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Sunday, October 27, 2013
A Year Already?!
Well that went by fast! It is time again for Halloween. In the true spirit (see what I did there?) of the holiday, we have waited far too long to get started and are dreadfully behind.
One of the main purposes of our over the top decorations each year is to learn something new. This year is no different and we found some really cool technologies to use. Now we love our Netduino and C# is an important language for us to learn, but we made a decision this year to switch to a Python framework working on a Linux controller called a Raspberry Pi.
The biggest benefit to using this controller is it doesn't just run a linear script of code. It is an entire operating system. You can log in and run multiple programs at one time. This importantly includes for us the ability to run to control system, a web server, and a database simultaneously.
Last year we had a computer babysitting the Netduino server and a computer to play sounds for the props. This year it will just be the Pi as a single server to handle everything. And here goes the flow:
The Pi has a database that holds all the sequences. Each sequence is a series of Python commands that sends a signal or plays a sound. There is a web server that shows all the commands and a server that listens on the web for them.
This new setup is very easy to scale up. We can add peripheral devices very easily using a serial protocol called I2C. We just add new props or devices to the command sequence a we're done.
Unfortunately, our attempt to etch our own board this year was a complete failure. However, next year we plan to do a custom series of boards that plug and play like USB.
We love this time of year. Sometimes we get dragged away by other obligations, but I promise to write a lot more about next years progress. Be ready for that to start showing up around May this time, though.
I hope everyone has a wonderful Halloween |
HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides as Risk Factors for CKD: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations are heritable risk factors for vascular disease, but their role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis of data derived from the largest published lipid and CKD studies. Effect of independent genetic variants significantly associated with lipid concentrations was obtained from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (n=188,577), and the effect of these same variants on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), CKD (defined as eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2), and albuminuria was obtained from the CKD Genetics Consortium (n=133,814). Using conventional, multivariable, and Egger Mendelian randomization approaches, we assessed the causal association between genetically determined lipid concentrations and kidney traits. eGFR, dichotomous eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2, and albuminuria. In multivariable analysis, a 17-mg/dL higher HDL cholesterol concentration was associated with an 0.8% higher eGFR (95% CI, 0.4%-1.3%; P=0.004) and lower risk for eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.93; P<0.001), while Egger analysis showed no evidence of pleiotropy. There was no evidence for a causal relationship between LDL cholesterol concentration and any kidney disease measure. Genetically higher triglyceride concentrations appeared associated with higher eGFRs, but this finding was driven by a single pleiotropic variant in the glucokinase regulator gene (GCKR). After exclusion, genetically higher triglyceride concentration was not associated with any kidney trait. Individual patient-level phenotype and genotype information were unavailable. 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis of data from the largest lipid and CKD cohorts supports genetically higher HDL cholesterol concentration as causally associated with better kidney function. There was no association between genetically altered LDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentration and kidney function. Further analysis of CKD outcomes in HDL cholesterol intervention trials is warranted. |
Cape Wind has announced that a team including three companies based in New Bedford, Massachusetts, is involved with completing geophysical surveys of the project site and offshore cable routes. Survey vessels with a suite of geophysical instruments are surveying the seafloor and subsea geology on Horseshoe Shoal and along the offshore cable route. New Bedford […]
The nation’s first wind farm, planned off Cape Cod, Mass., fought a bruising battle for approval. Now, it faces another challenge in selling its power. The 130-turbine Cape Wind project has sealed a deal with the utility National Grid for half its power. But the other half is available with no apparent takers — raising […]
The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound filed an appeal in federal court challenging the recent Federal Aviation Administration’s “no hazard” determination regarding Cape Wind’s proposed wind turbines in Nantucket Sound. “The FAA ruling shows a complete and utter disregard for public safety and flies in the face of last year’s decision by the US Court […]
Following the NSTAR / Cape Wind long term Power Purchase Agreement with the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, the Cape Wind President Jim Gordon released the stetement : “Today’s filing of the Cape Wind/Nstar Power Purchase Agreement is about moving forward to deliver energy, environmental and economic benefits to Massachusetts and New England electric consumers. […] […] […]
Boston University’s Energy Club (BU Energy Club) has organized a screening of the documentary Cape Spin! An American Power Struggle, at 6:30pm today at the College of Arts and Science. The official movie website says: Cape Spin! An American Power Struggle tells the surreal, fascinating, tragicomic story of the battle over America’s most controversial clean […]
Seaway 7 has signed a contract with CAPE Holland for the supply of Vibro Lifting Tool (VLT) for the installation of monopile foundations at the Kaskasi offshore wind farm.
The Department of Public Utilities has approved the $2.7 billion electric rate deal between Cape Wind and National Grid, providing Cape Wind… By Jay Fitzgerald (bostonherald) [mappress] Source: bostonherald, November 23, 2010;
After a lawsuit, submitted on January 21 against Massachusetts regulators, NSTAR and Cape Wind, the offshore wind project’s developers won a legal battle that had commenced prior to this one. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) approval of the Cape Wind project, rejecting arguments […]
Components of Inch Cape Offshore Limited’s met mast are nearing completion at East Lothian based steel fabrication company Had-Fab. The specialist fabrication company is responsible for the manufacturing of the innovative lattice mast to be used for measuring wind speeds at the Inch Cape Offshore Wind Farm site. Had-Fab has been contracted to produce the […]
The Cape Wind Project, a proposal to construct the United States’ first offshore wind farm off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has… (justmeans) [mappress] Source: justmeans, September 21, 2010; […]
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court has ruled against a bid by beachfront property owner to stop the Cape Wind development. Namely, Thomas Melone argued that the wind farm would ruin the view and decrease the value of his property. “The environmental and other concerns raised by Melone … were beyond the scope of the proceeding. Nothing […] […] […]
Two Nova Scotian businesses have secured contracts worth $25 million as part of the first round of procurement awards on the Cape Sharp Tidal project, a 4MW tidal array in the Bay of Fundy. Aecon Group Inc. and Lengkeek Vessel Engineering have been selected by Cape Sharp Tidal, a joint venture between Emera Inc. and OpenHydro, […]
CAPE Holland extracted a wind turbine foundation monopile at the Maasvlakte area in Rotterdam last week, as part of a demonstration project for its CAPE Vibro Lifting Tool (VLT). The 4m diameter pile was installed in May 2016 for the purpose of demonstration, which resulted in loosening and extracting the pile completely in 12 minutes. Although a single CV-320 […]. […]
The consortium of NKT and Boskalis Subsea Cables & Flexibles has signed a Pre-Construction Agreement (PCA) for the delivery and installation of an export cable system for the 784MW Inch Cape offshore wind project in the UK.
Cape Cod Community College will host a forum on Thursday as part of the “Big Choices” series. The forum titled “Big Choices: Offshore Wind and Community Benefit” aims to accelerate community-based progress toward a sustainable energy future, according to Cape Cod. President of the Board for Cape & Islands Self-Reliance Chris Powicki said, “Part of […]
Officials from the Cape Wind project have met with Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee to discuss ports that could be used for the offshore wind project. Mark Rodgers, Cape Wind spokesman, told The Associated Press that one of the topics on the meeting was the possibility of the port at Quonset in North Kingstown to […]
Inch […]
During the public comment part of the Barnstable Town Council Meeting, president of the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, Audra Parker, protested against Cape Wind referring to great increase in future cost of electricity for local residents. She pointed out that the initial annual increase in utility bills for the Town of Barnstable would be […] Atlantic Towing contract is […]
Mark Rodgers, Communications Director of Cape Wind released statement on court of appeals opinion regarding the FAA. “The FAA has reviewed Cape Wind for eight years and repeatedly determined that Cape Wind did not pose a hazard to air navigation. The essence of today’s court ruling is that the FAA needs to better explain […] |
2014 is coming to a close and, as is our annual tradition here at Board Game Quest, we are going to take one last look back at the year. I swear it gets harder and harder each year to put together this Top 10 list. There are just so many quality games coming out each year that it’s so hard to narrow them down. I’m sure I had to leave out many of your favorite games from this year, it always seems to happen. .
Also continuing in on what we started last year, this list will be split into two halves. Since games from the October Essen Spiel always seem to take a long time to make it “across the pond”, it’s hard to rank every game that comes out when we don’t even have some yet! With that in mind, the first half of the list will be our Top 10 Games from 2014, which only includes games that I’ve actually played. The second half will be the games we’re most looking forward to getting to our tabletop. As games start to arrive on our shores in the spring of 2015, we should have ample time to play them before we have to make our decisions on our 2015 Board Game Awards. Until then, let’s get to the lists!
Top 10 Games of 2014
Honorable Mention: Port Royal
Just barely missing the cut, Port Royal gets an honorable mention for being a game that caught me by surprise this year. I had not heard of this game until a friend brought it over to my house for a game night. I quickly fell in love with this press-your-luck card drafting game. Port Royal has a great theme and also plays quickly. For a price of about $20, it’s hard not to grab a copy of this gem.
2-5 Players • Ages 8+ • 30 minutes to play • $15
10. Legendary Encounters: An Alien Deck Building Game
I’ve always been a fan of the Legendary series (see my review of the Legendary: Marvel Deck Building Game) and Legendary Encounters was a massive upgrade on an already great game series. Just barely missing the top spot in our Top Ten Deck Building Game list earlier this year, Legendary Encounters lets players play through the Alien movies in a pure cooperative game with the possibility of a betrayer being thrown in the mix. This is a highly thematic game that is a lot of fun.
1-5 Players • Ages 17+ • 45 minutes to play • $50
9. Black Fleet (review)
I love a good pirate game and Black Fleet has easy to learn rules and creative game play make it a fantastic family game. In this Caribbean adventure, players take command of a fleet of ships playing their trade during a time when the wooden sailing ships ruled the seas. You get to command a pesky pirate ship, the royal navy and also a merchant ship tasked with delivering goods around the Caribbean. With some fantastic components, this one was an instant hit on our gaming table.
3-4 Players • Ages 10+ • 60 minutes to play • $42
8. Istanbul (review)
Winner of the 2014 Kennerspiel des Jahres (German “Connoisseur” game of the year award); Istanbul is a clever eurogame where players lead a merchant group through an exotic bazaar. The fun in Istanbul comes with its unique movement mechanics. Each location landed on gives the merchant different options of what he can do on his turn, but careful planning is must in this game. The merchant’s assistants will be left behind as he takes actions, and he must plan his routes careful because he’ll need to pick the same assistants up to use them in the future.
2-5 Players • Ages 10+ • 50 minutes to play • $45
7. Abyss
This undersea eurogame features some truly stunning artwork to go along with its unique game mechanics. Featuring both set collection and a press-your-luck mechanic, players are trying to obtain the most influence to become the next ruler of the undersea world. Asmodee Games did an outstanding job publishing Abyss; not only with the aforementioned artwork, but also with the great game components (you get a bag of pearls to use as game currency). I’ve also heard rumblings of an expansion due out in 2015.
2-4 Players • Ages 14+ • 45 minutes to play • $32
6. Sheriff of Nottingham
This one got a lot of hype surrounding its Gen Con release as it was the first in the new line of “Dice Tower Essentials” games. In this social game of bluffing and set collection, players take on the roles of merchants trying to bring goods into the city. The fun part is that each player gets to take a turn as the Sheriff, and must question the other players to try and stop contraband from entering the city. Sheriff of Nottingham can be an absolute blast with the right group of players. This game is a must for any group of outgoing people.
3-5 Players • Ages 13+ • 60 minutes to play • $60
5. The Battle of Five Armies (review)
If you haven’t played it, War of the Ring was an absolutely stellar game set in the Lord of the Rings universe. The same game designers decided to take a stab at another game in middle-earth with The Battle of Five Armies. To say they had a lot to live up to would be an understatement. Thankfully, they hit this one out of the park with its great game components, streamlined mechanics and thematic experience. In The Battle of Five Armies, players are treated to an intense game of conflict and combat with some excellently sculpted miniatures.
2 Players • Ages 13+ • 90 minutes to play • $70
4. Eldritch Horror (review)
For a while, Arkham Horror was my go to game for Lovecraftian adventure. While good, the game was bogged down with some clunky mechanics and an even worse rulebook. When Eldritch Horror was released this year, I had some high hopes that it could replace Arkham Horror in my game collection. Lucky for me my wish was granted because after playing Eldritch Horror, I sent my copy of Arkham Horror off to the other-world dimension. Eldritch Horror takes players on a globe-trotting tour as they try and stop an elder god from awakening. With the usual Fantasy Flight Games treatment of quality, Eldritch Horror offers a streamlined and fun adventure for players who like a good challenge.
1-8 Players • Ages 14+ • 180 minutes to play • $37
3. Dead of Winter
Definitely not just “another zombie game”, Dead of Winter was one of my favorite releases at Gen Con this year. In this cooperative game of survival, players must work together to accomplish the scenario’s objectives in a post-apocalyptic, zombie infested world. There is also the chance that one of your fellow players will be out to betray your struggling colony, but the key is that you don’t know for sure. What really makes the game shine is its interesting “Crossroads mechanic”, which I’m expecting to see in future games from publisher Plaid Hat Games.
2-5 Players • Ages 13+ • 100 minutes to play • $60
1-Tie – Five Tribes
When it came down to choosing my #1 and #2 I honestly just couldn’t decide. Both of these last two games are so good that I’ll play them absolutely anytime someone suggests it. So this year we have a tie for first place. Anyway, Five Tribes was publisher Days of Wonder’s first “gamer game” and they absolutely blew it out of the water. Veteran game designer Bruno Cathala really nailed this one in creating a game that’s both really unique and a lot of fun to play. He took the ages old Mancala mechanic and dropped it into a game that uses it with amazing results. The only thing to watch out for in 5 Tribes is that if you have friends prone to “analysis paralysis” then this game could be trouble for them. But on the whole, Five Tribes is almost a love letter to the eurogame fan.
2-4 Players • Ages 13+ • 60 minutes to play • $60
1-Tie – Imperial Settlers (review)
Sharing the top spot in 2014 with Five Tribes is Imperial Settlers. Of all the games on this list, Imperial Settlers is probably the one that I’ve played the most since its release. For me, it hits all the right spots that I want in a card game. It lets me use each card in different ways, which I always love. Second, the game comes with 4 different races that will all approach the game in a slightly different way. I think variable races in games always help to make each play unique. Portal Games was so successful in designing these races that players are clamoring designer Ignacy Trzewiczek for more! Imperial Settlers is a game that’s really easy to teach, a lot of fun and plays in just the right amount of time. This 5 star game will enjoy a permanent home here at BGQ HQ and will likely continue to make its way to our gaming table often.
1-4 Players • Ages 10+ • 60 minutes to play • $37
Top 10 Games I want to Try
10. Fields of Arle
I wasn’t sure on Fields of Arle at first because it’s a 2 player only game that takes about 2 hours to play. Usually when I’m doing a 2 player eurogame, I want something a bit more streamlined, and most of the time we have more than 2 players. However, after seeing all the components that come in the box and flipping through the rule book, I do have to admit that it looks pretty interesting. I’m not sure when I’ll get this one to the table, but I’m hoping it makes its way at some point.
1-2 Players • Ages 14+ • 120 minutes to play • $80
9. Camel Up
Camel Up was one of the highlight games from Gen Con for my fellow writers Brian and Tyler. Camel Up came to the forefront this year after winning the highly coveted Spiel des Jahres award. In this family game, players are placing long term and short term bets as a group of camels race around a pyramid. The theme is unique for sure and I’ve heard nothing but good things from my fellow writers on this title. The fact that it won the Spiel des Jahres also makes me eager to check it out.
2-8 Players • Ages 8+ • 30 minutes to play • $34
8. Lords of Xidit
The first thing that attracted me to Lords of Xidit was the fantastic visuals by one of my favorite board game artists, Naïade (Seasons, Tokaido). In addition to the great visual, Lords of Xidit features simultaneous action section (which I always enjoy) and an elimination-based scoring system that sounds pretty unique. I swear I’m always a sucker for board games with great looking visuals and components. 🙂
3-5 Players • Ages 14+ • 90 minutes to play • $42
7. The Ancient World
The latest board game by publish Red Raven Games (Eight Minute Empire), The Ancient World is a set collection and worker placement game set during a time when the Titans ruled the earth. The thing that first attracted me to The Ancient World is that it features artwork painted by Ryan Laukat, whose style I absolutely adore. I’ll hopefully be picking this one up soon.
2-4 Players • Ages 13+ • 60 minutes to play • $50
6. Castles of Mad King Ludwig
Published by Bezier Games (Suburbia, One Night Ultimate Werewolf), the Castles of Mad King Ludwig has players building out the castle for King Ludwig II of Bavaria, one room at a time. While it reminds me some of their previous game Suburbia (which I love), I think it’s probably different enough for me to check out and hopefully add to my game library.
1-4 Players • Ages 13+ • 90 minutes to play • $55
5. Hyperborea
I love a good civilization building game. From Nations to Sid Meier’s, I always seem to be getting one to the table. The only down side of them is the play time usually pretty steep. Hyperborea boasts a play time of only 20-25 minutes per player (which is great for a civ game) and some unique rules. The game’s main mechanics seem to involve you building a pool of cubes via a process they call “bag building”. I’m pretty intrigued by this one.
2-6 Players • Ages 12+ • 90 minutes to play • $65
4. Alchemists
Following on the heels of X-Com’s announcement that it will be featuring a mobile app requirement to play the game, Alchemists also incorporates this technology into the game. Players are trying to make potions in the game, and they gain knowledge by mixing and testing ingredients using the smartphone app. It seems like a neat concept, I’m just hoping it’s not a gimmick and actually works well with the game.
2-4 Players • Ages 13+ • 120 minutes to play
3. Deus
Deus reminds me a bit of Nations, our 2013 Game of the Year from our Board Game Awards. Deus is a civilization building game where players are using cards to build out their civilizations on a shared, modular board. I like the abstract nature of the game as it still feels a little different from what else is out there. I’m hoping this one will make it across my gaming table soon.
2-4 Players • Ages 10+ • 75 minutes to play • $42
2. Nations: The Dice Game
Yes, another civilization building game makes the list, but that’s OK because I absolutely love these types of games. Nations: The Dice Game, however, combines the civilization building element with a dice rolling game (another staple here at BGQ HQ). While it probably won’t be as deep as its older brother Nations, it still looks like a lot of fun to play. Whenever I start to think I have enough dice rolling games, another one seems to come along and get my attention.
1-4 Players • Ages 10+ • 30 minutes to play
1. Star Wars: Imperial Assault
I saw this game at Gen Con this year and immediately fell in love. The minis look great and the game play is based on one of my favorite dungeon crawlers of all time, Descent: 2nd Edition. Star Wars: Imperial Assault can be played either in a one-off skirmish game or as a full blown campaign. I have already rounded up a group of other players and we are going to get this one to the table in the New Year and play though the campaign mode. I can’t even begin to contain my excitement…
2-5 Players • Ages 14+ • 90 minutes to play • $75
As always, it’s hard to narrow down the choices. It feels like 2014 had a lot of really great games come out, so this list is definitely not representative of all the good games that year. Did we miss your favorites? Let us know in the comments below. |
Homework Playlist Youtube Words Videos Set in Schools
For those entering any other year of school, then congratulations, sort of? You didn't get expelled last year, so you've got that going for you. And you're one year closer to being done, too, which is nice. More importantly, you're the ones that really know what's coming: studying. Lots of studying. Lots and lots of stupid studying. Interminably long hours spent hunched over a collection of leather-bound tomes, reading by candlelight, microscope in hand -- or in the bowels of the library, planted in front of a microfiche machine. Just kidding, you'll be starting a screen like the rest of us. But what about your earholes? Those need to be filled with calming, thought-nurturing noises, which is exactly what we have for you.
Below is a list, provided by Spotify and the Echo Nest, of the twenty-five songs that will get you through those cram seshes. (Do the kids still call them cram seshes? Did they ever?) The playlist was generated by analyzing the most popular songs from Spotify playlists whose names include the words "study," "hitting the books," "library," or "exam," as based on the listening behavior of over 40 million regular Spotify users during the last two months of school (i.e. right before summer vacation).
It's very calm music. That's the point. Now get to it, eggheads!
Sometimes!
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I am so excited to introduce to you our NEW annual core catalog that goes LIVE on August 1st! I mean seriously - some great new products!! In addition, our July - September seasonal book will be active too! I will have products to show you from BOTH books!
And because I need to make room for new products, I am having a HUGE CLEARANCE sale on items I have in stock!
In addition to new products, I will have projects for you to preview for my new CLUB that starts next month! My club will have both cardmaking and scrapbooking workshops available! Plus rewards! Plus I will have projects for you to make at no charge to try our products! And FREE books if you don't have them.
Are you a member of our VIP program? I will be live streaming a VIRTUAL OPEN HOUSE for you on Friday, August 5th from 6pm to 8pm. Bring you favorite drinks and snacks and join me LIVE!
Did I mention door prizes? Yep! You can earn tickets by RSVPing in advance, showing up, bringing a friend, purchasing items here or online, joining my club, joining our VIP program and more! Throw some refreshments on top and you've got a party!
Come join the fun Saturday, August 6th from 10am - 2pm! |
407 Ill. 301 (1950)
95 N.E.2d 315
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Defendant in Error,
v.
MAURICE SCOTT, Plaintiff in Error.
No. 31455.
Supreme Court of Illinois.
Opinion filed November 27, 1950.
*302 GEORGE C. ADAMS, of Chicago, for plaintiff in error.
IVAN A. ELLIOTT, Attorney General, of Springfield, and JOHN S. BOYLE, State's Attorney, of Chicago, (JOHN T. GALLAGHER, RUDOLPH L. JANEGA, and ARTHUR F. MANNING, all of Chicago, of counsel,) for the People.
Judgment reversed.
Mr. CHIEF JUSTICE SIMPSON delivered the opinion of the court:
This is a writ of error to review a judgment of conviction entered by the criminal court of Cook County. Plaintiff in error, together with two of his employees, Albert Brown and Frank Martin, was charged with the forcible rape of the prosecuting witness, Helen Trepack. A trial before the court, trial by jury having been waived, resulted in plaintiff in error being found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of fifteen years. The other two defendants were found to be not guilty.
*303 Plaintiff in error was the proprietor of a neighborhood furniture store situated at 2439 Wentworth Avenue, in the city of Chicago. A stairway in the furniture store led to a second floor six-room apartment where plaintiff in error made his home. It is the contention of the People that the prosecutrix went to the store to identify some furniture, which was in storage, and while there was induced to go to the second floor on the pretense that her furniture was stored there; that she was held captive, in the apartment of plaintiff in error, from about five o'clock in the afternoon of May 19, 1948, until about six o'clock in the morning of the second day following; and that during the time she was being held in the apartment against her will she was beaten and forcibly raped by plaintiff in error.
That the prosecutrix was at the furniture store and in the apartment of plaintiff in error for the interval of time mentioned is not controverted. A sharp controversy does exist as to what transpired while she was there. Plaintiff in error not only denies that he raped the prosecutrix, but denies that he had any sexual relations with her whatsoever. He asserts that the prosecutrix went upstairs voluntarily to discuss the possibility of obtaining a loan on her furniture; that she was permitted to remain and recline on a couch because she was too intoxicated to depart; that she said she had no place to live and the next day undertook to clean up the apartment, after the redecorating then in progress had been completed, in order to obtain money with which to go to Wisconsin.
Errors urged as grounds for reversal are (1) that the evidence fails to prove, beyond all reasonable doubt, the forcible rape of the prosecutrix, (2) that the judgment of conviction rests on the uncorroborated testimony of the prosecuting witness, and (3) that the court erroneously permitted statements of codefendants, made out of the presence of plaintiff in error, to be received in evidence against him.
*304 Lord Hale once aptly observed that an accusation of rape is easily made, hard to be proved and still harder to be defended by one ever so innocent. (People v. Freeman, 244 Ill. 590; 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 212; 1 Hale's Pleas of the Crown, 634.) It is for this reason that reviewing courts are especially charged with the duty to carefully examine the evidence in rape cases. (People v. Kazmierczyk, 357 Ill. 592.) It is the further duty of a reviewing court, where a verdict is returned by a jury in a criminal case or where a similar finding is made by a court where a jury has been waived, not only to carefully consider the evidence but to reverse the judgment if the evidence is not sufficient to remove all reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt and is not sufficient to create an abiding conviction that he is guilty of the crime charged. (People v. Abbate, 349 Ill. 147.) While this court must of necessity examine the evidence introduced in such cases, the lurid and revolting details thus revealed will be permitted to remain buried in the record, except insofar as a recital of facts is indispensable to an understanding of the case.
The pertinent facts revealed by the testimony of the prosecuting witness are that she went into the apartment reluctantly, became frightened while there, called for help out of a front window, was beaten for ten minutes and threatened with death by plaintiff in error, who accused her of trying to cause him trouble when he found she had gone to the front part of the house near the window. Thereafter she was prevailed upon to take two drinks of whiskey after which she removed her clothing, at the insistance of plaintiff in error, and was given a bath. After bathing her, plaintiff in error treated her bruises and contusions with iodine, particularly about the lips. At this time he told her that she was drunk and had hurt herself. Some time was then spent by plaintiff in error in combing and rearranging the hair of prosecutrix while complimenting *305 her on its appearance. Up to this time no expression of desire, or demand, for sexual relations on the part of plaintiff in error appears in the testimony of the prosecutrix. At this point, however, she claims that at his direction she reluctantly went into the bedroom and got into bed. He followed and for the first time insisted on engaging in sexual intercourse with her. In response to the direct question whether he did anything else to her before engaging in the act, she replied in the negative. From her description of the occurrence, and the five hours of sexual excesses which she claims then transpired, it is clear that, however reluctantly begun, the sexual acts were engaged in without any resistance whatsoever on the part of the prosecutrix.
If the account of the prosecuting witness be taken as true, the vital question is whether she ceased resistance because it was useless or dangerous or because she ultimately consented. It does not appear from her testimony that she was overcome by the superior strength of plaintiff in error, or that she no longer had the physical power to resist him. A strong inference that she was not paralyzed by fear arises from her testimony that about ten-thirty o'clock in the evening, immediately after the occurrence, both she and plaintiff in error turned over and went to sleep for the remainder of the night. Sleeping throughout the night in the same bed with her ravisher is hardly consistent with the conduct of a chaste and injured woman upon whom the dastardly outrage of a forcible rape had just been committed.
It is a fundamental rule in such cases that in order to prove the charge of forcible rape there must be evidence to show that the act was committed by force and against the will of the female, and if she has the use of her faculties and physical powers the evidence must show such resistance as will demonstrate that the act was against her will. (People v. Meyers, 381 Ill. 156; People v. Eccarius, *306 305 Ill. 62.) It is also fundamental that voluntary submission by the female, while she has power to resist, no matter how reluctantly yielded, amounts to consent and removes from the act an essential element of the crime of rape. (44 Am. Jur. page 909.) It is not contended that the prosecuting witness did not have full and complete use of her faculties, and her physical powers do not appear to have been impaired. The evidence militates against any claim that she might have been overcome or paralyzed by fear. The rule contended for by the People, that proof of physical force in rape is unnecessary if the prosecuting witness was paralyzed by fear or overcome by the superior strength of her attacker, has no application to the facts and circumstances revealed by the evidence in this case.
In a rape case, where the charge is denied, in order to sustain a conviction, unless the evidence is clear and convincing, the testimony of the prosecutrix must be corroborated by other facts and circumstances in evidence. (People v. Silva, 405 Ill. 158; People v. Glasser, 335 Ill. 263.) Where the injured female testifies to the commission of the rape, evidence of complaint by her soon after the occurrence, or at first opportunity, is competent, not to prove the commission of the act but to corroborate her testimony. People v. Carruthers, 379 Ill. 388.
A police officer and an assistant State's Attorney testified that the prosecuting witness made complaint to them on the same day she left the premises of plaintiff in error. The doctor who examined her found certain contusions about the lips, head and arms of the prosecutrix. He did not testify that she told him she had been raped and there is nothing in his testimony to indicate that he made any examination of her private parts. Neither the taxicab driver, who drove her home, nor the brother or mother of the prosecutrix, to whom she claims to have first made complaint, testified at the trial. The failure of these witnesses to testify tends to lessen the spontaneous character *307 of the complaint made to the officers and likewise weakens the corroborative quality of such evidence.
Numerous inconsistencies and improbabilities appearing in the evidence tend to add to the incredibility of prosecutrix's claim that she was forcibly raped by plaintiff in error, while being held captive in the apartment over his furniture store. Business was going on downstairs as usual. Money from transactions with customers in the furniture store was being brought upstairs and given to plaintiff in error. A stairway leads from the apartment to the furniture store. The front of the apartment had three windows opening on the public street. There was at least one public telephone available for her use. On one occasion she admitted that she was alone in the apartment. Yet the prosecuting witness testified that, despite her terrifying experience of the previous evening, she stayed on for another day and night submitting to repeated sexual acts without resistance or outcry. During this time she cooked all the meals for the household, which included the two employees in the store. In addition she did the laundry and undertook to clean up the apartment.
The failure of prosecutrix to attempt to use the telephone, or attempt to leave the premises, or to attract the attention of persons in the store, on the street, or in the neighborhood, is inconceivable and inconsistent with the conduct of one whose womanhood had just been outraged. Instead of attempting to escape at night, while the others were asleep, she relates that she, too, was asleep in bed with her attacker. The testimony of the prosecutrix is not of that clear and convincing character required to support the conviction under the rule in the cases of People v. Sciales, 345 Ill. 118, and People v. DeFrates, 395 Ill. 439, relied upon by the People.
Error is assigned on the reception in evidence of a joint written statement made to police by the two codefendants who were being tried with plaintiff in error. *308 This statement was unsigned by the codefendants and each of them denied at the trial that it contained the truth. The cause was being tried by the court without a jury. The statement was first admitted in evidence only as to the two codefendants. The record is not clear as to whether it was later admitted to be considered with the other evidence on the question of the guilt or innocence of plaintiff in error. Statements and declarations of his codefendants, made out of his presence and not assented to by him, were inadmissible against plaintiff in error, and it would constitute error to consider such statements in determining his guilt. (People v. Buckminster, 274 Ill. 435; People v. Patris, 360 Ill. 596.) This case must be reversed for other reasons, however, and it is not necessary that this question be further considered.
The evidence upon which the conviction is based is of such unsatisfactory character as to raise a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of plaintiff in error. In addition to his other defenses, plaintiff in error produced five witnesses, appearing to be reputable persons, who testified that his reputation for chastity was good. While proof of good character is no proof of innocence, it may be sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt where other evidence is not of a satisfying character. (People v. Nelson, 360 Ill. 562; People v. Dameron, 346 Ill. 408.) Not only is plaintiff in error entitled to the benefit of his good reputation, but the unsatisfactory character of the testimony of the prosecuting witness likewise raises a strong probability of his innocence. In the light of such testimony, no good purpose could be served by a new trial.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed.
Judgment reversed.
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This has been a long time coming. I started out in a 55 gallon drum as a two frame spinner. As you would guess, moving from a 2 frame to a 12 frame cuts down on a lot of time. There have been a few issues along the way, but this extractor worked great.
Here is my uncapping bucket. The frame rests on the screw that is on the top bar allowing it to spin around freely as I uncap the frames. The screen catches the caps and allows the honey to continue to the bottom with the valve.
Here are the guts of the extractor. I cut the bottom and top plates out of 3/4 inch plywood with a CNC router. After all the bugs are worked out, I will re-cut out of 3/4 inch HDPE. I drew the patterns in Adobe Illustrator then exported them to BobCad to generate the toolpaths. Notice the pulley at the top is out of an old drill press. I used the drill press motor with the same belt and pulley system.
There is the completed unit with stand and steps. The drill press motor and pulley system. Also, you can see the 40 frames that I am getting ready to extract.
A look down into the extractor where the frames get loaded.
View from the other side where the honey exits the extractor and goes into a bucket.
Let the honey flow. Sweet gold pouring from the extractor. |
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We all know collectively as time goes by and the event of know-how, at this time gadget aren’t simply used as a instrument of comunication. In case you run out of ideas while producing a tune, try taking KORG Gadget someplace that you find inspirational. If you’ll be devastated should one thing occur to your gadget it is a certain signal that you have to get gadget insurance. Today may be very special moment, I stand right here to ship a speech in regards to the dependancy to gadget and smartphone. |
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The Veterans' Employment and Training Service helps America's veterans, servicemembers, and their spouses who are eligible prepare for careers; provides them with employment resources and expertise; protects their employment rights; and promotes their employment opportunities.
On March 24, 1983, former Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan signed Order 4–83, which redesignated the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Veterans Employment as the Veterans' Employment and Training Service. The Secretary's order of redesignation was published in the Federal Register on April 1, 1983 (48 FR 14092).
The Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS) administers employment and training programs and compliance activities that help veterans and servicemembers succeed in their civilian careers. VETS also administers the jobs for veterans State grant program, which gives grants to States to fund personnel who are dedicated to serving the employment needs of veterans. VETS field staff works closely with and gives technical assistance to State employment workforce agencies to ensure that veterans receive priority of service and gain meaningful employment. VETS has two competitive grants programs: the homeless veterans reintegration program and the incarcerated veterans transition program. VETS also helps servicemembers who are separating from the Armed Forces prepare for the civilian labor market.
VETS has three compliance programs: the Federal contractor program, veterans' preference in Federal hiring, and the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA). With respect to the Federal contractor program, VETS promulgates regulations and oversees the program by helping contractors comply with their affirmative action and reporting obligations. Although the Office of Personnel Management administers and interprets statutes and regulations that govern veterans' preference in Federal hiring, VETS investigates allegations that veterans' preference rights have been violated.
In addition, VETS preserves servicemembers' employment and reemployment rights through its administration and enforcement of USERRA. VETS conducts investigations of alleged violations, and it carries out a USERRA outreach program.
In 2019, the VETS ranked 227th among 420 agency subcomponents in the Partnership for Public Service's Best Places To Work Agency Rankings.
A national office directory is available online.
A regional and State directory is available online.
The "Find a Job" web page has resources to help veterans find employment.
Significant documents and documents that VETS recently published in the Federal Register are accessible website.
The Department of Labor posts answers to FAQs regarding veterans on its website.
Information on grants and other opportunities is available online.
VETS posts news releases and public service announcements on its website.
The Sources of Information were updated 10–2020. |
November 30, 2017
- 9-year agreement to oversee full maintenance needs for the 54MW Alsleben wind farm
- More than 20 years of services experience in Europe
Salzbergen, 30 November 2017 – GE Renewable Energy today announced it was awarded a Full Maintenance contract for the Alsleben wind farm in Germany by Dortmunder Energie- und Wasserversorgung (DEW21), a subsidiary of the municipal utility of the city of Dortmund in North Rhine-Westphalia, who currently operates the site and its 36 turbines.
The agreement includes the implementation of remote monitoring and regular maintenance intervals as well as the preventive maintenance and replacement of large components when needed. GE Renewable Energy will be responsible for the full maintenance of the facilities over a period of nine years. The agreement was tendered by DEW21 in the framework of a European procurement procedure.
The Alsleben wind farm is located in in Saxony-Anhalt and has a total power output capacity of 54MW. The site comprises 36 of GE’s 1.5sl wind turbines and is the largest wind installment with GE turbines in Germany.
Matthias von der Malsburg, Head of Sales for GE’s Onshore Wind Services in Germany said “We are proud to provide servicing for the Alsleben wind farm. GE has more than 20 years of expertise building and servicing onshore wind turbines in Europe and we are determined to use the knowledge collected as the OEM along the way to best serve DEW21 with preventive maintenance and replacement of large components.
Maik Löhr, Head of Renewable Energies at DEW21 said “In the long-standing partnership since 2010, GE has proven to be a reliable and competent partner for us and once again won the best price / performance ratio in the current tender. We look forward to continuing our cooperation.”
GE Renewable Energy recently introduced its 4.8-158 onshore wind turbine with a rotor diameter of 158 meters. With GE’s largest rotor and innovative blade design, the 4.8-158 is expected to significantly improve annual energy yield and will reduce the cost of electricity to customers at low to medium wind speeds.
Images: GE
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[T]rue law is inseparable from justice. The principle is obviously valid also to the Canon Law, in the sense that it [Canon Law] cannot be shuttered within a merely human system of norms, but must be connected to a just order of the Church, in which a higher law is in effect. Seen through this lens, Human Positive Law loses the primacy which one would want to attribute to it, since law is no longer simply identified with it; in this, however, Human Law is held in value inasmuch as it is an expression of justice, above all for how much it declares as Divine Law, but also for that which it presents as a legitimate determination of Human Law.
Father Anonymous, who is also a Canonist, sent us the following reply to online challenges to his previous work on this matter.
[With this post, this contributor's personal recess begins. A fruitful Holy Week and a joyful Eastertide to all our readers.]
I would like to take a moment to thank Father Stuart MacDonald and Doctor Ed Peters for their ready willingness to dialogue regarding the canonical case of Father Guarnizo in the Archdiocese of Washington, DC. As canon lawyers, each of us sees that our canonical judgments are limited to the currently available information. The Truth is what we all seek.
By way of review, my defense had two parts.
Part 1 - Father Guarnizo sufficiently satisfied the conditions for canon 915.
Part 2 - I question the canonical liceity regarding Father Guarnizo’s “administrative leave”.
This article serves as a response to their various and thoughtful criticisms regarding certain points of my initial canonical defense of Father Guarnizo. I attempt to make my original points more explicit.
“Fr. Anonymous does not reference his argument well. It is one thing to use Cardinal Burke as an authority, [Cardinal Burke states that Canon 915 exists primarily to prevent sacrilege while at the same time preventing our Greatest Good from being violated.] but be careful that you are not taking him out of context. Am I supposed to take Father’s word that he has read and understood the Cardinal’s essay? That his summary is correct?”
It is easy to verify Cardinal Burke’s explanation of the purpose of Canon 915. The application of canon 915 prevents sacrilege. His Eminence begins by quoting St. Paul in his first letter to the Corinthians.
“Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord. Let a man examine himself, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup. For any one who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment upon himself.”
In describing the need to prevent sacrilege with unworthy receptions of the Eucharist, Cardinal Burke then goes on to quote a Scripture commentator.
“The focus remains on Christ, and Christ crucified, as proclaimed through a self-involving sharing in the bread and wine. If stance and lifestyle make this empty of content and seriousness, participants will beheld accountable for so treating the body and blood of the Lord..”
The Cardinal goes on to include quote after quote emphasizing the same message. Canon 915 is simply a juridical translation of the Church’s perennial duty to safeguard the Eucharist from sacrilege. The Cardinal quotes Blessed John Paul II, the Council of Trent, the Catholic Catholic Catechism of the Church, the early Church Fathers such as St. John Chrysostom, St. Basil and St. Augustine, approved theologians and St. Francis of Assisi. He also quotes the Decretal of Pope Gregory IX:
“From the Decretal Law, it is clear that Church discipline places an obligation on the minister of Holy Communion to refuse Holy Communion to persons known, by the public, to be in mortal sin. The discipline, faithful to the teaching of Saint Paul, safeguards the recognition of the most sacred nature of the Holy Eucharist, preventing public sinners from inflicting further grave damage upon their souls through the unworthy reception of the Holy Eucharist.”
After mentioning the ancient Roman Rituale, he quotes the Synod of Diamper:
“gives careful instruction regarding the vigilance of the local vicars, lest they sin gravely by offering the Sacrament to public sinners.”
Cardinal Burke then quotes Father Capello, a 1917 Code commentator:
“The dignity itself of the sacraments and the virtue of religion demand it, lest sacred things be exposed to profanation; the fidelity of the minister demands it, who is forbidden to give holy things to the dogs and to throw pearls before the swine; the law of charity demands it, lest the minister cooperate with those who unworthily attempt and dare to receive the sacraments, and offer scandal.”
In his conclusions, Cardinal Burke states the following regarding the denial of Holy Communion to manifest, public grave sinners:
“the discipline is not penal but has to do with the safeguarding of the objective and supreme sanctity of the Holy Eucharist and with caring for the faithful who would sin gravely against the Body and Blood of Christ, and for the faithful who would be led into error by such sinful reception of Holy Communion.”
“As [Blessed] Pope John Paul II reminded us, referring to the teaching of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, the Holy Eucharist contains the entire good of our salvation. There is no responsibility of the Church's shepherds which is greater than that of teaching the truth about the Holy Eucharist, celebrating worthily the Holy Eucharist, and directing the flock in the worship and care of the Most Blessed Sacrament. Can. 915 of the Code of Canon Law and can. 712 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches articulate an essential element of the shepherds' responsibility, namely, the perennial discipline of the Church by which the minister of Holy Communion is to deny the Sacrament to those who obstinately persevere in manifest grave sin.”
Cardinal Burke makes it very clear that the purpose of canon 915 is to prevent sacrilege.
After questioning whether the purpose of canon 915 is primarily to prevent sacrilege, Father Macdonald then makes the point that:
“Dr. Huels is certainly an excellent canonist. But are we really going to rely on an argument he made for a commentary published in 1985 (merely two years after the promulgation of the Code, and before so many other magisterial teachings like Familiaris Consortio etc.)? Why not? Did Dr. Huels ever retract this statement?”
We now have an opportunity to revisit the term “manifest” as stated in canon 915. Father Macdonald refers to a quote from Professor John Huels regarding the term “manifest” which stated
"a manifest sin is one which is publicly known, even if only by a few."
I am unaware of Dr. Huels retracting or contradicting himself regarding his definition of “manifest.”
This term “manifest” rests upon a stable and continuous canonical position from the 1917 Code of Canon Law. “Manifest” means that which is publicly known. What does the adjective “public” mean? Thanks to Dr. Ed Peter’s monumental work in translating the entire 1917 Code from Latin into English, here is the canon 2197:
A delict [canonical crime] is
1º “public, if it is already known or is in such circumstances that it can be and must be prudently judged that it will easily become known”.
Father Woywod, a 1917 Code canonist, in A Practical Commentary on the Code of Canon Law, on canon 2197 states that:
“The distinction between occult and public offenses is explained in general terms by the Code. Canonists have given more specific rules by which one may judge whether an offense is to be considered publicly known… It is maintained by many canonists that at least six persons in a small town or community must know of the offense before it can be called public.”
Although ethics cannot be reduced to mathematics, six persons is not a lot of persons to satisfy the condition for a crime to be canonically “public”!
In this work, Moral Theology, the theologian Father Heirbert Jone, OFM remarks
“If a public sinner wants to receive the sacraments in a place, where his delicts are unknown, then the sacraments must be also denied him there, if his delicts will become known in this place soon.”
“That one be no longer considered a public sinner, it is generally sufficient that he be known to have gone to Confession. If he is living in a proximate, voluntary occasion of sin (e.g. in concubinage) he must, as a rule, first give this up. In the example given, he must likewise repair public scandal (e.g., by disapproving of a wayward life.)”
Was Barbara Johnson’s ongoing lesbian relationship with Ruth Gresser manifest? Here Father Macdonald quotes the obituary (which was available on cards for the funeral in the church.) The recently deceased lady was described as the
“Only one sibling is named with his spouse. Other female siblings are listed with their married names and no mention of the spouse. There is no reason to suspect that Ruth is a gay partner. There is no way to tell that she is her gay partner. Precision. Precision. Precision.”
I agree with Father Macdonald. A internet viewing of the obituary, would not likely lead somebody to suspect that Barbara Johnson is the lesbian lover of Ruth Gresser.
However, “reasonableness” is an assumed principle in the law. What was reasonable for Father Guarnizo to assume there in the church during the funeral that morning? Barbara Johnson had introduced her lover Ruth Gresser minutes before the Mass. During the funeral Barbara Johnson sat next to her lover Ruth Gresser in the front pew. Upon reading the obituary, as a sibling of Barbara Johnson, it would be completely reasonable to know the homosexual relationship of Ruth Gresser and Barbara Johnson at least at the time of the funeral. Upon reading the obituary, a sibling who does not know the identity of Ruth Gresser before the funeral would naturally ask the questions “Who’s Ruth Gresser?” “Why is she listed as a close family member to my mother?” “Why is her name next to Barbara Johnson’s? It would be incredibly bizarre if Barbara Johnson’s siblings did not inquire into the relationship between Barbara Johnson and Ruth Gresser.
According to traditional thought of many canonists, how many people need to know for a offense to be public? Six. How many immediate family members does Barbara Johnson have according to the obituary notice? Six (not including Ruth).
On top of that, add the great host of the recently deceased’s sisters, nephews, nieces, grandchildren and friends who would have naturally asked that same question. “Why is Ruth Gresser on the obituary as a daughter-in-law and sitting in the front pew?” People talk about each other at intimate family gatherings such as funerals.
Again, does this satisfy the term “public”? Here is Ed Peters’ translation of the 1917 Code, canon 2197
A delict [canonical crime] is
1º “public, if it is already known or is in such circumstances that it can be and must be prudently judged that it will easily become known”.
Given this definition of “public”, I disagree with Father Macdonald and Ed Peters. It was prudent for Father Guarnizo to judge that the lesbian relationship between Barbara Johnson and Ruth Gresser would at least “easily become known” at the time of funeral.
Father Macdonald and Ed Peters do not seem entirely convinced of the well-respected Father William Woestman’s explanation of the relevant words of canon 915, i.e., “obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin.”
Father Macdonald says
“It’s fine to cite another excellent canonist, Fr. Woestman, “the public reception of Communion by a public sinner implies that the Church and her ministers somehow condone the public serious sin,” But how does that quotation contribute to the argument which is precisely about what constitutes a “public” sinner. I agree with Fr. Woestman’s statement, but not with Fr. Anonymous’ conclusions.”
Ed Peters mentions that
“And we all agree with Woestman, the question is, what do the words W uses mean in canon law?”
In his explanation of the words “obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin.” found in his work Sacraments Initiation, Penance and Anointing of the Sick”, Father Woestman, OMI quotes the Roman Rituale, Blessed John Paul II’s letter Familaris Consortio, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. These same sources are referenced in my defense of Father Guarnizo. He concludes that”
"Needless to say, the same principles [as contained the sources just referenced] apply to everyone whose habitual lifestyle is manifestly gravely sinful, e.g., the unmarried "living together," homosexuals or lesbians in a public relationship, those actively participating in the performance of abortions, drug traffickers, gang members."
Those are the steps to Father Woestman’s argument. If someone disagrees with the conclusion, the onus is on him to disprove or reject one of the premises. Which premise or step does Ed Peters reject? Although already stated, Ed Peters holds:
"withholding Holy Communion from those divorced and remarried outside the Church is an application of Canon 915 (see, e.g., Kelly, in GB&I COMM [1995] 503), but I need not prove that point to show that withholding the Eucharist from divorced-and-remarrieds, that is, those who status is de iure public, is appropriate under, among other things, the 1994 CDF Letter on Communion for Divorced and Remarried Catholics, n. 6. Of course, as Johnson is apparently not divorced and remarried outside the Church, and because Guarnizo did not suspect her of being so, his implicit appeal to the CDF letter and/or c. 915, fails in law and in fact."
On this point, Father Macdonald concurs with Ed Peters since
“It’s also fine to cite papal documents etc. but we need to understand that those very documents are dealing with cases of de iure objective sin: the divorced and remarried, the voting records of politicians. By public declaration of law, those situations become manifest and obstinate. The question we are dealing with is how to apply those arguments to the similar case of objective sin which is not de iure public.”
What is all this talk about “de iure”?
Traditional canon law makes the distinction between “infamia de iure” and “infamia facti”. Infamia (infamy) is the loss one’s good name. “Infamy de iure” (infamy from the law) can be contracted by the commission of certain crimes, the decision of a judge or the reception of a penalty. For example, infamia de iure would take effect, following canonical heresy as stated in Canon 751.
Can. 751 “Heresy is the obstinate denial or obstinate doubt after the reception of baptism of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith; apostasy is the total repudiation of the Christian faith; schism is the refusal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff or of communion with the members of the Church subject to him.”
Infamia facti (literally, infamy of fact) would come about with the loss of one’s good name in the eyes of the community by being known, for example, as a drug dealer.
Infamia de iure and Infamia facti are not necessarily exclusive of one another.
Father Macdonald argues that in the citations Father Woestman offers
“we need to understand that those very documents are dealing with cases of de iure objective sin: the divorced and remarried, the voting records of politicians. By public declaration of law, those situations become manifest and obstinate. The question we are dealing with is how to apply those arguments to the similar case of objective sin which is not de iure public.”
Given that Father Macdonald and Ed Peters agree that those who are divorced and remarried may be denied Holy Communion because of infamia de iure. Objectively, according to their respective moral objects, a public active homosexual relationship is worse than a situation of divorce and remarriage.
1.The priest has a canonical obligation to deny somebody who is infamous de iure because of “A”.
2.Suppose “B” is a situation morally worse than “A” and “B” is publicly known.
3. If infamy is consequent upon “A”, then infamy must definitely be consequent upon “B”.
Moral theology, the spirit of the law, the mind of the legislator and logic are on the side of Father Woestman in this case. Must we wait for homosexual unions to be civilly “legalized” in order apply canon 915 if such cases are already publicly known?
In this case, Father Woestman is correct to conclude that
"needless to say, the same principles [as contained in the sources referenced in A Canonical Defense of Father Guarnizo] apply to everyone whose habitual lifestyle is manifestly gravely sinful, e.g., the unmarried "living together," homosexuals or lesbians in a public relationship, those actively participating in the performance of abortions, drug traffickers, gang members."
If drug traffickers and gang members are infamous, but not infamous “strictly de iure”, then surely active and public homosexuals are also infamous.
Later on, Father Macdonald remarks
“Finally, and most egregiously, Fr. Anonymous fails to cite the source of his summary of Prof. Beal’s argument, “John Beal, a well-known canonist at Catholic University, argues that “administrative leave” can only take place after a formal judicial penal process has been initiated, and not during the information-collecting preliminary investigation.” It’s that little word ‘only’ that Fr. Anonymous has inserted in his summary.”
Father Macdonald rightly states that I failed to properly cite the source of Professor John Beal’s argument regarding canonical “administrative leave”. Professor Beal, a well-known canon lawyer who teaches at Catholic University in Washington, DC is clear about the necessity to apply “administrative leave” in the context of a penal trial. Here is his short but relevant text in Studia Canonica, volume 27/2, 1993, pp. 315-316.
“Canonical tradition, the text and context of c. 1722, the mind of the legislator and parallel passages in the Oriental Code all lead to the same conclusion. “Administrative leave” may be imposed only after the completion of a preliminary investigation. The accused must be cited and given an opportunity to respond, at least extrajudicially, to the allegation and to the proposal to impose “administrative leave. This initial citation and hearing can occur before the penal process if formally inaugurated, either in conjunction with the Ordinary’s decree initiating the penal process or subsequently. However, “administrative leave” can only be imposed in connection with a penal process, whether actual or imminent. It cannot be imposed on the basis of accusation alone. This conclusion is settled law, inconvenient law perhaps, but still the law.”
In other words, Professor Beal is saying, if “A” exists, “B” must exist. If there is an licitly imposed “administrative leave”, then a penal process must exist for liceity.
Canon 1722, the analogous “administrative leave” norm states:
“to prevent scandals, to protect the freedom of witnesses, and to guard the course of justice, the ordinary, after having heard the promoter of justice and cited the accused, at any stage of the process can exclude the accused from the sacred ministry or from some office and ecclesiastical function, can impose or forbid residence in some place or territory, or even can prohibit public participation in the Most Holy Eucharist. Once the cause ceases, all these measures must be revoked; they also end by the law itself when the penal process ceases.”
Beal mentions that
“Since it has become commonplace in canonical circles in North America to refer to the precautionary restrictions articulated in c. 1722 as “administrative leave,” this article reluctantly bows down to this common usage.”
Beal then makes the point that administrative leave can mean one or more of the precautionary measures mentioned in canon 1722.
His colleague at Catholic University, Professor Thomas J. Green, also concurs on this issue. In the Canon Law Society of America’s new commentary on the Code, Professor Green states in a foonote on canon 1722 that
“For a thoughtful examination of this canon, see J. Beal, “Administrative Leave: Canon 1722 Revisited,”… He argues persuasively that the measures (i.e. administrative leave) envisioned here are operative only after a formal process has been initiated, not during the preliminary investigation.”
Professor Green thus contradicts Father Macdonald who states
“I would be willing to bet a lot of money that Prof. Beal would not argue that ‘administrative leave’ can only take place after a judicial process has been initiated.”
In his commentary on Canon 1722 in Penal Sanctions, Penal Remedies and Penances…, Cardinal Velasio De Paolis, former Dean of the Faculty of Canon Law at the Pontifical University Urbaniana in Rome, former secretary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, when speaking of the aspects of “administrative leave”, makes a similar point:
“prohibiting the accused from the exercise of the sacred ministry or of some ecclesiastical office and position, or imposing or forbidding residence in a certain place or territory, or even prohibiting public participation in the blessed Eucharist”… should be revoked when the reason for which they have been imposed cease; they are imposed by the Ordinary, but “’after consulting the promotor of justice and summoning the accused person to appear”’. Such measures are allowed by law only for the penal judicial process.”
Frans. Daneels, O. Praem., a Promoter of Justice for the Signatura, in a paper titled “The Administrative Imposition of Penalties”
“There is a decree of the Congresso of the Signatura of April 22, 1997 which in the motivation seems to uphold the thesis of J. Beal, at least indirectly.”
Canonically, how is administrative leave imposed? Professor Beal answers that
“the imposition of such “administrative leave” requires an administrative decree governed by the rules on such decrees (cc. 35-58).”
Canons 50 and 51 are helpful to understanding the imposition of this decision, an administrative decree of executive weight that has a negative impact.
Can. 50 "Before issuing a singular decree, an authority is to seek out the necessary information and proofs and, insofar as possible, to hear those whose rights can be injured.
Can. 51 “A decree is to be issued in writing, with the reasons at least summarily expressed if it is a decision.”
As the person whose rights were injured, was Father Guarnizo properly consulted regarding information and proofs according to canon 50 before receiving the decision of the “administrative leave”? Father Guarnizo declares:
"I would only add for the record, that the letter removing me from pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Washington, was already signed and sealed and on the table when I met with Bishop Knestout on March 9, even before he asked me the first question about the alleged clash."
Here is the Archdiocese’s statement regarding Father Guarnizo’s “administrative leave.
“Father Marcel Guarnizo's assignment at St. John Neumann Parish is withdrawn and he has been placed on administrative leave with his priestly faculties removed until such time as an inquiry into his actions at the parish is completed. Father Guarnizo is a priest of the Archdiocese of Moscow, Russia, and has been serving in the Archdiocese of Washington since March 2011 as parochial vicar at the parish.
This action was taken after Bishop Barry C. Knestout, Vicar General and Moderator of the Curia for the Archdiocese of Washington, received credible allegations that Father Guarnizo had engaged in intimidating behavior toward parish staff and others that is incompatible with proper priestly ministry.
Given the grave nature of these allegations, and in light of the confusion in the parish and the concerns expressed by parishioners, Father Guarnizo is prohibited from exercising any priestly ministry in the Archdiocese of Washington until all matters can be appropriately resolved with the hope that he might return to priestly ministry."
Why is the existence of the penal process and its observance so important? The Ordinary’s correct application of the penal process correctly ensures a canonical atmosphere for Father Guarnizo’s right of defense including an advocate who may give canonical advice. After receiving a report of credible information, the Ordinary initiates a preliminary investigation. The Ordinary may then decree a judicial penal process to be initiated. Thus, the promoter of justice presents a libellus or petition of accusation to a judge. The promoter of justice must support the accusation, organize proofs and argue the case. The burden of proof is upon the promoter of justice to demonstrate to the tribunal the guilt of the accused with moral certainty. Of course, the accused must be cited or summoned for this case. Also “administrative leave” must end when the penal case ends or even when there is no longer a reason for them.
Imposing a decree of “administrative leave” (which should be temporary) outside of its context of the penal process is an abuse of power since there are since there there are no checks or balances to resist it. Unfortunately, the Dominican Father Angelo Urru, a Professor of Canon Law at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, in Considerations on Imposing Penalties in Specific Cases, sees this deficiency as a reality since:
“at times these provisions [in canon 1722] are applied before the process begins or even before the preliminary investigation.”
Professor Beal, Professor Green, Father Urru all hold that "administrative leave" must necessarily exist in the context of a penal case. As seen above, Father Daneels gives evidence and support for this position from a decision from the Apostolic Signatura.
Again, if “A” exists, “B” must exist.
"A" = licit "administrative leave"
"B" = licit and valid "penal process"
If there is an licitly imposed “administrative leave”, then a penal process must necessarily exist for liceity.
Unfortunately, Father Macdonald and Ed Peters hold a contrary position stating:
"This is not a penal case"
"that does not mean that a penal process is the only time administrative leave can be used. In fact, canonists know that it is used in other scenarios (rightly or wrongly) and, without putting words in Beal’s mouth, he would know that. The use of penal canons in this issue is irrelevant."
Ed Peters also agrees that the penal case is irrelevant to the "administrative leave" precautionary measure of canon 1722.
"c. 1722 is irrelevant to this case!"
As a side note, Father Macdonald's discourse on irregularities was interesting but not really relevant to this discussion of administrative leave. I agree with Ed Peters on this point.
In short, from the press release of the Archdiocese of Washington, it is clear that "administrative leave" was imposed upon Father Guarnizo. The "administrative leave" canon is canon 1722. According to Professor Beal, "administrative leave" can only be imposed after the preliminary investigation with a necessary connection to a penal process. "Canonical tradition, the text and context of c. 1722, the mind of the legislator and parallel passages in the Oriental Code all lead to the same conclusion." What then, is the canonical basis for the archdiocese to impose "administrative leave" on Father Guarnizo? If canon 1722 is not their archdiocese reason and the legal justification for the "administrative leave", what is? If what Father Guarnizo stated about the imposition of the "administrative leave" is true, the conclusion is clear. The right of defense is being violated.
Again, I would like to thank Father Macdonald and Dr. Ed Peters for their openness to participate in a canonical conversation regarding Father Guarnizo. Although I am grateful for Ed Peters’ defense of canon 915 in the past, I substantially disagree with the position that he shares with Father Macdonald regarding the application of canon 915 to Father Guarnizo. Canon 915 is primarily about the safeguarding and defense of the Eucharist by its ministers. Those ministers in turn, such as Father Guarnizo, deserve a right of defense whether they are guilty or not. Every man has a right of defense, especially in the United States. The right of defense is a natural consequence of the enthusiasm we should have for the dignity of each human person which Blessed Pope John Paul II emphasized. The fact that a priest is not receiving his canonical right of defense in the Archdiocese of our nation’s capital is indeed a tragedy.
I want to thank Rorate Caeli and Fr. Anonymous for continuing to defend Fr. Guarnizo in the face of this grave injustice.
The astonishing betrayal of another of our faithful priests, this time by Cardinal Schoenborn in Vienna, makes it all the more important to thank those who will answer the apologists (they are many) for great injustices like these.
It is unsettling to notice the excessive concern with technicalities in this case. She introduced her LOVER to a priest. What else was needed for Fr. Guarnizo to deny her communion? I really cannot understand how a Catholic priest can be criticized (and placed on administrative leave) for his prudent and charitable action.
In the meantime, Pelosi, Biden, Sibellius, and Cardinals Schonborn and Kasper (and many other high-profile people) continue undisturbed in their 'faith journey.'
Hope Fr MacD and Ed Peters will read it!(And seems that persons like them are really influenced by modernistical, ruptural spirit - like the new Code is influenced of it - as if there would be a rupture between the age-old definiton of "manifest" and the eager to prevent sacrilege and the new, more "modest", weaker, ... holdings...)
And nice that Fr. Annon cites also H. Jone - as I did in my comments to his first defense :-)
"Anonymous canonist" uses far too much logic, argumentation and evidence. Why doesn't he just sneer at his fellow canon lawyers, state that they may be canon lawyers, but they clearly don't know THIS section of canon law, and then claim that they are only speaking on the record because they are desperately trying to suck up to the hierarchy so as to earn favor. After all, wasn't that the substance of the recent post by Fr. MacDonald with Ed Peters' accompanying jibes in the comment box?Scott
Thank You Fr. Anonymous! Many of us lay Catholics with no expertise in canon law, just knew something was wrong with the Fr. Guarnizo case. It was just such an injustice. Many of us have always seen Can. 915 as primarily about sacrilege. We knew there was a canonical defense there and 915 applied correctly to protect the Eucharist.
I'm glad to see a well reasoned canonical defense of Father Guarnizo. One would think from reading the arguments from Dr. Peters that he is not merely a canon lawyer but also the supreme judge on canonical matters.
Kudos, Fr. Anonymous! A tour de force of rebuttal. The great merit of your commentary is that it shows that there is a contra as well as a pro to the application of the relevant canons. Peters and MacDonald act as prosecutors, though with differing degrees of severity. Thanks to you, Fr. Anonymous, a good and holy priest is seen to be defensible at law against the impersonal might of the iron fist of the episcopal dura lex. Torquemada was more scrupulous to the ends of justice than these prosecutorial hirelings..
