jules and Verne.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 2207150, 61166, 11978558, 17717, 213275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 87, 103 ], [ 188, 209 ], [ 288, 298 ], [ 454, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Einstein (voiced by Danny Mann (season 1) and Hal Rayle (season 2)) – The faithful sheep dog living with Doc, Clara, Jules, and Verne. He is also Marty's friend.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 5299314, 8465558, 177290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 47, 56 ], [ 84, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clara Clayton Brown (voiced by Mary Steenburgen) – Doc's wife, who, along with the rest of the family, moved to the 20th century. She and the Browns lived in a farmhouse outside Hill Valley in 1991. Clara's embracive nature has meant she's settled well into 20th-century life and became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary. She occasionally joins her husband, sons, and Marty on their time travel road trips.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 5299314, 155915, 4789943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 32, 48 ], [ 398, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jules Brown (voiced by Josh Keaton) – Doc's eldest son; his middle name is revealed in the series as Eratosthenes. Jules is intelligent for his age and, similarly to his father, uses long words in his everyday vocabulary, insisting on calling Marty McFly by his full name \"Martin\". Jules is top of the class in his school due to his gifted knowledge; however, he is not very popular among the other kids due to their more collective trends and has but a few friends. He has a crush on his classmate Franny Philips and enjoys baseball and inventing, often helping his father crack down conclusions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 5299314, 1849606, 3850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 24, 35 ], [ 526, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Verne Brown (voiced by Troy Davidson) – Jules' younger brother. He is charming and adventurous but fairly vulnerable, not taking well to losing out or things he doesn't particularly enjoy doing. He is almost always seen wearing a raccoon skin cap which he clearly loves and inspired his regular insult, \"skunkhead\", which he often uses towards his more uptight brother. (He also showed no qualm and in fact appeared to particularly enjoy himself wearing garb and open-toed sandals during the Roman Holiday adventure, which other boys from his modern time might have had gripes about, indicating he wouldn't have minded wearing such more often if he had the opportunity.) Unlike Jules, Verne is quite popular at school and has many friends, including Marty McFly. Verne also developed a rivalry with Biff Tannen's son, Biff Jr.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 5299314, 2774588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 231, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biff Tannen (voiced by Thomas F. Wilson) – Biff is the great-grandson of Buford \"Mad Dog\" Tannen and is the present-day villain of the series, although most episodes feature his numerous ancestors or descendants instead (Marty once rhetorically questioned if there was a \"Biff\" in every time period and place they visited). In the series, Biff also has a son, Biff Jr. (voiced by Benji Gregory). During the first season, Biff would tell a joke after the end credits.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 486851, 273626, 5299314, 254515, 5637479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 24, 40 ], [ 74, 97 ], [ 121, 128 ], [ 381, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mary Steenburgen (Clara Clayton Brown) and Thomas F. Wilson (Biff Tannen) voiced their characters from the films. Christopher Lloyd played Doc Brown in the live-action segments which opened and closed each episode while Dan Castellaneta provided the animated Doc Brown's voice. James Tolkan, who previously portrayed Principal Strickland from the films, voiced an unnamed Civil Defense Warden in the episode \"Marty Mcfly PFC\". In addition, Bill Nye appeared as Dr. Brown's Lab Assistant during the live-action segments at the end of each episode performing scientific experiments related to the episode. Nye also serves as the show's technical advisor. These segments later led to Nye getting his own show.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 155915, 5299314, 273626, 486851, 256406, 2207150, 61166, 2162574, 10276064, 717037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 18, 37 ], [ 43, 59 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 139, 148 ], [ 220, 236 ], [ 278, 290 ], [ 440, 448 ], [ 697, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the show no longer airs on television, nine VHS cassettes and three laserdisc volumes of the series were released from 1993 to 1994, chronicling 18 of the 26 episodes. The complete show was released on DVD on October 20, 2015 for the first time, both individually and as part of the Back to the Future: The Complete Adventures collection (which also includes all three films of the trilogy). In addition, the first episode from each season of the animated series (Brothers and Mac the Black) are included as bonus materials in the Back to the Future: 30th Anniversary Trilogy set.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Home media", "target_page_ids": [ 52124, 255849, 11014498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 56 ], [ 77, 86 ], [ 211, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 14, 2016, Universal released an individual DVD of the show's first season in Region 1. Season 2 was released on September 13, 2016.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Home media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Daytime Emmy Awards", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 721437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1992 – Outstanding Film Sound Mixing – Jim Hodson, Bill Koepnick and Harry Andronis (won)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 2281018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1992 – Outstanding Film Sound Editing – Bill Koepnick, Russell Brower, Jim Hodson, Aaron L. King, Matt Thorne and Mark Keatts (won)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 2281018, 24496967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 56, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1993 – Outstanding Film Sound Mixing – Ray Leonard and Paca Thomas (won)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 3711089, 15631624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 56, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1993 – Outstanding Film Sound Editing – Paca Thomas, Ray Leonard, Marc S. Perlman and Melissa Ellis (won)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 3711089, 15631624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 41, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A comic book series was published by Harvey Comics detailing further adventures of the animated show. Two mini-series were published, the first being a four-issue run, the second, a three-issue run subtitled \"Forward to the Future\" and a \"Special\" issue was also released, reprinting parts of the first mini-series' first issue. The comics were written by Dwayne McDuffie with art by Nelson Dewey.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Comic books", "target_page_ids": [ 1344840, 1563879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 50 ], [ 356, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2020, as part of the 35th anniversary of the release of Back to the Future, three 6\" scale action figures were produced by NECA based on Back to the Future: The Animated Series. Marty McFly, 'Doc' Brown and Einstein, and Biff Tannen were released as part of the \"Toony Classics\" line and sold both online and at retail at a $12.99 price point. Marty McFly came packed with a hoverboard and guitar with strap. Doc Brown included Einstein with his digital stopwatch collar, a remote control, a set of extra hands, and googles. The Biff Tannen figure included an alternate interchangeable head.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Toys", "target_page_ids": [ 2172822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official Universal Pictures site advertising the trilogy", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " BTTF.com", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Universal Pictures", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)_mass_media", "1990s_American_time_travel_television_series", "1991_American_television_series_debuts", "1992_American_television_series_endings", "1990s_American_animated_television_series", "1990s_American_comic_science_fiction_television_series", "1991_French_television_series_debuts", "1992_French_television_series_endings", "1990s_French_animated_television_series", "American_children's_animated_adventure_television_series", "American_children's_animated_comic_science_fiction_television_series", "American_time_travel_television_series", "American_television_series_with_live_action_and_animation", "Animated_television_series_about_teenagers", "Animated_television_shows_based_on_films", "CBS_original_programming", "English-language_television_shows", "French_children's_animated_adventure_television_series", "French_children's_animated_comic_science_fiction_television_series", "Television_series_by_Amblin_Entertainment", "Television_series_by_Universal_Animation_Studios", "Television_series_by_Universal_Television", "Television_shows_set_in_California", "Universal_Pictures_cartoons_and_characters" ]

[ "Back to the Future: The Animated Series" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Java OpenGL (JOGL) is a wrapper library that allows OpenGL to be used in the Java programming language. It was originally developed by Kenneth Bradley Russell and Christopher John Kline, and was further developed by the Sun Microsystems Game Technology Group. Since 2010, it has been an independent open-source project under a BSD license. It is the reference implementation for Java Bindings for OpenGL (JSR-231).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 106421, 22497, 15881, 26980, 277663, 18933111, 10678008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 39 ], [ 52, 58 ], [ 77, 102 ], [ 220, 236 ], [ 299, 310 ], [ 327, 338 ], [ 379, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "JOGL allows access to most OpenGL features available to C language programs through the use of the Java Native Interface (JNI). It offers access to both the standard GL* functions along with the GLU* functions; however the OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) library is not available for window-system related calls, as Java has its own windowing systems: Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), Swing, and some extensions.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6021, 230828, 12956, 26456528, 269441, 22497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 57 ], [ 99, 120 ], [ 223, 245 ], [ 350, 373 ], [ 381, 386 ], [ 397, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The base OpenGL C API, as well as its associated Windowing API, are accessed in JOGL via Java Native Interface (JNI) calls. As such, the underlying system must support OpenGL for JOGL to work.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 22497, 6021, 172709, 230828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 15 ], [ 16, 17 ], [ 49, 62 ], [ 89, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "JOGL differs from some other Java OpenGL wrapper libraries in that it merely exposes the procedural OpenGL API via methods on a few classes, rather than trying to map OpenGL functionality onto the object-oriented programming paradigm. Indeed, most of the JOGL code is autogenerated from the OpenGL C header files via a conversion tool named GlueGen, which was programmed specifically to facilitate the creation of JOGL.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 27471338, 5157538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 224 ], [ 341, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", JOGL provides full access to the OpenGL 4.5 specification as well as almost all vendor extensions (and OpenCL, OpenMAX and OpenAL). The 1.1.0 version is the reference implementation for JSR-231 (Java Bindings for OpenGL). The 1.1.1 release gave limited access to GLU NURBS, providing rendering of curved lines and surfaces via the traditional GLU APIs. The 2.3.2 release added support for OpenGL versions up to 4.5, and OpenGL ES versions up to 3.2.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Status and standardization", "target_page_ids": [ 22497, 17861917, 871817, 563960, 10678008, 172709, 308474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 105, 111 ], [ 113, 120 ], [ 125, 131 ], [ 188, 222 ], [ 265, 268 ], [ 269, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wayland and Vulkan support is planned.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Status and standardization", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since the Java SE 6 version of the Java language, Java2D (the API for drawing two dimensional graphics in Java) and JOGL have become interoperable, allowing it to :", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Java2D-OpenGL interoperability", "target_page_ids": [ 7771171, 15881, 538312, 27697009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 19 ], [ 35, 39 ], [ 50, 56 ], [ 62, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Overlay Swing components (lightweight menus, tooltips, and other widgets) on top of OpenGL rendering.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Java2D-OpenGL interoperability", "target_page_ids": [ 269441, 769705, 22497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 85, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Draw 3D OpenGL graphics on top of Java2D rendering (see here for a button with an OpenGL icon).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Java2D-OpenGL interoperability", "target_page_ids": [ 22497, 538312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 15 ], [ 35, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Use 3D graphics anywhere where ordinarily a Swing widget would be used. (Inside a JTable, JTree, ...)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Java2D-OpenGL interoperability", "target_page_ids": [ 269441, 769705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 50 ], [ 51, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Draw Java2D graphics on top of 3D OpenGL rendering.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Java2D-OpenGL interoperability", "target_page_ids": [ 538312, 22497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 12 ], [ 35, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OpenGL ES 2 sample", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tutorials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hello Triangle, gl3 and gl4 Hello Triangle and Texture. The samples are offered in Java and Kotlin", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tutorials", "target_page_ids": [ 41819039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Java OpenGL Sample Pack, porting of g-truc OpenGL Sample Pack. The over 230 samples illustrate almost all OpenGL features ranging from ES 2.0 up to the last GL extensions, same of them usually also called AZDO (Almost Zero Driver Overhead).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tutorials", "target_page_ids": [ 50724448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " modern jogl examples, Porting of Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming, Jason L. McKesson. Java and Kotlin side by side.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tutorials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Immediate mode sample (simplest example, using the fixed pipeline)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tutorials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Java Bindings for OpenGL, The Java Community Specification Request for which JOGL provides an implementation", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10678008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ardor3D, a high performance, professionally oriented scene graph using several bindings for OpenGL and OpenGL-ES including JOGL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1250768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elflight Engine, a high performance 3D game engine optimised for the web", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " JMonkey Engine, a high performance scene graph based graphics API using several bindings for OpenGL and OpenGL-ES including JOGL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1250768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Poxnora, an online multiplayer game using JOGL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7397974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RuneScape, a MMORPG using JOGL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 251212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jake2, a Java port of Quake II using several bindings for OpenGL including JOGL for its low-level graphic API", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16776738, 25216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 23, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scilab, a numerical computing program using JOGL for 2D, 3D rendering", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 153563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ClearVolume, a JOGL powered real-time live 3D visualization library designed for high-end volumetric light sheet microscopes.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 46845197, 37430358 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 102, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LWJGL, an alternative open-source OpenGL wrapper library", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2906731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Java OpenAL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8118716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Java OpenCL", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " JOGL 2.3.x Specification", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " JSR-231 Java Bindings for OpenGL website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " tool kiet, The OpenGL Programming Guide examples using JOGL", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " NeHe's tutorials and sample code", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Setting up a JogAmp JOGL project in your favorite IDE", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Viewer3D, an applet to display interactive 3D content with JOGL", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eclipse OpenGL Pack OpenGL plugin for the Eclipse IDE", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 216958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 50 ] ] } ]

[ "3D_graphics_software", "Java_(programming_language)_libraries", "Java_APIs", "OpenGL", "Software_using_the_BSD_license" ]

[ "Java OpenGL" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gargoyle Games was a British software company founded in 1983 by Roy Carter and Greg Follis in order to publish their first game, Ad Astra. They generally specialized in games for the ZX Spectrum even though the company was originally named with the intention of publishing games for Dragon computers. They also released games on their own label Faster Than Light, as well as on the Elite label.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5309, 1448661, 1448661, 34467, 8650, 13127217, 1934198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ], [ 65, 75 ], [ 80, 91 ], [ 184, 195 ], [ 284, 290 ], [ 346, 363 ], [ 383, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two of Gargoyle's releases, Marsport and Heavy on the Magick were intended to be the first in a series of games but the planned sequels were never released. Marsport is often considered an unofficial companion to Tir Na Nog and Dun Darach due to its similar gameplay. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3738566, 2193399, 1916323, 3721727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 36 ], [ 41, 60 ], [ 213, 223 ], [ 228, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tir Na Nóg and Dun Darach are part of the same series, with Dun Darach being a prequel released the following year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ad Astra (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tir Na Nog (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 1916323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dun Darach (1985)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 3721727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marsport (1985)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 3738566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Heavy on the Magick (1986)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 2193399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweevo's World (1986)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 24068800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scooby Doo in the Castle Mystery (1986)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 18640390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Light Force (FTL/Gargoyle 1986)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 24184105, 13127217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 13, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shockway Rider (FTL/Gargoyle 1987)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 53015191, 13127217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hydrofool (FTL/Gargoyle 1987)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notable Games", "target_page_ids": [ 24067437, 13127217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 11, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Article about Gargoyle Games from the January 1986 issue of CRASH magazine.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1120168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interview with Gargoyle Games from the November 1985 issue of Sinclair User.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1120152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Information about Gargoyle Games at Planet Sinclair.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Further info on Gargoyle Games", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Video_game_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom", "ZX_Spectrum", "Companies_established_in_1983" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Percival Colin Montgomery OIS (born 15 March 1974) is a South African former professional rugby union player. When he ended his international career in August 2008, he held the all-time records for both caps and points for South Africa's national team, known as the Springboks. He is currently the highest scoring full-back in the history of international rugby.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1995342, 25405, 3191695, 376115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 29 ], [ 90, 101 ], [ 203, 207 ], [ 223, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montgomery was born 15 March 1974 in Walvis Bay, an enclave of South Africa that was transferred to Namibia in 1994. He attended the oldest school in the country, South African College Schools, in Cape Town. He played the early part of his South African domestic career for Western Province in the Currie Cup and the Stormers in Super Rugby; before moving to Wales in 2002 to join Newport RFC, and joined the Newport Gwent Dragons after the 2003 reorganisation of Welsh rugby into a regional setup. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 42895, 17416221, 21292, 2812342, 6653, 5475319, 350554, 710895, 267235, 242108, 872781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ], [ 63, 75 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 163, 192 ], [ 197, 206 ], [ 274, 290 ], [ 298, 308 ], [ 317, 325 ], [ 329, 340 ], [ 381, 392 ], [ 409, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of the 2004–05 Northern Hemisphere season, he returned to play in South Africa for the in the Currie Cup and the Sharks in Super Rugby. He later spent the 2007–08 Northern Hemisphere season in the French Top 14 competition with Perpignan before returning to South Africa in June 2008. He then played for Western Province and the Stormers before ending his playing career in May 2009.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 710818, 12755587, 972609, 1329026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 131 ], [ 167, 201 ], [ 216, 222 ], [ 240, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montgomery earned his first Springbok cap against the British & Irish Lions in July 1997 as an outside centre. He played at the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals and had amassed 50 caps by the end of 2001. However, his Springbok career stalled after his move to Wales, since at that time players were only eligible for Springboks selection if they were playing domestically. After a change in policy, he was recalled by new coach Jake White in 2004. He was the leading points scorer in the Tri Nations in 2004 and 2005, and currently holds the record for the most points scored in a career by a Springbok rugby player. On 17 June 2006 against Scotland, he became the first Springbok player to reach 600 points in his Test career, and on 9 June 2007 he passed the 700-point mark against Manu Samoa. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 376115, 3914, 771803, 266016, 1252451, 170109, 3943664, 3726446, 758049, 1048972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 37 ], [ 54, 75 ], [ 95, 109 ], [ 128, 148 ], [ 424, 434 ], [ 484, 495 ], [ 499, 503 ], [ 508, 512 ], [ 637, 645 ], [ 780, 790 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 September 2007, Montgomery reached two major milestones in the springboks' second 2007 Rugby World Cup pool match against England. He became the first Springbok to score 800 Test points and, more significantly, he equalled Joost van der Westhuizen as the most-capped Springbok with his 89th appearance. He took sole possession of the Springboks caps record on 22 September against Tonga. He was the leading point scorer in the 2007 Rugby World Cup, playing a key role in the Boks' successful march to the Webb Ellis Cup.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 13146806, 691024, 1748767, 1074629, 375446, 4823168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 119 ], [ 128, 135 ], [ 229, 253 ], [ 387, 392 ], [ 433, 453 ], [ 511, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montgomery's 893 Test points give him well over twice as many points as the player in second place on the all-time Springboks points list, Naas Botha, who played in only 28 Tests compared to Montgomery's 102, since most of his prime years were in South Africa's era of isolation from world rugby.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 13255695, 467678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 137 ], [ 139, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 13 May 2003 while playing for Newport, Montgomery was sent off for pushing a touch judge to the ground, and was later heavily fined and given a two-year ban, with 18 months suspended, for the offence of \"assaulting a match official\". He consequently missed the 2003 Rugby World Cup and returned to play in Wales in early December 2003.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 25279872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He left Wales to join the Sharks for the 2006 Super 14 season where he played fullback.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3932159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the 2007–2008 season, he signed for the French Top 14 club USA Perpignan and moved to France after the World Cup. In May 2008, he was signed by coach Rassie Erasmus to return to Western Province after completing his commitments with the Springboks. He was contracted to play for Province in the Currie Cup and the Stormers in the Super 14 to 2009 .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1329026, 6121084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ], [ 154, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Montgomery became the first Springbok to earn 100 caps, being awarded a gold cap after their game against the All Blacks in Cape Town, losing 19–0.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Percy Montgomery announced his retirement from international test rugby on 30 August 2008, after the Springboks beat Australia 53–8 in their last game of the 2008 Tri-Nations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Retirement", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2009, he rejoined the Boks, but this time in a coaching role as the team's kicking consultant in the run-up to the British & Irish Lions' tour of South Africa. Shortly after his appointment was announced, he confirmed his retirement as a player, indicating that he had planned to end his playing career at the end of the 2009 Super 14 season.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Retirement", "target_page_ids": [ 3914, 13747251, 20288876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 143 ], [ 145, 165 ], [ 328, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After retiring from rugby, Montgomery became involved in the tourism industry, and has also done charity work.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Post-retirement life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Western Province", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 5475319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Currie Cup: 1997, 2000, 2001", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 350554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sharks", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 710818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Super Rugby Runners-up: 2007", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 267235, 5310807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 25, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "South Africa", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 376115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "World Cup: 2007", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 25406, 375446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 11, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tri Nations: 1998, 2004", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 170109, 5136604, 3943664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 13, 17 ], [ 19, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 651", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23866135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sharks profile", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Newport Gwent Dragons profile", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Percy Montgomery photos & statistics at sporting-heroes.net", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1974_births", "Living_people", "Alumni_of_South_African_College_Schools", "Dragons_RFC_players", "Expatriate_rugby_union_players_in_France", "Expatriate_rugby_union_players_in_Wales", "Newport_RFC_players", "Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Ikhamanga", "Rugby_union_fullbacks", "Rugby_union_players_from_Walvis_Bay", "Sharks_(Currie_Cup)_players", "Sharks_(rugby_union)_players", "South_Africa_international_rugby_union_players", "South_African_expatriate_rugby_union_players", "South_African_expatriate_sportspeople_in_France", "South_African_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Wales", "South_African_people_of_British_descent", "South_African_people_of_Scottish_descent", "South_African_rugby_union_coaches", "South_African_rugby_union_players", "Stormers_players", "USA_Perpignan_players", "Villager_FC_players", "Western_Province_(rugby_union)_players", "White_South_African_people" ]

[ "Percival Colin Montgomery" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Soundtrack to the Apocalypse is a box set by the American thrash metal band Slayer. Released November 25, 2003 through American Recordings, the four–disc CD and DVD set features music from previous albums, unreleased material, and live film. A deluxe edition version (which has the alias \"ammo box\") was released and featured everything from the standard edition, with the addition of 14 live tracks. The box set's name originated from an alternative title for 2001's God Hates Us All. After discussing among themselves the idea of the box set, the band informed their record company, who initially disliked but later approved the idea.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 246038, 73643, 73575, 162828, 6429, 11014498, 214799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ], [ 58, 70 ], [ 76, 82 ], [ 119, 138 ], [ 154, 156 ], [ 161, 164 ], [ 468, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many dates were stated by band members as to when it would be released. The official release date was not announced until late October 2003. The box set has been released into the public domain five times between late 2003 to early 2007. There were several producers and film directors that were involved with the box set. The set received positive reviews from critics, but was not well received by fans, with the set debuting on no notable charts.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 53207, 21554680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 266 ], [ 271, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around the time Slayer thought of the album title for 2001's God Hates Us All, Soundtrack to the Apocalypse was considered an alternative name. Vocalist Tom Araya then suggested that if they ever opted to issue a box set, Soundtrack to the Apocalypse would be the most appropriate title. This inspired discussion regarding a possible box set release, which continued for several months. The group decided that once the label agreed to a release, they would be given a little more time to compile the material. Slayer approached the record company regarding a box set release, and discussions lasted roughly a year, since the band had to negotiate with the record company concerning plans they had with the box set which were not in their contract. In September 2003, the record company granted permission to issue the box set and wanted an immediate release for the holiday season.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Conception", "target_page_ids": [ 214799, 235972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 77 ], [ 154, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slayer submitted a range of material for the record company to choose from, instructing them to return a track list of what they felt to be the best items. Following this, Slayer looked at the returned material; if the recorded track was a “good” performance but the band \"didn’t care for the song\", they asked the record company to select another track.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Conception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guitarist Kerry King commented \"there's tons of stuff on there\", citing the amount they had to choose from as a problem. King himself owned five large Tupperware storage boxes full of material amassed over the years. Having every magazine had ever seen the group inside, King also possessed roughly 70 VHS and 8mm videos dating back to 1983. Nick John of Slayer’s management team sifted through every video and transferred them to DVD.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Conception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Soundtrack to the Apocalypses ideal release date was in early November 2003. However, on September 25, 2003, it was announced by employees of MTV that the box set's release date had been pushed back to November 18, 2003. On October 23, 2003, employees of MTV announced that the box set's release date was pushed back to November 25, 2003. Since November 25, 2003, Slayer has released the box set five different times. The first three times were each released in 2003, the first being released through Universal Records, and the other two, one being a Deluxe Edition version, were released through American Recordings. The set's fourth release, which was packaged with only three discs, was released through American Records in 2006. The box set's final release was in 2007, where it was released through WEA International. It was also released in the United Kingdom on December 8, 2003. It was produced with three Compact Discs, one DVD, and a booklet.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 18856, 209901, 162828, 31717, 6429, 11014498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 145 ], [ 501, 518 ], [ 597, 616 ], [ 852, 866 ], [ 915, 927 ], [ 934, 937 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The packaging was praised by PopMatters, insisting that the box set is \"very nicely packaged, in a swanky fold-out digipak with a clear plastic slipcase. The 72-page accompanying booklet is outstanding, with extensive liner notes, loads of photos, and many memories from the band members.\" USA Today related: \"[it is] a combination of the metal grinders' best-known tracks, with live and studio rarities plus 17 DVD selections. A deluxe edition ($100) adds a live disc and a few souvenir extras.\" Soundtrack to the Apocalypse was produced by Matt Hyde, Dino Paredes, Rick Rubin, D. Sardy, and Andy Wallace and was executively produced by Nick John and Rick Sales. The film on the fourth disc was directed by Di Puglia, Gerard. The set includes many Slayer tracks since 1986 with several rarities and b-sides, and includes a remastered DVD of live performances spanning 20 years. A fifth disc was released with fourteen more tracks than the set's standard edition. The bonus live tracks were recorded at The Grove In Anaheim, California, on May 2, 2002, several months following the return of original drummer Dave Lombardo. The extra tracks are packaged in a \"blood pack\" sleeve, which is decorated with faux blood and skulls.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 208463, 53207, 399397, 4719055, 1673773, 46413, 156541, 700160, 168859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 290, 299 ], [ 530, 538 ], [ 567, 577 ], [ 579, 587 ], [ 593, 605 ], [ 614, 634 ], [ 800, 807 ], [ 824, 832 ], [ 1219, 1225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although it did not enter any charts, Thom Jurek from AllMusic praised Soundtrack to the Apocalypse, rewarding the box set with four out of five stars. Jurek said it had \"a whopping four CDs and one DVD.\" Jurek noted that discs one and two \"feature tracks from Reign in Blood, and all the albums that proceed from it, and includes bonus cuts previously only released in Japan, and cuts from soundtracks.\" He also said that the third disc \"is, appropriately, titled 'Shit You Never Heard' because that's what it is— sixteen tracks that have been unissued anywhere— from rehearsals, to in-concert recordings, demos, and one 'No Remorse,' a collaboration with Atari Teenage Riot, from the Spawn soundtrack,\" and that the fourth disc are \"an electronic press kit video for Diabolus in Musica, and an appearance at the Kerrang magazine awards.\" Adrien Begrand from PopMatters favoured the album, lauding the packaging but stating that \"like any other CD box set that has come out in recent years, the band seems torn about whom to appeal to, longtime fans, or newcomers.\" Begrand noted that the first disc \"is especially great, as it captures Slayer at the peak of their career, starting with the classic 1986 album Reign in Blood.\" PR Newswire said it was \"a Slayer fan's ultimate experience,\" and The Dallas Morning News called it \"a fat new audiovisual box set.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 697535, 1847208, 197415, 708026, 453580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 62 ], [ 860, 870 ], [ 1212, 1226 ], [ 1229, 1240 ], [ 1295, 1318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slayer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tom Araya – bass, vocals", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 235972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jeff Hanneman – guitar", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 1163151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kerry King – guitar", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 212500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dave Lombardo – drums on disc #1 tracks 1–18, disc #2 track 15, disc #3 tracks 1–7, 10–11 and 16–17, disc #4 tracks 1–10 and 15–17, disc #5 tracks 1–14", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 714378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paul Bostaph – drums on disc #2 tracks 1–14 and 16–22, disc #3 tracks 12 and 14–15, disc #4 track 14", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 946058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jon Dette – drums on disc #4 track 11", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 69201543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Production", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rick Sales – executive producer, worldwide representation", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nich John – executive producer, worldwide representation, DVD producer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kevin Estrada – co-executive producer, photography", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rick Rubin – American recordings", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dino Paredes – American recordings", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sanctuary Artist Management – worldwide representation", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vlado Meller – mastering", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Steve Kadison – mastering-assistant", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Adam Abrams – project coordination", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jeff Fura – DVD producer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kelly McFadden – DVD menu design", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dave Wright – DVD authoring", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scott Sill – DVD authoring", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Paul Kirsch – DVD editing", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "George Fitz – DVD editing", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vartan – art direction", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "t42design – art direction, design", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mark Weiss – photography", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 24137467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Doug Goodman Archive – photography", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Slayer Archives – audio & visual materials", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Marc Paschke – essay & liner notes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eric Braverman – essay & liner notes", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Michael Kachko – marketing", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scott D. Harrington – legal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John Dittmar – booking agent", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scott Sokol – booking agent", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John Jackson – booking agent", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bill Vuylsteke – business management", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Angela DeSimone – business management", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monroe Grisman – merchandise", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ted Mattes– merchandise", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Albums_produced_by_Andy_Wallace_(producer)", "Albums_produced_by_Dave_Sardy", "Albums_produced_by_Rick_Rubin", "2003_compilation_albums", "Slayer_compilation_albums", "American_Recordings_(record_label)_compilation_albums" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The phoenix (, foinix) was the first currency of the modern Greek state. It was introduced in 1828 by Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias and was subdivided into 100 lepta. The name was that of the mythical phoenix bird and was meant to symbolize the rebirth of Greece during the still ongoing Greek War of Independence. The phoenix replaced the Ottoman kuruş (called grosi γρόσι, plural γρόσια grosia by the Greeks) at a rate of 6 phoenixes = 1 kuruş.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5665, 12108, 15767974, 1447626, 24698694, 49122, 12108, 200987, 22278, 492407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 60, 65 ], [ 111, 131 ], [ 160, 165 ], [ 192, 200 ], [ 201, 208 ], [ 256, 262 ], [ 288, 313 ], [ 340, 347 ], [ 348, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The creation of a national currency was one of the most pressing issues for the newborn Greek state, so that the monetary chaos reigning in the country could subside. Prior to the phoenix's introduction, transactions were settled with a wide variety of coins, including the kuruş; coins from major European states, such as France, Britain, Russia and Austria, were also popular. Therefore, minting the phoenix was one of Governor Kapodistrias' greatest priorities, and he signed a decree authorising it on 12 April 1828. The Russian government lent Kapodistrias' administration 1.5 million rubles to start the project.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 492407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 274, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kapodistrias made Alexandros Kontostavlos responsible for minting the phoenix. Kontostavlos travelled to Malta, where he negotiated the purchase of several coin presses, originally owned by the Knights Hospitaller. The machines were brought to Aegina.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Minting the phoenix", "target_page_ids": [ 34674285, 8055956, 2627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 41 ], [ 194, 213 ], [ 244, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The dies for the phoenix were carved by Chatzigrigoris Pyrobolistis, an Armenian jeweller, and the first sample coins were produced on 27 June 1829, in the agreed denominations of 1 phoenix, 20 lepta, 10 lepta, 5 lepta and 1 lepton. The use of the phoenix as a symbol of rebirth is also found on the flag of Alexander Ypsilanti's Sacred Band. On 30 June 1829 the National Mint was founded, and production of coins continued. 1 October 1829 was set as the official launch date for the new currency. All phoenixes were minted at the National Mint of Aegina, which continued to operate until 1833. Coincidentally, Aegina is where the first ancient and modern Greek coins were minted the staters of Aegina were minted in around 700 BC and were the first to circulate in the Ancient Greek world.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Minting the phoenix", "target_page_ids": [ 755469, 14722437, 1713309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 308, 327 ], [ 330, 341 ], [ 685, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Only a small number of coins were minted, estimated to just under twelve thousand and most transactions in Greece continued to be carried out in foreign currency at a rate fixed by the newly established Committee of Economy. Lacking precious metals to mint more coins, the government in 1831 issued an additional 300,000 phoenixes as paper currency with no underlying assets to back them. As a result, the paper notes were universally rejected by the public. In 1832, with the arrival of King Otto as monarch, the currency system was reformed and the drachma was introduced to replace the phoenix at par.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demise", "target_page_ids": [ 208286, 193686, 8347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 348 ], [ 488, 497 ], [ 551, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Mint of Aegina (in Greek)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Currencies_of_Greece", "Modern_obsolete_currencies", "Economic_history_of_Greece", "1828_establishments_in_Greece", "1832_disestablishments_in_Greece", "Ioannis_Kapodistrias" ]

[ "phoenix" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Fever Pitch (released as The Perfect Catch outside the United States and Canada) is a 2005 American romantic comedy film directed by the Farrelly brothers. It stars Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon, and is a remake of the British 1997 film of the same title. Nick Hornby, who had written the original 1992 book and the 1997 screenplay adaptation, acted as an executive producer for the American remake.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25531, 1008121, 7886, 645289, 9313886, 169873, 275678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 115 ], [ 137, 154 ], [ 165, 179 ], [ 184, 196 ], [ 229, 256 ], [ 258, 269 ], [ 291, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While both the book and the original 1997 film are about soccer, the 2005 adaptation, aimed specifically at the U.S. market, is about baseball. Both Fever Pitch films feature real-life dramatic sporting victories, the original focusing on Arsenal's last minute League title win in the final game of the 1988–1989 season, and the remake on the Boston Red Sox's long-awaited 2004 World Series Championship, unanticipated while the film was in production.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 3850, 2174, 22946907, 9377867, 4339, 1088360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 63 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 239, 248 ], [ 261, 277 ], [ 303, 319 ], [ 343, 357 ], [ 373, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film was released on April 8, 2005. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $50 million.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "7-year-old Ben Wrightman has just moved to Boston with his mother after his parents' divorce. His uncle Carl takes him to a Boston Red Sox game at Fenway Park to cheer him up. From that day on, he is a die-hard Red Sox fan for life.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894, 4339, 11238, 1050315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 49 ], [ 124, 138 ], [ 147, 158 ], [ 202, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "23 years later, the adult Ben is still in Boston, working as a school teacher, and has inherited his uncle's season tickets. Almost all of his possessions bear the Red Sox logo (except for his toilet paper, which is of the New York Yankees). On a school trip, Ben meets Lindsey Meeks, a successful, dedicated corporate executive, and they begin dating.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 4848143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lindsey, who knows little about baseball or the Red Sox, learns about the Curse of the Bambino from Ben's stadium friends (including Al Waterman, a sponge salesman who also narrates the story). They continue attending the games together, but tension arises when Lindsey is up for a promotion and begins working on her laptop during the game. Lindsey is knocked out by a line drive foul and recovers but stops going to the games, suggesting Ben will have more fun if he goes with his friends.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 214167, 1010687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 94 ], [ 370, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Things get worse when Lindsey invites Ben to accompany her to Paris, and he declines because the Red Sox are in the heat of the pennant race. Before leaving, she tells Ben she might be pregnant. She expresses concern that he is more committed to the Red Sox than to her, and days later calls him and confirms she isn't pregnant. To prove he is not obsessed, he misses a game against the Yankees to escort Lindsey to her friend's birthday party. Ben and Lindsey enjoy the party, and after making love, he tells her it was one of the best nights of his life. Moments later, he gets an ecstatic call from his friend Troy, who tells him the Sox overcame a seven-run deficit in the bottom of the ninth to pull off one of the greatest comebacks in team history. Ben becomes irate that he missed such an historic Red Sox moment, blaming Lindsey for making him miss the game. She is heartbroken, and they separate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 22989, 1141484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 67 ], [ 375, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ben soon misses Lindsey and visits her in a futile attempt to reconcile. To prove she means more to him than the Red Sox, he plans to sell his season tickets. Lindsey finds out during the celebration for her much-anticipated promotion and rushes to stop him. She gets in during the 9th inning of the Red Sox–Yankees playoff game when the Red Sox are just three outs away from being swept, and Ben is in the stands about to finalize the ticket sale. Desperate to reach Ben, Lindsey runs across the field and running around players to avoid security. She tears up the contract and tells Ben that if he loves her enough to sell his seats, then she loves him enough not to let him to do it. They reunite and kiss in front of the entire crowd before Lindsey is arrested.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1069627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 300, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Al narrates the epilogue: the Red Sox won that game and then beat the Yankees three more times to win the American League pennant, later sweeping the National League champion St. Louis Cardinals for their first World Series title in 86 years. Lindsay and Ben travel to Busch Stadium in St. Louis for the decisive Game 4. Eventually they marry, and Lindsey conceives a 'player to be named later'. Al explains that the baby will be named Ted Williams Wrightman if it's a boy, \"Carla Yastrzemski\" Wrightman if it's a girl, adding, \"Let's all hope for a boy.\" A post-credit scene shows a bunch of kids (presumably Ben & Lindsey's and their friends') chanting \"LET'S GO, RED SOX!\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 64777, 14908948, 64290, 23408844, 23489161, 98971, 1088360, 31496, 88049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 121 ], [ 122, 129 ], [ 150, 165 ], [ 175, 194 ], [ 211, 223 ], [ 269, 282 ], [ 313, 319 ], [ 436, 448 ], [ 475, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jimmy Fallon as Ben Wrightman", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 645289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Drew Barrymore as Lindsey Meeks", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 7886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James Sikking as Doug Meeks", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 2336691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " JoBeth Williams as Maureen Meeks", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 795043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jason Spevack as Ben in 1980", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 15552234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jack Kehler as Al Waterman (also the narrator)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 70754876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lenny Clarke as Uncle Carl", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 250961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ione Skye as Molly", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 261382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Lana", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1458798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " KaDee Strickland as Robin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 2047015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marissa Jaret Winokur as Sarah", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1823364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Evan Helmuth as Troy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 54690050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zen Gesner as Steve", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 2165339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jackie Burroughs as Mrs. Warren", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 556539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen King as Himself", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 26954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kris Williams as Herself", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 14137348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Steve Levy as Himself", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 48675579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Willie Garson as Kevin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 3418646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Armando Riesco as Gerard", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 5523940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brett Murphy as Ryan", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 10062816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Wilson as Grant Wade / Patrick Lyons", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1380824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several Boston Red Sox personnel make appearances in the film, including: players Johnny Damon, Trot Nixon, Jason Varitek and Jim Rice, and announcers Joe Castiglione, Don Orsillo and Dennis Eckersley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 4339, 608740, 609127, 609112, 74712, 1247409, 1689481, 392543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ], [ 82, 94 ], [ 96, 106 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 126, 134 ], [ 151, 166 ], [ 168, 179 ], [ 184, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original plot had assumed the Red Sox would lose in the playoffs. However, the Red Sox stunned the baseball world when they won four straight games to win the 2004 ALCS against the rival Yankees (becoming the first MLB team to win a seven-game series after losing the first three games) and subsequent World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals to break the \"Curse of the Bambino\". Thus, the ending had to be rewritten. On the day of Game 4, with the Red Sox on the verge of a sweep, The Farrellys decided to bring Barrymore, Fallon, and a film crew to St. Louis hours before the first pitch – and Barrymore and Fallon attended the game at Busch Stadium in character. When the Red Sox made the final out to secure a 3–0 win over the Cardinals that broke the Curse, Fox cameras on the live broadcast caught Barrymore and Fallon, as Lindsey and Ben, running onto the field and kissing to celebrate. The film, with its updated ending, was also screened at Fenway Park the following August on a screen in center field.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 4339, 1069627, 4848143, 38776, 1088360, 23408844, 214167, 98971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ], [ 163, 172 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 219, 222 ], [ 306, 318 ], [ 331, 350 ], [ 365, 385 ], [ 646, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally, Shawn Levy, who was a huge fan of Nick Hornby's works for years, was attached to direct, with Gwyneth Paltrow playing Lindsey. However, Paltrow found the script mediocre and turned down the role. Brian Robbins replaced Levy, but he quit the project as well. After Drew Barrymore replaced Paltrow and Jimmy Fallon joined the cast, Jay Russell, P. J. Hogan, Luke Greenfield, and Mira Nair were all rumored candidates to direct until the studios hired the Farrelly brothers to take the helm for the film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 5332775, 169873, 42621, 2234151, 7886, 645289, 1036778, 407658, 7602604, 80669, 1008121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 22 ], [ 46, 57 ], [ 106, 121 ], [ 208, 221 ], [ 276, 290 ], [ 312, 324 ], [ 342, 353 ], [ 355, 366 ], [ 368, 383 ], [ 389, 398 ], [ 465, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating 65% based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus read, \"While not a home run, Fever Pitch has enough charm and on-screen chemistry between the two leads to make it a solid hit.\" On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on reviews from 37 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 832482, 805870, 33274, 18525704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 275, 285 ], [ 301, 317 ], [ 437, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From a cinematographic and literary perspective, the film received some favorable criticism from experts Roger Ebert and James Berardinelli.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 50908, 1889395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 116 ], [ 121, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film opened at #3 and grossed $12.4 million in its opening weekend. The final North American gross of the film was $42.1 million, and the worldwide gross was $50.5 million.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Standells – \"Dirty Water\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 677922, 1181956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 17, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dropkick Murphys – \"Tessie\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 590909, 998232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 20, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tears for Fears – \"Who Killed Tangerine?\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 265182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Popium – \"Sooner or Later\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ivy – \"Thinking About You\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 891131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 3 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nick Drake – \"Northern Sky\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 80521, 7097695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 14, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marah – \"My Heart Is the Bums on the Street\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 5803593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Steve Wynn – \"Second Best\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 697735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The J. Geils Band – \"Whammer Jammer\" (Live Version)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 909499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Human League – \"(Keep Feeling) Fascination\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 151397, 1717073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 20, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chic – \"Dance, Dance, Dance (Yowsah, Yowsah, Yowsah)\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 9925814, 13013786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 9, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joe Pernice – \"Moonshot Manny\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 8730637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jonathan Richman – \"As We Walk to Fenway Park in Boston Town\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 16053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mad Larry – \"Window Pane\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hurricane Smith – \"Oh, Babe, What Would You Say?\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 470115, 38060633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 19, 48 ] ] } ]

[ "2005_films", "2005_romantic_comedy_films", "2000s_sports_comedy_films", "American_romantic_comedy_films", "American_sports_comedy_films", "American_baseball_films", "Remakes_of_American_films", "Films_about_educators", "Films_about_fandom", "Films_produced_by_Drew_Barrymore", "Films_set_in_Boston", "Films_shot_in_Boston", "Films_shot_in_Massachusetts", "Films_shot_in_St._Louis", "Films_shot_in_Toronto", "Films_based_on_British_novels", "20th_Century_Fox_films", "Flower_Films_films", "Boston_Red_Sox", "Films_with_screenplays_by_Lowell_Ganz", "Films_with_screenplays_by_Babaloo_Mandel", "Films_based_on_works_by_Nick_Hornby", "Films_directed_by_the_Farrelly_brothers", "Films_scored_by_Craig_Armstrong_(composer)", "Films_set_in_1980", "Films_set_in_2003", "Films_set_in_2004", "2000s_English-language_films", "2000s_American_films" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Liddington Castle, locally called Liddington Camp, is a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age univallate hillfort in the English county of Wiltshire, and a scheduled monument.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4620, 14711, 156693, 51231, 100240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 71 ], [ 82, 90 ], [ 91, 110 ], [ 136, 145 ], [ 153, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site is on a commanding high point close to the Ridgeway and covers an area of . Liddington Castle was one of the earliest hillforts in Britain, with first occupation dating to the 7th century BC. The earthworks consist of a relatively simple oval bank of timber and earth fronted by a ditch, with opposing causewayed entrances on the east and west sides. The western entrance was later blocked off and the eastern one may have been lined with sarsen stones. A palisade of wooden posts may have lined the top of the bank. During a later phase the bank and ditch were improved and a rampart of dumped chalk, excavated from the enlarged ditch, increased the height of the bank.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 30512, 652462, 153859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 60 ], [ 448, 454 ], [ 465, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site was disturbed by flint mining between 1896 and 1900. The archaeologist A. D. Passmore collected \"everything of human manufacture which was found\" during this period, and the artefacts were deposited in the Ashmolean Museum. Passmore wrote about these findings in the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine in 1914 (issue 38).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Archaeology", "target_page_ids": [ 35806870, 86726, 25747877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 215, 231 ], [ 276, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The hillfort was partially excavated in 1976 (sponsored by Lamar University and University of Birmingham). The excavation revealed a large pit in diameter and at least deep. The bottom of the feature was not reached and it was interpreted by the archaeologists who dug it as a ritual shaft. Similar shafts have been recorded at Wapley Hill in Herefordshire and Cadbury Castle in Devon. The excavation also suggested the rampart was constructed in four phases, the latest being in during the Saxon period. Finds of pottery suggest Liddington Castle was abandoned during the fifth century BC, with perhaps some later re-occupation during the Roman period. The excavation uncovered four fragments of human bone.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Archaeology", "target_page_ids": [ 624221, 209935, 31558548, 399837, 10538913, 8166, 37780, 13525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 75 ], [ 80, 104 ], [ 330, 341 ], [ 345, 358 ], [ 363, 377 ], [ 381, 386 ], [ 493, 505 ], [ 642, 647 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Liddington Castle is sometimes suggested as a possible site of Mount Badon, and thus the location of the late fifth-century AD Battle of Mount Badon mentioned in Gildas's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, Nennius's Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae. There is, however, no archaeological evidence to indicate activity during this later period.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Archaeology", "target_page_ids": [ 60422, 84067, 4398570, 150065, 146248, 218860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 148 ], [ 162, 170 ], [ 171, 205 ], [ 207, 216 ], [ 217, 235 ], [ 240, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The hillfort is above sea level; there is an Ordnance Survey triangulation pillar. The natural summit of the hill is a short distance to the south-east and at 276.5m (907ft) above sea level, with a prominence of 114m, and is classified as a Hump (hill with a hundred metre or greater prominence). It is the highest point in the Borough of Swindon.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Liddington Hill", "target_page_ids": [ 19344100, 1433395, 358029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ], [ 62, 82 ], [ 329, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Second World War, the hilltop surrounding Liddington Castle was used as a Starfish site (a bombing decoy designed to appear as a burning town or city). Evidence of this use remains in the form of the surviving command bunker, located north-east of the fort, and a metal trough used to simulate explosions and fire.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Liddington Hill", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 12971839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ], [ 85, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Liddington Castle was a favourite haunt of local writer of natural history and rural life, Richard Jefferies, who spent much of his spare time walking through the wide chalk expanses of the Marlborough Downs. It was on this summit that he relates in The Story of My Heart that his unusual sensitivity to nature began to induce in him a powerful inner awakening – a desire for a larger existence or reality.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Liddington Hill", "target_page_ids": [ 332764, 7205911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 108 ], [ 251, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The hill is frequently used by the Thames Valley Hang Gliding and Paragliding Club.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Liddington Hill", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of hillforts in England", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18283247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of hillforts in Scotland", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17485797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of hillforts in Wales", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18284822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] } ]

[ "Hill_forts_in_Wiltshire", "History_of_Wiltshire", "Hills_of_Wiltshire", "Scheduled_monuments_in_Wiltshire" ]

[ "Liddington Camp", "Badbury Camp" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Pyramid Mountain is a mountain in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada, named for its pyramid-like shape. James Hector named the mountain in 1859 due to its appearance from the Athabasca River valley on the eastern side of the peak.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37754, 209129, 717, 23704, 359909, 247748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 30 ], [ 34, 54 ], [ 56, 63 ], [ 87, 94 ], [ 107, 119 ], [ 178, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Part of the Victoria Cross Ranges in the Athabasca River Valley the mountain is in the major headwaters for the Athabasca River. The peak is just under north-west of the town of Jasper.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 417674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mountain is a relatively easy scramble on the eastern slopes. These slopes can be reached by following a steep fire road from the parking lot at Pyramid Lake, southeast of the peak.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5265636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on the Köppen climate classification, Pyramid Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20°C with wind chill factors below -30°C.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 484254, 50049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 42 ], [ 77, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Geography of Alberta", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 370543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] } ]