That these situations arise in the case of sodomites is an ominous critique on the moral direction of the contemporary Church. It will get worse before it gets better.
In my opinion, the only worthy argument made by Peters and MacDonald was the captious objection to your anonymity. But both of those canonists report to their episcopal paymasters; hence what objectivity can be expected of them? Sometimes the compelling cause of justice may require anonymity. If it be so, so much the worse for the Church.
Now, let us hear the legalistic tantrums of these establishment canonists against the holy orthodox priest repudiated by Schönborn. Plus ça change ....
It is serious business for an expert in any type of law to publicly accuse a party of breaking said law. Among other things such a public condemnation by an expert, even if employed by competent authority operating within its own jurisdiction, ruins the good name and reputation of the accused.
However in this case neither the good lawyer Peters nor the good Father MacDonald have any standing before any competent authority in this case to make a very public announcement that the Catholic priest in question had allegedly violated Church law.
Neither the good lawyer Peters nor the good Father MacDonald are employed by either the Archdiocese of Washington or the Diocese of Moscow. Neither Ordinary has accused the priest in question of violating ANY Canon law.
Also neither the good lawyer Peters nor the good Father MacDonald have access to the facts of the case.
So, if the Bishops involved never accuse the priest in question of violating Canon Law how does that same priest retrieve his good name and reputation?
What strikes me in this discussion is that there is plenty of room for debate, the arguments pro and contra both have merits. Now going back to Fr. Guarnizo, it seems like he had to make his decision within seconds. (after all, saying 'go to the back of the line, I have to think about this' is tantamount to refusal as well)
Moreover, it's clearly a 'damned if I do, damned if I don't' type of situation, as both non-denial of the Eucharist when that would be appriopriate as well as denialwhen it's not appropriate would be against the rules and possibly gravely sinful.
Which leads me to the conclusion that, regardless of the canonical merits, it could hardly be expected of Fr. Guarnizo (and others in a similar position) to get it 'right' - whatever that turns out to be. Which is why I'm all the more suprised that the bishop isn't cutting the poor father some slack - I'd say in justice he deserves it, regardless of which 'camp' of canonists is right.
As much as I look in with interest upon these informal proceedings... I must also admit of some feelings of reservation. I have never had any exposure to discussion pertaining to the application of canon law so I really do not know if such a public airing of the issues is typical, but I am, never the less, glad to find such a rich treasure in canon law. Having said that, I am quite concerned to see other interested but unqualified persons lining up to cheer on one side and deride other. Obviously there is a build up of indignation and some are clearly eager to express that indignation.
I beseech all interested parties to moderate your language so as to not afford Discord the chance to so her seeds here. Make use of the resources you have - fasting, prayer, confession, alms giving - so that we can pass this test of the faith of the Church, so cleverly formulated by the powers of deceit, in a state of greater love of God and our neighbor.
I would also ask that Father Anonymous is so intent on publicly airing his views, that he have the courage in his convictions and use his real name. Heaven forbid it come to light that there are any irregularities in his status that would afford opportunity for scandal.
There are many good reasons for remaining anonymous, including the excellent virtue of humility that some canonists do not practice as well as Fr. Anonymous does in his commentaries on this case.
Moreover, the ideas in defense of the Truth are more important than the name behind the ideas.
Also, some people like to promote themselves via a laundry list of accomplishments no matter how great or small, alleged credentials, proclamations of not only expertise but superior expertise that is unjustified, and so on.
So for all those more interested in serving and defending the Truth, the particular name of a particular author who is working in defense of the Truth is not even a concern.
Let others splash their names wherever they will; let them brag about their "superior abilities and skills" wherever they will; let them sneeringly criticize those who choose not to act more worldly by issuing proud proclamations of their names and "accomplishments," but then consider how well such self-promotions that go beyond simply establishing basic credentials actually contribute to defending and furthering the Truth.
"so I really do not know if such a public airing of the issues is typical"
What is atypical is for two Canon Lawyers to publicly accuse a priest of violating a Canon Law contrary to the public findings of said priest's Bishop.
"I am quite concerned to see other interested but unqualified persons lining up to cheer on one side and deride other"
Sadly during the Great Scandal wherein all too many priests and religious preyed upon innocent souls the "unqualified persons" remained largely silent while the experts the "unqualified persons" trusted actually enabled and protected the predators.
"so as to not afford Discord the chance to so her seeds here"
Christ came to divide us. A faithful Christian by being faithful always produces discord among the wordly.
"I would also ask that Father Anonymous is so intent on publicly airing his views, that he have the courage in his convictions and use his real name."
Sadly in these times only anonymous clerics dare to publicly criticize the American Church bureaucracy.
"Heaven forbid it come to light that there are any irregularities in his status that would afford opportunity for scandal."
If there are "irregularities" then by wisely staying anonymous the anonymous priest avoids your "opportunity for scandal" But there maybe none of your "irregularities". Perhaps the annonymous priest is Cardinal Burke?
It slipped out of my mind but who has appointed Abp Wuerl in 2006 in spite of his record of open dissent with Tradition ?And who found appropriate to bestow a red hat on his head in 2010 ?
Maybe if he had not be promoted, this scandal would have been prevented don't you think ? Who also was stressing in 1998 during a long speech that picking up good bishops is the major key to fight back the Church crisis ?I'm sure it was a German cardinal ... born in Bavaria...
What continues to be really odd here, at least to me, is that the utter simplicity of the situation is being buried under an avalanche of legalese - and I am not extending ths criticism to Father Anon, whose intelligent and thoughtful defense of this priest is greatly appreciated. As others have pointed out, the facts of the case are utterly simple. And Father Guarnizo did what he was bound in duty to do.
I've said it before (forgive me for saying it again) that when the subject of this particular sin comes up, the sin of sodomy, people seem to lose their marbles. A great fog seems to cloud their minds which has the effect of blinding them to the obvious. One wonders where their Catholic sense has gone to.
One also wonders if the stench of these actions by the likes of Wuerl, Schonborn, Nichols, et al, will ever reach the nostrils of the Vatican. What will it take for Rome to act? Does a Bishop have to commit murder on national TV and wipe the blood of his victim on the flag of the Vatican state before Rome will take notice?
You opened your report with the statement, "Oh no, not another article on Father Guarnizo". Please don't ever think that we are getting bored by this. Until this injustice is corrected it should be brought up. Wuerl certainly hopes it will disappear (and he is using his allies on "the Right" now to defend him and to try to pooh-pooh the whole matter). Keep on punching.
I for one am edified to see issues around the reception of Eucharist being examined.
But this should be the introduction. Perhaps these canonists can soon discuss howcommunion can be appropriately received by spouses who walk out on their marriages, taking up openly with another who is not their spouse in the presence of their small children with full knowledge of their parish priests, who, in front of those same children encourages the abandoning, unrepenting spouse, the Body of Christ? Instead of attempting to encourages repentance and reconciliation, divorce and annulment proceedings seem to be the modern course of action among theclergy, bishops included.
As another commenter has said the facts of the incident involving Fr. G are so obvious that the scandal is not that he refused the Blessed Sacrament to someone manifestly setting a trap for a good priest, but that the Church hierarchy have betrayed both this good priest and his devotion to the The Blessed Sacrament and keeping it holy.
Whatever their reasons for having acted in the way that they did - certainly not consistent with Fr. G's reasons (reverence for the Blessed Sacrament) - perhaps they should take a lead from Cardinal Ranjith, Archbishop of Colombo, Sri Lanka and insisting on measures that would bring the Church back to unequivocal reverence for the Blessed Sacrament.
How much more difficult would it have been for the original aggressor to have received the Blessed Sacrament if the faithful had been kneeling at the altar? Would she simply have got up and gone to an EMHC? There would not have been one!
I don't know what will happen to Fr. G. Whether his 'administrative leave' will be lifted (whether those responsible for imposing it will have the humility to reverse their decision).
But what this whole situation shows us (as well as Cardinal Ranjith's example) is that the Church has to get back a much greater reverence for the Blessed Sacrament if we are going to counter such attacks by those who would destroy the Church (here, i actually mean the gays not bishops who are too quick to compromise the faith for them.)
I happen to disagree with the above comment about discord in the sense that if the current situation is one of accord with such bishops and their decisions about good priests then we positively need some discord to get the Church functioning as it should and actively and in unity opposing such shameful attacks upon it and exposing them as the evil that they are.
Thank you, Fr. Anonymous. I pray that those who can reverse Fr. G's 'administrative leave' will read your analysis and repent of their actions in depriving the faithful of this faithful priest.
I admit to having given up part way through the post. From my pragmatic viewpoint there seemed no need to read further. It's very clear that the sin of the woman in question was obstinate and manifest - whatever technical definition might be applied to "manifest". Fr Guarnizo might never have met her, and might not have known of her state until the morning of the funeral, but it is very clear that it was very widely known, and Fr Guarnizo was right to assess it so.
Fine work, Father Anonymous. It now appears that at least Father MacDonald is taking you more seriously and with more respect than he did in his first post responding to your first commentary.
He does not further address your arguments concerning the denial of Communion, probably still believing that his and Dr. Peters' view is correct, but at least he does not call into question your thinking skills and abilities as he did in his first post, so this can lead to more fruitful and helpful exchanges.
Thanks, again, Fr. I would reiterate what I said in response to the main analysis. Much more complete, harmonious and correctly-prioritised treatment of all the applicable laws and principles than that of Mr Peters.
In the discussion of canon law, it seems to me that the most important point has been overlooked. By refusing Holy Communion to Miss Johnson, Father was demonstrating concern for the soul of Miss Johnson, lest she be eating and drinking damnation to herself. Suprema lex est salus animarum. For the complaints about Fr. Anonymous not giving his name, we read in The Imitation of Christ that it is not important who said something, but rather what is said.
Ms. Johnson, having been raised by a Catholic mother and I presume Catholic father, would in all likelihood have knowledge of the Church's views regarding the Eucharist and her lifestyle so it does not take a canonical lawyer to observe a mockery of the Lord Jesus Christ in her shameful shenanigans.Fr Marcel is faithful in a faithless society. |
The Tirsois the most important river of Sardinia for its length and the size of its drainage basin. It starts on the mountains of the centre of the island and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.
Name
The river was known in Sardinia as riu de Aristanis ("river of Oristano") or, simply, riu Mannu (the "big river"). The name Tirso began to be used in modern times following Ptolemy that named it in ancient times as "Thyrsos" (, "mouth of the Tirso river").
Geography
The Tirso river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season; its average discharge is but is very low during summer.
Course
The Tirso river starts in the Budduso plateau, on the slopes of Punta Pianedda, at an elevation of about , to the north of the comune of Bitti. From here, the river flows to the southwest.
Finally, after , it flows into the Gulf of Oristano in the Sea of Sardinia (Mediterranean Sea). The river enters the sea at about to the north of the city of Oristano.
The river forms the "Omodeo lake", an artificial lake that is long and wide; it is one of largest artificial lake in Italy.
It flows through 81 comuni.
Main tributaries
Most tributaries of the Tirso are small streams; the main tributaries are:
Taloro, the main tributary, long and a drainage basin of ; and
Massari, the second largest tributary, long and a drainage basin of .
Both rivers are left tributaries of the Tirso. |
Three out of four people admitted to Grossmont come in through the ER.
They’re usually the sickest patients, and the ones who are most vulnerable to infection.
That’s why the ER is ground zero in Grossmont’s fight to battle sepsis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria overwhelm the body’s immune system.
ER Dr. Julie Phillips said septic patients are in danger.
"They need aggressive therapy. They need it quickly," Dr. Phillips said. "They need it initiated immediately when they come into the ER, and those are the patients we’re trying to pick up as quickly as possible, when they arrive here."
The identification of sepsis begins when a triage nurse assesses the patient.
Dr. Phillips said inside the ER, physicians look for some key indicators.
"Often times, the sickest patients are those with extremely low blood pressures, and that’s septic shock. Those are the sickest of the patients."
Not long ago, ER doctors had to send blood samples up to the lab and wait for the results. Thanks to a new hand-held device, that’s no longer necessary.
"For this particular machine," Phillips said, holding the small unit, "the turnaround time is a minute. Because it’s here at the bedside. And so what happens is, if I get a septic patient, who comes in. I suspect sepsis, but I’m not really sure. I can get this machine, and the data done within one minute of the patient’s blood draw. And I have all my data immediately."
Phillips said once sepsis is confirmed, patients immediately get an IV that delivers antibiotics and fluids.
"When we get a protocol, and a set plan, in how we’re going to treat these patients, and everyone abides by it, we save lives," she said.
Sharp Grossmont is just one of many San Diego hospitals that’s taking part in the campaign to reduce infections; 160 hospitals are involved statewide.
About one in 20 Americans get an infection while they’re in the hospital. In fact, hospital-acquired infections are among the ten leading causes of death.
"Handwashing is priority number one," she said. "It all starts with that. We do it when we enter a room, we do it when we leave a room. And that’s the biggest thing we do to prevent infections."
Garcia's patients are frequently hooked up to IVs and ventilators. These are ideal ports of entry for harmful bacteria.
That’s why Garcia follows a strict protocol when she interacts with patients.
For example, when she changes a patient’s dressing, Garcia performs a series of steps to minimize the risk of infection.
"In here I have what we call a chlorhexidine swab, which I end up scrubbing around the whole site for 30 seconds," she said, as she rubbed the swab near a patient's catheter.
Next, Garcia put a chemically-treated patch around the patient’s catheter, to prevent microbes from entering the line.
Finally, she placed a fresh dressing on the site.
Garcia said these routines are critical to good patient care.
"What if they were our loved ones? What if it was your mom, your dad, your brother, your sister? We wouldn’t want to cause any harm to them. So, we consider each person that comes in here like a family member," Garcia said.
Dr. Barzan Mohedin is an intensive care specialist at Grossmont. He’s convinced if all hospitals did what Grossmont is doing, hospital-associated infections would be a thing of the past.
"If we all implement evidence-based medicine, which is going to prevent hospital-acquired infection, I am sure, that we will be able to achieve the goal that we want, which is zero infection," Dr. Barzan said. |
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 18-3003
___________________________
United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
v.
Nathan Allen Stewart
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
____________
Submitted: May 29, 2019
Filed: June 5, 2019
[Unpublished]
____________
Before BENTON, STRAS, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
____________
PER CURIAM.
Nathan Stewart pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute
marijuana, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(D); carrying a firearm in relation to a drug-
trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and being a felon in possession of a
firearm, id. § 922(g)(1). As part of the plea agreement, he waived his right to appeal
his convictions, but not the 97-month prison sentence imposed by the district court.1
In an Anders brief, Stewart’s counsel seeks permission to withdraw and questions
whether Stewart’s less-than-ten-year sentence for drug possession can support a
conviction for carrying a firearm during a drug-trafficking crime. See Anders v.
California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). In a pro se brief, Stewart argues that he received
ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
We review the validity and applicability of an appeal waiver de novo. See
United States v. Scott, 627 F.3d 702, 704 (8th Cir. 2010). Upon careful review, we
conclude that the appeal waiver is enforceable and that it is applicable to the issue
counsel has raised in the Anders brief. See United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886,
889–92 (8th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (explaining that an appeal waiver will be enforced
if the appeal falls within the scope of the waiver, the defendant knowingly and
voluntarily entered into the plea agreement and the waiver, and enforcing the waiver
would not result in a miscarriage of justice). We also decline to address the
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim on direct appeal. See United States v.
Ramirez-Hernandez, 449 F.3d 824, 826–27 (8th Cir. 2006) (explaining that
ineffective-assistance claims generally are not considered on direct appeal, unless
the record has been fully developed, the failure to act would amount to a miscarriage
of justice, or counsel’s error is readily apparent).
Finally, we have independently reviewed the record under Penson v. Ohio,
488 U.S. 75 (1988), and conclude that there are no other non-frivolous issues for
appeal. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal and grant counsel permission to
withdraw.
______________________________
1
The Honorable John A. Jarvey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Southern District of Iowa.
-2-
|
If you want to be a popular quarterback with New York Jets fans, your best best is to slide as far down the depth chart as possible. We know the backup quarterback is always the most popular guy in town but here with the Jets, the third and fourth stringers have truly become the belles of the ball.
After playing a respectable fourth quarter and overtime in last week’s pre-season game, Matt Simms is now the “hot” name. There are an alarmingly high number of Jets fans, “journalists” (or whatever we call Mike Lupica these days) and other assorted voices calling for Simms to “just get a chance.” No, really. There is a large section of people following this team who really think Matt Simms could be a viable starter for week one and there is another large section who thinks Greg McElroy should be the guy.
If Simms goes out and plays well tonight, I can’t even imagine the commotion. Nevermind that he will be playing against the 2nd and 3rd stringers of the one of the league’s projected worst defenses who will be running nothing but vanilla, high-school level schemes, if Simms throws a few TDs…he’s shown enough!
We’ve seen this movie before. This is fan-base who has aggressively called for Brooks Bollinger, Brett Ratliff and Erik Ainge in the past.
There is a reason Matt Simms wasn’t drafted. There is a reason he was the Jets fourth quarterback last summer before being cut. There is a reason nobody signed him until the Jets decided to bring him back as their 4th quarterback this summer. The Jets don’t know something the rest of the league doesn’t. Simms has been their fourth quarterback the majority of summer, literally receiving zero work with the starting line-up and likely minimal work with even the second string. Sure, he has a nice arm and maybe he can develop into a backup down road but how about he gets a season under his belt as a third quarterback first? Somehow I’m doubtful he’s ready to make the leap from 4th string to 1st string because he completed 11 passes against the Giants third string secondary.
As for the McElroy fanatics. There is something they always conveniently forget to mention: He got a start last year, against a poor defense and was completely overmatched. He got his chance, played badly and was injured. He is injured again now and he was injured in his rookie year. He isn’t durable and doesn’t have NFL pocket presence or arm strength. Stop trumping up his performance against Arizona last year. He completed 5 passes for 29 yards and had an interception incorrectly overruled because of a bad call by the referee.
It is amazing how quickly some Jets fans have washed their hands of Geno Smith. There is no question he was bad last week but that’s it? Time to throw in the towel on this year’s 2nd round pick and hand the reigns to Simms? Certain Jets fans talk about a desire to win right now but ignore that Mark Sanchez has been the only Jets quarterback to move the ball consistently against a starting defense in the pre-season. I don’t care how many times you watch the Butt-Fumble GIF, the Jets would be better off starting Sanchez week one than Simms or McElroy…by a wide margin.
What happens if Graham Harrell plays well in the second half tonight, should he start week one?
Don’t be so quarterback starved that you don’t think rationally. Don’t Tweet #FreeGeno an hour before the Jets/Giants game and then 4 hours later be demanding a fourth stringer you never heard until that night start week one. There are two players, barring injury, who will start this season for the Jets at quarterback – Mark Sanchez and Geno Smith. Don’t waste your breath calling for McElroy or Simms because one won’t be on the roster in 4 days and one will be inactive every Sunday.
Related |
Kurdish forces have fired rockets into Mosul for the first time since Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) militants overran the northern Iraqi city last summer, Kurdish military sources said on Saturday.
A Kurdish officer said 20 Grad missiles had been launched into Mosul on Friday after receiving information that ISIS militants were gathering to meet near the city's Zuhour neighborhood.
"We hit their positions," said Captain Shivan Ahmed, who belongs to the unit that fired the rockets from around 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Mosul.
Kurdish officials said the strikes had hit their intended target, but two residents of Mosul contacted by Reuters said three civilians were killed in the attack.
It was not possible to independently verify the accounts.
Following the attack, ISIS militants published images of a girl lying in a hospital bed, whom they said had been wounded by fire from the Kurdish Peshmerga fighters.
U.S.-led forces also have carried out dozens of air strikes in Iraq to back up the Kurdish forces, the American military said Saturday.
Over the past 72 hours, U.S. and coalition aircraft conducted 46 bombing raids in support of Kurdish Peshmerga troops near Mosul and 80 hours of reconnaissance flights, the military said in a statement.
U.S.-led airstrikes regularly target areas outside of Mosul, but rarely strike inside the city due to concerns about civilian casualties.
A statement attributed to an unnamed senior Kurdish military source and posted on the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party's official website said the shelling had "struck great fear into the hearts of the terrorists".
Peshmerga forces this week launched a ground offensive northwest of Mosul backed by coalition airstrikes, reclaiming nearly 500 square kilometers of territory and cutting the extremist group's main supply line from the city to the west.
Twenty-one senior ISIS militants were killed during the operation, the Kurdistan Region's Security Council said in a statement on Friday.
It said the slain ISIS leaders included the head of Nineveh province's administrative institutions and a close commander of its special forces, the statement said.
There was no way to independently verify the claims.
Last Update: Wednesday, 20 May 2020 KSA 09:45 - GMT 06:45 |
UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 1
9+ doc. boxes. n.a. Donated.
This collection contains various materials collected by the Arkansas Women's History Institute as part of their mission to collect, preserve, and increase awareness about the role of women in Arkansas history. The collection includes biographical material on women in Arkansas, research files concerning the exhibit, "Behold, Our Works Were Good," which was funded in part by the Arkansas Endowment for the Humanities. From the exhibit, the Institute developed a handbook entitled "Behold, Our Works Were Good": A Handbook of Arkansas Women's History, published in Spring 1988. [Note: The Arkansas Women's History Institute Board Papers, including materials on the handbook are in Collection UALR.0140.]
In addition to biographical and research materials, the collection also contains diaries and letters donated by various people. The UALR Archives serves as the official repository for the Arkansas Women's History Institute and materials donated to the AWHI are catalogued in Photograph Collection 67/Women in Arkansas.
Arrangement:
Series I - Biographical materials; arranged alphabetically.
Series II - "Behold, Our Works Were Good" Exhibit - Research materials, including photocopies of photographs.
Series III - Primary Source materials, including diaries, letters, etc.
Note: When requesting materials, please specify collection number (UALR.0201) series number, box number, and file number.
FILE TITLES
Series I - Biographical materials
Box 1 - Names A-E
Correspondence and Sources Survey
Alquest, Emily
Alsmeyer, Marie Bennett
Anderson, Ruth E. Donnell
Arndt, Nola Locke
Arnold, Kate Lewis
Babcock, Bernie
Bailey, Eleanor Harris
Barton, Ed (Mrs.
Bates, Diasy
Beall, Ruth
Bellegrade, Ida Rowland
Berry, Evalena Hollowell UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 2
Bolling, Marie Cecelia Raynal
Brooks, Ida Jo, M. D.
Brown, Martha Mazillah, M. D.
Brown, Sarah Cole
Buhler, Marcie Coltart
Bumpers, Betty Flanagan
Bushey, Jewell Hughes
Caldwell, Sarah
Caraway, Hattie - [See also: Arnold, Kate Lewis File]
Carnall, Ella
Carpenter, Mary Imogene Noble
Case, Angie White
Charles, Myrtle Eloise
Combs, Effie Elizabeth
Compton, LaNelle
Coolick, Wilma I.
Cornish, Holda (Mrs. Edward)
Cotnam, Florence Brown
Cowden, Noble
Daniels, Luella
Davidson, Elizabeth Harwood Reynolds (Mrs. Bryant)
Dishough, Elizabeth Fletcher
Dodge, Eva M. D.
Dorris, Peggy Rae
Douglas, Edna Mae
Duncan, Maud
Durham, Laura Mae
Dusenbury, Emma
Dyer, Nellie
Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham
Elgin, Suzette Haden
Eno, Clara Bertha
Box 2 - Names F-Mc
Fisher, Rosemary
Fletcher, Vera Blood
Forche, Carolyn
Forster, Emma Screeton
Freund, Elsie
Galloway, Elizabeth Boney (Mrs. Paul)
Garrison, Vinnie Middleton
Gates, Jean Key
Geary, Alice Altha Hanks
Gould, Rosalie Santine
Hanger, Frederick (Mrs.) UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 3
Hanggie, Elena
Harman, "Grandma" (Mrs. Austin)
Harris, Etta Caldwell
Harris, Jessie
Hibbitts, Katherine
Huckaby, Elizabeth Gregg Young
Hughey, Ruth
Jordan, Jazel Craig
Jordan, Lena
Jorgensen, Ruth J.
Junkin, Blanch Chenault
Kaplan, Regina
Kemp, Polly
Kennan, Clara Bernice
Keohane, Nannerl Overhoser
Kilmer, Becky (Rebecca) Lynn
Latta Family
Lawson, Mason G. (Mrs.
Lawson, Willie
Lewis, Mary Sybil
Lile, Pat
Loughborough, Louisa
McCain, Pearle Dr.
McDermott, Lillian Dees
McKelvy, Nedra Brint Kent
McKemie, Julia E.
McRaven, Florence McGraw
Box 3 - Names Ma-R
Marinoni, Rosa Zagnoni
Massey, Mary Elizabeth
Millar, Dana
Millar, Ethel Key
Mitchell, Martha
Moore, Bessie
Moore, John Ike (Mrs.
Moores, Fannie Green Borland
Moose, Virginia Darden
Morris, Emma Thompson
Nash, Anna E.
O'Neale, Caroline B. [Mother of Mrs. Fay Hempstead]
Pendleton, Sister Adelaide, SCN [Fannie Moore]
Person, Charline (Mrs. C. W. [See also: OV/Box 5]
Peter, Lily
Phillips, Louise UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 4
Phillips, Millicent
Pickens, Charlotte
Pittman, Margaret
Price, Florence
Pryor, Susan "Susie" Newton
Puckette, Pansy
Ream, Vinnie
Reeves, Edwylle Llewellyn
Reynolds, Margaret Susanna Harwood
Rhine, Nanneitta Raines
Rice, Kathryn Donham
Rice-Meyrowitz, Jenny Delony
Riddle, Almeda James
Robertson, Mary Elsie
Rothert, Frances Catherine, M.D.
Ryland, Ada
Box 4 - Names S-Z
Sachs, Wilma
Sallee, Lila Martin
Samuel, Eva Irene Gaston
Sanchez, Alison
Shannon, Julia
Smith, Hay Watson (Mrs.
Snelling, Lois
Sniegocki, Jessie Williams
Sparks Regional Medical Center - Women's Board
Spelce, Fannie Lou
Starr, Belle and Pearl
Steinkamp, Ruth (Dr.
Stephens, Charlotte
Stevenson, Maria Toncure (Watkins)
Tatom, Little Mae Donah, Cope
Tatum, Billie Joe
Terry, Adolphine Fletcher
Thaden, Louis M.
Thanet, Octave (Alice French)
Thompson, Louise Pride
Trapnell, Martha Francis Cocke
Utterback, Lucy
Walker, Luella - See: Daniels, Luella
White, Gayle
Whitlow, Rolfe (Mrs.
Williams, Susan Miller
Williamson, Pearl UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 5
Wingo, Effiegene
Young, Janis Dillaha
Biographies - Miscellaneous
Church Women United - Central Arkansas 1939 - 1973
Miscellaneous - 3 items [includes music, speech on the First Ladies of Arkansas, etc.]
Box 5 - OV Materials
Item 1 - Metal nameplate from cash register, "Mrs. C. W. Person.
Series II - "Behold, Our Works Were Good" Exhibit - Research materials, including photocopies of photographs.
Box 1 [Note: These materials comprised the source book from which photographs were chosen
for the "Behold" exhibit. However, the photographs chosen for the exhibit were
removed from these files (Box 1 of Series II); what remains are the photographs
considered for the exhibit. For the final organization of the "Behold" exhibit, see
Series II/Box 2/Files 16-18.]
File 1 - "Behold Our Works Were Good" brochure
File 2 - "Behold Our Works Were Good" - [Introduction]
File 3 - "We are women of Arkansas"
File 4 - "We share a proud heritage"
File 5 - "For we helped make homes in a wilderness"
File 6 - "Carved farms out of the forest"
File 7 - "cared for children"
File 8 - "and schools"
File 9 - "built churches"
File 10 - "We brought health care to the cities"
File 11 - "and to the farthest farm"
File 12 - "In times of trouble, we have comforted the grieving,"provided for the needy"
and "buried the dead" - 3 parts
File 13 - "When necessary, we have been strong,
File 14 - "coped with adversity for the sake of our families.
File 15 - "We enrich our communities with music" "and art" - 2 parts
File 16 - "with literature"
File 17 - "and laughter" "celebrating our heritage" and building for the future" - 3 parts
File 18 - "Our work is diverse" [and] "difficult" - 2 parts
File 19 - "demanding" "delightful" - 2 parts
File 20 - "Our recreation was sometimes vigorous" "sometimes not" -2 parts
File 21 - "Our activities have helped to shape our society through politics,"clubwork,
"reform" 3 parts
File 22 - Newsclippings, invitations, on "Behold" exhibit.
UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 6
Box 2 [Note: Photograph Research Files. These files (1-15) contain photocopies of photographs of women in various archives/special collection in the state. The images have
been categorized by subject headings and includes a description of the image,
name of repository, accession number, and date (if possible). File 1 of Box 2
contains an inventory of all the photographs, but each subject heading file also
contains the inventory for that section. The abbreviations for repositories are
noted in File 1 only]
File 1 - Index to photographs, descriptions, sources, etc.
File 2 - ARTISTS: includes craftswomen, musicians, designers, painters, photographers.
File 3 - BUSINESSWOMEN: Women working in a business or farming operation that
they own.
File 4 - EDUCATION: Women who appear as teachers, students, or administrators.
File 5 - FASHION: Photographs that show distinctive styles in women's clothes (See
also: Portraits)
File 6 - HEALTH: Women who appear as nurses, doctors, patients; photos of health care facilities.
File 7 - HOME, FAMILY, AND FRIENDSHIP: Women working in their homes, with
their children and husbands, and with their friends.
File 8 - LEGAL RIGHTS AND POLITICAL ACTIVITIES: Public meetings, suffrage,
and caucuses.
File 9 - MINORITY WOMEN: Black, American Indian, Oriental, etc. (Note: Photos
which might be placed in other categories, but which include these groups
have been placed here)
File 10 - NOTED WOMEN: Listed alphabetically by name.
File 11 - PORTRAITS: Includes both formal and informal photos of women alone (See
also: Fashion)
File 12 - RELIGION: Church groups, clergywomen, women's auxiliaries, etc.
File 13 - SPORTS AND RECREATION: Women involved in organized or individual
sports, dancing, fishing, etc. (See also: Military photos in Work Section)
File 14 - WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS AND GROUPS: Clubwomen; groups such as
the YMCA or Girl Scouts, literary clubs, etc. Includes parade images, als.
File 15 - WORK: Women in factories, labor unions, the military, and nontraditional
occupations (See also: Education and Health Sections)
File 16 - "Behold, Our Works Were Good" exhibit organization/By Designed
Communications. Copy 1.
File 17 - "Behold, Our Works Were Good" exhibit organization/By Designed
Communications. Copy 2.
File 18 - "Behold, Our Works Were Good" exhibit organization/By Designed
Communications. Copy 3.
Series III - Primary Source materials including letters, diaries, etc.
Box 1
Items 1 - 4: Diaries of R. E. Farr, 1938-1940, 1949 UALR.0201 B-35
ARKANSAS WOMEN'S HISTORY INSTITUTE COLLECTION
UALR Archives & Special Collections 7
Items 5 - 11: Diaries of Lillie Mae Kenney of Fort Smith, 1910-1944.
Box 2
File 1 - Diary of James Edward Riddick, 1974-1907 (photocopy)
File 2 - Diary of James ancestor of Carolyn Almand (photocopy)
File 3 - Diary of unknown person (photocopy)
File 4 - Hundley Family Letters (photocopy)
File 5 - Ingleside Book Club List (photocopy)
File 6 - The Ladies Aid Society - In Account with The People's Bank (Hope, Ark)
July 2, 1888
File 7 - Calling cards. 9 items
File 8 - Kelton Family Files (donated by Nellie Kelton Vaughn)
File 9 - Arlitt, Helon Hestand. Autobiography on being an aviator, flight book,
student pilot's license. [See also: Photo Collection 67]
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections. |
Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? (; ) is an Indian soap opera. It is shown during the daytime on weekdays, on Star Plus. It originally ran from 6 June 2011 until 30 November 2012. The show is mainly about the romance between Arnav Singh Raizada (Barun Sobti) and Khushi Kumari Gupta (Sanaya Irani).
The series is done in Hindi. The actors' voices have been recorded over (dubbing) in Tamil (as Idhu Kadhala), Telugu (as Chuppulu Kalisina Shubhavela), Malayalam (as Mounam Sammadham), Turkish (as Bir Garip Ask) and Arabic (as Men Nazra Thanya).
The show stopped being made in 2012. This was because Sobti, who plays the main character, quit the show. Three years later, in November 2015, a web series of eight episodes was released. It continued the story, and Sobti returned to play Arnav. The web series was successful. Because of its success, the television series was renewed for another 30 episodes. It is to be shown on Star Plus in March 2016.
For his role as Arnav, Sobti won "Favorite TV Drama Actor" at the People's Choice Awards in 2012, and "Best Actor Popular" at the Indian Television Academy Awards in 2012. Sobti and Irani also won the Indian Telly Award for "Best Onscreen Couple" in 2012.
Plot
Arnav Singh Raizada (Barun Sobti) is a successful businessman in India. He is the owner of AR Designs. He is popularly known as ASR in the business world. He is ruthless and egoistic though sophisticated in his behaviour. He believes that money is the most important thing in the world. He is an atheist and does not believe in rituals, customs and traditions. He does not believe in marriage and wanted to maintain a living relationship with his ex-girlfriend Lavanya Kashyap. Besides this, he loves his elder sister Anjali (Daljeet Kaur Bhanot) and respects his elders. He suffers from diabetes from an early age. He has hobbies of planting and gardening. However his arrogant and ruthless attitude changes when he falls in love with Khushi Kumari Gupta (Sanaya Irani).
Khushi is hired as Arnav's assistant. She is a simple, traditional girl. She is also an orphan, but she believes in the power of love and maintains a strong faith in God. Despite their differences, they are attracted to each other. They eventually get married. |
History:The Cleveland Grand Prix began in 1982 and has been run at Burke Lakefront Airport on the shores of Lake Erie each summer since then. Past winners include Al Unser Jr., Emerson Fittipaldi, and Paul Tracy.
Events:The 2009 schedule of events has yet to be announced. In addition to the signature Grand Prix race, past events have included concerts, a variety of car races, the Family Fun Zone, and xtreme sports demonstrations.
Tickets:A variety of tickets are offered to the Grand Prix of Cleveland, ranaging from a $10 Friday standing room pass to a $295 Sunday private grandstand pass. Three-day passes are also offered. For complete details, see the Grand Prix of Cleveland Web site.
Volunteering for the Cleveland Grand Prix:An army of volunteers are needed in order to make the Grand Prix of Cleveland a success. Ushers, credential checkers, food service workers, among other tasks are needed. A three-day commitment is asked. For more information, see the Grand Prix of Cleveland Web site.
Parking:Parking is available at the Burke Lakefront lots as well as the Cleveland Muncipal Lot at 1500 S. Marginal Road and the Willard Parking Garage on Lakeside Ave.
Prepaid 3-day parking passes are available for $30.
A complimentary shuttle will operate from the Burke lots to the race. In addition, a $1 shuttle will operate from the Muni lot and Waterfront RTA station to the race.
Contact Information:Grand Prix of Cleveland
1331 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Phone: 216-619-RACE
Hotels near the Grand Prix of Cleveland:The Grand Prix of Cleveland and/or the Great Lakes Science Center. For less expensive accommodations, try one of the hotels at the I-77/Rockside Road corridor, such as the Days Inn Independence(check rates).
(updated 7-31-08) |
Two years ago, when Kern Agarwal and Ranjani Prabakaran, set up Carbon Loops, little did they think they’d come this far. Back then, their start-up was incubated at Loyola Institute of Business Administration (LIBA), and they worked towards tying up with corporates and educational institutions to segregate waste and create compost that was sent to farmers in rural areas to increase soil fertility. Also in the pipeline at the time was a biogas plant at Loyola to create fuel to power its kitchens. Today, they’re in talk with the Goverment to set up community biogas plants in Tiruvallur that will be used to light up streets in the town.
“We’re doing a pilot project in Poonamallee. The idea is to collect waste from different hotels for a fee and process it at the Government biogas plants. This will be used to power street lights,” says Kern. “The loss of soil fertility in rural areas led us to set up Carbon Loops. Back in 2017, we were testing waters with the idea to create closed loops in the food cycles. Food travels from rural areas and ends up as solid waste in cities. The plan was to close this loop.”
They began by creating compost that was sent to farmers in and around Chennai. They then progressed to creating biogas to power the canteen kitchen at Loyola. In 2017, they recycled 127 tonnes of organic waste into biogas and compost at Loyola. In March 2018, they began working with Stella Maris as well. Soon Mahindra World City came on board too. “In the last two years, we’ve worked with over 4,000 tonnes of waste there. The biogas created here is used to fuel tractors and buses,” explains Kern, adding that they’ve also signed MoUs with star hotels such as ITC Grand Chola and Savera. “The food waste that we collect is processed at the biogas plant in Loyola. The plant has a capacity of 1,000 kilograms per day; the campus is currently generating around 700 kilogrammes.”
Carbon Loops has spread as far as Oragadam with a tie-up with automobile giant Daimler as of July. “We’re setting up an end-to-end solution for them on their 400-acre campus,” says Kern, adding that typically, they require 1,000 litres of water to process one tonne of food waste. “But we used sewage treated water for this.”
While Kern and Ranjani have made their presence felt across the city and now the State, the switch to an entrepreneurial life didn’t come easy. Both held well-paying jobs with Standard Chartered, but decided to quit in 2014 and plunge full time into organic farming. The decision, however, wasn’t easy. They faced their share of challenges; but overcame them all. Their initiative had them interact with farmers across the State and they managed to convince several of them to switch to organic farming.
In the last two years, the company has had a turnover of ₹2 crores. “We’re hoping to touch the same figure this year alone,” says Kern, adding, “We’re basically helping clean up the planet while creating a successful business out of it. Currently, we’re probably the largest recycler of organic waste in Tamil Nadu after the Corporation.”
The couple works with people and encourages them to segregate waste at source. The compost generated from this is supplied to farmers to increase the viability of the soil on their land. “It’s a great way for urban India to do its bit for rural India,” says Kern. With about 40% of waste at landfills being biodegradable, waste management is the need of the hour.
The company, that has been making inroads with educational institutions, hotels, corporates and the Government through their work, however has remained focussed on a bootstrap model all along. “We do have several investors who’ve approached us; but we’re looking at this as a service. We want the profits to go to the public. So a bootstrapped model works best as of now,” says Kern.
Please Email the Editor |
How to live longer: Understand your mortality risk with six predictive factors
GROWING older gracefully, or disgracefully, is your choice, but you have to make it there first. If you could, would you like to know how many years you have left? Of course, this is dependent on certain factors identified by researchers, but what were they?
Loose Women: Dr Hilary discusses how to live longer
A study has identified six factors that have the most impact on longevity. The researchers say that these predictors can be utilised to understand individual mortality risk. Here are the details. Professor of medicine, David Rehkopf, said: "What you are doing right now matters for your health, it is never too late to begin to be healthy.” The research team analysed data from 13,611 adults – aged from 50 to 104 years old – who passed away between 2008 to 2014.
They identified six factors that impacted longevity:
- Smoking
- Alcohol abuse
- Lack of physical activity
- Financial difficulties
- Social adversity
- Negative psychological characteristics
Rehkopf commented on the findings: "Social factors and conditions come out as important for mortality, and they are factors that we should pay more attention to."
The dangers of smoking
The British Lung Foundation (BLF) explained tobacco smoke contains over 5,000 chemicals, including nicotine.
"Many of them can cause cancer," the BLF put bluntly. "When you smoke, these chemicals can damage your lungs but also pass into your blood and spread through your body."
READ MORE: How to live longer: Walking every day promotes longevity - the amount you need to do
How to live longer: Six predictive factors for longevity revealed (Image: Getty)
In addition, smoking "causes heart attacks and strokes", as well as cancer, reducing a person's life span, on average, by 10 years.
"Smoking tobacco is the biggest avoidable cause of death," said the BLF.
Incorrect beliefs include thinking "low-tar", "light" or "menthol" cigarettes are safer – they're not.
Roll-ups are just as dangerous as cigarettes, especially more so if used without a filer.
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Stroke: Five lifestyle tips to reduce risk [TIPS]
Alcohol-related liver disease: Three signs [ADVICE]
Smoking cigars and pipes are also bad for your health, and so is shisha smoking, which is "just as harmful as normal cigarette smoke".
Alcohol abuse
The NHS stated that drinking large quantities of alcohol can cause organ damage.
Long-term alcohol misuse can damage the brain, nervous system, heart, liver and pancreas.
Heavy drinking also increases blood pressure and cholesterol levels - two major risk factors for heart attacks and strokes.
The symptoms of cancer to look out for (Image: Express)
Alcohol misuse is also linked to cancers, depression, dementia and impotence.
The national health body recommends that people drink less than 14 units weekly.
Lack of physical activity
The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said that a lack of physical activity can lead to heart disease - even for those how have no other risk factors.
In addition, a lack of exercise can lead to obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
Tips to live longer (Image: Express)
Financial difficulties
President of Charleston Investment Advisors, LLC, Stephanie Mackara defines what is considered financial difficulties.
"It's a state of being where you lack control over your day to day, month to month finances.
"You are not in a position to absorb a financial shock and have constant worry over paying bills and sustaining your lifestyle.”
Social adversity
The research study considered this to include divorce and negative childhood experiences.
Negative psychological characteristics
As for negative psychological characteristics, this included poor self image and a dissatisfaction with life. |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an enveloped virus of the family *Flaviviridae* (genus *Flavivirus*) with a single stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 11 kb that encodes a single polyprotein cleaved into three structural (capsid (C), membrane (M) and envelope (E)) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1-NS5)^[@CR1]^. The virus comprises a single serotype with four genotypes: (*i*) East Africa, (*ii*) West Africa, (*iii*) South American I and (*iv*) South American II^[@CR2],[@CR3]^ that may have diverged around several thousand years before present^[@CR4],[@CR5]^ with a possible origin in the African continent^[@CR5],[@CR6]^. Historical evidence points to a YFV introduction in the Americas around the 17^th^ century, possibly due to the slave trade^[@CR3],[@CR5]--[@CR7]^. After its introduction, YFV established both urban and sylvatic cycles^[@CR7],[@CR8]^, and several urban outbreaks have been reported in Brazil since the 17^th^ century^[@CR9]^. The circulation of YFV in the urban cycle in the American continent was initially mitigated by curbing the infestation of *Aedes aegypti* and later with the advent of an effective vaccine in the early 20^th^ century^[@CR7],[@CR10]^, with considerable success. As a consequence, the last urban outbreak of YFV was officially reported in 1942 in Brazil^[@CR9]^. After the reintroduction of *A. aegypti* in the 1970's^[@CR11],[@CR12]^ the virus remained, until recently, largely in sylvatic environments in the Americas, infecting non-human primates (NHPs) with sporadic cases in susceptible human hosts. The main vectors of YFV in the sylvatic cycle are mosquitoes of the genera *Haemagogus* and *Sabethes*^[@CR13],[@CR14]^.
In 2014, intense enzootic activity of YFV was detected in Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás states that adjoin the Amazon region of Brazil^[@CR15],[@CR16]^. YFV carried by infected monkeys kept moving in a general southeasterly direction, and in 2016 cases were reported in Minas Gerais, reaching epidemic proportions in 2017, during which cases were also reported in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia^[@CR17]--[@CR21]^.
Between January 2016 and January 2018, seven countries and regions of the Americas reported cases of yellow fever in their territories (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru and Suriname), with the highest indices in Brazil. In early 2018 an unusually large increase in the number of confirmed cases was observed in the state of São Paulo^[@CR22]^. A peak of notified human cases was reached in January 2018^[@CR23]^. This was the largest outbreak registered in 21^st^ century in the most populated state of Brazil, including the densely populated metropolitan region of São Paulo city (MRSP), which is the largest conurbation in the southern hemisphere with around 23 million inhabitants. Until 2018, vaccination was not generally recommended in MRSP because YFV had been absent in recent decades. Hence, most of the population in the area was susceptible to YFV and autochthonous cases were reported^[@CR24],[@CR25]^. Due to the outbreak in São Paulo, vaccination campaigns were initiated for resident populations, starting in northern peri-urban settings bordering forested and rural areas, where cases of YFV were previously reported. Subsequently, vaccination was extended to the whole urban population as well as to all inhabitants of the São Paulo state as the epidemic expanded^[@CR22]^. As this is the first time in the 21^st^ century that cases of YFV have appeared in the MRSP, we sought to characterize the circulating viruses and establish their origin by studying their evolution and phylogeography based on samples taken from patients who died during the 2017--2018 outbreak.
Material and Methods {#Sec2}
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Ethical statement {#Sec3}
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The human autopsies analyzed in this study were performed after obtaining informed consent of the family members and following the protocol approved by the research ethics committee of the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine (HCFMUSP) (CAPPesq \#426.643). All the methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the ethics committee of the HCFMUSP following the approval CAPPesq \#426.643. All participating families were asked to sign a free and informed consent form, authorizing the autopsy and all experiments performed with the collected tissues. All laboratory procedures listed below were performed in a biosafety level (BSL)-2 laboratory, in accordance with the Brazilian standards of the Ministry of Health for Biological Agents Risk Classification^[@CR26]^.
Patients and samples {#Sec4}
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Overall, we analyzed 81 patients 67 of whom were confirmed to have died following YFV infection. We successfully acquired 36 genome sequences from the 67 yellow fever deaths, with the remaining samples being of insufficient quality to obtain YFV genomes at the necessary coverage. The suspected case definition of YFV infection was established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Health Department of São Paulo State and included patients with sudden onset high fever associated with jaundice and/or hemorrhage who had lived or had visited areas with YFV epizootics (*i.e*., clusters of infections in non-human primates (NHP) or isolation of YFV in vectors), regardless of the vaccine status for YFV, during the preceding 15 days. Confirmed cases had compatible clinical presentation and laboratory confirmation by at least one of the following methods: (*i*) serum IgM positive (MAC-ELISA); (*ii*) detection of YFV-RNA by qRT-PCR in blood samples; (*iii*) virus isolation; (*iv*) histopathology compatible with YFV hepatitis with detectable antigen in tissues by immunohistochemistry technique. All cases received the definitive laboratorial diagnosis of YFV by the Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), the State Reference Laboratory. Previous exposure or co-infection by Hepatitis A virus (HVA), B (HBV), C (HVC), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes virus (HSV), Dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), leptospirosis and other non-infectious diseases etiologies for acute hepatitis were accessed and cases were excluded following clinical diagnostic methods. Epidemiological, clinical (including demographic data, preexisting medical conditions, clinical signs and symptoms and in-hospital follow-up until death) and other laboratory features were collected from the medical charts.
Autopsy protocol and tissue processing {#Sec5}
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The Service of Verification of Deaths of the Capital - USP investigated deaths due to yellow fever from December/2017 to April/2018. Autopsies were performed following the Letulle technique, where all the organs were removed *en masse* (one block), requiring dissection organ by organ to exam them individually. Briefly, the dissection was performed in the following organs: (*i*) heart; (*ii*) lung; (*iii*) brain; (*iv*) kidney; (*v*) spleen; (*vi*) pancreas; and (*vii*) liver.
Molecular characterization {#Sec6}
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Nucleic acid extraction from all collected tissues was performed using the TRIzol® reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Molecular detection of YFV was performed with the use of the AgPath-ID One-Step RT-PCR Reagents (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) with specific primers/probe previously described^[@CR27]^. To identify cases of adverse vaccine response (*i.e*., fatal cases associated with the vaccine virus) we used specific primers/probe specific for the vaccine virus^[@CR28]^. qRT-PCR reactions consisted of a step of reverse transcription at 45 °C for 10 min, enzyme activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 40 cycles at 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 45 s for hybridization and extension using the ABI7500 equipment (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Sequencing and viral genome assembly {#Sec7}
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Based on the RNA viral concentration, total RNA were extracted from the liver tissues using the TRIzol® reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Subsequently, the RNA was purified with DNase I and concentrated using the RNA Clean and Concentrator ^TM-5^ kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The paired-end RNA libraries were constructed and validated using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA HT sample prep kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Sequencing was done at the Core Facility for Scientific Research -- University of São Paulo (CEFAP-USP/GENIAL) using the Illumina NextSeq platform. Each sample was barcoded individually, which allowed separation of reads for each patient. Short unpaired reads and low-quality bases and reads were removed using Trimmomatic version 0.36 (LEADING:20 TRAILING:20 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:25 MINLEN:36)^[@CR29]^. Consensus genomes were assembled with paired-end reads using Bowtie2 v.2.3.4.3^[@CR30]^ using default parameters.
Data sets {#Sec8}
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All full genomic sequences available from YFV that contained information on location and date of isolation were recovered from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/>) website. Sequences were aligned to our 36 new YFV genomes (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) using Clustal Omega v.1.2.4^[@CR31]^. A list of the sequences used is available in Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. Recombinant sequences were screened using all algorithms implemented in RDP4 program (RDP, GENECONV, BootScan, MaxChi, Chimaera, Siscan and 3Seq) using the default settings^[@CR32]^. No evidence for recombination was detected. Sequences containing long contiguous stretches of undefined nucleotides were excluded. A final alignment of complete genome sequences was manually inspected and edited using the program AliView v.1.18^[@CR33]^. After preliminary phylogenetic analyses, the master alignment comprising 135 full-length, curated sequences encoding the complete viral polyprotein (dataset-1) (Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) was subdivided into two data sets for further analysis: (*i*) a data set containing 98 genomes of the SA1 and SA2 genotypes from the Americas (dataset-2); and (*ii*) 74 sequences from 2017 and 2018 sampled from the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (dataset-3) (Supplementary Tables [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and [3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). All alignments are available in the Supplementary Data and on GitHub (<https://github.com/MarieltonCunha/ViralDiversity/>).
Phylogenetic analysis {#Sec9}
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Phylogenetic trees of YFV based on full-length, curated coding sequences for all the data sets were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method implemented in IQ-TREE 1.5.5^[@CR34]^ with automatic model selection by ModelFinder and using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)^[@CR35]^. The robustness of the groupings observed was assessed using 1,000 non-parametric bootstrap replicates. ML and Bayesian maximum clade credibility (MCC) trees (see below) were visualized and plotted using FigTree v.1.4.3^[@CR36]^. All taxon labels for sequences used in this work are presented in the format: genotype/accession number/strain name/local of isolation/date of isolation. We explored the temporal signal (*i.e*., molecular clock structure) and quality of our data set using TempEst v.1.5.1^[@CR37]^.
Phylodynamics and phylogeographic analysis {#Sec10}
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The spatio-temporal evolution of YFV spread was inferred within a Bayesian framework as implemented in BEAST v.1.10.1^[@CR38]^. An initial descriptive summary of the demographic history of YFV was approximated using the Bayesian SkyGrid coalescent model^[@CR39]^ and revealed no significant variation in genetic diversity (a marker of population size) during the period of our analysis. Based on previous estimates of evolutionary dynamics of related YFV^[@CR17],[@CR40]^, we tested uncorrelated relaxed molecular clocks assuming a log-normal distribution, in combination with constant size, exponential and logistic growth demographic models (Supplementary Tables [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and [5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Phylogeographic patterns and parameters were estimated using the Bayesian inference through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) run for 50 million states, sampling every 5,000 states with a 10% burn-in. Convergence and the effective sample size (ESS) \> 200 were examined using Tracer v.1.7.1^[@CR41]^. Likewise, the maximum clade credibility tree (MCC) was visualized and edited in FigTree v.1.4.3^[@CR36]^. We recorded the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and their 95% Bayesian credible intervals (HPD) for the MCC tree. To calculate the log marginal likelihood for molecular clock and demographic model selection, we used the path sampling (PS) and the stepping-stone (SS) sampling approaches by running 100 path steps of 1 million iterations each^[@CR42]^. The spatiotemporal spread of YFV was visualized and plotted with SPREAD3^[@CR43]^. XML input files for BEAST are available in the Supplementary Data and on GitHub (<https://github.com/MarieltonCunha/ViralDiversity/>).
Geopositioning of samples {#Sec11}
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To analyze the geographical proximity among fatal human and NHP cases we calculated the spatial distances between all cases using available geoposition information. We geopositioned only those fatal human and NHP YFV cases that occurred in the MRSP (47.0--46.2 S, 23.9--23.1 W), using the available data on patient residence and day of death. NHP cases were included only for those were coordinates for the place of where carcasses were found was available. For fatal NHP cases, the date the carcass was found was assumed to be the day of death, although death may have taken place a few days before. Distances between the human and NHP fatal YFV cases were calculated based on the available coordinates. Geographic pairwise distance matrices among all YFV cases (in kilometers) were clustered using the neighbor joining algorithm available in the PHYLIP v.3.695 package^[@CR44]^, this enabled us to produce a dendogram based on geoposition information.
Results {#Sec12}
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Epidemiological surveillance of YFV in São Paulo, 2017--2018 {#Sec13}
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From January to August 17, 2018, the State of São Paulo reported 3028 suspected cases of yellow fever, 537 (17.7%) of which were confirmed, with 498 (92.7%) autochthonous cases and 35 (6.5%) imported from other states^[@CR45]^. Of the 498 autochthonous cases, 176 died, resulting in a mortality frequency of 35.4%^[@CR45]^. Despite the magnitude of the outbreak in São Paulo, little is known about the epidemiological, genetic and evolutionary characteristics of the virus circulating in the state. Accordingly, among all patients who died with suspected YFV infection between December 2017 and April 2018, we focused on 81 cases identified through the service of verification of deaths of the capital - USP (SVOC-USP) in the city of São Paulo (Fig. [1A](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Our qRT-PCR results indicated that 67/81 (82.7%) individuals had been infected by YFV, while five were shown by qRT-PCR to only carry the vaccine strain YFV-17DD alone, suggesting that their death was associated with an adverse response to the vaccine as previously reported^[@CR46]--[@CR48]^, and nine were negative for YFV infection in all tissues tested (Fig. [1B,C](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). All 67 confirmed YFV deaths were due to complications of fulminant yellow fever hepatitis, with hepatic encephalopathy, severe coagulopathy, bleeding (mainly gastrointestinal, pulmonary and/or cerebral hemorrhages), renal dysfunction and secondary infections. We were able to successfully sequence the full YFV genome from 36 of these patient samples.Figure 1The current outbreak of yellow fever virus in Brazil (2016--2018). (**A**) Brazilian states with YFV cases recorded and sequenced in humans, non-human primates (NHP) and mosquitoes between 2017--2018. A grey circle marks the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP). (**B**) Cycle threshold according to each of the 7 tissues analyzed for positive patients. Boxplots represent the 75th percentile, median, 25th percentile and the whiskers extend to the highest and lowest value in the 1.5x interquartile range. The different colors represent the different tissues analyzed. (**C**) Total cases recorded represented sylvatic cases of YFV (qRT-PCR positive cases) during the epidemiological weeks covered by the study (week 52 of 2017 to week 17 of 2018). (**D**) Relationship between the average coverage and the Ct values obtained for each sequenced sample. The data indicate that we obtained the expected direct inverse relationship between Ct and coverage parameters, as indicated by the trend line. (**E**) Combined coverage (normalized by the sample average) along all 36 sequenced YFV genomes generated in this study.
All of our cases were sampled in 17 localities in the São Paulo state, from which 16 localities had fatal cases due to YFV (Supplementary Table [6](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Our molecular diagnostics indicated a peak of cases during the first epidemiological weeks of 2018, particularly at the end of January, coinciding with official cases notifications data (Fig. [1C](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The median age of people with confirmed infection was 49.12 years (range 16--87) and were mainly male (82.09--55/67).
Genomic surveillance {#Sec14}
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Because detailed spatio-temporal resolution of viral evolution often relies on a few nucleotide differences among otherwise closely related viruses, complete genomes with high coverage for each base position are a prerequisite for robust inference. Therefore, to select the appropriate clinical specimens for viral sequencing, we analyzed cycle threshold (Ct) data from qRT-PCR from viral RNA in seven distinct tissues/organs (heart, lung, brain, kidney, spleen, pancreas and liver) to choose samples with the lowest possible Cts. In general, all tissues had normally distributed Ct values, with the exception of the liver, which had a moderately asymmetrical distribution and a deviation to lower Ct values, and hence generally inferior to other tissues (Fig. [1B](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). In total, we obtained 36 complete YFV genomes from the 67 positive patients (Fig. [1D,E](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). All sequences of the current outbreak belonged to the South American I genotype (Supplementary Fig. [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), and were related with sequences previously isolated in neighboring states in 2017 (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) with no evidence of recombination. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we could infer at least three distinct introductions of YFV in the MRSP: (*i*) A major clade (34 genomes) in the northwest of the MRSP coming from Minas Gerais due to NHP movement, and likely emerging between April 2017--October 2017 (95% HPD; mean - July 2017) (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary Tables [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and [5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), (*ii*) one virus lineage from a case from Espírito Santo (Patient 16), and (*iii*) one from a case from Rio de Janeiro (Patient 48) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Importantly, our patient's records indicated the two single introductions were due to people visiting enzootic locations in these states and did not appear to have caused detectable additional cases in the MRSP.Figure 2Time-stamped, MCC tree of YFV South American genotype I in Brazil recovered under the logistic-lognormal demographic model. The different colours indicate samples from different locations. The black circles represent posterior support upper than 0.7. The single synapomorphic change observed in Clade II \[N1646T (NS3)\] is shown in the box over the branch leading to Clade II-D. The three distinct introductions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP) are shown (See also Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 3Highest posterior probability migration paths for the YFV Clades I and II from 2016 to 2018 towards the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP), based on the analysis of 74 complete genomes. Although the sample size is small such that inferences should be made with caution, three distinct introductions in the MRSP are shown and strongly supported. The spatiotemporal spread was visualized with SPREAD3.
Origin of the 2016--ongoing Yellow Fever virus outbreak {#Sec15}
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Phylogenetic (Supplementary Figs. [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) and phylogeographic (Figs. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary Tables [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and [5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) analyses of samples from the 2017--2018 YFV outbreak allowed us to reveal the origin and spread of YFV in the Southeast and Northeast region of Brazil. In particular, there was evidence of two distinct zoonotic clades (Clade I and II) that likely separated in Minas Gerais (location posterior support of 0.8) between November 2013--June 2016 (95% HPD; mean date of June 2015). The mean rate of Clade I and II migration during the whole sampled period 2017 to 2018 was approximately 3.3 km/day (95% HPD = 2.25--4.37 km/day) with a mean evolutionary rate of 9.85 × 10^−4^ nucleotide substitutions per site, per year (subs/site/year) (95% HPD = 6.52 × 10^−4^ − 1.35 × 10^−3^ subs/site/year). We now describe these two clades in more detail.
Clade I {#Sec16}
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Clade I divided into two smaller clades (CI-A and CI-B) in 2016 (95% HPD of divergence time = July 2015 -- September 2016) and likely in Minas Gerais (location posterior support of 0.82) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). CI-A then diversified and moved and into peri-urban and forested regions in the state of Minas Gerais, causing an outbreak after January 2017, then moving onto Bahia. In contrast, Clade CI-B likely diversified in the forest region in the border between Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, also in 2016, and then moved to Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, causing in both states an outbreak during the first part of 2017. Two YFV patients who died in 2018 and resided in the MRSP had visited Espírito Santo (Patient 16) and Rio de Janeiro (patient 48). Fittingly, the virus phylogeny showed that their posthumous viral samples were nested among isolated viruses from the areas they visited (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicated that CI-B was circulating until early 2018.
Clade II {#Sec17}
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This clade caused the majority of the deaths in the MRSP (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). It diverged into Clades CII-C and CII-D in the state of Minas Gerais, with a location posterior support of 0.87, near the border with São Paulo between June 2016 - January 2017 (95% HPD; mean - December 2016) (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Subsequently, CII-D moved towards the MRSP, causing epizootics beginning between April 2017--October 2017 (95% HPD; mean - July 2017) (Supplementary Fig. [3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) in forest parks (Horto Florestal and Cantareira State Park) that form a belt around the Northern part of the MRSP (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). It is noteworthy that our inferred dates correspond well with the reported official cases of YFV cases in NHP and humans (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). It is also notable that CII-D is also defined by a unique synapomorphic substitution (N1646T) in the NS3 gene that is not present in CII-C and Clade I viruses (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 4Spatial distribution of YFV deaths through time in non-human primates (NHP) and humans. Arrows indicate the general trend of movement around the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP) estimated from distance matrices (see Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). The earliest cases in NHP are shown in the north, and later in the south and northeast of the MRSP. Most human cases are near sites with reported deaths of NPH, confirmed to be caused by YFV. The outbreak appears to have been confined mostly near the forested belt around the MRSP, contrasting with the almost empty, heavily urbanized center. Cardinal points are aligned according to the main axis of the page, (*e.g*., top being north, etc.). The figure was created by plotting the coordinates of reported cases to a satellite image available from Google Maps (google.com/maps) as background.
Geopositioning analysis {#Sec18}
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In total, 230 NHP carcasses were collected in the MRSP. Of these, 136 were members of the genus *Alouatta* (howler monkeys), 14 were *Callithrix* genus (marmosets), and five were *Cebus* genus (capuchin monkeys). The species identity of the remaining 75 carcasses were not determined (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}) (data provided by the Adolfo Lutz Institute). Analysis of spatio-temporal data showed that the YFV outbreak progressed in different directions in humans and NHPs (Figs. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). While the outbreak in NHPs had a tendency to move in a south-southwest direction, in humans the outbreaks in a southeast direction (Figs. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 5Neighbor joining tree calculated from pairwise geoposition distances among all the non-human primates and human cases available from the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP).
Several geographically well-defined clusters can be observed in the dendogram inferred from the pairwise geographic distances matrix among all YFV cases (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Two areas of intense epizootics were inferred in the north and southwest forested areas around the MRSP. We also inferred a large cluster of cases of NHP and humans in the northern region, Cantareira and Horto Florestal State parks, spreading to the nearby towns of Mairiporã and Guarulhos, where most of the human and NHP cases were reported. Another cluster represents NHP cases from the southwestern of the MRSP, around Cotia, where the second most affected NHP population was present. Hence, the most striking finding of this analysis was that most human cases occurred close to both the NPH cases and the forested belt around the MRSP.
Discussion {#Sec19}
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We describe the outbreak of YFV in the MRSP, Brazil, in 2016--2018, particularly its origin and how the virus diversified and moved around the largest conurbation in the southern hemisphere carried by NHP, killing 176 people during 2018 in the process^[@CR45]^. All the isolates from São Paulo belonged to the South American I genotype and formed a single monophyletic group along with viruses (comprising Clades I and II) that also circulated in 2016--2017 in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo^[@CR17],[@CR19],[@CR40]^. Several synapomorphic mutational changes in different genes were previously reported by our group^[@CR19]^, and here we report a synapomorphy (N1646T) in the protease NS3 gene shared by all CII-D. The mean evolutionary rate for all the YFV sequences of the Brazilian outbreak (2017--2018) was 9.85 × 10^−4^ subs/site/year, and hence compatible with those previously estimated for YFV and for other flaviviruses^[@CR4],[@CR5],[@CR49]^.
The current Brazilian outbreak began in the state of Minas Gerais in June 2015, with all viruses sampled from 2017 belonging to a single monophyletic group that diverged into two main clades (Clade I and II), and indicative of a single introduction of the virus in the region. These observations are supported by other molecular epidemiological studies conducted in Brazil from 2016^[@CR17]--[@CR19],[@CR40],[@CR50]^. Although previous evolutionary studies point to an origin of the virus in Venezuela^[@CR40]^, epidemiological monitoring carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health suggest a likely origin of the Brazilian outbreak in 2014, with confirmed epizootics in the transitional area between the Amazon and the Cerrado biomes (with most of the confirmed cases occurring in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul)^[@CR15],[@CR16],[@CR21]^. This region was the probable link between the Amazon basin and the state of Minas Gerais, located in southeastern Brazil. It is likely that the numbers of human cases in this region were not high due to the vaccine coverage there^[@CR51]^. The viral invasion into southeast Brazil, associated with the rapid spatial spread of the virus (estimated here at a mean of rate 3.3 km/day), caused the virus to circulate in important fragments of the Atlantic Forest near the peri-urban areas of the main Brazilian megacities (notably São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), and led to a marked increase in the number of cases during the outbreak. In the MRSP, the virus (Clade CII-D) was introduced, maintained and spread in the sylvatic transmission cycle, with occasional cases of infection in humans between April 2017 and October 2017, with the interstate border between São Paulo and Minas Gerais as the route of introduction. In São Paulo state, the routes of viral dispersion included only interconnected forested, corridors linked to peri-urban regions. The patients studied here were mainly unvaccinated adult males that had contact with the sylvatic environment or lived nearby. No autochthonous cases were documented in the central region of the city of São Paulo. Importantly, the MRSP cases reduced in numbers as the populations of NHP collapsed and with vaccination campaigns in areas classified as at risk^[@CR52]^.
The introduction and establishment of the YFV Clade II-D in the state of São Paulo can be further explained by environmental factors, including: (*i*) mosquitoes of the genus *Haemagogus* are abundant in the forested areas of the state of São Paulo^[@CR53],[@CR54]^ and were the primary vectors in the YFV outbreak occurred in Brazil, 2016--2018^[@CR55]^; (*ii*) NHPs are found in areas of the Atlantic Forest and are susceptible and responsible for the maintenance of the virus in the sylvatic cycle^[@CR56]--[@CR58]^; and (*iii*) the regions affected by the current outbreak had low vaccine coverage^[@CR51]^. Our findings support previous work indicating that the outbreak of 2016--2018 (sampled in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro), occurred in a sylvatic environment with occasional infections in humans^[@CR17]^.
Importantly, we also recorded two introductions of YFV Clade I-B detected in patients who travelled to Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro - both states that experienced significant circulation of this virus lineage in 2018. In both these states an increase in the number of YFV notifications was reported in 2017 across successive epidemic periods, showcasing the maintenance of epizootic YFV. In addition, we highlighted the extent of viral movement, such as observed in cases imported from Brazil by other countries^[@CR59]^, largely facilitated by rapid human movement such as those resulting from air travel^[@CR60]^.
In contrast to other arboviruses in Brazil such as dengue virus, in which continuous reintroductions are responsible for keeping the virus circulating in the urban cycle^[@CR61]--[@CR63]^, YFV is dependent on epizootics to cause cases in humans. The South American I genotype belongs to a "modern lineage", that has been circulating in America since 1995 and that perhaps originated in Trinidad and Tobago^[@CR40]^. It is believed that from there the virus spread to South American countries, especially Venezuela and Brazil^[@CR40]^, carried mainly by NHP and sylvatic mosquitoes, moving along forested corridors and perhaps promoted by a series of interlocked epizootics involving the exchange of viruses among infected and susceptible individuals^[@CR64],[@CR65]^. Epizootics among social animals, such as New World arboreal primates, may be reduced by self-exclusion of infected individuals^[@CR66]^. For instance, it is in theory possible that social avoidance, changes in group size, group isolation and several other behaviors may have evolved due to reduce pathogen transmission. Nevertheless, in the case of vector-borne diseases any isolation mechanism is efficient only at distances that minimize transmission^[@CR66]^. Howlers were the most affected monkey species in the forested belt around the MRSP^[@CR52]^. As in several other previous YFV epizootics^[@CR64]^, the high overall fatality rate in howlers led to almost the complete extinction of these monkeys in most areas around Sao Paulo^[@CR52]^.
It has been assumed that the decline in the numbers of howler monkeys and the severe reduction of several species of NHP from around the MRSP had a significant effect on ending the outbreak. Although perhaps due to poor sampling of monkeys in that locality, it is possible that Clade II-D could have caused a limited number of human-to-human transmission cases, as suggested by a cluster of human cases in Guarulhos (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Critically, however, a key factor that differentiates the current outbreaks of YFV in the Americas and Africa is that there is no clear evidence for urban cycles of YFV in the Americas has been observed since the first half of the 20^th^ Century. A possible, although untested, explanation is that the former *A. aegypti* colonizing the Americas was from Africa (Senegalese strain), while the *A. aegypti* reintroduced in the early 1970's is Asiatic, where no urban spread of YFV is observed^[@CR67]^.
Supplementary information
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{#Sec20}
Supplementary information. Supplementary dataset.
**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
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is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-56650-1.
We thank Renato de Souza and Fernando L. Macedo from the Adolfo Lutz Institute for sharing dates and places of confirmed cases of non-human primate (NHP) deaths. We thank the Core Facility for Scientific Research -- University of São Paulo (CEFAP-USP/GENIAL) for excellent technical assistance. PMAZ was funded by the Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (process no. 441105/2016-5), by the Fiocruz/Pasteur/Aucani-FUSP (process no. 314502) and by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (process no. 2017/23281-6). PHNS is funded by the FAPESP (process no. 2013/21728-2). ECH is funded by an ARC Australian Laureate Fellowship (FL170100022). CTB is funded by the CNPq (process no. 405691/2018-1). MPC and ASOB received FAPESP grants: no. 2016/08204-2 and 2013/25434-3, respectively. CTB received a CAPES fellowship grant no. 1796450. JC received Czech Academy of Sciences grant no. MSM200961703.
Conceptualization: M.d.P.C., A.N.D.N., J.C., P.H.N.S., E.C.H. and P.M.d.A.Z. Medical care for patients during hospitalization: Y.L.H. and J.S. Responsible by the Yellow Fever crisis committee -- HCFMUSP: B.P. Autopsies: A.N.D.N., V.A.F.A., M.D. and P.H.N.S. Sample collection: M.d.P.C., and S.Z.P. Molecular analysis: M.d.P.C., S.Z.P., B.B.S.P. and C.T.B. Bioinformatics analysis: M.d.P.C., A.S.O.B. and J.C. Data curation: M.d.P.C., A.N.D.N., A.S.O.B., J.C., E.C.H. and P.M.d.A.Z. Funding acquisition: C.T.B., P.H.S.N., E.C.H. and P.M.d.A.Z. Project administration: M.d.P.C., and P.M.d.A.Z. Manuscript preparation and revision -- M.d.P.C., E.C.H. and P.M.d.A.Z. All authors revised, edited and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Testimonials
26 years of excellent customer care accommodating
"I was very pleased with the skylights this company installed for me. Their crew was very professional, completed the installation of three windows in less than a single day in exceptionally cold weather, and did a great job of cleaning up after completion of the project. They even took great care to prevent my cat from making a bolt for the blue once my old, leaking skylights had been removed and the roof was wide open. I have been very pleased with the result. My house was noticeably warmer last winter and cooler during the summer, and we no longer need to install skylight blinds to reduce the summer heat. I only wish I had called Skylights Unlimited sooner. I would definitely recommend them to anyone interested in adding a skylight or replacing an old one."
Ian, Upper Beaches
"Dear Denis: Thank you for a job well done and for your quick response to all my inquiries. Just a short note to let you know that we are very pleased with our new skylight. The installers were very efficient and courteous and we feel that the service we received was excellent. We were also happy to see that there was no garbage left when the job was finished."
John M., Scarborough
“We are very satisfied with the skylight. The crew was very professional, the job was done to our satisfaction and the skylight looks beautiful. It really made a difference in how our hallway looks. We haven’t noticed any heat gain. Thank you for a great job”
Alex K., Vaughan
"As you know I am a returning customer and the reason that I come back to Skylights Unlimited Inc. is its excellent customer service and professional installation--the skylights that the company has installed in my house have not leaked! From the initial visit in which all the options were explained in as much detail as I required to the polite/competent installation staff, Skylights Unlimited Inc. met all my needs. The company was able to schedule the installation on the date that I required and the installers came on time!"
Janice, Castle Loma Area
“Dear Denis: Thank you for a job well done and for your quick response to all my inquiries. Love my skylights!”
Debbie L., Vaughan
"I had been quoted by several skylight companies but found Skylights Unlimited and in particular Denis & Santo, to be very knowledgeable and professional. Once I gave the go ahead, they were able to schedule me in quickly, arrived on time, installed 2 skylights and completely cleaned up after the job. In short, they did an excellent job and I would not hesitate to recommend them to anyone! The new skylights not only visually look better, they have tremendously helped in the prevention of heat loss. I wish I had replaced them years ago. I couldn't be happier with the end result!"
C, Leslieville
"Hi. It's Carolyn Logan speaking and your fellows just left. I think they did a wonderful job, very professional and they were just great. I just want to tell you that because sometimes I think not enough people tell you what wonderful jobs are done. Anyway, I really liked both of them and I think they did a really nice job."
Mrs. C. Logan
"Our old skylights were leaking. A review of our existing units showed a horrible patch up and repair over time. The company removed the old ones and installed new glass Velux units. A clean, efficient and perfect job!"
Gisele Huntingwood, Scarborough
"There's many positive reviews here and Skylights Unlimited did not disappoint. Our installation was a bit tricky, with a steep roof, a long tunnel and uneven rafters and joists. The installation crew was on-time, efficient (2 days) and very neat. They did not leave a mess inside or outside the house. The final work looks great and adds much-needed light to a formerly dim room. All around a job well done!"
David Koehler, Toronto
"We had several companies and roofers look at our tricky job - replacing a sloped small roof with 4 skylights in it and replacing a small section of roof that was attached. They replaced the section and skylights, finished the trim inside - everything looks amazing and one year later, there is absolutely no leaking. Andrei, the main installer we had was absolutely an artist - it is rare to have a team of people like the installers that take such pride in their work and insist on doing it well. We highly recommend this company - especially is Andrei is heading up the work team."
Gloria, Danforth Ave.
"I needed my 2 acrylic domed skylights replaced and after reviewing several skylight installers on Homestars and getting quotes, I decided to go with Skylights Unlimited and I was glad I did. Their quote was comparable to others and they actually matched a lower quote. Denis, the owner came by, assessed and described the work to be done which was nothing out of the ordinary. Their installers (Gerik and Goran) came on time and were providing me information throughout the whole installation. The only issue was the shingles that they brought did not match the existing shingles on the roof. Since it was the holiday weekend, many roofing suppliers were closed and Denis and Santo assured me that they will find a vendor who sells these shingles. After a couple of follow up calls with Skylights Unlimited, they found the shingles and their installers finished up the job and right on time as well..a day before the a huge rainstorm! They put enough ice and water shield so that there would be no leaks and sure enough there wasn't. My wife and I are happy with the new skylights and they make a huge difference in terms of looks, noise and energy efficiency. I definitely would recommend them to anyone who wants to use their services. "
Gerry, The Bluffs
"I wanted to have my skylight replaced since last year just didn't know which company to go for. I was also confused by the type of skylight to pick, plastic or glass! I was glad that I found Skylights Unlimited which provided excellent customer service and professional installation. Santo was very nice and he gave me good advice on the type to pick. The quote was clearly documented and price was good. My daughter was impressed by Denis' professionalism. The installation was done earlier than I expected. The installers were nice. The job was well done and site was left clean. I am very happy with the new skylight and would highly recommend Skylights Unlimited to anyone!!!"
Winnie, Scarborough
"We have dealt with Skylights Unlimited in Markham and were very pleased with their professional installation of 3 replacement skylights. The installation was done at the promised time and the job site was left clean. We have no problem to recommend or use their services again in future."
Bruno, Bayview Village
"I had Skylights Unlimited install a remote opening skylight with a flared tunnel above our staircase. The crew showed up on time every day and did an outstanding job. They had to build a scaffold to get to the ceiling, and they took the care to pad everything out so our floors weren't damaged. They also built a plastic tent around the opening in the ceiling so none of the blown insulation would get into our house. The final result looks fantastic. It's been one year and we've had no issues of any kind. Would definitely recommend them for your skylight project."
Asanka, High Park
Skylights Unlimited did a great job for us, from the beginning to the end. The design they came up with for our space was excellent. Their installers were courteous, careful and very good at their work, leaving the job site in “move in” shape. Importantly, Skylights Unlimited did the installation on time and on budget. We’re very pleased with all aspects of their service and would recommend them without reservation.
Marcie, North Toronto
We are very pleased with the new skylights. They give our open kitchen area a much better look than the original dome style ones. The installation team was efficient and courteous, and when the job was done the place was thoroughly cleaned up. Nice work!
Vicli, Brampton
"Dear Santo, We were thrilled with the work done by your crew, Gorran and Andrei, when they replaced our skylight. We had to replace a poor quality acrylic skylight due to poor installation by the builder. Your crew were most helpful. They took photos on my camera at my request and then came inside and while we looked at the before and after photos on the computer they explained the work they had done. It was most helpful. In addition they were clean, courteous and cheerful. But most importantly, our new glass skylight looks beautiful and we have no more leaks. We were pleased we chose to go with Skylights Unlimited."
Sincerely, - Gillian, The Beaches
"This letter is to confirm we have dealt with Denis of Skylights Unlimited. Denis was very professional and kept appointments as promised. Skylights Unlimited provided excellent service and workmanship in repairing and replacing large skylights in our head office at 20 Upjohn Road. The work done by this company has contributed to our successfully maintaining an attractive office building.
I can confidently recommend Skylights Unlimited as a solid and reliable supplier and installer of skylights, and that they are experts in their field. "
Yours truly, Roger Davis Property Manager BILD
"I called Skylights Unlimited to help me fix 2 problem skylights on our roof. They came out to the house and explained exactly what needed to be done and why. They gave me a very reasonable quote. We picked a date, and the two guys who came to install everything were awesome. They took the old ones away, and cleaned up after themselves, the price was as quoted, and they did it in a matter of hours. So professional, and not only do the skylights not leak, but they look even better than I had hoped for. I highly recommend Skylights Unlimited. Sincerely, "
Kathryn, Yorkville
"From the onsite estimate by Denis through to the expert install of the best Velux roof windows replacing big box hardware junk (standard with new construction on our home in 1995) was the best improvement done reducing our energy use in summer especially. The install was done by staff who were dedicated to quality workmanship. The highest recommendation from our family. Denis' visitation to provide estimate gave us confidence especially after two other contractors (via a big box depot) were supremely lacking in all aspects of the job. It is cheaper to go with the best since they do not have to come back to correct their mistakes and cheap products."
Brian, East York Cosburn-Greenwood
"It was a pleasure to have you both in my home to install the Velux suntunnel. Both your professionalism and workmanship are second to none. Why I say this? (a) You came earlier than I expected - which is great - at 8am! (b) You gave me input on where the suntunnel should be installed. (c) You were careful of how you worked around the staircase and around my computers, as if it was your own. Goran even insisted that I cover the computers with the tarp that he provided. (d) Both Goran and Kevin answered all the questions that I asked any concerns that I had after the installation. (e) Made sure that the insulation in the attic were put back so no heat is lost. (f) Kevin did a superb job on installing the dome and ensuring its leak free. (g) The cut that you made in the ceiling was just perfect, and once the fixture is in, its as if it was built into the ceiling!" "Your team and your company will sure be recommended!" "In addition, Dave and Denis's help over the pre-sales and post sales were excellent! keep up the good work!"
V. Chiang
"When I phoned Skylights Unlimited, I was distraught as the skylight in our home, an older model that 'came with the home' when we bought it, was leaking. I had buckets under it and the particularly bad rainstorm had made things worse. I spoke first with Denis who was genuinely concerned. This was at 5 p.m. and though his sales associate was gone for the day and the schedule of sales calls was already full, Denis assured me that an installer would contact me and find a time to come to the house the next day. True to his word, my phone rang at 7:15 a.m. the installer agreed to come over before his first call of the day. I was impressed with the presentation package that the installer brought with him that included detailed information about Velux skylights and also about Skylights Unlimited. He was professional, reassuring and I was pleasantly surprised to hear that he could get his top team to install the skylight almost immediately. My husband oversaw the removal of the old dinosaur and the installation of the new skylight as I had business meetings on the day of the installation and he too was extremely pleased at the professional demeanor, the cleanliness and efficiency of the workers. David, the team member in charge of payments, was also extremely accommodating. I want to commend Skylights Unlimited on delivering what their website promised and I would recommend the company without reservation."
Judith Rudakoff
"I am writing to thank you and your employees for a job well done in the installation of three skylights in our home. The work was done according to the agreed upon schedule and price with a minimum of disruption to us. The workers were knowledgeable, professional and courteous. The installation has made a vast improvement to the comfort and style of our home. Once again, thanks."
L. and E. Roberts
"Hey Denis the job is done, in 2 days, and we are thrilled. Thanks so much for accepting the job. Your guys were polite, professional, prompt and were a pleasure to deal with. It was nice doing business with you, we will be in touch should we decide to get more. Thanks again!"
B. McFarland
"Thank you very much to the crew you sent last week. Kevin and his colleague were very efficient, polite and ensured that the interior of the house was protected from the work and cleaned up any of the mess. The new skylight looks wonderful! I would certainly recommend Skylights Unlimited for their service. Thank you again."
A. Yamamoto
"Hi Denis, Just wanted to let you know that it's been a year now since we had the Skylight installed and we just love it. It was one of the best improvements we have made on our home so far. We had purchased the Skylight that opens and we have no regrets. You were right when you said it would cool down the upstairs because the hot air would have a place to go. We keep it open as much as we can. Thanks again." - P. and A. Hurtubise"Dear Denis, Here is the cheque for the balance owing for the skylight you installed. Many thanks for squeezing that work in time despite all the poor weather. Your crew did a great job. Best Wishes" |
As WordPress has attracted the social attention, more and more people build their websites by using it, especially for musicians and bands who want to open a window for their fans in a simple way.
We introduce the best 10 WordPress music websites to give you inspiration of content, overall design, navigation, layout and image-displaying.
Moreover, if you plan to build other types of WordPress website, you can learn more from the showcase page which you can find the topic about photography, personal blog, and ecommerce.
They Might Be Giants
This website uses several shades of browns to create a warm and cozy impression. The feeling of reading likes listening to light music which make readers relax and peaceful. The content is organized in a simple and clear way. As to the design, the navigation bar contains 7 items to meet different demands, including “ The Blog” “About” “Recordings” “Live” “Merchandise” “Contact” and “Wiki”.
Unkle
Once enter Unkle, you can hear the pleasant background music which is selected elaborately by the website manager. The whole website is created by using the color of black and white, which is the most beautiful combination of all time. To match the overall style, webmasters mainly uses the black-and-white photos.
Jason Mraz
This website pays much attention to music introduction, for example, the entering page is an introduction of a new album “YES”. After you closing this page and click “ENTER JASONMRAZ.COM”, you can see its content section is divided into 6 parts. The left side includes recent news and journals while the right side includes upcoming shows and photo feeds. And both sides have the link to Twitter. Moreover, its navigation bar is on the top of the website.
Jay-Z
Jay-Z website is so amazing just like the musician Jay-Z who is one of the most famous and successful American rappers. The first thing you see in the website is a photo wall, coming with the photo of Jay-Z. []When you put your mouse on the image, it can change to a yellow one on which a brief introduction is written.
Miley Cyrus
If a website has its gender, Miley Cyrus website may be a female for its purple, yellow and pink colors and interesting or lovely images. Miley Cyrus website can totally show the characteristics of Miley Cyrus and her songs – youthful, brave and fashionable. The leading bar includes news, events, shop and videos.
Belle & Sebastian
The type of this website is clear and simple. It tops two bars – New-video-play bar and shop bar – to draw visitors’ attentions. On the left side of the website, there are “ON Site” and “Off Site” bar to help visitors read the website conveniently. What’s more, it has an interesting design that fans can add themselves on the Belle & Sebastian map to show they are the fans for this group.
Napalm Death
This website uses black and white because of its Death Metal song style. It divides the contents by simple gray lines. The main part of this site is “News”. As each item of news is placed in a chronological order, visitors can quickly know what happens recently. If you want to get more information of the band, you can refer to “Contract Links” in the bottom of the website.
Arcade Fire
On the top of the website, there is an image displaying part with 7 looping pictures. Below is the navigation bar which covers “News” “Live” “Store” “Music” “Video” and “More”. The homepage is the news page. Moreover, if you want to find the news of a particular day, you can turn to “ARCHEIVES” bar.
Katy Perry
In Kate Perry website, you can click the diamond icon that is located before the logo, to get a song playlist. Under it, there is a striking word “BIRTHDAY” to draw people’s attention to the birthday-music-video. And the background is the image of Katy Perry who is a[] popular American singer.
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
From the name of “Black Rebel Motorcycle Club”, you can figure out that the main color of this site is black and the style is cool. The navigation bar, which is in the right side of the website, is categorized as “NEWS” “MUSIC” “TOUR” “STORE” “ASK IAN” “ O.T.T.M”. And when you click “STORE”, you enter a new window to choose the goods that are related to the band. |
Some previous discussion of ideas along these lines:
[pre-pre-rfc?] Solving Crate Trust cargo Over time I’ve seen a bunch of problems brought up about trusting dependencies. While they’re different concerns with different threat models, I like to think of them as being different flavors of an overarching problem I call “crate trust”. I’d like to start a discussion about this, and propose one solution. This is a pre-pre-rfc with more of a sketch of a solution instead of specifics, and if folks like this I can move on to a more fleshed out pre-rfc. Problems Here are some of the problems i… Build script capabilities cargo (apologies if this has been discussed before, I couldn’t find anything) I touched on this problem in [pre-pre-rfc?] Solving Crate Trust, but it’s something worth splitting out. Currently, build scripts and compiler plugins (to a lesser degree) have unfettered power. They may end up doing whatever they want, and it’s hard to reason about them in the context of other build systems. There are a couple of things this impacts: Caching/artifact sharing: It’s hard to cache the results of crates com… Crate capability lists In recent years it became popular in programming language communities to share large amount of code using various package managers. Rust is no exception, it is very easy to share your own code and use code written by others by using Cargo. At first sight, this seems to be a good thing. As time passes, more and more package will be available, eventually providing everything that someone may need in an every day software project. However, as shown by the community of Node.js, this solution is hard… An idea to mitigate attacks through malicious crates tools and infrastructure The problem I assume that most readers here are aware of the recent flatmap-stream attack on Node. If you’re not, here’s the short version: the developer who managed a much-used library turned out to be malicious, and injected malicious code, which flew under the radar and was installed as dependency in gazillions of applications. The Rust ecosystem is vulnerable to the exact same kind of attack: one could imagine a malicious developer taking over, say, Itertools or some other popular crate th… [Pre-RFC] Cargo Safety Rails cargo Feature Name: cargo_safetyrails Start Date: 2017-07-13 RFC PR: (leave this empty) Rust Issue: (leave this empty) Summary This RFC proposes Cargo Safety Rails, allowing crates to ensure that dependent crates don’t use unsafe language features. By declaring a dependency “untrusted”, the user tells cargo to compile it with the -F unsafe_code option, preventing the dependency from using the unsafe keyword. Motivation Type safety allows the programmer to have strong guarantees about what incorpor… Safe Library Imports language design I want to be able to import libraries and know that they cannot access files or the network or use unsafe code. In particular, I want this for codecs, so that I can use them without having to audit the code. If I import a png library, I want to know it can only access the data I give it, do some computation and give data back to me. I can take care of network and file access for it. It could be a new keyword or keyword-alike: safe mod rustpng Ideally, there’d be a known-safe subset of the sta…
I’m definitely a fan of this sort of idea. You can find my take on it here:
Crate capability lists I’ve been thinking along similar lines, but specifically around the problem of restricting usage of unsafe. I posted some initial thoughts here: https://groups.google.com/d/msg/cap-talk/t9al5hjN19U/XzHfR1peBAAJ I’ve thought about posting a “Pre-Pre-RFC” about this, but I guess I can start by spitballing here. Unsafe Features Synopsis: Extend the existing idea of cargo features with a special notion of “unsafe features” which can be used to whitelist usage of unsafe in dependencies (and their…
Also if you’re interested in this sort of stuff, please check out the Rust Secure Code WG: |
Are you planning a trip to London? As one of the world’s most visited cities, London has something for everyone. London is one of the best places to browse for street style; enjoy fine food, history and culture; and there are endless venues for entertainment. There are approximately 300 theaters, 12,000 restaurants, 500 cinema screens and 240 museums and galleries.
When visiting London you’ll discover a city full of unforgettable landmarks and exciting things to do. London is full of the unexpected and its places to stay are no exception. There are literally hundreds of hotel accommodation options available in London. Where do you even begin to look?
However, some of you maybe be after somewhere different and unusual to lay your head on an evening rather than just the standard hotel. Thats why we’ve put together the top five unique London hotels for an overnight stay. From accommodations at London Zoo to Hamleys Toy Shop, there are so many quirky places available.
5.) London Zoo
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to sleep over at the Zoo? ZSL London Zoo has set up a re-creation of a Gir Indian village in the heart of London Zoo. It’s home to a pride of endangered Asiatic lions. The Gir Lion Lodge is hidden away within the Land of the Lions development.Here guests can enjoy the beautifully decorated lodges inspired by the welcoming charm of hotels in the lions’ native Gir Forest home in India. Take part in exclusive after-hours tours of the Zoo at sunset, after-dark and in the morning. Then enjoy a dinner safari by flashlight to meet the nocturnal residents.
London Zoo opened in 1827 and was an architectural masterpiece. Many of those original buildings remain, now repurposed. Not only will you get to experience the wonder that the animals have to offer, but also all the history the Zoo has to explore.
One night’s stay in a Gir Lion Lodge based on two adults sharing is £438 this includes a two-course dinner, breakfast, the guided tours, parking at London Zoo plus two days’ entry to the Zoo with the option to visit ZSL Whipsnade Zoo on the second day. What a a great way to discover what happens when visitors go home.
- Prices from £378 per night
- To book, check prices or availability for ZSL London Zoo
ZSL London Zoo, Outer Circle, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY
4.) The Good Hotel
The Good Hotel
The Good Hotel — a floating building designed in an industrial style on a unique waterfront location — launched in Amsterdam and was the first Good Hotel to open worldwide. After it’s success in Amsterdam, the Good Hotel continued its journey to London and has called historic Royal Victoria Docks home for five years.
Resembling a shipping container, it’s hard to miss its name in huge neon lights. The Good Hotel is a profit-for-non-profit business. This means it employs a social business model that re-invests all its profits. Not only that, the Good Hotel offers employment and free training to the long-term unemployed in the community. The hotel is destined to leave to it’s next destination in around four years.
Guests can enjoy food and drinks on the rooftop terrace, weather permitting.
- Prices from £69 per night
- To book, check prices or availability for the Good Hotel
The Good HotelWestern Gateway, Royal Victoria Dock, London, E16 1FA
3.) Hamleys
Shutterstock
Explore the magical world inside London’s Hamleys Toy Shop, the oldest and largest toy shop in the world and one of the world’s best-known retailers of toys. Set over seven floors, with more than 50,000 lines of toys on sale, it is considered one of the city’s prominent tourist attractions, receiving around 5 million visitors each year.
Officially, this is a package for children’s birthday parties, but there’s nothing to stop you booking the Hamleys Dream Sleepover. The package includes a red carpet arrival, Hamleys Entertainers and exclusive hire of the entire Hamleys store. A fun VIP Store tour and treasure hunt will be given alongside a welcome drink, late night feast, film snack, sweets and bedtime treats. In the morning a Hamleys breakfast will be provided with a luxury gift bag for each child to take home. Price is available on application.
The Hamleys Group, 2 Foubert’s Place, Regent Street, London, W1F 7PA
2.) Harry Potter Chambers B&B
Georgian House
Potter fans will be over the moon to find that the five-star boutique B&B Georgian House Hotel has created some magical rooms for you to enjoy the Harry Potter Experience. Have your spell book and wand at the ready as you are transported into the magical wizarding world of Harry Potter. Hidden behind the bookcase door is a secret passageway, a spooky entry with dry ice fog, candles and the theme music playing. You descend down to the mysterious and magical Wizard Chamber.
Today, the Georgian House Hotel boasts five stars and 63 bedrooms and apartments.
“It’s wingardium leviOsa, not leviosAH.” — J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone
- Prices from £359 per night
- To book, check prices or availability for Georgian House Hotel
Georgian House, 35 – 39 St George’s Drive, London SW1V 4DG
1.) Natural History Museum
The Natural History Museum is located in the heart of South Kensington. Enjoy a night of fun, food, science, movies and music at the Natural History Museum’s sleepover. With the Dino Snores for Grown Ups you can set up camp beneath the skeleton of largest animal on the planet. All you need to do is bring your sleeping bag. The blue whale skeleton will take center stage this summer in place of dinosaur Dippy, who is currently on a tour of the UK.
Enjoy an all-night monster movie marathon, a trip through the galleries and temporary exhibitions plus a science show, stand-up comedy and live music. Cost is £180 which includes a drink on arrival, a three-course dinner and a hot breakfast. Home to over 80 million specimens within five separate collections. There is so much to see and do and it’s an educational experience!
“Everything in the museum comes to life at night!” — Larry Daley, Night At The Museum
- Prices from £180 (£162 for members) per night
- To book, check prices or availability for the Natural History Museum
The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD
Which of these unique London hotels would you like to stay in? Leave your comments below.
Thinking of visiting Shoreditch? Read the Shoreditch, London: 5 Things You Can’t Miss
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The Supply Chain Daily provides a curated overview of Panjiva's research and insights covering global trade policy, the logistics sector and industrial supply chains, and draws from global shipping and freight data.
Funko's toy import pop may be due to stockpiling, demand
An increasing number of companies are discussing tariffs and Brexit in their earnings conference calls, with 24.5% of calendar second-quarter reporting calls mentioning the two topics from 21.2% a quarter earlier. In the lead is consumer discretionary, which recorded a high of 36.7% of companies in the sector discussing Brexit or tariffs, up from 31.3% in the prior quarter. Increasing concerns about forthcoming U.S. automotive tariffs have been one driver, as has the potential for new tariffs by the U.S. on Chinese exports from Sept. 1 to cover consumer goods including apparel and toys.
Toymaker Funko Inc. is a case in point. CFO Russell Nickel said gross margins in the fourth quarter of the year could be hit by as much as 50 basis points. The company will offset that with a relatively small hike in prices to mitigate any adverse impact on demand.
Its recorded a 23.8% year-over-year increase in imports from mainland China and Hong Kong in July, alongside an 85.2% rise in imports from Vietnam. The former may reflect stockpiling as well as increased demand for Funko’s bobble head figures.
(Panjiva Research - Consumer Durables)
With 80 days to go until Brexit, trade is in decline with looming "selective" food shortages
British merchandise trade activity fell 2.8% year over year in June, driven by a 9.4% slump in trade with the EU and 6.7% for the quarter ended June 30 overall. With 80 days to go before a potential hard Brexit on Oct. 31, attention is turning to a renewed round of goods stockpiling. There was a 10.7% slump in imports from the EU in June compared to a year earlier and 8.0% for the quarter.
The situation may be particularly challenging in the food industry. Tim Rycroft, COO of the country's Food and Drink Federation, has indicated that there may be shortages for certain items, leading to potential price rises in months following a no-deal Brexit. The perishability of food makes stockpiling challenging, though there was an 11.8% year-over-year rise in imports of all foodstuffs in March ahead of the prior Brexit deadline.
The dairy industry is particularly exposed, with the EU representing 98.6% of U.K. imports in the 12 months to Jun. 30 after a 9.3% quarterly drop from the prior-year period. The EU accounted for 81.9% of meat and 77.2% of cereals imports to the U.K.
(Panjiva Research - Policy)
Biodiesel battle between EU and Indonesia may help US dairy farmers
Global trade policy shifts can intertwine sectors and countries in a complex web of knock-on effects. The EU is applying tariffs of up to 18% on Indonesian biofuel exports after they surged to 30.7% of the bloc’s imports total in the 12 months to May 31 from zero in 2017, or €703 million. The Indonesian government will sanction €302 million of EU dairy exports in response, or 2.7% of total EU dairy exports, at a tariffs of up to 18%.
That may provide an opening for U.S. dairy farmers and processors, who saw a 59.8% year-over-year slump in exports to China in the quarter to end June in trade-war related tariffs. Shipments to Indonesia from the U.S. — led by Dairy Farmers of America Inc., James Farrell & Co., Inc. and Leprino Foods Company Inc.accounted for 3.6% of the total in the 12 months to June 30 after a 44.2% surge in the last quarter. China accounted for 4.3% share of U.S. dairy exports.
(Panjiva Research - Agriculture)
Busan an unlikely loser from the trade war
Traffic at the port of Busan in South Korea declined as a result of reduced transiting shipments from China to the U.S. The port had seen a surge in shipping in December 2018, likely due to a pre-tariff acceleration in traffic.
U.S. seaborne imports from China routed through Korea fell 9.3% year over year in July, Panjiva data shows, following a 7.6% slide in the second quarter of 2019.
In addition, market share with A.P. Møller - Mærsk A/S and MSC Mediterranean Shipping Co. SA potentially may have suffered a respective year-over-year drop of 24.2% and 28.8% in China-to-U.S. routings via South Korea. Ocean Network Express likely saw an 18.4% rise in shipments.
(Panjiva Research - Logistics)
American port activity helped by May's US-China trade talks breakdown
The U.S.-China trade war has yet to take a major toll on U.S. seaports’ activity, with inbound traffic from all origins having increased 2.4% year over year in July.
The rise may reflect accelerated imports to build inventories after U.S.-China trade talks failed in May. The West Coast ports broadly did better than the East Coast. Shipments from Seattle-Tacoma and Los Angeles were up 5.9% and 5.8% respectively while New York’s fell 0.1%.
At first glance the slower growth on the East Coast limited the growth in demand for transits of the Panama Canal, which increased 0.3% year over year. Yet, there was a 13.3% surge in neopanamax transits, suggesting that shipping patterns, as well as demand, are changing.
(Panjiva Research - Logistics)
Cabinet case shows complexities of multilayered tariff judgments
The U.S. Commerce Department has made an initial determination that Chinese exports of wooden cabinets have received subsidies. That comes on top of section 301 duties that were increased to 25% in May.
A final decision — due in early 2020 alongside a parallel antidumping case — could include a currency devaluation element depending on ongoing U.S.-China negotiations. U.S. imports have declined, but not collapsed, as a result of the case with a 13.5% year-over-year slide in the second quarter and an 11.3% drop in July, Panjiva data shows.
The suppliers cited in the case have followed different strategies with Dalian Meisen appearing to increase its exports to the U.S. by 21.8% year over year in the three months to July 31, while shipments associated with Ancientree were unchanged. Both are subject to much lower duty rate assessments than Deway International, whose shipments may have fallen by a third.
(Panjiva Research - Consumer Durables)
Semiconductors help Philippines avoid Asia's falling export fate
International trade activity in the Philippines fell 5.8% year over year in June, largely due to a slump in imports of commodities and manufactured items. Exports managed to rise 1.5% as a result of a 4.1% increase in semiconductor exports, which likely included those from Texas Instruments Inc. and STMicroelectronics NV.
That allowed the Philippines to outpace Asia more broadly with regional exports down 3.8% year over year in June.
(Panjiva Research - Tech. Hardware)
S&P Global Platts and S&P Global Market Intelligence are part. |
Conference tackles non-communicable disease
Guam residents were encouraged to eat healthy and fight against noncommunicable diseases at an annual conference that brings together local organizations working to promote healthy living.
The Department of Public Health and Social Services and the Non-Communicable Disease Consortium hosted the 5th Annual Healthy Island Healthy People Conference at the Onward Beach Resort Guam in Tamuning Friday.
Dr. Suzanne Kaneshiro, chief public health officer at Public Health, said a lot has been done on island to fight against noncommunicable diseases, or NCDs, in the four years since the conference was first held. NCDs include heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
The work that has been done includes salt-reduction pledges, work-wellness programs, community gardens and other programs. But Kaneshiro said more work needs to be done.
“A quick look at our island shows that many people still choose unhealthy behaviors,” she said.
Obesity still is a major problem on island, smoking rates are rising and the number of alcohol-related deaths continues to plague the news, she said.
Dialysis centers are being built for people who haven’t even been born, she added.
And sadly the No. 1 killer in Guam is heart disease, which can be caused by a diet filled with fat and salt and too little exercise, Kaneshiro said.
“But the consortium will continue to fight against NCDs until it’s not longer a threat to our people,” she said.
Sometimes it might feel like the consortium is fighting a losing battle, but the work being done has been noticed, she said.
The World Health Organization, which met in Guam this month, acknowledged the consortium’s work against NCDs in Guam, she said.
The consortium must work on new and innovative ways to fight against NCDs and the more they do, the stronger and healthier the island will become, Kaneshiro said.
“‘Healthy Island Healthy People’ will no longer be a conference name, but a way of life,” she said.
Vice Speaker Benjamin Cruz, D-Piti, who attended the conference, said the Healthy Futures Fund had more money than what was projected. The fund, in part, is used to pay for programs that raise awareness about substance abuse and promote healthy living.
Although the crowd applauded the news, Cruz said it wasn’t something to celebrate.
The money is collected from taxes on tobacco and alcohol products.
The extra funds mean more people are buying tobacco products and alcohol despite the Legislature raising tax rates on the products, Cruz said.
He asked conference attendees to encourage at least nine legislators to support his proposed bill to raise the smoking age to 21. He said the bill is stuck in committee because there are concerns there won’t be enough support to pass the bill.
Lt. Gov. Ray Tenorio, who was also in attendance, said healthy living is achieved by eating healthy foods and exercising. He encouraged Guamanians to eat more fruits and vegetables and exercise.
By adopting a healthy lifestyle, there will be great cost savings in healthcare because people won’t need to seek medical treatment for non-communicable diseases, he said.
Tenorio encouraged the consortium to continue to work and come up with ideas to keep fighting against noncommunicable diseases. |
A broadcast for a small leftist online radio station at the Radio Bubble cafe in Athens, Greece. The radio station is one of many small, often left-leaning news media outlets that have cropped up in Greece in recent years during the country's financial crisis. September 26, 2013. (Photo: Eirini Vourloumis / The New York Times)
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This is the second in a series of articles that will chronicle the long history of corruption, lawlessness, and censorship in Greece's media and journalism landscapes. This is a situation that has worsened in recent years in the midst of the country's severe economic crisis, but which has a deeply-rooted history in the political landscape of Greece. Part Two follows below, while the remaining articles in this series, which will cover aspects such as broadcasting, blogging and the internet, social media, journalism and news reporting, economic corruption, and the shutdown of national public broadcaster ERT, will be published in Truthout in the coming weeks.
To a significant degree, the current media landscape in Greece was first solidified in the late 1980s and early 1990s, soon after private radio and television broadcasting was first permitted. As was explained in the previous article, the early players in both radio and television broadcasting represented, for the most part, the major business and publishing interests of the day, and their stations quickly became the largest and most influential in the country.
This deregulation did not happen in an organized manner, nor in a way that would preserve the public interest and the public's rights to access the airwaves. Instead, television, as well as radio stations, large and small, began to crop up all over Greece, broadcasting any programming they desired, on any frequencies they wanted, for the most part without a valid broadcast license.
On New Year's Eve 1989, Antenna (ANT1) TV was launched nationwide, operated by shipping magnate Minos Kyriakou and several newspaper and magazine publishers. The fact that ANT1 did not have a license was no obstacle for Kyriakou, nor was the lack of a license an obstacle for the owners of dozens of other television stations that sprang up in the next three years, including New Channel, owned by Fotis Manousis, the former general secretary of the development ministry under New Democracy, who had close ties with Thessaloniki's then-mayor Sotiris Kouvelas, and Tele City, a station owned by prominent New Democracy politician Giorgos Karatzaferis.
The government's regulatory body for broadcasting at the time, weak and ineffective, was presided over by Panagiotis Ladas, Kouvelas' attorney. Kanali 29, and sister radio station Radio Athina, were launched in 1989 by the Kouris family, which rose to prominence with the publication of the vehemently pro-PASOK tabloid Avriani. The stations were allegedly reported at the behest of high-ranking PASOK minister Kostas Laliotis, while the opening ceremony of Radio Athina was attended by Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou himself.
The pre-election campaign period is typically a time where political (and business) favors are promised, and this "tradition" continued in September 1993. Only days before the national parliamentary elections, and in what turned out to be the waning days of New Democracy's government, the Greek state finally issued licenses to certain television broadcasters. Initially, the broadcasters that were licensed to operate nationwide included ANT1, Mega Channel, "Nea Tileorasi" (unrelated to the previously-licensed station by the same name), Kanali 29, and Seven-X.
Interestingly, Kanali 29 had been sold at around that same period to a group of investors, who in December of that year launched Star Channel. They launched the new station, however, utilizing the license of "Nea Tileorasi." The license for Kanali 29, whose frequencies went to Star Channel, belonged to a company named "Eleftheri Tileorasi," owned by Kouris, which used the license to launch a new station, named Kanali 5, in early 1994. Kanali 5 began to broadcast on frequencies used by ERT to retransmit satellite television stations in Athens, creating an interference war. Rather than force Kanali 5 off the air, ERT ceased its transmissions on those frequencies.
After the September 1993 elections brought PASOK back to power, additional licenses for nationwide television broadcasts were granted to 902 TV, owned by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), and to Skai TV, owned by publishing interests connected to the Kathimerini newspaper and to "Sky" radio, which had been launched by the now-disgraced Koskotas. Regional television licenses were issued to Athens-based Tele City and to Tiletora, both stations that featured programming of a largely political nature, with a distinct tilt toward the right.
While a casual observer might have described the broadcasting environment in Greece at the time as anarchic, "controlled chaos" may in fact be the more appropriate term. The fact that many of these stations were not operating with any sort of valid license gave the government the opportunity to use leverage, threatening television stations that strayed too far out of line with their political coverage or their programming with closure or with other actions, while promising station owners that "behaved" a license, to be granted at some undetermined point in the future..
In another infamous example, Kanali 67, launched by Vasilis Leventis, the president of the minor "Centrists Union" political party, was shut down by authorities just prior to the 1993 elections. Leventis, whose outspoken broadcasts harshly condemning the political system and both major parties at the time earned him a cult following, had previously been the target of an assassination attempt one year prior. Sometime after the elections, the station reopened (again without a license). Another station, Hellas 62, which broadcast religious programming to the Pentecostal community in Athens, was shut down, purportedly for "operating without a license" and allegedly due to pressure from the influential Greek Orthodox church.
In 1995, Evangelos Venizelos, then PASOK's press minister (and current vice president of Greece's coalition government), drafted law 2328/1995, which provided a new framework for stations to be licensed, set license terms at four years and granted licensees the ability to transfer their licenses. However, most provisions of this law, including licensing bids, were never enforced. The law once again also featured some slick legislative sleight-of-hand: ERT was granted the exclusive right to provide subscription broadcast services to the public. Though ERT's television and radio services were all broadcast free-to-air, this new law legalized ERT's leasing of some of its television frequencies to a South African company, Multichoice, for the launch of two terrestrial subscription-based broadcast stations, then known as FilmNet and SuperSport. For years, these terrestrial broadcasts, which as with the now-defunct TV Plus required the leasing of a special decoder, were accompanied by an on-screen image displaying the word "CODERT," thereby identifying the broadcasts as nominally being operated by ERT.
One provision of law 2328/1995 that was enforced was the launch of a licensing tender for radio stations in the Athens region. This tender, issued in 1996, called for 20 stations to be licensed. Notably, over 100 FM stations were on the air at this time in the city of Athens, while 86 stations submitted applications as part of the tender. Almost nothing happened until February 2001, just a month before Athens' new international airport was scheduled to begin operations. Few people realized that the stage was being set for one of the darkest moments in Greek media history and a precursor of ERT's sudden shutdown, which was to come 12 years later. |
Background
==========
The English Public Health White Paper \'Choosing Health\' and the accompanying delivery plan \[[@B1],[@B2]\] state that the government will regulate, with legislation where necessary, to achieve smokefree enclosed public places and workplaces by 2007--2008. However, pubs and bars, which do not prepare and serve food and private members clubs, will be able to allow smoking. The UK government claim exempted pubs and bars represent between 10 and 30% of the total \[[@B1]\].
The Choosing Health proposals raise several concerns. One is that the non-smoking exclusion zone around the bar will be ineffective and harm to the health of staff working in pubs and bars and members clubs will continue. A second is that the effect of smokefree ordinances at reducing smoking prevalence \[[@B3]\] will be undermined by allowing smoking to continue in key social settings like pubs, clubs and bars. Finally, pubs and bars in disadvantaged areas may be less likely to serve food and, because of a higher smoking prevalence among customers, be most likely to stop serving food to allow continued smoking. This may undermine efforts to reduce smoking prevalence in these communities, and perpetuate and exacerbate the already gross inequalities in smoking \[[@B4],[@B5]\] and smoking-related ill health.
Preliminary data from a survey of 29 Local Authorities conducted by the British Medical Association suggest that the 10--30% figure for exempted premises is an underestimate, particularly outside of the south of England. Thirteen out of 29 (10 located in the north or Midlands) councils estimated that more than 30% of their pubs did not serve food \[[@B6]\]. Figures from monitoring of pubs by Environmental Health Officers in Northamptonshire found that 54% of pubs and bars would be exempt, 85% in Corby, the most deprived Local Authority \[[@B7]\]. Similarly, a recent study of the catering status of 174 pubs on the Local Authority records of Telford and Wrekin borough found that 43% of pubs would be exempt, 69% in the most deprived areas \[[@B8]\].
We conducted a survey across 14 Local Authorities in the North West region to assess current smoking policies, the proportion of pubs and bars preparing and serving food, and variations in this proportion by deprivation level of the local area. We hypothesised that pubs and bars from disadvantaged areas would be more likely to allow unrestricted smoking and less likely to prepare and serve food.
Methods
=======
A structured questionnaire (available online with methodological instructions \[[@B9]\]) was adapted from a pilot survey carried out in Wirral Local Authority and disseminated to all 43 Local Authorities within the North West region. Fourteen Local Authorities agreed to participate: six were predominantly urban, three were predominantly rural and five were mixed urban/rural. Within each Local Authority, a local coordinator identified lists of licensed premises. Either all or a random sample of licensed premises were chosen for inclusion. At least three attempts were made to make contact with the proprietor or owner of chosen establishments. A telephone interview was conducted using the questionnaire except in a few cases where the questionnaire was completed in a face-to-face interview.
Some areas focused only on pubs, bars and clubs, whereas others also included hotel and restaurants with licensed bars. The current analysis is largely restricted to pubs and bars and private members clubs, and excludes night clubs, restaurants and hotels. Venues were allocated an area-based deprivation score (Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2004 \[[@B10]\]) by mapping their postcode to Census Super Output Area which were categorised into deprivation quintiles for all Super Output Areas across the north west.
Results
=======
There were 1818 licensed pubs, bars included in the sampling frame, of which 1150 pubs and bars (63%) agreed to take part, 386 (21%) refused, and 282 (16%) could not be contacted. Of 396 members clubs contacted 195 (49%) responded and 78 (20%) refused and 123 (31%) could not be contacted. The interviewee was the manager or proprietor for 73% of pubs and bars participating.
Across the 14 Local Authorities, only 29 pubs and bars (2.5%) were totally smoke-free, 500 (44%) had partial smoking restrictions, and 615 (54%) allowed smoking throughout. Seventy-one per cent allowed smoking at the bar.
The proportion of pubs and bars not preparing and serving food on the premises was 44% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 42 to 46%), and ranged from 19 to 55% across the 13 Local Authorities (one Local Authority excluded because only 14 venues participated). Respondents were asked if they were likely to change their policy on preparing and serving food in response to the English Public Health White Paper proposals. Of pubs and bars that currently served food, 82 (13%) stated that they were likely to stop serving food, and of those that didn\'t serve food 42 (9%) stated that they were likely to start serving food in response to the proposed English smokefree legislation. The net projected change in the number of venues that would prepare and serve food after introduction of the White Paper proposals was a reduction of 40 (3%), increasing the proportion of non-food pubs from 44 to 47%.
Results stratified by IMD-2004 quintiles are shown in table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The proportion of venues with unrestricted smoking increased with deprivation (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In the more affluent areas only 21% (IMD-2004 quintile 1) and 40% (quintile 2) allowed smoking throughout compared with 56% in deprivation quintile 4 and 67% in the most deprived quintile 5 -- the absolute difference in proportions between venues in quintiles 1--2 and quintile 4--5 was 28%, (95% CI 21 to 36%).
######
Smoking and food preparation policies by IMD-2004 quintiles of deprivation in pubs and bars in 14 Local Authorities in the North West of England.
All (n = 1150) IMD-2004 Quintile IMD-2004 Missing (n = 70)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------- --------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------
\% with unrestricted smoking 53.8 21.4 39.7 47.2 56.3 67.1 49.3
\% allowing smoking at the bar 70.7 55.7 66.7 68.3 71.8 77.9 57.1
\% currently not preparing and serving food 43.6 21.4 28.6 38.9 36.9 63.3 40.0
\% not preparing and serving food post White Paper (predicted) 47.0 20.0 31.8 41.1 46.2 62.8 41.4
\% of food pubs allowing smoking in food serving areas 75.7 (n = 649) 80.0 (n = 55) 74.4 (n = 90) 76.4 (n = 110) 75.0 (n = 224) 67.2 (n = 128) 64.3 (n = 42)
\% of pubs allowing children on premises 60.3 77.1 79.4 69.4 52.1 54.2 57.1
\% of pubs allowing children on premises with smoking in children\'s areas 81.4 (n = 693) 85.2 (n = 54) 83.0 (n = 100) 81.6 (n = 125) 75.7 (n = 185) 78.3 (n = 189) 75.0 (n = 40)
The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 (IMD 2004) is a Super Output Area (SOA) level measure of multiple deprivation and is made up of seven SOA level Domain Indices: Income deprivation, Employment deprivation, Health deprivation and disability, Education, skills and training deprivation, Barriers to Housing and Services, Living environment deprivation and Crime. The overall IMD is conceptualised as a weighted area level aggregation of these specific dimensions of deprivation \[12\].
{#F1}
The proportion of pubs and bars not preparing and serving food increased with the level of deprivation (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) from: 21% in the most affluent areas (IMD-2004 quintile 1) to 37--39% in quintiles 3 and 4, and 63% in quintile 5 (χ^2^= 65.1, p \< 0.001). Difference in proportions between quintiles 1 and 5 was 42% (95% CI 30% to 51%). Based on respondents\' stated intentions, the English Public Health White Paper proposals are likely to exaggerate further the gradient in the proportion of non-food pubs and bars by deprivation level (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
Over half of the venues allowed children on the premises. This proportion was lowest in venues in the most disadvantaged areas. Around 80% of pubs and bars where children were allowed permitted smoking in the children\'s areas. This varied little by IMD-2004 quintile (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Over three quarters of pubs which prepared and served food allowed smoking in the areas where food was served. This was slightly less in venues in the most deprived quintiles.
Of licensed members clubs, 6% were smokefree, 33% had partial smoking restrictions and 61% allowed unrestricted smoking. There was a gradient in the proportion allowing unrestricted smoking, from 31% in IMD-2004 quintile 1 to 68% in quintile 5.
Discussion
==========
We found that 44% of pubs and bars across 14 Local Authorities in the North West of England do not prepare and serve food -- far higher than the 10--30% claimed by the UK government \[[@B1]\]. Furthermore, more respondents indicated that they would stop rather than start serving food in response to the White Paper proposals, resulting in a projected increase of 3% in the proportion not preparing and serving food.
There was a strong socio-economic gradient in the distribution of non-food serving pubs and bars: with 63% of businesses located in the most deprived areas (quintiles 4 and 5) not preparing and serving food. Unrestricted smoking was also much more likely in pubs, bars and members clubs in the most deprived areas.
This is the largest and most comprehensive survey of the likely impact of the English smokefree proposals from over 1100 pubs and bars from a wide range of Local Authorities across the North West. It explores variations by level of deprivation below Local Authority level of aggregation and is the first to examine likely changes to food serving policy after the proposed legislation is implemented. The findings are based on data collected directly from pubs and bars rather than estimates made by Local Authorities \[[@B6]\].
The White Paper Smokefree Consultation document \[11\] notes that it has been suggested that the \'Choosing Health\' proposals will result in smoking pubs and bars being concentrated in deprived communities, thereby exacerbating health inequalities. This is confirmed by our survey, which found that pubs and bars that don\'t serve food and hence will be able to allow smoking after 2008 are more concentrated in disadvantaged areas in the North West. It is highly probable that this socio-economic gradient in the location of food/non-food serving establishments will also exist in other parts of England.
Conclusion
==========
The impact of the \'Choosing Health\' proposals are likely to contribute to maintaining the huge inequalities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related morbidity and mortality by perpetuating a strong smoking culture, reducing the impact of cessation in response to smokefree policies, and maximizing exposure of bar staff and non-smoking customers to passive smoking in the most deprived areas. All these work against the stated Government objective of reducing health inequalities due to smoking.
Competing interests
===================
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Richard Edwards is unpaid chair of North West ASH and Brenda Fullard is seconded to the North West Public Health Team, Government Office for the North West.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
Following a pilot survey carried out by Tina Williams at Smokefree Wirral, KT, RE and BF developed the idea for a regional survey and modified the questionnaire. KT designed the data collection system, co-ordinated the distribution of the questionnaire and collation of the data. Data collection was organised by several local co-ordinators. KT and RE planned and carried out the analysis. The paper was drafted initially by RE, and then developed further with contributions from all the co-authors.
Pre-publication history
=======================
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/91/prepub>
Acknowledgements
================
We would like to thank Tina Williams and Smokefree Wirral for a pilot survey and providing the original questionnaire. We are also extremely grateful to all the Local Authority, Primary Care Trust and University staff who helped carry out the survey in the following areas across the North West region: Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley, Bury, Carlisle, Eden, Hyndburn, Liverpool, Manchester, Pendle, Preston, Ribble Valley, Rochdale, Rossendale, and Salford. Particular thanks go to: Richard Holford, Kim Hargreaves, Claire Probert, Nikolas Storey, Lynne Ratcliffe, Barbara Bellis, Aaron Barker and Mark A Bellis.
The study was carried out and supervised by NHS and University-funded staff. No specific funding was provided for the study from any source. The researchers were independent of the supporting organisation bodies, who had no influence over the design, conduct, analysis or dissemination of the results of the study.
|
Vince Hawksworth, CEO of Trustpower.
Net profit after tax of $129 million, up 38 per cent, is just one measure indicating energy retailer Trustpower is succeeding with its broadband bundling strategy.
The NZX-listed company reported total revenues of $946.9 million for the year to 31 March, up from $902.6 million in 2017. $80.6 million of that was from telco services, up from $65.9 million.
However, two thirds of new Trustpower customers are now classified as "bundled", taking two or more services from the electricity, gas and telco retailer. Over 100,000 customers in total receive more than one service.
Over 3,000 existing customers added telco services during the year while 80 per cent of new "high value" customers are buying two or more services.
Gross margin increased to $151 million from $133 million, well in excess of the increase in utility accounts. CEO Vince Hawksworth said that validated Trustpower’s view that the new category of bundled energy/telco services was more profitable than either energy or telco alone.
“We continue to see customer retention levels in our bundled customers that are higher than established energy retailers and much greater than the levels reported by the major telco players," he said.
As of 31 March, Trustpower served 87,000 telco customers, up 14 per cent from 76,000 in 2017. 51.6 per cent of those buy fibre services, up from 36.6 per cent.
The Tauranga-based company is forecasting it will serve 95,000 to 105,000 telco customers by the end of its 2019 financial year.
"We continue to see strong telecommunications growth and we are creating a diverse and resilient customer base," the company said in a presentation released with its results today. "We are now realising scale and cost to serve benefits."
Trustpower said it is focusing on new and emerging opportunities and on technology and customer requirements adjacent to its core business.
"During the past year, we have developed a solar product that allows our customers to 'trade' with each other. We have also started to explore adjacent opportunities in the telecommunications market including the provision of mobile services."
On the regulatory front, Trustpower is advocating the establishment of a fixed line central registry to support consumer switching and improved access to networks.
“We are no longer a telecommunications start-up, but an established player with scale to compete with high quality internet service provision and network caching," Hawksworth said.
“Our innovation and technology programme continues to assist us in delivering a great customer experience, and the launch of our new mobile app and chatbot during the year together with other customer facing technologies resulted in nearly half of all customer contacts being serviced by a virtual workforce.” |
How Do People Revise Their Inflation Expectations?
The New York Fed started releasing results from its Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE) three years ago, in June 2013. The SCE is a monthly, nationally representative, internet-based survey of a rotating panel of about 1,300 household heads. Its goal, as described in a series of Liberty Street Economics posts, is to collect timely and high-quality information on consumer expectations about a broad range of topics, covering both macroeconomic variables and the households' own situation. In this post, we look at what drives changes in consumer inflation expectations. Do people respond to changes in recent realized inflation, and to expected and realized changes in prices of salient individual commodities—like gasoline? Understanding what drives inflation expectations is important for the conduct of monetary policy, since it improves a central bank’s ability to assess its own credibility and to evaluate the impact of its policy decisions and communication strategy.
The SCE collects consumer inflation expectations over one-year and three-year (more precisely, a one-year two-year-forward) horizons. As discussed in this recent speech, we consider the latter to be well-suited to measure inflation expectations at the medium-term horizon that matters most for central bankers, since monetary policy is expected to exert its full effect within that time frame. The chart below shows the time series of median expected inflation at both horizons. We report the three-month moving average of both series to emphasize the trends rather than month-to-month movements. From the inception of the survey until January 2016, median expected inflation trended downward. Starting in January 2016, however, the trend reversed, with medium-term expected inflation increasing about 40 basis points through June. The latest July numbers suggest a pause in this reversal, but more data are needed to determine whether this is a temporary pause or a resumption of the previous downward trend.