[ "Two-thousanders_of_Alberta", "Mountains_of_Jasper_National_Park" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Prisoner is an allegorical British science fiction television series starring Patrick McGoohan. A single season of 17 episodes was filmed between September 1966 and January 1968. The first episode in the UK aired in September 1967, although the global premiere was in Canada several weeks earlier. The series was released in the US in June 1968.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31253, 1837, 26787, 391213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 19, 30 ], [ 39, 54 ], [ 82, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the production order being different from the original broadcast order, extensive debate has taken place among dedicated fans regarding the \"correct\" order to view these episodes. Several different orders are listed below.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Episode sequences", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prod: The studio production order. This is not an intended viewing order.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ITC: \"Official\" ITC sequence. This is the sequence in which the episodes were originally scheduled to be broadcast in the UK. This is the order used in the 2009 A&E Home Video Blu-ray release.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [ 2140605, 472505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 20 ], [ 162, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " US Order: Used for the US airings, since the first showing on CBS in 1968. The original broadcast skipped \"Living in Harmony\", but the episode was reinstated in following re-airings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [ 37653, 3694270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 66 ], [ 108, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " KTEH: Arranged by Scott Apel for KTEH channel 54, a PBS member station in San Jose, California", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [ 19790973, 2214689, 29697498, 53446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ], [ 34, 38 ], [ 53, 56 ], [ 75, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 6 of 1: Endorsed by Six of One, The Prisoner Appreciation Society, and used in the A&E DVDs. The UK Sci Fi Channel marathon used a similar order, but with \"Dance of the Dead\" preceding \"Free for All\", and \"The General\" preceding \"A. B. and C.\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [ 472505, 271969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 87 ], [ 101, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " AV Club: After viewing in the KTEH order, the personal arrangement of Zack Handlen of the website The A.V. Club.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [ 4444257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gigacorp: The recommended viewing order from the fansite The Prisoner U.S. Home Page.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ITC Inf: The episodes as listed with synopses in a period ITC booklet titled Story Information, archived as storyinf.pdf on disc 5 of the 2009 Blu-ray set. This also gives the first episode title as \"The Arrival\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Episode list", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alternative versions of two episodes exist and have been commercially released. An early edit of \"Arrival\", with a different music score and additional dialogue and scenes not in the broadcast version, was located in the 2000s and released to DVD in the UK and in 2009 in the A&E Home Video DVD and Blu-ray box sets. This alternative version was located on a near-pristine 35mm print and has been transferred in high-definition along with the 17 episodes for the Blu-ray release. An early edit of \"The Chimes of Big Ben\", again with an unbroadcast music score and additional scenes and dialogue not in the broadcast version, was located in the 1980s and initially released on VHS videotape by MPI Home Video. It was later included as a bonus feature on the A&E Home Video DVD release of the series in the early 2000s. In 2009 it was also included in the expanded A&E Home Video box set, but owing to the low quality of the print it was not upgraded to high definition as was \"Arrival\", and was instead included as a bonus on the set's standard DVD extras disc, which was included in both the DVD and Blu-ray editions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Alternative versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "General agreement exists on the first episode and the last two episodes of the 17 produced shows, but extensive debate has taken place among dedicated fans regarding a \"correct\" order for the intermediate 14 episodes. The order in which the episodes were originally broadcast in Britain differs from the order in which they were produced. Even the broadcast order is not that originally intended by series star and co-creator Patrick McGoohan. Many have analysed the series line-by-line for time references, which in many cases provide different—sometimes radically different—episode orders compared to the broadcast order.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Episode viewing order", "target_page_ids": [ 2060506, 391213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 45 ], [ 426, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ian Rakoff (assistant editor on two episodes and co-writer of \"Living in Harmony\") authored a book in 1998 on his experience working on the series, wherein the appendices include a numbered episode guide which reflects the original UK broadcast order, as do the nine-volume Laserdisc releases of the series, also released in 1998. However, the 2006 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition (DVD boxed set) released in association with American television's Arts & Entertainment Channel (A&E) uses a different order. The set goes so far as to include a guidebook with justifications for their version, citing—among other reasons—the aforementioned \"time references\", such as Number Six telling other members of the Village that he is \"new here\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Episode viewing order", "target_page_ids": [ 472505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 453, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first UK transmission of each of the first 14 episodes was made by ATV (Midlands) and Grampian Television. The final three episodes were first shown in the UK by Scottish Television.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Episode viewing order", "target_page_ids": [ 222170, 370939, 370930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 74 ], [ 90, 109 ], [ 166, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Story lines and scripts that the series did not use are known to exist, several of which were published in a two-volume collection – The Prisoner: The Original Scripts – Volume 1 & 2 edited by Robert Fairclough and published by Reynolds and Hearn in 2005 and 2006. The scripts and story outlines were also included in PDF form as a DVD-ROM bonus feature on the 2007 and 2009 DVD box set issues of The Prisoner by Network Distrubuting.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Unproduced episodes", "target_page_ids": [ 24077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Outsider\" by Moris Farhi (complete script included in Volume 1)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Unproduced episodes", "target_page_ids": [ 5909238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Ticket to Eternity\" by Eric Mival (synopsis included in Volume 1)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Unproduced episodes", "target_page_ids": [ 12369831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Friend or Foe\" by Eric Mival (synopsis included in Volume 1)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Unproduced episodes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Don't Get Yourself Killed\" by Gerald Kelsey (complete script included in Volume 2)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Unproduced episodes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A documentary entitled Don't Knock Yourself Out was produced in 2007, containing behind-the-scenes footage, and archival and newly recorded interviews with the cast and production staff. It is narrated by Neil Pearson and runs approximately 90 minutes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Documentary", "target_page_ids": [ 870015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 217 ] ] } ]

[ "The_Prisoner_episodes" ]

[ "The Prisoner episode list" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Firkin Brewery was a chain of pubs in the United Kingdom. The original UK chain is now defunct, but a number of pubs operate under the Firkin name in other countries. The chain took its name from the firkin, an old English unit of volume.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 378358, 24578, 31302683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 38 ], [ 116, 119 ], [ 204, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The chain was established in 1979 by David Bruce as Bruce's Brewery, the Firkin Brewery grew as a chain of mostly brewpubs offering cask ale. It was acquired by Midsummer Leisure in 1988, Stakis Leisure in 1990 and then by Allied Domecq in 1991; by 1995 the chain had 44 pubs, 19 of which brewed beer on site. In 1999, Punch Taverns bought the entire chain and the rights to the Firkin brand, and then sold 110 of the pubs to Bass, leaving 60 Firkin pubs under Punch ownership. The brewery side of the chain was wound up, and in March 2001 Punch announced that the Firkin brand was to be discontinued.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6527043, 362355, 26089, 621392, 3295658, 995420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 48 ], [ 114, 121 ], [ 132, 140 ], [ 223, 236 ], [ 319, 332 ], [ 426, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After several corporate restructurings, most of the Bass sites ended up in the Mitchells and Butlers pub company formed in 2003. Many have been rebranded as O'Neill's, Scream, or Goose pubs; the Scream and Goose sites were among those sold to Stonegate Pub Company in 2010. Some of the Punch Taverns-owned Firkins were rebranded as Mr Q's or Bar Room Bar pubs. A small handful of establishments still retain the Firkin branding, distinctive because they all followed the same naming convention. The format was always The ---- and Firkin, where ---- was a word, beginning with either \"F\" or \"Ph\", which had some connection to the pub building or to the local area.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2204991, 33346690, 3383902, 34439907, 3295658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 100 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 168, 174 ], [ 243, 264 ], [ 286, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Firkin Brewery also gave out T-shirts for anyone who managed at least 12 pubs in the Firkin Crawl. A \"passport\", issued by the Brewery, would be filled with a stamp from each pub visited, and public transport directions to the nearest pub in the crawl would also be in the \"passport\". Although there was no stipulation in the rules that the 12 pubs had to be completed on the same day, this was often the goal of participants.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Firkin pubs in Canada and the United States operate under the Firkin Group of Pubs franchise, a chain of English theme pubs founded in southern Ontario in 1987. The naming scheme for the pubs is similar to that of the UK chain (for example, \"The Crown and Firkin\", in Whitby, Ontario), and many Firkin Group pubs in fact share their names with former UK Firkin Brewery pubs. In the United States, the franchise pubs are named with \"Firkin\" first, as in \"The Firkin & Fox\" as opposed to \"The Fox & Firkin\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Firkin pubs outside the UK", "target_page_ids": [ 542995, 223540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 151 ], [ 268, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The pub chain once credited itself as being the \"largest and fastest growing\" group of pubs in North America. Lately the claim is \"largest & most dominant chain of traditional English pubs\" in North America. About 10 pubs have closed out of the about 25 pubs that have opened since 2005. New pubs have opened about every 6 months, keeping the overall number of open pubs around 15. Typically the demographic ranges from parents with children during the day to an older drinking crowd in the evenings and late night. Although the menu is somewhat limited, the food is on pace with other more well known bar & grill restaurants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Firkin pubs outside the UK", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A number of independent English-style pubs in Australia use \"Firkin\" in their names, such as the Firkin and Hound in Alice Springs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Firkin pubs outside the UK", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Firkin Group Of Pubs home page (US and Canada)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of Firkins with histories ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pub Reviews at PubJury.com", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of Firkin pubs in Greater London (1999)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1979_establishments_in_England", "Defunct_breweries_of_the_United_Kingdom", "British_companies_established_in_1979", "Food_and_drink_companies_established_in_1979", "Food_and_drink_companies_disestablished_in_2001", "Pub_chains", "Restaurants_established_in_1979", "Restaurants_disestablished_in_2001", "2001_disestablishments_in_England", "Defunct_restaurants_in_the_United_Kingdom" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1996 Stafford rail crash occurred on 8 March 1996 when a Transrail freight train travelling from Mossend, North Lanarkshire, to Willesden, North London, derailed after an axle on a wagon carrying liquid carbon dioxide failed due to fatigue at Rickerscote south of Stafford on the West Coast Main Line. Almost immediately after the derailment, a Travelling Post Office mail train hauled by a Rail Express Systems British Rail Class 86 electric locomotive (no 86239) collided with a section of the derailed freight train on the adjacent line and fouled the path of the TPO mail train. One person, a mail sorter, was killed in the crash and twenty others including the driver of the mail train were injured.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6216417, 143521, 94389, 17867, 5906, 295903, 295903, 182538, 1448654, 1419127, 978170, 390883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 108 ], [ 110, 127 ], [ 132, 141 ], [ 143, 155 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 247, 258 ], [ 269, 277 ], [ 285, 305 ], [ 350, 372 ], [ 396, 416 ], [ 417, 438 ], [ 439, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cause of the collision was the failure of an axle on one of the tanker wagons of the freight train. It caused the wagon and adjacent ones to derail, into the path of the closely approaching mail train, which was travelling at .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7094391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The driver of the mail train had no time to brake and the force of the collision spun the locomotive around and catapulted it up the embankment, where it came to rest against the end wall of a house.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The liquid carbon dioxide formed into a gas as it was no longer under pressure and interfered with the rescue effort. One bystander who had gone to help was later found unconscious after suffering the inhalation effects of carbon dioxide. The rescue services were on the scene within four minutes of being notified, despite the signaller at Stafford having to relay the emergency information via another office because the crash had cut his external phone lines, but he was able to phone his supervisor at Crewe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5906, 176880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ], [ 506, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fire service on site were given the wrong staffing list for the mail train - they had been given a manifest for the number of mail workers who would have been on the train northbound after leaving Crewe. However, the ambulance service were given a correct head count list from the Royal Mail workers at the lineside.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the investigation, it was discovered that the wagon had travelled since its last inspection. The recommendation at the time was that wagons were tested every .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of British rail accidents", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 917404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Copy of HSE investigation report", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Railway_accidents_and_incidents_in_Staffordshire", "Railway_accidents_in_1996", "1996_in_England", "Stafford", "1990s_in_Staffordshire", "Derailments_in_England", "Train_collisions_in_England" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Captain Beyond is the debut album by Captain Beyond, an American rock supergroup featuring former members of Iron Butterfly, Deep Purple, Johnny Winter. Released in 1972, the album cover for the U.S. release included 3-D artwork (using lenticular printing). The album was dedicated to the memory of Duane Allman, who Captain Beyond drummer Bobby Caldwell had played with in an informal capacity.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 683154, 53027, 177667, 45848, 316711, 878311, 293877, 1868051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ], [ 70, 80 ], [ 109, 123 ], [ 125, 136 ], [ 138, 151 ], [ 236, 255 ], [ 299, 311 ], [ 340, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Captain Beyond is unique among guitar-driven hard rock albums in that it contains a wide range of influences, including Latin and jazz, often with various time signatures and a broad range of dynamics within the same song. Most of the album consists of three medleys of tightly arranged interconnected songs. The first starts with \"Dancing Madly Backwards (on a Sea of Air)\" and ends with \"Myopic Void\". The second starts with \"Thousand Days of Yesterdays (Intro)\" and ends with \"Thousand Days of Yesterdays (Time Since Come and Gone)\". The third starts with \"I Can't Feel Nothin' (Part 1)\" and finishes the album. Songs flow directly into each other without any lag time between selections, a feature that is shared with other more progressive bands of the era such as The Moody Blues and Jethro Tull.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 226021, 7214590, 147403, 98369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 200 ], [ 259, 266 ], [ 770, 785 ], [ 790, 801 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All of the songwriting was credited to lead vocalist Rod Evans and drummer Bobby Caldwell. However, the songs were in fact written by the group as a whole. Due to their still binding contracts with Iron Butterfly, guitarist Larry Reinhardt and bassist Lee Dorman could not be listed as songwriters on this record for legal reasons.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 505127, 9292817, 3009131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 62 ], [ 224, 239 ], [ 252, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Captain Beyond", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rod Evans – lead vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 505127, 624074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 13, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Larry \"Rhino\" Reinhardt – guitars", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 9292817, 11846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 27, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lee Dorman – bass, backing vocals, piano", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 3009131, 3916, 1030925, 23034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 14, 18 ], [ 20, 34 ], [ 36, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bobby Caldwell – drums, percussion, bells, vibraphone, backing vocals, piano", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 1868051, 9079, 24638, 761242, 52872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 18, 23 ], [ 25, 35 ], [ 37, 42 ], [ 44, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Deep Purple Podcast - Episode #23 - Captain Beyond - Captain Beyond", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Captain Beyond on Discogs ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 744156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "Captain_Beyond_albums", "Capricorn_Records_albums", "1972_debut_albums" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) Is an injury or abnormality that occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4911607, 3419845, 37149, 11090946, 21294842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 159 ], [ 182, 194 ], [ 202, 216 ], [ 232, 257 ], [ 319, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, atypical parkinsonisms, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 625404, 50603, 1057414, 50605, 861802, 19375577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 88 ], [ 90, 108 ], [ 110, 132 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 174, 197 ], [ 203, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Changes in muscle performance can be broadly described as the upper motor neuron syndrome. These changes vary depending on the site and the extent of the lesion, and may include:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 31848417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Muscle weakness. known as 'pyramidal weakness'", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Decreased control of active movement, particularly slowness", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle tone", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 98998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 11090613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is raised (extended) rather than curled downwards (flexed) upon appropriate stimulation of the sole of the foot. The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. Normally, during the plantar reflex, it causes plantar flexion and the adduction of the toes. In Babinski's sign, there is dorsiflexion of the big toe and abduction of the other toes. Physiologically, it is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months. The presence of the Babinski sign after 12 months is the sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 562978, 211397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 37, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 4446294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pronator drift", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Symptoms", "target_page_ids": [ 19898187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These are the neural tracts which descend in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, carrying signals for voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. From their origin in the primary motor cortex, these nerves pass via the corona radiata to gather in the internal capsule before crossing over to the opposite side (decussation) in the medullary pyramids and proceeding down the spinal cord to meet lower motor neurons in the anterior grey column.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Corticospinal/pyramidal tract", "target_page_ids": [ 4911607, 23631964, 1885240, 547735, 7614929, 7112718, 1880695, 4911607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 61 ], [ 167, 187 ], [ 215, 229 ], [ 247, 263 ], [ 307, 318 ], [ 327, 345 ], [ 390, 408 ], [ 417, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During an exam, your doctor will look for signs of a nervous system problem by checking your:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Balance and coordination", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Movement", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hearing, speech, and vision", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Memory and concentration", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nerve conduction study", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 1877459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spinal tap or lumbar puncture", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 342304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nerve biopsy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Diagnosis", "target_page_ids": [ 1409950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "stimulation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Treatment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Physiotherapy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Treatment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Upper motor neuron", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1880464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lower motor neuron", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1880695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lower motor neuron lesion", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11090946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] } ]

[ "Neurological_disorders" ]

[ "pyramidal insufficiency" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In mathematics, an iterated function is a function (that is, a function from some set to itself) which is obtained by composing another function with itself a certain number of times. The process of repeatedly applying the same function is called iteration. In this process, starting from some initial object, the result of applying a given function is fed again in the function as input, and this process is repeated. For example on the image on the right:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18831, 26691, 195947, 68833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ], [ 83, 86 ], [ 121, 130 ], [ 251, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "with the circle‑shaped symbol of function composition.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Iterated functions are objects of study in computer science, fractals, dynamical systems, mathematics and renormalization group physics.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5323, 10913, 9087, 291462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 59 ], [ 61, 69 ], [ 72, 88 ], [ 107, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The formal definition of an iterated function on a set X follows.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 26691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Let be a set and be a function.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 185427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Defining as the n-th iterate of (a notation introduced by Hans Heinrich Bürmann and John Frederick William Herschel), where n is a non-negative integer, by:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 19714107, 43592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 81 ], [ 86, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the identity function on and denotes function composition. That is, ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 15069, 195947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 31 ], [ 50, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "always associative.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 1335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because the notation may refer to both iteration (composition) of the function or exponentiation of the function (the latter is commonly used in trigonometry), some mathematicians choose to use to denote the compositional meaning, writing for the -th iterate of the function , as in, for example, meaning . For the same purpose, was used by Benjamin Peirce whereas Alfred Pringsheim and Jules Molk suggested instead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 99491, 30367, 364270, 1068126, 35227735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 114 ], [ 148, 160 ], [ 348, 363 ], [ 372, 389 ], [ 394, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In general, the following identity holds for all non-negative integers and ,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is structurally identical to the property of exponentiation that , i.e. the special case .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [ 99491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In general, for arbitrary general (negative, non-integer, etc.) indices and , this relation is called the translation functional equation, cf. Schröder's equation and Abel equation. On a logarithmic scale, this reduces to the nesting property of Chebyshev polynomials, , since .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [ 5834541, 5834526, 184539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 163 ], [ 168, 181 ], [ 247, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The relation also holds, analogous to the property of exponentiation that .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The sequence of functions is called a Picard sequence, named after Charles Émile Picard.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [ 42000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For a given in , the sequence of values is called the orbit of .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [ 27838, 252250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 30 ], [ 57, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If for some integer , the orbit is called a periodic orbit. The smallest such value of for a given is called the period of the orbit. The point itself is called a periodic point. The cycle detection problem in computer science is the algorithmic problem of finding the first periodic point in an orbit, and the period of the orbit.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Abelian property and iteration sequences", "target_page_ids": [ 4941621, 670279, 775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 183 ], [ 189, 204 ], [ 240, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If for some in (that is, the period of the orbit of is ), then is called a fixed point of the iterated sequence. The set of fixed points is often denoted as . There exist a number of fixed-point theorems that guarantee the existence of fixed points in various situations, including the Banach fixed point theorem and the Brouwer fixed point theorem.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fixed points", "target_page_ids": [ 449738, 1011848, 46676, 4101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 91 ], [ 190, 209 ], [ 293, 319 ], [ 328, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several techniques for convergence acceleration of the sequences produced by fixed point iteration. For example, the Aitken method applied to an iterated fixed point is known as Steffensen's method, and produces quadratic convergence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Fixed points", "target_page_ids": [ 8737421, 7344320, 7411694, 12180274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 57 ], [ 87, 108 ], [ 127, 140 ], [ 188, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon iteration, one may find that there are sets that shrink and converge towards a single point. In such a case, the point that is converged to is known as an attractive fixed point. Conversely, iteration may give the appearance of points diverging away from a single point; this would be the case for an unstable fixed point. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Limiting behaviour", "target_page_ids": [ 449738, 449738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 182 ], [ 306, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the points of the orbit converge to one or more limits, the set of accumulation points of the orbit is known as the limit set or the ω-limit set.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Limiting behaviour", "target_page_ids": [ 226505, 5492198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 90 ], [ 121, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ideas of attraction and repulsion generalize similarly; one may categorize iterates into stable sets and unstable sets, according to the behaviour of small neighborhoods under iteration. (Also see Infinite compositions of analytic functions.)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Limiting behaviour", "target_page_ids": [ 5466649, 5466649, 1529485, 34796035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 103 ], [ 109, 121 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 201, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other limiting behaviours are possible; for example, wandering points are points that move away, and never come back even close to where they started.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Limiting behaviour", "target_page_ids": [ 2870010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If one considers the evolution of a density distribution, rather than that of individual point dynamics, then the limiting behavior is given by the invariant measure. It can be visualized as the behavior of a point-cloud or dust-cloud under repeated iteration. The invariant measure is an eigenstate of the Ruelle-Frobenius-Perron operator or transfer operator, corresponding to an eigenvalue of 1. Smaller eigenvalues correspond to unstable, decaying states.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Invariant measure", "target_page_ids": [ 7635201, 1346096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 165 ], [ 343, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In general, because repeated iteration corresponds to a shift, the transfer operator, and its adjoint, the Koopman operator can both be interpreted as shift operators action on a shift space. The theory of subshifts of finite type provides general insight into many iterated functions, especially those leading to chaos.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Invariant measure", "target_page_ids": [ 2702039, 467384, 15470598, 1986265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 123 ], [ 151, 165 ], [ 179, 190 ], [ 207, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The notion must be used with care when the equation has multiple solutions, which is normally the case, as in Babbage's equation of the functional roots of the identity map. For example, for and , both and are solutions; so the expression doesn't denote a unique function, just as numbers have multiple algebraic roots. The issue is quite similar to the expression \"0/0\" in arithmetic. A trivial root of f can always be obtained if fs domain can be extended sufficiently, cf. picture. The roots chosen are normally the ones belonging to the orbit under study.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 7207519, 185663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 130 ], [ 372, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fractional iteration of a function can be defined: for instance, a half iterate of a function is a function such that . This function can be written using the index notation as . Similarly, is the function defined such that , while may be defined as equal to , and so forth, all based on the principle, mentioned earlier, that . This idea can be generalized so that the iteration count becomes a continuous parameter, a sort of continuous \"time\" of a continuous orbit.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 7207519, 252250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 79 ], [ 469, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In such cases, one refers to the system as a flow. (cf. Section on Conjugacy below.)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 2619735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Negative iterates correspond to function inverses and their compositions. For example, is the normal inverse of , while is the inverse composed with itself, i.e. . Fractional negative iterates are defined analogously to fractional positive ones; for example, is defined such that , or, equivalently, such that .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One of several methods of finding a series formula for fractional iteration, making use of a fixed point, is as follows.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " First determine a fixed point for the function such that .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Define for all n belonging to the reals. This, in some ways, is the most natural extra condition to place upon the fractional iterates.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Expand around the fixed point a as a Taylor series, ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 30448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Expand out ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Substitute in for , for any k, ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Make use of the geometric progression to simplify terms, There is a special case when , ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 23474670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This can be carried on indefinitely, although inefficiently, as the latter terms become increasingly complicated. A more systematic procedure is outlined in the following section on Conjugacy.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For example, setting gives the fixed point , so the above formula terminates to just", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "which is trivial to check.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Find the value of where this is done n times (and possibly the interpolated values when n is not an integer). We have . A fixed point is .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So set and expanded around the fixed point value of 2 is then an infinite series,", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "which, taking just the first three terms, is correct to the first decimal place when n is positive–cf. Tetration: . (Using the other fixed point causes the series to diverge.)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [ 482379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For , the series computes the inverse function .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With the function , expand around the fixed point 1 to get the series", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "which is simply the Taylor series of x(bn ) expanded around 1.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Fractional iterates and flows, and negative iterates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If and are two iterated functions, and there exists a homeomorphism such that , then and are said to be topologically conjugate.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 13660, 5506149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 69 ], [ 111, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clearly, topological conjugacy is preserved under iteration, as . Thus, if one can solve for one iterated function system, one also has solutions for all topologically conjugate systems. For example, the tent map is topologically conjugate to the logistic map. As a special case, taking , one has the iteration of as ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2068153, 18137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 214 ], [ 249, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", for any function .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Making the substitution yields ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ", a form known as the Abel equation.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5834526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even in the absence of a strict homeomorphism, near a fixed point, here taken to be at = 0, (0) = 0, one may often solve Schröder's equation for a function Ψ, which makes locally conjugate to a mere dilation, , that is ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5834541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thus, its iteration orbit, or flow, under suitable provisions (e.g., ), amounts to the conjugate of the orbit of the monomial,", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ", ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where in this expression serves as a plain exponent: functional iteration has been reduced to multiplication! Here, however, the exponent no longer needs be integer or positive, and is a continuous \"time\" of evolution for the full orbit: the monoid of the Picard sequence (cf. transformation semigroup) has generalized to a full continuous group.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19652, 19313303, 42315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 251 ], [ 280, 304 ], [ 332, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This method (perturbative determination of the principal eigenfunction Ψ, cf. Carleman matrix) is equivalent to the algorithm of the preceding section, albeit, in practice, more powerful and systematic.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conjugacy", "target_page_ids": [ 228601, 14320253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ], [ 78, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If the function is linear and can be described by a stochastic matrix, that is, a matrix whose rows or columns sum to one, then the iterated system is known as a Markov chain.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Markov chains", "target_page_ids": [ 217313, 60876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 69 ], [ 162, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are many chaotic maps. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 2067823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Well-known iterated functions include the Mandelbrot set and iterated function systems.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 19562, 505225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 56 ], [ 61, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ernst Schröder, in 1870, worked out special cases of the logistic map, such as the chaotic case , so that , hence .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 448015, 18137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 57, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A nonchaotic case Schröder also illustrated with his method, , yielded , and hence .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If is the action of a group element on a set, then the iterated function corresponds to a free group.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 12781, 59735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 17 ], [ 91, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most functions do not have explicit general closed-form expressions for the n-th iterate. The table below lists some that do. Note that all these expressions are valid even for non-integer and negative n, as well as non-negative integer n.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 585143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: these two special cases of are the only cases that have a closed-form solution. Choosing b = 2 = –a and b = 4 = –a, respectively, further reduces them to the nonchaotic and chaotic logistic cases discussed prior to the table.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some of these examples are related among themselves by simple conjugacies. A few further examples, essentially amounting to simple conjugacies of Schröder's examples can be found in ref.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Iterated functions can be studied with the Artin–Mazur zeta function and with transfer operators.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Means of study", "target_page_ids": [ 1342156, 1346096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 68 ], [ 78, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In computer science, iterated functions occur as a special case of recursive functions, which in turn anchor the study of such broad topics as lambda calculus, or narrower ones, such as the denotational semantics of computer programs.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "In computer science", "target_page_ids": [ 5323, 4044867, 18203, 55275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 19 ], [ 67, 86 ], [ 143, 158 ], [ 190, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two important functionals can be defined in terms of iterated functions. These are summation:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Definitions in terms of iterated functions", "target_page_ids": [ 1374948, 246160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ], [ 83, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and the equivalent product:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Definitions in terms of iterated functions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The functional derivative of an iterated function is given by the recursive formula:", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Functional derivative", "target_page_ids": [ 301504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Iterated functions crop up in the series expansion of combined functions, such as .", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Given the iteration velocity, or beta function (physics), ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [ 33973912, 1037781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 28 ], [ 33, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "for the th iterate of the function , we have", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For example, for rigid advection, if , then . Consequently, , action by a plain shift operator.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [ 467384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conversely, one may specify given an arbitrary , through the generic Abel equation discussed above,", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [ 5834526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is evident by noting that ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For continuous iteration index , then, now written as a subscript, this amounts to Lie's celebrated exponential realization of a continuous group,", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The initial flow velocity suffices to determine the entire flow, given this exponential realization which automatically provides the general solution to the translation functional equation, ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Lie's data transport equation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Irrational rotation", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9445837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iterated function system", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 505225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iterative method", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rotation number", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3928569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sarkovskii's theorem", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 87947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fractional calculus", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 229939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Recurrence relation", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 146806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Schröder's equation", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5834541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Functional square root", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7207519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abel function", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5834526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Infinite compositions of analytic functions", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34796035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Flow (mathematics)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2619735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tetration", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 482379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Functional equation", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 364377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Primer on the Elementary Theory of Infinite Compositions of Complex Functions", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "External Links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Dynamical_systems", "Fractals", "Sequences_and_series", "Fixed_points_(mathematics)", "Functions_and_mappings", "Functional_equations" ]

[ "iteration", "exponentiation of function", "functional iterate", "functional iteration" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Castle Dore is an Iron Age hill fort (ringfort) near Fowey in Cornwall, United Kingdom located at . It was probably occupied from the 5th or 4th centuriesBC until the 1st centuryBC. It consists of two ditches surrounding a circular area in diameter. Excavated in the 1930s, it is one of the most intensively investigated Iron Age hillforts in Cornwall.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14711, 156693, 488753, 373411, 5648, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 27, 36 ], [ 38, 46 ], [ 53, 58 ], [ 62, 70 ], [ 72, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The perimeter of Castle Dore consists of two ditches (bivallate). The inner ditch is circular, measuring in diameter internally, and the outer ditch arced round it from the north to the south-east before widening in the north east to form an entrance. The ramparts (earth banks just inside the ditch) were raised later in the fort's history– from – the layout remained mostly the same aside from the entrance which was made more complex.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description and history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeologist Ralegh Radford led excavations at Castle Dore between 1936 and 1937. Five decades later, the work still represented the most intensive investigation of a hillfort in Cornwall. At the time of Radford's work, archaeologists tended to concentrate on the defences in the course of examining hillforts; Radford, however, investigated the interior and found postholes belonging to huts of at least two distinct phases of occupation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description and history", "target_page_ids": [ 6129684, 156693, 715464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 168, 176 ], [ 366, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Radford's initial interpretation was that the fort had been reoccupied in the 5th and 6th centuriesAD; however, later reinterpretation based on a greater understanding of post-Roman archaeology concluded that the occupation at Castle Dore was restricted to the Iron Age. The use of radiocarbon dating at other sites lead to greater understanding of the contexts within which Iron Age pottery was found. The dating of the first phase of activity at Castle Dore was revised from the 2nd centuryBC to the 5th or 4th centuriesBC.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description and history", "target_page_ids": [ 26197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the English civil war, the final defeat of Essex's army was witnessed at the site. On 31 August 1644, whilst attempting a retreat from Lostwithiel to Fowey, Essex was forced to draw up his baggage train and remaining guns within the fort. Just before nightfall one regiment disbanded in disorder signalling impending surrender or death. By morning it was clear that his demoralised soldiers could not be trusted and Essex chose to flee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description and history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Castle Dor, a 1942 historical novel by Daphne du Maurier (1961)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24787940, 66877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 39, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Castle an Dinas, St. Columb Major", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3379914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prideaux Castle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6076377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notes", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Hill_forts_in_Cornwall", "Iron_Age_Britain", "Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend", "Iron_Age_sites_in_Cornwall", "Military_history_of_Cornwall" ]

[ "Small multivallate hillfort called Castle Dore", "Ruddon" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area and electrode are protected from oxidation or other atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas (argon or helium). A filler metal is normally used, though some welds, known as autogenous welds, or fusion welds do not require it. When helium is used, this is known as heliarc welding. A constant-current welding power supply produces electrical energy, which is conducted across the arc through a column of highly ionized gas and metal vapors known as a plasma. GTAW is most commonly used to weld thin sections of stainless steel and non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys. The process grants the operator greater control over the weld than competing processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, allowing for stronger, higher quality welds. However, GTAW is comparatively more complex and difficult to master, and furthermore, it is significantly slower than most other welding techniques. A related process, plasma arc welding, uses a slightly different welding torch to create a more focused welding arc and as a result is often automated.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 440996, 30046, 10008, 44883, 248159, 1924637, 896, 13256, 2683666, 749012, 1546777, 25916521, 27059, 3255479, 904, 18909, 125293, 239076, 33731132, 1449329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 98 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 143, 152 ], [ 168, 172 ], [ 272, 277 ], [ 278, 291 ], [ 293, 298 ], [ 302, 308 ], [ 313, 325 ], [ 482, 498 ], [ 499, 519 ], [ 649, 655 ], [ 709, 724 ], [ 729, 747 ], [ 756, 764 ], [ 766, 775 ], [ 781, 787 ], [ 891, 917 ], [ 922, 943 ], [ 1158, 1176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the discovery of the short pulsed electric arc in 1801 by Humphry Davy and of the continuous electric arc in 1802 by Vasily Petrov, arc welding developed slowly. C. L. Coffin had the idea of welding in an inert gas atmosphere in 1890, but even in the early 20th century, welding non-ferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium remained difficult because these metals react rapidly with the air, resulting in porous, dross-filled welds. Processes using flux-covered electrodes did not satisfactorily protect the weld area from contamination. To solve the problem, bottled inert gases were used in the beginning of the 1930s. A few years later, a direct current, gas-shielded welding process emerged in the aircraft industry for welding magnesium.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 1239265, 14369, 13407998, 7327033, 1367924, 47713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 52 ], [ 64, 76 ], [ 123, 136 ], [ 168, 180 ], [ 427, 432 ], [ 656, 670 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Russell Meredith of Northrop Aircraft perfected the process in 1941. Meredith named the process Heliarc because it used a tungsten electrode arc and helium as a shielding gas, but it is often referred to as tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). The American Welding Society's official term is gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Linde Air Products developed a wide range of air-cooled and water-cooled torches, gas lenses to improve shielding, and other accessories that increased the use of the process. Initially, the electrode overheated quickly and, despite tungsten's high melting temperature, particles of tungsten were transferred to the weld. To address this problem, the polarity of the electrode was changed from positive to negative, but the change made it unsuitable for welding many non-ferrous materials. Finally, the development of alternating current units made it possible to stabilize the arc and produce high quality aluminum and magnesium welds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 1922948, 40283, 42986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 341 ], [ 572, 591 ], [ 841, 860 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Developments continued during the following decades. Linde developed water-cooled torches that helped prevent overheating when welding with high currents. During the 1950s, as the process continued to gain popularity, some users turned to carbon dioxide as an alternative to the more expensive welding atmospheres consisting of argon and helium, but this proved unacceptable for welding aluminum and magnesium because it reduced weld quality, so it is rarely used with GTAW today. The use of any shielding gas containing an oxygen compound, such as carbon dioxide, quickly contaminates the tungsten electrode, making it unsuitable for the TIG process.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 5906, 13256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 253 ], [ 338, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1953, a new process based on GTAW was developed, called plasma arc welding. It affords greater control and improves weld quality by using a nozzle to focus the electric arc, but is largely limited to automated systems, whereas GTAW remains primarily a manual, hand-held method. Development within the GTAW process has continued as well, and today a number of variations exist. Among the most popular are the pulsed-current, manual programmed, hot-wire, dabber, and increased penetration GTAW methods.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Manual gas tungsten arc welding is a relatively difficult welding method, due to the coordination required by the welder. Similar to torch welding, GTAW normally requires two hands, since most applications require that the welder manually feed a filler metal into the weld area with one hand while manipulating the welding torch in the other. Maintaining a short arc length, while preventing contact between the electrode and the workpiece, is also important.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To strike the welding arc, a high-frequency generator (similar to a Tesla coil) provides an electric spark. This spark is a conductive path for the welding current through the shielding gas and allows the arc to be initiated while the electrode and the workpiece are separated, typically about apart. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 39113, 3924362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 78 ], [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once the arc is struck, the welder moves the torch in a small circle to create a welding pool, the size of which depends on the size of the electrode and the amount of current. While maintaining a constant separation between the electrode and the workpiece, the operator then moves the torch back slightly and tilts it backward about 10–15 degrees from vertical. Filler metal is added manually to the front end of the weld pool as it is needed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Welders often develop a technique of rapidly alternating between moving the torch forward (to advance the weld pool) and adding filler metal. The filler rod is withdrawn from the weld pool each time the electrode advances, but it is always kept inside the gas shield to prevent oxidation of its surface and contamination of the weld. Filler rods composed of metals with a low melting temperature, such as aluminum, require that the operator maintain some distance from the arc while staying inside the gas shield. If held too close to the arc, the filler rod can melt before it makes contact with the weld puddle. As the weld nears completion, the arc current is often gradually reduced to allow the weld crater to solidify and prevent the formation of crater cracks at the end of the weld.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Welders wear protective clothing, including light and thin leather gloves and protective long sleeve shirts with high collars, to avoid exposure to strong ultraviolet light. Due to the absence of smoke in GTAW, the electric arc light is not covered by fumes and particulate matter as in stick welding or shielded metal arc welding, and thus is a great deal brighter, subjecting operators to strong ultraviolet light. The welding arc has a different range and strength of UV light wavelengths from sunlight, but the welder is very close to the source and the light intensity is very strong. Potential arc light damage includes accidental flashes to the eye or arc eye and skin damage similar to strong sunburn. Operators wear opaque helmets with dark eye lenses and full head and neck coverage to prevent this exposure to UV light. Modern helmets often feature a liquid crystal-type face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to the bright light of the struck arc. Transparent welding curtains, made of a strongly colored polyvinyl chloride plastic film, are often used to shield nearby workers and bystanders from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 239071, 55530, 18062, 172120, 31990, 239076, 240096, 20647810, 17973, 24458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 13, 32 ], [ 59, 66 ], [ 67, 72 ], [ 155, 172 ], [ 305, 331 ], [ 660, 667 ], [ 702, 709 ], [ 864, 878 ], [ 1023, 1041 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. While the process doesn't produce smoke, the brightness of the arc in GTAW can break down surrounding air to form ozone and nitric oxides. The ozone and nitric oxides react with lung tissue and moisture to create nitric acid and ozone burn. Ozone and nitric oxide levels are moderate, but exposure duration, repeated exposure, and the quality and quantity of fume extraction, and air change in the room must be monitored. Welders who do not work safely can contract emphysema and oedema of the lungs, which can lead to early death. Similarly, the heat from the arc can cause poisonous fumes to form from cleaning and degreasing materials. Cleaning operations using these agents should not be performed near the site of welding, and proper ventilation is necessary to protect the welder.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 30876688, 22718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ], [ 189, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the aerospace industry is one of the primary users of gas tungsten arc welding, the process is used in a number of other areas. Many industries use GTAW for welding thin workpieces, especially nonferrous metals. It is used extensively in the manufacture of space vehicles and is also frequently employed to weld small-diameter, thin-wall tubing such as that used in the bicycle industry. In addition, GTAW is often used to make root or first-pass welds for piping of various sizes. In maintenance and repair work, the process is commonly used to repair tools and dies, especially components made of aluminum and magnesium. Because the weld metal is not transferred directly across the electric arc like most open arc welding processes, a vast assortment of welding filler metal is available to the welding engineer. In fact, no other welding process permits the welding of so many alloys in so many product configurations. Filler metal alloys, such as elemental aluminum and chromium, can be lost through the electric arc from volatilization. This loss does not occur with the GTAW process. Because the resulting welds have the same chemical integrity as the original base metal or match the base metals more closely, GTAW welds are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking over long time periods, making GTAW the welding procedure of choice for critical operations like sealing spent nuclear fuel canisters before burial.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 4094572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1387, 1405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gas tungsten arc welding, because it affords greater control over the weld area than other welding processes, can produce high-quality welds when performed by skilled operators. Maximum weld quality is assured by maintaining cleanliness—all equipment and materials used must be free from oil, moisture, dirt and other impurities, as these cause weld porosity and consequently a decrease in weld strength and quality. To remove oil and grease, alcohol or similar commercial solvents may be used, while a stainless steel wire brush or chemical process can remove oxides from the surfaces of metals like aluminum. Rust on steels can be removed by first grit blasting the surface and then using a wire brush to remove any embedded grit. These steps are especially important when negative polarity direct current is used, because such a power supply provides no cleaning during the welding process, unlike positive polarity direct current or alternating current. To maintain a clean weld pool during welding, the shielding gas flow should be sufficient and consistent so that the gas covers the weld and blocks impurities in the atmosphere. GTAW in windy or drafty environments increases the amount of shielding gas necessary to protect the weld, increasing the cost and making the process unpopular outdoors.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Quality", "target_page_ids": [ 13198770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 650, 663 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The level of heat input also affects weld quality. Low heat input, caused by low welding current or high welding speed, can limit penetration and cause the weld bead to lift away from the surface being welded. If there is too much heat input, however, the weld bead grows in width while the likelihood of excessive penetration and spatter (emission of small, unwanted droplets of molten metal) increases. Additionally, if the welding torch is too far from the workpiece the shielding gas becomes ineffective, causing porosity within the weld. This results in a weld with pinholes, which is weaker than a typical weld.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Quality", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If the amount of current used exceeds the capability of the electrode, tungsten inclusions in the weld may result. Known as tungsten spitting, this can be identified with radiography and can be prevented by changing the type of electrode or increasing the electrode diameter. In addition, if the electrode is not well protected by the gas shield or the operator accidentally allows it to contact the molten metal, it can become dirty or contaminated. This often causes the welding arc to become unstable, requiring that the electrode be ground with a diamond abrasive to remove the impurity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Quality", "target_page_ids": [ 95807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The equipment required for the gas tungsten arc welding operation includes a welding torch utilizing a non-consumable tungsten electrode, a constant-current welding power supply, and a shielding gas source.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "GTAW welding torches are designed for either automatic or manual operation and are equipped with cooling systems using air or water. The automatic and manual torches are similar in construction, but the manual torch has a handle while the automatic torch normally comes with a mounting rack. The angle between the centerline of the handle and the centerline of the tungsten electrode, known as the head angle, can be varied on some manual torches according to the preference of the operator. Air cooling systems are most often used for low-current operations (up to about 200A), while water cooling is required for high-current welding (up to about 600A). The torches are connected with cables to the power supply and with hoses to the shielding gas source and where used, the water supply.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 575, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The internal metal parts of a torch are made of hard alloys of copper or brass so it can transmit current and heat effectively. The tungsten electrode must be held firmly in the center of the torch with an appropriately sized collet, and ports around the electrode provide a constant flow of shielding gas. Collets are sized according to the diameter of the tungsten electrode they hold. The body of the torch is made of heat-resistant, insulating plastics covering the metal components, providing insulation from heat and electricity to protect the welder.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 3292, 1553609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 78 ], [ 226, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The size of the welding torch nozzle depends on the amount of shielded area desired. The size of the gas nozzle depends upon the diameter of the electrode, the joint configuration, and the availability of access to the joint by the welder. The inside diameter of the nozzle is preferably at least three times the diameter of the electrode, but there are no hard rules. The welder judges the effectiveness of the shielding and increases the nozzle size to increase the area protected by the external gas shield as needed. The nozzle must be heat resistant and thus is normally made of alumina or a ceramic material, but fused quartz, a high purity glass, offers greater visibility. Devices can be inserted into the nozzle for special applications, such as gas lenses or valves to improve the control shielding gas flow to reduce turbulence and the introduction of contaminated atmosphere into the shielded area. Hand switches to control welding current can be added to the manual GTAW torches.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 141888, 430014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 584, 591 ], [ 619, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gas tungsten arc welding uses a constant current power source, meaning that the current (and thus the heat flux) remains relatively constant, even if the arc distance and voltage change. This is important because most applications of GTAW are manual or semiautomatic, requiring that an operator hold the torch. Maintaining a suitably steady arc distance is difficult if a constant voltage power source is used instead since it can cause dramatic heat variations and make welding more difficult.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 14581057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The preferred polarity of the GTAW system depends largely on the type of metal being welded. Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) is often employed when welding steels, nickel, titanium, and other metals. It can also be used in automatic GTAW of aluminum or magnesium when helium is used as a shielding gas. The negatively charged electrode generates heat by emitting electrons, which travel across the arc, causing thermal ionization of the shielding gas and increasing the temperature of the base material. The ionized shielding gas flows toward the electrode, not the base material, and this can allow oxides to build on the surface of the weld. Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) is less common, and is used primarily for shallow welds since less heat is generated in the base material. Instead of flowing from the electrode to the base material, as in DCEN, electrons go the other direction, causing the electrode to reach very high temperatures. To help it maintain its shape and prevent softening, a larger electrode is often used. As the electrons flow toward the electrode, ionized shielding gas flows back toward the base material, cleaning the weld by removing oxides and other impurities and thereby improving its quality and appearance.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 27058, 21274, 30040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 188 ], [ 191, 197 ], [ 199, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alternating current, commonly used when welding aluminum and magnesium manually or semi-automatically, combines the two direct currents by making the electrode and base material alternate between positive and negative charge. This causes the electron flow to switch directions constantly, preventing the tungsten electrode from overheating while maintaining the heat in the base material. Surface oxides are still removed during the electrode-positive portion of the cycle and the base metal is heated more deeply during the electrode-negative portion of the cycle. Some power supplies enable operators to use an unbalanced alternating current wave by modifying the exact percentage of time that the current spends in each state of polarity, giving them more control over the amount of heat and cleaning action supplied by the power source. In addition, operators must be wary of rectification, in which the arc fails to reignite as it passes from straight polarity (negative electrode) to reverse polarity (positive electrode). To remedy the problem, a square wave power supply can be used, as can high-frequency to encourage arc stability.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 60569, 314652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 880, 893 ], [ 1054, 1065 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The electrode used in GTAW is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, because tungsten has the highest melting temperature among pure metals, at . As a result, the electrode is not consumed during welding, though some erosion (called burn-off) can occur. Electrodes can have either a clean finish or a ground finish—clean finish electrodes have been chemically cleaned, while ground finish electrodes have been ground to a uniform size and have a polished surface, making them optimal for heat conduction. The diameter of the electrode can vary between , and their length can range from .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A number of tungsten alloys have been standardized by the International Organization for Standardization and the American Welding Society in ISO 6848 and AWS A5.12, respectively, for use in GTAW electrodes, and are summarized in the adjacent table.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 14934, 7179075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 104 ], [ 113, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pure tungsten electrodes (classified as WP or EWP) are general purpose and low cost electrodes. They have poor heat resistance and electron emission. They find limited use in AC welding of e.g. magnesium and aluminum.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thorium oxide (or thoria) alloy electrodes offer excellent arc performance and starting, making them popular general purpose electrodes. However, thorium is somewhat radioactive, making inhalation of vapors and dust a health risk, and disposal an environmental risk.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 30044, 724958, 621749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 19, 25 ], [ 168, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cerium oxide (or ceria) as an alloying element improves arc stability and ease of starting while decreasing burn-off. Cerium addition is not as effective as thorium but works well, and cerium is not radioactive.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 24580596, 1723722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 18, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " An alloy of lanthanum oxide (or lanthana) has a similar effect as cerium, and is also not radioactive.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 17744, 2700960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 22 ], [ 33, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Electrodes containing zirconium oxide (or zirconia) increase the current capacity while improving arc stability and starting while also increasing electrode life.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 34422, 154750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 32 ], [ 43, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Filler metals are also used in nearly all applications of GTAW, the major exception being the welding of thin materials. Filler metals are available with different diameters and are made of a variety of materials. In most cases, the filler metal in the form of a rod is added to the weld pool manually, but some applications call for an automatically fed filler metal, which often is stored on spools or coils.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As with other welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, shielding gases are necessary in GTAW to protect the welding area from atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, which can cause fusion defects, porosity, and weld metal embrittlement if they come in contact with the electrode, the arc, or the welding metal. The gas also transfers heat from the tungsten electrode to the metal, and it helps start and maintain a stable arc.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 1924637, 21175, 22303, 4998099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ], [ 160, 168 ], [ 173, 179 ], [ 238, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The selection of a shielding gas depends on several factors, including the type of material being welded, joint design, and desired final weld appearance. Argon is the most commonly used shielding gas for GTAW, since it helps prevent defects due to a varying arc length. When used with alternating current, argon shielding results in high weld quality and good appearance. Another common shielding gas, helium, is most often used to increase the weld penetration in a joint, to increase the welding speed, and to weld metals with high heat conductivity, such as copper and aluminum. A significant disadvantage is the difficulty of striking an arc with helium gas, and the decreased weld quality associated with a varying arc length.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Argon-helium mixtures are also frequently utilized in GTAW, since they can increase control of the heat input while maintaining the benefits of using argon. Normally, the mixtures are made with primarily helium (often about 75% or higher) and a balance of argon. These mixtures increase the speed and quality of the AC welding of aluminum, and also make it easier to strike an arc. Another shielding gas mixture, argon-hydrogen, is used in the mechanized welding of light gauge stainless steel, but because hydrogen can cause porosity, its uses are limited. Similarly, nitrogen can sometimes be added to argon to help stabilize the austenite in austenitic stainless steels and increase penetration when welding copper. Due to porosity problems in ferritic steels and limited benefits, however, it is not a popular shielding gas additive.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [ 13255, 233317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 419, 427 ], [ 632, 641 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gas Tungsten Arc Welding is most commonly used to weld stainless steel and nonferrous materials, such as aluminum and magnesium, but it can be applied to nearly all metals, with a notable exception being zinc and its alloys. Its applications involving carbon steels are limited not because of process restrictions, but because of the existence of more economical steel welding techniques, such as gas metal arc welding and shielded metal arc welding. Furthermore, GTAW can be performed in a variety of other-than-flat positions, depending on the skill of the welder and the materials being welded.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [ 34420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aluminum and magnesium are most often welded using alternating current, but the use of direct current is also possible, depending on the properties desired. Before welding, the work area should be cleaned and may be preheated to for aluminum or to a maximum of for thick magnesium workpieces to improve penetration and increase travel speed. Alternating current can provide a self-cleaning effect, removing the thin, refractory aluminum oxide (sapphire) layer that forms on aluminum metal within minutes of exposure to air. This oxide layer must be removed for welding to occur. When alternating current is used, pure tungsten electrodes or zirconiated tungsten electrodes are preferred over thoriated electrodes, as the latter are more likely to \"spit\" electrode particles across the welding arc into the weld. Blunt electrode tips are preferred, and pure argon shielding gas should be employed for thin workpieces. Introducing helium allows for greater penetration in thicker workpieces, but can make arc starting difficult.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [ 29469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 446, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Direct current of either polarity, positive or negative, can be used to weld aluminum and magnesium as well. Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) allows for high penetration. Argon is commonly used as a shielding gas for DCEN welding of aluminum. Shielding gases with high helium contents are often used for higher penetration in thicker materials. Thoriated electrodes are suitable for use in DCEN welding of aluminum. Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) is used primarily for shallow welds, especially those with a joint thickness of less than . A thoriated tungsten electrode is commonly used, along with pure argon shielding gas.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For GTAW of carbon and stainless steels, the selection of filler material is important to prevent excessive porosity. Oxides on the filler material and workpieces must be removed before welding to prevent contamination, and immediately prior to welding, alcohol or acetone should be used to clean the surface. Preheating is generally not necessary for mild steels less than one inch thick, but low alloy steels may require preheating to slow the cooling process and prevent the formation of martensite in the heat-affected zone. Tool steels should also be preheated to prevent cracking in the heat-affected zone. Austenitic stainless steels do not require preheating, but martensitic and ferritic chromium stainless steels do. A DCEN power source is normally used, and thoriated electrodes, tapered to a sharp point, are recommended. Pure argon is used for thin workpieces, but helium can be introduced as thickness increases.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [ 633593, 233266, 1830354, 633601, 3438137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 18 ], [ 491, 501 ], [ 509, 527 ], [ 530, 540 ], [ 614, 640 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Welding dissimilar metals often introduce new difficulties to GTAW welding, because most materials do not easily fuse to form a strong bond. However, welds of dissimilar materials have numerous applications in manufacturing, repair work, and the prevention of corrosion and oxidation. In some joints, a compatible filler metal is chosen to help form the bond, and this filler metal can be the same as one of the base materials (for example, using a stainless steel filler metal with stainless steel and carbon steel as base materials), or a different metal (such as the use of a nickel filler metal for joining steel and cast iron). Very different materials may be coated or \"buttered\" with a material compatible with particular filler metal, and then welded. In addition, GTAW can be used in cladding or overlaying dissimilar materials.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [ 155443, 66313, 132784, 29821539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 269 ], [ 274, 283 ], [ 621, 630 ], [ 793, 801 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When welding dissimilar metals, the joint must have an accurate fit, with proper gap dimensions and bevel angles. Care should be taken to avoid melting excessive base material. Pulsed current is particularly useful for these applications, as it helps limit the heat input. The filler metal should be added quickly, and a large weld pool should be avoided to prevent dilution of the base materials.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Materials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the pulsed-current mode, the welding current rapidly alternates between two levels. The higher current state is known as the pulse current, while the lower current level is called the background current. During the period of pulse current, the weld area is heated and fusion occurs. Upon dropping to the background current, the weld area is allowed to cool and solidify. Pulsed-current GTAW has a number of advantages, including lower heat input and consequently a reduction in distortion and warpage in thin workpieces. In addition, it allows for greater control of the weld pool, and can increase weld penetration, welding speed, and quality. A similar method, manual programmed GTAW, allows the operator to program a specific rate and magnitude of current variations, making it useful for specialized applications.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Process variations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The dabber variation is used to precisely place weld metal on thin edges. The automatic process replicates the motions of manual welding by feeding a cold or hot filler wire into the weld area and dabbing (or oscillating) it into the welding arc. It can be used in conjunction with pulsed current, and is used to weld a variety of alloys, including titanium, nickel, and tool steels. Common applications include rebuilding seals in jet engines and building up saw blades, milling cutters, drill bits, and mower blades.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Process variations", "target_page_ids": [ 54520430, 15944, 2389550, 452219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 435, 446 ], [ 475, 489 ], [ 492, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Guidelines for Gas Tungsten Arc (GTAW) Welding", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Selection and Preparation Guide for Tungsten Electrodes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tungsten Electrode Guidebook: Guidebook for the Proper Selection and Preparation of Tungsten Electrodes for Arc Welding", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Arc_welding", "Tungsten" ]