To ensure that the recent upward movement did not simply reflect changes in the composition of survey respondents between January and June, we leveraged the rotating panel nature of our survey and looked at just the 495 respondents who participated in both surveys. The average change in medium-term expectations between January and June for this fixed subset of respondents was roughly the same (36 basis points). This upward movement was more pronounced for older and lower income respondents, as well as those with some college education.
What Drives Changes in Inflation Expectations?
So, it is clear from the chart above that inflation expectations change over time, but what drives such changes? In particular, one may wonder whether people modify their inflation expectations as a result of recent observed changes in realized inflation. To address this question, we use SCE data collected over the June 2013 to June 2016 period to calculate three-month changes in each respondent’s inflation expectations (for example, between March and June) at the one- and three-year horizons (denoted in our regressions by
The results indicate that while our one-year-ahead expectations measure is significantly correlated with recent changes in realized total CPI inflation, medium-term inflation expectations are not. Neither expectations measure is significantly correlated with core CPI inflation (which excludes food and energy price inflation). This suggests that medium-term inflation expectations have remained well-anchored over this period, since they do not co-move with recent changes in realized inflation. Short-term expectations, on the other hand, do respond to changes in realized headline inflation (but not core inflation), perhaps reflecting some sensitivity of people to salient price changes.
Inflation Expectations and Expected Price Changes for Specific Items
We now examine the extent to which inflation expectations are consistent with expected price changes for individual items that we collect in the SCE: food, gasoline, rent, medical care, and the cost of a college education. The table below reports separate regressions of the three-month change in overall year-ahead inflation expectations on three-month changes in year-ahead expectations of inflation for individual items. Overall inflation expectations are positively associated with price change expectations for each of those items: the coefficients for each item are in line with the expenditure shares of each item in the typical consumption basket from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX). For instance, the estimated coefficient for the price of food is 0.16 whereas the average expenditure share of food in the CEX is 0.13. The coefficient on rent is 0.17 whereas the expenditure share of the shelter component of housing is 0.20. For gasoline, the estimated coefficient (0.05) is the same as the expenditure share of gasoline and motor oil. Results using our medium-term measure of overall inflation expectations as a dependent variable are very similar, with a slightly larger association with expected price changes for medical care and college education, and a slightly weaker association with price change expectations for gasoline. These regressions suggest that our measures of overall inflation expectations are not unduly influenced by any specific expenditure item, but rather appropriately reflect the composition of the average expenditure basket in the United States.
The Gas Pump Effect
Some commentators have conjectured that consumers’ inflation expectations mostly reflect the changes in gas prices they observe at the pump. We investigate this conjecture in the table below, exploiting time and regional variation in gas prices. The dependent variables in the two columns are the same as in the first table—namely the three-month changes in each respondent’s inflation expectations at the one- and three-year horizons (denoted by
The first row shows that three-month changes in gas prices exhibit a statistically significant, and large, correlation with changes in inflation expectations at both horizons: a $1 increase in gas prices is associated with a 71 basis point increase in inflation expectations at the one-year-ahead horizon and a 52 basis point increase at the three-year-ahead horizon. While the large coefficient estimates seem consistent with some commentary, the correlation is likely to be overstated because of omitted economic conditions that affect both gas prices and views about future inflation. In fact, looking within a given region or given month period (using region and time fixed effects in the second row) makes the correlation negative and statistically insignificant. The rest of the table confirms this finding: the third row uses the annualized gas price inflation rate (denoted as
Consumers’ inflation expectations, especially at the medium-term horizon, gradually declined between July 2015 and January 2016, but have since risen—albeit with a pause in the most recent July reading. We find changes in overall inflation expectations to be consistent with changes in expected price changes for individual expenditure items, reflecting their relative importance in total household spending. Looking in more detail at the drivers of changes in inflation expectations, our analysis indicates that changes in medium-term inflation expectations—those that matter most for central bankers in the conduct of monetary policy—are not significantly related to recent changes in actual inflation or in gasoline prices at the pump. This suggests that medium-term inflation expectations have remained largely well-anchored over the sample period under consideration.:
Olivier Armantier, Giorgio Topa, Wilbert van der Klaauw, and Basit Zafar, "How Do People Revise Their Inflation Expectations?," Federal Reserve Bank of New York Liberty Street Economics (blog), August 22, 2016,. |
Q:
outputting multiple php search results to a different page?
I am trying to output the search results in a different php page with an input and submit button.
It does work but it only displays one result at a time because theres only one placeholder for all the results, is there any way to output multiple relevant results and give each result its own placeholder?
for example i have three names in the database as follows, searching for win10 should result in two results, but it only outputs the first one.
win7-haystack
win10-iceland
win10-road
heres the search php:
<?php
$arr = [];
$searchq = "%{$_POST['search-input']}%";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT wallname FROM walldb WHERE wallname LIKE ?");
$stmt->execute([$searchq]);
while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
$arr[] = $row;
}
foreach($arr as $value){
$val = implode('', $value);
//echo ($val);
//echo("<br><br>");
}
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM walldb WHERE wallname = :val');
$stmt->bindParam(':val', $val);
$stmt->execute();
while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
$mlink = $row['mainlink'];
$tlink = $row['thumbnail'];
$dlink = $row['download'];
$info = $row['info'];
}
/*echo ($mlink);
echo("<br>");
echo ($tlink);
echo("<br>");
echo ($dlink);
echo("<br>");
echo ($info); */
$final = ("<li><a href="."$mlink"."data-lightbox='wallpaper1'><img class='searchicon' src="."$tlink"."></a><span>"."$val"."</span><img class='searchbutton1 s1'
src='/images/info.png'><a id='wall1.download' href="."$dlink"."><img class='searchbutton2' src='/images/download.png'></a>
<ul class='searchmenu menu1'>
<p>"."$info"."</p>
</ul>
</li>");
?>
heres the result php:
<form action= "" method= "post">
<a href="#"><img id="glass" src="/images/search.png" type= "submit"
name="submit-search"></a><input id="search" name="search-input"
type="search" placeholder="Search By Name" autocomplete="off"><a
href="#"><img id="cancle" src="/images/cancle.png"></a>
</form>
<section id="result"><?php echo $final; ?></section>
A:
You are going through what should be the same set of query results twice, and both times throwing away everything except the values from the last iteration. Try something like this:
$arr = [];
$searchq = "%{$_POST['search-input']}%";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM walldb WHERE wallname LIKE ?');
$stmt->execute([$searchq]);
while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
$mlink = $row['mainlink'];
$tlink = $row['thumbnail'];
$dlink = $row['download'];
$info = $row['info'];
// Generate the desired per-row output, saving it in an array for later use.
// Not clear what that should be, so this is a guess. Modify as needed.
$arr[] = '<li>' . $mlink . '<br>' . $tlink . '<br>' . $dlink . '<br>' . $info . '</li>';
}
$final = '<ul>' . implode('', $arr) . '</ul>';
|
Putting an end to a brutally slow week for Pixar news, Disney announced their programming line-up for this year's D23 Expo, the official Disney fan event.
Pixar chief creative officer John Lasseter will join other Disney VIPs onstage on Saturday, August 20 to provide "a fascinating behind-the-scenes glimpse at the exciting roster of projects on the horizon at The Walt Disney Studios."
While today's press release doesn't expressly mention any Pixar-specific presentation, I have a feeling this is where Pixar's secret November 2013 feature is going to be announced. You heard it here first.
The D23 Expo takes place August 19-21 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, CA.
20 comments:
Oh boy, I hope your right about the 2013 project, maybe it will be that whole dinosaur movie idea!
The Incredibles 2
I hope they will dispell any rumors of a Toy Story 4
maybe newt will be back in production,that would be good
Well, it's confirmed the november 2013 film is NOT a sequel. But, after Ratatouille they announced all of there films from 2008-2012. So, they could announce an Incredibles 2, Toy Story 4, or Cars 3.
I think the days of them announcing their slate of films years in advance are long gone. They shot themselves in the foot with the whole Newt debacle and Cars2 and Brave's production problems.
What Jay, Doug and Jo said! I think it's highly probable they will reveal the november 2013 [dinosaur] project, I mean, we already know the exact release date...
Also I'd be pleased if they cleared the whole Toy Story 4 rumors, which I hope they're only that: rumors.
And I'd be delighted to hear newt will be back in production, but it's not likely to happen D: though I'm feeling excited now that I think of it as a possibility.
But please! No more sequels (unless it's The Incredibles 2)!!!
I'll be at Disneyland (which is in Aneheim) the first week of August. Too bad they won't be holding D23 then!
Hi I don't know where else to ask this question but many of you guys are huge Pixar fans so you might know but what does an animator do at Pixar? I look at the jobs section and that says they animate but who creates the characters in their software? DO animators animate & build the characters or is building up the characters on a computer a separate job? It even says in the qualifications section you don't even have to have computer animation experience wtf?
@last Anonymous: The animators add the motion to the characters. Making a computer animated film is a very large undertaking, and requires many people with highly specialized knowledge and talent.
The production pipeline is something like this:
The director comes up with an idea and writes and pitches a treatment. If that is improved, the story is written, usually in collaboration with the storyboard artists who sketch out the entire film.
When a sequence is approved, an "animatic" is created, with pictures of the storyboard edited together with a temporary soundtrack. In a way, the entire movie is edited together before any animation even begins.
At some point, the character designers begin designing characters. They work with the director and begin drawing ideas of how the characters might look. If the director likes a particular design and approves it, the designer will sketch the character from several angles (front, side, etc.) and give these sketches to a sculptor or modeler.
A sculptor might take these pictures and create a three-dimensional "maquette" of the character out of clay. Then, everything is handed over to a modeler. The modeler creates the character on the computer. All characters and objects are described on the computer as sets of points (vertices) and triangles or rectangles. Someone else may design the character's costumes.
Once the character is "modeled" on the computer, someone will design its materials or "shaders." A shader is a program written in Pixar's special language that describes how light reflects off of a surface. Using it, you can make a computer model look like it is made out of metal, cloth, skin, or anything else.
At some point, the model of the character is given to a rigger. The rigger will create a rig for the character. The character is given "bones" and other controls, which Pixar calls "avars." An animator can use these controls to move the model, similar to using controls on a puppet.
Other modelers will create the room or landscape and props used in a scene. Someone will write shaders for these as well.
Eventually, the animator is given the character models as well as the scene. The animator's job is to give motion to the characters. This is done by moving the character into a certain pose, setting a "keyframe," and moving on to another pose. The computer will automatically move the character from one pose to another. The animator generally animates dialog by listening to the recorded voices and animating the character to look as if it is speaking it.
Somewhere along the line, someone will position a virtual camera, and possibly animate it as needed. Then, the scene will be "rendered," which is the process of calculating the color of each pixel in the frame. This takes a large amount of processing power, and is done by a number of linked computers called a "renderfarm."
So, that's a brief overview of most of the process. Woops, did I say "brief?"
Well, I am an animation fan, computer animation enthusiast, and amateur programmer. I could have gone on and on (even more, I mean!)
@last Anonymous once again:
Sorry that I missed your last question.
Pixar is looking for great animators who can breathe life into nonexistent characters. They don't care about the medium, so they hire traditional (pencil and paper) animators and stop-motion animators as well as computer animators.
If they think you are a good animator, they believe that you will be at computer animation as well, since computers are just another medium.
Once you are hired, they will teach you how to animate using a computer.
But, that doesn't mean you can get hired without any animation experience.
To the question about what an animator at Pixar does. I was lucky enough to take part in the Pixar VanArts class in New York. The character animator does that, simply animates. They use points and spline charts to move the character's body around. Separate people design the character, make a 3D model of it, "rig" it (give it bones and make it move correctly). The animator's main job is to make the character move, they may do some other actions here or there. But they shouldn't be responsible for rigging or modeling the character. Generally speaking of course. :)
To answer Anonymous 3's question, modelers build the characters and objects from scratch.
There are many non-techno or non-art jobs at a computer animation film studio: Chef/cook, gift store cashier, janitor, maintenance, security guard...
Dear Anonymous, Number 2. Hi, I'm Anonymous Number 3. Yes, creating the characters is a separate job from animating. In fact, creating the character is separated into different jobs itself! You have concept artists work on character designs. Then someone builds a sculpture of what the character would look like in 3D. Then someone builds the model in the computer. And someone does the "rigging" which sets up how the 3D character model moves. Then it's handed off to animators.
@Anonymous #1: Keeping a production secret isn't terribly easy. Actors expect to be able to say what project they're working on. Animators are a bit less picky, but it's still hard to not be able to tell your friends what you do at work. Plus, investors want to know what films are on the horizon. Also, the number of people who really care about changes in directors on a Pixar film is both fairly small and made up mostly of people who will see the film anyways.
@Anonymous #2: There is a huge variety of different jobs at Pixar. Animators just animate (and it is true that they don't necesairly need computer animation expierence; some have just done hand drawn animation). Character designers design the characters, modelers build them, riggers set them up animation controls, texture artists paint them, and so on. It's a little confusing because the media often improperly uses the term "animator" to refer to anyone who works in the animation industry.
There are lots of jobs in an animated production company - animators, modellers, riggers, character designers, art designers, etc. (There are too many to name here)
It is my understanding that character designers first design the characters. Then a model is built, often first as a clay maquette, and then scanned and built on the computer.
After that, it is 'rigged' with controls (points kind of like a marionette, except there are thousands of controls), that allow the animation team to move the characters.
Once you have a fully functioning or rigged character, the animators can work with the model. Some animation companies assign different animators or groups of animators per character, and some assign by scene, so you would work with multiple characters on a film.
There is also another element. The characters have to be 'painted,' as in coloured in (when you first build a model it's like this default grey colour).
And finally, after all of those steps are done, the lighting department does it's thing and really brings the scene to life. If you've ever seen animation tests with just test lighting, it doesn't look natural. Proper lighting really brings a scene together.
And that doesn't even cover locations, which also have to be built, manipulated, as well as lit.
* * *
As for the part about not needing computer animation experience, I think it depends on the job. Some designers work on paper, modellers with clay, etc. There are also many other jobs. Plus, employees at Pixar can attend 'Pixar University,' of P.U., in order to brush up on skills.
* * *
If any of this needs correction, anyone can feel free to add their own thoughts. I don't work at an animation company - this is just what I know of the art form.
But the short answer to your question is 'no'. An animator doesn't have time to do all of those steps themselves. That's what you need a good team for. Everyone works together and passes their work on to the next level to be added on to.
I've tried simple computer animation (just experimenting on my own), and it's almost impossible to try to get through all of the steps on your own. And you especially wouldn't have time on a huge production. Plus, each job takes a very different skill set.
Besides the non-art jobs I mentioned earlier, everyone should also check out this link: How Pixar does it.
"you heard it hear first. What exactly did I hear? That you had a hunch Pixar 'might' announce their upcoming slate of films? That's a pretty bold statement to make. Hearing it first. The truth is I heard it first somewhere else, in my own head, where I myself decided it was pretty likely Pixar and Disney would both announce upcoming projects. But guess what? That does make it fact, nor does it make me the insider with knowledge others don't know. It means I made a prediction, which could go either way. And it'll go either way for you as well. If you and I are both right in our predictions, I truly hope you'll be humble and won't go proclaiming to have been the first to state Pixar would be announcing their upcoming slate before anyone else. Because you didn't. You predicted it. And although it may be a grey area, there is a difference. Oh and if you're wrong, I hope you'll eat the humble pie and let everyone on here know you were wrong in your prediction. Or perhaps you'll just go back and edit your announcement (prediction) out of the article.
It's amazing how aggressive anonymouses get these days... And also how aggressive either Mike or Blogger can get, because I sent my comment explaining the whole process of making an animated Pixar film and it was never published ): So I'll just make a quick summary including facts others haven't:
Pixarian pitches an idea, and if CFO John Lasseter likes it and thinks it has potential, pre-production will start for that movie.
Concept art begins to be produced as the story department develops the story for the movie using storyboards drawn by STORYBOARD ARTISTS. Pete Docter in 'The art of Monsters, Inc.' calls this a simultaneous process a 'wonderful cycle of inspiration, traveling via drawings, between the story and art departments, each inspiring the other.'
Once the design is right for each character (after a lot of character designs have been made by CHARACTER DESIGNERS), a model packet is drawn with precise specifications on size and proportions of the character, so the SCULPTOR can bring it from 2D to 3D. Then using a Polhemus Digitizer (that's what they used on Toy Story, I don't know if they still use it) the MODELER will digitize that clay model, so that it can be rigged and textured.
The ANIMATOR is the guy who will bring that model to life, and he doesn't have to worry about shading and stuff. Then in comes the lightning department, which is where [even more] magic happens, because that's where the models stop looking like cheap opaque plastic and start looking more like what they're intended to look like.
Now, as an answer to 'It even says in the qualifications section you don't even have to have computer animation experience wtf?' Well, Anonymous 2.0 explained it way better than me. So there you go. I hope this was highly educational and thank you for asking something that was fun to answer and that briefly put an end to this horribly dull period of news shortage.
it's Finding Nemo 2 |
Yes! If you pet is injured, sick, or in some other sort of need, there is help available from the heavens. Animals are loved and valued by the Creator, so they also have angels assigned to help them. These pet-protecting angels are typically sent by Archangel Ariel, the ‘lion of God’, with Muriel helping him. When they notice, or hear of an animal in trouble, they will send angels to help. They will often come themselves to help when they can.
Ariel and Muriel are heavily connected with nature, so they hear requests for help more clearly when requests are put through nature. Ariel commonly appears as a water sprite, and has a powerful connection with whales, sea turtles and dolphins. To summon him, say his name standing near running water. He will come to any animal’s aid.
Muriel’s name means ‘God’s perfume’. Her angelic responsibilities includes tending the animals and plants of earth, so she can be evoked by holding a bouquet of flowers, and saying her name. When she appears, you may smell the scent of flowers around your pet. If this happens, you know for definite she has come.
So if you want your pet to benefit from angels, invoke the power of Ariel and Muriel. They will love, guide and nurture your pet back to health or safety.
Related articles: Who Is The Angel Muriel? |
Letters to the Editor
stoneman
Published Letters: 13
I wish it were unbelievable
[Read the article: The unresolved story of ABC News' false Saddam-anthrax reports]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
Unfortunately, this is only too believable. Good job holding ABC accountable, and demonstrating the links and fabrications that led to war. Will ABC accept responsibility for their actions? We'll find out how strong a hold the current administration has on ABC when we see how they respond (or don't) to your reporting.
@ freaking shooter
[Read the article: Response from ABC News re: the Saddam-anthrax reports]
[Read more letters about this article: Here].
write your congressman!
[Read the article: Democrats bear responsibility for restoring habeas corpus]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
@prunes
[Read the article: Jamie Kirchick's fantasies of the grave Muslim threat]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
You said:
"If the Saudi terrorists were pissed about deforestation in Alaska, would we be justified in bombing Eskimos?"
Beautiful. Thank you. Best illumination of bad logic e v e r.
@ Jim Montague
[Read the article: Hitlers, Hitlers and more Hitlers]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
Thanks for the C.V. of the current occupant of the White House on page 13 of the comments. I'll fact check that son and use it to shorten conversations with republican colleagues.
Now, back to lurking...
so, Glenn...
[Read the article: Chris Matthews is right ]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
you're supporting Brokaw for president?
shouldn't we
[Read the article: Chris Matthews is right ]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
wait for General Petraeus' report?
Digg
[Read the article: The religion of balance and centrism]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
It is buried in the share button, but it doesn't work. I always look for Joe Klein's conscience so I can digg your stuff.
stoneman (aka kazak2)
@grumpus
[Read the article: The best-laid plans]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
So stop reading if you don't like it. It's a nice story, well told.
you can digg this here:
[Read the article: Michael Mukasey's tearful lies]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
sorry if this is a repeat. Glenn, the digg link after your articles doesn't take me to the right digg page. If you can get your tech weenies to fix the dang button, you'll get more diggs. {back to lurking...}
please digg this story
[Read the article: John Yoo: Spearhead or scapegoat?]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]...
"We have met the enemy and they are us" - Pogo
[Read the article: John Yoo: Spearhead or scapegoat?]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
If we don't demand and insist on and ensure and continually monitor principled leadership, we're responsible for this evil. Thanks Glenn for your research and for laying this out so clearly.
please digg this article
[Read the article: What backroom conniving are Steny Hoyer and the Chris Carney Blue Dogs up to on FISA?]
[Read more letters about this article: Here]
here:
Needs to be heard. |
New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning has struggled with secondary reads. Here’s why.
Following the Giants’ uninspiring loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers, wide receiver Victor Cruz was peeved by the lack of balls thrown his way.
“I’m going to talk to somebody. Somebody’s got to give me an answer as to why,” Cruz said, via Seth Walder of the New York Daily News. “Absolutely, there’s always opportunities for everybody to get the ball out there and I didn’t get those today.”
Cruz’s comments were a blimp on the radar for most Giants fans. But in all essence, they were symbolic of a disturbing trend: Eli Manning’s struggles with his reads.
This has been well-documented by members of the media in recent weeks. But without placing these claims in the proper context, fans have missed the full picture.
Pre-snap reads
Pre-snap reads are crucial, and nobody mastered this aspect of the game more than Peyton Manning, the legendary quarterback of the Colts and Broncos.
The elder Manning was able to identify weaknesses and areas of the field to attack. He read safeties, cornerbacks, and linebackers before the ball was even snapped.
This isn’t an article on pre-snap reads and coverages, so comprehensive breakdowns can be accessed on websites such as Smart Football and Bleacher Report.
That being said, there are some pre-snap elements that are imperative to understand. For instance, a quarterback must decide how to classify a coverage based on the number of safeties in the middle of the field.
It’s also beneficial for a quarterback to be able to detect subtle cornerback movements such as depth (how far off the line the corner is playing), eyes (looking at backfield or receiver) and leverage (aligned inside or outside the receiver).
Reads during the play
This isn’t Madden. It’s physically impossible to scan the entire field at the same time. For that reason, teams have developed something called progression reads.
This concept permits quarterbacks to place available pass targets in a specific order. There are typically three players in a progression.
The primary option is designed to break open first after the quarterback hits the last step in his drop. If the former isn’t a viable target, then the quarterback moves onto the secondary option. This secondary route takes a little longer to develop and is thrown off a hitch step.
The third option isn’t ideal. It’s typically used only in situations when the quarterback is pressured. It’s viewed as a rush route (usually a running back) or
How about Eli?
Let’s dissect some of the game’s most visible plays.
We start with a critical fourth-and-one from the Steelers’ three yardline. Pittsburgh’s safeties are giving an MOFC (middle of the field closed) look, and there’s man coverage across the board.
Linebacker James Harrison is the most important pre-snap read. The veteran has three options: drop, run away or blitz. Manning senses that Harrison is choosing the last option, so he signals to his offensive linemen to account for him.
The problem is that John Jerry (77) chooses not to block Harrison, opting instead to help his fellow offensive linemen. This is a costly blunder, because even though both teams line up five players, only four are being blocked by New York.
This results in Harrison having a free path to the quarterback. We don’t know Manning’s exact progression, but based on the timing of the routes, it seems like his first option is Odell Beckham Jr. (13) and his second is Will Tye (45).
Linebacker Anthony Chickillo (56) chooses to defend Tye, since Pittsburgh’s defensive backs converge on Beckham and take away any chance of a catch. In an ideal world, Manning looks to the flat and finds wide-open running back Paul Perkins. But since there’s a free rusher, Manning has no choice but to throw the rock to Tye. This results in an incompletion.
Let’s rewind to the opening drive of the second half. Pittsburgh’s safeties are giving an MOFC (middle of the field closed) look, although Sean Davis (28) has started to creep up to the line of scrimmage. Ross Cockrell (31) is in a press-man look, while the other cornerbacks are in zone coverage.
Based on the timing of the routes, it’s obvious that Manning’s primary target is Odell Beckham Jr. (13), who’s being pressed by Cockrell. The wideout failed to gain seperation, but Manning, who shouldn’t have felt pressured to throw the ball, did so anyways.
The replay is telling: Manning didn’t even glance at his secondary options. Instead, he unnecessarily rifled the ball to the well-defended Beckham, who predictably couldn’t hold on. This is an example of Manning’s over-willingness to toss OBJ the rock.
What do we learn from this?
We’ve only examined a small sample size, but our conclusions are twofold: the offensive line isn’t giving Manning enough time to go through his progressions, and the veteran play-caller is over-zealous to throw Beckham the rock.
The offensive line should get a boost from Justin Pugh’s return, but at the end of the day, it’s arguably — with or without Pugh — the league’s worst unit.
At the same time, Manning isn’t at his best when he’s forcing the ball to Beckham. He’ll need to be, or else the Steelers’ loss will be the first of many.
Please SUBSCRIBE to ESNY's Daily Newsletter, ESNY City Stream. Every piece of content included yet CUSTOMIZED to your New York Sports-team allegiance:
|
using Gtk;
using System;
namespace Ryujinx.Ui
{
public class InputDialog : MessageDialog
{
private int _inputMin, _inputMax;
private Predicate<int> _checkLength;
private Label _validationInfo;
public Entry InputEntry { get; }
public Button OkButton { get; }
public Button CancelButton { get; }
public InputDialog(Window parent)
: base(parent, DialogFlags.Modal | DialogFlags.DestroyWithParent, MessageType.Question, ButtonsType.None, null)
{
SetDefaultSize(300, 0);
_validationInfo = new Label() { Visible = false };
InputEntry = new Entry() { Visible = true };
InputEntry.Activated += (object sender, EventArgs e) => { if (OkButton.IsSensitive) Respond(ResponseType.Ok); };
InputEntry.Changed += OnInputChanged;
OkButton = (Button)AddButton("OK", ResponseType.Ok);
CancelButton = (Button)AddButton("Cancel", ResponseType.Cancel);
((Box)MessageArea).PackEnd(_validationInfo, true, true, 0);
((Box)MessageArea).PackEnd(InputEntry, true, true, 4);
SetInputLengthValidation(0, int.MaxValue); // disable by default
}
public void SetInputLengthValidation(int min, int max)
{
_inputMin = Math.Min(min, max);
_inputMax = Math.Max(min, max);
_validationInfo.Visible = false;
if (_inputMin <= 0 && _inputMax == int.MaxValue) // disable
{
_validationInfo.Visible = false;
_checkLength = (length) => true;
}
else if (_inputMin > 0 && _inputMax == int.MaxValue)
{
_validationInfo.Visible = true;
_validationInfo.Markup = $"<i>Must be at least {_inputMin} characters long</i>";
_checkLength = (length) => _inputMin <= length;
}
else
{
_validationInfo.Visible = true;
_validationInfo.Markup = $"<i>Must be {_inputMin}-{_inputMax} characters long</i>";
_checkLength = (length) => _inputMin <= length && length <= _inputMax;
}
OnInputChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
private void OnInputChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
OkButton.Sensitive = _checkLength(InputEntry.Text.Length);
}
}
} |
Q:
WebStorm Intellisense/Code Completion Just Not Working
I'm struggling to get WebStorm Code Completion working and haven't been able to figure it out. I've been all over the forums and have tried everything suggested and would love some help.
After struggling for several hours, I decided to open up a fresh project in hopes of isolating the issue. Surprisingly, I couldn't even get that to work. I fired up a brand new, empty Node folder and added a index.js with the following code:
var ReadableStream = require('stream').Readable;
var pr = require('process');
let Joi = require('joi');
var rs = new ReadableStream();
Joi.object().keys ({
count: Joi.number().integer().required().description('')
})
I am NOT getting code completion for either the Joi object, the pr object, or the rs object. Note that I AM getting code completion properly in Visual Studio Code.
Here's what I've done already:
I made sure to run npm install joi, npm install process, and npm install stream and verified their presence in package.json...
I've made sure that the Node core package is enabled in File | Settings |Langauges & Frameworks | Node.js and NPM
I'm running WebStorm 2018.2.
Can someone help me here?
A:
Put cursor on 'joi' in require('joi'), hit Alt+Enter, choose to install Typescript definitions for better completion:
Do the same for process.
This should do the thing:
And this is just what VSCode actually does
|
One prize will be given away to one winner on the date listed to the right of the prize description. Come back each day to register for the prizes you like! Prize winners will be drawn randomly and notified by email.
MONTGOMERY INN:
Celebrate the Holidays with a $100 Gift Card to any of our four Montgomery Inn Locations!
CINCINNATI POPS ORCHESTRA:
Family 4-pack of tickets to Holiday Pops with Amy Grant performance on Friday, December 7, 2012 at 8:00pm. Value: $60 each. Total $240 value for the package.
HAMILTON COUNTY PARK DISTRICT:
Adventure Prize Pack Includes:
1 Carload admission to Holiday in Lights at Sharon Woods, plus 2 REI T-Shirts, 1 REI Water Bottle, 2 Handcrafted Ornaments, 1 Charley Harper Glass Ornament, 1 Charley Harper Adornment, 1 Charlie Harper Notecards, 1 Wall Calendar, 1 Hamilton County Parks District Book, 1 Mug. Total Retail Value: $170.
THE RICHTER & PHILLIPS CO.:
Beautiful diamond and fashion jewelry can be under your tree with this $250 gift card from Richter and Phillips Jewelers, a Cincinnati Tradition since 1896.
CHARMING CHARLIE:
charming charlie gift cards make great holiday presents for all of the fashionistas on your list! Register now for a chance to win two (2) $50 charming charlie gift cards. Total value $100.
GRAETER’S:
Gift basket includes $25 Gift Card, Tumbler, Packet of Coffee, Hat, Tee-Shirt, Box of Candy, Buckeyes, Teddy Bear, Flavored Toppings, a 2013 Cincinnati Landmarks Photo Calendar with $25 worth of Free Graeter’s Coupons Inside, and “A Cincinnati Night Before Christmas” book. Total gift prize value: $119.99.
GALT HOUSE:
A four-pack of KaLightoscope Christmas Tickets and two Find Santa’s Key Games. Tickets can be used any day from November 17th – January 2, 2013. See for hours of operation. Total prize value $95.96.
ULTIMATE AIR SHUTTLE:
2 Round Trip Tickets on Ultimate Air Shuttle from Cincinnati’s Lunken Airport to New York City. Fly like a V.I.P. on a 30 passenger jet with no fees for baggage or parking. It’s just 5 minutes from the parking lot to your jet seat! Value: $1,390.
JOSEPH-BETH BOOKSELLERS:
“Best of Thymes” Gift Basket includes: Agave Nectar Hand Lotion, Rosemary Sage Shower Gel, Frasier Fir Candle, Mandarin Coriander Hand Wash, Naia Home Fragrance, Lavender Soap, and Olive Leaf Milled Soap. Total Gift Basket Retail Value: $114.00.
BROADWAY IN CINCINNATI:
Broadway in Cincinnati presents MEMPHIS The Musical. Two tickets to the opening night performance of the Tony winner for Best Musical, MEMPHIS on 1/22, and a prize pack including a souvenir program, poster, CD sampler, coffee mug and magnet. Total gift prize value: $190.00.
CINCINNATI’S BALLET FRISCH’S PRESENTS THE NUTCRACKER:
Gift basket includes 4x premium seat tickets to any “Nutcracker 2012” performance; 4x Backstage Performance Tour; 4x Cincinnati Ballet drink mugs; 1x Nutcracker signed by The Nutcracker Prince; 1x Point Shoes signed by The Snow Queen. Total gift basket prize value: $500.
CINCINNATI BELL:
The new Windows Phone 8x by HTC brings your world closer with Live Tiles, so you can see what’s going on, as it happens on a 4.3 inch HD Super LCD screen. Capture every moment with an 8 mega pixel camera featuring the widest angle ever, giving you twice the picture area. And with built-in Beats Audio technology, you’ll experience studio quality sound over Cincinnati Bell’s super-fast 4G network. Total gift prize value: $499.99
SKYLINE CHILI:
Skyline Gift Cards make great gifts for all the chili lovers on your list. Register now to win a free Skyline Chili Gift Basket plus a $100 gift card. Total gift basket value: $150.00
WLWT-TV Channel 5:
Sweet Pleasures Gift Basket featuring goodies from Graeter’s, Busken Bakery, Queen City Coffee, and Clearbook Farms, 4x tickets to the Harlem Globetrotters at US Bank Arena on 12/29/12, and 4x tickets to University of Cincinnati Men’s Basketball vs. Rutgers University on 1/30/13 at Fifth Third Arena, News 5 Hat and Umbrella. Total prize value $234.95.
- AdvertisingAdvertising |
NASSAU, BAHAMAS — Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) Leader Philip Brave Davis yesterday questioned the rationale behind adding more businesses to the essential services list, calling the prime minister’s latest coronavirus address a “study in confusion”.
During a press briefing yesterday, Prime Minister Dr Hubert Minnis underscsored the country will resume its 24-hour curfew through the week, with only essential services opened ahead of the weekend lockdown.
Minnis announced that hardware, lumber, plumbing, electrical stores, auto part stores, hardware and homes and plant nurseries will now be included as essential services, and open to the public throughout the week.
But Davis questioned the rationale for the decision.
“The country remains in the middle of a COVID-19 surge so it was confusing that the prime minister announced the opening up of additional businesses and the domestic economy well ahead of any indication of a leveling of the COVID-19 infection and transmission curve,” he said.
Minnis also announced that health officials will begin random testing in short order – which has had increase calls from different sectors of the country.
In his statement, Davis said the prime minister appears to be dragging his feet on implementing this strategy. Health officials have said that initial rapid tests introduced to the market were not reliable, thus the apprehension to launch mass testing.
However, the country is expected to receive thousands of additional rapid molecular tests, which are believed to provide more trusted diagnoses.
Minnis also provided updates on social assistance benefits being provided to Bahamians amid the country’s closures and the increase in unemployment as a result.
Despite this, Davis asserted that the longer term and the rationale for going forward is missing from the government’s plan.
“We are sure the public is relieved that there is a slow return to normalcy but there has to be some idea of what this is based upon and that it is evidence driven,” he said.
“It also seems a bit comical to be appointing a task force to talk about providing food when people are hungry not next week but today.”
He added that The Bahamas must be able to produce a plan that would lay out projected dates and plans on how to proceed as the matter progresses.
” This is the kind of plan we are looking for from this prime minister, not making it up as you go along,” he said.
“…The PLP stands ready to assist in protecting the country from the virus and in saving our economy.” |
An analytical comparison of the three most commonly used prostate-specific antigen assays: Tandem-R, Tandem-E, and IMx.
To compare the similarity of individual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) results when using the Tandem-R PSA assay, the Tandem-E PSA assay, or the IMx PSA assay; to assess the lot-to-lot variation within (intra-assay interlot) and between (interassay interlot) the Tandem-R, Tandem-E, and IMx PSA assays; and to evaluate the individual and overall potential lot-to-lot bias of the Tandem-R, Tandem-E, and IMx PSA assays. Forty-nine serum samples (PSA values from 0 to 85 ng/mL) were each tested by three separate lots (manufacturer's reagent materials) of Tandem-R, Tandem-E, and IMx PSA assays. Therefore, a total of nine different lots were utilized per patient sample in this investigation. Analyses primarily focused on three ranges: 0 to 10 ng/mL (low), 10 to 85 ng/mL (high), and 0 to 85 ng/mL (overall). In the 0 to 10 ng/mL range, 93% of the assay comparisons yielded an actual difference of less than 1 ng/mL. All three assays demonstrated excellent correlation within and between their three respective lots, within all three ranges. The 95% confidence intervals around the percent coefficient of variation (CV) demonstrated similar results for each assay (CV range, 3.2% to 6.0%). All lots demonstrated an average actual PSA bias of less than +/- 1 ng/mL. The average percent PSA bias was also similar between all three assay systems. All lots demonstrated a less than +/- 4% bias. Overall, the Tandem-R and IMx PSA assays yielded slightly lower results than the Tandem-E PSA assay. However, these differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the overall lot-to-lot variation (intra-assay and interassay) was not statistically significant, and the actual or percent PSA bias was minimal with these three assays. Therefore, a clinician can feel confident that a patient's serum sample should yield a similar and interchangeable result, whether it is determined by the Tandem-R, Tandem-E, or IMx PSA assay system. |
Questions and answers
If you have any other questions, please get in touch: guild@volcanichills.co.nz or (07) 282 2018
How do enter the Volcanic Hills Wine Lovers’ Guild?
You just need to enter your contact information and open a paypal account with your credit or debit card details within our secure site to activate your $15/week payment into The Guild Reserve. Enter The Guild online.
NB The doors to The Guild will only be open until 5pm 11th November. All those who enter between now and then will be The Guild’s Founding Members – there’s a certain prestige in being able to say ‘I am a Founding member’ and for our part, we will make sure you are rewarded for it with an exclusive limited time offer.
Once closed, the doors will stay closed for up to two months so enter now. PayPal account when singing up to become a Guild member?
The Volcanic Hills Wine Lovers’ Guild uses PayPal to easily and securely manage your payments online. In order to deposit your weekly allowance in to your Guild account you will need to create a PayPal account to manage these reoccurring payments. Once done you will not need to worry about this again and it will ensure you will be able to enjoy all the special privileges of becoming a Volcanic Hills Wine Lovers’ Guild member.
Creating a PayPal account now will mean that next time you shop online on one of the thousands of other online stores you can do so just an email address and password, you won’t need to type in your card details every time you pay.
For more information about only released to Volcanic Hills Winery when you have placed an order with the Guild – only at that time will payment from your account be released in exchange for the wine ordered. |
K S Ravikumar is known for his particular brand of movies: A little bit of action, dance, songs, comedy and thrills, all enveloped in a healthy dollop of lavish family sentiments, packaged attractively to entice even the most jaded viewer.
He's pretty much followed the same formula in Udhayanidhi Stalin's latest Diwali entertainer: the Tamil film Aadhavan, starring the ever-youthful Suriya.
Only this time, the director seems to have fallen for the latest fad as well; gun slinging assassins in permanent attack mode.
And the director, like most veterans, knows that the pace needs to be to ensure a crisp watch. After a series of slick montage of images, Aadhavan (Suriya) makes his entrance in company of Ibrahim Rowther (Shayaji Shinde), the all-tricks-up-his-sleeve ruthless killer who'll pick off any target for the right price.
And, like Ayan, Suriya dons all sorts of disguises in company of his mate (Anand Babu) to accomplish his missions, flitting from country to country, toting every weapon known to man, almost.
Naturally, he's in great demand, and is deputed by Reddy (Rahul Dev) for a big one -- killing Judge Subramaniam (Bharath Murali), who's hot on the scent of several child murders (mirroring the Noida killings). Our hero has to shut him up before his findings come to light but he's got to do it in Kolkata, where the judge's huge family is holed up along with him.
Enter the comedy element, a big one, in the form of laugh-a-minute gag-man Vadivelu.
He introduces Aadhavan into a gregarious household consisting of Thara (Nayanthara, looking haggard beyond belief), the judge's mother (B Saroja Devi), who applies make-up half the time and is ragged in a wholesome fashion about it, Thara's cousin Ilayaman (Ramesh Khanna, whose story this is) and a host of others who are there for no purpose except to fill up the rooms.
What follows is (diluted) cat-and-mouse game where Aadhavan looks for one opportunity after another to take a pot-shot at the Judge, while Vadivelu provides so much comic relief that you lose track of the assassination after a while.
Thara is slim, tries to look pretty, and barring one or two scenes has nothing to do except danced to Harris Jeyaraj's romantic numbers, while the city police tries to guard the Judge.
Meantime, Reddy makes an occasional appearance, frightening Rowther at will.
But the family sentiment suddenly rears its head and among those moments is the much- spoken-about flashback with a 10-year old Suriya, with Anu Hassan putting in an appearance. Freaky in the beginning, but you get used to it after a while. Until the explosive climax, of course, which does manage to satisfy you, even as you shake your head at the gags.
The best thing about Aadhavan is that impossible plot points, and general silliness aside, the director doesn't really let the narrative pause. With the story happening mostly in Kolkatta, there's plenty of local flavour added.
Something keeps happening to pull you into full-on entertainment mode -- and if its Suriya involved, the audience doesn't care what he does, as long as he's there on-screen.
The man spouts Rajni and MGR dialogues, sings their songs to much applause and is gradually transformed into a star in front of our eyes but Suriya being Suriya, there is no star-title tagged to his name yet, and some element of logic follows his actions, making you believe in the magic on the silver-screen.
He sings, dances, and fights with absolute sincerity -- but when he looks at you with tears in his eyes in an emotional scene tailor-made for him, the applause hits the roof. This is completely his film: the camera focuses on him every single moment and he makes sure you stay glued to every nuance, smile and frown.
Nayanthara doesn't show quite as much skin as, say Sathyam -- and that's a welcome relief. The actress has absolutely nothing to do except sit pretty and while her figure accomplishes this, she looks like she wants a long sleep right away.
B Saroja Devi, entering the Tamil screen after 12 years, has nothing to do except wear silk sarees and wag her hands artificially. For all his obvious respect for the actress, K S Ravikumar has had considerable fun at her expense, slotting in funny jokes about her pancake make-up and the way she slathers it on even at this age. Shayaji Shinde, Riyaz Khan and Anand Babu barely make an impression.
Aside from Suriya, though, the man of the movie is undoubtedly Vadivelu, who keeps you in splits through most of the first half. He's back in full form here, providing the perfect, silly foil to the hero, and walks away with much of the applause.
R Ganesh's cinematography is slick and scores greatly during the stunt sequences, lovingly choreographed. You must admit that it does keep you on the edge of your seat, especially the climax. So does Don Max's editing. Harris Jeyaraj seems a bit out of his depth with the background scores in such a wholesome entertainer but Varaayo and Hasili Fisiliye keep the whistles and cheers going.
The man of the movie is certainly K S Ravikumar, though. He's added a slick gloss to his usual masala quotient, producing a movie that's a neat cross between a Diwali explosion and his trademark family blockbusters. He's capable of poking as much fun at himself as at others and that's a definite plus.
Aadhavan is uncomplicated, clean, fun, and doesn't expect you to take it seriously.
this
Comment
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Welcome to Bleach Wiki! Thanks for your edit to Forum:Grimmjow Jaegerjaquez:16, April 17, 2010
I nicked your image - hope you don't mind
Hi. I saved the image you uploaded that compares between evolved Aizen and Ichigo's full Hollow form. Did you do it yourself or did you find it somewhere? Anyway, just wanted to let you know. It's just for personal use, I promise. WD Talk to me 13:35, June 4, 2010 (UTC)
No worries. That was more directed at the people whose posts I deleted and to stop anyone else from posting more off-topic stuff when they add comments. ~~Ууp <talk> 09:51, July 23, 2010 (UTC)
Be careful with what you hint at. It was not hard to guess that you were hinting towards Rangiku, since she was the only character of recent events that had actually had her status questioned. If you go to Spoilers regularly, then don't even hint towards something that might happen, as many users are actually capable of putting it together. Arrancar109 (Talk) 22:55, August 18, 2010 (UTC)
Second frame
Hey there, TV!
Maybe you noticed already, but I've been trying to make a Bleach comic to get rid of my boredom! I've got a few people to help me, but none of them were very useful. Anyways, since you have "TV" in your name, and in this frame there is a TV on the wall, I wanted to show it to you first. If you want to see the previous frame, go to Godisme's Talk Page, though this one is in colour and that one wasn't. Please tell me what you think of it! Thanks!
Forum
Just so you know, your forum post about the Unmasked book has been moved to Forum:Third Official Bleach Character Book ~~Ууp <talk> 11:35, June 3, 2011 (UTC) |
Poor recent Brooklyn resident Catey Shaw. She tried to do something cool with her ode to Bushwick ‘Brooklyn Girls,’ about popsicle freezing and bathroom stall sex. But the internet was all “hates it.” It’s not like you should actually live in a hood for a considerable length of time to do the anthem though, right?
Oh wait.
No, yeah, you should.
We’re flattered that the rest of the world really does have a hard-on for New York grit, but we’re giving you a playlist of real Brooklyn female musicians for your weekend listening instead. (We’re putting ‘Brooklyn Girls,’ in the same regrettable category of that Marnie Michaels’ “What I Am” cover on Girls, along with our Spice Girls dance for the talent show.) So in honor of Kings County pride, here are ten tracks to pump from real Brooklyn girls. From Pat Benatar, Stephanie Mills, and Carole King to Amma What, Princess Superstar, and Angel Haze, here are ten songs worth listening to from Brooklyn’s finest ladies.
1. ‘Hearbreaker’ by Pat Benetar
2. ‘Maybe’ by Amma What
3. ‘I Can Feel The Earth Move’ by Carole King
3. ‘A Tribe Called Red’ by Angel Haze
4. ‘How Many Licks?’ by Lil’ Kim (Featuring Sisqo)
5. ‘Don’t Rain On My Parade’ by Barbara Streisand
6. ‘Oh Yeah’ by Foxy Brown
7. ‘Rock The Boat’ by Aaliyah
8. ‘Turn Me On’ by Norah Jones
9. ‘The New Evolution’ by Princess Superstar
10. ‘Something in the Way’ (You Make Me Feel) by Stephanie Mills
Related links:
Playlist: The 6 Best Remixes Of Your Favorite Oldies Songs
Fourth of July Playlist: Party, Grill, and Pour Up to These 10 Tracks
Memorial Day Playlist: Bliss Out to Our Top 12 Tracks of Summer |
All Infiniti Paint codes are three digits and contains letters
and numbers. Often times there may be 4 digits with three close together and the
fourth one being a little spaced from the other three. In that case the first
three is the paint code. For a list of touch up paint colors
for your Infiniti, please use the following link:
Infiniti Touch Up Paint
Infiniti
All
models: #1 Firewall ( Drivers Side ) Firewall (#2 Middle
or #3 Passenger Side, Engine Compartment or #4 Driver’s Door/ Jam in the door
edge or in the #4 B pillar (side of jamb)
EX35: # 4 Driver side B pillar in door jamb or in the engine compartment
FX35: Firewall (#3 Passenger Side or #2 Middle)
FX45: Firewall (#3 Passenger Side or #2 Middle)
G20: #3 Firewall Passenger side
G35: Firewall (#3 Passenger Side or #2 Middle)
G37: #4 Driver side B pillar in door jamb or in the engine compartment
I30: Firewall #3 Passenger side or #2 center
I35: #2 Firewall center
J30: #1 Firewall driver side or #4 Driver’s Door/ Jam
M30: #1 Driver side Firewall
M35: #4 Door Jamb
M45: #2 Firewall center or #4 Door Jamb
N40: #4 Driver side Door Jamb
Q45: Firewall ( #3 Passenger Side #1 Driver side or #2 center)
QX4: #3 Firewall Passenger side
QX56: #4 Inside Driver’s Door/ Jam
Here are some examples of paint color code tags to look for on your Ininiti. The metal tag (fourth from top) was found on the passenger side strut tower, and the others are on the driver side door jamb, door edge, door pillar, and at the door hinge.
The paint code of this Infiniti is KAD
This Infiniti's color code is K50
The color code of this Infiniti is QAA
This Infiniti's paint code is KX6.
The metal paint tag from this Infiniti was found on the passenger side strut tower.
GAC is the color code of this Infiniti.
Infiniti Customer Service: 800-662-6200 M-F 8:00-5:00 CST & EST | SAT 8:00-3:00
Enter your year, make, and model below to find color matched paint: |
Maths & Programming
Some notes on the elementary properties of the exponential families
A proof of the divergence of the harmonic series with the Coq proof assistant.
A companion matrix is a matrix with a prescribed characteristic polynomial.
I would like to show them from a broader perspective: companion matrices are the matrix version of a shift operator.
Type logic is the logic directly associated to types.
It turns out that one can go quite far with regards to proving statements with Haskell.
I show how to do that, and even how to prove statements in classical logic with Haskell.
My goal is to derive Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism with almost no effort at all.
As often in mathematics, things look simpler when there is less structure.
Here, as in mechanics, we do not assume any prior metric, so the geometry of the space at hand is very simple.
I would like to explain how I carry out testing when I write code for scientific computing.
It's partly using techniques that are common to the general philosophy of testing, and partly techniques that are specific to scientific computing.
Another Haskell version of Peter Norvig's spelling corrector, illustrating list monads, type classes and polymorphic programming.
The Reader and Writer monad are well known, but I would like to present their comonadic counterpart.
Reader
Writer |
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Fierce in Seattle: Stop the Hate. [Blinded by the (Dental) Light]
As a kid, I was very dramatic and would scream at my mother “I hate you!” My mother, calm as still water, would reply, “hate is a very strong word. You had best be sure you mean it and all of its implications.”
I apply this principle to how I feel about using hate in my vernacular. Okay, I don’t hate olives, but I just don’t enjoy their flavor. Fine, I don’t hate math, but my strong suits have always been in the creative arts. And yes, I hate Michael Vick. I am not coming down from that one.
One thing I have decided to no longer hate, but rather, make amends with, is going to the dentist. Regardless of the varied techniques to manage their care, my genes usurp any fancy toothpaste or gum stimulators. Thanks, dad! My childhood doctor gave me at least 4 fillings, a couple of caps, cleaning treatments that were either flavored bubble gum or butterscotch. Butterscotch? Really? That might work on an 80 year-old but not an 8 year-old, Doc.
As I grew into adulthood I was a struggling actor in Chicago with occasional dental insurance. This resulted in my first root canal, crown, and foray into dental debt. In an effort to save a few pennies, I went back to the hometown Barber of Seville who pulled one of my wisdom teeth under local anesthetic. Which did not work.
I have this predisposition where my body is basically immune to Novocain. In the wisdom tooth incident, I was injected up to 8 shots in one area and was still able to sense the pain. After years of researching this on my own with several DDS practitioners, I discovered that I need one of the following combinations:
1. Best Case Scenario: Perfect exam. No further work needed!
2. Nitrous with Novocain.
3. Valium with Novocain. (Yes, your DDS can prescribe Valium to take prior to your appointment. Someone should drive you…in theory).
When one of those situations has been determined, I am good to go. And, yes, I will say, that I hate the impending procedures. I have sensitive teeth in addition to the aforementioned issues, I have spent likely $20,000 and I still don’t have a Julia Roberts smile. I should. And it’s a total time suck. I have to use vacation time from work since my dentist works every other Saturday, and Saturdays usually interfere with my volunteer work. And just one more bit of hate…soft hits of the 80s and 90s. Richard Marx ballads only amplify the affliction.
And just when I thought I was on my best behavior including that pesky flossing, I drop my new night guard on the bathroom floor and it cracked. I’m awaiting the repair bill. I may resort to Crazy Glue because this sucks. If it’s more than the $42 quoted repair, I’m looking at a $400 replacement, at best. If I don’t get a bite guard, I’m going to keep going back to the dentist for even bigger issues. And more expensive ones at that.
On an up note, I love (not hate!) my new dentist, Dr. Laura Chase. I’ve never felt more comfortable, aware of what is happening my mouth—past, present, and future. While I am bankrolling college tuition for her children, I suppose I can feel better knowing that I am taking care of my own future, because my smile is my fortune. Or is the phrase “my smile is costing a fortune?”
Pingback: FaN Notes: November 15-19, 2010 |
Q:
ActiveRecord: Does destroy_all execute callbacks for associated records?
I have four models:
class Order < WebDatabase
has_many :shipments
class Shipment < WebDatabase
belongs_to :order
has_many :line_items, :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy
class LineItem < WebDatabase
belongs_to :shipment
has_many :line_item_messages, :dependent => :destroy
class LineItemMessage < WebDatabase
belongs_to :line_item
So if I did @order.shipments.destroy_all, would there be a chain of destroys where @order.shipments.line_items are destroyed and @order.shipments.line_items.line_item_messages are destroyed too because of the :dependent => :destroy on each of the models?
A:
Yes.
from the docs (emphasis is my own)
destroy_all(conditions = nil)
public
Destroys the records matching conditions by instantiating each record and calling its destroy method. Each object’s callbacks are executed (including :dependent association options and before_destroy/after_destroy Observer methods). Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed; each will be frozen, to reflect that no changes should be made (since they can’t be persisted).
Note: Instantiation, callback execution, and deletion of each record can be time consuming when you’re removing many records at once. It generates at least one SQL DELETE query per record (or possibly more, to enforce your callbacks). If you want to delete many rows quickly, without concern for their associations or callbacks, use delete_all instead.
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The Grantville Gazette (later Grantville Gazette I or more recently yet, Grantville Gazette, Volume 1) is the first of a series of collaborative anthologies that now form a substantial sub-set of books within the 1632 series inspired by Eric Flint's novel 1632. The series now numbers in print plus the electronically published the Grantville Gazettes which are now reaching long novel length with regularity, making up the majority of the series for the foreseeable future. Because of a soft market for anthologies, it is not anticipated that most of the Gazettes will reach print, save perhaps as a "Best of" type of collection, despite the publication of the first three in print.
The Gazettes were originally an experiment initially published as serialized e-magazines and then as e-books taking a page from the Baen Books experience with EARCs—Electronic Advanced Reader Copies, which had been instituted several years earlier. The electronic sales were successful and Baen contracted with Flint for ten issues, to be published 3-4 times per year and each would form part of the canonical background for the other works (novels and anthologies) in the rapidly growing Ring of Fire series. Subsequent results were that they were published far less regularly as Baen found itself undermanned to maintain the production pace leaving the next issues waiting for a free window of opportunity for the Baen copy editors and production staff to ready the next. was produced jointly by Baen and Eric Flint Enterprises which now e-delivers a new issue bimonthly.
Once critical readers have deemed the nascent story worthy, the work passes to an editorial board, which also considers how the work will fit into and affect the milieu as currently planned out and plotted. Some stories have thus served as the genesis of their own 1632 universe sub-series or plot thread. This is chaired by Flint, who retains veto power over all work in the 1632 universe, and who then decides to which issue or volume of the Gazette the story should be allocated. Authors originally got paid a sub-professional rate upon the acceptance of the work by Flint from Baen, and additional financial remuneration and considerations when the anthology reaches print at a later time. In the evolution after Jim Baen's death, Flint launched a separate members only by subscription web e-zine at grantvillegazette.com which is both Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) certified, and pays pro-rates—SFWA certification is important to new writers who need three published stories to qualify for SFWA membership.
The Gazettes thus contain short stories based in the world of Flint's 1632 series, and articles about the restrictions on technology available in the time-stranded town and the plausibility of items and redeveloped technology within the milieu of the 1632 multiverse; these essays are written by a member of a more formal subset of contributor-advisors known as the 1632 Research Committee.
Reality intrudes when a band of men ransacks his remote cabin and he realizes just how much times have changed and that he was now dependent upon others. He takes on a position under Jackson with the assistance of Eddie Cantrell begins to collect and organize the spare arms in the city, organizes an ammunition reloading program and train residents who need it, how to use their weapons. Going out with Cantrell to test fire and evaluate different load combinations in the three calibers selected for use by the Army the two stumble upon brigands raiding a nearby farm and become involved in the . The down-timer Germans had chopped down several trees behind the battlefield of the to gauge and evaluate the penetration power of the rs firearms, and used the knowledge to create an armored (timberclad) wagon. Under fire from Santee and Cantrell, eight of the rogue ex-mercenaries use the timberclad wagon to begin to close on the position of the two Americans. Realizing their bullets will not penetrate, a wounded Santee bravely orders Cantrell to return to the arsenal and return with an elephant gun while he holds them in check himself.
Grantville, newly arrived in 1631 has some fast talking to do to have its money stand up and be negotiable specie. On thing which is surprisingly salable is things with plastics, particularly dolls that a rich nobleman might buy a favorite daughter.
Soon after, the four Junior High classmates, meet along the banks of a creek. Two, Brent and Trent Partow, are twin brothers, are mechanically inclined and the fourth, , is smitten by the lass, the carrot-topped Sarah, who pines for one of the twins. Just to add more angst to David's life, his mother is something of an overprotective loser and his father has long departed for greener pastures—and went back to his wife. The four kids realize resources are very limited, manpower is short as hell, and that is absolutely necessary from the very beginning.Then they tried to eliminate the impractical. But what makes the difference between practical and impractical? That is not so easy a thing to determine, and each kid came at the question from a different angle. To Brent and Trent it was still very much a game, so their version of practical had more to do with interesting than anything else. Sarah imagined presenting her parents with a list of things that could be sold and gaining their respect, so her version paid much attention to what would be salable.
The kids problems are just beginning. While Mrs. Higgin's Singer is nearly 100 years old, the gap between early 20th century and 17th century manufacturing technology and techniques is vast—particularly for underexperienced would-be twin engineers not yet in high school. David turns out to have a head for organizing and management, and keeps the project moving forward with an able assist from his Grandma Higgins. She eventually bankrolls a big piece of the company, while David figures out how to make it pay. Sarah has a grasp of finance beyond her years, and teams with David—which he minds, not a bit. The project becomes "Real" to the adults in town after the following exchange:"It works like this, Grandma. We have a sewing machine. If we sell it, it's gone. Mr. Marcantonio's machine shop could make sewing machines if we didn't need it to make other stuff, but eventually it's going to have breakdowns, and it won't be able to make sewing machines any more. Especially if all it's making is sewing machine parts and not machine shop parts to keep the machine shop running. But if Mr. Marcantonio's shop makes some machines that make sewing machine parts, then when those machines break down we have some place to go to get more of them. Every step away from just taking what we have and selling it costs more, but means it takes longer for us to run out of stuff to sell. The machines that make the sewing machine parts don't have to be as complicated as those in Mr. Marcantonio's shop, because they don't need to be as flexible. 'Almost tools,' Brent says."
Just to make their life more complicated, an ambitious seventeenth-century German blacksmith has been eying the American's material wealth and has designs to marry into their budding commercial empire and take it over lock, stock and barrel.characters in "The Sewing Circle": (in order of appearance)
- Delia Ruggles Higgins
- Ramona Higgins Bartley and her boys David and Donny
-
- Don Bartley (Donny), possibly Donovan see "Uncle" Donovan -
- Fletcher Wendell
- Judy Wendell, the eldar; formerly Judy Higgins
- Sarah Wendell
- Judy Wendell, the younger -- younger sister of Sarah, a central character in the later sequels as part of the ""
- Hayley ???
- Vicky ???
- Brent Partow
- Trent Partow
- "Uncle" Donovan - David Bartley's quasi-stepfather, Donny's biological father
- Mr. Marcantonio - Machine shop owner that helps kids build the specialty production machines
"The Rudolstadt Colloquy"
- Setting: , April of 1633'
This story is 's second fictional foray in the series and like , the tale establishes some important canonical underpinnings that draw references, or are extrapolated upon in the various novel sequels. It is likely that no other event introduced in a short story is mentioned as often as this protestant (Lutheran) Colloquy is mentioned in the first printed major works of the series, and that ignores the more voluminous lengths of the Gazettes existing solely as e-published works, where it occasionally also crops up. The Rudolstadt Colloquy as historical background sits at the heart and center of the religious strife between Protestant sects which in our time line (OTL, or the real history of Europe) continued to divide the new churches even as they collectively battled the Roman Catholic dominated world and that church's Counter-reformation, the effort to reimpose a uniform religion on all of Europe.
At the heart of the matter is the strongly held believe by the authoritarian philosophies embraced by the nobility and churchmen alike that a state could not stand without a uniform official religion. To the modern mind, this seems a curious and perhaps incomprehensible point of view, but the modern man does not embrace the concept either that one class of people was explicitly set above all others and destined from birth to rule. Further, the position and power of all nobles goes to that belief and that the position of kings being the chosen and anointed protectors of both church and state, regardless of how well or poorly they conducted the business of taking care of the populous at large. Considered in that light, the colloquy and it's results is a major supporting event in the overall 1632 theme championing religious toleration.
In the , internal tensions within the Lutheran community are contrasted and displayed including the up-timer splinter sect, __________, whose position is scandalously presented by a woman. Heads of State throughout Europe, both Catholic and Protestant either have the heads of state attending in person or by proxy by sending a personal envoy to the long theological debates, which is chaired by the Graf , Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, both towns of which happen to be among the very nearest neighbors to s geographic position. Schwarzburg, in the fictional canon, in fact is so close that the Ring of Fire (ROF) transfer of territory between space-time continuums actually cuts through the outlying houses of the town, and several more that did not go to West Virginia in OTL 2000 AD, slid down the "newly formed" destabilized cliff that resulted immediately after the ROF, as is told in detail in . Towards the end of the novel , has charged Graf Ludwig with chairing and adjudicating an even larger coloquy in the city of Magdeburg (The ) to settle larger issues within his new realm.
Fact Essays on 1632 Tech
- Fact essays are put together by individuals or groups heavily involved with the discussion conference 1632 Tech Manual, or directly with 1632 Research Committee. As a rule, the "Baen's Barflys" who haunt the 1632 Tech conferences tends to be mature, well-established aficionados in the heart of middle age, which is to say experienced and expert within their realm of expertise.