[ "tungsten inert gas welding", "GTAW", "TIG welding" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Milan () was a province in the Lombardy region, Italy. Its capital was the city of Milan. The area of the former province is highly urbanized, with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, the third highest population density among Italian provinces, just below the densities of the provinces of Naples and of Monza e Brianza, the latter of which was created in 2004 from the north-eastern part of the province of Milan. On 1 January 2015 the province was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Milan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 43807, 14532, 36511, 55880, 1933102, 44016514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 39 ], [ 47, 55 ], [ 64, 69 ], [ 99, 104 ], [ 304, 310 ], [ 318, 333 ], [ 480, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Milan extended over the Po Valley and was bordered by the river Ticino to the west, and the river Adda to the east. It was shaped by its waterways - river and canals that traverse it and sometimes border it, from the Lambro and Olona rivers to the numerous canals, like the Navigli Milanesi; these water runs link farmsteads and villages like Corneliano Bertario, the Castello Borromeo (castle) and ancient noble villas (such as the Inzago Villa near the Naviglio Martesana) to the Canale Villoresi, which is thought to be the longest man-made canal in Italy. The Villoresi is the natural southern border of Brianza, an area in Lombardy noted for its mountains, lakes and plains.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 8320582, 104994, 1410531, 10848985, 12823794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 49 ], [ 80, 86 ], [ 115, 119 ], [ 234, 240 ], [ 245, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It contains six regional natural parks: Parco Adda Nord, Parco Agricolo Sud Milano, Parco delle Groane, Parco Nord Milano, Parco della Valle del Lambro and the Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 27439519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Half of the province is agricultural and flood plain, and most of it is protected by reserves.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Milan metropolitan area", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13686670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] } ]

[ "Province_of_Milan", "Metropolitan_City_of_Milan", "Former_provinces_of_Italy", "Provinces_of_Lombardy", "2015_disestablishments_in_Italy", "Populated_places_disestablished_in_2015" ]

[ "Milan province", "Milano province", "provincia di Milano" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Athabasca Falls is a waterfall in Jasper National Park on the upper Athabasca River, approximately south of the townsite of Jasper, Alberta, Canada, and just west of the Icefields Parkway.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 69442, 209129, 247748, 417674, 3383321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 34, 54 ], [ 68, 83 ], [ 125, 140 ], [ 171, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Athabasca Falls is a Class 5 waterfall, with a total drop height of and a width of . A powerful, picturesque waterfall, Athabasca Falls is not known so much for its height as for its force, due to the large quantity of water falling into the gorge, which can be substantial even on a cold morning in the fall, when river levels tend to be at their lowest. The river falls over a layer of hard quartzite and through the softer limestone below, carving a short gorge and a number of potholes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography and geology", "target_page_ids": [ 450636, 17748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 394, 403 ], [ 427, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The falls can be safely viewed and photographed from various viewing platforms and walking trails around the falls. Access is from the nearby parking lot, which leads off Highway 93A just northeast of the falls. Highway 93A takes off from the nearby Icefields Parkway, and crosses the falls on the way north to the town of Jasper. Whitewater rafting often starts below the falls to travel downstream on the Athabasca River to Jasper.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Access", "target_page_ids": [ 3383321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of waterfalls of Canada", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20117350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Explore Jasper. Athabasca Falls", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Jasper_National_Park", "Waterfalls_of_Alberta" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Pavia () is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy; its capital is Pavia. , the province has a population of 548,722 inhabitants and an area of ; the town of Pavia has a population of 72,205.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 43807, 14532, 44934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 38 ], [ 56, 64 ], [ 77, 82 ], [ 99, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city Pavia was initially settled by the Ligures and was later occupied by Gaulish tribes; it was conquered by the Romans in 220 BCE. Named \"Ticinum\" by the Romans, the town was reinforced and became a key part of their defenses in northern Italy; despite this, the town was sacked by Attila, the ruler of the Hunnic Empire, in 452 CE, and then again by Odoacer in 476 CE. In the sixth century it was the capital of German tribe the Lombards and survived an attempted Frankish invasion. However, following the death of Charlemagne, the Lombard territory became part of Frankish territory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 424214, 521555, 841, 37045, 18011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ], [ 118, 124 ], [ 288, 294 ], [ 357, 364 ], [ 436, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 12th century, it became a commune after Frankish rule ceased, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor fortified areas of the commune and he was crowned in Pavia in 1155. The University of Pavia was founded in 1361. Starting from 1359, Pavia and its neighbourhood were owned by the Visconti and then the Sforza of Milan, until, in 1499, the Duchy of Milan became a Spanish possession. It was the scene of a Franco-Imperial battle in 1525, in which Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor defeated Francis I of France. In 1707 and again 1774, parts of the so-called \"principality of Pavia\", a province of the Duchy under the Spaniards, were sold to Piedmont; these changes were restored after the collapse of the French Empire in 1814.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39699, 571731, 27914, 679080, 70716, 50012, 25061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 104 ], [ 284, 292 ], [ 306, 312 ], [ 343, 357 ], [ 450, 479 ], [ 489, 508 ], [ 640, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Pavia is in the region of Lombardy in northwestern Italy. It is bounded to the north by the provinces of Milan and Lodi, to the southeast by the Province of Piacenza (Emilia-Romagna), and to the southwest it is bounded by the Province of Alessandria (Piedmont). The province is crossed by the rivers Ticino and Po, which meet four kilometres south of the capital, Pavia. The province contains 190 communes and the River Po is navigable up to its confluence with the Ticino. There are three regions of the province, the Pavese, which is entirely in the Po Valley, the Lomellina, which is also completely in the Po Valley but between the Ticino and the Po, and Oltrepò, to the south of the Po and which includes Monte Lesima (1,724 m (5,656ft)), a mountain in the Apennine Mountains which is the highest point in the province. The territory of Siccomario, at the confluence of the two great rivers, should properly be included in Lomellina, but for historical reasons it is considered part of Pavese. Another large river flowing through the province is the Olona.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1448716, 1039071, 987127, 162715, 1448810, 25061, 104994, 40126791, 44934, 41641300, 10747431, 14355956, 200366, 12823794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 126 ], [ 131, 135 ], [ 161, 181 ], [ 183, 197 ], [ 242, 265 ], [ 267, 275 ], [ 316, 322 ], [ 327, 329 ], [ 380, 385 ], [ 535, 541 ], [ 583, 592 ], [ 675, 682 ], [ 778, 796 ], [ 1071, 1076 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province is mostly flat with the northwestern part of the province being good agricultural land. The southern part rises to low hills which give way to the Ligurian Apennines. The town of Pavia has a major position in northern Italy's textile industry and is renowned for hatmaking. It also plays its part in the country's engineering and metallurgical industries. This is an important winemaking district and produces sparkling wines. It is the largest area in Italy for the production of Pinot noir.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 197760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 495, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The list below shows the most populated municipalities of the province in 2010:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Comuni of the Province of Pavia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33815851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Province of Pavia official website ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oltrepò Pavese Touristic site ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Pavia", "Provinces_of_Lombardy", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Pavia province", "provincia di Pavia" ]

[ { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\" is a song by American heavy metal band Megadeth. It was released as the first single from their sixth studio album Youthanasia in November 1994. The song was later included on the Megadeth compilation albums The Megadeth Years (2000), Back to the Start (2005), Warchest (2007) and Set the World Afire (2008).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13869, 20653, 60303, 12370343 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ], [ 63, 71 ], [ 139, 150 ], [ 287, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The commercial retail single was only released in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands and Japan, however the song was released as an extended play and radio promotional single in the US. In a review of the Youthanasia album, Allmusic said that \"Unfortunately, they have abandoned some of the more experimental, progressive elements in their music, but those are hardly missed in the jackhammer riffs of tracks like \"Train of Consequences\". According to the WeLoveMetal.com website, \"Train of Consequences\" is a song inspired by gambling and tells of the ill effects of gambling to man and society. In a review of the album by Billboard, with the song \"Train of Consequences\", Megadeth delivered \"trademark aggressive rage 'n' roll to powerful effect\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Release and reception", "target_page_ids": [ 156540, 31717, 156702, 2604089, 697535, 11921, 18309966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 28 ], [ 54, 68 ], [ 144, 157 ], [ 162, 186 ], [ 236, 244 ], [ 539, 547 ], [ 637, 646 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"Train of Consequences\" music video was the 26th most played video on MTV according to the 24 December 1994 issue of Billboard magazine.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music video", "target_page_ids": [ 90138, 18856, 18309966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 74, 77 ], [ 121, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "UK CD single", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Peace Sells\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [ 254861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [ 316198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Limited edition UK 12-inch vinyl", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A1 \"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A2 \"Holy Wars...The Punishment Due\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [ 11081274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A3 \"Peace Sells\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A4 \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Limited edition UK 7-inch vinyl", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A \"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "B \"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European special collectors CD single", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Black Curtains\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Peace Sells\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Ashes in Your Mouth\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "US EP CD", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Black Curtains\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Ashes in Your Mouth\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Peace Sells\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Australian CD single", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Black Curtains\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Ashes in Your Mouth\" (Live)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Peace Sells\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Netherlands card sleeve CD single", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Japanese mini single", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Train of Consequences\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Crown of Worms\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Track listings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Megadeth_songs", "1994_singles", "Songs_about_death", "Songs_written_by_Dave_Mustaine", "1994_songs", "Capitol_Records_singles" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings (L5R) is an out-of-print collectible card game created by a joint venture featuring Alderac Entertainment Group and ISOMEDIA in 1995 and published until 2015, when it was announced that the game would be discontinued for a rules-incompatible successor that will be part of Fantasy Flight Games' Living Card Game line. L5R takes place in the fictional empire of Rokugan from the Legend of the Five Rings setting, where several clans and factions vie for domination over the empire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26654282, 488003, 3366648, 3366648, 765172, 765172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 71 ], [ 109, 136 ], [ 298, 318 ], [ 320, 336 ], [ 386, 393 ], [ 403, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The card game shares some similarities with The Gathering but has its own game mechanics and flavor, providing \"passive\" win conditions like the Enlightenment Victory, as well as a version of Magics goal of destroying the opponent. Games can be very long, with some matches lasting hours.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A major distinctive feature of the game is the importance of the storyline: new fiction pieces advancing the story of Rokugan are published on a weekly basis, in addition to being released with every expansion, and in a quarterly publication, the Imperial Herald. Many of these stories reflect the result of tournaments, where players use their decks to determine which faction will claim a particular prize within the storyline. Two novel lines, covering the Clan War and Four Winds arcs, have been published.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings has garnered many accolades throughout the years, including several Origins awards (such as the most recent 2008 award for best CCG with Samurai Edition) and the 2008 Scrye Players Choice Best CCG Award for Samurai Edition.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The game was created by a joint venture featuring Alderac Entertainment Group and ISOMEDIA. It was first previewed at Gen Con in 1995, followed by the release of the first set, Imperial Edition, in October of that year, beginning the Clan War arc. The joint venture was dissolved and Five Rings Publishing Group (FRPG) was created to own and develop the intellectual property shortly thereafter, before it was acquired by Wizards of the Coast in 1997.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 488003, 464238, 146563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 77 ], [ 118, 125 ], [ 422, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, at the behest of Wizards' mother company, Hasbro, the intellectual property to the game was put up for sale. Alderac Entertainment acquired the rights to publish the game in 2001, and full rights over the game within the following years, and have since published the game.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The release of Lotus Edition (in 2005) and Samurai Edition (2007) saw extensive changes to several aspects of the game.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Originally, cards featured intricately ornate front sides, while the back of the card, either black or green, featured five interlocked rings and the words \"Legend of the Five Rings\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Starting with the release of Pearl Edition in 1999, the card fronts were changed to a simpler, cleaner look that allowed for more card text, as well as returning the visual focus of the card on the art, rather than the borders of the card.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Following a legal issue with the International Olympic Committee, which has trademark-like rights in the United States to all designs featuring five interlocking rings, it was agreed that Wizards of the Coast would change the card back. This was done with The Spirit Wars in 2000, when the design was changed to five non-interlocking circular symbols depicting each of the five elements of the game (Fire, Air, Earth, Water and Void).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15147, 731192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 64 ], [ 76, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The card fronts were redesigned for a second time in 2008.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are a number of different factions that a player may use in Legend of the Five Rings. Each faction has different strengths and weaknesses and often can use one or more different paths to victory. At various times in the game's history, factions have been added and removed for storyline reasons, simplification of mechanics for newer players or power-level reasons. At the time of Imperial Edition six factions were included: Crab, Crane, Dragon, Lion, Phoenix and Unicorn. The most recent arc, Emperor Edition, features the six original factions and three others: Mantis, Scorpion, and Spider.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Crab Clan: Defenders of Rokugan from the creatures of the Shadowlands, the Crab Clan are traditionally a military clan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Crane Clan: Artisans, courtiers and duelists, the Crane Clan usually tries to achieve victory by gaining recognition for its honorable deeds.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dragon Clan: Isolated and mysterious monks and deadly duelists, the Dragon Clan often speak in riddles and act in unpredictable ways. The Dragon has been a clan that can win through any victory condition, and has usually been one of the best clans to be able to achieve an enlightenment victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lion Clan: Firm adherents to Bushido, and deadly warriors, the Lion Clan tends to win through military victory, but is often able to win by being more honorable, gaining its honor from battle instead of words.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Phoenix Clan: Honorable shugenja (wizards or spellcasters) and their dutiful yojimbo (bodyguards) allow the Phoenix clan to win through honor. Despite being pacifistic in nature, the Phoenix Clan has often had a strong military theme, utilizing tricks and spells to prevail against stronger individual forces.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [ 146695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unicorn Clan: Masters of horsemanship, the Unicorn Clan is primarily a military clan that uses cavalry to attack around the enemy defenders, allowing them to attack resources as well as being strong in direct confrontations. The Unicorn are seen by many to be outsiders but are capable of honor victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Naga (Shadowlands): A race of ancient snake people, the Naga were unable to win through honor victory, but had a strong military theme.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scorpion Clan (Shadowlands): A dark mirror to the Crane Clan, the Scorpion also use the power of the courts, but where the Crane seek to be more virtuous than their adversaries, the Scorpion seek to shame theirs. The Scorpion also have military strength, but their ninja and warriors are more subtle than the Lion or Crab, using the power of their courtiers to slow the enemy down.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Toturi's Army (Anvil of Despair): A group of ronin (unaligned samurai) united under the banner of Toturi the Black, the former Lion Clan champion who was shamed and forced to leave his clan. Toturi's army was both a military and honor faction that eventually morphed into the Monkey Clan, a minor clan of Rokugan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [ 163427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yogo Junzo's Army/The Shadowlands Horde (Anvil of Despair): Monstrous oni, goblins, trolls, and corrupted samurai from the evil Shadowlands who follow the dark kami, Fu Leng, and seek the destruction of Rokugan. The Shadowlands Horde has in part merged into the Spider Clan, a great clan of Rokugan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [ 535871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yoritomo's Alliance (Crimson and Jade): An alliance of several minor clans. At the conclusion of the Clan War, Yoritomo was allowed to make his alliance into a great clan, the Mantis Clan. The original four clans in the alliance were the Mantis Clan, the Wasp Clan, the Fox Clan and the Centipede Clan, as well as other members from the great clans and minor clans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Brotherhood of Shinsei (Crimson and Jade): Identified by the monk keyword, the Brotherhood of Shinsei were pacifists who primarily dealt with enlightenment and honor victories, but were able to use their powerful magic to defend the empire as well.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Ninja/Lying Darkness (Dark Journey Home): Identified by the ninja keyword, they served as the ultimate evil bent on destroying everything that existed. They were defeated at the end of the Jade Arc, but many ninja have survived and are now a part of the Spider Clan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ratlings (Heroes of Rokugan): A race of anthropomorphic rat people who received a stronghold that was allowed in both Jade and Gold Editions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Spirits (The Spirit Wars): Received one stronghold in the last expansion of Jade Edition.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Spider Clan: Founded by Daigotsu, the dark lord of the Shadowlands, the Spider clan has now been elevated to great clan status.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Imperial (Emperor Edition): Had a stronghold representing the forces of the Imperial Household during the raid on the Second City.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fudo (Coils of Madness): A rogue faction of the Shinsei who followed the teachings of a new master.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pan'Ku''' (Coils of Madness): The forces that followed the whims of the mad Dragon Pan'Ku.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the playable factions, several minor clans exist in Rokugan, each with a purpose and task given to them by the Emperor and some card and storyline support. They include the Badger Clan, Bat Clan, Boar Clan, Dragonfly Clan, Falcon Clan (now the Toritaka family of the Crab), Fox Clan (now the Kitsune Family of the Mantis Clan), Hare Clan, Kolat, Monkey Clan, Oriole Clan, Snake Clan (now the Chuda Family of the Spider clan), Sparrow Clan, Tortoise Clan, and Wasp Clan (now the Tsuruchi Family of the Mantis Clan).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Factions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings can be played with any number of players, although two to four are most common. Unlike most CCGs, which are geared towards one-on-one duels, L5R was designed with multi-player matches in mind. Each player represents a leader of one of the factions battling for power.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Each player has two decks that are kept separate during play: One Dynasty deck, consisting of black-backed cards, and one Fate deck, consisting of green-backed cards. Each deck must contain at least 40 cards, with no upper limit. No deck may contain more than three of any particular card, and no more than one of any particular unique card. In addition to a Fate deck and a Dynasty deck, each player must choose one Stronghold card to represent his or her faction and ancestral home.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the beginning of a game, all players start by simultaneously revealing their chosen stronghold. The family honor value printed on the stronghold determines play order, with the highest value going first. If a tie occurs, a random method such as a die roll or coin toss is used. Each player shuffles his or her Fate and Dynasty decks, and places them some distance apart on the game surface. Players then place the first four cards of their Dynasty deck face down on the table in front of them next to each other, between their two decks. This represents their provinces, the lands their clan control. Finally, each player draws five Fate cards and places them in his or her hand.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The two most important type of card in the game are the personality and the holding. Personalities represent warriors, courtiers, scholars, monks and creatures of the empire. Almost every personality card has a unique name corresponding to a character in the story of Legend of the Five Rings; many characters have several versions, representing the evolution of the character over the course of the story. Many cards require a personality in play to be played; in addition, Personalities are necessary in order to attack or defend. Holdings, meanwhile, are used to produce gold, which is in turn used to pay for further cards.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the beginning of each of his or her turns, during the Straighten Phase, a player straightens all bowed (turned 90 degrees to indicate using an effect) cards he or she currently controls.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the Events Phase, a player turns all of the face-down Dynasty cards in his or her provinces face-up. If these cards are regions or events, they immediately take effect. Regions (representing places in Rokugan) modify the province they are revealed in, while events (representing rare specific occurrences) have one global effect before being immediately discarded. Whenever a province becomes empty, the top card of the Dynasty deck is put into it, face-down.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The player then proceeds to the Action Phase, where he or she may purchase a variety of cards to improve personalities he or she controls. These cards, collectively known as attachments, are items (such as weapons and armor), followers (representing troops and retainers), spells, and ancestors (guiding spirits). During the limited phase, the player may also use certain abilities on cards in play or on action cards in hand; the latter are discarded when used. Other players may also take actions during this phase, but the abilities available to them are more limited.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The player then has the option of attacking opponents in the Attack Phase. If he or she does so, the attacking and defending players takes turn assigning personalities they control to attack or defend the defending player's provinces. The attacking player assigns first, allowing the defending player to position his or her cards in response to the attacking player's choices. Once all assignment is done, the battles at each province are played out, with players using abilities on cards they control or in hand in turn until both players pass; the battle is then resolved with the side having the highest total force becoming victorious. All cards on the losing side are destroyed; if the defending player loses, the province may also be destroyed. Destroyed provinces cannot hold Dynasty cards.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Once all battles (if any) are played out, the game moves on to the Dynasty Phase. The player may purchase face-up personality or holding cards in his or her provinces. The abilities of newly purchased holdings generally cannot be used until the beginning of their controller's next turn, whereas those of personalities can be used immediately. Once a player has no further actions, he or she draws a card from the Fate deck, then the turn ends.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are several ways to achieve victory or defeat in Legend of the Five Rings.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A player may win the game by having his or her honor score (representing the public view of his or her clan) reach over 40, at which point he or she will win the game by an honor victory at the beginning of his or her next turn. A player may also win by playing all of the titular five rings, representing philosophical mastery of the universe; such a victory is called the enlightenment victory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another way to achieve victory is by eliminating all opposing players from the game. Players can be eliminated in two ways. The first is to destroy all of a player's provinces (military victory) while the second involves reducing another player's honor score below -19 (dishonor victory). Until Samurai Edition, published in 2007, victory by eliminating other players was termed \"military victory\" regardless of how the elimination was achieved.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, several cards offer alternate, unique paths to victory or defeat, and certain factions are similarly immune to winning or losing the game in some ways.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Game play", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The history, story, and organized play rules of L5R are divided into a series of arcs. The beginning of each new arc redefines which cards may be used in tournament formats. Arcs typically begin with the publication of a base set of 300 or more cards, primarily reprinted older cards, followed by the release of several expansions of 50 to 180 new cards, and one promotional set, of variable size, which is sold directly to players by the manufacturer. Often, the last few expansions of one arc will be legal for play in the next arc; such cards are referred to as dual bugged, with circular indicators (bugs) at the bottom of the card indicating their legality.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Learn to play sets are standalone releases that allow new players to be easily introduced to the game. Several learn to play sets have been released over the course of the game's history. Generally, these sets feature particular flavor text and promotional cards relating to a specific event in the storyline.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Clan War arc began in October 1995 with the release of Imperial Edition. It initially had six legal factions for play (Crab Clan, Crane Clan, Dragon Clan, Lion Clan, Phoenix Clan and Unicorn Clan). Later expansions added six more : the Naga and Scorpion Clan in Shadowlands, Toturi's Army and Yogo Junzo's Army in Anvil of Despair, and Yoritomo's Alliance and The Brotherhood of Shinsei in Crimson and Jade. The learn to play set Battle at Beiden Pass was released in November 1996. The arc (and the game as a whole) was originally intended to end with Time of the Void, but was extended due to its popularity and ended with the release of Scorpion Clan Coup.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began in May 1998 with the release of Jade Edition. It contained originally all twelve factions playable at the end of the Clan War arc, to which were later added the Ninja in Dark Journey Home, the Ratlings in Heroes of Rokugan, and the Spirits in The Spirit Wars. Heroes of Rokugan was the first promotional set, depicting certain past figures of Rokugan's history. The learn to play sets were Siege of Sleeping Mountain (May 1999) and Storms over Matsu Palace (July 2000).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began in July 2001 with the release of Gold Edition. Several factions were removed from the game, to retain only eight: the original six factions from Imperial Edition, the Scorpion Clan, and the Shadowlands Horde (until then known as Yogo Junzo's Army). In addition, all cards in Heroes of Rokugan remained legal for play. Later, in the Dark Allies expansion, Yoritomo's Alliance was re-introduced as the Mantis Clan. The promotional set was A Thousand Years of Darkness, depicting an alternate timeline where the Shadowlands Horde ruled over Rokugan. Instead of a learn to play set, during The L5R Experience (July 2002), simple demonstration decks were freely distributed.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began in October 2003 with the release of Diamond Edition. It featured all the factions of the Four Winds arc (including Ratling), this time all fully supported. The promotional set was Dawn of the Empire, depicting events surrounding the creation of Rokugan. The learn to play set was The Training Grounds (November 2003).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began in October 2005 with the release of Lotus Edition. Several significant rules changes marked this release, redefining several key concepts of the game. A new faction, the Spider Clan, was introduced at the very end of the Age of Enlightenment, with the release of The Truest Test. The promotional set was Test of Enlightenment, which, unlike previous promotional sets, depicted current events, focused on results of the 2006 tournament season. The learn to play set was The Training Grounds II (July 2006).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began in July 2007 with the release of Samurai Edition. It featured significant faction changes, with the removal of the Ratlings and the Shadowlands Horde. The latter group was replaced with the newly introduced Spider Clan. The promotional set for the Samurai arc was The Emerald and Jade Champions, again depicting current events within the game, this time centered on the results of the 2007 World Championship. This arc did not feature a learn to play set.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The arc began in June 2009 with the release of Celestial Edition. The story begins with events following the tournament story line of The War of Dark Fire. The promotional set was Forgotten Legacy. A bit apart from the other learn to play sets were The Imperial Gift (Part 1 to 3), released in August 2009 and distributed through Stronghold Stores as free sets. The learn to play set was Battle of Kyuden Tonbo (September 2010), featuring decks for Lion and Dragon.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began with Emperor Edition. Originally scheduled for release November 2011, it was delayed until February 2012. The learn to play set, Honor and Treachery (December 2012), depicts a set of battles between the Phoenix and Scorpion clans.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This arc began with Ivory Edition, which released on March 24, 2014. The Ivory Edition seeks to streamline the rules and make the card text easier to read and understand. AEG is making a serious attempt to lower the entry barrier for new players (the complexity level has been seen as a stumbling block to attracting new players) while at the same time, retaining the richness and deep play that veteran L5R players have come to love. The learn to play set is \"A matter of Honor\" featuring the newly rewritten core rules of Ivory Edition. The clans featured in the learn to play set \"A Matter of Honor\" are the Crab Clan and the Lion Clan.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Steve Faragher reviewed Legend of the Five Rings for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Faragher comments that \"Lo5R is a splendid game, redolent with the atmosphere of ancient Japan.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wolfgang Baur comments: \"In the case of collectible card games, the outstanding title after Magic: The Gathering is Legend of the Five Rings (known to its fans as L5R). It inspires loyalty and devotion in those fans unlike any other CCG, and for good reason.\" According to Matt Wilson of Alderac, the game had a strong following in Philadelphia and \"towards New York\" as well as stating \"we own southern California\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 16465506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1997, Legend of Five Rings: Battle of Beiden Pass won in a three-way tie the Origins Award for Best Card Game of 1996.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 733953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings won the 2007 Origins Award for Best Collectible Card Game of the Year.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 733953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pyramid #18 (March/April, 1996)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Reviews", "target_page_ids": [ 712259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Burning Sands", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2841689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings Role-Playing Game", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3170328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Book of Five Rings''", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 171163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Legend of the Five Rings - official Legend of the Five Rings home page", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alderac Entertainment Group - creators of Legend of the Five Rings", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Websune Search Engine - searchable database of Legend of the Five Rings cards", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oracle of the Void - official card database", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Card_games_introduced_in_1995", "Collectible_card_games", "Legend_of_the_Five_Rings", "Origins_Award_winners" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Sondrio () is in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Sondrio. As of 2017, it has a population of 181,403. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 43807, 198132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 110, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province was established in 1815, within the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, combining the valleys of Valtellina, Valchiavenna and Bormio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1635872, 1060190, 31586012, 3265563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 76 ], [ 103, 113 ], [ 115, 127 ], [ 132, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the Roman conquest, the territory was inhabited by Celts (Lepontii) and Rhaetians (Camunni). The Romans included this area in their Cisalpine Gaul province.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34450708, 22235155, 325133, 23092791, 9076000, 410180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ], [ 59, 64 ], [ 66, 74 ], [ 80, 89 ], [ 91, 98 ], [ 140, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it came under the control of the Lombards and was first ruled by feudal lords from the local area. During the Middle Ages it belonged to the Kingdom of Italy. In the 14th century it fell under the rule of the Duchy of Milan due to the House of Visconti and House of Sforza. Sondrio and Valtellina were strategically important in the politics of Europe, especially in the sixteenth and 17th century religious wars, due to their connections to Europe by Sondrio's Spluga Pass and valleys. Upon the collapse of the Duchy of Milan, rule over Sondrio was exercised by the Swiss Canton of Graubünden. Valtellina was invaded in 1622 by the Spanish Governor of Milan as the valleys had been used to transport troops around Europe; the Spanish efforts were assisted by a 1620 revolt in Valtellina against the Swiss.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 504379, 18011, 6006557, 571731, 27914, 169850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 77, 85 ], [ 185, 201 ], [ 279, 296 ], [ 301, 316 ], [ 617, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured peace in the region and granted the region to the Canton of Graubünden. In 1797, the Republic of Valtellina was formed but was quickly conquered by the French to become a component of the Cisalpine Republic client state. The Congress of Vienna (1815) Sondrio and Valtellina as a province of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23850, 352685, 44628, 266894, 1635872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 227, 245 ], [ 264, 282 ], [ 334, 342 ], [ 343, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As most of Lombardy region was absorbed into Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860, Sondrio and Valtellina were also absorbed into Sardinia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21486771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Sondrio is a mostly mountainous, sparsely populated area in the north of Lombardy. It borders on the Swiss canton of Graubünden to the north, the Provinces of Como and Lecco to the west, the Province of Bergamo to the south and the Provinces of Brescia, Trento and Bolzano to the east. The Rhaetian Alps are the highest mountains in Lombardy. The valleys mostly run from north to south, the main ones being the Valtellina and Valchiavenna. One of the main towns is Livigno (1,800m above sea level), which is a tourist centre in the summer and a ski resort in the winter. There are 78 communes in the province and Sondrio is the biggest town and the administrative centre. The Stelvio National Park is located in the north-eastern end of the province.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 169850, 987168, 1039060, 987207, 1037867, 1459804, 169611, 2337895, 1060190, 31586012, 1844805, 198132, 15482719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 143 ], [ 175, 179 ], [ 184, 189 ], [ 207, 226 ], [ 261, 268 ], [ 270, 276 ], [ 281, 288 ], [ 306, 319 ], [ 427, 437 ], [ 442, 454 ], [ 481, 488 ], [ 629, 636 ], [ 692, 713 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The economy is based on construction, logging, quarrying, tourism and light industry. Workers from Switzerland commute to work in Sondrio, and other workers cross the border from Italy to join the Swiss workforce. Throughout the province grapes have traditionally been grown, each district having its own local variety and producing its own local wine. It has been necessary for farmers to engineer terraces on the steep slopes, building dry stone retaining walls and moving earth to make the best use of terrain that is unsuitable for general agricultural purposes. The traditions of viticulture are embedded in the culture of the countryside.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 513591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 585, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bacino di San Giacomo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21917691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official website ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Sondrio", "Provinces_of_Lombardy", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Sondrio province", "provincia di Sondrio" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A spymaster is the person that leads a spy ring, or a secret service (such as an intelligence agency).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10501, 100155, 81014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 42 ], [ 54, 68 ], [ 81, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of American spies", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19614758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of British spies", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 44205161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of German spies", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 44212088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of fictional spymasters", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40862085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] } ]

[ "Spies_by_role", "Spymasters" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Corey Mitchell Hart (born May 31, 1962) is a Canadian singer, musician and songwriter known for his hit singles \"Sunglasses at Night\", \"Never Surrender\" and the Canadian hit \"It Ain't Enough\". He has sold over 16 million records worldwide and recorded nine US Billboard Top 40 hits. In Canada, 30 of Hart's recordings have been Top 40 hits, including 11 in the Top 10, over the course of over 35 years in the music industry. Nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1984, Hart is an inductee of both Canada's Music Hall of Fame and Canada's Walk of Fame, and is also a multiple Juno award nominee and winner, including the Diamond Award for his best-selling album Boy in the Box. He has also been honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) and the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4145634, 22133445, 23440048, 18309966, 5206759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 132 ], [ 136, 151 ], [ 175, 190 ], [ 260, 269 ], [ 677, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart was born on May 31, 1962, in Montreal, Quebec, the youngest of five children of Mina (née Weber) and Robert Hart, both Montreal natives. His paternal grandfather was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant, while Corey's mother was from a Romanian Jewish family. Hart's parents separated when he was 10 years old. Hart then lived with his mother and older brother Robbie in Montreal. He had an especially close relationship with his mother, to whom his first album First Offense was dedicated. Hart had little contact with his father, and this is reflected in some of his compositions, such as the 1998 song \"Reconcile\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 7954681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart's first experience as a performing artist came at age 11, when he sang \"Ben\" for Tom Jones in Miami. He also recorded songs with Paul Anka in Las Vegas during this time period. In 1980, Hart represented Canada in the World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo (along with singer Dan Hill), marking his first public performance of original material. Back in Canada, Hart reached out to Billy Joel who was on tour in the Montreal area at the time. Joel's backup band contacted him and Hart ended up recording several demos with them in Long Island, New York. Hart worked with several other Canadian studio musicians on demos before finally signing to the Aquarius Records label in 1982 at the age of 20. Several songs on his first album, including \"The World Is Fire\", reflect the rejections and difficulties Hart encountered along the path to getting a recording contract.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1823617, 2584352, 749940, 43927, 18315, 5889496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 80 ], [ 222, 249 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 385, 395 ], [ 534, 555 ], [ 653, 669 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart's debut album, First Offense, was recorded at Revolution Recording Studios in Manchester, England in the spring of 1982. It was produced by Jon Astley, then best known for his work with The Who, and Phil Chapman. Released in 1983, First Offense featured the US Billboard Top 10 hit song \"Sunglasses at Night\" (No.7) and Top 20 follow-up single \"It Ain't Enough\" (No.17). The album went platinum in the United States and quadruple platinum in Canada. First Offense initially received a modest response upon its Canadian release. It was only after garnering US success in the summer of 1984 that he became well known in his native Canada.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 4910060, 20206, 1828884, 36517, 18309966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 83, 93 ], [ 145, 155 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 266, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First Offense also featured guitarist Eric Clapton on the record's closing track, \"Jenny Fey\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 10049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jon (Astley, producer) felt there was one song Eric Clapton would really like. So just out of the blue he sent him the song, and lo and behold Eric Clapton was on the phone saying he wanted to play on it and asking how I would mind if he did. I didn't. Eric was the classic gentleman. Here I was, this Canadian kid in England with big-time producers doing my first album and Clapton tells me, 'It's such a pretty song, so easy to play. The type of thing I'd write myself'.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Juno-award-winning video for \"Sunglasses at Night\" (directed by Rob Quartly) which featured a futuristic, Orwellian society helped propel the popularity of the track.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 4145634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart toured the United States and Canada extensively in 1984 and early 1985, first as a supporting act for Culture Club, April Wine, Thomas Dolby, Hall & Oates and Rick Springfield, then later as a headline performer. First Offense was nominated for Best Album of the Year at that year's ADISQ Awards in Hart's native Quebec, where the singer was also nominated for Best New Artist. First Offense won the Félix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 154309, 374488, 171637, 175028, 166651, 8862680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 119 ], [ 121, 131 ], [ 133, 145 ], [ 147, 159 ], [ 164, 180 ], [ 288, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart's second album was Boy in the Box, released in June 1985, which reached Diamond status in Canada (one million copies sold) by February 1986. It was the second album by a Canadian artist to do so. The album featured the hit single \"Never Surrender\" which spent nine consecutive weeks at No.1 in Canada and peaked at No.3 on the US Billboard Hot 100, also earning Hart an ASCAP Award as one of the most played songs of 1985. \"Never Surrender\" was the No.2 song in the year-end Canadian charts in 1985, finishing second to the Northern Lights charity single \"Tears Are Not Enough\" in which Hart had also participated, alongside veteran Canadian artists Gordon Lightfoot, Neil Young, Joni Mitchell and Bryan Adams. Subsequent singles all charted in the Canadian and US Top 40 (\"Boy in the Box\", \"Everything in My Heart\" and \"Eurasian Eyes\"). In the US, Boy in the Box peaked at No.20 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and went platinum.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 5206759, 22133445, 1243496, 1243496, 82465, 87985, 16422, 192892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 38 ], [ 236, 251 ], [ 529, 544 ], [ 561, 581 ], [ 655, 671 ], [ 673, 683 ], [ 685, 698 ], [ 703, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boy in the Box was nominated for a Juno Award as well as an ADISQ Award for Best Album, taking home a Félix for Hart in this category. \"Never Surrender\" won the Juno for Best Selling Single of 1985. Hart was also nominated for the Composer of the Year award at both the Junos and the ADISQ awards, winning a Félix in this field. He also received nods in the Juno categories of Best Video for \"Never Surrender\" and Best Male Vocalist of the Year, as well an ADISQ nomination for Concert of the Year. Hart also won the Félix for the Quebec artist achieving the most success outside Quebec in the Anglophone market, along with Best Male Artist. The following year Hart received Juno nominations for Composer of the Year and Best Selling Single for \"Everything in My Heart\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 8862680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1984 and 1985 Hart toured extensively in North America and Japan in support of Boy in the Box: Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, the Budokan in Tokyo, the Calgary Scotiabank Saddledome and the Forum in Montreal. He appeared frequently on Good Rockin' Tonite (Canada), Friday Night Videos and MTV (US), and Music Life (Japan), and toured Europe and Australasia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 753419, 263479, 15895358, 700852, 617891, 2942551, 3577955, 18856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 116 ], [ 133, 140 ], [ 155, 162 ], [ 163, 184 ], [ 193, 198 ], [ 238, 257 ], [ 268, 287 ], [ 292, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fields of Fire, Hart's third album release, came out in fall 1986 and went double platinum in Canada and achieved gold status in the US. It featured the US Top 20 hit single \"I Am By Your Side\", as well as the Canadian No.1 single \"Can't Help Falling in Love\", originally performed by Elvis Presley. This was the first recorded cover version of a song Hart had released. The song was also a top 10 hit in the Philippines and Japan. Critics generally agreed that Fields of Fire displayed a new, more mature direction in Hart's songwriting.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 23837043, 1359467, 9288, 23440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 232, 258 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 409, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fields of Fire earned Hart several nominations at the 1987 Juno Awards, in the categories of Best Male Vocalist of the Year, Best Album Graphics (done by Hart's partner Erika Gagnon), and Single of the Year for \"Can't Help Falling in Love\". The singer was also nominated for Best Male Artist and Album of the Year at that year's ADISQ Awards.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Once more Hart launched a world tour in support of the record. He performed sold-out concerts in Japan and made promotional appearances in Europe from fall 1986 through mid-1987. However, Hart's tour had to be halted prematurely in July 1987 after the then 25-year-old singer collapsed backstage from exhaustion after a concert in Canada. After nearly four years of constant touring and recording, he took some time off for rest and recuperation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hart returned to songwriting, leading to the singer's fourth album release, Young Man Running. Featuring the US Top 40 hit \"In Your Soul\" (which reached No.2 in Canada), The album included experienced backing musicians, in particular Ruby Turner, and was largely produced by Hart himself.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 17515462, 3555143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 93 ], [ 234, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Photographer Herb Ritts shot the cover and other photographs for the album. The video for \"In Your Soul\" featured location footage in New Mexico and Moab, Utah and was directed by Meiert Avis (U2, Bruce Springsteen).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 161896, 21649, 137011, 18763011, 52780, 60192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 134, 144 ], [ 149, 159 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 193, 195 ], [ 197, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart toured extensively in Japan and the Philippines in 1988, as well as in Canada's East Coast and Quebec where he spoke mostly in French. Hart again sold out the Budokan in Tokyo as well as arenas in other Japanese cities and the Ultra, a 13,000 seat venue outside Manila. Young Man Running received an ADISQ nomination for Album of the Year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 23440, 184334, 17515462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 52 ], [ 267, 273 ], [ 276, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1989 Hart returned to songwriting in preparation for what would be his final album with EMI America, Bang!. Recorded in Los Angeles, the release debuted in early 1990 to positive reviews and airplay on MTV. Bang! shipped platinum in Canada and hit the Japanese Top 20 two weeks into its release. The first single, \"A Little Love\", hit the US Top 40 in early 1990 and featured another video by Meiert Avis. Bang! also reunited Hart with Ruby Turner and featured drummer Kenny Aronoff (John Cougar Mellencamp) on drums and percussion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 17512320, 1608159, 170026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 115 ], [ 479, 492 ], [ 494, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the success of the first single (a Top 10 hit in Canada), Bang! was less successful than previous albums in the US; EMI also failed to nominate Hart for any Juno Award categories that year. Hart was released from his contract with the company in August 1990. EMI later released a collection of Hart's singles on a compilation album, Singles in 1991. Hart did secure a nomination for Best Male Artist at the 1990 ADISQ awards.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 1448736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sire Records co-founder Seymour Stein approached Hart at this juncture and eventually signed him to Sire shortly thereafter. What followed was Hart's sole album for the label, Attitude & Virtue. Released in 1992, it appeared on the Top 40 in Canada, and featured several guest musicians including Jane Siberry, Duff McKagan of Guns N' Roses, Terence Trent D'Arby and the return of Ruby Turner. Three singles were released from the album: \"Baby When I Call Your Name\" (released in Canada and the United States), \"92 Days of Rain\" (released in Canada) and \"Always\" (released in Canada and the United States). All three singles charted in the Canadian Top 40. \"Baby When I Call Your Name\" and \"92 Days of Rain\" were accompanied by videos, the latter helmed by Hart's first director, Rob Quartly. The first song on the album, \"Back in the Hand\", summed up the prior decade in a celebration of feeling back in control of his musical career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 625815, 2435749, 23866728, 222737, 627701, 2773076, 1605509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 24, 37 ], [ 176, 193 ], [ 297, 309 ], [ 311, 323 ], [ 327, 340 ], [ 342, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart received a Juno nomination for 1992 Best Male Vocalist of the Year. He then took a break from writing and touring (\"Jane Hawtin Live\", 1997). He released one single, a cover of Edith Piaf's \"Hymn to Love\", in 1994.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Recording career", "target_page_ids": [ 1232614, 64963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 132 ], [ 182, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart presented an award at the Juno Awards of 1993 in Toronto with Julie Masse, a fellow nominee with two platinum selling albums in Quebec, Julie Masse and À Contre Jour. Upon seeing them together, Masse's manager suggested that Hart work with her on a new English language album. Hart co-produced and wrote five songs for Masse's gold-selling Circle of One, which was released in Canada in 1994 and marked the first time Hart had written and produced songs for an artist other than himself. This also led to their relationship as husband and wife and parents to four children. Hart was previously married to photographer/graphic designer Erika Gagnon from 1990 to 1994, and Masse to cinematographer Sylvain Brault from 1993 to 1994.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [ 5805341, 1008837, 69709905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 50 ], [ 67, 78 ], [ 701, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following his work with Masse, Hart signed a new contract with Sony Music Canada and in 1996 released an eponymous CD Corey Hart. The album was co-produced by Humberto Gatica and contained some of Hart's most introspective work, spurred by his personal life changes. Sparked by the success of \"Black Cloud Rain\" which reached No.2 on the Canadian Top 40, Corey Hart went platinum in Canada. The video for \"Black Cloud Rain\" was directed by Javier Aguilera, a young Mexican filmmaker. He toured across the country for the first time since the cancelled 1987 Fields of Fire tour, and subsequent singles from the album (\"Tell Me\", \"Third of June\" and \"Someone\") all reached the Canadian Top 40. Corey Hart also earned Hart more award nominations, including Juno nods for Best Male Vocalist of the Year and Best Producer for \"Black Cloud Rain\" and \"Simplicity\", a non-single album track, and Best Anglophone Quebec Artist at the ADISQ Awards.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [ 23867197, 10657812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 128 ], [ 159, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1997, fellow Canadian Celine Dion released her Let's Talk About Love album, which featured the theme from the film Titanic, \"My Heart Will Go On\". Also on the album were two songs written and co-produced by Hart: the Canadian Top 40 hit \"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)\" and \"Where Is the Love\". As documented in Dion's concert DVD Au cœur du stade, Dion's team reached out to Hart based on the recent success of Corey Hart in Canada and asked if he would write and produce for the songstress. He was also nominated for the Juno Award for Best Producer for the Dion tracks. Later in 1999 Hart performed live in the US for the first time since the late 1980s as Dion's guest in St. Louis, Missouri and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Hart collaborated with Dion again on \"Prayer\", from her 2002 CD A New Day Has Come.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [ 203407, 910879, 52371, 923235, 8383598, 7885206, 27687, 109028, 825728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 50, 71 ], [ 118, 125 ], [ 128, 147 ], [ 241, 269 ], [ 332, 348 ], [ 677, 696 ], [ 701, 724 ], [ 790, 808 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1998, Hart released a second album on Sony, Jade, featuring a duet with partner Masse on the Jean-Jacques Goldman song \"Là-bas\". The lead-off single \"So Visible (Easy to Miss)\" and follow-up release \"Break the Chain\" both charted in the Canadian Top 40, the singer gained yet another Juno Award nomination (for Best Male Vocalist of the Year) and Hart once again toured Canada in support of the album. After enjoying a comeback in Canada in the late 1990s, Hart again came to a personal crossroads.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [ 23868009, 1177238, 17315809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 51 ], [ 96, 116 ], [ 123, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All I had ever wanted or known since I was a boy was to be creating music. But I couldn't continue to record or tour if I aspired to be a 24/7 father to our children. The two worlds simply collide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of the millennium, Hart once again fell largely silent as he and Masse married and relocated to Nassau, Bahamas, to focus on raising their young family. He returned to Montreal in late 2002 for a two-night stand of concerts with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, performing songs from Corey Hart and Jade as well as older hits to the accompaniment of the MSO.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Career rebirth", "target_page_ids": [ 21871, 156915, 23868009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 122 ], [ 244, 271 ], [ 310, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, Seymour Stein of Sire Records reconnected with Hart. Stein offered Hart a boutique label with Sire/Warner Music Canada, Siena Records. The label, formed in 2003, went through several years of development while Hart pursued a suitable debut artist. He collaborated sporadically on individual songs with French-Canadian artists Garou and Wilfred Le Bouthillier in the mid-2000s, and performed with others including Meggie Lagacé on Quebec television. After an associate sent Hart a demo MP3 by little-known performer Marie-Christine Depestre, the singer, a Montreal native of Haitian descent, became Siena's first official signing.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [ 2435749, 625815, 965845, 887155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ], [ 26, 38 ], [ 335, 340 ], [ 345, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2011, Marie-Christine released her debut CD, Walk in Beauty, in Canada on Hart's label. Hart executive produced the album and wrote the bulk of the CD's songs Walk in Beauty features a cameo performance by music legend Stevie Wonder on the cover track \"Keep on Runnin'\" as well as a modern reworking of Hart's \"Sunglasses at Night\", reworked as \"Girl in Shades\" for Marie-Christine. Hart had refrained from granting interpolation rights to the song for over 25 years, despite requests by Sean P. Diddy Combs and Nelly Furtado. The CD also featured original compositions by Marie-Christine and its debut single, \"Totally Random\", became a hit in her native Quebec during the summer of 2011. To mark the launch, she and Hart engaged the media on a short promotional tour of major Canadian markets in May 2011. A second single, \"Silence\", was released in January 2012 to Canadian radio and a third single from the album, \"Port Au Prince\", debuted in May 2012.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [ 147687, 1113034, 152447, 42716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 239 ], [ 423, 436 ], [ 495, 514 ], [ 519, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting in 2011, Hart began to increase his visibility on social media, appeared in a variety of charity events, and launched an online store featuring previously unreleased recordings.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Hart's 30th year in the music industry, he collaborated with Canadian DJ 1Love on a remix of the song \"Truth Will Set You Free\" from Young Man Running. The single, \"Truth Will Set U Free\", was released globally to radio, and on Hart's website in June 2012 via Siena Records/Warner Music Canada. The song was Hart's first U.S. single in 20 years and Hart reunited with Meiert Avis for the video. \"Truth\" was originally penned for friends in the music business who were born gay, according to Hart, and disseminating the message of the song took on new resonance after 1Love approached him for permission to remix it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With the Canadian Top 40 success of \"Truth Will Set You Free\", Hart made appearances at Pride celebrations in Toronto and London over the summer of 2012. IN September 2012, Hart performed to about 1.000 people at the CHUM FM \"Back in the Day Bash\" held at Toronto's Masonic Temple. Hart and his daughter Dante also appeared on CTV's \"Marilyn Denis\" chat show, where the singer performed his hit single \"It Ain't Enough\" live in the studio.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hart later co-wrote and performed on a track from Canadian recording artist K-OS' album BLack on BLonde. The song, \"Like a Comet (We Rollin')\", was the first time Hart has performed or written in the hip hop genre. He also reworked his 1984 hit, \"Sunglasses at Night\", into a new interpretation called \"Night Visions\" with Chicago-based DJ production team Papercha$er. The single was released in October 2013.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "New directions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2014 Hart released an EP, Ten Thousand Horses, on Tunes; the recording features duets with Jane Siberry and Masse, as well as previously unreleased tracks and a remake of the song \"Without You\" now called \"Falling from Graceland\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 222737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 3 that year Hart marked the 30th anniversary of the release of his first single \"Sunglasses at Night\" at a farewell concert, \"One Night: Three Decades of Music\" in Montreal, Canada at the Bell Centre. The concert was postponed several days because of an NHL playoff run at the time by the Montreal Canadiens. Also released at the Montreal show was Hart's autobiography, Chasing the Sun: My Life in Music, which details behind-the-scenes stories of Hart's life and includes about 500 photos.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 212662, 42966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 207 ], [ 298, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart then put his career mostly on hold to focus on parenting and family. However, shortly thereafter he was invited by Shania Twain to appear as part of Prince Edward Island's August 30 Founder's Week celebration. This was Hart's first visit to that province. During the show Hart did a cover version of local favorite Stompin' Tom Connors' \"Bud the Spud\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 28701, 23071, 177888, 21081460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 132 ], [ 154, 174 ], [ 320, 340 ], [ 343, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in 2014 Hart released an acoustic version of \"Face Brave\", a song written for and performed by Jonathan Roy. Roy, the son of hockey player Patrick Roy, appeared onstage with Hart in PEI as well as at the June 3 farewell concert in Montreal. At a private fundraiser in Fort McMurray, Alberta in November 2014, Hart, Roy and backup singer Kim Richardson (along with Hart's band) recorded a live rehearsal performance of U2's 1992 single \"One\". The video was released on YouTube in November. Roy released an EP in Canada in 2016, Mr. Optimist Blues, featuring several songs written by Hart.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 52928243, 336962, 52780, 2233309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 112 ], [ 144, 155 ], [ 423, 425 ], [ 441, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2016 Hart he performed in Quebec for a national television audience during celebrations on June 24 and again during a local comedy festival on June 26.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2016, Hart was honoured with a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. The induction ceremony gala was broadcast on CBC television, and in June 2017, Hart joined his fellow inductees including Jason Priestley and Darryl Sittler at the star unveiling in Toronto's Theatre District.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 221691, 629780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 211 ], [ 216, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2017 Hart returned to Calgary as a performer at the Calgary Stampede, playing to a crowd of about 11,000 at Ft. Calgary's Oxford Stomp stage. He performed in Boston a day later at a private event for longtime fans. In August he performed at Atlantic Fest in Newfoundland, his first return to the province in nearly 30 years.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 140795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A single, \"Another December\", was released on YouTube November 29, 2018. The song was focuses on Hart's mother and the accompanying video features photos of her with family interspersed among present-day footage of Hart walking through Montreal. The video was a preview for a new EP; the title track \"Dreaming Time Again\" was released January 16, 2019, with an accompanying video filmed in Havana, Cuba featuring Hart's teenage son, Rain. The EP was released in the spring that year in association with Warner Brothers Music Canada, and Hart set out on a cross-country tour, beginning in St. John's, Newfoundland on May 31.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 49719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 390, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Canadian Music Hall of Fame announced Hart's induction to its roster concomitant with the single release. Hart accepted the honour and performed live at the 2019 Juno Awards in London, Ontario, Canada on March 17, 2019. In the same year, he made a stunt appearance on the seventh season premiere of La Voix, performing his own hit song \"Everything in My Heart\" as a blind auditioner; he became an honorary member of Éric Lapointe's team, and made a return appearance in the finale, but was not officially a competitor.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 106379, 22056232, 23440133, 4923268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 303, 310 ], [ 341, 363 ], [ 420, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2020, Hart announced the release of a new version of his 1985 hit \"Never Surrender\", with the lyrics updated to reflect a message of resilience and hope during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [ 22133445, 62750956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 89 ], [ 171, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "2014–present", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hart was briefly considered for the role of Marty McFly in the 1985 film Back to the Future. Producer Steven Spielberg sent Hart a copy of the script with an invitation for a screen test – a flattered Hart declined, preferring to focus on music instead of acting. Fellow Canadian Michael J. Fox eventually starred in the hit film.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In media", "target_page_ids": [ 399100, 42993, 26940, 68904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ], [ 73, 91 ], [ 102, 118 ], [ 280, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the mid-1980s, Hart was approached to record several songs for films. He mostly declined, preferring to write and record his own material; however, he did record the song \"Hold On\", written for the soundtrack to 1987's Beverly Hills Cop II. Hart's 1985 single, \"Eurasian Eyes\" (from Boy in the Box), was featured in the film 9½ Weeks and the final track from Fields of Fire, \"Blind Faith\", was featured in the January 16, 1987 episode of Miami Vice titled \"Down for the Count, Pt. 2\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In media", "target_page_ids": [ 807842, 1896864, 262831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 246 ], [ 332, 340 ], [ 445, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002, \"Sunglasses at Night\" was featured in the award-winning video game Vice City for the Sony PlayStation 2. The song title is also a clue to the mystery in Lior Samson's debut novel, Bashert.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In media", "target_page_ids": [ 15822958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hart's hit single \"Sunglasses at Night\" was featured on the American horror/comedy show Scream Queens in 2015 and on the Netflix series Stranger Things in 2016. The song was also featured in a Gucci TV ad in 2017 and in the virtual showing of Balenciaga's SS 2021 collection. In 2019, \"Never Surrender\" was featured in Episode One, Season Three of Stranger Things.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In media", "target_page_ids": [ 45093891, 46301800, 22133445, 58638071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 101 ], [ 136, 151 ], [ 286, 301 ], [ 348, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in 2017, \"Never Surrender\" and \"Sunglasses at Night\", along with a storyline featuring Hart's 1985 concert tour, were featured in the Seth Rogen-produced comedy Future Man, released on Hulu on November 14. Hart himself also made a brief cameo in one episode (\"Prelude to an Apocalypse\") performing \"Wolf\", an original song written for the show.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In media", "target_page_ids": [ 52837298, 1350109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 176 ], [ 190, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First Offense (1983)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 4910060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boy in the Box (1985)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 5206759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fields of Fire (1986)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 23837043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Young Man Running (1988)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 17515462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bang! (1990)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 17512320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Attitude & Virtue (1992)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 23866728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Corey Hart (1996)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 23867197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jade (1998)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 23868009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ten Thousand Horses (2014)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dreaming Time Again (2019)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canadian Music Hall of Fame, 2019 inductee for lifetime achievement in music.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canada's Walk of Fame, 2016 inductee for lifetime achievement in music.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canadian Recording Industry Association Diamond Award, Boy in the Box, January 1986 (over 1 million units sold). Hart was only the second Canadian artist to achieve this honor and BITB was the fastest-selling Diamond album to date at that time.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN) \"Classics\" Awards for songs with over 100,000 plays on radio: \"Sunglasses At Night\", \"It Ain't Enough\", \"Never Surrender\", \"Everything In My Heart\", \"I Am By Your Side\", \"In Your Soul\", \"Tell Me\", and \"Third of June\". \"Boy in the Box\", \"Eurasian Eyes\" and \"Black Cloud Rain\" are also very close to passing this historic mark, likely around the end of 2012.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In the US First Offense, Boy in the Box and Fields of Fire are all gold certified (500,000 copies of each sold). Boy in the Box is also certified platinum. In Canada First Offense went triple platinum (300,000 copies sold), and Hart achieved the aforementioned Diamond award for Boy in the Box (1million), with a double platinum certification for Fields of Fire (200,000 sold), and platinum for Young Man Running, BANG! and Corey Hart (100,000 of each sold). Hart has also been awarded with several gold selling single awards for \"Everything in My Heart\", \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" and \"Boy in the Box\" and a platinum single award for \"Never Surrender\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1984 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year, Composer of the Year (Sunglasses At Night), Single of the Year (Sunglasses At Night), Best Video (Sunglasses At Night). Won: Best Video (Sunglasses At Night) ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1985 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year, Composer of the Year (Never Surrender), Album of the Year (Boy in the Box), Best Selling Single (Never Surrender), Best Video (Never Surrender). Won: Best Selling Single (Never Surrender)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1986 – Nominated: Composer of the Year, Best Selling Single (Everything In My Heart)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1987 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year, Best Album Graphics (Erika Gagnon for Fields Of Fire), Single of the Year (Can't Help Falling in Love)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1993 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year, Best Producer (Black Cloud Rain, Simplicity)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1998 – Nominated: Best Producer (\"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)\" and \"Where Is The Love\" for Celine Dion)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1999 – Nominated: Best Male Vocalist of the Year ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2003 – Nominated: Dance Recording of the Year (Sunglasses At Night 2002, Original 3 featuring Corey Hart)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1984 – Nominated: Album of the Year (First Offense), Best New Artist. Won: Album of the Year (First Offense)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1985 – Nominated: Best Anglophone Quebec Artist, Composer of the Year (Never Surrender), Best Male Artist, Album of the Year (Boy in the Box), Concert of the Year (Le Spectrum Live ). Won: Best Anglophone Quebec Artist, Composer of the Year (Never Surrender), Best Male Artist, Album of the Year (Boy in the Box)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1986 – Nominated: Best Male Artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1987 – Nominated: Best Male Artist, Album of the Year (Fields Of Fire)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1988 – Nominated: Album of the Year (Young Man Running)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1989 – Nominated: Best Male Artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1990 – Nominated: Best Anglophone Quebec Artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1997 – Nominated: Best Anglophone Quebec Artist", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gemini Awards, 1988 – Nominated: Best Variety Program and Best Performance in a Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series, Corey Hart Special, CBC TV", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Favorite Male Star, Pepsi-Cola Canada National Poll, July 1986", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " CASBY Award, Male Vocalist of the Year, 1987", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Golden Gate Award, 1988, San Francisco International Film Festival – Best Variety or Performing Arts Program, Corey Hart Special, CBC TV", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards and nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canadian rock", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of diamond-certified albums in Canada", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14220950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of people from Montreal", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1224909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official Corey Hart Facebook page", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Artists Against Racism website", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1962_births", "Living_people", "20th-century_Canadian_male_singers", "Anglophone_Quebec_people", "Capitol_Records_artists", "Canadian_expatriates_in_the_Bahamas", "Canadian_expatriate_musicians_in_the_United_States", "Canadian_male_pianists", "Canadian_male_singer-songwriters", "Canadian_new_wave_musicians", "Canadian_people_of_Romanian-Jewish_descent", "Canadian_people_of_Ukrainian-Jewish_descent", "Canadian_pop_pianists", "Canadian_pop_singers", "Canadian_rock_keyboardists", "Canadian_rock_singers", "Singers_from_Montreal", "Juno_Award_for_Single_of_the_Year_winners", "21st-century_Canadian_pianists", "21st-century_Canadian_male_singers", "Félix_Award_winners" ]