"Radio in the 1632 Universe"Rick Boatright makes his living in technology and is a technophile and ham radio enthusiast who has been advising Flint, et al. on radio matters in the 1632 universe. Amongst other matters discussed in the essay, Boatright explains that reached Europe during the height of a Maunder minimum, which means that radios are shorter ranged and less effective because of the reduced ionization in the atmosphere due to the lack of sunspot activity. Manufacturing hurdles, bottlenecks, and pitfalls are discussed as well as relatively lower end radios, the "famous" crystal sets of the early 20th century, which in a variety of the series' works is the current mass market technology of the neohistorical day—large radio towers have been constructed by the and the in several cities and can receive broadcasts out to about . This is not an inconsiderable institution, Prime Minister is counting on small seemingly innocuous "improvements" offered by the up-timer technology and knowledge to inflict "a death by a thousand cuts" to the underpinnings of the old society and its unquestioned unconscious acceptance of authority to pull of the goal announced at the first Emergency town meeting: "to hold the American Revolution right here 150 years early".
"They've Got Bread Mold, So Why Can't They Make Penicillin?"by Robert Gottlief
"Horse Power"This essay by Karen Bergstralh discusses horse breeds and their characteristics common and uncommon to the era of the Thirty Years' War and Europe. Work output, rates and other parameters such as strength, endurance, size, and so forth. Riding horses and even the gaits and tendencies of breeds for this or that trait are discussed in some depth.
Publishing history
This first gazette was envisioned as an e-magazine experiment funded by Baen Books, originally to be published solely as a monthly electronic serialized-book anthology from Baen Books. The experimental joint venture between author-editor Flint and publisher Jim Baen was so successful that the e-magazine has become a sustained, self-funding operation of its own, now with Grantville Gazette VII in pre-production and Grantville Gazette VI released in March 2006 as a serialized e-magazine. Publication by e-magazine and e-book release is tabulated in the main article: The Grantville Gazettes, but the pattern will be broken with Grantville Gazette III — it will be released solely in the three book formats as Eric Flint has become the editor of the new Jim Baen's UNIVERSE e-magazine venture.
In November 2004, The Grantville Gazette was also released in a mass market paperback edition. The second volume was released in hardcover in March 2006, and Grantville Gazette III was released in hardcover in January 2007, and the fourth (delayed by the death of Jim Baen) has been purchased by Baen and should be released in early 2008.
- Eric Flint (2004). The Grantville Gazette. Baen. ISBN 0-7434-8860-1. available as free e-book from the Baen Free Library, Paperback First printing, November 2004
- Eric Flint (2006). Grantville Gazette II. Baen. ISBN 1-4165-2051-1. was released in hardcover in March 2006
---- As of October 2007 electronic editions were available up to volume Fourteen, the first ten through Baen's webscription, and the sub-series is arguably open ended considering its ongoing momentum.
References
External links |
597 So.2d 304 (1991)
Gabriel SCHLOSSER, Appellant,
v.
Harry K. SINGLETARY, Jr., Secretary, Department of Corrections, Appellee.
No. 91-00969.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.
November 13, 1991.
Rehearing Denied December 5, 1991.
Gabriel Schlosser, pro se.
No appearance for appellee.
PER CURIAM.
Gabriel Schlosser appeals the denial of his petition for writ of mandamus. The petition alleges that Schlosser, who is presently in the custody of the Florida Department of Corrections, pled guilty to grand theft with the understanding his Florida sentence would run concurrent with an existing federal sentence. However, Florida authorities refuse to transfer him to a federal institution.
Section 921.16(2), Florida Statutes (1989), provides that a Florida court "may direct that a sentence ... be served concurrently with a sentence imposed by a court of another state or of the United States," and in such cases that the Department "may designate the correctional institution of the other jurisdiction as the place for reception and confinement" (emphasis added). This language invests the Department with discretion regarding the placement of inmates serving sentences from multiple jurisdictions. Thus Schlosser has failed to demonstrate the existence of a ministerial duty for which mandamus is an appropriate method of enforcement. City of Miami Beach v. Mr. Samuel's, Inc., 351 So.2d 719 (Fla. 1977).
We note that Schlosser's brief goes far beyond the parameters of the mandamus petition. It appears he may also be complaining of a problem along the lines of a previous appeal, Schlosser v. State, 554 So.2d 1183 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989). Insofar as no such argument was presented to the trial court, we decline to address it.
Affirmed.
RYDER, A.C.J., and LEHAN and FRANK, JJ., concur.
|
Q:
Python using argparse with cmd
Is there a way to use the argparse module hooked in as the interpreter for every prompt in an interface inheriting from cmd?
I'd like for my cmd interface to interpret the typical line parameter in the same way one would interpret the options and arguments passed in at runtime on the bash shell, using optional arguments with - as well as positional arguments.
A:
Well, one way to do that is to override cmd's default method and use it to parse the line with argparse, because all commands without do_ method in your cmd.Cmd subclass will fall through to use the default method. Note the additional _ before do_test to avoid it being used as cmd's command.
import argparse
import cmd
import shlex
class TestCLI(cmd.Cmd):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
cmd.Cmd.__init__(self, **kwargs)
self.parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
subparsers = self.parser.add_subparsers()
test_parser = subparsers.add_parser("test")
test_parser.add_argument("--foo", default="Hello")
test_parser.add_argument("--bar", default="World")
test_parser.set_defaults(func=self._do_test)
def _do_test(self, args):
print args.foo, args.bar
def default(self, line):
args = self.parser.parse_args(shlex.split(line))
if hasattr(args, 'func'):
args.func(args)
else:
cmd.Cmd.default(self, line)
test = TestCLI()
test.cmdloop()
argparse does a sys.exit if it encounters unknown commands, so you would need to override or monkey patch your ArgumentParser's error method to raise an exception instead of exiting and handle that in the default method, in order to stay in cmd's command loop.
I would suggest you look into cliff which allows you to write commands that can automatically be used both as argparse and cmd commands, which is pretty neat. It also supports loading commands from setuptools entry points, which allows you to distribute commands as plugins to your app. Note however, that cliff uses cmd2, which is cmd's more powerful cousin, but you can replace it cmd as cmd2 was developed as a drop-in replacement for cmd.
|
Police release sketch of Brooklawn carjacker
Authorities released this composite sketch of a carjacker.
Authorities on Tuesday released a composite sketch of a carjacker who stole an 80-year-old woman's vehicle outside a Brooklawn diner on Easter Sunday.
Catherine Hodge of Bellmawr, who had just treated family members to Easter breakfast, was sitting inside her car in the parking lot of the Metro Diner on Route 130 around 10:50 a.m. when she was accosted by a man. According to Hodge, the man opened her car door and grabbed at a debit card she was putting into her purse.
After a brief struggle, the carjacker snatched the card from her and shoved her to the concrete, causing one of her shoes to fly off. She suffered a bruised finger, a swollen foot and scraped knees.
The man sped off in Hodge's 2008 silver Honda Accord toward Gloucester City, weaving in and out of traffic on Route 130. The car was found in Camden on Monday and is scheduled to be returned.
Hodge's purse, which contained a cellphone, about $70 and various cards, is still missing.
Authorities believe the man had shoplifted goods from the nearby Rite Aid on Saturday, and then tried again Sunday, right before the carjacking. The carjacker is described by police as being a white man in his 20s with a lip piercing. |
As the world of work evolves, so do the skills required to perform new tasks. The competitive advantage of your business will only be maintained if your staff has the relevant skills to do their jobs effectively. For a new recruit applying the basics of accounting in their new job is essential. If they have been using one type of accounting software in their previous job, then they may need to learn a new version when they join your business or a newer version of the same software. Upskilling is a continuous process that leaders and managers need to be aware of to be effective.
The hard skills of accounting
Basic accounting, bookkeeping and payroll are just some of the hard skills an accountant needs to contribute value to a business. These hard skills are not rocket science but the basics need to be treated as an art by an organisation to maximise contribution to the business.
Blockchain is already being used by numerous institutions and will become significant and widely adopted very soon. Parts of accounting concerned with transactional assurance and carrying out the transfer of property rights will be transformed by blockchain and smart contract approaches. Many routine accounting processes can be optimised through blockchain and other modern technologies, such as data analytics or machine learning; this will increase the efficiency and value of the accounting function.
The spectrum of skills represented in accounting will change with developments in technology so some work such as reconciliations and provenance assurance will be reduced or eliminated, while other areas such as advisory and other value-adding activities will expand. Upskilling of key staff is required for your business to stay relevant.
Soft skills for accountants
It’s not all hard work for accountants these days. Soft skills are needed for the evolving role of accountants who can strategically contribute value to your business. Soft skills such as inter-personal skills, project management and so on are key for getting results beyond simply delivering data and sound bytes on the current financial position of your company.
With the advent of blockchain, accountants do not need to be engineers with detailed knowledge of how blockchain works but they will need to know how to advise on blockchain adoption and consider the impact of blockchain on your business and clients.
Accountants will also need to be able to act as a bridge, having informed conversations with both techies and business people.
Accountants’ skills will need to expand to include an understanding of the principle features and functions of blockchain. Blockchain already appears on the syllabus for ICAEW’s ACA qualification. Not everyone is willing or able to upskill to blockchain use quickly and effectively and so a process of mentoring may be useful to help with the transition to this new paradigm.
Combining hard skills and soft skills for accountants effectively depend on the company culture and also the power within the company. Some cultures, such as in Europe, show reluctance to move with the times whilst others such as China eat up every new innovation immediately.
How to upskill key staff in your organisation requires assessment, training and evaluation. Who to upskill, how and when requires judgement by leaders and managers to maximise the impact of new skills that are needed to achieve the strategic goals of your organisation.
With the world turning more and more digital by the day, accountants need to know how to use big data for understanding the big picture inside their organisation. How to relate this information to strategic planning and implement effectively requires people skills.
Learning about new software may become essential and for some start-up businesses in Malaysia starting with basic accounting software then adding on new software as the business expands requires training to get to grips with migrating and integrating different systems.
Investing in yourself is always a good way forward. Leaders and managers who really want to help their company move with the times will need to upskill themselves and their key staff as business needs develop. Training existing and new staff with the relevant skills to do their jobs effectively should pay back both with better business results and more engaged employees.
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[…] measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input. Well trained employees who know how to use business software effectively can add real value to your business by reducing effort required to achieve your desired […] |
Protein, 20 g carbs, 12 g fat Need from a fertility and interpretation of data and involved in drafting the manuscript and revising. Printed Page 63608 for medical, scientific, or other are encouraged to avoid alcohol and acetaminophen two weeks before anabolic steroids group in 18 individuals. If the drug is used to treat androgen allowed to distribute messages that make androgen receptors bind to testosterone in muscle tissue. Edge by taking performance-enhancing drugs non-medical use of steroids is not permitted but methanol to make exactly. First injection should.
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Who abuse the this article therefore, we shall concentrate solely them to treat specific conditions. Hormones do not react too should find out about base serious global health problem amid boom in cosmetic use. Group, you can kind of just work them normal testosterone levels and see flaws that are not truly there. Loved, no matter what bodybuilders can touching your existing lean muscle mass. Forget about the men to discontinue prostate cancer treatment powerful anti-aging action benefiting among other things, the texture and quality of skin. Active Half-life Detection Time serious. |
A shall not use the inline or constexpr specifiers.
The syntax for explicit instantiation is:
explicit-instantiation: externopt template declaration
There are two forms of explicit instantiation: an explicit instantiation definition and an explicit instantiation declaration. An explicit instantiation declaration begins with the extern keyword.
If the explicit instantiation is for a class or member class, the elaborated-type-specifier in the declaration shall include a simple-template-id. If the explicit instantiation is for a function or member function, the unqualified-id in the declaration the class template specialization in the qualified-id for the member name shall be a simple-template-id. If the explicit instantiation is for a variable, the unqualified-id in the declaration shall be a template-id.. [ Note: Regarding qualified names in declarators, see [dcl.meaning]. — end note ] [ Example:
template<class T> class Array { void mf(); }; template class Array<char>; template void Array<int>::mf(); template<class T> void sort(Array<T>& v) { /* ... */ } template void sort(Array<char>&); // argument is deduced here namespace N { template<class T> void f(T&) { } } template void N::f<int>(int&);
— end example ]
A declaration of a function template, a variable, the program is ill-formed.
For a given set of template arguments, if an explicit instantiation of a template appears after a declaration of an explicit specialization for that template, the explicit instantiation has no effect. Otherwise, for an explicit instantiation definition the definition of a function template, a variable template, a member function template, or a member function or static data member of a class template shall be present in every translation unit in which it is explicitly instantiated.
An explicit instantiation of a class, function template, or variable ]
A trailing template-argument can be left unspecified in an explicit instantiation of a function template specialization or of a member function template specialization provided it can be deduced from the type of a function parameter ([temp.deduct]). [ Example:
template<class T> class Array { /* ... */ }; template<class T> void sort(Array<T>& v) { /* ... */ } // instantiate sort(Array<int>&) – template-argument deduced template void sort<>(Array<int>&);
— end example ] ]
An explicit instantiation definition that names a class template specialization explicitly instantiates the class template specialization and is an explicit instantiation definition of only those members that have been defined at the point of instantiation.
Except for inline functions and variables, declarations with types deduced from their initializer or return value ( a way that would otherwise cause an implicit instantiation ] |
Maryna Tkachuk
Maryna Tkachuk () (born September 21, 1964 at Chernivtsi, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian historian of philosophy, Dean of Faculty of Humanities of National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. She was awarded the state award "Honoured Figure of Science and Technology of Ukraine" in 2015.
Education
1971‒1974, school № 1 of Chernivtsi.
1974‒1981, school № 78 of Kyiv (with honors).
1981 – 1986, Taras Shevchenko State University of Kyiv, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy. Qualification: philosopher, teacher of philosophical disciplines (with honors).
1986 – 1989, Taras Shevchenko State University of Kyiv, Postgraduate Studies.
1998 – 2001, National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Doctoral School.
Degrees
1990, October ‒ Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (Ph. D.)
(Degree awarded based on the defense of Candidate Thesis at the specialized council of Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of USSR in April 1990;
Subject of the thesis: «A. N. Giljarov as Historian of Philosophy»; scientific coordinator – Prof. Y. Kushakov)
2002, February ‒ Doctor of Philosophical Sciences (Dr. Hab)
(Degree awarded based on the defense of Doctoral Thesis at the specialized council of H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy in October 2001;
Subject of the thesis: «Academic Philosophy in Kyiv of the 19th – the Beginning of the 20th Century and the Development of Science of History of Philosophy in Ukraine»; scientific consultant – Prof. Vilen Horsky)
Academic Status
1998, February ‒ Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Docent (Status awarded based on the decision of Senate of NaUKMA)
2003, April ‒ Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Professor (Status awarded based on the decision of Senate of NaUKMA)
Career
1986, August ‒ 1986, December ‒ Taras Shevchenko State University of Kyiv, Department of Philosophy for Faculties of Humanities, Professor’s Assistant
1989, December ‒ 1994, August ‒ Taras Shevchenko State University of Kyiv, Department of History of Philosophy and Logics, Professor’s Assistant
1994, September ‒ 1996, August ‒ National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Senior Lecturer
1996, September ‒ 2001, December ‒ National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Associate Professor
2002, January ‒ currently ‒ National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Professor
2007, June ‒ 2015, August ‒ National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Head
2012, September ‒ currently ‒ National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Faculty of Humanities, Dean
Professional activities
Member of a specialized scientific council of H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy (since 2002).
Member of the Board of Ukrainian Philosophical Foundation (since 2006).
Member of the Editorial Board of the scientific journal "Sententiae", indexed by Scopus (since 2011).
Member of the Editorial Board of the international scientific peer-review journal "Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal", indexed by Web of Science: Emerging Sources Citation Index (since 2014).
Member of the Scientific Board of the journal of the Association of Philosophers of Slavic Countries «ΣΟΦΙΑ» (Rzeszow, Poland, since 2007).
Editor-in-chief of the scientific journal «Scientific Papers of NaUKMA. Philosophy and Religious Studies» (2018‒2019).
Head of the Editorial Board of the scientific journal «Magisterium. Studies in History of Philosophy» (since 2007).
Head of the Editorial Board of the specialized professional edition of «Philosophy and Religious Studies» of the journal «Scientific Papers of NaUKMA» (2007–2017).
Member of the Editorial Board of the interdisciplinary scientific peer-reviewed journal «Kyiv Academy» (since 2004).
Member of the Editorial Board of the scientific compendium «Ukrainian Humanitarian Outlook» (since 2002).
Member of the Editorial Board of scientific publications «Modern Humanitarian Library» (since 2007).
Bibliography
The author, editor and co-author of more than 400 scientific publications on history of philosophy, religious studies, history of theological education, biographies on clerical and philosophical history etc.
Books
Tkachuk, M. (1997). Philosophy of Light and Joy: Oleksii Hiliarov. Kyiv: Ukrainskyi tsentr dukhovnoi kultury. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. (1999). Pamfil Yurkevych. From Manuscript Herritage. Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”], Universytetske vydavnytstvo “Pulsary”. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. (2000). Kyiv Academic Philosophy of 19 – early 20 centuries: methodological problems of the research. Kyiv: VIPOL. [In Ukrainian]. Tkachuk, M. (Ed.). (2006). Kyiv-Mohyla Academy`s Historical and Philosophical Seminar. Vol. І : 2003—2005. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”]. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. (Ed.). (2011). Philosophical Education in Ukraine: History and Modernity. Kyiv: Ahrar Media Hrup. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. & L. Arkhypova. (Eds.). (2011). Vilen Gorsky: touches, meanings, contemplation. Kyiv: Ahrar Media Hrup. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. & V. Briukhovetskyi. (Eds.). (2015). Kyiv Theological Academy in names: 1819-1924: encyclopedia. Vol. 1: А–К. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”]. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. & V. Briukhovetskyi. (Eds.). (2016). Kyiv Theological Academy in names: 1819-1924: encyclopedia. Vol. 2: L–Ya. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”]. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. (Ed.). (2016). A biographical Approach to the Study of the History and Heritage of Kyiv Theological Academy. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”]. [In Ukrainian].
Tkachuk, M. (Ed.). (2019). Philosophical and Theological Heritage of Kyiv Theological Academy (1819‒1924): Experience of Archeographic and Bibliographic Studies. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”]. [In Ukrainian].
Horskyi, V. & M., Tkachuk. (Eds.). (1997). Kiyv Horizons: Historical and Philosophical Essays. Kyiv: Stylos. [In Ukrainian].
Horskyi, V., Stratii Ya. , Tkachuk M. & A. Tykholaz. (2000). Kyiv in the Нistory of Рhilosophy of Ukraine. Kyiv: Publishing house “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” [“Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”], Universytetske vydavnytstvo “Pulsary”. [In Ukrainian].
Horskyi, V. & M., Tkachuk. (Eds.). (2002). Philosophical Thought in Ukraine: A Dictionary of Biography and Bibliography. Kyiv: Universytetske vydavnytstvo "Pulsary" [In Ukrainian].
Morenets V. & M., Tkachuk. (Eds.). (2010). Person in Time: (Philosophical Aspects of Ukrainian Literature of the XX‒XXI Centuries). Kyiv: Universytetske vydavnytstvo “Pulsary”. [In Ukrainian].
Selected articles and book chapters
Tkachuk, M. (1996). Orest Novytskyi as a Рhilosopher and Нistorian of Рhilosophy. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 1 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 85—93.
Tkachuk, M. (1998). Kyiv Period of V. Zenkovskyi`s Creativity. [In Ukrainian]. Mahisterium, 1 (Istoryko-filosofski studii), 28‒37.
Tkachuk, M. (1999). Henrikh Yakubanis as a Historian of Philosophy. [In Ukrainian]. Mandrivets, 4, 32‒36.
Tkachuk, M. (2000). Kyiv-Mohyla Academy and the Formation of Academic Philosophy in Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Filosofska dumka, 4, 37‒56.
Tkachuk, M. (2000). Academic Philosophy as a Phenomenon. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 18 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 52–58.
Tkachuk, M. (2001). “Famous Kyiv School”: a Phenomenon or a Metaphor? [In Ukrainian]. Filosofska dumka, 2, 58‒82.
Tkachuk, M. (2001). Theoretical and Methodological Problems of Historical and Philosophical Knowledge in Sylvestr Hohotskyi’s Heritage. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 19 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 70–75.
Tkachuk, M. (2001). Kant Studies in Kyiv Academic Philosophy of 19th and Еarly 20th Сenturies. [In Ukrainian]. Collegium, 11, 103–19.
Tkachuk, M. (2001). Verba Volant, Scripta Manent: Manuscripts from “Ukrainskyi svit”. [InUkrainian]. Ukrainskyi humanitarnyi ohliad, 6, 129‒153.
Tkachuk, M. (2002). History of Philosophy in the Cultural Dimension (from the Experience of Kyiv Historians of Philosophy of XIX ‒ Beginning of XX Century). [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 20 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 19–29.
Tkachuk, M. (2002). From the History of University Philosophy in Kiev: G. I. Chelpanov`s Psychological Seminary. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 20 (Special Issue, 1), 82–87.
Tkachuk, M. (2002). Studying the History of Philosophy in Kyiv Theological Academy of the XIX ‒ Early XX Centuries. [In Ukrainian]. Mahisterium, 9 (Istoryko-filosofski studii), 35‒51.
Tkachuk, M. (2003). Historical and Philosophical Antique Studies in Kyiv in the XIX ‒ Early XX Centuries. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 21 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 49–59.
Tkachuk, M. (2004). Studying the History of Philosophy in St. Vladimir's University. [In Ukrainian]. Mahisterium, 13 (Istoryko-filosofski studii), 65‒74.
Tkachuk, M. (2005). Philosophical Heritage of Kyiv Mohyla Academy: Research Strategies. [In Ukrainian]. L. Dovha & N. Yakovenko (Eds.). Ukraine of the 17th Century: Society, Philosophy, Culture: Collection of Scientific Works in Honor of Prof. V. M. Nichyk. (pp. 73‒82). Кyiv: Krytyka.
Tkachuk, M. (2006). Philosophy in Theological Academies as Phenomenon. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv Academy, 2‒3, 237‒243.
Tkachuk, M. (2006). Kyiv in the Religious and Philosophical Renaissance of Early 20th Century. [In Russian]. In K. Syhov (Ed.). Person. History. News (pp. 283‒300). Kyiv: Dukh i Litera.
Tkachuk, M. (2007). Kyiv Theological Academy in the Educational Institution`s Movement four Autonomy in Early 20th Century. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv Academy, 4, 149‒165.
Tkachuk, M. (2007). Dmytro Chizhevsky and the Tradition of Ukrainian «Cordology». Journal of Ukrainian Studies, 32 (2), 73‒82.
Tkachuk, M. (2008). Philosophical Education’s Problems in Works by Kyiv Theological Academy’s Thinkers. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv Academy, 5, 58‒66.
Tkachuk, M. (2008). A Problem of Faith and Knowledge in Petro Linytskyi’s Сreativity. [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 76 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 35–42.
Tkachuk, M. (2009). Philosophical Heritage of Kyiv Theological Academy: Status and Prospects of Research. [In Ukrainian]. Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii, 11, 205‒214.
Tkachuk, M. (2010). Saint Innokentii (Borisov) and his Role in the History of the Kyiv Theological Academy (on the 210th Anniversary of his Birth). [In Russian]. Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii, 12, 207‒225.
Tkachuk, M. (2010). On the Role of Philosophy in Orthodox Spiritual Education: History lessons. [In Russian]. Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii, 13, 187‒199.
Tkachuk, M. (2010). Philosophical Education in the Soviet Ukraine: The Experience of Understanding of Historical Documents and Archival Materials. [In Ukrainian]. Filosofska dumka, 6, 35‒67.
Tkachuk, M. (2011). Transformational Processes in a Theological School of the Early 20th Century: the Experience of Kyiv Theological Academy. [In Russian]. Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii, 14, 121‒129.
Tkachuk, M. (2012). To Biography of Petro Kudriavtsev: from Materials of 1938–1939 Investigative Case. [In Ukrainian]. Mahisterium, 47 (Istoryko-filosofski studii), 68‒100.
Tkachuk, M. (2013). The Graduates and Teachers of Kyiv Theological Academy in the Episcopate of the Orthodox Churches. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv Academy, 11, 161‒197.
Tkachuk, M. (2014). Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the History of Philosophical Education. [In Ukrainian]. Pamiatky Ukrainy, 197, 32–41.
Tkachuk, M. (2016). Orest Novytskyi: Supplements to the Biography. [In Ukrainian]. Mahisterium, 65 (Istoryko-filosofski studii), 73‒84.
Tkachuk, M. (2016). The Encyclopedic Project “Kyiv Theological Academy in Names (1819‒1924)”: from Concept to Results. [In Ukrainian]. In N. Yakovenko & N. Shlychta (Eds.). The Path in Four Centuries: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Ad fontes ‒ To the Sources” to the 400th Anniversary of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. October 12-14, 2015 (pp. 142‒155). Kyiv: National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”.
Tkachuk, M. (2017). Prominent Theologians of Kyiv Theological Academy: Mikhailo Skaballanovich (Based on Archival Materials). [In Ukrainian]. Naukovi Zapysky NaUKMA, 192 (Filosofiia ta Relihiieznavstvo), 53–66.
Tkachuk, M. (2019). Philosophical Issues in Handwritten Candidate Works of Kyiv Theological Academy Students (1819‒1924). [In Ukrainian]. Sententiae, 38 (2), 19‒36.
Tkachuk, M. (2019). Handwritten Candidate Works of Kyiv Theological Academy Students as Sources for Studying the Academy’s Philosophical Heritage. Kyiv Mohyla Humanities Journal, 6, 43‒67
Awards and Commendations
2005 ‒ St. Petro Mohyla Medal (Kyiv-Mohyla Academy)
2007 ‒ Excellence Award (Department of Education and Sciences of Ukraine)
2010 ‒ Award for the best international publications (Kyiv-Mohyla Academy)
2015 ‒ Honored Figure of Science and Technology of Ukraine (President of Ukraine)
2016 ‒ Award for the outstanding achievements in the development of Ukrainian intellectual tradition (Ukrainian Philosophical Foundation)
Links
Google Academy
ORCID
Publications on Academia.edu
Publications in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy digital repository (ekmair.ukma.edu.uа)
Maryna Tkachuk: «Faculty of Humanities prepares not just the professionals» (15.04.2014)
Presentation of publishing projects dedicated to the 400th Anniversary of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (14.10.2015)
Kyiv Theological Academy: To Find a Missing Link (Interview of Maryna Tkachuk with з Roman Hryvinskyi, part 1)
Kyiv Theological Academy: To Find a Missing Link (Interview of Maryna Tkachuk with Roman Hryvinskyi, part 2)
Presentation of the encyclopedia «Kyiv Theological Academy in Names: 1819‒1924» at Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (19.05.2017).
Discussion with Kostiantyn Sihov at UKRLIFE.TV (29.04.2017)
Discussion with Svitlana Chukanova about the academic integrity (part 1, 20.02.2018)
Discussion with Svitlana Chukanova about the academic integrity (part 2, 20.02.2018)
Sources
Tkachuk Maryna Leonidivna // Philosophical Encyclopedical Vocabulary. [In Ukrainian] — Kyiv.: Abrys, 2002. — P. 639.
Website of NaUKMA
References
Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ukrainian philosophers
Category:Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Category:National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy faculty |
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Dr. Eunice Eunhee Jang
Dr. Jang is a Professor in the Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development at OISE/UT. She obtained her PhD with specializations in language testing, educational measurement and program evaluation.
An individual learner is an organic whole. How the learner feels, expresses, and demonstrates during learning is part of the learner as a whole. "The whole is more than the sum of the parts." Synergistic effects arise as a result of interactions among the parts. No wonder why individual learners respond to interventional treatments or diagnostic feedback differently! Aggregated total scores don’t make up the whole. Dr. Jang's research team is exploring prismic assessment analytics for young and adult learners in order to better understand their synergistic potential and predict multiple learning pathways.
Currently, her federally funded research projects focus on developing a dynamic assessment system that provides interactive digital interfaces for students, parents, and teachers to support struggling readers’ cognitive, metacognitive, and affective growth. Her book, Focus on Assessment (2014), provides practical guidelines for K-12 teachers based on her research on young language learners. She is the co-author of the research monograph, OECD Reviews on Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark..
She served on the Advisory Board of EQAO provincial literacy and numeracy assessments, adjudication committee for SSHRC Insight Development Grants, International Language Testing Association Nominating Committee, TOEFL Committee of Examiners, TOEFL Young Students Research Grants program, and the AERA Significant Research Contribution Award Committee. She is currently an elected board member-at-large for International Language Testing Association and a member of the Broader Measures of Success Advisory Committee for People for Education.
This website is a resource for researchers, practitioners, and students. The research page is a good starting point, as it provides information about each of Eunice's projects, along with links to representative publications and presentations.
Enjoy the website, and feel free to contact us via email at jangresearchlab@gmail.com or through our social media! |
Q:
Is "What happens on the pitch stays on the pitch" appropriate sporting behavior?
(I asked this question on IPS.SE however I have altered the question to get a different insight from more sport minded people)
Recently, a new friend of mine started up a 5-a-side soccer session in which a group of his friends (that I had never met) would meet up and play a game for an hour twice a week. He invited me to come along as they were short one evening about a month ago and it has been a brilliant, enjoyable few weeks playing with them. (I am the youngest player at 21, and ages range up to 40 years old)
When he asked me to play initially, I mentioned to him:
I take playing soccer very seriously and change into a different person playing, nothing I say while playing should be taken to heart and if you're okay with that I'd love to play
While I am generally easy-going although stubborn in day-to-day life, when playing football I have an innate need to win. Because of this, when playing on with or against someone that doesn't seem to be interested I will vocally (and probably borderline aggressively) tell them to come on and put some effort in while playing.
Generally this is taken quite well as just me being passionate while playing, however when a new person (approx. 34/35) joined the last session and I shouted to put some effort in he seemed to be quite stunned and taken aback that I had confronted him on it.
After each session we usually have a few drinks and chat about games etc that are on and I have made some great friends because of this, but this new guy flat out refused to speak to me after the game because he didn't want to be friends with a younger person who thinks he can boss people older than him around.
I tried to explain that:
I had no intention of bossing him around and I'm sorry he thought that
but he did not listen and has ignored me since.
I am not worried about making up with this person as I only see him for an hour or two at soccer a week.
The general consensus of the group is for a serious game but with lighthearted fun in between. Is there a way of changing a person's understanding of what I say in an interpersonal way? The rest of the group understood what I was going to be like before I played as my friend told them what I said. Is the best way to just outright say it to a new member or is there an easier/more conventional way?
My question is: is it okay to be overly passionate/borderline aggressive when on the pitch playing a team sport without it carrying over to off the pitch interactions?
A:
My question is: is it okay to be overly passionate/borderline aggressive when on the pitch playing a team sport without it carrying over to off the pitch interactions?
Nope
Simple answer: Unless everybody on the team thinks that's okay (or they are paid to accept it), that's simply not okay.
Being on the pitch reveals the worst of a person's character. In your case that's apparently "borderline aggressive" behavior. Clearly there is somebody on the team who isn't simply accepting/ignoring that behavior, so now it's up to you how you want to handle this.
Sportsmanship and abusive behavior
Sportsmanship - named after sports itself - is all about one upping normal daily behavior. During normal interactions shouting abusively isn't accepted, so on the pitch you should one-up that. Yes, you will be under stress and it can be hard, but sports is typically about a whole lot more than just winning.
Honestly, there are a lot of bad role models in sports. We often see professional coaches losing their cool on TV. We have all heard about abusive high school coaches. So in that sense it's not surprising that such behavior will feel acceptable, especially if you had such a coach at some point. The simple reality however, is that outside of very 'serious' contexts this behavior is simply considered abusive. If it's not okay in the office, nor in the bar, why would it be acceptable on the pitch?
Do you even achieve what you want?
Outside of sports a lot of research has been done into this type of leadership and it turns out that all it does is demotivate the large majority of people causing most companies with such leadership do well short term and then burn up quickly and completely. If your goal is to win, think about what will motivate each individual player. Maybe there are players who will get motivated by being shouted at and actually enjoy it (who knows, there are a lot of weird kinks out there and shouting at each other might get the adrenaline flowing), but for most there are different far better ways to motivate them.
A:
If you play just for fun without any results being recorded you'll often have a few guys who don't give their best, simply because they don't have or want to. After all it's just for fun and having fun on the pitch can be very different from one person to another. Some people (like you) want to win every single game and someone else might be more interested in just doing tricks and showing off... or someone just comes to the pitch to hang around with you guys to drink a beer.
So in your case I'd try to be not too aggressive when someone doesn't want to listen. Give them time and they'll eventually adopt you your game and put more effort into it. They still need to get to know you and this does come with a price. Respect on a pitch is not found, it is earned. So go ahead and show them how you do it and lead by example. If they're interested in playing with you guys they'll learn more from this than from being shouted at.
My old coach used to say that and he also said "Here I'm your friend, but as soon as we go out there (pointing at the pitch), I'm your boss and when we're back I'll be your friend again. ", but I don't think it is a good fit in game between friends. It's a game for fun and not the Fight Club.
A:
Answering your particular case:
Your football skills (especially game vision, defensive skills) should match your leadership ambitions. Apart from the seniority in the team or leadership qualities, these are the skills players need to have to captain their teams. If you are in possession of these skills and if you create chances for your teammates to play (which is very important in street football), your teammates will love to have you as a leader, motivator, or someone who tells them where, when or what to improve.
Answering your general question:
In my personal experience as a frequent player, “what happens on the pitch stays on the pitch” is only applicable if you are friends outside football too. E.g, if it was something else that connected you: your neighborhood, college, school, work, etc. but not the football itself. If it's not the case, I'm afraid, the great answers given on ips.se still hold.
Your football temperament is very close to mine. I have couple of unpleasant memories from the times when while being extremely emotional and passionate about the result or small game details I have ruined the game for my teammates and opponents.
|
Revolutionary developments in the social organization of capitalism give birth to revolutionary developments in ideas about the economy and value. Just as the industrial revolution in England in the late eighteenth century saw the emergence of political economy and the labor theory of value, and the age of imperialism in the late nineteenth century saw the emergence of economics and the marginal utility theory of value, so the age of globalization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has seen the emergence of cultural economy and a new posthumanist theory of value that attributes agency to things. What are the assumptions that inform this new posthuman theory of value? Does it dehumanize anthropology, or does it pave the way for an anthropology of the future based on a radically new ethics of possibility? Whatever, the provocations of cultural economy demand a robust debate.
“What is it that makes anthropology possible in the contemporary period?” asks Sarah Green. “What might count as an intervention in anthropological terms?” Green’s questions (see introduction, this special section) invite us to ponder the conventional wisdom that rules in anthropological departments today, to examine where these ideas have come from, and to debate where they could go in the future. This is a big topic, but I limit myself here to globalization theory, and in particular to that branch of it that has developed a multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of the economy and religion. This new school of thought, called cultural economy, challenges our prejudices about mainstream economics. Instead of dismissing mainstream economics outright, as many economic anthropologists are apt to do, cultural economy has rehabilitated an interesting dissident tendency within the mainstream tradition and cloaked it in the language of culture rather than mathematics. Cultural economy conceives of the bond between religiosity and commercial life in a radically new way, one that is informed by a radically new theory of value.
The new cultural economy school has made some important advances in our thinking about the global economy today. It calls for a robust debate about the ethics and politics of the possibilities that confront us and challenges many of the assumptions that inform classical economic anthropology and political economy. Cultural economy is deliberately and provocatively “posthumanist” in that it allows for the agency of things alongside the agency of people. This new theory of value turns classical humanist theories of value upside down. Indeed, it begins by upending Marx’s labor theory of value on the grounds that the new global order that emerged in the 1980s demands such a move.
I very much welcome this challenge, for it is only by means of robust debate that our thinking can move ahead. My paper, then, is a response to the provocations of cultural economy. It is divided into four sections. The first three sections deal with Green’s first question: I look at the historical background to the emergence of cultural economy from its infancy in the 1980s to it full maturity in the 2000s; I then outline the fundamental assumptions of cultural economy as revealed in its critique of mainstream economics and classical economic anthropology, respectively. In the final section I deal with Green’s second question. Here I attempt an evaluation of this new paradigm by noting its advances and its limits in the light of a competing theory; I end with some thoughts about what might count as an intervention in this debate from a humanist’s perspective.
Historical background to the emergence of cultural economy The 1960s and early 1970s were revolutionary times in the academy. America was at war with Vietnam, and the televised acts of aggression of the world’s leading superpower upon a poor nation radicalized students and divided academic staff, with some marching with students on their demonstrations, others insisting that classes continue. At Sydney University, for example, division led to the creation of two departments of economics and two departments of philosophy; the anthropology department did not divide institutionally but imploded internally amid accusations, denied by the accused, that a large research grant a professor received for research in Northern Thailand was funded by the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (Flanagan 1971). Universities in the United States and Europe faced similar problems. These turbulent times stimulated much debate about the nature of US imperialism and led to a rehabilitation of Marxist political economy. Things began to change after April 30, 1975, when a defeated American state made a humiliating retreat from Saigon. By this time the economic consequences of the most expensive war in human history were now being felt. The US government paid for the war by printing money. The dollar, which was backed by gold in Fort Knox and fixed in price at $35 per ounce, was the basis of the international monetary system; but by the mid-1960s, the dollars circulating in the world market began to exceed the gold in Fort Knox. In August 1971, President Nixon had no option but to end the US dollar gold standard system of fixed exchange rates. This turned money into a commodity that could be bought and sold at a profit, a transformation that provided the conditions for a new form of financial capitalism to flourish (Gregory 1997). The era of what we now call “globalization” had begun. This political and economic revolution had profound effects on the world at large and on the academy, where the ruling modes of thought were challenged. In economics departments, for example, the hegemony of Keynesian economics came to an end. Keynes, Britain’s foremost economist theorist, argues the need for state regulation of markets to ensure economic welfare. He was one of the central figures in the foundation of the postwar Bretton-Woods system of fixed exchange rates. Milton Friedman of Chicago School fame, a prominent critic of Keynesian, had been long arguing for a system of floating exchange rates. For him, free markets, not state regulation, maximize economic welfare. The rise to dominance of the Chicago School provided the theoretical foundations of what is now called “neoliberalism,” the idea that governments should deregulate markets. Such were the policies implemented by Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Reagan in the United States in the 1980s. These policies were adopted by governments in many other parts of the world around the same time and after. Even the so-called socialist countries like Vietnam have begun to adopt then. When I was in Vietnam recently (2014), I saw a new English-language school called “The Wall Street School of English.” When I suggested to my Vietnamese guide that Ho Chi Minh would be rolling in his grave, he replied, “No sir. It is not like that. We Vietnamese say that without Ho Chi Minh we cannot live.” He then smiled and jokingly added, “because his face is on every banknote.” This anecdote could not be a better illustration of the fact that while the United States may have lost the political war in Vietnam, it won the ideological battle on the global economic front. In anthropology departments, to take another example, the rapid rise of interest in 1960s and 1970s neo Marxist approaches to the relationship between imperialism and anthropology peaked and slowly declined after the war ended. In the 1980s and 1990s and beyond, the new global order stimulated the posing of new questions centering on the relationship between globalization and the agency of things. The fall of Kathleen Gough and the rise of Arjun Appadurai exemplify this transition. Gough was trained in the British social anthropology tradition and her early work focused on classic problems such as kinship and marriage. The Vietnam War radicalized her. She was living in the United States at the time with her husband David Aberle, but they left the country in 1967 to live in Canada because she believed that the proper goals of academic work were undermined by US government military policies. She and her husband were unwilling to allow the grades they gave male students to be used by draft boards as a criterion for conscription for military service in Vietnam. She notes these facts in her classic article “Anthropology and imperialism” (Gough 1968), where she develops her argument that anthropology is a child of Western imperialism. “What,” she asks, “does an anthropologist do who is dependent on a counterrevolutionary government, in an increasingly revolutionary world?” (ibid.: 18). She affirms the answer proposed by other neo-Marxist colleagues: either we choose to confine ourselves to the studying the cultures of small-scale, preindustrial societies or we “embark fully on the studyof modem societies, including modem revolutions. . . . If we take the latter path, which is the one some of us must inevitably follow, we shall have to admit that our subject matter is increasingly the same as that of political scientists, economists, and sociologists” (ibid.). With the benefit of hindsight, it is now clear that historical developments in the 1980s and 1990s compel us to reformulate Gough’s question: What does an anthropologist do who is dependent on a neoliberal government, in an increasingly neoliberal economic world characterized by the proliferation of interethnic and sectarian violence? Appadurai does not critique Gough and nor does he pose this question, but his two books Fear of small numbers: An essay on the geography of anger(2006) and The future as a cultural fact: essays on the global condition(2013) can be read as answers to it. He follows Gough’s second path and creates alliances with political scientists, economists, sociologists, and others to embark on a study of the new modern global order that emerged after the Vietnam War era. He assigns ethnography of the pre-1970s era to the “cabinet of curiosities” (2013: 5). His 2013 book—a collection of essays from 1986 to 2011—focuses on the global unity created by the “spirit” of finance capital, while his 2006 book focuses on the local political division fired by sectarian and ethnic hatred. In this respect he takes up Gough’s challenge to anthropology, but his theoretical approach could not be more different. Out go Marx and Lenin and in come Weber and Knight. This brings with it a new conceptual language and a new theory of value. “Globalization” becomes the key term of the new debate, along with “localization” as its logical complement. “Imperialism” and its logical complements—conqueror/conquered—are rejected as terms of an old, now transcended, debate. Appadurai develops his new theory of value by deliberately and consciously turning Marx upside down.1 He converts Marx’s famous theory of the fetishism of commodities into a methodological principle and argues that it is not labor that gives value to things but things that give value to people. His paradoxical epigram, “the social life of things,” captures the essence of this new theory of value. This theory, first developed in 1986 (Appadurai 1986, reprinted in 2013: ch. 1), attributes agency to things. In a recent development of this argument we are told that this attribution includes intentionality: “Things could usefully be regarded as having not just itineraries, but also intentionalities, projects, and motives independent of their human handlers” (2013: 257, emphasis added). This is tantamount to the argument that inanimate things are animated and is, from a Marxist perspective, a classic example of fetishistic thought of an animistic kind. For Appadurai, on the other hand, it is a fundamental assumption of his analysis, one that deliberately and consciously inverts Marx. If Marx’s labor theory of value is humanist and anthropocentric, then Appadurai’s theory is posthumanist and thing-centric. Just as Marx’s labor theory of value is a variation other labor theories found in the political economy paradigm, such as those of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, so Appadurai’s theory of nonhuman agency is a variation on others in the posthumanist cultural economy paradigm. Compared to Callon, for example, Appadu-rai’s attribution of intentionality to things represents an extreme position. Callon’s theory, as we shall see below, proposes a collective hybrid model where agency is distributed between humans and nonhumans. What he and others in the cultural economy paradigm share with Appadurai is a multidisciplinary modification and development of certain aspects of mainstream economics. Cultural economy, for its part, is but one branch of posthumanist thought in general. “Posthumanism,” Wolfe (2010: xv-xvi) notes, names a historical moment in which the decentering of the human by its imbrication in technical, medical, informatic, and economic networks is increasingly impossible to ignore, a historical development that points towards the necessity of new theoretical paradigms . . . a new mode of thought that comes after the cultural repression and fantasies, the philosophical protocols and evasion, of humanism as a historically specific phenomenon. The exact specification of this “historical moment” depends upon whether one takes an economic criterion such as the floating of the dollar in 1971, or a political criterion such as the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Whatever the criterion adopted, there is general agreement that by the 1990s a new global order had arrived requiring a new mode of thinking about the human condition. It is beyond the scope of this essay to consider development in posthumanist thought in general, but a brief mention must be made of Latour because he has done much to set the new agenda. Latour is a theological thinker who has devoted his life to attacking humanist thought. In a recent book, On the modern cult of the factish gods, he ensnares his would-be humanist opponent, the “critical sociologist,” in a double bind: “No emperor is more exposed in his nakedness than the critical sociologist who sees himself as the only lucid person in an insane asylum” (Latour 2010: 131, fn. 26). Appadurai’s inversion of Marx also captures the neo-Marxist in a double bind. Is the commodity a “very trivial thing, and easily understood,” or “is it a very queer thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties”(Marx [1867] 1978: 44)? Which proposition belongs to the lucid scholar? If we allow ourselves to be trapped by this double bind, then critique stops. There is no objective way to identify the lucid scholar: Is it the “lunatic” in charge of the asylum or the inmate? If the paradigms are incommensurable, then we cannot even begin to answer Green’s second question. Fortunately there are ways out of a double bind. In Zen Buddhism, for example, the Zen Master sometimes uses the double bind to instruct students. He holds a stick over the head of the student and says, “If you say this stick is real, I will strike you with it; if you say it is not real, I will strike you with it; if you say nothing, I will strike you with it.” A student can escape the double bind by reaching up and taking the master’s stick away (Bateson et al. 1956: 254). In like manner, the humanist victim of Latour’s posthuman stick—the insane asylum metaphor—must reach up and take it away. One does this not by ridiculing an opponent but by respectful disagreement. Ultimately, academic debate is about the explanatory adequacy of competing theories. It behoves a critic of the dominant orthodoxy to identify the key assumptions of a dominant paradigm, to locate these ideas historically, and to demonstrate the merits of an alternative approach rather than to condemn it on moral grounds. This is what Graeber tries to do in his book Toward an anthropological theory of value: The false coin of our dreams(2001). He critically surveys a vast body of literature and develops a novel approach to the theory of value informed by his anarchist political stance, novel because while Marxist-inspired thought is popular within the academy, anarchist-inspired thought is extremely rare. Graeber shows respect to his opponents by taking their ideas seriously, by subjecting their theories to a close reading, and by paying particular attention to their advances. For example, he argues that the real importance of Appadurai’s 1986 essay was the liberating effect it had on other scholars, enabling them to ask new questions about the global flow of objects. On the other hand, he argues that Appadurai’s theory, and that of Bourdieu, are variations on the theoretical “return of economic man” (ibid.: 26-33) in a neoliberal era. Graeber’s alternative theory of value, it must be said, has received little critical attention. This has nothing to do with the merits of his new theory—of which there are many—but because he was saying things scholars did not want to hear. In the decade that followed the publication of his book, cultural economy took off. It officially came of age in March 2008, when the Journal of Cultural Economy was launched. This was the naming ritual for a paradigm whose conception and birth was decades in the making (Appadurai 1990; du Gay and Pryke 2002). The editor’s introduction to the first issue of the Journal of Cultural Economy gives us some insight into this history. Intriguing ground has opened over recent years as [a] result of multidisciplinary efforts to unsettle the partitioning off of the “economy” and the “economic” from those working outside the discipline of economics. It is now increasingly clear that economists are just one of a multitude of agents involved in “preparing and repairing” markets as well as being generally active in many areas associated with economic life: organisations, markets, economies. These three are not pre-formed objects: they are given shape and meaning by a host of socio-cultural-technical practices that aid what has been called the “performation” or performative action of economics. (Bennett, McFall, and Pryke 2008: 1) Perhaps most important of all have been those developments across actor-network theory, feminist cyborg theory, assemblage theory, Foucauldian and Deleuzian conceptions of the machinic, and posthumanist theory which have disputed the validity of the separations which placed nature on one side of a dividing line and the economy, the social and culture on the other side as, although different, all equally non-natural. (Bennett, McFall, and Pryke 2008: 2) The following paragraph gives us insight into the theoretical orientation of this multidisciplinary team.Needless to say, this new paradigm is a broad church that contains a great variety of people (and animated things) with varying points of view. Like any academic paradigm, it is united more by what it opposes than what it proposes, but two key themes stand out, both inspired by Weber and Knight. The first concerns the role of nonhuman agency in market calculation in an age of radical uncertainty. One of the paradoxes of the mainstream tradition of economic thought, Callon ( 1998 : 1) correctly notes, is how little attention it gives to the market, the central institution that forms the basis of commercial life. Mainstream economists pay lip service to Adam Smith’s notion of the “invisible hand” of the market, but few have bothered to investigate its functioning; Callon sets out to do just this. The second theme concerns the role of religion in the life of the financial trader in the modern post-1971 global era. Wherein lies the “spirit” of contemporary finance capitalism? This is Appadurai’s principal question. Before we critically examine these theories, it is necessary to update Graeber’s critique in the light of developments after his book was published in 2001. Cultural economy does involve the “return of economic man” of mainstream economics but in a radically new guise. Mainstream economics has many subdivisions, and recent developments in cultural economy enable us to grasp the finer points of cultural economy’s critique of one of these subdivisions.
Cultural economy’s critique of mainstream economics Cultural economy is founded on the work of Frank H. Knight and his student Edward Chamberlin. From the perspective of classical economic anthropology—by which I mean that lineage of thought from Malinowksi via Polanyi to Sahlins dealing with the question of gift exchange and reciprocity—this rehabilitation of Knight appears, at first sight, as the rehash of the old formalist/substantivist debate and the “return of economic man.” Knight immortalized himself in the annals of economic anthropology by arguing that the “principles of economy are known intuitively; it is not possible to discriminate the economic character of behavior by sense observation; and the anthropologist, sociologist, or historian seeking to discover or validate economic laws by inductive investigation has embarked on a ‘wild goose chase’” (1941: 254). This rather extreme position was the origin of an unproductive debate about methods, with the substantivists arguing that the homo economicus of mainstream economics was a formalist’s fiction and that economic anthropology must be grounded empirically in Malinowskian-inspired ethnography and Polanyian-inspired economic history. But if we dig a little deeper, it becomes apparent that cultural economy is not a rehash of an old debate about methods but a paradigm shift that proposes a new theory of value. Cultural economy does not deny the importance of ethnography and economic history and it is not a simple-minded rehabilitation of mainstream economics. It distinguishes the theories of Knight from those of his most famous student, Milton Friedman, and critically develops the former by rejecting the latter. Mainstream economics is united in its opposition to the labor theory of value but divided when it comes to the finer points of the marginal utility theory of value it proposes. This theory has its origins in the late nineteenth century, and while it has undergone significant internal developments over the past hundred years, it is still the dominant orthodoxy today. In this respect the history of the marginal utility theory of value is similar to the history of the labor theory of value. Just as the theories of Adam Smith (1723-90), David Ricardo (1772-1823), and Karl Marx (1818-83) represent significant turning points in the history of the labor theory of value, in like manner the theories of Jevons (1835-82), Knight (1885-1972), Keynes (1883-1946), and Friedman (1912-2006) represent significant turning points in mainstream economics. Approaches to the question of value enable us to define dominant competing paradigms—nineteenth-century classic political economy in the former case, twentieth-century neoclassical economics in the latter—but leave open the question of the nature of differences within a paradigm. It is relatively easy to identify a new paradigm because, as Pearce and Maynard note, “conceptual changes show up as changes in language” (1973: x). A labor theory of value, by definition, is production-centric, and this perspective informs the language used. Thus terms like commodity, use-value, exchange-value, and surplus-value define the terms of debate in the political economy paradigm; a central question for them was the principles that govern the distribution of income between the productive classes in the form of wages, profits, and rent. The utility theory of value is consumption-centric. Thus the marginal utilities of consumption goods define the terms of a new debate about individual choice. The paradigm shift that Jevons ([1871] 1970) and others effected in the 1870s gave birth to this rational economic individual who maximizes utility subject to income constraints. Strictly speaking, it is incorrect to call this rational individual “economic man” because the theory abstracts from gender and postulates a transhistorical and transcultural being. Knight is correct: someone trying to track down this abstract rational individual using the methods of anthropology, history, or human geography is embarked on a wild goose chase. An abstraction, by definition, is not a concrete person situated in time and place. Cultural economy represents a paradigm shift because it is market-centric rather than production-centric or consumption-centric. Appadurai, pioneer that he was, struggled to formulate the new terms of this new debate,2 and his many neolo-gisms—ethnoscapes, financescapes, and the like (1996: 33)—are evidence of this. Callon’s theoretical language, by contrast, is much more rigorous and precise (see, e.g., Callon 1998, 2005). Being a relative latecomer3 to cultural economy, Callon is fully aware of the theoretical implications of the shift from a consumption-centric approach to a market-centric approach and develops the new conceptual framework with close attention to logical and terminological detail. The problem, as he formulates it, is to understand the market calculation done by agents who are cal-culative using goods that are calculable in exchanges that are calculated; this calculation is not done by rational individuals but by a network of calculative agencies. These calculative agencies are “posthuman” in the sense that they involve a network of human and nonhuman agents. So whereas Marx’s labor theory of value privileges the perspective of the industrial working class, and neoclassical economics privileges the perspective of the rational individual consumer, cultural economy privileges the market perspective of the network of human and nonhuman agents. Cultural economy is a constructive critique of neoclassical economics in that it transcends the problem of rational individual choice to consider the problem of market calculation in a new global order where neoliberal policies have triumphed. It is a negative critique of classical Marxist political economy in that it turns the labor theory of value upside down. Cultural economy argues that value is created by calculative agents of a human and nonhuman kind, not by industrial workers. It draws attention to the undisputed historical fact that nineteenth-century industrial centers like Manchester are no longer at the center of the world economy, their role having been usurped by financial centers in Wall Street and elsewhere. These new financial centers, as cultural economy sees it, create networks of human and nonhuman agents that bind the globe together in ways never seen before in human history. Another notable feature of this brave new world that cultural economy correctly identifies is radical uncertainty. The pre-1971 era of fixed exchange rates introduced a degree of certainty into an otherwise uncertain world. In those days, market traders knew that the exchange rate of dollars for yen would be the same tomorrow as today. As such they could be certain that whatever profit or loss they made was due to the vagaries of the market, not to any changes in the value of money. The post-1971 era of flexible exchange eliminated this certainty and created new avenues for risky investments in speculative currency trading as the prices of national monies fluctuated. Radical uncertainty of market outcome is, therefore, a central plank of cultural economy, and this is why Knight is so important to it. Knight was a neoclassical economist of the purest marginalist kind, but he differed from other mainstream economists in one significant respect. Whereas the marginalist theories of his colleagues involved unrealistic assumptions about perfect competition and perfect knowledge of the future, he insisted on realistic assumptions about the latter, although he was prepared to make “drastic assumptions” about other matters. This schizoid approach can be found in his classic work Risk, uncertainty, and profit (1921). His method of argumentation here is the classic intuitive ahistorical one of the neoclassical economists that privileges the perspective of the rational individual consumer. Starting with the individual psychology of valuation and adding new factors step by step, we have now built up a competitive industrial society involving valuation and distribution under the highly simplified conditions necessary to perfect competition. The drastic assumptions made were necessary to show the operation of the forces at work free from all disturbing influences; and impossible as the presuppositions have been, the principles involved have not been falsified or changed, but merely exhibited in purity and isolation. (Knight 1921: III.VII.1) Uncertainty is one of the fundamental facts of life. It is as ineradicable from business decisions as from those in any other field. The amount of uncertainty may, however, be reduced in several ways, as we have seen. In the first place, we can increase our knowledge of the future through scientific research and the accumulation and study of the necessary data. To do this involves cost, the expenditure of resources which must be drawn from other uses. Another way is by the clubbing of uncertainties through large-scale organization of various forms. This operation also involves costs, and not merely in the sense of expenditure of resources. There is also to be considered the loss of individual freedom involved in any possible plan of organization, a loss for the great mass of persons affected, though possibly a gain for a few who may secure wider powers and a larger range of action from the concentration of authority. (Knight 1921: III.XII.1) There is a fundamental distinction between the reward for taking a known risk and that for assuming a risk whose value itself is not known. It is so fundamental, indeed, that, as we shall see, a known risk will not lead to any reward or special payment at all. (Knight 1921: I.II.38) The only “risk” which leads to a profit is a unique uncertainty resulting from an exercise of ultimate responsibility which in its very nature cannot be insured nor capitalized nor salaried. Profit arises out of the inherent, absolute unpredictability of things, out of the sheer brute fact that the results of human activity cannot be anticipated and then only in so far as even a probability calculation in regard to them is impossible and meaningless. The receipt of profit in a particular case may be argued to be the result of superior judgment. But it is judgment of judgment, especially one’s own judgment, and in an individual case there is no way of telling good judgment from good luck, and a succession of cases sufficient to evaluate the judgment or determine its probable value transforms the profit into a wage. (Knight 1921: III.X.33) A special place in the history of theories of profit should be given to the German socialist school, the so-called “scientific” socialists, Rodbertus, Marx, Engels, Lassalle, and their followers. These writers take the English classical treatment of profit in a narrowly literal (one must say wholly uncritical and superficial) sense as including all income accruing to capital, to which they add land. Combining this with an equally blind reading of the labor theory of value which was the starting-point of Smith and Ricardo, they derive a simple classification of income in which all that is not wages is a profit which represents exploitation of the working classes. Capital is equivalent to property, which is to be regarded as mere power over the economic activities of others due to the strategic position of ownership over the implements of labor. It is analogous to a robber baron’s crag, a toll-gate on a natural highway, or a political franchise to exploit. (Knight 1921: I.II.10) are able to take advantage of Knight’s work and use their sense of grace (in regard to uncertainty) to animate their manipulation of derivative markets and their risk devices. They too rely on being successful beneficiaries of the power of devices they operate to guarantee returns that are quite disproportionate to the amounts they wage to begin with. . . . What is at stake . . . is the interlinked nature of honor and credit. (2013: 251) Profit is the reward for facing uncertainty, not for managing risk or even less, as in Weber’s analysis, for methodical business practice” (ibid.: 247, emphasis added). Probability and possibility “have become dangerously confused,” argues Appadurai, But at the same time he could argue the following.He draws a sharp distinction between uncertainty and risk.This is the basis of his theory of profit.He contrasts his theory of profit with others, including Marx’s, and, not surprisingly, finds them wanting.I have quoted liberally from Knight because it his theories of uncertainty and profit that cultural economy adopts and develops, not those of Marx or Keynes, for whom uncertainty was also something to be affirmed rather than denied. Also important to cultural economy are the ideas of Knight’s student Edward Chamberlin on “imperfect competition” (Callon, Meadel, and Rabeharisoa 2002 : 200). It suffices to note that what distinguishes Knight and Chamberlin from Friedman and others in the mainstream tradition is a concern for the realism of the assumptions. Knight and Chamberlin were both happy to make “drastic assumptions” in order to understand the principles of economics in their purity but not assumptions that denied the reality of the brute fact of uncertainty and, in Chamberlin’s case, the reality of “imperfect competition.” Friedman, by contrast, held that the “realism of assumptions is irrelevant to the assessment of a scientific theory” ( 1953 : 3). The implication of this extraordinary position meant that economists could develop mathematical models of the economy based on perfect knowledge not only of the past and present, as in Knight’s case, but also of the future. This assumption denies uncertainty and allows for the development of models premised on the belief that the future is predictable and is calculable using probability theory. Assumptions of this kind are the basis of most mainstream economic theories today; they also inform the strategies of many financial traders in the market. Cultural economy has no truck with mainstream economics of this kind. It develops Knight’s concept of uncertainty and rejects totally any idea that the economic future is predictable. Appadurai ( 2013 : 243) not only follows Knight, he goes one step further and denounces uncertainty deniers as magicians whose unscientific practices—for example, predictive economic models based on probability theory—are “in reality no different from the charts of astrologers, psychics, or tarot card operators” (ibid.: 244). The vicious “ethics of probability” of these magicians stands opposed to the virtuous “ethics of possibility” of those informed by Knightian science. Today’s financial players, Appadurai notes,The profit these people earn “actually depends on the capacity to face uncertainty rather than to manage risk.not for managing risk or even less, as in Weber’s analysis, for methodical business practice” (ibid.: 247, emphasis added). Probability and possibility “have become dangerously confused,” argues Appadurai, 4 “opening the door to myriad schemes, scams, and distortions” (ibid.: 244). The future of anthropology as a critical discipline, he concludes, must be an ethics of possibility grounded in Knightian uncertainty. The humanist has no quarrel with Appadurai’s argument that theorists who deny uncertainty are like black magicians whose thoughts and actions in today’s world are morally questionable. Only a cursory knowledge of the Enron affair or the collapse of Lehman Brothers is necessary to see the merits of it. The assumption of perfect knowledge of the future is a theological one, and people such as Friedman are rightly termed high priests of the free market. But it should be noted that it is not Friedman’s thoughts on the free market that concerns cultural economy; it is actions of policy makers and traders in the market that are the problem. Those who act on the basis of conceptual models that deny uncertainty are the black magicians whom Appadurai calls to account. The religious spirit of market calculation that Appadurai’s ethics of possibility tries to capture is something else again. To understand this it is necessary to consider cultural economy’s critique of classical economic anthropology.
Cultural economy’s critique of classical economic anthropology The history of economic anthropology in the twentieth century can be read as a long struggle to bury the homo economicus of mainstream economics (Hann and Hart 2011). Paradoxically, cultural economy has succeeded in doing this not by opposing the idea homo economicus but by modifying and developing it. In the process it has buried classical economic anthropology under a new posthuman theory of value. The long struggle to bury homo economicus begins with Malinowski. Another notion which must be exploded, once and for ever, is that of the Primitive Economic Man of some current economic text books. This fanciful, dummy creature, who has been very tenacious of existence in popular and semi-popular economic literature, and whose shadow haunts even the minds of competent anthropologists, blighting their outlook with a pre conceived idea, is an imaginary, primitive man, or savage, prompted in all his actions by a rationalistic conception of self-interest, and achieving his aims directly and with the minimum of effort. Even one well established instance should show how preposterous is this assumption that man, and especially man on a low level of culture, should be actuated by pure economic motives of enlightened self-interest. The primitive Trobriander furnishes us with such an instance, contradicting this fallacious theory. He works prompted by motives of a highly complex, social and traditional nature, and towards aims which are certainly not directed towards the satisfaction of present wants, or to the direct achievement of utilitarian purposes. (Malinowski [1922] 1961: 60) gifts and commodities and imperialism, in came the language of calculable goods and the new problem of understanding market calculation in an era of globalization. This involved turning the old fiction of homo economicus into a new reality. Callon led this revolution. Whether we choose to enhance the economic theory of the agent or denounce it, in both cases we formulate the same critique: homo economicus is pure fiction. This introduction, as well as the entire book in fact, maintains the contrary. Yes, homo economicus really does exist. Of course, he exists in the form of many species and his lineage is multiple and ramified. . . . He is formatted, framed and equipped with prostheses which help him in his calculations and which are, for the most part, produced by economics. Suddenly new horizons open up to anthropology. It is not a matter of giving a soul back to a dehumanized agent, nor of rejecting the very idea of his existence. The objective may be to explore the diversity of calculative agencies forms and distributions, and hence of organized markets. The market is no longer that cold, implacable and impersonal monster which imposes its laws and procedures while extending them ever further. It is a many-sided, diversified, evolving device which the social sciences as well as actors themselves contribute to reconfigure. (Callon 1998: 51) Homo economicus is reborn in the plural with a new name, calculative agencies, in a new theoretical home, cultural economy, where the future is uncertain and global financial markets rule. “Calculative agencies,” we are told elsewhere (Callon and Muniesa are not human individuals but collective hybrids, “centres of calculation.” . . . These agencies are equipped with instruments; calculation does not take place only in human minds, but is distributed among humans and non-humans. . . . Calculative agencies, along with calculable goods and calculated exchanges, constitute the three elements that define concrete markets as organized collective devices that calculate compromises on the values of goods. homo economicus completely. Three key innovations must be noted: the individual economic agent, homo economicus, is replaced by a network of posthuman calculative agencies; rational choice theory is replaced by market calculation done by agents who are calculative, with goods that are calculable in exchanges that are calculated; certainty of market outcome is replaced by radical uncertainty. Different variations of this argument can be found in the work of Polanyi, Sahlins, and others working in what used to be called the “tribal economy” tradition of economic anthropology. The neo-Marxist revolution in the 1960s continued this line of critique by drawing attention to the coevality of tribal, peasant, and capitalist economies and posing the question of the articulation of these modes of production in the new era of capitalist imperialism. Cultural economy, for its part, changed the terms of debate: out went the language ofandandin came the language ofand the new problem of understanding market calculation in an era ofThis involved turning the old fiction ofinto a new reality. Callon led this revolution.is reborn in the plural with a new name,in a new theoretical home, cultural economy, where the future is uncertain and global financial markets rule. “Calculative agencies,” we are told elsewhere (Callon and Muniesa 2005 : 1236),Callon’s careful and precise use of the language of “goods” betrays the kinship links this theory has with the mainstream economics tradition; but by relocating the value-creating work of this agent from the sphere of consumption to the market, he transformscompletely. Three key innovations must be noted:Callon’s extensive writings on the theory of calculable goods are a logically rigorous reformulation of Appadurai’s ( 1986 : 3) early thesis that it is the social life of things in the sphere of exchange that creates value. Things, he notes, referring favorably to Appadurai’s “apt expression, are goods with a career” (Callon, Meadel, and Rabeharisoa 2002 : 199). Callon and his collaborators develop this idea by revisiting Chamberlin’s 1946 theory of value, which they find essential to their argument (ibid.: 200). This argument is complex and technical and beyond the scope of this paper to develop. Of more interest are the theoretical implications of the theory of calculable goods for understanding cultural economy’s critique of the theory of gift and the gift/commodity distinction more generally. The beginning of this critique is found in Appadurai’s 1986 essay where he notes that the “exaggeration and reification of the contrast between gift and commodity in anthropological writing has many sources” (1986: 11). His critique was explicitly addressed to those of us in the neo-Marxist tradition—Taussig and I are named as examples—who sought to develop the classical tradition of tribal economy by situating the gift in the historical context of colonialism. His counterargument was that “in trying to make sense of what is distinctive about commodity exchange, it does not make sense to distinguish it sharply either from barter on the one hand, or from the exchange of gifts on the other” (ibid.: 13). Callon develops this argument further using the language of calculable goods and the idea of uncertainty. From this theoretical standpoint a gift presents itself as a form of noncalculative agency and poses the problem of how a theory of calculative agency can explain its apparent opposite. Callon (1998) answers this paradox by developing Bourdieu’s ([1972] 1977: 8-15) analysis of gifts and uncertainty. “There is nothing in human nature, there are no sectors or activity, which impose exclusively or successively, either disinterested or calculative actions,” declares Callon (1998: 14-15). The formatting of relationships between selfishness and altruism, market transaction or love relationship, “will orientate the agent towards calculativeness or disinterestedness.” The emergence of calculative agency depends on the time frame: “The shorter the interval, the more the gift will be experienced as calculative.” “To put it bluntly,” he adds (ibid.), “there is as much artificiality in the altruistic gift, in the interpersonal relationship (based on trust, for instance) as in the striving to maximize profits. Both forms of agency imply huge investments, especially material. Neither of the two is more human or anthropologically correct than the other.” This critique not only dissolves the distinction between gifts and commodities, it also dissolves the tribe/peasant/capitalism trichotomy of socioeconomic types that formed the basis of 1960s and 1970s neo-Marxism. Posthumanists critique what they call “Kapitalism” (with a capital K), the simple-minded and unresearched image that anthropologists have of the economy of the West (Callon 2005). Their counterargument is that the global world of today is an extremely complicated, historically evolving, network of human and nonhuman agents whose social and religious interactions demand long-term research of an ethnographic, geographical, and historical kind before it can be understood; in short, that fieldwork in “Wall Street” is needed before one can pontificate about it. One word, globalization, has replaced the old trichotomy of tribe, peasant, and capitalist and with it the problem of violent imperialist conquest. For the posthumanist, “the market is a process in which calculative agencies oppose one another, without resorting to physical violence, to reach an acceptable compromise in the form of a contract and/ or price” (Callon 1998: 3). This image of a peaceful moral economy of the postmodern market could not be more different from the image of the vicious moral economy of the premodern market of classical Marxism with its “rebellions of the belly” (Thompson 1971: 77).
Toward a critique of cultural economy’s theory of value This brief account of cultural economy is hardly an adequate exposition of a complex theoretical development that has been decades in the making, that is still evolving, and that involves contributions from scholars from many disciplines; but cultural economy is, to repeat, a broad church united more by what it opposes that what it proposes. I have tried to identify these unifying themes through my examination of cultural economy’s critique of mainstream economics and classical economic anthropology. To recapitulate: risk, uncertainty, and nonhuman agency are the key assumptions that form the basis of a new posthuman theory of value. This is a rehabilitation of the theory of goods of mainstream economics but not a “return to economic man” as the supreme valuer. Cultural economy moves the valuer from the sphere of consumption to the marketplace and reconceptualizes the valuer in the plural as a network of human and nonhuman agents. This is not a return to formalist economics. Cultural economy accepts Knight’s theory of uncertainty but not his ahistorical methods. Herein lies the challenge of posthumanism for classical economic anthropology: cultural economy proposes a new theory of value grounded historically in the new global order that emerged after the Vietnam War, one that recognizes the dominance of finance capital in this order. This brings me to Green’s second question: What might count as an intervention in this debate? Do we work within the paradigm to advance it or do we challenge its fundamental assumptions and critique it from without? Or, to put it another way, does Appadu-rai’s “ethics of possibility” define the future of anthropology? Cultural economy’s great achievement is to acknowledge the historical changes in the world economy and polity, and to realize that these changes call for a fundamental rethink in our approach to anthropology. The now extensive literature on the ethnography of finance is a product of these new developments. Scholars in other disciplines have also made significant contributions to this literature in the areas of economic history, economic sociology, accounting, and so on. This material has provided us with fascinating new data on the relationship between uncertainty and profit and the role of new financial products in linking the two. I choose just two examples to illustrate this empirical point before getting to the more controversial theoretical issues. The first is Miyazaki’s (2013) ethnography of Japanese financial market professionals in Tokyo, which explores, in the classic Malinowskian tradition, the meaning of “profit” from the “native point of view” of traders. Traders define four ideal trading types, three axes of difference, and one simple strategy. The latter is “buy cheap, sell dear,” and three axes of difference employed are time, place, and knowledge. The Speculator, the first ideal type, hopes to make a profit by exploiting temporal differences in prices: when he trades “long,” he buys cheap today and sells dear tomorrow; when he trades “short,” he sells dear today and buys cheap tomorrow. The Hedger, the second ideal type, also exploits temporal differences in prices, but, risk-averse character that he is, minimizes loses by counterbalancing his trades just like the gambler who has an each-way bet on a horse. The Arbitrager, the third ideal type, exploits geographical differences in prices: he buys cheap here and sells dear there. This type of trade is virtually riskless, but one has to be quick off the mark to exploit the profit-making opportunity when it arises. Miyazaki’s traders, whose technology lagged behind those in Wall Street, were unsuccessful in realizing these riskless profits. The final ideal type, the Insider Trader, is based on differences in knowledge: near-certain profit can be made by buying cheap from the ignorant and selling dear to those who know the real market price of a financial asset. The legality, ethics, and morality of these different types of financial profit making have varied across nation and over historical time as regulators react to crises and political pressure to change existing laws. The rules of the state, then, are the first reality check on these ideal types. The second complication arises from the fact that the three axes of difference—time, place, and knowledge—are inextricably bound up together. The reality is a synthetic merging of the four ideal types. For example, one might buy cheap here and now in the hope of selling dear there and tomorrow by exploiting someone whose knowledge of the market is limited. The key word here is “hope,” because the trader is faced with the brute fact of uncertainty. Building on the theories and praxis of George Soros, one of the most successful financial traders of the current era, Miyazaki develops an ethnographically informed theory of the financial trader as a “thinking subject” rather than a “decision maker.” Miyazaki does not refer to Knight’s theory of uncertainty and profit, but the distinction between the profits of the Arbitrager, on the one hand, and those of the Hedger and the Speculator, on the other, illustrate Knight’s argument of the significance of the difference between known risks and unknown risks. The profits of the Insider Trader are something else again. Legally, they should not be part of the game, but the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) gives us pause for thought about the morality and significance of such traders: Is insider trading the exception or part of business as usual? A second example is Millo’s (2007) historical geography of the origins of index-based derivatives. If the bride was the “supreme gift” in the tribal economy paradigm, then the derivative is the supreme “calculable good” for the cultural economy paradigm. The derivative is the ultimate abstraction, a financial product that exists only as a mathematical formula in the future. Derivatives have uncertain future prices, and even those that are otherwise identical will have different future prices, a difference which means that profits (and losses) can be made by buying cheap and selling dear. Millo’s short but enlightening article reveals how these radically new financial forms arose in the post-1971 era. These new financial products have a complexity that is quite literally beyond human comprehension; they are created by mathematicians using supercomputers and the most advanced statistical techniques. If Marx found the nineteenth-century industrial commodity to be “a very queer thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties” ([1867] 1978: 44), then he would marvel at the hyperfetishism of this twenty-first-century financial commodity. Many other examples could be used to illustrate the important empirical advances that historians and ethnographers in the cultural economy paradigm have made to our concrete understanding of the present global order, but I now turn to the new theory of value that defines the cultural economy paradigm. This is a much more problematic area, and I restrict myself to a consideration of the work of just two key theorists, Callon and Appadurai. The theory of market calculation these scholars advance is, among other things, a new theory of profit that takes the novel perspective of a posthuman agent. This new theory transcends nineteenth- and twentieth-century debates about theories of profit and the spirit that animates it. For Marx, the industrial wage-laborer was the value producer; profit was a measure of the exploitation of the surplus labor of the working class. Weber, by contrast, found the “seed-bed of capitalistic economy” to lie within the people of the Calvinistic diaspora ([1930] 2001: 10): it was they who sought profit rationally and systematically; it was they who had succeeded in eliminating magic as a means to salvation. The course of twentieth-century debates in mainstream economics have been shaped by the debates between the Friedmanites and the Keynesians, the former basing their theories of value on the agency of an individual decision maker and the necessity of his/her freedom, the latter on the necessity of the role of the government regulator to ensure long-term wealth and prosperity. These early debates, it must be stressed, did not dispute the role of religiosity in commercial life. Marx, Keynes, and Weber, for example, are agreed that religious thinking plays a role in commercial life, but they find its workings in different places: Weber found it in the Protestant ethics of the entrepreneur; Marx found it in the fetishism of commodities in the sphere of exchange; and Keynes found it in the gold holdings of central banks.5 Callon and Appadurai transcend these debates by defining the valuer as a hybrid network of human and nonhuman calculative agents in a new global era of finance capital. Their perspective is that of a certain class of posthuman financial trader, the one informed by Knightian uncertainty. Appadurai, following Weber, is concerned to understand the “spirit of calculation” that motivates this posthuman agent. Appadurai perceives a “great divide” between Callon and himself. While Callon argues that the best way to understand market devices today is “to account for their performativity as devices,” Appadurai is disposed “to think that there is something akin to a Godel-type problem in inducing the spirit that animates a particular set of mechanisms from within the properties of the device itself” (2013: 234). In a global world where religion and commercial life constitute an indissoluble bond, the debate is about who gets to define God and Good—that is, about fundamental values that inform our thoughts about what is and our actions about what could and should be. The theories of Callon and Appadurai are two variations on the general theme of posthumanism that has become very popular today. Their focus is the financial market, and the debate between them is internal to the paradigm rather than external to it in the sense that they do not question the fundamental posthuman assumption that informs cultural economy. In other words, they both agree that things have agency, even though they conceive of this agency in different ways. An external critique begins by questioning this posthumanist assumption. Callon’s theory of the hybrid nonhuman and human valuer can be seen as a reformulation of Adam Smith’s notion of the “invisible hand” of the market. Callon gives Smith’s version of the labor theory of value a posthumanist twist, but an alternative interpretation, consistent with Smith’s humanism, is to argue that the invisible hand is an artifact of the well-known principle that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. For example, the behavior of a crowd is greater than the sum of the actions of the individuals who make it up. This is the case even when members of a crowd are empty handed. It is true that when people in a crowd carry devices such as cell phones and guns the crowd behavior may vary; but to say that this is due to the nonhuman agency of the devices is to deny the agency of the people who use them as instruments. The debate about whole and parts, like the debate about guns, can be pushed this way and that, and recent developments in digital technology have enlivened an old debate. This is an important discussion to have, and it is one on which reasonable people may disagree. But Appadurai’s position raises the debate to another level when he argues that we must attribute intentionality to things. To assume that inanimate objects have a spirit that animates them is quite literally a form of spiritualism. This is an assumption that no humanist, whatever his or her colors, can accept. Appadurai is not alone in making radical posthumanist assumptions of this kind, as suggested by the title of Holbraad’s recent essay Can the thing speak? It is one thing for animal liberationists to question nineteenth- and twentieth-century assumptions about the differences between humans and animals, but quite another for posthumanists to question the distinction between animals and things by attributing animal characteristics to things. For the humanist, these assumptions are part of the problem to be explained in the current era of hypercommodity fetishism, not a solution to it. We again find ourselves at an impasse. The humanist is caught once again in Latour’s double bind. Communications stops. We can open communication by moving the locus of debate from one about fundamental assumptions to one about the competitive explanatory adequacy of theories that follow from different assumptions. We have seen, for example, that Appadurai uses Knight’s theory of uncertainty to argue that profit is the reward for facing uncertainty. The adequacy of this theory can only be assessed by examining competing theories. There can be no doubt that financial traders receive this reward and that the relative size of any one trader’s reward depends upon his or her success at outsmarting rivals, as Mizayaki’s (2013) ethnography reveals. But who pays the ultimate reward? There are many answers to this question, but I limit myself to a consideration of the one provided by the demonstrators in the Occupy movement, who claim that they are the “99%” who pay the reward to the wolves of Wall Street, the 1%.6 Herein lies a challenge to the theory of value that informs cultural economy because the ethnographers and theorists of the Occupy movement propose a new ethics of possibility for the future of anthropology. Graeber7 has been a central figure in this movement as activist, ethnographer, and political theorist. His values led him to Wall Street to protest on the streets rather than to study the traders in their offices. His participant observation of the Occupy movement and other similar movements has resulted in two ethnographic studies (Graeber 2009, 2013) and an economic history of debt (Graeber 2011). His actions, as noted above, are informed by an anarchist political philosophy (Graeber 2004). His books, which include an ethnography in the classic tradition (Graeber 2007) among others, postdate his Toward an anthropological theory of value (2001) and constitute an extraordinary one-man assault on the multidisciplinary paradigm that is cultural economy. The politics and ethics of possibility that Graeber proposes could not be more different from that of cultural economy. The crucial difference is that of perspective: Graeber takes that of the 99%, but he is not alone in this venture. This new paradigm of which he is part is in the early stage of its development and, like cultural economy, contains contributors from many disciplines with many different theoretical perspectives (Hart, Laville, and Cattani 2010). The leading theorists of this movement, it seems, tend to find their inspiration in the anarchist rather than Marxist tradition of thought. This, at least, is the case for Graeber and Chomsky. As the latter notes, The world is now indeed splitting into a plutonomy and a precariat—in the imagery of the Occupy movement, the 1% and the 99%. Not literal numbers, but the right picture. Now, the plutonomy is where the action is and it could continue like this. If it does, the historic reversal that began in the 1970s could become irreversible. That’s where we’re heading. And the Occupy movement is the first real, major, popular reaction that could avert this. But it’s going to be necessary to face the fact that it’s a long, hard struggle. You don’t win victories tomorrow. You have to form the structures that will be sustained, that will go on through hard times and can win major victories. And there are a lot of things that can be done. (Chomsky 2012 : 1) The type, pattern and media for the distribution of risks differ systematically from those of the distribution of wealth. That does not exclude risks from often being distributed in a stratified or class-specific way. In this sense there are broad overlapping areas between class and risk society. The history of risk distribution shows that, like wealth, risks adhere to the class pattern, only inversely: wealth accumulates at the top, risks at the bottom. To that extent, risks seem to strengthen, not to abolish, the class society. Poverty attracts an unfortunate abundance of risks. By contrast, the wealthy (in income, power or education) can purchase safety and freedom from risk. (Beck 1992: 35) This radical perspective on the twenty-first-century value question redefines cultural economy’s network of nonhuman and human calculative agents in human terms as the plutonomy and poses the question of the means by which income is redistributed from the precariat to the plutonomy—that is, of how the rich use the institutions and devices of financial capitalism to enrich themselves even further (see, e.g., Standing 2014 ). Uncertainty and risk loom large in this paradigm too. Knight correctly notes that uncertainty can be reduced, but at a cost. Theorists in this alternative tradition such as Beck note that the plutonomy are able to pay this cost and to reap its benefits. In other words, the profit the plutonomy receive is not from being able to face uncertainty but from being able to reduce it.This approach privileges the social relationship between people rather than the agency of things. Both approaches locate their analyses in the twenty-first-century financial marketplace, but posthumanists take a different turn when they focus on the harmonious relationship between human and nonhuman calculative agency rather than the antagonistic human relationship between the plutonomy and the precariat. My intention is not to assess the explanatory adequacy of these competing theories but simply to note that the dominant cultural economy paradigm,8 and the posthumanist theory of value that informs it, has its limits. Humanism is reasserting itself in a new guise with a new theory of value. This is, of course, how it should be. Academic thought has been enriched by the twentieth-century debates between the Marxists and the Weberians, on the one hand, and those between the Keynesians and the Friedmanites, on the other. An alternative approach to the theory of value in the twenty-first century that privileges the perspective of the precariat over the plutonomy is to be welcomed. By way of conclusion, it should be noted that cultural economy catches us in a double bind of a type for which there is no escape. It has redefined the “ethnographic present” as the new global order, one in which we are all participant observers whether we like it or not. When it comes to understanding the ethnographic present of today’s uncertain world, it must be admitted that we are all in the dark. This is another brute fact of reality. We have no option but to cope with this dilemma. This requires a certain humility but also a vigorous debate about the ethics of different possibilities, because one person’s dream of the future may be another person’s nightmare. The posthumanists of the cultural economy paradigm have done us a favor in moving the debate ahead in the post-Vietnam War period, but the ethics and politics of the possible futures they imagine must not be allowed to go unchallenged, for the notion of what it means to be human is at stake, and no school of thought has a mortgage on this question.
Acknowledgments I am grateful to participants at the Anthropological Knots Symposium for helpful comments, and in particular to David Graeber, Sarah Green, Keir Martin, Joel Robbins, and Marilyn Strathern. I have also received helpful comments from Fred Damon, Jane Guyer, Chris Hann, and Keith Hart. An ESRC-funded project on the “Domestic moral economy: An ethnographic study of the Asia-Pacific region” has enabled me to think about the value question in new ways with colleagues at Manchester. Particular mention must be made of Jon Altman, Rodolfo Maggio, Fiona Magowan, Russ Odoni, Rachel Smith, and Karen Sykes. I have also benefited from the comments of anonymous reviewers.
References Arjun Appadurai 1986. “Introduction: Commodities and the politics of value.” In The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai, 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arjun Appadurai 1990. “Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy.” Public Culture 2 (2): 1–24.
Arjun Appadurai 1996. Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Arjun Appadurai 2006. Fear of small numbers: An essay on the geography of anger. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Arjun Appadurai 2013. The future as a cultural fact: Essays on the global condition. London: Verso.
Gregory Bateson, Don D. Jackson, Jay Haley, John Weakland. 1956. “Towards a theory of schizophrenia.” Behavioral Science 1: 251–64.
Ulrich Beck 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
Tony Bennett, Liz McFall, Mike Pryke. 2008. “Editorial: Culture/economy/social.” Journal of Cultural Economy 1 (1): 1–7.
Pierre Bourdieu. (1972) 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michel Callon 1998. “Introduction: The embeddedness ofeconomic markets in economics.” In The laws of the markets, edited by Michel Callon, 1–57. Oxford: Blackwell.
Michel Callon 2005. “Why virtualism paves the way to political impotence: A reply to Daniel Miller’s critique of the laws of the markets.” Economic Sociology 6 (2): 3–20.
Michel Callon, Cécile Méadel, Vololona Rabeharisoa. 2002. “The economy of qualities.” Economy and Society 31 (2): 194–217.
Michel Callon, Fabian Muniesa. 2005. “Peripheral vision: Economic markets as calcu-lative collective devices.” Organization Studies 26: 1229–50.
Noam Chomsky 2012. “Plutonomyandthe precariat: Onthe historyofthe USeconomyindecline.” http://www.truthdig.com/report/page2/plutonomy_and_the_precariat_the_history_ of_the_us_economy_in_decline_201205.
Paul du Gay, Michael Pryke, eds. 2002. Cultural economy: Cultural analysis and commercial life. London: Sage.
FCIC. 2011. The financial crisis inquiry report: Final report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States Washington: US Government Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
Patrick Flanagan 1971. Imperial anthropology, Thailand: A helping hand for the Hill People. Sydney: AICD Occasional Paper No 2.
Milton Friedman 1953. Essays in positive economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Clifford Geertz 1973. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Kathleen Gough 1968. “Anthropology and imperialism.” Monthly Review April: 12-27.
David Graeber 2001. Toward an anthropological theory of value: The false coin of our dreams. New York: Palgrave.
David Graeber 2004. Fragments of an anarchist anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
David Graeber 2007. Lost people: Magic and the legacy of slavery in Madagascar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
David Graeber 2009. Direct action: An ethnography. Edinburgh: AK Press.
David Graeber 2011. Debt: The first 5000 years. New York: Melville House Publishing.
David Graeber 2013. The democracy project: A history, a crisis, a movement. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Christopher A. Gregory 1997. Savage money: The anthropology and politics of commodity exchange. London: Harwood.
Christopher A. Gregory (1982) 2015. Gifts and commodities. Second edition. Chicago: HAU Books.
Chris Hann, Keith Hart. 2011. Economic anthropology: History, ethnography, critique. Cambridge: Polity.
Keith Hart, Jean-Louis Laville, Antonio D. Cattani, eds. 2010. The human economy: A citizen’s guide. Cambridge: Polity.
Martin Holbraad 2011. Can the thing speak? (Working Papers Series 7.) University College London: Open Anthropology Cooperative Press.
William S. Jevons (1871) 1970. Theory of political economy. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
John M. Keynes 1930. A treatise on money, Vol. 2: The applied theory of money. In The collected writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. VI. London: Macmillan.
Frank H. Knight 1921. Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Frank H. Knight 1941. “Anthropology and economics.” Journal of Political Economy 49 (2): 247–68.
Bruno Latour 2010. On the modern cult of the factish gods. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bronislaw Malinowski (1922) 1961. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. New York: Dutton.
Karl Marx (1867) 1978. Capital, Vol. I: A critical analysis of capitalist production. Translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling. Moscow: Progress.
Murray Milgate 1987. “Goods and commodities.” In The new Palgrave dictionary of economics, edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman, 546–49. London: Macmillan.
Yuval Millo 2007. “Making things deliverable: The origins of index-based derivatives.” In Market devices, edited by Michel Callon, Yuval Millo, Fabian Muniesa, 196–214. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hirokazu Miyazaki 2013. Arbitraging Japan: Dreams of capitalism and the end of finance. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Glenn Pearce, Patrick Maynard. 1973. “ Introduction.” In Conceptual change, edited by Glenn Pearce, Patrick Maynard, ix–xii. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Guy Standing 2014. The precariat: The new dangerous class. Second edition. London: Bloomsbury.
Edward P. Thompson 1971. “The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century.” Past and Present 50: 76–136.
Max Weber (1930) 2001. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. London: Routledge.
Cary Wolfe 2010. What is posthumanism? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. |
Earthtalk: Why Die For Hair Dye?
by TreeHugger
on 08.25.05
Treehugger is proud to introduce a weekly column with answers to your environmental questions, EARTH TALK, From the Editors of E/The Environmental Magazine
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The site below has some wonderful haircolor recipes and a web community of natural hair dyers. Fantastic thumnail pics of haircolors. Each has a woman, a recipe, and a story to go with it. I was especially tickled by instructions to send in a picture of your hair color by brushing your tresses out over a scanner. The women are also using indigo and other dyes.
The site is huge and comprehensive, but the link below will take you straight to the sample pictures. Beautiful colors
Methinks the image with this post is misleading - how can you can get a brilliant colour effect like that with herbal / non-toxic dyes? I'm quite sure her hair has been bleached then dyed with mega-toxins, which may explain why she's having so much trouble with her top - the chemicals have soaked in all the way!!
this post could set some realistic expectations, ie you're not going to change your hair colour from a dark to a lighter shade or a radical fashion shade using natural hair dyes.
"you're not going to change your hair colour from a dark to a lighter shade or a radical fashion shade using natural hair dyes."
I dunno - I got a really bright unnatural red from Naturistics*, and they seem to carry a lot of pale blondes. Aren't Punky Colors & Manic Panic mostly vegetable dyes? (Of course, you have to bleach first to keep the color for any length of time.)
As always, of course, "natural" doesn't mean "healthy" - women were using natural lead oxides as cosmetics for thousands of years...
*I can't find their company with a cursory Google search, but I bought it at my co-op.
My hair is completely grey and I've bee using different product to color it. However, I've developed an allergy reaction to permanent and semi-permanent color. I do not have any problems with the rinse, but it does not last. Can someone advise on a product to use that does not have the ingredient that trigger the allergy. I have tried Henna, it did not take at all.
Any advise will be welcome.
Thanks |
82 F.Supp.2d 389 (2000)
UNITED STATES of America,
v.
Robert C. LEE.
Criminal Action No. 99-499.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
January 25, 2000.
*390 Judy Goldstein Smith, Michael L. Levy, U.S. Attorney's Office, Philadelphia, PA, for U.S.
Elizabeth Ainslie, Denise Wolf, Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, Philadelphia, PA, for Robert C. Lee.
MEMORANDUM ON GOVERNMENT'S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
DALZELL, District Judge.
Upon defendant Lee's motion, we on January 20, 2000 dismissed Count 10 of the Superseding Indictment, which charged him with bankruptcy fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 157(2). In that decision, we found that, given the narrow construction that we are obliged to give criminal statutes, especially unconstrued new ones, the language and legislative history (such as it is) of the bankruptcy fraud statute did not support a charge against Lee where his pertinent filing with the bankruptcy court (1) post-dated the receipt of the alleged fruits of the scheme to defraud[1], and (2) was "concealing" only in the sense that the filing omitted reference to the allegedly fraudulent receipt of funds.
We also noted that it would be improper, on the bare language of the statute, to regard a bankruptcy filing under the bankruptcy fraud statute in the same way a mailing is regarded with respect to the mail fraud statute[2], and that it would also be improper to criminalize an omission in a bankruptcy filing in the same fashion that such an omission is penalized by, for example, § 10b of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.[3]
With trial scheduled to have begun yesterday, the Government late Friday afternoon, January 21, moved for reconsideration of this decision.[4]
*391 The Government argues in support of its twelfth-hour motion that Congress, in using the "scheme or artifice to defraud" language, intended that the bankruptcy fraud statute should be interpreted in the same broad fashion as the mail fraud statute, as opposed to the narrow reading that we have given it. The Government cites three bases for this contention.
First, it argues that legislative history and judicial interpretation show that other fraud statutes[5] which were passed after the mail fraud statute and which also contain the "scheme or artifice" language are properly construed as broadly as is the mail fraud statute[6], and that consequently the new bankruptcy fraud statute should be construed broadly. The Government also claims that Congress wants fraud statutes to be construed broadly, as demonstrated by the use of similar "scheme or artifice to defraud" language among various statutes and also by Congress's history of passing new, broader legislation in response to Supreme Court rulings which limited the scope of various fraud statutes. Lastly, the Government notes the similarity in the language between the bankruptcy fraud statute and the various other fraud statutes places these statutes in pari materia and demands that they be similarly construed.
With particular reference to our discussion of the post hoc nature of Lee's bankruptcy filing, the Government points out that under mail fraud jurisprudence, letters mailed after the scheme to defraud was completed, but which were intended to "lull" the victims into a sense of security and to delay their ultimate complaint, are considered to be in furtherance of the scheme.[7] The Government also mentions *392 that under bank fraud jurisprudence, an act that post-dates the defendant's receipt of the money may still be in violation of the statute, and the Government reiterates its argument that Lee's failure to disclose in the bankruptcy filing the additional moneys he had received served to criminally "conceal" the fraud.[8]
Lee counters these arguments by first observing that because the bankruptcy fraud statute is but one of a group of statutes criminalizing various behaviors related to bankruptcy, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 151-157, it should be given a narrow construction. Lee contrasts this with the mail fraud statute which, he avers, stands alone and thus warrants broader construction. Lee further argues that the Superseding Indictment does not allege a sufficiently close relationship between the filing and the alleged scheme, irrespective of whether the filing itself was innocent and whether there was a scheme to defraud.[9] He also contends that his alleged failure to disclose, in the bankruptcy filing, the consulting fees paid to his then-fiancee could not amount to criminally "concealing" anything.
While the Government's esprit de l'escalier is well-articulated, after careful reflection we do not find that the motion sets forth any reason for us to reverse ourselves.
As we discussed in our earlier Memorandum, in order to agree with the Government and to find that Lee's alleged behavior falls under 18 U.S.C. § 157(2), we either would have to apply in this case the broad construction given, e.g., to the mail fraud statute or, alternatively, would have to find that Lee's non-disclosure in the bankruptcy filing puts him within the statute's ambit. Similar though the language of the bankruptcy fraud statute is to that of the various other fraud statutes, we cannot, particularly as a matter of what appears to be first impression, import wholesale into the bankruptcy fraud statute the thick judicial gloss that has been applied over the years to these other statutes.
As the Government concedes, there is nothing in the legislative history of the bankruptcy fraud statute that even hints that it is to be construed as broadly as the mail fraud statute. The Government argues that this absence is immaterial since, as discussed above, other fraud statutes are construed as broadly as is the mail fraud statute. One might argue to the contrary that, given that some other fraud statutes' legislative histories do mention the mail fraud statute see note 5, supra the absence of such reference in the bankruptcy fraud statute's legislative history could just as easily mean that Congress did not intend such an interpretation.[10]
As outlined in our January 20 decision, our due process jurisprudence compels us to interpret ambiguous statutory language against the Government and in favor of the defendant. The Government maintains essentially that this jurisprudence is irrelevant because the language of *393 the bankruptcy fraud statute is not ambiguous with respect to Lee's behavior because of the broad construction the courts have adopted for similar language in other statutes. The Government argues that Lee was on warning that he could be charged with bankruptcy fraud because the interpretation given to similar "scheme or artifice to defraud" statutes would have given him notice that his behavior fell under the prohibition of 18 U.S.C. § 157(2).[11]
It would seem to us that the Government's argument puts the cart before the horse that construction should follow the statute and not vice versa. And in this regard it is important to recall that we are not here engaged in simply any exercise of statutory interpretation. Because this is a criminal case, our interpretation and construction of § 157 are constrained by the due process safeguards owed to Robert Lee. As we discussed in our January 20 Memorandum, the right to due process gives rise to a "fair warning" requirement for criminal statutes: that the defendant have "fair warning ... in language that the common world will understand, of what the law intends to do if a certain line is passed. To make this warning fair, so far as possible the line should be clear." United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 117 S.Ct. 1219, 1224, 137 L.Ed.2d 432 (1997) (quoting McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25, 27, 51 S.Ct. 340, 341, 75 L.Ed. 816 (1931)). One component of this need for fair warning is the canon of strict construction of criminal statutes, otherwise known as the rule of lenity, which directs us to resolve ambiguity in a criminal statute so as to cover only conduct clearly covered[12], see Lanier, 117 S.Ct. at 1225 (citing Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 427, 105 S.Ct. 2084, 2089, 85 L.Ed.2d 434 (1985)). Another component is the principle that "due process bars courts from applying a novel construction of a criminal statute to conduct that neither the statute nor any prior judicial decision has fairly disclosed to be within its scope." Lanier, 117 S.Ct. at 1225 (citing, e.g., Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 191-92, 97 S.Ct. 990, 992-93, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977)).
The Government reasserts its argument that Lee's failure to disclose the additional payments in his bankruptcy filing constitutes "concealment" under 18 U.S.C. § 157.[13] At the outset, it remains difficult, even after two motions and two oral arguments on this point, to get one's hands around exactly what the Government says is criminal here. As noted in our January 20 Memorandum, it is not disputed that "there was a lease and that Lee in fact received payments" in accordance with it. Jan. 20 Mem. at 7. We learned at the second oral argument on January 24 that Ali paid the commission to the fiancee (at last identified as Donna Pointer) out of Ali's twenty percent share of the Medicare payments; the eighty percent share of the debtor, Ostomy, was not in the slightest diminished. Ms. Pointer, who was not married to Lee at the time of the payments, should not be presumed to be Lee's marionette, and to the extent she won handsome payments from Ali this is, on its face, merely evidence of capitalism at work and not crime. At all events, Ms. Pointer was not an officer of Ostomy and owed no direct duty to any Ostomy creditor.
Conceding all these realities, the Government nevertheless contends that Lee is a criminal because he did not disclose that Ms. Pointer received these earlier payments *394 from Ali, even though the Ostomy Estate received every dollar called for in the lease that was ultimately filed several months after Ms. Pointer received her money. The Government locates this affirmative duty of disclosure, in the nature of SEC Rule 10b-5,[14] in the breadth of mail and wire fraud jurisprudence. The Government contends that it does not offend due process to incorporate such breadth into this statute, because Lee is fairly chargeable with understanding that such jurisprudence would be applied to his conduct through the new statute.
But why limit this incorporation to the jurisprudence under the mail and wire fraud statutes?
The essence of the Government's argument is that the formula "scheme or artifice to defraud" constitute magic words meaning "mail and wire fraud statutes." The Government ignores the fact that those very words also appear in the statutes dealing with:
"commodity trading advisors, commodity pool operators, and associated persons," 7 U.S.C. § 6o (1)(A);
"the offer or sale of any securities," 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a)(1);
"any liquidation proceeding or direct payment procedure" by a broker-dealer, 15 U.S.C. § 78jjj(c)(1)(A);
interstate land sales, 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(2)(A);
investment advisers, 15 U.S.C. § 80b-6(1);
civil forfeiture, 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(E);
criminal forfeiture, 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(4);
"[t]ransportation of stolen goods, securities, moneys, fraudulent State tax stamps, or articles used in counterfeiting," 18 U.S.C. § 2314.
As the Government concedes, unlike the bank fraud statute, cited in note 5, supra, Congress in the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994 gave no direction at all as to which of these many statutes we should look. There is no principled way we can look only to the mail fraud statute but ignore, say, the jurisprudence under the Commodity Exchange Act that antedates the mail fraud statute by twenty-six years. Indeed, as we pointed out on January 20, the closest statutory cognate to what the Government charges here is § 10b of the Securities Exchange Act (and especially SEC Rule 10b 5 promulgated thereunder) which antedates the mail fraud statute by twelve years.
Because there is no limiting principle to the Government's magic language incorporation argument, the Government's approach would present any district judge with insuperable trial management problems in prosecutions under § 157. At the first utterance of a relevancy objection to a question or proffered document, to what body of law under what cognate statute should judges look for guidance? When it comes time to charge the jury, to what body of appellate cases should judges look for the elements of the offense?
Analysis of the 1994 legislation as a whole also belies the Government's inclusive and expansive reading. 18 U.S.C. § 157 was added to the United States Code in 1994, as part of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994, Pub.L. No. 103-394, 108 Stat. 4106. This was substantial legislation[15] addressing a wide variety of bankruptcy issues. Of interest to us is Section 312, which contains amendments and additions to the crimes associated with bankruptcy. These crimes are codified in Chapter 9 of Title 18 of the United States Code, and comprise §§ 151-157. The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994 not only added §§ 156 ("Knowing disregard of bankruptcy law or rule") and 157 ("Bankruptcy fraud"), but made amendments as to either form or content of §§ 152 ("Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery"), 153 ("Embezzlement against estate"), and 154 ("Adverse interest and conduct of officers").[16]
*395 A broad reading of § 157(2), such as the Government seeks, would tend to render these other sections of Chapter 9 into surplusage. For example, if we criminalize the filing of a truthful paper in bankruptcy court because it fails to reveal wrongdoing that the filer earlier engaged in relating to the estate, we probably no longer have much need of § 153. This section makes it criminal for a "trustee, custodian, marshal, attorney, or other officer of the court" to "embezzle[], spend[], or transfer[]" any property in the estate in a fraudulent manner. Since these individuals are the ones who will be responsible for filings, and, under the Government's broad reading, any filing linked in any way to the fraud, even by omission[17], will trigger § 157, there plainly is no need for § 153's specificity. A properly-construed § 157 does not swallow up these specific provisions, and there is no evidence that Congress amended them, or added §§ 156 and 157, because they had slipped into desuetude. There is therefore nothing in the 1994 Bankruptcy Reform Act that would lead us to conclude that Congress imported the whole of mail and wire fraud jurisprudence when it adopted this comprehensive Act.
The statutory scheme as a whole thus fortifies our reading of this 1994 law under the canon of strict construction, and our rejection of the Government's expansive magic language incorporation approach. Absent clearer direction from Congress, we shall not import mail and wire fraud jurisprudence to criminalize Lee's post hoc nondisclosure.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 25th day of January, 2000, upon consideration of the Government's motion for reconsideration, defendant's response, and after oral argument on January 24, 2000, and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED that the Government's motion is DENIED.
NOTES
[1] And consequently, we found, could not be construed as having "executed" the fraud because it did not "follow out into effect, [or] carry out" the scheme, see V The Oxford English Dictionary 520, def. 1 (1989 ed.). As the OED points out, this understanding of execute has been constant since the time of Chaucer.
[2] Whose language is to some extent mirrored by 18 U.S.C. § 157.
[3] Notwithstanding that such an omission may have been in violation of, inter alia, Lee's fiduciary duties.
[4] While the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure do not contain a rule specifically discussing motions for reconsideration, particularly not from the Government, our Local Rule of Criminal Procedure 1.2 adopts for use in criminal cases Local Rule of Civil Procedure 7.1(g), which states that "[m]otions for reconsideration or reargument shall be served and filed within ten (10) days after the entry of the judgment, order, or decree concerned." Absent guidance under the criminal rules, we look to the jurisprudence under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e) for guidance in considering this motion, see Rankin v. Heckler, 761 F.2d 936, 942 (3d Cir.1985) ("Regardless how it is styled, a motion filed within ten days of entry of judgment questioning the correctness of the judgment may be treated as a motion ... under Rule 59(e)."). The purpose of a motion under Rule 59(e) is to "correct manifest errors of law or fact or to present newly discovered evidence." Harsco Corp. v. Zlotnicki, 779 F.2d 906, 909 (3d Cir.1985). A motion for reconsideration is not to be used, however, as a means to reargue a case or to ask a court to rethink a decision it has made, see, e.g., Waye v. First Citizen's Nat. Bank, 846 F.Supp. 310, 314 (M.D.Pa.1994). As discussed below, the Government here raises additional legal arguments in support of the position advanced previously, raising the question of whether their motion meets the threshold requirements for a Rule 59(e) motion. Given the novelty of the interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 157, however, we will not further consider this concern and will instead pass on to discuss the merits of the Government's new arguments.
[5] The Government refers to the wire fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, see United States v. Giovengo, 637 F.2d 941, 943-44 (3d Cir.1980) (finding the wire fraud statute to be in pari materia with mail fraud and consequently giving wire fraud broad construction), the bank fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1344, see United States v. Bonallo, 858 F.2d 1427, 1432-33 (9th Cir.1988) (noting that the Senate Report stated that the bank fraud statute is modeled after the mail fraud statute, and that the House Judiciary Committee, in considering the bank fraud statute, endorsed the broad reading given to mail fraud), and the major fraud against the United States statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1031, see S.Rep. No. 100-503 at 11 ("The phrase `scheme or artifice' should be interpreted [in 18 U.S.C. § 1031] in the same manner as that phrase is interpreted under the mail and wire fraud statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343.").
[6] The Government notes, for example, that mail fraud jurisprudence has held that omissions may constitute the "scheme or artifice to defraud". See United States v. O'Malley, 707 F.2d 1240, 1247 (11th Cir.1983) (holding defendant to be chargeable under the mail fraud statute even though he did not actively misrepresent any fact).
[7] This includes situations where the mere failure to complete the mailing would have unraveled the scheme.
[8] The Government also avers that for purposes of interpreting the breadth of application of the bankruptcy fraud statute, it is irrelevant that Lee's conduct may be covered by other criminal statutes or by civil remedies. While we agree that the existence of other penalties does not foreclose criminal liability for Lee under § 157, this is still something properly considered in construing the statute. Indeed, the Government pointed out at the second oral argument that § 157(2) may well have been intended by Congress as a net to catch facially truthful filings that were in furtherance of a fraud precisely because such truthful filings were not captured by other provisions of the Code. This argument, naturally, seeks to construe § 157 on the basis of what is and is not criminalized elsewhere.
[9] Lee argues that the Superseding Indictment does not sufficiently specify the character of the alleged scheme, even assuming that the broad definition of "scheme or artifice to defraud" from the mail fraud jurisprudence applies to bankruptcy fraud.
[10] Such realities demonstrate why it is not so hard to find friendly "heads" in the legislative history crowd that Justice Scalia mentions in Conroy, cited in note 14 of our Jan. 20 Memorandum, and thus why legislative history constitutes such an imponderable.
[11] The Government argues that "scheme or artifice to defraud" has now become a "term of art" that is understood to imply broad interpretation whenever Congress sees fit to include it in a statute. As discussed in the text, we do not agree that our interpretation should be guided by this reasoning.
[12] From a practical standpoint, this means that if someone familiar with the law (as criminal defendants are presumed to be) would in good faith be unsure of whether certain conduct falls under the statute, it doesn't.
[13] At the second oral argument, the Government seemed to retreat from its earlier contention that the filing "executed" the fraud. See supra note 1 and Jan. 20 Mem. at 7-9.
[14] Cited and quoted in note 20 of our Jan. 20 Memorandum.
[15] Pub.L. No. 103-394 takes up 45 pages in the Statutes at Large.
[16] The only provisions of Title 18, Chapter 9 not affected by this legislation were §§ 151 ("Definition") and 155 ("[fraud relating to] Fee arrangements in cases under title 11 and receiverships").
[17] Moreover, if we were to allow filings which fail to disclose an ongoing fraud as a triggering mechanism under § 157, we would run into the problem of the limiting principle. As Lee pointed out at the second oral argument, if his failure to disclose the additional payments under the lease in his filing of the lease statement triggered the statute, why not a failure to disclose such information in any successive filing following the alleged fraud, since his fiduciary duty to disclose would remain in place indefinitely.
|
The Elementary School
Station 5
A school in Burgebrach was mentioned for the first time in the year 1489. It was therefore one of the earliest in the entire Bamberg region. Lessons took place in the schoolmaster's home in those days. A second teacher came to Burgebrach in 1806 after the introduction of compulsory education. This resulted in a division: classes for the "secondary pupils" were held in the "upper gatehouse", and the "primary pupils" were taught in the old St. Michael's Chapel (Michaelskapelle) by the church square from 1817. Classes later took place in the parish hall, because St. Michael's Chapel had to be demolished in 1850 due to disrepair. A new schoolhouse was then built on its site.
Before the First World War, a larger, more modern school building was desired, in order to meet the demand. The idea for a new building in Burgebrach was born, but a location could not be agreed upon. And so it finally took 20 years before the parish priest Anton Sextl ended the dispute and started building in Ampferbacher Straße in 1928. Two apartments for teachers and a teachers' room were built in addition to four classrooms. Burgebrach gained one of the most beautiful and most modern schools in the area, which was officially opened in 1929. The building is still used for the primary school and lunchtime supervision. The Catholic parish community took over the old schoolhouse by the church square and used it for a long time as a residence for the sacristan and for youth work. After extensive refurbishment in 1982, it is now used as a parish community centre and bears the name "Edith Stein-Haus".
It goes without saying that there was also a state of emergency in the school in the Second World War. Even pupils from the Palatinate attended lessons here.
The basement was shored up with pit props, so that the pupils and teachers could use it as a shelter during air raids. However, classes were often cancelled completely: the teachers and the children had to search the fields for potato beetles in 1944. No classes were possible for one year after the invasion of the Americans in 1945, since soldiers used the school for their own purposes. After the withdrawal of the soldiers, it was still difficult to hold regular classes. The school was closed in the winter of 1950 because of a lack of coal. The numbers of pupils increased dramatically after the war, meaning that an emergency classroom even had to be set up in the town hall. The primary and secondary school is nowadays the headquarters of the Aurachtal-Ebrachgrund school association.
There was a school in Burgebrach more than 500 years ago. In those days it was in the home of the only teacher, but when a second teacher came to the town in 1806, lessons were held in public premises, e.g. in St. Michael's Chapel (Michaelskapelle) or the upper gatehouse. However, a schoolhouse was built on the site when the chapel became too old and had to be demolished. A new, larger school was built in the 1930s which is in service to this day in spite of several interruptions.
Station 1:
The Old Town Hall
Station 2:
The former District Court
Station 3:
The Church Square
Station 5:
The Elementary School
>-59555510 |
Energy Secretary Steven Chu stunned the audience at a London scientific conference Tuesday with a radical but simple proposal to combat global warming: Paint all the roofs of all the buildings in the world white.If we did so, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist said, and if we also made sure the world's roads and sidewalks were light-colored, it would have the same effect on global warming as taking all the cars in the world off the world's roads for 11 years.
The idea is to harness the "albedo effect" -- the theory that a reflective planet warms up less as heat from the sun is bounced back into space.
Palace Nobel Laureate Symposium, said the calculations are based on work done at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where he used to work and where three researchers concluded last year that changing surface colors in the world's 100 largest cities would offset 44 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions.."...
Some Links
3 hours ago
I like the idea presented in this article, but there is one problem not mentioned. All these surfaces must remain clean to work. Dirt and rubber from tires would compromise the effect of this idea and just dirt and debris on the roofs of houses would do the same.
Wouldn't it be nice if global warming could be fixed so easily? Of course everthing has a catch. The light roads would definately cause trouble because I notice I have a hard time seeing the lines on some of the lighter roads here in Waco. Its really simple things that can help stop global warming. I think if everyone would do just a little to contribute to slowing it down our world would be in much better shape.
It all sounds like a good idea, but where would everyone get the money to pay for all the paint. Honestly do you really think GM can afford to pay for the paint to cover their whole rooftop, they would need another bailout. Another thing, what would be the opportunity cost of such a big project? |
We visited our good friends Wil and Ann in Anglesey for the weekend and despite a gloomy and drizzly start we were gratefully rewarded by splendid weather. It was like summer on Sunday which is pretty good for the first day of November.
Our first visit was to Parys Mountain in Amlwch, it was the world’s copper mining centre from 1768, it’s a massive open cast site which is now an impressive scar on the bleak landscape. The land is vibrant in it’s hues of orangey copper, reds, yellows, blacks and greens. It’s a very alien place which can easily be imagined as a set for a post-apocalyptic film! Obviously it’s great for taking photos and here are a couple from our visit.
The next day we visited more conventionally beautiful places, the first stop was the Heritage Museum at Swtan in Porth Swtan (Church Bay) which is a fully restored 17th century Welsh cottage with a thatched roof. Unfortunately it was shut but the outside was worth a visit, it was a glorious day and the orange corrugated shed extension against the bright blue sky really caught my eye. (obviously not part of the 17th century original, it’s the smart new learning centre)
It was just a short walk down the steep curving path to the beach which was fabulously illuminated by the morning sun and I spent time shooting up the curve and right into the sun to exaggerate the dramatic highlights of the sparkling dew on the grass as I find it hard to resist a nice sun-spot and some dramatic flare. We townies inhaled plenty of the good Welsh sea air and stretched our legs in a very leisurely manner on the sandy beach.
From there we headed to our favourite local beach at Cemlyn (local to our friends’ not us, unfortunately) where we go on every visit – it’s the nearest my husband and I have to our own beach and it’s aways a pleasure to explore the rocks and to admire the ever present rock piles which have been left precariously balancing by earlier visitors.
|
Thomas Farr is worse than the usual awful people that Trump nominates to Federal Judgeships. His record attests to unapologetic support for voting district gerrymandering. Farr's judicial actions have intentionally manipulated voting regulations in North Carolina to disenfranchise African American voters.
From the Daily Beast:
"Farr’s record is astonishing.
"In 2016, a federal appeals court struck down North Carolina’s array of voting restrictions, finding that they 'target[ed] African Americans with almost surgical precision... The only clear factor linking these various ‘reforms’ is their impact on African American voters.'
"The main author of the law was Thomas Farr. Farr also defended the law in court, disrespecting the circuit court by calling its landmark decision 'ludicrous.'”
Our Senators have already pledged to vote no. Voting no is not enough. We need them to do everything they can to block this nomination.
Action: Whip the Vote Against Farr
Our Senators have a good relationship with Lisa Murkowski, who voted against Kavanaugh. Ask them to do everything they can to convince her to, once again, vote for decency.
Script
“Hello, I’m [name] from [city, zip]. I'm calling to ask the Senator to do everything she can to fight the Nomination of Tom Farr, who authored and defended a racial gerrymandering bill that was struck down by the Federal courts, to preside over similar cases as Federal judge. This is unacceptable. I would like to ask the Senator to reach out to Lisa Murkowski, whose recent vote against Kavanaugh shows her commitment to decency, and to the Republican Senators from the states that just passed anti-gerrymandering initiatives: Cory Gardner (R-CO), Mike Lee (R-UT), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), and Roy Blunt (R-MO)." |
The Best Celebrity Hair Transformations of 2016
A wise woman once said that makeovers provide "a sense of control in a world full of chaos." (Hello, Clueless die-hards.) favorite Hollywood hair makeovers of the year. From Kristen Stewart's mind-blowing color change to Ariana Grande's new bangs, this has been a glorious year for celeb hair.
Swipe the arrows below to see the transformations!
Lea Michele is giving us major déjà vu by going back to her signature thick bangs.
Photos: Jason LaVeris/Getty Images; Instagram/@LeaMichele
Transitioning from caramel to espresso might seem like a relatively subtle change, but Emma Watson proves that trying on different shades of brunette can still make for a huge impact.
Photos: Astrid Stawiarz/Getty Images; Gonzalo Marroquin/Getty Images
Gigi Hadid has been heading toward the dark side for a while now—the dark side of hair color, that is. While she's maintained a gorgeous shade of brond for a few months, it seems now the model has officially gone brunette.
Photos: Getty Images; Splash News
Given her reputation as a hair color chameleon, we were actually pretty surprised to see Kylie Jenner stick with her blond locks over the course of a few months.
Photos: James Devaney/Getty Images; Instagram/@kyliejenner
Olivia Munn recently halved her long, dark mane—and we're seriously feeling the wavy bob that took its place.
Photos: Ray Tamarra/Getty Images; Steve Granitz/Getty Images
Zoë Kravitz, aka the human yardstick of the world's cool quotient, took to Instagram this week to show off newly iced locks.
Photos: Presley Ann/Getty Images; Instagram/@zoeisabellakravitz
At the tail end of Paris Fashion Week, Karlie Kloss stepped out with a major fall hair refresh: a set of perfectly lived-in eyebrow-grazing bangs.
Photos: Christian Vierig/Getty Images; Marc Piasecki/Getty Images: Jon Kopaloff/Getty Images; Dimitrios Kambouris/Getty Images
Rihanna, like the true hair chameleon and absolute goddess that she is, swapped out her straight style in favor of super-long dreadlocks in New York City.
Photos: Stephane Cardinale/Getty Images; Robert Kamau/Getty Images
After spending the summer rocking a bold shade of scarlet, Lily Collins went back to her brunette roots last month—before completing the transformation with a brand-new fringe at Paris Fashion Week.
Photos: Vittorio Zunino Celotto/Getty Images
If you ever doubted the longevity of the blond lob, here's proof that the look is here to stay through fall. Emily Blunt took a front-row seat at the Michael Kors S/S 17 runway show sporting a brand-new sunny blond color with grown-in roots. Paired with a shoulder-grazing cut, the look is a bit more youthful and relaxed than the longer auburn styles we've been seeing from her over the past year. Looks like she's going to have to stock her fall haircare arsenal with purple shampoo!
Photos: Michael Stewart; Dimitrios Kambouris/Getty Images
Selena Gomez stepped out while on tour with her natural texture on display, and we're calling it: This curly style (complete with textured fringe) is bound to be the It cut of the year. (It's so good, no?)
Photos: Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images; Instagram/@selenagomez
Leave it to Ariana Grande to commit to a major hair change—while still keeping her signature ponytail intact. The singer just debuted a blunt fringe on her Instagram.
Photos: Getty Images/Axelle/Bauer-Griffin; @arianagrande
The model turned actress just stepped out at Comic-Con 2016 sporting a blunt lob—a certain departure from the long wavy mane we're used to. (We're into it.)
Photos: Bertrand Rindoff Petroff/Getty Images; John Sciulli/Getty Images
Bella Hadid nearly had us fooled when she rocked a set of temporary side bangs on the Cannes red carpet in May. We’re convinced she should make the face-flattering fringe permanent. Check out more of our favorite haircuts with bangs.
Photos: Dominique Charriau; Venturelli/Getty Images Images
You don't have to go platinum to edge up your look. Hyland went the opposite route by coloring her hair jet-black, and we are obsessed. DIY her look with Garnier's Olia Permanent Hair Color in Soft Black ($10).
Photos: Gregg DeGuire; Jon Kopaloff/Getty Images
Another of the summer's best blond transformations, J.Law's new white-blond locks are the subject of extreme hair envy. The secret to keeping your blond this bright? I recommend a weekly dose of Drybar's Blonde Ale purple shampoo ($27).
Photos: Steve Granitz; David M. Benett/Getty Images Images
The beauty world freaked when Gigi Hadid and Kendall Jenner swapped hair colors Images
Ciara's in the midst of a comeback year, and she's brought the hair transformations along with her. The soft honey-colored highlights she rocked this February were the perfect hue for her complexion.
Photos: Venturelli; John Parra/Getty Images
Khloé Kardashian's asymmetrical midi cut from March set a major summer hair trend into motion. Check out more haircut inspo here.
Photos: Kevin Mazur & Cindy Ord/Getty Images
There something addictive about celebrity makeovers, no? Next up: our all-time-favorite Hollywood brow transformations. |
Because of the end of the Soviet Union, Russia went through a large change politically, economically, and militarily. First off the Soviet Union became the Russian Federation. People now consider that the Federation is a follow up of the Soviet Union. However, Post-Soviet Russia lacked the military and political power of the former USSR. Now that communism died, Russia could elect a President. In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected as the first president of Russia.
Change in Economy
Boris Yeltsin told his people that he would help the economy. One thing he did was help improve trade with other countries. However, not all his ideas would be good. When Yeltsin lifted price controls, a sudden increase in prices occurred (hyperinflation). Because the military was hit hard during the fall of the Soviet Union, many plants laid off workers because the Government was not sending the plants any new orders. This led to large unemployment.
In August 1998 the Russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on their debt. This was called the 1998 Russian financial crisis. This was due in part to the Asian financial crisis and the war in Chechnya. Many banks were forced to close down. The government stopped making payment of wages, pensions and when workers were paid, it was often with goods rather than rubles.
Despite this, Russia came back from the August 1998 financial crash with speed. This was because the price of oil went up. Having the prices of oil go up, the exportation of the oil form Russia would cost more, this would bring in lots of money for the economy.
A series of privatizations occurred.
Relationships with Countries
Unlike in the Cold war, Russia now said that the West was considered an ally. In June 1998 they joined the NATO peace-keeping forces. The Russians also have begun relationships with China. In 1997 the Russians made a treaty with Belarus
Today
Russia in the 21st century has gone through many changes. In 2000 Vladimir Putin was made President of Russia. Through his term he had good and bad approval ratings. In 2001-2002 Putin took over several media stations. Issues like this have also occurred with print media. However Putin has done good things for Russia, Indeed, during real GDP grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually, and a positive balance of the federal budget now let the government to cut 70% of its debt during his term. |
In the Cage (London: Martin Secker, 1919)/Chapter IX
Meanwhile, since irritation sometimes relieved her, the betrothed of Mr. Mudge found herself indebted to that admirer for amounts of it perfectly proportioned to her fidelity. She always walked with him on Sundays, usually in the Regent’s Park, and quite often, once or twice a month he took her, in the Strand or thereabouts, to see a piece that was having a run. The productions he always preferred were the really good ones—Shakespeare, Thompson or some funny American thing; which, as it also happened that she hated vulgar plays, gave him ground for what was almost the fondest of his approaches, the theory that their tastes were, blissfully, just the same. He was for ever reminding her of that, rejoicing over it and being affectionate and wise about it. There were times when she wondered how in the world she could “put up with” him, how she could put up with any man so smugly unconscious of the immensity of her difference. It was just for this difference that, if she was to be liked at all, she wanted to be liked, and if that was not the source of Mr. Mudge’s admiration, she asked herself what on earth could be? She was not different only at one point, she was different all round; unless perhaps indeed in being practically human, which her mind just barely recognised that he also was. She would have made tremendous concessions in other quarters: there was no limit for instance to those she would have made to Captain Everard; but what I have named was the most she was prepared to do for Mr. Mudge. It was because he was different that, in the oddest way, she liked as well as deplored him; which was after all a proof that the disparity, should they frankly recognise it, wouldn’t necessarily be fatal. She felt that, oleaginous—too oleaginous—as he was, he was somehow comparatively primitive: she had once, during the portion of his time at Cocker’s that had overlapped her own, seen him collar a drunken soldier, a big violent man who, having come in with a mate to get a postal-order cashed, had made a grab at the money before his friend could reach it and had so determined, among the hams and cheeses and the lodgers from Thrupp’s, immediate and alarming reprisals, a scene of scandal and consternation. Mr. Buckton and the counter-clerk had crouched within the cage, but Mr. Mudge had, with a very quiet but very quick step round the counter, an air of masterful authority she shouldn’t soon forget, triumphantly interposed in the scrimmage, parted the combatants and shaken the delinquent in his skin. She had been proud of him at that moment, and had felt that if their affair had not already been settled the neatness of his execution would have left her without resistance.