[ "Corey Mitchell Hart" ]

[ { "plaintext": "National Freeway 1 (), also known as Sun Yat-sen Freeway (), is a freeway in Taiwan, the first freeway built in Taiwan. It begins in Keelung at the intersection of Xiao 2nd Road and Zhong 4th Road and ends in Kaohsiung at the intersection of Zhongshan 4th Road and Yugang Road, giving it a total length of . ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 25734, 325181, 17015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 73 ], [ 77, 83 ], [ 133, 140 ], [ 209, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republic of China government named the freeway Sun Yat-sen Freeway in honor of Sun Yat-sen, the country's founding father.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [ 25734, 88483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 83, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Freeway 1 is a tollway where the amount charged varies by distance traveled, with vehicles being fitted with an electronic tag to facilitate toll calculation; the term \"freeway\" refers to \"free of signal\", and not free from charge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [ 29318194, 1877499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 135 ], [ 223, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The construction began in 1971. The north section between Keelung and Zhongli (now Zhongli District, Taoyuan) was completed in 1974, and the entire highway was opened in 1978. A viaduct on top of the freeway between Xizhi and Wugu was completed in 1997 in order to expand the capacity of the road.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 325181, 945693, 22215776, 1496105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 65 ], [ 70, 77 ], [ 217, 222 ], [ 227, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saudi Arabia supported the construction of the highway by providing an interest free loan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 349303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in both directions are listed below.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 4 Lanes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Keelung terminus – Exit 23 (Yuanshan)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Xizhi-Wugu Elevated Highway: Xizhi terminus – Exit 26 (Huanbei)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 6 Lanes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 23 (Yuanshan) – Exit 25 (Taipei)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 52 (Airport System) – Exit 192 (Changhua System)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 198 (Changhua) – Exit 356 (Nanzih) (special measures adopted in partial sections)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 367 (Kaohsiung) – Kaohsiung terminus", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Xizhi-Wugu Elevated Highway: Exit 26 (Huanbei) – Wugu terminus", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 8 Lanes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 25 (Taipei) – Exit 52 (Airport System)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 192 (Changhua System) – Exit 198 (Changhua)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 356 (Nanzih) – Exit 362 (Dingjin System)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 10 Lanes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit 362 (Dingjin System) – Exit 367 (Kaohsiung)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ten Major Construction Projects", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10694718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Transport_infrastructure_completed_in_1978", "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Sun Yat-sen Freeway" ]

[ { "plaintext": " is an anime children's television series produced by the Nippon Animation company from 1985 to 1986. The series consists of 130 10-minute episodes, distributed as 43 half-hour segments.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 800, 101358, 3124505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 12 ], [ 13, 41 ], [ 58, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The show follows the adventures of a young boy named Ken, who has always dreamed of owning a car, and Bumpety Boo, a talking yellow car who hatched from an egg in the first episode, as they travel the world in search for Bumpety Boo's mother. Bumpety Boo, the fun-loving car, makes friends with Ken. Teaming up seems like a natural thing, but Bumpety Boo does not count on Ken's adventurous eight-year-old spirit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the series, Professor Honky-Tonk tries to steal Bumpety Boo from Ken.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During their expedition, they have great adventures and help a lot of people they encounter on their way. They also encounter other talking cars. Bumpety Boo usually races them and always wins because of his strength and speed, which he receives after he smells flowers. In the end of the series the group finds his mother.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synopsis", "target_page_ids": [ 4576465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1989, Saban Entertainment had episodes of the show dubbed in English for North American audiences. In the early 1990s, Celebrity Home Entertainment's Just For Kids Division had these English dubbed episodes released on several VHS tapes. The show was aired for free on television in Australia in the mid 90s. The anime was dubbed to Arabic in Kuwait by end of 1980s and was called (bombo, بومبو).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Regional releases", "target_page_ids": [ 2873449, 7543823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 28 ], [ 122, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Masako Nozawa - Bumboo", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1059915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chika Sakamoto - Ken", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1085363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Julian Bailey - Ken", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 7836700 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aimée Castle - Helena", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 19932318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brendan Stitchman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vlasta Vrána", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 8338243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dean Hagopian", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 61189380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rick Jones", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 9811733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pauline Little", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 8635083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matthew Mackay", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ethan Tobman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 52751286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jeremy Steinberg", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Elliott Mitmaker", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Walter Massey", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 10192032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bronwen Mantel", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 12142219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A.J. Henderson", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cast", "target_page_ids": [ 16951030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official Nippon Animation Site (Japanese)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1985_anime_television_series_debuts", "Fictional_cars", "Nippon_Animation", "Television_series_by_Saban_Entertainment" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Dawn Explosion, the third album by Captain Beyond, was released in 1977. While the band had broken up four years before, Warner Bros. Records signed a deal with the band's original label, Capricorn Records, and contacted the band members asking them to reunite. Original member Bobby Caldwell returned on drums, but original lead vocalist Rod Evans could not be contacted after extensive enquiries: Captain Beyond held auditions, and selected Willy Daffern to replace him. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 683154, 935933, 1002658, 1868051, 505127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ], [ 121, 141 ], [ 188, 205 ], [ 278, 292 ], [ 339, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The track \"Dawn Explosion\" was recorded during the album sessions, but was cut from the final album, despite taking its title from it.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "CD reissues split \"Breath of Fire, Part 1 & Part 2\" into two tracks (subtitled \"A Speck Within a Sphere\" and \"Alone in the Cosmos\", respectively), and \"Oblivion\" into three tracks (with the preceding \"Space Interlude\" and succeeding \"Space Reprise\" being the sound effects and percussion that bookend the main section of \"Oblivion\").", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Track listing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Captain Beyond", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Willy Daffern – lead vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 624074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Larry \"Rhino\" Reinhardt – lead guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 9292817, 440525, 6231032, 27614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 27, 38 ], [ 40, 55 ], [ 57, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lee Dorman – bass, backing vocals, string ensemble synthesizer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 3009131, 3916, 1030925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 14, 18 ], [ 20, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bobby Caldwell – drums, percussion, backing vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 1868051, 9079, 24638, 1030925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 18, 23 ], [ 25, 35 ], [ 38, 52 ] ] } ]

[ "Captain_Beyond_albums", "1977_albums", "Warner_Records_albums" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Sunwapta Falls is a pair of waterfalls of the Sunwapta River located in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 69442, 707407, 209129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 37 ], [ 46, 60 ], [ 72, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The falls are accessible via a access road off the Icefields Parkway, which connects Jasper and Banff National Parks. The falls have a drop of about . Sunwapta is a Stoney language word that means \"turbulent water\". The falls is most spectacular in the late spring when the spring melt is at its peak.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3383321, 209131, 35159006 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 69 ], [ 97, 116 ], [ 166, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are two falls, a lower and an upper one. The one most people see is the upper falls, as access is easier. The lower falls are a short distance away. The water originates from the Athabasca Glacier, and volumes are higher in early summer because of glacial melting. It is a Class 6 waterfall, with a drop of and a width of .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4854529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Canadian Rockies", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 356908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " North America", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wildlife of Canada", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20115154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Waterfalls_of_Alberta", "Jasper_National_Park" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Paleo-orthodoxy (from Ancient Greek παλαιός \"ancient\" and Koine Greek ὀρθοδοξία \"correct belief\") is a Protestant Christian theological movement in the United States which emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and which focuses on the consensual understanding of the faith among the ecumenical councils and Church Fathers. While it understands this consensus of the Church Fathers as orthodoxy proper, it calls itself paleo-orthodoxy to distinguish itself from neo-orthodoxy, a movement that was influential among Protestant churches in the mid-20th century.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 148363, 33696661, 25814008, 27968837, 9762, 33643361, 262629, 1095328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ], [ 58, 69 ], [ 103, 113 ], [ 114, 144 ], [ 295, 313 ], [ 319, 333 ], [ 396, 405 ], [ 473, 486 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paleo-orthodoxy attempts to see the essentials of Christian theology in the consensus of the Great Church before the schism between the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church (the East-West Schism of 1054) and before the separation of Protestantism from the Roman Catholic Church (the Protestant Reformation of 1517), described in the canon of Vincent of Lérins as \"\" (\"What [is believed] everywhere, always and by everyone\"). Adherents of paleo-orthodoxy often form part of the Convergence Movement, though paleo-orthodoxy is not exclusive to the movement. Paleo-orthodox Protestants have different interpretations of the early Church's teachings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 39192385, 10186, 606848, 543935, 25814008, 37857, 93101, 6735741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 105 ], [ 136, 151 ], [ 160, 175 ], [ 181, 197 ], [ 236, 249 ], [ 286, 308 ], [ 345, 362 ], [ 480, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The dominant figure of the movement, United Methodist theologian Thomas C. Oden of Drew University, published a series of books not only calling for a return to \"classical Christianity\" but also providing the tools to do so. The 2002 collection of essays in honor of Oden, Ancient and Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21st Century (Kenneth Tanner, Christopher Alan Hall, eds., ) offers a glimpse into the work of some of the theologians active in this area: Robert Jenson, Christopher Hall, Amy Oden, Bradely Nassif, David Mills, Robert Webber, Geoffrey Wainwright, Carl Braaten, Stanley Grenz, John Franke, Alan Padget, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Richard John Neuhaus, et al. Similar approaches emerge in the theology of Marva Dawn (a Lutheran); Alister McGrath (a Church of England Reformed evangelical); Andrew Purves (a Presbyterian); Timothy George (Baptist); and Christopher Hall (an Episcopalian); J. Davila-Ashcraft (Evangelical Episcopal Communion); and Emilio Alvarez (founding Archbishop of the Union of Charismatic Orthodox Churches).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Paleo-orthodox theologians", "target_page_ids": [ 32304, 1448755, 295135, 554589, 33329822, 22985075, 11009943, 3218998, 12233883, 1600197, 2058812, 1380225, 1460145, 23371382, 1463438, 5955, 6024, 1448842, 24403, 28793213, 33329822, 19280748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 53 ], [ 65, 79 ], [ 83, 98 ], [ 473, 486 ], [ 488, 504 ], [ 532, 543 ], [ 545, 558 ], [ 560, 579 ], [ 581, 593 ], [ 595, 608 ], [ 636, 655 ], [ 657, 677 ], [ 731, 741 ], [ 745, 753 ], [ 756, 771 ], [ 775, 792 ], [ 793, 801 ], [ 816, 829 ], [ 833, 845 ], [ 848, 862 ], [ 878, 894 ], [ 899, 911 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Restorationism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 264070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Old Catholicism", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among Oden's works, either as writer or editor, in support of paleo-orthodoxy are:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: Agenda for Theology, later re-published as After Modernity...What?, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden, General editor: Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture that Oden describes as a multi-volume patristic commentary on Scripture by the fathers of the church spanning the era from Clement of Rome (fl. c. 95) to John of Damascus (c.645-c.749). – Detailed information about the set can be found at the publisher.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity: A Plain Exposition of His Teaching on Christian Doctrine, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 42411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: Pastoral Theology: Essentials of Ministry, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: The Rebirth of Orthodoxy: Signs of New Life in Christianity, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: Requiem: A Lament in Three Movements, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden: Systematic Theology (three volumes... The Living God, The Word of Life and Life in the Spirit, republished in one volume as Classic Christianity)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Works by other authors:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Christopher Hall and Kenneth Tanner (eds.): Ancient & Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21st Century (Essays In Honor of Thomas C. Oden), .", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Christopher A. Hall: Reading Scripture with the Church Fathers", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Colleen Carroll: The New Faithful: Why Young Adults Are Embracing Christian Orthodoxy ()", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Foster Streams of Living Water: Celebrating the Great Traditions of Christian Faith )", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1002263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Oden's Paleo-Orthodoxy by Eric Landstrom", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Protestant_ecumenism", "Christian_terminology", "Christian_theological_movements" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Ascoli Piceno () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno, and the province is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Province of Fermo to the north, and it faces the regions of Umbria and Abruzzo (Abruzzi) to the south. There are 33 comuni in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Ascoli Piceno.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 301292, 14532, 317541, 23275478, 1963447, 51590, 79460, 457055, 6946656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 54, 60 ], [ 71, 76 ], [ 105, 118 ], [ 156, 168 ], [ 186, 203 ], [ 246, 252 ], [ 257, 264 ], [ 302, 308 ], [ 330, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first settlers of the province were located on the banks of River Tronto by the Picentes tribe. It was later conquered by the Romans and became known as Asculum Picenum by 268 BCE. From 91-88 BCE the Picentes revolted against the Romans and attempted to re-claim the land, but Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo besieged and sacked the city. The town of Ascoli Piceno managed to revive, but after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, it was conquered many times. King of the Ostrogoths Totila invaded the town in 545. Ascoli Piceno was then under strong control from the church and was made free in 1185, but the bishop declared it under his control in 1212.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12106063, 16075857, 570257, 504379, 22428, 73525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 84, 92 ], [ 288, 303 ], [ 409, 429 ], [ 472, 482 ], [ 483, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wines and recipes from Ascoli Piceno", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Ascoli_Piceno", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Ascoli Piceno province", "provincia di Ascoli Piceno" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Thomas Clark Oden (1931–2016) was an American Methodist theologian and religious author. He is often regarded as the father of the paleo-orthodox theological movement and is considered to be one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. He was Henry Anson Buttz Professor of Theology and Ethics at Drew University in New Jersey from 1980 until his retirement in 2004. He remained faculty emeritus until his death.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20119, 1448747, 295135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 131, 145 ], [ 351, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden was born on October 21, 1931 in Altus, Oklahoma, the son of an attorney and music teacher. As a youth, he considered two vocations: lawyer or Methodist minister. At age ten, Oden's family moved to Oklahoma City. After the Second World War, Oden returned to Altus and high school where he began his vocation of writing and speaking. Oden earned a BA degree from the University of Oklahoma (1953), a BD from Southern Methodist University (1956), and his MA (1958) and PhD from Yale University (1960). He married Edrita Pokorny on August 10, 1952. They had three children: Clark, Edward, and Laura.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 130261, 22489, 20119, 739238, 323072, 479109, 34273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 42 ], [ 44, 52 ], [ 147, 156 ], [ 157, 165 ], [ 370, 392 ], [ 411, 440 ], [ 480, 495 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden lectured at Yale University, Southern Methodist University, Heidelberg University, Princeton Theological Seminary, Lomonosov University, and the Pontifical Gregorian University, in Rome.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 34273, 479109, 100649, 955758, 374544, 217853, 25458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 32 ], [ 34, 63 ], [ 65, 86 ], [ 88, 118 ], [ 120, 140 ], [ 150, 181 ], [ 186, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally a political and theological liberal, he turned to the patristic writings in the early 1970s under the influence of a Jewish colleague, Will Herberg, and discovered what he described as \"ecumenical orthodoxy\", the interpretation of the New Testament and apostolic doctrine which is universal and accepted. As he wrote in the preface of his Systematic Theology: \"My basic goal is to present an orderly view of the faith of the Christian community, on which there has generally been a substantial agreement between the traditions of the East and the West, including Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodoxy.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [ 3417668, 21433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 158 ], [ 246, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden became a proponent of paleo-orthodoxy, an approach to theology that often relies on patristic sources. He published a series of books that he said are tools for promoting \"classical Christianity\". Oden suggested that Christians need to rely upon the wisdom of the historical Church, particularly the early Church, rather than on modern scholarship and theology, which is often, in his view, tainted by political agendas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [ 1448747, 508383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 42 ], [ 269, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden said that his mission was \"to begin to prepare the postmodern Christian community for its third millennium by returning again to the careful study and respectful following of the central tradition of classical Christianity.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oden was active in the Confessing Movement in America, particularly within the United Methodist Church, and he served on the board of the Institute on Religion and Democracy. Dean Timothy George of the Beeson Divinity School called Oden \"one of the most remarkable Christians of our time [who] has lived through, contributed to and helped overthrow several revolutions.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [ 438498, 32304, 913720, 28793213, 8925546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 42 ], [ 79, 102 ], [ 138, 173 ], [ 180, 194 ], [ 202, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden, had an Arminian theology. His book The Transforming Power of Grace presents one of the best expositions of Arminian theology according to Roger E. Olson. Here are some quotes of The Transforming Power of Grace highlighted by Olson:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [ 1306, 8795033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ], [ 144, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "“God prepares the will and co-works with the prepared will. Insofar as grace precedes and prepares free will it is called prevenient. Insofar as grace accompanies and enables human willing to work with divine willing, it is called cooperating grace.” “Only when sinners are assisted by prevenient grace can they begin to yield their hearts to cooperation with subsequent forms of grace.” “The need for grace to prevene is great, for it was precisely when ‘you were dead in your transgressions and sins’ (Eph. 2:1) that ‘by grace you have been saved’ (eph. 2:8).”", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [ 1526788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Olson notes that \"By all accounts an orthodox, biblically serious, and evangelical theologian, Oden winsomely and biblically articulates the theology [...] that I call evangelical synergism [or Arminian soteriology].\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He died on December 8, 2016, at the age of 85. Timothy George wrote in a tribute article after his death:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 28793213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Few theologians of the past 100 years can claim to have had tea and cookies with Rudolf Bultmann, discussed theology with Karl Barth at his hospital bed in Basel, had lunch with Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, had an audience with Pope John Paul II, driven through Galilee in a Fiat with Avery Dulles in the passenger seat, and conferred with Coptic and Pentecostal theologians in Africa. Oden did all of these and much more. Along the way, he was both scorned and lionized, and he bore scars from some of the scrapes he was in.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 526931, 229201, 39660, 23805, 914243, 7601, 23555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 96 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 178, 203 ], [ 231, 243 ], [ 283, 295 ], [ 338, 344 ], [ 349, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oden wrote and edited many books, articles, essays, and speeches on a wide range of topics. The following list is limited to books.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Crisis of the World and the Word of God, 1962", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Radical Obedience: The Ethics of Rudolf Bultmann, 1964", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Community of Celebration, 1964", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kerygma and Counseling, 1966", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Contemporary Theology and Psychotherapy, 1967", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Structure of Awareness, 1969,1978 (Standard Book #:687-40075-9)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Promise of Barth, 1969", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Beyond Revolution, 1970 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Intensive Group Experience, 1972", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " After Therapy What?, 1974", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Game Free: the Meaning of Intimacy, 1974", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Should Treatment Be Terminated?, 1976", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " TAG: The Transanctional Game, 1976", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Parables of Kierkegaard, 1978 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Agenda for Theology, 1979, rpt as After Modernity...What?, 1992 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Guilt Free, 1980", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pastoral Theology: Essentials of Ministry, 1983 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Conscience and Dividends, 1985", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Crisis Ministries, was Vol 1 Classical Pastoral Care Series, 1986, rpt as Vol 4, 1994", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Becoming a Minister, Vol 1 Classical Pastoral Care Series, 1986, 1994", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Living God, Systematic Theology, Vol 1, 1987, 1992 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Doctrinal Standards in the Wesleyan Tradition, 1988, rev 2008 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Phoebe Palmer: Selected Writings, 1988", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ministry Through Word and Sacrament, Vol 4 Classical Pastoral Care Series, 1988, rpt 1994", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Word of Life Systematic Theology, Vol 2, 1989, rpt 1992, 1998 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " First and Second Timothy and Titus: Interpretation, 1989, rpt 2012 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pastoral Counsel, Vol 3 Classical Pastoral Care Series, 1989, rpt 1994 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Life in the Spirit, Systematic Theology, Vol 3, 1992 rpt 1994,1998 ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two Worlds: Notes on the Death of Modernity in America and Russia, 1992", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Transforming Power of Grace, 1993 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Corrective Love: The Power of Communion Discipline, 1995 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Requiem: A Lament in Three Movements, 1995 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Justification Reader, 2002", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Rebirth of Orthodoxy: Signs of New Life in Christianity, 2003 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " One Faith: The Evangelical Consensus (written with J. I. Packer), 2004 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Humor of Kierkegaard: An Anthology, 2004", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Turning Around the Mainline: How Renewal Movements Are Changing the Church, 2006", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind, 2007, pb 2010", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Good Works Reader, Classic Christian Reader Series, 2007", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Classic Christianity: A Systematic Theology, 2009 ()", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In Search of Solitude: Living the Classic Christian Hours of Prayer, 2010", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The African Memory of Mark: Reassessing Early Church Tradition, 2011", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Early Libyan Christianity, 2011", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , that Oden describes as a multi-volume patristic commentary on Scripture by the “fathers of the church” spanning “the era from Clement of Rome (fl. c. 95) to John of Damascus (c.645-c.749).”", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Wesleyan Theological Heritage, edited with help from Leicester R. Longden ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ancient & Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21st Century, Essays In Honor of Thomas C. Oden'', Christopher Hall and Kenneth Tanner, eds, 2002 ()", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Essays in honor of Oden", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1931_births", "2016_deaths", "20th-century_Protestant_theologians", "American_Christian_theologians", "American_evangelicals", "American_United_Methodist_clergy", "Arminian_theologians", "Asbury_University_alumni", "Drew_University_faculty", "Methodist_theologians", "Methodist_writers", "People_from_Altus,_Oklahoma", "Systematic_theologians", "Writers_from_Oklahoma" ]