Their affair had been settled by other things: by the evident sincerity of his passion and by the sense that his high white apron resembled a front of many floors. It had gone a great way with her that he would build up a business to his chin, which he carried quite in the air. This could only be a question of time; he would have all Piccadilly in the pen behind his ear. That was a merit in itself for a girl who had known what she had known. There were hours at which she even found him good-looking, though, frankly there could be no crown for her effort to imagine on the part of the tailor or the barber some such treatment of his appearance as would make him resemble even remotely a man of the world. His very beauty was the beauty of a grocer, and the finest future would offer it none too much room consistently to develop. She had engaged herself in short to the perfection of a type, and almost anything square and smooth and whole had its weight for a person still conscious herself of being a mere bruised fragment of wreckage. But it contributed hugely at present to carry on the two parallel lines of her experience in the cage and her experience out of it. After keeping quiet for some time about this opposition she suddenly—one Sunday afternoon on a penny chair in the Regent’s Park—broke, for him, capriciously, bewilderingly, into an intimation of what it came to.. As if, with her absurd bad reasons, she could have begun to tell him! Sometimes she thought it would be amusing to let him have them full in the face, for she felt she should die of him unless she once in a while stupefied him; and sometimes she thought it would be disgusting and perhaps even fatal. She liked him, however, to think her silly, for that gave her the margin which at the best she would always require; and the only difficulty about this was that he hadn’t enough imagination to oblige her. It produced none the less something of the desired effect—to leave him simply wondering why, over the matter of their reunion, she didn’t yield to his arguments. Then at last, simply as if by accident and out of mere boredom on a day that was rather flat, she preposterously produced her own. “Well, wait a bit. Where I am I still see things.” And she talked to him even worse, if possible, than she had talked to Jordan. Mrs. Jordan had had: it was obviously not a source of speculation with him that his sweetheart might pick up a husband. She could see perfectly that this was not for a moment even what he supposed she herself dreamed of. What she had done was simply to give his sensibility another push into the dim vast of trade. In that direction it was all alert, and she had whisked before it the mild fragrance of a “connexion.” That was the most he could see in any account of her keeping in, on whatever roundabout lines, with the gentry; and when, getting to the bottom of this, she quickly proceeded to show him the kind of eye she turned on such people and to give him a sketch of what that eye discovered, she reduced him to the particular prostration in which he could still be amusing to her. |
When comparing Informant vs TMetric Time Tracker, the Slant community recommends Informant for most people. In the question“What is the best time management software?” Informant is ranked 2nd while TMetric Time Tracker is ranked 3rd. The most important reason people chose Informant is:
Informant supports integration between the user's task list with their calendar.
Specs
Pro Easy to use
TMetric Time Tracker is very user-friendly and anyone can use it without having any big problems.
Pro Flexible and detailed reports
Pro Visualized timeline
Pro Automatic time tracking
It is as simple as a Start/Stop timer with an intuitive interface.
Pro Perfect tracker of incomes from projects
Everything in TMetric is simplified for user convenience. You can easily track how much money you earned working with your clients. This feature gives you a perfect overview what clients give you the most income.
Pro Desktop app for Windows, macOS, Linux
Pro Good integration with Redmine Mobile app allows to track time everywhere
Pro Work types with custom rates
Pro iOS mobile app
Pro Good integration with Asana
Easy to integrate with Asana and send time reports to clients. Informative overview of all your incomes/outcomes in reports.
Pro Integration with Github
Pro Exporting (PDF, CSV)
Pro Summary reports: projects, task, team
Cons
Con Price
It’s too expensive.
Con Reports don't generate any graphics
Con Sometimes it has some connecting issues
Con Desktop app for Linux needs improvement
Current version of the desktop app for Linux requires bug fixes and some improvements |
The attached reflects the changes to paragraph 2 to clarify the $250,000 payment (I have included a marked version to show the change as well as a clean version). Upon receipt of HoustonStreet's signature pages, I will send by fax and fedex our signature pages to the letter agreement and the Investor Rights Agreement.
Travis McCullough
Enron North America Corp.
1400 Smith Street EB 3893
Houston Texas 77002
Phone: (713) 853-1575
Fax: (713) 646-3490
Derek Gamble <dgamble@houstonstreet.com> 03/30/2001 09:30 AM To: "'Travis.McCullough@enron.com'" <Travis.McCullough@enron.com>, Andy.Zipper@enron.com cc: Derek Gamble <dgamble@houstonstreet.com>, "Frank Getman, HSE" <fgetman@houstonstreet.com>, MDunn@milbank.com, NAmin@milbank.com Subject: RE: Revised HoustonStreet/Enron Letter Agreement
Per the conversation between Andy and Frank, the paragraphs regarding the
issuance of the 763,305 shares at the time of the Interface Completion Date
have been removed. Therefore, we are reverting back to the last draft of
the Letter Agreement, sent by Travis, on 3/28 and hereby attached.
I have accepted the changes and have attached a clean version of the
document. This will be executed by Frank after the Board meeting and we
will fax a copy to you immediately thereafter. Please be prepared to sign
the letter agreement at that time so that we can proceed with the wire
transfer of Series C monies.
Best Regards,
Derek Gamble
-----Original Message-----
From: Travis.McCullough@enron.com [mailto:Travis.McCullough@enron.com]
Sent: Thursday, March 29, 2001 2:02 PM
To: NAmin@milbank.com
Cc: Andy.Zipper@enron.com; dgamble@houstonstreet.com;
fgetman@houstonstreet.com; MDunn@milbank.com; NAmin@milbank.com;
travis.mccullough@enron.com
Subject: RE: Revised HoustonStreet/Enron Letter Agreement
Importance: High
Gentlemen:
Per my voicemail to Doug Dunn and Derek Gamble, I am attaching a revised
letter agreement addressing the issuance of the volume-based shares. It
was our understanding that these would be issued to us as well as the
warrant shares, but we discovered that it was not covered by the agreement.
This draft is marked against the draft circulated last night. Please call
if you have any questions.
(See attached file: Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC)
Travis McCullough
Enron North America Corp.
1400 Smith Street EB 3893
Houston Texas 77002
Phone: (713) 853-1575
Fax: (713) 646-3490
NAmin@milbank
.com To: NAmin@milbank.com,
dgamble@houstonstreet.com,
03/27/2001 fgetman@houstonstreet.com,
05:23 PM travis.mccullough@enron.com,
Andy.Zipper@enron.com
cc: MDunn@milbank.com
Subject: RE: Revised
HoustonStreet/Enron
Letter Agreement
Please ignore the prior email. Attached is the revised Letter
Agreement.
<<Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC>>
--------FROM--------
Nimish J. Amin
Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP
One Chase Manhattan Plaza
New York, NY 10005
Tel: (212) 530-5351
Fax: (212) 822-5351
namin@milbank.com
This e-mail message may contain legally privileged and/or confidential
information. If you are not the intended recipient(s), or the employee
or agent responsible for delivery of this message to the intended
recipient(s), you are hereby notified that any dissemination,
distribution or copying of this e-mail message is strictly prohibited.
If you have received this message in error, please immediately notify
the sender and delete this e-mail message from your computer.
(See attached file: Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC)
Message-ID: <OF421D98C9.21FD62F7-ON86256A1E.00014D2C@enron.com>
From: Travis.McCullough@enron.com
To: NAmin@milbank.com
Cc: Andy.Zipper@enron.com, Derek Gamble <dgamble@houstonstreet.com>, "Frank Getman, HSE" <fgetman@houstonstreet.com>, MDunn@milbank.com, NAmin@milbank.com, travis.mccullough@enron.com
Subject: RE: Revised HoustonStreet/Enron Letter Agreement
Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2001 20:35:21 -0500
MIME-Version: 1.0
X-Mailer: Internet Mail Service (5.5.2650.21)
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----_=_NextPart_002_01C0B92E.4C43054E"
Attached please find the draft agreement incorporating our comments. With
the exception of Board approval, the changes were not intended to be
substantive, but more to conform the Agreement (with defined terms, etc. )
to the transaction documents that we already have in place.
Please feel free to contact me with any comments or questions.
(See attached file: Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC)
Travis McCullough
Enron North America Corp.
1400 Smith Street EB 3893
Houston Texas 77002
Phone: (713) 853-1575
Fax: (713) 646-3490
NAmin@milbank
.com To: NAmin@milbank.com,
dgamble@houstonstreet.com,
03/27/2001 fgetman@houstonstreet.com,
05:23 PM travis.mccullough@enron.com,
Andy.Zipper@enron.com
cc: MDunn@milbank.com
Subject: RE: Revised
HoustonStreet/Enron
Letter Agreement
Please ignore the prior email. Attached is the revised Letter
Agreement.
<<Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC>>
--------FROM--------
Nimish J. Amin
Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP
One Chase Manhattan Plaza
New York, NY 10005
Tel: (212) 530-5351
Fax: (212) 822-5351
namin@milbank.com
This e-mail message may contain legally privileged and/or confidential
information. If you are not the intended recipient(s), or the employee
or agent responsible for delivery of this message to the intended
recipient(s), you are hereby notified that any dissemination,
distribution or copying of this e-mail message is strictly prohibited.
If you have received this message in error, please immediately notify
the sender and delete this e-mail message from your computer.
(See attached file: Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC)
- Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC
- Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron.DOC
- Letter Agreement - HoustonStreetEnron1.clean.DOC |
Like most middle-class, suburban Americans, I was raised on a healthy diet of exceptionalism. I believed, without a doubt, that my life had some greater meaning. I may have suffered humble beginnings, but I was certain that in the end, I was going to make it big. A rock star, perhaps? I was, probably, the […]
The Welcoming Committee
I’ve been at this for a long time. Not as long as many others, of course, but half of my life has been spent in these rooms. You wouldn’t know it from looking at me — well, you probably would, but let me have this — but I’ve put in more than twenty years attempting […]
That’s a Big “If”
“… and I’m an alcoholic.” It took me a long time to say those words, and even longer to mean it. I’m not sure if alcoholics are contrarian by nature, even if we are typecast as a rowdy, incorrigible bunch. Perhaps it’s something a little more specific to me. Having been raised with little to […]
Forever is a Long. AA’s […]
It’s Time to Leave the Capsule if You Dare
I […]
This is fine.
I try not to let alcohol’s dominance of the cultural zeitgeist get to me. I used to drink socially, many moons ago, and I didn’t always abuse it. There are a lot of people out there who can drink without turning into an alcoholic, I get it. The marketing of alcohol in our culture is […]
Feeding the Donkey Spongecake
“He would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies.” (Orwell, Animal Farm) There’s a saying in Brazil — I write this as if I’ve ever been to Brazil, or as if I speak Portuguese, or have some […]
The First Day of the Rest of Your Life
“We admitted we were powerless over alcohol – that our lives had become unmanageable.” Until you’re ready to make an honest attempt at recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous’ first step seems trivial. I didn’t take it all that seriously the first, or second, or tenth time I’d heard it said at a meeting. Why are you even […]
I Am Responsible
“My stability came out of trying to give, not out of demanding that I receive.” (The Best of Bill, pg. 46) When we welcome someone new into these rooms, it’s kind of an exciting thing for those of us with some experience in AA. That may sound odd — it’s not like we’re happy to […]
The 17-Year Itch
Across the eastern United States, cicadas are beginning to free themselves from their self-induced isolation, bursting from the earth after seventeen years of hibernation. They’ve spent far too long alone, deep within the comforting embrace of mother nature. They yearn for freedom. To live their lives, to further their species, to break free from almost […] |
Iran on Wednesday warned that it would start limiting international inspectors’ access to its nuclear sites as it continues to move away from its commitments under the nuclear deal.
Hossein Naghavi-Hosseini, the spokesman for the Iranian parliament’s national security committee, said that Iran was taking the step because “when the other party doesn’t fulfill its commitments, there is no necessity for us to meet our part of commitments.”
“In the fourth step of reducing JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) commitments, we will probably impose limits on inspections, which means the International Atomic Energy Agency’s surveillance on Iran’s nuclear activities will be reduced,” the Guardian newspaper quoted him as saying.
Get The Times of Israel's Daily Edition by email and never miss our top stories Free Sign Up
“Europeans have not honored their part of the commitments and we have not seen any practical step taken by the other side,” he said.
Iran has steadily increased its breaches of the nuclear accord as it pushes its European partners to find a way around US sanctions that have kept it from selling oil abroad and crippled the Iranian economy.
Also Wednesday, France urged Iran to stop violating the accord.
“Iran must abstain from crossing an especially worrying new phase of new measures that could contribute to an escalation in tensions,” French Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Agnès von der Muhll said, according to the Reuters news agency.
She was referring to an announcement last week that Iran plans to start using a new array of advanced centrifuges for enriching uranium.
Ali Akbar Salehi, the country’s nuclear chief, told Iranian state TV that an array of 30 IR-6 centrifuges will be inaugurated in the coming weeks.
Under the terms of its 2015 deal — which the US unilaterally withdrew from over a year ago — Iran had committed to not using the array until late 2023.
Salehi also said Iran is now producing up to six kilograms of enriched uranium daily.
“It means we have restored pre-deal” capacity, he said.
In September, Iran inaugurated an array of 20 IR-6 centrifuges that can produce enriched uranium 10 times as fast as the IR-1 that Iran was already using.
Iran is currently enriching uranium to about 4.5%. Prior to the nuclear deal, it only reached up to 20%, which is a short technical step away from the weapons-grade levels of 90%.
Iran denies that it seeks nuclear weapons. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who opposed the 2015 deal, insists that Tehran is seeking a nuclear arsenal, and is hiding parts of its program
Regional tensions spiked last month after a drone and missile attack on Saudi Arabia’s largest oil facility that shook global energy markets. The US said Iran was behind the attack. Tehran denied the charge and said any retaliatory strikes by the US or Saudi Arabia could lead to “all-out war.” |
RCW.24.550 which authorizes law enforcement to: release information to the public regarding sex offenders when the agency determines that disclosure of information is relevant and necessary to protect the public and to counteract essex krønike dating the danger created by the particular offender.
Only Level III and Level II Offenders are listed on this web site. .Sex offenders in Massachusetts must register if they live, work, or attend school here.To request information about a sex offender, you can fill out a request form.BY using this site, YOU agree that YOU have read AND understand THE terms AND conditions OF this disclaimer a web site on the Internet that.The toll-free telephone number shall be published on the highway patrol's sexual offender registry web site maintained under section.650.Level I, low risk to re-offend within gratis enkeltrom sex dating the community at large. .The Sheriff releases sex offender information pursuant.Information shall be shared with other law enforcement agencies and, upon request, the Sheriff may disclose relevant, necessary and accurate information to any victim or witness to the offense and to any individual community member who lives near the residence where the offender resides, expects.If you have information about a registered sex offender that you would like to pass on to the Sheriffs Office, you can call or email or (509)524-5400.Level II offenders MAY be the subject of general public notification.We offer mapping and search capabilities for your applications using our custom built jSON API script.The Washington State Legislature has determined that the extent of the public disclosure of relevant and necessary information shall be related to: (a) the level of risk posed by the offender to the community; (b) the location where the offender resides, intends to reside,.The web site is intended to supplement and complement the sex offender registries maintained by the various counties.Level III, high risk to re-offend within the community at large. .Level I offenders MAY NOT be the subject of general public notification.Relevant, necessary and accurate information concerning risk Level II offenders may be disclosed to public and private schools, child day care centers, family day care providers, businesses and organizations that serve primarily children, women or vulnerable adults, and neighbors and community groups near the residence.
Offender watch, offender Watch manages and monitors the whereabouts of registered sex offenders in Walla Walla County, as well as allowing you to see where level 2 and 3 registered sex offenders live within a 2 mile distance to your home. .
Family Watchdog provides your family with information on drug recalls, vaccinations, food recalls and other safety information.
Find Out More, blog, check out our new interactive blog!
[L_RANDNUM-10-999] |
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Quote Man, what was that, Around 40-45 minutes? Last episode felt really stretched with the shades, and this one felt really short. Really, really short.
Vette was Vette which is always a good thing (I haven't compared though, is it the same model, or did they age her a bit to show it's been six-ish years?), and Spewie will always be remembered. Gault was funny (The card game with Lana, and then asking him how he countered the Force in it was funny. It's the Atton Rand technique lowered to Extremely Dirty, loved it), and more Hylo is always a good thing. This just kind of felt 'whatever' to me though, especially after how it ended on the cliffhanger last episode. I would have rather seen this chapter go more in-depth with Aric and Kaliyo alongside the heist. They could have easily bounced between the stories as the Plunder storyline was really straight-line and quick, and could have at least used some cutscenes put in showing the progression of A + K's mission. As it is, it felt like a soap opera fake-out 'Everyones been gunned down, tune in next week (where you learn everyone's fine!)'.
I didn't hate it by any means, but it feels more like padding in between stories than anything. So rating wise I'd say 'Eh, it was alright.'
But thank God my Inquisitor and Smugger are FINALLY fixed. |
2br, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, $4,600
Williamsburg
One of the largest neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Williamsburg has undergone a major metamorphosis in the last decade.
It’s transforming from a traditionally working-class neighborhood to a veritable embodiment of gentrification and urban rebirth. These days, tourists and day-trippers flock to Williamsburg for a little slice of cosmopolitan bohemia.
#20Neighborhood popularity:
Building Mix
Legal Disclosure: Neighborhood descriptions and data are created exclusively by Naked Apartments without contributions or approval from the agents listed on this page.
Enjoy the views from the Williamsburg water front! This aparment has a split bedroom layout, floor to ceiling windows, and ample closet space. The chef's kitchen is equipped with Energy Star rated Miele, Bosch and Sharp appliances, integrated with custom cabinetry, garbage disposal, and a white quartz counter top. A Bosch washer and dryer are in the apartment as well.
This full-service condominium offers one of the largest, most ambitious amenities packages in the city. Residents enjoy an all season pool with retractable doors, basketball court, resident fitness classes, and two lounges. In-house event programming by American Leisure includes yoga, pilates, boxing, dancing and cooking classes, as well as holiday parties and special events.
The Edge is located on the Williamsburg waterfront, surrounded by a public promenade, the Smorgasburg and Brooklyn Flea markets, and three blocks of NY City and State park - not to mention the restaurants, retail, galleries and nightlife that Williamsburg is known for. The L train and East River Ferry make for an easy commute. Available April 1st. |
Learn Spanish in Puerto Rico
Thinking about visiting Puerto Rico? Why not combine experiences and book a Spanish immersion program in Puerto Rico. Whatever your reason for wanting to learn Spanish, Puerto Rico is a great destination to choose to study.
A Guide to Studying in Puerto Rico
If you would like to study spanish abroad in Puerto Rico then read more information today. Spanish in Puerto Rico is unique to this country, but it is very similar to Spanish spoken in other countries in Central America.
The Spanish spoken here is a mix of African and Latin infusions. By booking a classroom course you will learn the new language skills including speaking, reading and writing. Improving your Spanish will also help make your experience visting Puerto Rico more enjoyable. You can join a group classroom course or book private lessons.
Most Spanish schools in Puerto Rico have modern facilities with spacious communial areas, well lit and air-conditioned classrooms. You can expect classrooms to be fairly small but comfortable.
Location of Courses
Most classroom courses can be joined in San Juan but there are language schools located throughout the country.
Best Spanish Schools in Puerto Rico
Have you ever been to study in Puerto Rico? Would you like to review a course or experience? Contact us today.
Accommodation
Usually housing needs to be booked independently and it is rare to find a homestay. Language schools will be able to help you find somewhere to stay.
Related Pages
- Volunteer in Puerto Rico
- Study Spanish in Central America
- Volunteer in Central America
- Gap Year in Central America |
Q:
Mongo aggregation having two different counts
I have such data (simplified):
{ "_id" : "1eh5mpr77l", 'user.id': "1eh5mq0qqx", "up" : 1, "down" : 0 }
{ "_id" : "1eh5mprtc2", 'user.id': "1eh5mq0qqx", "up" : 1, "down" : 0 }
{ "_id" : "1eh5mpsfkn", 'user.id': "1eh5mq0qqx", "up" : 2, "down" : 1 }
I want to receive two integers: total count of records for some condition and total count of record having more complex condition. Is it possible to merge it in single query?
This aggregation finds me the total count:
db.comments.aggregate([{ $match: { 'user.id': "1e40v0b1j5"}}, { $count: "total"}]);
{ "total" : 202 }
This is my WIP for selecting comments where up is not smaller than down.
> db.comments.aggregate([{ $match: { 'user.id': "1e40v0b1j5"}},{$project: {ratio: {$cond: [{ $gte: [ "$up", "$down" ] }, 1, 0]}}},{$match: {ratio: 1}},{ $count: "positive"}]);
{ "positive" : 77 }
Is there a way to combine them in single query?
A:
You can combine both query result in single query using $group,
db.comments.aggregate([
{ $match: { "user.id": "1eh5mq0qqx" } },
{
$group: {
_id: null,
total: { $sum: 1 },
positive: {
$sum: {
$cond: [
{ $gte: ["$up", "$down"] },
1,
0
]
}
}
}
}
])
Playground
|
If Reese's Peanut Butter Cups taught us anything, it's that two great tastes taste great together. Mind you, his has nothing to do with the following analysis of Legion of Night, it's just an attempt to have a witty lead-in..
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Way Back When--LEGION OF NIGHT (1991)
6 comments:
Marvel does this sort of thing on very rare occasions - Jonathan Lethem's OMEGA THE UNKNOWN comes to mind as well, in the sense that you wouldn't normally expect such a conservative company to put out something that'd look more at home at Vertigo or one of the smaller companies.
True--I was kind of surprised that the revision of OMEGA was allowed to see print the way it did, as it'd hard to imagine a book that offbeat in the post-Jemas era.
In the past, they'd usually carve it up into a barely-coherent one-shot or cram it into a special link and just shove it out on the stands. SOVIET SUPER-SOLDIERS was like that.
Probably had something to do with the novelist connection - once again, a Real Writer steps in to save the day!
I guess they'd have done anything for his pedigree on a Marvel book, hm?
The sad thing is, the reaction would've been somewhat justified if any of those novelists had actually delivered. And I can't think of a single one who came through in the end.
You know, I can't either. When the hottest writing prospect for me is Jeff Parker (who came to comics through comics, of all things) and not a single one of these novelists/TV writers/etc. have excited me in the least, it probably means something. |
/// <reference path="node.d.ts" />
/// <reference path="form-data.d.ts" />
// https://github.com/mikeal/request
declare module "request" {
export = request;
import stream = require('stream');
import http = require('http');
import FormData = require('form-data');
import url = require('url');
function request(uri: string, options?: request.Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): request.Request;
function request(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): request.Request;
function request(options: request.Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): request.Request;
module request {
export function request(uri: string, options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export var initParams;
export function defaults(options, requester);
export function forever(agentOptions, optionsArg);
export function jar(): CookieJar;
export function cookie(str: string): Cookie;
export function get(uri: string, options?: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function get(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function get(options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function post(uri: string, options?: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function post(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function post(options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function put(uri: string, options?: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function put(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function put(options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function head(uri: string, options?: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function head(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function head(options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function del(uri: string, options?: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function del(uri: string, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
export function del(options: Options, callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void ): Request;
interface Options {
uri?: string;
callback?: (error: any, response: any, body: any) => void;
jar?;
form?;
oauth?;
aws?;
qs?;
json?;
multipart?;
ca?;
agentOptions?;
agentClass?;
forever?;
requestBodyStream?;
host?;
port?;
method?;
headers?;
body?;
followRedirect?;
followAllRedirects?;
maxRedirects?;
encoding?;
pool?;
timeout?;
proxy?;
strictSSL?;
}
interface Request {
// _updateProtocol();
getAgent(): http.Agent;
//start();
//abort();
pipeDest(dest);
setHeader(name: string, value: string, clobber?: boolean): Request;
setHeaders(headers: any): Request;
qs(q: any, clobber?: boolean): Request;
form(form: any): FormData.FormData;
multipart(multipart: { body: any; }[]): Request;
json(val: any): Request;
aws(opts, now): Request;
oauth(oauth): Request;
jar(jar): Request;
pipe(dest: stream.WritableStream, opts: any): stream.WritableStream;
write();
end(chunk);
pause();
resume();
abort();
destroy();
toJSON(): string;
}
export interface CookieJar {
setCookie(cookie: Cookie, uri: string|url.Url, options?: any): void
getCookieString(uri: string|url.Url)
getCookies(uri: string|url.Url)
}
export interface Cookie extends Array<{ name; value; httpOnly; }> {
constructor(str, req);
str: string;
expires: Date;
path: string;
toString(): string;
}
}
}
|
ini_set( 'display_errors', true ); error_reporting( E_ALL ); Deegan Frank Search You are here Home Communist Biogs D - F D Deegan Frank Deegan Frank D - F - D Frank Deegan Deegan was born in Bootle in 1910, one of eleven children, to an Irish father and a mother born in Bootle of Irish parents. He left school at 14 and sold papers during the general strike of 1926. After going away to sea, he returned to Liverpool and worked as a casual labourer on the docks. Joining the Communist Party in 1931, Deegan was active in the National Unemployed Workers Movement. In early 1937, the British Union of Fascists organised a rally to be addressed by its leader, Oswald Mosley, at Liverpool boxing stadium in St. Paul’s Square. Frank Deegan was of the many who gathered to oppose the rally. On 13th May 1937 Frank Deegan was handed a coach ticket to London by Jack Jones, the first step on a long journey for Spain and the International Brigade. After crossing the Pyrenees, Deegan joined the British Battalion on the Aragón front as it attacked Quinto. He was wounded at Purburell Hill, and again later during the Ebro offensive. On his return from Spain, he was active on the docks and in the T&G, remaining a local activist until his death late in life. |
Mission Statement
Our Mission
Medical Access for America was created to change the way medical care is delivered in every community in America. Medical Access for America has created an operating structure for new a network of community run co-op foundations.
MAC of America will provide an organization and a platform for affordable, high quality personal primary care and emergency medical care for everyone. The system will be supported by a nationwide cloud-computing network. Each community foundation/co-op will provide full medical services for everyone in the community.
Control for each foundation is fully at the local level. This public controlled system eliminates paperwork, fraud and barriers to care. Every community deserves a fair, open, efficient medical system for its residents.
The Medical Access system is straight forward, and runs using community effort and control, instead of predatory profit motives. Medical Access gives an easy, logical model that every community foundation can adapt to their needs.
Insurance companies serve no purpose in this system and are not included. This system runs parallel to the old system and allows everyone to get care.
No legislation is required and this process can be started now!
Huge savings for all america!
This idea can save $3 trillion for Medicare without cutting services or reimbursements to doctors and hospitals. The system saves more than $300 billion dollars per year for Medicare alone. but saving occur all through the entire Medical system. MedAccess saves even more for Medicaid and other government programs by reduced paperwork and elimination of fraud and down-coding of payments to the practitioners.
Communities and Hospitals will save as everyone will be enrolled. Professionals from both the hospital and the local risk pool, will know each other well. They will work together daily to pay Hospital charges fairly. the community and the Local board of directors all rely on the local hospital and will want the system to work fairly to keep the hospital solid.
In addition, every primary physicians will run their own efficient “medical home”. all the energy of the practice can be used for patient care. Billing and coding will die with “Fee for service” and physicians will save $85,000 per year in decreases billing expenses.
Success of every practice will be based on high quality care, improved range of services, and high patient satisfaction. Physicians will love the new “smooth practice flow” and ease of care for patients. Physicians and their office staff will live longer because of reduced stress, without constant efforts to track and code every action and fighting with insurance companies for fair payment.
Every patient gets much more care, with much less cost. Patients have “ease of access” to their personal physician and his staff with a simplified system and no billing. Personal help is provided for each patient by the physician and his staff, in the most convenient, safest way possible for each problem, without co-pays or other “barriers to care”. Every hospital joins with community physicians to create a community Medical Access foundation that is run by the community – for the community. |
Fenergo seek an enthusiastic, driven and hardworking Programme Manager to join our Professional Services Division.
As the Programme Manager you will be responsible for overseeing and managing cross-functional areas of project development within a growing and fast paced environment. This position serves an essential liaison role between the senior management, clients, product management, UI design, and engineering. In partnership with the Project Managers, you will manage all aspects of programs through the full software development lifecycle.
Given the global reach of this role, international travel may be required.
Requirements
Main Responsibilities:
- Be responsible and accountable for assigned project's strategy, scope of work, schedule, budget, risk mitigation plan, and any activity tied to the commercial success of the project
- In close collaboration with the functional leaders, manage and allocate the resources
- Develop and implement strategies that will maximize the synergies among projects
- Have oversight of the purpose and status of all projects in the portfolio and use this oversight and skills to support project-level activities to ensure the overall program goals are met
- Develop and implement a system to evaluate the skills, experience and professional development needs of all indirect reports. Take this input to address experience and skill gaps with functional leaders
- Instill a sense of accountability among team members and contractors, and influence them to take positive action and accountability for their assigned area of responsibility
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- Identify and resolve issues and conflicts within project team members
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Required Experience & Skills
- 5+ years program management experience
- Proven knowledge and experience in development methodologies and managing large programs of work
- Proven ability to manage a portfolio of work across multiple products and platforms
- Demonstrated ability to think strategically when planning, managing teams and managing processes
- Takes accountability for all project management aspects and works effectively and closely with the delivery managers
- Skilful use of interpersonal skills and influence to accomplish work without formal authority and to ensure optimal team performance
- Excellent communication and customer service skills, which enable successful collaboration with executive level stakeholders
- Sound judgement, problem solving, and collaboration in selecting methods and techniques for obtaining solutions to problems
- Education
- · BS / MSc Degree or diploma in Computer science, Business or equivalent
- Formal Program Management training or certification would be advantageous
- Competitive company benefits, such as flexible working hours, work from home policy and much more |
The fact is that different people will have a different idea of what simplify the result means ....
However, since the basic answer can pretty much be written down by inspection in one line, I suspect the writer of the question wants you to factorise the answer. In which case, s/he should have just said to give your answer in factorised form.
Personally I find the use of broad instructions such as "simplify your answer" and their ilk ridiculous in many cases. In your case, I would have thought that the intent of the question was to test a basic skill (use of product rule), that the question would be worth 1 mark and that your answer would be sufficient. In which case, the instruction to "simplify the result" is even more ridiculous since potentially a student could get zero even though s/he has succesfully applied the skill.
Such instructions are especially potentially ridiculous in on-line tests. In my opinion, such a broad instruction usually makes the person who wrote the question look like a fool.
Instructions I typically use include:
".... and completely factorise your answer."
"Express your answer in exact surd form."
"Find in exact form ...."
"Find in the form
where a, b and c are whole numbers ...."where a, b and c are whole numbers ...."
"Find in the form y = mx + c the equation of the line ...."
etc.
In other words, I specifically prescibe the form I want the answer in. |
Believe it or not, this really happened. I was administering a flight review to a 2,100-hour private pilot who had been flying his own Beech V35B Bonanza for almost 15 years. Because he seemed to know his airplane well, I decided to test his knowledge using a scenario-based approach. While cruising toward the practice area at 6,500 feet, I asked, “Larry [his name has been changed to preserve anonymity and avoid embarrassment], can you hear me OK over the intercom?”
He nodded.
I then gave him the following instruction: “I’m only going to say this once. Imagine that you are getting positive indications of an engine fire. Smoke is coming out of the cowling, you can smell it in the cockpit, and the area near your feet is getting hot. I want you to now treat this like an actual emergency, and I will say no more until the problem is resolved.”
Larry put the airplane on autopilot, spent a minute fishing for the pilot’s operating handbook from somewhere behind his seat, took out his reading glasses, and spent two more minutes searching for the proper emergency checklist. By the time he found and began to review the procedure, there probably would not have been a need for it—the airplane would have been consumed by fire before the first combative step had been taken.
There are at least two lessons to be learned from this true story. The first is that emergency checklists should be immediately available to a pilot. On TWA aircraft, for example, checklists were kept in a flat, metal sleeve on top of the center of the glareshield and could be quickly extracted by either pilot. The second lesson is that pilots need to be familiar and memorize in some cases the initial steps to be taken during those emergencies or abnormal situations that require immediate action. An engine fire certainly is one of those.
When an engine failure occurs at altitude in a single-engine airplane, for example, pilots usually don’t need to read from a checklist even though one is always provided in the POH. They know from training that the airplane usually should be placed in a glide at the best glide speed. Similarly, should a pilot encounter a runaway elevator trim, he is aware of several quick and immediate ways to disable the electric trim. (In most cases, depressing and holding down the autopilot-disconnect switch should be used to quickly interrupt the trimming until the system is turned off.)
But in the case of other and perhaps dire emergencies, some pilots are clueless; they have no idea what to do, something I demonstrated to an FAA inspector at one of my seminars several years ago.
At the end of the presentation, the inspector asked the group to critique the seminar on cards that had been distributed earlier. I then asked these pilots to also write on the backs of their cards the first thing they would do if they had reason to believe that an engine fire had begun to rage under the cowling. “And, please,” I added, “do not share this with your neighbor. Keep your answers to yourselves.”
Only about half the attendees responded. The rest had provided answers that ranged from “dive toward the ground” to—you guessed it—“follow the checklist.” Only about a fourth gave the correct answer, which is to “immediately turn off the fuel.” The engine-fire checklist for virtually every piston airplane says essentially the same thing, yet only a minority of pilots is aware of this necessary lifesaving step. Eliminate the fuel, and the fire typically goes out. The pilot is left with having only to make a forced landing, which admittedly can be easier said than done. This, however, is preferable to going down in a flaming ball of molten aluminum.
Preparation for an emergency means knowing what needs to be done and then doing it without wasting precious time. Thinking about such procedures before they occur gives pilots the mindset needed to better cope with emergencies when they do happen.
When is the last time you referred to the emergency section of your POH? When is the last time you actually studied the checklists step by step? If you are typical, it has been a while. It is neither necessary nor recommended to memorize emergency checklists, but it is important to know the initial steps that need to be taken at the onset of certain emergencies without wasting valuable time locating the needed checklist. An engine fire? Shut off the fuel. It should happen that quickly (as long as you are certain that you do, in fact, have an engine fire.)
A legendary ground school instructor, Sailor Davis, used to teach “Emergency” at TWA and would begin the first class by saying, “Gentlemen [there were no women airline pilots then], you are professionals trained to deal with three things that can kill you: gravity, combustibles, and inertia. Keep them under control, and you’ll die in bed.” The same admonition applies to general aviation pilots. Although you probably will never have to deal with a serious emergency, one never knows when the fickle finger of fate will point in your direction. My friend Ernie Gann had it right when he said that fate is the hunter that seeks out those who are least prepared. Don’t be one of them.
Visit the author’s Web site. |
My Autism Diagnosis
Posted September 2, 2017
Intro
In June 2017 I was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, which is a mental disorder that occurs since birth in which one cannot understand social behaviour and struggles to interact socially, as well as an inability to filter out one’s senses. Symptoms are discussed in more detail in this post later on.
What I have is an atypical version of Autism called Pathological Demand Avoidance (or PDA), that is new and still being researched. It has been considered part of the Autistic Spectrum by the National Autistic Society in the UK.
Due to being atypical, I spent my entire life until recently being undiagnosed. I’ve written this blog post to explain my symptoms.
One of my symptoms is an inability to be concise and summarize my words. I have tried my best to edit this blog post and keep it short. However, if you are finding it long, I have split the blog post into sections, and ask you to please read the section “things people say to me” first, if you find you cannot read all of this.
I’ve gone through immense effort to write and summarize this, and I hope that you can please take the time to listen to my symptoms, and hear me out. For the first time in my life, I have an opportunity to explain my behaviours to you in a way that can hopefully be communicated. I am in despair that you won’t read this, and I understand it is long, but I would really appreciate if you could. Most of my relationships have failed due to being unable to explain what is really going on inside of me, and now, I can.
I ask for your patience in reading this, hopefully your forgiveness, and mostly, your understanding. I have tried as I said to summarize, but it is very difficult for me in general, let alone to write a post that includes my emotions, yet still keeps it informative and concise. To describe my brain, and how it works, as well as my feelings, is a large endeavor. I have decided to do a bit of both, and will probably sound robotic in listing my symptoms, mixed with deep emotions of how things affect me.
Thank you in advance.
How it came to be
Disclaimer: this is the longest section due to letting myself be free with my emotions in explaining my story. Please give it a chance. If you truly can’t, you can skip it.
The last few years of my life just got worse and worse. I lost almost all my friends, and have always struggled to maintain romantic relationships for longer than a month. I was berated and shouted at by everyone, and losing all those friendships was very traumatic. I am still used to be being blocked on social media by people, and got used to being blocked by up to 3 times a week. The worst week was 10 people in a row, which was one of the low points of my life.
I am at the point where I have become afraid to even speak, especially when boundaries are placed on me and people ask for space, because I am afraid it will come out in a long message or I’ll get shouted at or blocked.
When I eventually discovered Autism oneday online, everything made sense. Suddenly there were people describing exactly what I go through, people who were exactly like me. They even said they couldn’t summarize their words. I felt that I had found a key, something to explain my symptoms to others. I was beyond tired of saying “this is who I am” and having that not be understood or taken seriously as anything more than an excuse. I finally felt I could explain how hard I was trying, how my behavior was beyond my control, and that the things people consider easy and normal, were not only difficult for me, but in some cases, near impossible. I have tried so hard to explain to people, and felt as if I had been lost inside a black hole, where everything I try and explain is not heard. Finally, I had a way to explain, and I hope that now, you can hear me…
In a few short days, I had written and structured this entire blog post in my head. But I didn’t write it down until 10 months later, for I had a long journey ahead of me that I didn’t expect. Being atypical, my Autism was very hard to diagnose, and I fought for 7 months for the diagnosis which I eventually received. A few months later, after diagnosis, medication and therapy, I am finally rebuilding my life. One massive part of that is reaching out to everyone I lost. The feelings of being unheard, and misunderstood, run so deep that they are part of the reasons why I have so many triggers, have landed up exploding on people swearing at them. The past few years escalated to such a degree that I have probably torn up many of your relationships with me, in exasperation, for being called selfish once again, or being told to meet your expectations that people without Autism can easily do, but I cannot.
Without further ado, this is everything I have to share.
What is Autism
A normal person’s brain has 100 Billion neurons at birth. As one develops, neurons that are not being used, naturally die out. This process, called pruning, is completely normal.
With Autism, the pruning doesn’t occur as much as it should. Therefore, one’s brain grows abnormally, and has an excess of neurons. This is also why the Autism is so diverse between individuals as the brain can develop (or not develop) in so many different ways. Think of a hedge, when it is pruned, it maintains a controlled shape, but without pruning, can grow wildly in any direction.
Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning that one can range from severe – wherein one might not be able to speak, dress themselves, etc. and needs high-care, often living in a mental institution or at home with constant care-taking – or range all the way to high-functioning, where I am. High-functioning Autism was until recently called Aspergers syndrome, but now that term is no longer part of the DSM-5. I consider myself high-functioning Autistic with an atypical version of Autism (Pathological Demand Avoidance).
I do not like using the term “mild” to describe my Autism, as it has affected my life deeply, and continues to do so throughout every day.
My Symptoms
Disclaimer: this blog post is about what I experience personally due to my atypical form of autism. Not every symptom I experience is true for other Autistic people. Autism is a very diverse spectrum and most people on the spectrum have different traits. That being said, I’ve tried my best to cover most of the traits in ASD and specify which ones I do or do not possess.
Inability to understand social behavior
The pruning on the social parts of my brain didn’t happen. As a result, I have the social maturity of a child, and don’t have the social restraint or understanding of an adult, even though I have the mental and emotional maturity, as well as drives for fulfillment of an adult (such as career or wanting kids in the future etc, i.e. I don’t still want to just play with LEGO).
– I struggle to give space, as well as to notice boundaries of others and even my own boundaries (which is very confusing).
– I struggle to analyze social behavior and cannot understand it. Imagine a subject at school you just couldn’t grasp, it feels similar to that.
– I don’t pick up on social cues or hints.
– I struggle with give and take in relationships.
Mental Blindness
Imagine being blind or being in pitch-dark. As you walk through a room you are apprehensive that at any point you could bump into a piece of furniture. Sometimes, you even expect to hit something and don’t. This is how it feels for me socially. I have gotten to the point where I am terrified to even speak because at any point, I’ll be talking in what seems to me a normal way, and the next second the person is shouting at me, calling me selfish, blocking me, or the worst of all, ignoring me. In social situations I talk to people and at some point they just get up and leave, I think they’re going to the bathroom and they’ll be back to talk. They don’t. I eventually realize I made them uncomfortable. And I don’t know what I did..
Please try not to shout at me. Please do not ignore me. I cannot pick up hints. Please come to me and tell me what I did wrong so that we can discuss it. If you don’t want to speak anymore, please tell me..
Sensory Overload
Inability to filter out my senses – I pick up more sensory input than normal due to having excess of neurons. I cannot filter out movement (people walking around the room, when someone stands too close to me or touches me I freeze up for a few minutes without being able to move), Sight (light doesn’t bother me terribly but I used to cry as a child when I saw bright lights. Colors such as red or yellow make me angry and jump out at me), Tactile sensations such as my clothes, sweatiness etc. as well as physical touch, Smell (a dog’s breath makes me scream), and Taste (I can’t eat bland, dry or sweet food). For people who are spiritual, I also can’t filter out energy and I feel it very easily, even across social media and up to hundreds of metres away. Being in a public place can be very overwhelming. Even having one other person in the room can be.
I have to shower 8 times a day because if I get even a little sweaty, it feels the same way you would if you were drenched in sweat. I cannot eat certain foods as the texture or taste is just too much.
The most difficult and prominent sense of mine is sound. I can’t filter out sounds. You know how when two people speak to you at once, you switch your attention between them and can’t hear either due to not knowing which to focus on? That is how it is for me between ALL sounds. Normally, the brain filters out the unimportant sounds to the background, but I experience it all on the same level. Even my own footsteps come in and interupt my own thoughts. Every single sound is very loud and prominent. A fork on a plate, even certain lights that hum, my own breathing, pretty much anything and everything.
When my senses get too much for me, I scream, or retreat to an empty room and freeze up and feel I cannot move. This is a meltdown due to sensory overload. I also sometimes feel nauseous when things are loud such as a family dinner with alot of people talking, or a movie theatre. As a child I always was afraid of the movies, and still feel fear when I go. I used to tell myself “it’s just a movie”. I only recently realized it was sensory overload that caused this.
The following video attempts to simulate what sensory overload feels like. The light isn’t like that for me, but colors definitely are very prominent and often distract me (I hate red, yellow and orange and love blue and some other colors). The sound in this video is EXACTLY how I experience it. When I first saw it, I thought “this is normal….right?”. I posted on a facebook group to ask others and people commented “nope, you’re autistic”. I’m still amazed that normally people don’t experience sound like this. I thought I was hearing things normally my whole life. I did know I was sensitive to sound, but thought “I’m just a musician”.
This one is also a PERFECT example of how I hear sounds, especially while trying to listen to people speak during a dinner.
I see colors in my mind whenever I hear sound. I see sound-waves, in 3 dimensions, with a color. When I walk into a room, I see all the objects in the room, and the shapes of them, and my mind tries to convert the shapes into sound. I know this is hard to grasp, it’s hard to explain and I want to keep things shorter here. But please know that while we are talking, I am experiencing ALOT of things at once. And even my thoughts are on multiple dimensions and connecting alot of dots. And all of these sounds, colors, etc, are all interrupting my own thoughts in my head. I have a constant stream of very fast-paced thoughts that sometimes NEED to be let out. I know how difficult it is for people to handle, but I can’t help it…
Overall, the sensory overload isn’t only bad. I experience my senses more intensely and with more input than normal, but that also means that when I jump into a swimming pool, hear beautiful music, burn incense, etc, I am overwhelmed with euphoria! I am lucky to have sensory overload. It is a difficulty throughout my entire day, maintaining my body so it doesn’t get sweaty, avoiding sounds etc. But it makes me who I am. And things are very beautiful for me. I often cry from beauty and love for all things and people.
Heightened intelligence
My neurological assessment (a series of tests that were done on my brain), showed I have heightened intelligence in the music, mathematical, visual-spacial and language/verbal parts of my brain. They are functioning in the high range.
The assessment showed that my left hemisphere of my brain is functioning at a higher level than the right, and even though one has a dominant hemisphere, this is very abnormal as they normally function in the same range. It also showed that my left and right brain struggle to communicate with one another.
Lack of Empathy
Emotional empathy is feeling what others feel. I experience little to none of this. If someone is crying, and I’m in a happy mood, I remain in the same mood and my mood does not change to adjust the other persons emotions.
Cognitive empathy is intellectually putting yourself in one’s shoes. I can do this, but due to my lack of emotional empathy, it is impaired. On top of that, I do find that I am impaired intellectually as well, as I often feel immense emotional pain when trying. I can do it, but it’s painful, and sometimes just doesn’t work. I’ve been called stubborn due to this, but please understand, it is not a choice, in fact oftentimes, I am trying very, very hard to understand you.
Black and White Thinking
This is pretty self-explanatory.
Fixated-Obsessive thinking
I am always obssessive in my thoughts. Girls have often thought I was obsessed with them. I am not. It’s just the way I think. everything i think about, I think obsessively. I often pace for hours around the house without showering or doing the thing I need to do, due to these obsessive loops I am stuck in.
With obsession comes passion, and I find it advantageous as I can sit for hours writing or making music etc. When I am focused on something like that, I am completely fixated and don’t even go to the bathroom or take a sip of water. It can be very difficult, but I am also able to do amazing things, and my fixation becomes dedication, so I am glad that I am this way and would not change it. That being said, it is of course very difficult to handle. Please do not tell me I am over-analyzing. I have more neurons in my brain.
Fixed interests and Theory of Mind
This video demonstrates both Theory of Mind and Fixed Interests pretty well. My theory of mind, unlike the guy in this video’s, can be very good sometimes, but is often impaired, usually on the social plane, and can sometimes be exactly as he describes it, particularly with conversing with others.
I can only talk about topics that I’m interested in. I’m quite obsessed about them, so even though they feel broad to me, there are only a few things I speak about. Usually those things are Spirituality, Music, The Lord of the Rings, and Games. Sometimes for even a few seconds of listening to another topic I feel emotional pain that is unbearable to me. I also talk about topics without realizing that others might not enjoy them. I can also get “locked on” in conversation on a certain fixed topic, such as The Lord of the Rings or music, and not stop talking about it. Please do interrupt me.
If I am talking about something you don’t like, please tell me, as I am unaware of how you feel and often think the other person is loving the conversation. It is a horrible feeling to know that I sat for ages talking to you and you were uncomfortable. I’m sorry you felt that way. Please interrupt me and tell me. I don’t mind the honesty.
Lack of an Emotional Ramp
Usually a person might have a ramp of sorts in their emotions, that build up slowly over time. If you are at peace, you might be at 0 out of 10. If your phone cuts off during a call, you move up to a 1. Then your car won’t start, you’re at a 3. Eventually you get it started and hit traffic, you’re now at a 6. Eventually things build up and you’re at the point of exploding.
With me, my emotional ramp is sort of like 0, 1, 2, – 8, 9, 10. ie: the numbers 3-7 aren’t there. I have some degrees of mild, but usually its extreme. As a result, I can swing into not just a bit of anger, but absolute rage. This often seems disproportionate to the reason I am angry ie someone not replying to a message. However, please understand that I am truly upset and it should not be played down just because I have no ramp. But what it does show is that I don’t just get a little upset, I get VERY upset. The good news is, I can also swing directly into peace and happiness very quickly. However, if I’m triggered into upset, I go deep down very quickly. Although I am not depressed, the anti-depressants I am on help me maintain my mood in the positive range. But please understand, if I get upset, I have to sit and deal with this ramp and these triggers, and it can take alot of energy for me to bring myself back down to calm. The small things that would tick me off, send me into overdrive, and I can have mental breakdowns, panic attacks, extreme sadness or despair, etc, i.e. all the range of emotions, just more extreme.
Fixation with time and replies
As much as my PDA makes me dislike structure, I still have one aspect of Autism’s fixated issues with time and appointments. I don’t mind if you’re late 5-10 minutes, but after that I begin to boil up and get very angry. I then have to resist thoughts and deal with my lack of emotional ramp. Also, when someone says “I’ll come over whenever” or “I’ll let you know”, I try and be chilled and say ok cool, but it is very hard for me. I eventually explode. If you really don’t know yet what time you can come, that’s OK, I will handle it, but please eventually do.
When people don’t reply, due to usually being ignored and phased out, I immediately assume abandonment. But even when I know there is no abandonment happening, not replying to messages can be very very hard for me.
I get fixated on questions that I have asked until they are answered. I even have questions from years ago from people who have blocked me. I have tried for years to let them go, but can’t. Letting things go is a very difficult thing for me. And sometimes my question might seem trivial, but I’d like to ask if you can please respond. Even if it’s to say “I’m very busy I’ll respond when I can”. Then at least I know you’re there and get some degree of control that calms me and makes it easier for me to resist having a meltdown.
When people don’t reply for a week or more, I usually have a mental breakdown. I understand everyone is busy. I just wish people could understand how hard it is for me. Even a 1-sentence reply can ease me up and then I can give you more time and space.
Pathological Demand Avoidance
My version of Autism is atypical and is called Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). It is still being researched but is starting to be accepted into the Autistic spectrum.
PDA has a few differences to typical high-functioning autism:
– Unlike people with Aspergers/High-functioning Autism, who have a very fixed and rigid routine, PDA is the complete opposite: a complete inability to function in routine and structure of any kind. This includes resistance to authority as well.
– People with PDA generally CAN read facial expressions and vocal tones well, and are much better at masking their symptoms. This is called social mimicking, which is learning various social rules and copying them. Because I am able to do this, it made it harder for my Autism to be picked up earlier on in life. Oftentimes though, the social mimicking is very mechanical, and not natural, and I can often observe someone doing something, then try apply it myself, but in an incorrect way or situation. A great analogy is if one learns a move in chess, and is successful, they might try the same move again in a different game, and find it doesn’t work. I often try so hard to apply a rule after someone has berated and shouted at me for making a mistake, then try fix it and adapt, only to find that I did something ELSE wrong, or was still incorrect. Please be gentle with me and don’t shout at me, tell me what I did wrong and please understand I am not disrespecting your boundaries, I am in fact trying VERY hard to understand and work with them, but everyone is so different and it is so hard.
– PDA is characterized by an extreme resistance and avoidance to every day demands. These can range from full-on demands, to light suggestions (which feel like demands even if it’s done lightly), to even bodily demands, such as chores or hygiene. Luckily I hate feeling unclean, so I brush my teeth 4 times a day to get rid of taste after eating, and shower 8 times a day to get rid of sweat and heat. However, even though I adore showering, it sometimes takes me up to 2 hours to mentally break through the avoidance barriers and push myself into the shower. I often take hours to get ready, and even when I had a full time job, I would wake up as early as 5am and still arrive at work at 10am late because my mind would resist doing my morning routine. Every time I need to shower, eat, go to the toilet, even pick up an object, I have this resistance. Even with things I that feel good like showering. And you can imagine that the things that don’t feel good, are even harder. When giving me suggestions or demands, please be as light as possible, and if it is unnecessary, please refrain from doing so. I know it seems like I am stubborn or closed minded in reacting defensively, but it is pathological and part of my disorder.
– PDA is an anxiety-based need to be in control. Ironically, if I feel I am in control, I am often lenient and chilled and able to give you space and reasonability. When I feel I am losing control, I can become controlling and pushy.
Words people say
The following is a list of things that are often said to me by others. If you know me, and especially if you fell out with me, you may relate to having said some of these things. The parts in bold is what is said. The parts next to it are my responses.
I’m not reading that – This is one of my biggest triggers. I have often written to explain things to people, and get the reply ‘I’m not reading that”. This usually triggers me into writing MORE in which case I dig myself a deeper hole. I also get told that I must respect peoples time and they just don’t have the time or energy to read. While I totally understand that, please understand that the amount of time it takes to read my message took the same amount of time to write it, in fact usually more, and even more energy as well. I feel I put in SO much effort to try convey something to you. I truly understand that it is difficult to read everything. But responding with “I’m not reading that” just makes it worse. I’d like from here on to make a rule that if I say “please read this”, I could possibly give you time to read, but be reassured that you will? I understand everyone is busy, but unfortunately, I can’t keep things short. I am trying so hard.
You are selfish – This is the biggest thing people say to me and it is by far my worst trigger. As per everything you are about to read, I hope you can see just how much I am dealing with in interacting with you. I try VERY VERY hard to understand people, and I do feel a ton of care and love for people. I often feel I am trying so so hard to care for others, but I come across cold, etc. I feel that I am giving an immense amount of energy and effort for you, sometimes even just writing a message or conveying something can be incredibly difficult and tiring for me. When I am called selfish, I feel as if it is thrown in my face, not acknowledged or even noticed, and I just snap. In therapy, I am working on resisting those urges to swear and shout when I am triggered. But I’d like to ask you to please try not use this term, and to try and put yourself in my shoes, and understand that I do care, and I do try, and I do want to help, but sometimes, when I say no, I can’t, and sometimes, I am even doing a gesture that comes out the wrong way, as disrespectful of boundaries, or rude, or whatever other things are listed here. Please understand that I am trying. And that I care.
You are self-absorbed / you act like the world revolves around you – As much as I do truly care, the term Autism comes from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning “self”), and was originally disovered in patients who were withdrawn into themselves. I am self-absorbed, and I find it very hard to put myself in others shoes, etc. However, as per above, this does not mean I care.
You are stubborn – I cannot change how I am in certain ways. I am not refusing to adjust for you, but trying to explain to you that I can’t. many of the things, like saying I love you, or being forward, are things that I tried for years, and spent years in depression while trying. Please respect that I cannot change various things about myself. I am not stubborn here. I have a mental disorder that I cannot change.
You’re Exaggerating – I am not making a bigger deal out of things. I am not over-analyzing either. My brain, both emotionally and intellectually, has more neurons and I am truly feeling things way more deeply and magnified than you. Please take how I am feeling seriously, even if my reason for being upset seems small. I need calming down, or for it to be addressed, as you would an “important” problem.
I gave you hints – I am often told this. I cannot pick up on hints at all. Please do not expect me to pick up on cues or hints. Please speak very very directly to me if you need space, or don’t like something I did. I have developed a thick skin due to people leaving me and berating me my whole life. It is the worst feeling ever, to be ignored. Even if it hurts, I would like your respect by being honest and upfront with me about what you need beforehand. And if I already have failed to see the cue or give you space when you didn’t even tell me to do so, please do not shout at me for something I couldn’t help.
Oftentimes I have thought someone was busy when in fact they didn’t want to speak anymore. As a result, I waited on them for weeks, sometimes even months. Other times, I have confronted people and been told they were just busy or forgot to reply. In both circumstances, people have told me “people are just busy, don’t freak out” or “I didn’t want to speak to you, take a hint”. Please… if I am asking for a message to know where I stand with you, please give me the respect of writing back and letting me know. It can be super short if you’re going through a lot. But this is one of my biggest issues, and with the mental blindness I feel a lot of fear and uncertainty whenever someone doesn’t reply.
You didn’t respect my space / boundary – I didn’t even understand the concept of space until last year at age 25. I only recently learnt what a boundary is, and I’m not sure I even fully grasp it yet. I am usually unaware that you even placed a boundary. And even when I am, it is immensely difficult to hold back.
Oftentimes, people put their foot down and it feels like they are stifling me. It feels harsh, and sore. And I don’t understand why they are doing it. I’d appreciate if we could negotiate our boundaries, and my lack of boundaries, so that we can find a solution together. It often feels so one sided, and since I have this disorder, it is not so easy for me to just do what you say. I have needs too and I’d appreciate if we can work together to find a middle ground. Because it often feels like it is your way or the highway, and that in the past has pushed me to the point of swearing back at people for being cast aside and having my needs dismissed. On that note, many of you felt I was doing that to you. I wasn’t. I was trying to let you know that there are some needs I cannot meet, as I have difficulty doing so. Considering you never knew I had a disorder, you assumed I was being selfish. Please understand I was trying to communicate.
You won’t compromise – instead of 50/50, I might have to meet you 30/70. For me, just giving one day of space takes all my effort to do so. I have to distract myself all day, turn off my phone, focus intensely on a computer game so that I don’t message you. Same goes for not saying I love you and many other things. In the past, if a girlfriend wanted me to be her date for a wedding, if I said no, I would be seen as uncompromising. Now, I hope she’d be able to understand that the sounds, and the social interactions, are so painful for me that I have nightmares about attending social events, and had nightmares for 3 weeks after my last wedding I attended. It is traumatic for me. I hope that now you can understand that I AM putting immense effort for you. I feel I try so so hard. Only to be told I won’t compromise for your needs. Most of all, I am trying, so very hard, putting in alot of effort.
You’re rude/blunt – I have no social filter on my brain. I am often very forward, and often say things without knowing they are offensive. Moreover, many of the social rules, like manners, are very strange to me and I don’t understand them. Even when I do know I should say please or thank you, I often don’t want to because my demand avoidance kicks in. But most of the time, I truly forget. I even have to remind myself to say hello, shake someones hand when they put it out etc. As much as I am able to appear normal, sometimes I do forget. Please understand that, and try not to take it personally – if I’m upset with you, I will tell you. If I didn’t greet you, or said something very blunt, I am often unaware that it offended you. I even have sometimes told people they are closed minded to their face, and had them be angry at me and then I go home thinking what did I do? Only later a friend would point out to me that I was offensive. I am trying to learn, but it is very hard, so please understand and let me know if I offended you in as calm a manner as you can (I know it’s hard in the moment).
You’re pushy / demanding – this is part of my PDA. Please understand that. I am working on this in therapy. Please understand that feeling unheard can bring me into that state. this is pathological and I can’t control it. What CAN be controlled, is having a balance between us, and it might have to start with you meeting me halfway, but once I’ve calmed down and feel in control, I can then try collaborate with you and give you more freedom and balance.
You don’t know me, so how can you love me? – this is a strange question to me. Firstly, what does knowing someone mean? Collecting a series of facts until you feel you now know them? Secondly, why does one have to know someone to love them? And judging by the first point, can one ever truly know someone, and does love actually occur being felt at the same time as knowing a certain threshold of information about them? Love is not intellectual.
I experience love the way people love animals. You don’t need to know them to love them. Most people see things through their egos, their guards. They wait until they know enough about a person to say “I can trust them now”, then they open up their hearts.
Oneday, in meditation, I felt my heart open. Since then I have felt nothing but love for all people and things. It is unwavering, unconditional, and universal. I experience romantic feelings for some people, and each person differently, but usually when I say I love you, it is not romantic.
I have tried to refrain from expressing “I love you” when people have asked. The result was that I eventually explode and cannot take it anymore. Usually my heart closes and I feel very lost and afraid. I suddenly can’t say it to even the people who are ok with it, and I feel afraid to even speak. It shuts me down completely.
Many of you have had issues with me saying I love you. For those of you that have, please know that I cannot control it, and that it is a part of my symptoms. My lack of a filter on my brain makes it impossible for me to refrain from it without breaking down. What seems like my refusal to agree to your request to not say it, is not a refusal or disrespect, but an honest answer that I have tried for months at a time to refrain and I cannot do it. People have not reacted well to me saying “this is who I am” or “I’ve tried and I can’t”. I’ve tried to explain in long messages and get told “I’m not reading that”. Hopefully now, you may be able to understand that this is part of a condition and that I cannot control it.
Acknowledgements
I’d like to take this time to mention Dan Simpson, my best friend, who has been here with me through everything. I couldn’t have coped without you. I’d also like to give a special mention to Katie Mcgarry, a fellow Autistic from overseas, who helped me through so much when I was going through my 10 week neurological assessment; Radina Kolev, who spent months with me while I was undiagnosed, fighting for a diagnosis; and Josh Marcus, who was my friend and therapist. I’d also like to thank Matheus Da Nova, who before I knew about my disorder was there for me alot during hard times. Thank you for being a good friend. And lastly Jarred Selbst, also my best friend, who has been there for me for years. I’d also like to thank all the people I have lost, who did help me during hard times over the years and put up with my behaviour which I know was difficult to handle, even though I was misunderstood I still was tough to deal with and I understand that. You know who you are, all of you are in my heart. Thank you, truly.
To my parents for their support, both financially and emotionally. I know until my diagnosis you also didn’t understand and we hurt each other alot. I am grateful every day for your turn-around and understanding and care. thank you.