[ "Thomas Clark Oden" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Bruno Bonnell (born 6 October 1958) is a French businessman and politician who represented the 6th constituency of Rhône in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2022. A member of La République En Marche! (LREM), he is a co-founder of Infogrames Entertainment SA.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 54095297, 80791, 299616, 52296603, 24912326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 111 ], [ 115, 120 ], [ 128, 145 ], [ 177, 201 ], [ 232, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bonnell began his career on the Thomson TO7, one of the earliest French-produced home computers, before founding Infogrames in June 1983. He founded this company at age 25 with Christophe Sapet and Thomas Schmider.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 28751337, 24912326, 61187199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 177, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bonnell was chairman and chief creative officer of the company from 1983 to 5 April 2007. He was also chief executive officer; a position he held from 1983 until a stockholder vote in 2003 showed a lack of confidence in his management of the company’s debts. He stepped down as CEO of Atari (while retaining his other two positions in IESA) in 2004 to be replaced by James Caparro, although he took up the position again on a temporary basis when Caparro resigned in June 2005. On 5 September 2006, David Pierce was appointed as new CEO of Atari.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 3452243, 6422341, 52234, 2234, 7991464, 2234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 25, 47 ], [ 102, 125 ], [ 285, 290 ], [ 499, 511 ], [ 540, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1995, Bonnell was elected president of the Syndicat des Editeurs de Logiciels de Loisirs (SELL), a French game developer association. He worked together with French broadcaster Canal Plus to create the television channel Game One, which was specifically aimed at a gaming audience. Intended as a European channel, Game One broadcast in the French language.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 585199, 30662259, 10597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 190 ], [ 224, 232 ], [ 343, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bonnell spearheaded takeovers of many smaller (and a few larger) development studios over the 1980s and 1990s, most notably British development house Ocean Software and Atari, as well as GT Interactive, Accolade, Gremlin Graphics and Hasbro Interactive. These companies were integrated into the Infogrames infrastructure. Their brand names were abandoned, with the exception of Atari, which Bonnell felt had value. For this reason Infogrames began using the Atari brand on games published around Christmas 2001 and renamed itself to Atari, Inc. in the US in 2003. Beyond his involvement in Infogrames & Atari, Bonnell is also a shareholder in Lyon's soccer team; the Olympique Lyonnais.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 1195057, 16462154, 457817, 1129627, 99437, 2234, 8638634, 979521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 164 ], [ 187, 201 ], [ 203, 211 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 234, 252 ], [ 378, 383 ], [ 643, 647 ], [ 667, 685 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 5 April 2007, Bonnell resigned from his positions at Atari and Infogrames. On the day of the announcement of his departure IESA's shares jumped 24%. In June 2008, he joined zSlide, a company based near Paris. As of 2013 he was working for Robopolis, a Lyon-based robot distributor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 2234, 24912326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 61 ], [ 66, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 31 May 2012, Bonnell was elected as President of the EMLyon Business School Board. EMLyon is a business school in Lyon, created in 1872.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2015, Bonnell served as the host and judge of The Apprentice : Qui décrochera le job ?, the French version of the global reality television franchise The Apprentice. Only two episodes of the show were aired, due to low ratings, although the entire season was streamed on demand. The show's producers did not blame Bonnell for the show's failure but rather an overall failure of the concept, though they admitted that the show would have done better if Bonnell were better-known.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career in the private sector", "target_page_ids": [ 38539, 457814, 147143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 142 ], [ 153, 167 ], [ 271, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 11 May 2017, Bonnnell was nominated by En Marche! to contest Rhône's 6th constituency, against minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, in the legislative elections.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 52296603, 54095297, 21945468, 48815336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 52 ], [ 64, 88 ], [ 107, 129 ], [ 138, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In parliament, Bonnnell serves on the Committee on Economic Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the French-Azerbaijani Parliamentary Friendship Group and the French-Ukrainian Parliamentary Friendship Group.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When Richard Ferrand was elected president of the National Assembly in 2018, Bonnell initially considered to run as a candidate to succeed him as chairman of the LREM parliamentary group but later endorsed Gilles Le Gendre instead.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 52711348, 54391133, 54382243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 20 ], [ 162, 186 ], [ 206, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 2021, Bonnell announced that he would not stand in the 2022 elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 67100711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2022, Bonnell was appointed by President Emmanuel Macron to lead on the “France 2030” investment plan, a program including 15 billion euros ($16.9 billion) of new funding to speed up moves to a greener economy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Later career", "target_page_ids": [ 24899, 43671127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 43 ], [ 44, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2019, Bonnell voted in favor of the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Political positions", "target_page_ids": [ 9317, 25502652, 5042916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 85 ], [ 88, 130 ], [ 143, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IESA Press Release", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1958_births", "Living_people", "French_businesspeople", "Atari_people", "People_from_Algiers", "French_people_of_Catalan_descent", "Paris_Dauphine_University_alumni", "La_République_En_Marche!_politicians", "Deputies_of_the_15th_National_Assembly_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic", "Chevaliers_of_the_Légion_d'honneur" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Daniel Wood Gatton Jr. (September 4, 1945 – October 4, 1994) was an American (reluctant) virtuoso guitarist who combined blues, rockabilly, jazz, and country to create a musical style he called \"redneck jazz\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Daniel Wood Gatton Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., in 1945. The son of a rhythm guitarist, Gatton started playing at the age of nine. From 1960–1964 he played jazz guitar with the Offbeats, then worked as a session musician in Nashville. When he returned to Washington, he drew attention in the 1970s as a member of Liz Meyer & Friends and other local bands. He recorded his debut album, American Music (1975), followed by Redneck Jazz (1978) with pedal steel guitarist Buddy Emmons appearing as a guest. He founded the band the Redneck Jazz Explosion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 882485, 16489181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 225 ], [ 472, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Gatton could play most genres of music, including jazz, blues, bluegrass, and rock, he was known as a country and rockabilly guitarist. He toured with singers Roger Miller and Robert Gordon. He was sometimes called \"The Telemaster\" and \"the world's greatest unknown guitarist\". Guitarist Amos Garrett called him \"The Humbler\" for his ability to defeat other guitarists in \"head-cutting\" jam sessions. On this point, however, Gatton declared: “The biggest humbler to me, of all time, would be Lenny Breau. He was the best I have ever seen.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 171930, 409222, 8152059, 30876131, 9982217, 764530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 133 ], [ 168, 180 ], [ 185, 198 ], [ 229, 239 ], [ 297, 309 ], [ 501, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1987, nine years after his previous album, he released Unfinished Business, an eclectic collection of pop, rock, and country music that Guitar World magazine named the tenth best album of the 1980s. He got a contract with his first major record label and released another eclectic album, 88 Elmira Street (Elektra, 1991), which contained a cover version of the theme song from the animated TV series The Simpsons.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1721523, 36559450, 200142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 151 ], [ 291, 307 ], [ 309, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gatton turned toward jazz for the albums New York Stories (Blue Note, 1992) and Relentless (1994) with Joey DeFrancesco.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 89770, 2656785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 68 ], [ 103, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 4, 1994, Gatton locked himself in the garage on his farm in Newburg, Maryland, and committed suicide by gunshot. Although he left no note nor explanation, family members and close friends believe he suffered from depression for many years. Friend and drummer Dave Elliott said that he thought Gatton had suffered from depression since they met more than twenty years earlier.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 16177630, 1232575, 840273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 78 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 224, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gatton played a 1953 Fender Telecaster customized with Joe Barden pickups and Fender Super 250Ls, or Nickel Plated Steel (.010 to .046 with a .015 for the G) strings (Fender now makes a replica of his heavily customized instrument), and a 1956 Gibson ES-350. For a slide, Gatton sometimes used a beer bottle or mug. In the March 1989 issue of Guitar Player magazine, Gatton said he preferred to use an Alka-Seltzer bottle or long 6L6 vacuum tube as a slide, but that audiences seemed to prefer the beer bottle. Unlike many electric guitarists, Gatton played slide overhand only, citing his earlier training in steel guitar [Guitar Player, March 1989]. Among amplifiers, liner notes on his album \"88 Elmira Street\" cites his use of Fender amplifiers including a 1963 Vibrolux, a 1963 Super Reverb, a 1958 Twin, a 1964 Deluxe, and a 1958 Bassman. Gatton built many of his own electric musical devices, including one he called the Magic Dingus Box, which controlled the speed of the rotating horn in a Leslie speaker cabinet.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Gear and playing style", "target_page_ids": [ 30876131, 1299353, 53630095, 27614, 1228109, 320408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 38 ], [ 66, 73 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 265, 270 ], [ 402, 414 ], [ 658, 668 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Rolling Stone magazine selected the 100 Greatest Guitarists of all Time in 2003, senior editor David Fricke ranked Gatton 63rd on his ballot. On May 26, 2010, Gibson.com ranked Gatton as the 27th best guitarist of all time.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 25441, 2215305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 18 ], [ 100, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among his admirers are Buckethead, Joe Bonamassa, Lenny Breau, James Burton, Chris Cheney, Vince Gill, Johnny Hiland, Evan Johns, Bill Kirchen, Albert Lee, Les Paul, Arlen Roth, Roy Buchanan, Darren Thiboutot Jr., Richie Sambora, Ricky Skaggs, Slash, Trey Anastasio, and Steve Vai.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 21244303, 3145677, 764530, 164426, 2495970, 480735, 24398706, 42637743, 6522534, 505224, 145712, 6410449, 1033965, 52770136, 131222, 12374524, 97778, 168707, 262260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ], [ 35, 48 ], [ 50, 61 ], [ 63, 75 ], [ 77, 89 ], [ 91, 101 ], [ 103, 116 ], [ 118, 128 ], [ 130, 142 ], [ 144, 154 ], [ 156, 164 ], [ 166, 176 ], [ 178, 190 ], [ 192, 212 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 230, 242 ], [ 244, 249 ], [ 251, 265 ], [ 272, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gatton has been described as possessing an extraordinary proficiency on his instrument, \"a living treasury of American musical styles.\" In 2009, John Previti, who played bass guitar with Danny for eighteen years, stated, \"You know, when he played country music, it sounded like all he played was country music. When he played jazz, it sounded like that's all he played, rockabilly, old rock and roll, soul music. You know, he called himself a Whitman sampler of music.\" Guitarist Steve Vai reckons Danny \"comes closer than anyone else to being the best guitar player that ever lived.\" Guitarist Albert Lee said of Gatton, \"Here's a guy who's got it all.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 262260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 480, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On January 10–12, 1995, Tramps nightclub in New York organized a three-night tribute to Gatton featuring dozens of Gatton's musical admirers, the highlight of which was a twenty-minute performance by Les Paul, James Burton, Arlen Roth, and Albert Lee. Those shows (with all musicians performing for free) raised $25,000 for Gatton's wife and daughter.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 505224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blue Skies Calling (2011), an album by Boy Wells, includes nearly an hour of Gatton and Wells playing in his living room. \"Danny called me before he died and asked me to put a vocal tape together for his label at the time. He needed a singer after his singer, Billy Windsor, had passed. He remained a friend, a good one all those years. This lesson was in the late '70s; it's me and Danny in the living room of his house on Holly Lane in Indian Head, Maryland. It's killer stuff.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gatton was given nicknames such as \"The Humbler\", \"The Telemaster\", and \"the world's greatest unknown guitarist\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Grammy Award nomination, \"Elmira Street Boogie\", Best Rock Instrumental Performance, 1991", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 201136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Danny Gatton Signature Telecaster", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "photo: Arlen Roth 1994", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Awards and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 6410449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American Music (Aladdin, 1975)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Redneck Jazz (NRG, 1978)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unfinished Business (NRG, 1987)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Blazing Telecasters with Tom Principato (Powerhouse, 1990)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 88 Elmira St. (Elektra, 1991)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 36559450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cruisin' Deuces (Elektra, 1993)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Relentless with Joey DeFrancesco (Exile, 1994)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Redneck Jazz Explosion (NRG, 1995)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Humbler\" with Robert Gordon (NRG, 1996)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 69812211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In Concert 9/9/94 (Big Mo, 1996)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Untouchable (NRG, 1998)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Portraits (Big Mo, 1998)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Capitol Attack with Robert Gordon (Renegade, 1999)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Funhouse (Flying Deuces Music, 2004)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Showdown at the Hoedown with Evan Johns (Jellyroll, 2005)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oh No! More Blazing Telecasters with Tom Principato (Powerhouse, 2005)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Redneck Jazz Explosion Volume Two (Flying Deuces Music, 2006)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Live in 1977: The Humbler Stakes His Claim (Powerhouse, 2007)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " New York Stories with Joshua Redman, Roy Hargrove (EMI, 2009)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Danny Gatton website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Danny Gatton movie website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "20th-century_American_guitarists", "American_blues_guitarists", "American_jazz_guitarists", "American_rockabilly_guitarists", "American_male_guitarists", "Guitarists_from_Washington,_D.C.", "Suicides_by_firearm_in_Maryland", "1945_births", "1994_suicides", "20th-century_American_male_musicians", "American_male_jazz_musicians" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Macerata () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Macerata. The province includes 55 comunes (Italian: comuni) in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Macerata. Located between the rivers Potenza (Flosis) and Chienti, both of which originate in the province, the city of Macerata is located on a hill.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 301292, 14532, 1351182, 457055, 6946872, 39537463, 22834498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ], [ 49, 55 ], [ 66, 71 ], [ 100, 108 ], [ 135, 141 ], [ 182, 217 ], [ 246, 253 ], [ 267, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province contains, among the numerous historical sites, the Roman settlement of Helvia Recina, destroyed by orders of Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, in 408. The province was part of the Papal States from 1445 (with an interruption during the French invasion during the Napoleonic Wars), until the unification of Italy in 1860. The University of Macerata was formed in the province in 1260 and was known as the University of the Piceno from 1540, when Pope Paul III issued a bull naming it this. The town of Camerino, home to another historical university, is also located in the region.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3251460, 1570, 59534, 45420, 59642, 4944913, 47437, 3052976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 97 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 192, 204 ], [ 275, 290 ], [ 303, 323 ], [ 337, 359 ], [ 457, 470 ], [ 513, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cingoli was founded in the province as Cingulum, also known as \"The Balcony of the Marche\" due to its views of the surroundings. Tolentino was founded by the Romans as Tolentinum, while Recanati is widely known as the birthplace of poet Giacomo Leopardi. Massimo Girotti, an actor, was born in Mogliano in the province of Macerata. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4032093, 3832607, 1830178, 45077, 9406626, 6734348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 129, 138 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 237, 253 ], [ 255, 270 ], [ 294, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " of the province is agricultural land, and is urbanised. The two largest comuni are Macerata and Civitanova Marche, both with c. 40,000 inhabitants.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6734242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Macerata", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Macerata province", "provincia di Macerata" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Pesaro and Urbino (, ) is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro. It also borders the state of San Marino. The province is surrounded by San Marino and Emilia Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east. The province has an enclave of the Umbrian commune of Citta' di Castello named Monte Ruperto. The province is also known as \"Riviera of Hills\". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 301292, 14532, 1042195, 27248, 27248, 51590, 21967242, 1212747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 52 ], [ 60, 66 ], [ 77, 82 ], [ 111, 117 ], [ 148, 158 ], [ 190, 200 ], [ 234, 240 ], [ 245, 252 ], [ 266, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceramics museum and the Biblioteca Oliveriana are located in the capital city. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22654329, 47938534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 28, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The County Council is based in Pesaro while the headquarters of the provincial administration are in Urbino. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The coat of arms of the province consists of a shield divided into two parts, each part is given the coat of arms of the two capitals. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It has a robust economy with low unemployment, based on small and medium enterprises active in manufacturing, agriculture, tourism, other services. It has a very low per capita energy consumption. The small manufacturing industry contributes 22% of the province's GDP. Tourism in the province plays a primary role in the local economy; the main attractions are the coast and the Apennines. The beaches of Gabicce Mare, Pesaro, Fano and Marotta are the most famous ones.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lucus Pisaurensis, the Sacred Grove of Pisaurum, ancient Pesaro, is just outside modern Pesaro in the hamlet of Santa Venerada.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 51924989, 1035886, 1042195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 27, 39 ], [ 43, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early sources indicate a pre-Estruscan settlement in Pesaro. The city was established as Pisaurum by the Romans in 184 BC as a colony of the Picentes, an early Italic people who lived on the northeast coast of Italy during the Iron Age. In 1737, 13 ancient votive stones were unearthed in a local Pesaro farm field, each bearing the inscription of a semone or Roman god; these were written in a pre-Estrucan script, indicating a much earlier occupation of the area than the 184 BC Picentes colony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 54045, 1042195, 1042195, 521555, 16075857, 2237587, 14532, 14711, 51719702, 1042195, 28957716, 54045, 16075857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 38 ], [ 53, 59 ], [ 90, 98 ], [ 106, 112 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 161, 174 ], [ 211, 216 ], [ 228, 236 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 299, 305 ], [ 362, 371 ], [ 401, 409 ], [ 483, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area was absorbed in the Exarchate of Ravenna. In late mediaval times and early Renaissance it was the center of the county of Urbino, and later, the Duchy of Montefeltro. Later it was part of the Papal States and, from the late 19th century, of the Kingdom of Italy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 504379, 581371, 59534, 9804204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 73, 93 ], [ 245, 257 ], [ 298, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province to join the Province of Rimini (Emilia-Romagna) on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12731238, 1418158, 162715, 6733335, 6733414, 6733586, 6733614, 6733703, 6733720, 6733794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ], [ 110, 128 ], [ 130, 144 ], [ 188, 199 ], [ 201, 207 ], [ 209, 220 ], [ 222, 232 ], [ 234, 241 ], [ 243, 261 ], [ 266, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are 59 comunes (Italian: comuni) in the province.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Local administrative subdivision", "target_page_ids": [ 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of May 31, 2005, the main comuni by population are:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Local administrative subdivision", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of Pesaro, Italy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Pesaro_and_Urbino", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Pesaro e Urbino province", "provincia di Pesaro e Urbino", "Province of Pesaro and Urbino" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Atlantic Jaxx Recordings: A Compilation is a compilation of select releases on English electronic music duo Basement Jaxx's Atlantic Jaxx label from 1994 to 1997. Most of the tracks are written or produced by Basement Jaxx, excluding \"Belo Horizonti\", which is a Basement Jaxx remix of the song by The Heartists.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9510, 347264, 3368348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 103 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 124, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Fly Life\" was a huge hit throughout the international club scene and a top twenty hit in Basement Jaxx's native Britain.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Atlantic Jaxx Recordings: A Compilation was followed two years later by the first full-length album of original Jaxx material, Remedy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2174196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 133 ] ] } ]

[ "Basement_Jaxx_albums", "Record_label_compilation_albums", "1997_compilation_albums" ]

[]