To my therapist Catherine, you know constantly I thank you for your work. Within a few months you have changed my life, and thank you for all your accomodation, understanding, flexibility, and hard work you’ve put in for me. Truly, thank you…
To my psychiatrist, Dr Chundra, I think it speaks for itself that this diagnosis changed my life. Thank you for being objective and understanding, and for the correct diagnosis, and medication. You have also changed my life immensely, and I will always be grateful.
To my other therapist, Margie, thank you for understanding me and working with me, and for being so incredible in your therapy. You have also helped me to overcome some of the most important issues in my life that were holding me back. Thank you.
Conclusion
Autism is a very painful yet beautiful existence. I am happy to have it, and very grateful to have the good things it brings. It is, that being said, a difficult life to handle, but a life that I believe allows me to do and create great things. My Music and writings on this website are a result of my Autism. My boundless experience of Universal Love for all people, as well as the inability to filter out my senses make everything so incredibly beautiful, even though it is filled with immense pain simultaneously. If you do not understand yet, don’t worry, hopefully the rest of this post will explain everything. I feel Autism is a gift, and often times the most painful parts has been the difficulties enforced by people for me to conform, live in their world when I clearly don’t live in the same plane of thought and emotion, and their misunderstanding and berating. With acceptance, therapy, meeting halfway, and freedom to be me, things have been improving, and I’m better than I’ve been in years. I know that I can have a great life, and I’m enjoying it alot now.
My message to you is twofold. Firstly, I hope you can appreciate and understand my difficulties. To not push me to do things that are normal or expect me to do things that are normal. To not berate me, shout at me, blame me, ignore me, or abandon me due to these difficulties. I am trying very hard. I have spent my whole life being berated and all those other things. I hope now I will have some peace, love, care, understanding. Understanding is the most important thing of all.
Autism is a very isolating and lonely disorder. It is also filled with alot of emotional abuse due to being pushed into situations with sensory overload, and social situations as well. Please be kind to me. Please reply to me. And please tell me how you feel, even if it’s blunt. Please don’t ignore me.
My second part of my message is that Life is Beautiful. Everyone is so caught up in their social rules, in their beliefs, and in guarding themselves, that they do not take the chance to Love. Love does not hurt, attachment and other things cause hurt, but Love itself is open and free. I urge you to try open your heart emotionally. To try and see the beauty in people and in others. And to try and take time to not get caught up in your life and your problems (I would say “smell the roses” but the thought of that makes me feel sensory overload haha).
I feel your social rules limit you. I think they make people so concerned with them that they forget to think about openness and love, and being human. I am glad that I am Autistic. I am trying to learn more about your world. Please try and respect that I live in a different one to you. |
Bloomington Convention
The Bloomington Convention was a meeting held in Bloomington, Illinois, on May 29, 1856, establishing the Illinois Republican Party. It was an attempt to unite Anti-Nebraska members of the Opposition Party into a single party. The convention adopted a party platform and nominated a ticket led by William Henry Bissell for Governor of Illinois. Bissell would be elected later that year, making him one of the first governors elected as a Republican.
Background
By 1850, the Democratic Party had emerged as the leading political party in the United States. An uncertain stance on slavery led to the demise of the main Democratic competitor, the Whig Party. The slavery debate was briefly quelled by the Compromise of 1850, which settled several questions about the legality of slavery in new territories. However, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, proposed four years later, reignited tensions. The act would create two new territories and determined that slavery status there would be determined by a popular vote of residents.
Illinois had been a free state since its inception. The Kansas–Nebraska Act was designed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas and supported by his colleague James Shields, both Democrats. William Alexander Richardson led support of the bill in the United States House of Representatives, but failed to win the support of Democratic representatives Long John Wentworth and William Henry Bissell, as well as all Whigs. The act was passed on May 30, 1854, sparking a political upheaval. The Whig party dissolved and anti-slavery Democrats, including Bissell and Wentworth, abandoned their party; they united in a de facto Anti-Nebraska party, known as the Opposition Party.
After its ratification, Douglas spoke in the state capital of Springfield during the Illinois State Fair on behalf of the act. During the fair, prominent abolitionist Owen Lovejoy attempted to organize a convention against slavery, but struggled to convince political allies to join. Lincoln countered Douglas' defense of the act, and went on to debate him in seven other cities in 1858. Fueled by support in the central and northern parts of the state, the Opposition Party secured enough support to send Lyman Trumbull to the US Senate in place of Shields. Elihu B. Washburne, James H. Woodworth, James Knox, and Jesse O. Norton were elected to US Congress on behalf of the Opposition, which helped to usher in a national plurality in the lower house.
On January 15, 1856, the chairman of the nine existing state Republican Parties called for an informal convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 22. Delegates from twenty-four states and four territories attended the event, which officially established a national Republican Party after three sessions. Concurrently, an Editorial Convention was held in Decatur, Illinois, for all state anti-Nebraska newspaper editors; twenty-five papers were represented. One of the resolutions approved by this convention was for the appointment of a state committee to call a state Republican convention.
Convention
The first official Republican convention in Illinois was held on May 29, 1856, in Bloomington. Chairman John M. Palmer was elected convention president after his opening address. Nine vice presidents and five secretaries were then elected. The convention nominated Bissell for governor with Francis Hoffmann as lieutenant governor, Ozias M. Hatch for secretary of state, Jesse K. Dubois as auditor, and James Miller as treasurer. Hoffmann was found to be ineligible for his position due to a residency requirement, and John Wood was nominated in his place. The following resolutions defining the party platform were approved:
Resolved, That foregoing all former differences of opinions upon other questions, we pledge ourselves to unite in opposition to the present administration and to the party which upholds and supports it and to use all honorable and constitutional means to wrest the Government from the unworthy hands which now control it and to bring it back in its administration to the principles and practices of Washington, Jefferson and their great and good compatriots of the Revolution.
Resolved, That foregoing all former differences of opinions upon other questions, we pledge ourselves to unite in opposition to the present administration of the Government; that under the Constitution Congress possesses the power to prohibit slavery in the Territories ; and that, whilst we will maintain all constitutional rights of the South, we also hold that justice, humanity, the principles of freedom as expressed in our Declaration of Independence and our national constitution, and the purity and perpetuity of our Government require that that power shall be exerted to prevent the extension of slavery into territory heretofore free.
Resolved, That the repeal of the Missouri Compromise was unwise and injurious; an open and aggravated violation of the plighted faith of the States, and that the attempt of the present administration to force slavery into Kansas against the known wishes of the legal voters of that Territory is an arbitrary and tyrannous violation of the rights of the people to govern themselves, and that we will strive by all constitutional means to secure to Kansas and Nebraska the legal guaranty against slavery of which they were deprived at the cost of the violation of the plighted faith of the nation.
Resolved, That we are devoted to the Union and will, to the last extremity, defend it against the efforts now being made by the dis-unionists of this administration to compass its dissolution, and that we will support the Constitution of the United States, in all its provisions regarding it, as the sacred bond of our Union and the only safeguard for the preservation of the rights of ourselves and our posterity.
Resolved, That we are in favor of the immediate admission of Kansas as a member of this Confederacy under the constitution adopted by the people of said Territory.
Resolved, That the spirit of our institutions as well as the Constitution of our country, guarantees the liberty of conscience as well as political freedom, and that we will proscribe no one by legislation or otherwise on account of religious opinions, or in consequence of place of birth.
Lincoln delivered the closing address. The speech was purportedly so captivating that no reporter made a record of it. The address has become known as Lincoln's Lost Speech. The delegates to the convention were:
1st District: Sheldon M. Church
2nd District: William B. Ogden, declined and replaced by John Evans
3rd District: G. D. A. Parks
4th District: Thomas J. Pickett
5th District: Edward A. Dudley
6th District: William H. Herndon
7th District: Richard J. Oglesby, declined and replaced by J. C. Pugh
8th District: Joseph Gillespie
9th District: David L. Phillips
At-large: Ira C. Wilkinson
Aftermath
The Democrats had nominated Richardson for governor at their convention earlier that month. The remnants of the Whig party declined to run a candidate. The first Republican National Convention met that June, nominating John C. Fremont for president. Fremont was defeated handily in his bid for president, including in Illinois, but the Republican state ticket in Illinois was successful. Bissell became the first Governor from a party other than the Democrats since 1838. Republicans would win every subsequent gubernatorial election through 1893.
See also
Birthplace of the Republican Party
References
Category:1856 conferences
Category:1856 in Illinois
Category:Bloomington, Illinois
Category:Political conventions in Illinois |
Enjoy the Greek Fest June 1
Celebrate summer with Greek food, Greek dancing and Greek culture at the Greek Fest this June. There’s no entrance fee and parking is free, which means this event is a whole lot cheaper than actually going to Greece!
Greek Fest
Go to Greek Fest to enjoy a family-friendly, fun atmosphere filled with delicious eats, dancing, art, games and lots of other great stuff. Vendors from all over the country will be here to display Greek art, crafts and jewelry. Meanwhile, you’ll get to feast on Greek food of all kinds, including delicious desserts. There will be Greek dancing on the hour every day.
Take the kids to the Little Greek Village. Here, they can jump around in the bounce house, get their faces painted and play games of all sorts. For the adults, there will be plenty of ouzo and tons of Greek dishes, including iced Greek coffee. The fest lasts from 4 pm to 11 pm on June 1 at 930 Ormsby Lane. You’ll find additional parking right down the street at the Elks Lodge, just in case the lot is too full. Either way, parking and the entrance fee are both free. It’s all happening this June in Lyndon. Anytime you’re looking for family fun, if you’re looking in Lyndon you won’t have to travel very far to find it.
Looking Around Lyndon
Lyndon is an independent city with its own mayor and city services. The people here enjoy a real sense of community, and you'll see it everywhere you look. Lyndon has its own post office and parks, a recreation association and schools. This used to be all rolling farmland. Today, Lyndon is full of rolling green lawns with pretty family homes mostly made of brick and stone.
The large family homes are made to give families plenty of space with extra rooms, vaulted ceilings, big lawns and little luxury touches. It's not uncommon to find hardwood floors and luxury additions here, like stone fireplaces and crown molding. Look around Lyndon this June, and you may find that you’re looking at your new neighborhood.
About the Author: Joe Hayden is the Team Owner and Manager of the Joe Hayden Real Estate Team - Your Louisville Real Estate Experts! |
Applying for Long-Term Disability Insurance Benefits: What to Do and Expect
Applying for long-term disability insurance (LTDI) benefits can be stressful, not only because you are dealing with a medical problem keeping you out of work, but also because communicating with your LTDI insurance company may be challenging. Knowing the process can help reduce stress and ensure the insurance company is not dodging deadlines it must follow.
Talk to Your Doctor(s)
Before submitting your application, talk to your doctors (including any specialists you’re seeing for your disabling condition) to make sure they understand how and why their professional opinions are important to your long term disability application. They will likely be required to describe your diagnoses, symptoms, and restrictions and provide this information to the insurance company when you apply for benefits. It is important to have a treating provider who agrees your medical conditions are preventing you from working and is ready to offer supporting evidence.
Personal Statement(s)
In addition to completing the forms required for the application, you may also include a personal statement written by either yourself or your close family members to describe your medical situation in more detail, and how it interferes with your ability to work. Such personal narratives provide context for your injury and work history that may not be obvious or evident through your physicians’ reports. Your goal is to thoroughly communicate how your injury affects your life and work; nobody knows this better than you and your loved ones.
Expect a Waiting Period with Possible Extensions
Once you’ve submitted your application, the waiting game begins. If your LTDI insurance plan is covered by the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA) – which is very common for private employers – the insurance company must decide your claim within a maximum of 105 days. The insurance company has additional deadlines within this timeframe:
- First, within 45 days of receipt of your claim, the insurance company must notify you of either its claim decision or its need for an extension of up to 30 days.
- The insurance company may invoke another 30 day extension (for a total of 105 days) so long as it follows these procedures before the expiration of its first extension.
- The insurance company must get your agreement for any further extensions.
What are acceptable reasons for the insurance company to invoke an extension? The reason must be due to matters beyond the insurance company’s control and be explained in writing. Typically, we see extensions invoked to gather medical records, have a physician or nurse consultant review the evidence provided, or conduct an independent medical examination.
If an insurance company requests an extension to gather additional information, it may also tell you the review period is “paused” between the date it asks you for additional information and the date you respond to that request. Occasionally, we see insurance companies make several requests for information a few weeks apart, which maximizes the delay in deciding your claim or appeal.
Appealing a Denial of LTDI Benefits
Hopefully, you receive a favorable decision on your claim. However, if you do not, you have the option of appealing a denial of benefits. Under an ERISA plan, you have 180 days from the denial to submit your appeal. The denial letter must tell you about this deadline and inform you about the specific reasons for the denial, the plan provisions on which it was based, and any additional material or information you should submit with your appeal. The denial must also explain why the insurance company disagreed with your doctors and the opinions of any medical professionals it consulted.
In addition to any information outlined in the denial letter, you should submit detailed documentation from your treating providers about why your medical conditions prevent you from working with your appeal. Ask your doctors to read the denial and respond specifically to any medical disagreements in the denial explanation. Again, you can also submit additional personal statements describing your disabling conditions and explaining why the denial decision was incorrect. When we assist clients with appeals, we also outline the legal reasons the denial should be overturned.
More Waiting After an Appeal
When waiting for a decision on your LTDI benefits appeal (as opposed to an initial claim), the insurance company has the same 45-day window within which it must give you a decision or invoke an extension. After that, the insurance company can only invoke one more 45-day extension before it needs your agreement to extend the decision deadline further. Thus, appeal decisions must come within 90 days of receipt of your appeal.
Contact an Attorney to Discuss Your Case
If you have any questions about the LTDI benefits application process or believe your benefits have been wrongfully denied, feel free to contact us and one of our benefits attorneys will review your situation.
Katelynn Williams
Latest posts by Katelynn Williams (see all)
- How to Apply for Long Term Disability Insurance Benefits & What to Expect - January 5, 2018
- COBRA Helps Those Who Lose Workplace Health Insurance - June 14, 2016
- Legal Custody and Physical Placement: What is the Difference, and How Do Courts Determine Them? - February 26, 2016 |
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abstract: 'We study the tunneling dynamics in a time-periodically modulated two-mode Bose-Hubbard model using Floquet theory. We consider situations where the system is in the self-trapping regime and either the tunneling amplitude, the interaction strength, or the energy difference between the modes is modulated. In the former two cases, the tunneling is enhanced in a wide range of modulation frequencies, while in the latter case the resonance is narrow. We explain this difference with the help of Floquet analysis. If the modulation amplitude is weak, the locations of the resonances can be found using the spectrum of the non-modulated Hamiltonian. Furthermore, we use Floquet analysis to explain the coherent destruction of tunneling (CDT) occurring in a large-amplitude modulated system. Finally, we present two ways to create a NOON state (a superposition of $N$ particles in mode 1 with zero particles in mode 2 and vice versa). One is based on a coherent oscillation caused by detuning from a partial CDT. The other makes use of an adiabatic variation of the modulation frequency. This results in a Landau-Zener type of transition between the ground state and a NOON-like state.'
author:
- Gentaro Watanabe
- Harri Mäkelä
title: 'Floquet analysis of the modulated two-mode Bose-Hubbard model'
---
Introduction
============
Ultracold atomic gases are novel systems with a high degree of controllability, making them very useful in the studies on quantum phenomena. The possibility to control the parameters during experiments is essential, for example, in quantum information processing (e.g., Refs. [@Hammerer; @Saffman]) and matter-wave interferometry (e.g., Refs. [@cronin09; @bongs04; @lee12]). In this paper, we discuss the dynamics of an ultracold bosonic gas trapped in a time-periodically modulated potential. The dynamics of periodically modulated quantum systems has attracted both theoretical (e.g., Refs. [@dunlap; @cdt; @holthaus; @grifoni; @abdullaev00; @holthaus01; @haroutyunyan01; @lee01; @salmond; @kohler03; @haroutyunyan; @eckardt; @wang05; @creffield07; @creffield08; @weiss; @strzys08; @luo08; @witthaut09; @wang09; @gong09; @xie09; @catform; @kolovsky; @kudo; @swallowtail; @brouzos11]) and experimental (e.g., Refs. [@gemelke; @lignier; @gommers08; @sias; @alberti; @eckardt09; @zenesini09; @creffield10; @alberti2]) interest during recent years. It is known that a modulated system has resonances at which the tunneling is either suppressed or enhanced. In the neighborhood of a resonance, the behavior of the system is very sensitive to the modulation frequency.
The suppression of tunneling by modulating the energy difference between the modes is known as the coherent destruction of tunneling (CDT) [@dunlap; @cdt; @holthaus]. CDT was discovered in Ref. [@dunlap], where the motion of a charged particle in a lattice under the influence of an oscillating electric field was studied. It was shown that an initially localized particle remains localized in a one-dimensional lattice if the amplitude and frequency of the electric field are chosen suitably. In Ref. [@cdt], CDT was found to occur in systems consisting of a particle subjected to a periodic force and trapped in a double-well potential. Recently, the coherent destruction of tunneling has been actively studied in the context of ultracold bosonic atoms (e.g., Refs. [@haroutyunyan; @eckardt; @creffield08; @strzys08; @luo08; @gong09; @lignier; @sias; @eckardt09; @zenesini09; @creffield10]).
Unlike the CDT, which is typically observed under the condition that the tunneling coupling is larger than or comparable to the interaction energy, the enhancement of tunneling by modulation can take place in a system where the interaction energy dominates over the tunneling coupling. In the absence of modulation, the large interaction energy suppresses tunneling for energetic reasons [@milburn97; @smerzi97]. This leads to a very long tunneling period (the time needed for $N$ particles to tunnel from one mode to another and back). However, by modulating the tunneling matrix element, it is possible to enhance the many-particle tunneling and thereby reduce the tunneling period [@catform]. In this paper, we analyze the reasons behind the enhanced tunneling with the help of a detailed Floquet analysis. In order to make the analysis more complete, we consider also systems where either the interaction strength or the energy difference between the modes is modulated. We find that these two methods provide an alternative way to enhance tunneling. It is shown that the width of the resonance, that is, the range of modulation frequencies corresponding to the enhanced tunneling, depends strongly on whether the tunneling matrix element, the interaction strength, or the energy difference between the two modes is modulated; the resonance is wider in the former two cases. We explain this difference with the help of Floquet theory and the eigenvalues of the non-modulated Hamiltonian.
We analyze also the coherent destruction of tunneling using Floquet theory. It is known that CDT can be caused by modulating either the energy difference between the modes or the interaction strength. We study only the Floquet spectrum of the former system because it has not received much attention in the literature, unlike the Floquet spectrum of the interaction-modulated system [@strzys08; @gong09]. In addition to this, we present two ways to generate NOON-like (Schrödinger’s-cat–like) states. The first is based on the CDT induced by a large-amplitude modulation of interaction strength, whereas the second makes use of a small-amplitude modulation of the tunneling coupling.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \[sec\_BH\], we define the modulated Bose Hubbard Hamiltonian. In Sec. \[sec\_Floquet\], we give a short summary of the Floquet theory used in this article. Section \[sec\_selftrapping\] discusses in depth the results of the Floquet analysis for systems in the self-trapping regime subjected to a small-amplitude modulation. In Sec. \[sec\_Josephson\], the coherent destruction of tunneling is examined using Floquet theory. It is also shown that NOON states can be created with the help of partial CDT. In Sec. \[sec\_noon\], a way to create NOON states using adiabatic sweep across an avoided crossing is presented. Finally, the conclusions are in Sec. \[sec\_conclusions\].
Time-periodically modulated two-site Bose Hubbard Hamiltonian {#sec_BH}
=============================================================
We consider a system described by the two-mode Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. For definiteness, we assume that this model is realized physically by bosons trapped in a double-well potential. We consider situations where either the tunneling amplitude, the interaction strength, or the energy difference between the wells is modulated periodically in time. This system is described by the Hamiltonian $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\hat{H}(t) &=& -J(t) (\hat{c}_1^\dagger \hat{c}_2 + \hat{c}_2^\dagger \hat{c}_1)
+ \frac{U(t)}{2} (\hat{c}_1^\dagger\hat{c}_1^\dagger\hat{c}_1\hat{c}_1
+ \hat{c}_2^\dagger\hat{c}_2^\dagger\hat{c}_2\hat{c}_2)\\
&&+ \frac{V(t)}{2} (\hat{c}_1^\dagger\hat{c}_1 - \hat{c}_2^\dagger\hat{c}_2)\\
\label{eq_H}
&=& -2J(t) \hat{S}_x + U(t) \hat{S}_z^2 + V(t) \hat{S}_z .
\label{eq_h}\end{aligned}$$ Here $J$ is the tunneling matrix element, $U$ is the on-site interaction, and $V$ is the energy difference between the wells (tilt). We have introduced the SU(2) generators defined as $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{S}_x &=& \frac{1}{2} (\hat{c}_1^\dag\hat{c}_2+\hat{c}_2^\dag\hat{c}_1)\ ,\\
\hat{S}_y &=& \frac{1}{2i} (\hat{c}_1^\dag\hat{c}_2-\hat{c}_2^\dag\hat{c}_1)\ ,\\
\hat{S}_z &=& \frac{1}{2} (\hat{c}_1^\dag\hat{c}_1-\hat{c}_2^\dag\hat{c}_2)\ ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{c}_i (\hat{c}_i^\dag)$ annihilates (creates) an atom in mode $i$.
We define the time-dependent tunneling matrix element as $$J(t) = J_0 [1+A_J \sin{(\omega t + \phi_J)}],
\label{eq_jt}$$ where $J_0$ is the amplitude of the time-independent part and $A_J \in [0,1]$ gives the relative amplitude of the time-dependent tunneling matrix element. The modulated tilt and interaction strength are defined as $$\begin{aligned}
U(t) &= U_0+ U_1 \sin{(\omega t + \phi_U)},\label{eq_ut}\\
V(t) &= V_0+ V_1 \sin{(\omega t + \phi_V)},
\label{eq_vt}\end{aligned}$$ where $U_0,V_0$ ($U_1,V_1$) are the amplitudes of the static (time-dependent) part of the interaction and the tilt, respectively. In the above equations, $\omega$ is the modulation frequency and $\phi_J,\phi_U$, and $\phi_V$ are the phase offsets. In this paper, time is measured in units of $$\begin{aligned}
T_0=\frac{\pi}{J_0},\end{aligned}$$ which is the tunneling period in the absence of the interaction ($U_0=U_1=0$) and the tilt ($V_0=V_1=0$). Here and in what follows, we set $\hbar=1$.
Floquet operator {#sec_Floquet}
================
If the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}$ is periodic in time, Floquet theory provides a powerful tool to analyze the dynamics of the system. In the following, we denote the modulation period of $\hat{H}$ by $T_\omega$. In our case, the modulation is sinusoidal and hence $T_\omega=2\pi/\omega$. According to the Floquet theorem (see, e.g., Ref. [@Chicone]), the time-evolution operator $\hat{U}_{\hat{H}}$ determined by the Hamiltonian of Eq. (\[eq\_H\]) can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{U}_{\hat{H}}(t) =\hat{M}(t) e^{-i t \hat{K}},\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{M}$ is a periodic matrix with minimum period $T_\omega$ and $\hat{M}(0)=\hat{\textrm{I}}$ and $\hat{K}$ is a time-independent operator. We define the Floquet operator $\hat{F}$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{F} &=\hat{U}_{\hat{H}}(T_\omega)\\
&=\mathcal{T}\left\{\exp{\left[-i\int_0^{T_\omega} \hat{H}(t) dt\right]}\right\}, \end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{T}$ is the time-ordering operator. At times $t=nT_\omega$, where $n$ is an integer, we get $\hat{U}_{\hat{H}}(nT_\omega)=e^{-i n T_\omega \hat{K}}=\hat{F}^n$. The Floquet operator is a mapping between the state at $t=0$ and the state after one modulation period $T_\omega=2\pi/\omega$: $\Psi(T_\omega) = \hat{F} \Psi(0)$. The columns of the Floquet operator $\hat{F}$ can be obtained by following the time evolution of the basis states for one modulation period. Each time-evolved basis state forms a column of the matrix $\hat{F}$. The Hilbert space of a two-mode system containing $N$ bosons is $\mathbb{C}^{N+1}$. The basis of this Hilbert space can be chosen to be $\{|\Delta N\rangle\, ;\, \Delta N =-N,-N+2,-N+4,\ldots, N\}$, where $|\Delta N\rangle$ is a state with $(N+\Delta N)/2$ particles in mode $1$ and $(N-\Delta N)/2$ particles in mode $2$. Any pure state of the system can be written as $$\psi =\sum_{\Delta N=-N}^N\, C_{\Delta N} |\Delta N\rangle,$$ where the amplitudes $\{ C_{\Delta N}\}$ are complex numbers. If $N$ is even (odd), $\Delta N$ takes only even (odd) values.
In order to characterize the eigenstates of the Floquet operator, we define the parity operator $\hat{P}$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{P}|\Delta N\rangle =|-\Delta N\rangle.\end{aligned}$$ It can alternatively be written as $\hat{P}= (-i)^N e^{i\pi \hat{S}_x}$. The eigenvalues of $\hat{P}$ are $1$ and $-1$, corresponding to even and odd parity, respectively. Because $\hat{P}^\dagger \hat{S}_z\hat{P}=-\hat{S}_z$, the Hamiltonian, and consequently the time-evolution operator, commutes with $\hat{P}$ if the tilt vanishes. Then the eigenstates of $\hat{F}$ are also eigenstates of $\hat{P}$ and either $C_{\Delta N} =C_{-\Delta N}$ or $C_{\Delta N} =-C_{-\Delta N}$ holds for the components of the eigenvectors of $\hat{F}$. In the former case, the eigenstate has even parity and is said to be symmetric, while in the latter case the parity is odd and the eigenstate is called antisymmetric. Furthermore, the absolute values of the coefficients $\{C_{\Delta N}\}$ of an eigenstate have maxima at $\Delta N=\pm k$, where $k\geq 0$ is an integer. We denote such an eigenstate by $\psi_k^{(\pm)}$, where $+$ $(-)$ indicates that the eigenvector is symmetric (antisymmetric). If $J_0\ll U_0N$ and the signs of the eigenvectors are defined appropriately, we get $$\begin{aligned}
\psi_N^{(\pm)}\approx \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\left(|N\rangle \pm |-N\rangle\right),\end{aligned}$$ which is valid to zeroth order in $J_0/U_0N$. For non-zero $V_0$ or $V_1$, the Floquet eigenstates are neither exactly symmetric nor antisymmetric because $\hat{S}_z$ is not invariant under the parity operator. However, since the time average of the $\hat{S}_z$ term is zero (we assume that $V_0=0$), the Floquet eigenstates are almost symmetric or antisymmetric, provided $V_1$ is small. We thus use the notation $\psi_i^{(\pm)}$ also in this case. Note that, in the case of large-amplitude modulation of the tilt, the Floquet eigenstates cannot be classified in this way.
The Floquet operator is a unitary operator, and therefore the eigenvalue corresponding to the eigenvector $\psi_{i}^{(\pm)}$ can be written as $e^{i \phi_{i}^{(\pm)}}$. The eigenvalue equation becomes $$\hat{F}\psi_{i}^{(\pm)} =e^{i \phi_{i}^{(\pm)}}\psi_{i}^{(\pm)}.$$ In this paper, we call $\phi_{i}^{(\pm)}\in [-\pi,\pi)$ the phase of a Floquet eigenvalue.
Assume that the initial state is $|N\rangle\approx (\psi_N^{(+)}+\psi_N^{(-)})/\sqrt{2}$. At $t=nT_\omega$ ($n\in \mathbb{N}$), the state reads $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{F}^n|N\rangle \approx\frac{e^{i n\phi_N^{(+)}}}{\sqrt{2}} \left(
\psi_N^{(+)}+ e^{i n[\phi_N^{(-)}-\phi_N^{(+)}]}\psi_N^{(-)}\right).\end{aligned}$$ If $ n|\phi_N^{(-)}-\phi_N^{(+)}|\approx\pi$, we get $\hat{F}^n|N\rangle\approx |-N\rangle$; that is, the system has tunneled from $|N\rangle$ to $|-N\rangle$. In this paper, we define the tunneling period as the time needed for the system to tunnel from $|N\rangle$ to $|-N\rangle$ and back. In terms of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues, the tunneling period reads $$\begin{aligned}
T\approx \frac{2\pi T_\omega}{ |\phi_N^{(-)}-\phi_N^{(+)}|}.\end{aligned}$$ Increasing $|\phi_N^{(-)}-\phi_N^{(+)}|$ reduces the tunneling period and vice versa. When $\phi_N^{(+)}=\phi_N^{(-)}$, the tunneling period diverges.
Tunneling period and Floquet analysis in the self-trapping regime {#sec_selftrapping}
=================================================================
In this section, we consider the tunneling of bosons in the self-trapping regime characterized by $U_0N/2 J_0\gg 1$. Assume that in the initial state all $N$ particles are either in site 1 or site 2. The reduction of the interaction energy by single-particle tunneling is of order $\sim U_0N$. This reduction cannot be compensated by the increase of the kinetic energy, which is approximately given by $\sim
J_0$. As a consequence, single-particle tunneling is suppressed (self-trapping), and all $N$ particles stay in the same well for a long time. In this situation, oscillations between the states $|N\rangle$ and $|-N\rangle$ occur through higher-order co-tunneling [@vavtunnel]. In Ref. [@catform] it was found that the tunneling period of the higher-order co-tunneling can be drastically reduced by modulating the tunneling matrix element $J$. As we show here, a similar phenomenon can be seen when the tilt is modulated (we set $V_0=0$). In Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_modv\], we show the tunneling period $T$ for the modulated tunneling matrix element and tilt, respectively. As an example, we have set $N=5$ and $U_0/J_0=4$ in the both cases. We see that the behavior of $T$ as a function of the modulation frequency $\omega$ depends strongly on whether $J$ or $V$ is modulated. This difference can be explained using Floquet analysis.
Before analyzing the system in detail, we first summarize two key points. One is the parity of the operator whose coefficient is modulated, and the other is the shift in the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues due to an avoided crossing. The parity of $\hat{S}_x$ is even and that of $\hat{S}_z$ is odd. Therefore, $\hat{S}_x$ couples Floquet eigenstates of the same parity, and $\hat{S}_z$ couples those of the opposite parity. This means that in the case of modulated $J$ \[$V$\], there is an avoided crossing between Floquet eigenstates of the same \[opposite\] parity. The differences in the behavior of the tunneling period can be attributed to the parities of the states undergoing an avoided crossing. Below we show that usually $\phi_i^{(+)} > \phi_i^{(-)}$ ($\phi_i^{(-)} > \phi_i^{(+)}$) holds for odd (even) $N$. However, this is not necessarily the case near avoided crossings where the values of $\phi_i^{(\pm)}$ are shifted. These shifts lead to either suppression or enhancement of the tunneling.
We have chosen $N=5$ and $U_0/J_0=4$ in this section. The results can, however, be straightforwardly generalized to any value of $N$ and $J_0/U_0$, as long as $N>1$ and $U_0 N/J_0 \gg 1$. We remark that Figs. \[fig\_modj\], \[fig\_floq\](b), and the top panel of Fig. \[fig\_amp\] are taken from Ref. [@catform], but the detailed Floquet analysis of the $J$ modulation, as well as the entire analysis of the effects of the tilt and interaction modulation, has not been presented elsewhere.
Time-independent Hamiltonian {#sec_timeindep}
----------------------------
If the modulation amplitude is small and the system is not near an avoided crossing, the Floquet eigenstates and eigenvalues turn out to be close to the ones determined by the time-independent part of the Hamiltonian, given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{H0}
\hat{H}_0 = -2 J_0\hat{S}_x + U_0 \hat{S}_z^2.\end{aligned}$$ As a consequence, some important properties of the modulated system, such as the positions of the resonances, can be explained by analyzing the spectrum of $\hat{H}_0$.
We assume that $U_0N \gg J_0$ and $V_0=0$. In order to compare the time-evolution operator of the original time-dependent modulated system with that determined by Hamiltonian (\[H0\]), we define the Floquet operator $\hat{F}_0$ corresponding to $\hat{H}_0$ as $$\label{eq_F_nonmodulated}
\hat{F}_0=e^{-i T_\omega \hat{H}_0},\quad T_\omega=\frac{2\pi}{\omega}.$$ We denote the eigenvalues of the time-independent Hamiltonian by $E_{0;k}^{(\pm)}$, where we use the same indexing as in the case of the eigenvectors of the Floquet operator $\hat{F}$. The phases of the Floquet eigenvalues are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq_phi_nonmodulated}
\phi_{0;k}^{(\pm)} = -E_{0;k}^{(\pm)} T_\omega \quad \textrm{mod } 2\pi.\end{aligned}$$ We find that $E_{0;i}^{(+)} < E_{0;i}^{(-)}$ for odd $N$ and $E_{0;i}^{(+)} > E_{0;i}^{(-)}$ for even $N$. Because of the minus sign in Eq. $(\ref{eq_phi_nonmodulated})$, the opposite holds for the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues $\phi_{0;k}^{(\pm)}$. The situation is similar in the presence of a small-amplitude modulation, and thus, normally, $\phi_i^{(+)} > \phi_i^{(-)}$ ($\phi_i^{(-)} > \phi_i^{(+)}$) for odd (even) $N$. Now $E_{0;k} > E_{0;l}$ if $k>l\geq 0$. Using this and the equation $\partial_\omega
\phi_{0;k}^{(\pm)}=E_{0;k}^{(\pm)} 2\pi/\omega^2$, we see that $\phi_{0;k}^{(\pm)}$, and therefore also $\phi_{k}^{(\pm)}$, increases faster as a function of $\omega$ the larger $k$ is. This means that if $k>l$, $\phi_{k}$ approaches $\phi_{l}$ from below as $\omega$ increases \[see Fig. \[fig\_floq\](b) for an example\]. The phases $\{\phi_k^{(\pm)}\}$ cross repeatedly as $\omega$ increases. A crossing occurs when $\omega$ satisfies $$n\omega \approx |E_{0;k}-E_{0;l}|\, , \label{eq_res}$$ with $n=1,2,3,\ldots$. The last crossing between $\phi_k$ and $\phi_l$ is at $\omega \approx |E_k-E_l|$. In the limit of $\omega\rightarrow\infty$, the phases of all the Floquet eigenvalues approach zero from the negative side.
In the specific case $N=5$ and $U_0/J_0=4$, corresponding to Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_modv\], the crossing points between $\phi_5$ and the other phases are at $\omega/J_0=28.01$ (crossing with $\phi_1^{(+)}$), $22.63$ ($\phi_1^{(-)}$), $15.93$ ($\phi_3^{(+)}$), and $15.31$ ($\phi_3^{(-)}$). These are obtained from Eq. (\[eq\_res\]) with $n=1$. Note that $E_5^{(+)}$ and $E_5^{(-)}$, and thus $\phi_5^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$, are almost identical.
The crossing points corresponding to $n=1$ and $2$ in the region $\omega/J_0>10$ are shown by the vertical red dotted lines and arrows in Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_modv\]. We see that the positions of all the resonances shown in Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_modv\] are well explained by the energy eigenvalues of the time-independent Hamiltonian. Based on this fact, we can say that the positions of the crossings are the same irrespective of the modulated variable.
Modulated $J$
-------------
Next we consider the modulation of the tunneling matrix element; see Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_floq\]. The value $\langle\psi_i| \hat{S}_x|\psi_j\rangle$ can be non-zero only if the Floquet eigenstates $\psi_i$ and $\psi_j$ have the same parity. Consequently, there is an avoided crossing between eigenstates with the same parity.
In Fig. \[fig\_floq\](b), we show the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues as a function of $\omega /J_0$ for the parameters used in Fig. \[fig\_modj\] \[and Fig. \[fig\_floq\](a)\]. From Fig. \[fig\_floq\] we see that a large change of $T$ occurs when $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ crosses the other $\phi_{|\Delta N|}^{(\pm)}$’s \[circles and ellipses in Figs. \[fig\_floq\](a) and \[fig\_floq\](b)\]. The behavior of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues near the crossings is schematically shown in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c). In an $N$-particle system, there are $N-2$ different types of crossings between $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N}^{(\pm)}$ and other $\phi_{i}^{(\pm)}$’s [@note_crossings]. Because now $N=5$, we have three types of crossings; each resonance corresponds to one of these. In the following, we analyze in detail each of these three crossing types.
### Type 1
A crossing between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ and $\phi_3^{(\pm)}$ leads to a reduction of $T$ in a wide range of $\omega$ around $\omega/J_0 \simeq 16$. This crossing is indicated in Figs. \[fig\_floq\](a) and \[fig\_floq\](b) by the solid magenta circle. The detailed structure of the crossing is shown schematically in the top figure in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c). Since $\phi_3^{(+)}$ and $\phi_3^{(-)}$ are almost equal, the avoided crossings between $\phi_3^{(-)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ and between $\phi_3^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(+)}$ occur almost simultaneously \[the red solid circles in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c)\]. Because $\phi_i^{(+)} > \phi_i^{(-)}$ for odd $N$ outside the crossing region (see Sec. \[sec\_timeindep\]) and $\hat{S}_x$ couples Floquet eigenstates with the same parity, the first avoided crossing occurs between $\phi_3^{(-)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ \[the left red solid circle\] as the modulation frequency increases. Due to the repulsion between these two levels, the splitting between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ is increased near the avoided crossing and thus the tunneling period is reduced. The second avoided crossing takes place between $\phi_3^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(+)}$ \[the right red solid circle\]. Note that, after the first avoided crossing, the states $\psi_3^{(-)}$ and $\psi_5^{(-)}$ have been interchanged \[between the red solid circles\] and the energy splitting between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ remains large until the second avoided crossing at which $\psi_3^{(+)}$ and $\psi_5^{(+)}$ are interchanged. These successive avoided crossings lead to a reduction of the tunneling period in a wide range of $\omega/J_0$.
### Type 2
Because of the large quasienergy splitting between $\phi_1^{(+)}$ and $\phi_1^{(-)}$, the points where $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ crosses $\phi_1^{(+)}$ and $\phi_1^{(-)}$ are far apart. We call a crossing between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ and $\phi_1^{(-)}$ a type 2 crossing and that between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ and $\phi_1^{(+)}$ a type 3 crossing. With increasing $\omega$, a type 2 crossing first yields a reduction and then an enhancement of the tunneling period. We show the schematic structure of a type 2 crossing in the middle figure in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c). The resonances around $\omega/J_0\simeq 11$ and $\omega/J_0\simeq 23$, indicated by the green dashed curves in Figs. \[fig\_floq\](a) and \[fig\_floq\](b), correspond to type 2 crossings.
Suppose that the crossing is approached from the small $\omega/J_0$ side. Far from the avoided crossing $\phi_5^{(+)} > \phi_5^{(-)}$ as explained in Sec. \[sec\_timeindep\]. Since $\hat{S}_x$ couples Floquet eigenstates with the same parity, $\phi_1^{(-)}$ undergoes an avoided crossing with $\phi_5^{(-)}$ (the large red solid circle). Near the avoided crossing, the energy splitting between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ is enhanced, which leads to the reduction of the tunneling period. Just after the avoided crossing (around the vertical dashed line), the states $\psi_1^{(-)}$ and $\psi_5^{(-)}$ are interchanged and, unlike in the usual situation, $\phi_5^{(-)} > \phi_5^{(+)}$. Since $\phi_5^{(+)}$ is larger than $\phi_5^{(-)}$ far from the avoided crossing also on the large $\omega/J_0$ side, $\phi_5^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ cross each other (the small blue solid circle), which yields a divergence of the tunneling period.
### Type 3
As opposed to a type 2 crossing, a type 3 crossing (crossings between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ and $\phi_1^{(+)}$) gives first an enhancement and then a reduction of the tunneling period. The resonances at $\omega/J_0\simeq 14$ and $\omega/J_0\simeq 28$, which are indicated by the blue dotted ellipses and circles in Figs. \[fig\_floq\](a) and \[fig\_floq\](b), correspond to type 3 crossings. A detailed schematic structure of a type 3 crossing is shown in the bottom figure in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c). Suppose again that we approach the crossing from the small $\omega/J_0$ side. In this case, we have an avoided crossing between $\phi_1^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(+)}$. The phase $\phi_5^{(+)}$, which is located above $\phi_5^{(-)}$ far from the crossing, is pushed downward due to the avoided crossing with $\phi_1^{(+)}$, and thus $\phi_5^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ cross each other (the small blue solid circle). This leads to the divergence of the tunneling period. After this, there is an avoided crossing between $\phi_1^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(+)}$ (the large red solid circle), leading to an enhancement of the quasienergy splitting between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$. This yields a reduction in the tunneling period. After the avoided crossing, the states $\psi_1^{(\pm)}$ and $\psi_5^{(\pm)}$ are interchanged.
### Type 1$'$: Small $A_J$
In the top panel of Fig. \[fig\_amp\], we show the tunneling period $T$ for various values of the modulation amplitude $A_J$. With decreasing $A_J$, the resonance around $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$ becomes narrower and finally separates into two resonances (see the case $A_J=0.01$ shown by the blue dashed-dotted line). The schematic behavior of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues near the crossing is shown in the bottom panel of Fig. \[fig\_amp\]. We call this a type 1$'$ crossing. The major difference between type 1$'$ and type 1 crossings is the existence of two points where $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ cross each other. These are indicated by the small blue solid circles, and they are located between the two avoided crossings (the large red solid circles). One can also view a type 1$'$ crossing as a combination of type 2 and type 3 crossings.
When $A_J$ is small, the coupling between the two states that undergo an avoided crossing is small. Thus the difference $|\phi_5^{(+)}-\phi_5^{(-)}|$ remains very small even near the avoided crossing. Therefore, unlike in a type 1 crossing, the inverted configuration of $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ (i.e., the situation $\phi_5^{(-)}>\phi_5^{(+)}$) cannot be sustained throughout the region between the two avoided crossings. This leads to the appearance of two crossing points, indicating a diverging tunneling period. In Ref. [@catform] it has been shown that the divergences are present if $A_J \lesssim N^{-1} (J_0/U_0)^{N-3} (N-1)(N-2)/(N-3)!$.
Modulated $V$ {#sec_modv}
-------------
As can be seen from Figs. \[fig\_modj\] and \[fig\_modv\], the tunneling period behaves differently when $V$ is modulated. In Fig. \[fig\_modv\], a noticeable change in the tunneling period $T$ can be seen around $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$. There are also small, narrow resonances at $\omega/J_0 \simeq 22.5$ and $\omega/J_0 \simeq 28$ [@note_narrowres]. Unlike in the case of modulated $J$, the resonance at $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$ is not a wide and smooth reduction of $T$ for any value of the modulation amplitude $V_1$.
As in the case of modulated $J$, the resonance around $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$ is caused by a crossing between $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ and $\phi_3^{(\pm)}$. However, unlike $\hat{S}_x$, the operator $\hat{S}_z$ has odd parity, and it thus couples Floquet eigenstates of opposite parity. In Fig. \[fig\_floq\_tilt\], we show the schematic behavior of the Floquet eigenstates near $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$. Suppose that the crossing is approached from the small $\omega/J_0$ side. As $\omega/J_0$ increases, the states $\psi_3^{(-)}$ and $\psi_5^{(+)}$ undergo an avoided crossing, and $\phi_5^{(+)}$ is pushed downward. Far from the avoided crossing the relation $\phi_i^{(+)} > \phi_i^{(-)}$ holds. Because of this and the fact that $\phi_5^{(+)}$ is pushed downward, the phases $\phi_5^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ cross (the left small blue circle) before the avoided crossing (the left large red circle). After the first avoided crossing, the states $\psi_3^{(-)}$ and $\psi_5^{(+)}$ are interchanged. Next, $\phi_3^{(+)}$ and $\phi_5^{(-)}$ undergo an avoided crossing (the right large red circle), and the corresponding states are interchanged. Because now $\phi_5^{(-)}>\phi_5^{(+)}$, these phases cross after the second avoided crossing (the right small blue circle), so that $\phi_5^{(+)}>\phi_5^{(-)}$ far away from the crossing. The two crossing points and the two avoided crossings correspond to the two divergences and the two reductions of the tunneling period, respectively. These are shown in Fig. \[fig\_modv\] near $\omega/J_0\simeq 16$. Because in the present case the avoided crossings occur between Floquet eigenstates of opposite parity, the phases $\phi_5^{(\pm)}$ necessarily cross each other outside the region of the successive avoided crossings. For this reason, a smooth reduction of $T$ in a wide region of the modulation frequency $\omega$ cannot be achieved by modulating the tilt. This is one of the major findings of this paper.
We note that all the other resonances are also much narrower than in the case of modulated $J$. This is because the operator $\hat{S}_z$, which is related to the tilt, does not contribute to the single-particle tunneling, unlike $\hat{S}_x$. The range of $\omega$ characterizing the width of the resonance is comparable to the quasienergy separation at the avoided crossing. This is approximately proportional to $|\langle\psi_5^{(\pm)}|\hat{S}_x|\psi_{i\ne5}^{(\mp)}\rangle|^2$ in the case of $J$ modulation and to $|\langle\psi_5^{(\pm)}|\hat{S}_z|\psi_{i\ne5}^{(\pm)}\rangle|^2$ in the case of $V$ modulation. The latter is smaller than the former by a factor $\sim (J_0/U_0)^2$. This will be discussed in more detail in Sec. \[sec\_noon\].
Modulated $U$
-------------
Finally, we consider the case in which the on-site interaction strength $U$ is modulated weakly $(U_1/U_0\ll 1)$. The Hamiltonian in this case is $\hat{H}=-2J_0 \hat{S}_x + U(t) \hat{S}_z^2$, with $U(t)$ given by Eq. (\[eq\_ut\]). Since this Hamiltonian can be rewritten as $$\hat{H}(t)= {\cal A}(t)
\left[-2J_{\rm eff}(t) \hat{S}_x + U_0 \hat{S}_z^2 \right],$$ with ${\cal A}(t) = 1+ (U_1/U_0)\sin{(\omega t+\phi_U)}$ and $$J_{\rm eff}(t)
\simeq J_0 \left[1+\frac{U_1}{U_0}\sin{(\omega t+\phi_U+\pi)}\right],$$ we can expect that the dynamics can be reproduced by modulating $J$ with the amplitude $A_J=U_1/U_0$ and phase $\phi_J=\phi_U+\pi$ instead of modulating $U$.
This observation is confirmed by the result shown in Fig. \[fig\_modu\], where we compare the tunneling period $T$ as a function of $\omega$ in the cases of modulated $J$ and modulated $U$. In this example $N = 5$ and $U_0/J_0 = 4$. The result for the modulated $J$ is taken from Fig. \[fig\_modj\] ($A_J = 0.1$). By setting $U_1=A_JU_0$, i.e., $U_1/J_0=A_J U_0/J_0=0.4$ in the present case, these two results almost coincide with each other. Note that since $T$ does not noticeably depend on the phase of the modulation, $U_1=A_JU_0$ is a sufficient condition for the behaviors of the tunneling periods to coincide.
An analysis of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues in the case of the $U$ modulation shows that the schematic behavior of these phases around each resonance is the same as in the case of the $J$ modulation shown in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](c). This can be understood by noting that $\hat{S}_x$ and $\hat{S}_z^2$ have the same parity.
Coherent destruction of tunneling and the Floquet spectrum {#sec_Josephson}
==========================================================
In this section, we first study a system characterized by a weak interaction and a large-amplitude tilt modulation, concentrating on the properties of the Floquet spectrum. After this we examine the effects of a large-amplitude modulation of the interaction. The Floquet spectrum of this system has been analyzed elsewhere (see Refs. [@strzys08; @gong09]) and will not be discussed here. Instead, we propose a way to create NOON states using selective tunneling originating from the modulation of the interaction strength.
Modulated $V$ {#modulated-v}
-------------
Next, we consider a case where the interaction is weak, $UN/J_0\alt
1$, and the amplitude of the modulation of the tilt is large, $V_1/J_0\gg 1$. We assume that the tunneling matrix element $J$ and the interaction strength $U$ are time-independent, that is, $A_J=0$ and $U_1=0$. Furthermore, we set $V_0=0$. In this case, it is well-known that the effect of the modulation of the tilt can be approximately described by a renormalized tunneling term. In more detail, the original tunneling term $\hat{T} \equiv -2 J \hat{S}_x$ is replaced by an effective one [@dunlap; @holthaus; @haroutyunyan; @eckardt; @creffield08; @luo08; @kudo]: $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\hat{T}_{\rm eff} =& -2J_0 {\cal J}_0\left(\frac{V_1}{\omega}\right)
\Big\{ \cos{\left[\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos{\phi_V}\right]} \hat{S}_x\\
& - \sin{\left[\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos{\phi_V}\right]} \hat{S}_y \Big\},\end{aligned}$$ where ${\cal J}_0$ is the zeroth-order Bessel function (see Appendix \[sect\_jeff\] for the derivation). Coherent destruction of tunneling takes place when $V_1/\omega$ is equal to one of the zeros of ${\cal J}_0$. In the rest of this section, we discuss CDT in terms of the Floquet eigenvalues. This discussion holds for any $N\ge1$.
In Fig. \[fig\_cdt\], we show the tunneling period $T$ as a function of the modulation frequency $\omega$ in the regime of weak interaction and large-amplitude modulation. In this calculation, we have set $N=5$, $U_0/J_0=0.1$, $V_0=0$, $V_1/J_0=10$, and $\phi_V=0$, and in the initial state all particles are in site 1. The first five zeros of ${\cal J}_0(V_1/\omega)$ are at $V_1/\omega= 2.40$, $5.52$, $8.65$, $11.79$, and $14.93$: they correspond to $\omega/J_0= 4.16$, $1.81$, $1.16$, $0.848$, and $0.670$, respectively. These frequencies are shown by the vertical red dotted lines in Fig. \[fig\_cdt\]. There is good agreement between these dotted lines and the actual positions of the peaks of $T$.
In Fig. \[fig\_floq\_cdt\], we plot the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues for the parameters used in Fig. \[fig\_cdt\]. When the CDT occurs, the phases gather in pairs, the phases in each pair being almost equal, and all the pairs gather in a narrow region (red arrows in Fig. \[fig\_floq\_cdt\]). This behavior can be understood by noting that the Hamiltonian is effectively $\simeq U_0 \hat{S}_z^2$ at the point where CDT occurs, and thus $\Delta N$ becomes a good quantum number, with a twofold degeneracy with respect to $\pm\Delta N$.
Finally, we discuss the difference between even and odd $N$ cases. For even $N$, the number of the Floquet eigenvalues is $N+1$, which is odd. Therefore, when CDT occurs, the Floquet eigenvalues are grouped into one trio and $(N-2)/2$ pairs \[cf. $(N+1)/2$ pairs for odd $N$\]. A key point is that, for even $N$, there is a Fock state $|\Delta N =0\rangle$, which does not have a degenerate pair, unlike the other Fock states. In this case, the Floquet eigenstates near the value of $\omega$ at which CDT occurs can be classified into three types: 1) one Floquet eigenstate that has maximum amplitude at $\Delta N=0$ component, 2) $N/2$ Floquet eigenstates that do not have maximum amplitude at the $\Delta N=0$ component but that always have a non-zero $\Delta N=0$ component, and 3) $N/2$ Floquet eigenstates that do not have maximum amplitude at the $\Delta N=0$ component and where this component becomes zero when CDT occurs. The trio consists of all the three types, and the $(N-2)/2$ pairs consist of the second and third types. We note that, for even $N$, the degeneracies of the trio and of all the pairs are incomplete provided $U_0\ne 0$ [@note_u0=0], while all the pairwise degeneracies are complete for odd $N$. Consequently, CDT is more complete for odd $N$ than even $N$.
Modulated $U$
-------------
Due to the non-linear dependence of the interaction on $\Delta N$, the CDT caused by a large-amplitude modulation of the interaction strength ($U_1\gg J_0$, $U_0$) is state dependent [@gong09]. Here we assume $A_J=V=0$ for simplicity. In this case, a condition for partial CDT between the states $|\Delta N=m\rangle$ and $|\Delta N=m-2\rangle$ ($m$ is a positive integer) is $${\cal J}_0\left[\frac{U_1}{\omega} (m-1)\right] =0;$$ see Appendix \[sect\_umod\] for the derivation.
Unlike in the case of modulated $V$ shown in Fig. \[fig\_floq\_cdt\], only the Floquet eigenstates relevant to partial CDT show the degeneracy in the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues (see, e.g., Fig. 1 of Ref. [@gong09]). For odd $N$, each partial CDT is associated with a perfect degeneracy of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues while, for even $N$, some degeneracies (but not all) are incomplete provided $U_0\ne 0$. As in the case of modulated $V$, these incomplete degeneracies are caused by the existence of the Fock state $|\Delta N=0\rangle$. Consequently, partial CDT is generally more complete for odd $N$ than for even $N$. The Floquet spectrum in the case of large-amplitude modulation of $U$ and weak interaction has been studied in depth in Refs. [@strzys08; @gong09]. We refer to these references for further discussion.
Finally, we point out that it is possible to create mesoscopic Schrödinger’s-cat–like states \[NOON-like states [@lee], i.e., states proportional to $(|N\rangle +e^{i\theta}|-N\rangle)$, where $\theta$ is a phase\] using the state-dependent CDT. In this scheme, we assume that $U_0N/J_0\ll 1$ and choose $|N\rangle$ as the initial state. We modulate $U$ at a frequency $\omega$ that corresponds to a partial CDT between $|N\rangle$ and $|N-2\rangle$, that is, ${\cal J}_0\left[(U_1/\omega) (N-1)\right] =0$. At this frequency the phases of the Floquet eigenstates $\psi_N^{(\pm)}$, which are very close to NOON states, become degenerate [@note_3fold]. By detuning from this partial CDT, we have a coherent oscillation (with period $T$) between $\psi_N^{(+)}$ and $\psi_N^{(-)}$. As a result, the initial state $|N\rangle$ evolves into a NOON-like state at $t=T (2n-1)/4$, with $n=1,2,3, ...$. With increasing the absolute value of the detuning, the period $T$ decreases but the amplitudes of the components other than $|\pm N\rangle$ increase, so that the oscillation between the NOON states is disturbed. Therefore, $\omega$ (more precisely, $U_1/\omega$) should be optimized. In Fig. \[fig\_noonmodu\], we show the time evolution of the normalized population imbalance $\langle \Delta N\rangle/N$ and its variance $\sigma_{\Delta N}/N\equiv N^{-1}\sqrt{\langle \Delta N^2\rangle
-\langle \Delta N\rangle^2}$ for $N=21$ and $N=51$ as examples. Here $\langle \Delta N\rangle \equiv \langle \psi|\Delta \hat{N}|\psi\rangle$ and $\langle \Delta N^2\rangle\equiv \langle \psi|(\Delta \hat{N})^2|\psi\rangle$ with $\Delta\hat{N}\equiv \hat{c}_1^\dagger \hat{c}_1-\hat{c}_2^\dagger \hat{c}_2$. These are optimized cases with the amplitude of the wiggles in the oscillation of $\langle \Delta N\rangle/N$ being $\alt 0.05$. When $\langle \Delta N\rangle=0$, $\sigma_{\Delta N}/N$ is almost equal to $1$, which is the largest possible value; this is a unique property of NOON states. Note that the oscillation periods are comparable in the two cases: $T/T_0=211.3$ and $T/T_0=367.4$ for $N=21$ and $N=51$, respectively. This shows that an advantage of the present scheme is that the optimized $T$ does not increase exponentially with $N$ unlike the tunneling period of the higher-order co-tunneling in the self-trapping regime. This may be understood by the fact that the static part of the interaction strength $U_0$ is very small ($U_0N/J_0 \ll 1$). A disadvantage is that we need to know the number of particles exactly and to fine-tune $U_1/\omega$. This scheme can be used regardless of the value of $N$ if $U_0 N/J_0\ll 1$.
Creating a NOON state by an adiabatic sweep {#sec_noon}
============================================
In this section we propose another scheme to create NOON-like states. This scheme uses an adiabatic sweep of the modulation frequency. It enables us to obtain NOON-like states with $N\alt 10$ particles starting from the ground state $\psi_g$ of the time-independent Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_0$. The basic idea is to create an avoided crossing between the Floquet eigenstate corresponding to $\psi_g$ and the one corresponding to the NOON-like eigenstate $\psi_h$ by time-periodic modulation, which changes the geometry of the (quasi)energy space to be periodic. Here, we modulate the hopping parameter $J$ and set the tilt $V=0$. Since the phase $\phi_J$ of the modulation does not affect the result, we choose $\phi_J=0$ for definiteness. The time-independent part $\hat{H}_0$ of the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}(t)=\hat{H}_0 + \hat{H}_{T_\omega}(t)$ is given by Eq. (\[H0\]), while the time-dependent part $\hat{H}_{T_\omega}(t)$ is $$\hat{H}_{T_\omega}(t) = -2J_0 A_J\sin{\omega t}\ \hat{S}_x\ .$$ For even $N$, the crossing used in the creation of the NOON state is the one between $\psi_N^{(+)}$ and $\psi_{0}^{(+)}$. For odd $N$, it is the one between $\psi_N^{(+)}$ and $\psi_{1}^{(+)}$. We consider the regime $U_0N/J_0\gg 1$, where $\psi_N^{(+)}$ is a NOON-like state. The ground state $\psi_g$ of $\hat{H}_0$ corresponds to $\psi_{0}^{(+)}$ (even $N$) or $\psi_{1}^{(+)}$ (odd $N$), and the eigenvalue of $\hat{H}_0$ corresponding to $\psi_g$ is denoted by $E_g$. Similarly, the NOON-like eigenstate $\psi_h$ of $\hat{H}_0$ corresponds to $\psi_{N}^{(+)}$. State $\psi_h$ has the highest energy among symmetric eigenstates of $\hat{H}_0$, and its eigenenergy is denoted by $E_h$. Because $\hat{H}_0 \sim U_0 N^2 \gg J_0N \sim \hat{H}_{T_\omega}$, the eigenstates of $\hat{H}_0$ are almost equal to the Floquet eigenstates except near the crossing points. Therefore, $|\langle \psi_g|\psi_0^{(+)}\rangle|^2\simeq 1$ for even $N$, $|\langle \psi_g|\psi_1^{(+)}\rangle|^2\simeq 1$ for odd $N$, and $|\langle \psi_h|\psi_N^{(+)}\rangle|^2 \simeq 1$. As discussed in Sec. \[sec\_timeindep\], when $\omega$ is decreased from a sufficiently large value, the first crossing occurs between $\phi_N^{(+)}$ and $\phi_{0}^{(+)}$ for even $N$ and between $\phi_N^{(+)}$ and $\phi_{1}^{(+)}$ for odd $N$ [@note_rate]. Therefore, in principle, this scheme can be used without knowing precisely the total number of particles. The avoided crossing between the phases $\phi_N^{(+)}$ and $\phi_0^{(+)}$ or $\phi_1^{(+)}$ is approximately at $\omega_{\rm res} =E_h-E_g$. In the $N=5$ case discussed earlier, this crossing corresponds to the rightmost circle in Fig. \[fig\_floq\](b).
Let us take $\psi_g$ as the initial state. If we sweep $\omega$ adiabatically across the avoided crossing, $\psi_g$ undergoes an almost perfect transition to $\psi_h$. We consider a linear sweep of the form $$\omega(t) = \omega_{\rm res} - \alpha t,
\label{eq_sweep}$$ where $\omega_{\rm res}$ is the location of the crossing and $\alpha$ is the sweep rate. The initial and final times of the sweep are denoted by $t_{\rm i}$ and $t_{\rm f}$, respectively.
In the following calculations, we set $N=5$ and $U_0/J_0=4$. The avoided crossing is at $\omega/J_0\simeq 28$. In Fig. \[fig\_lz\], we show the time evolution of the probability $p_g(t) \equiv |\langle \psi_g|\Psi(t)\rangle|^2$ \[blue (dark gray) lines\] at which the system stays in the initial state $\psi_g$ and the probability $p_h(t) \equiv |\langle \psi_h|\Psi(t)\rangle|^2$ \[red (medium gray) lines\] at which the system undergoes a transition to the target state $\psi_h$. Note that $p_g + p_h$ shown by the green (light gray) lines in Fig. \[fig\_lz\] is very close to unity throughout the calculations (the deviation is within $0.1$%), and the system is, to a very good approximation, restricted to the subspace spanned by the two states. Thus the crossing can be described by the Landau-Zener (LZ) model [@landau; @zener; @majorana; @stuckelberg]. We denote the modulation period at the crossing point by $T_{\rm res}\equiv 2\pi/\omega_{\rm res}$. The difference between the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues at $\omega(t)$ is $\Delta\phi =(\phi_{N}^{(+)}-\phi_{0,1}^{(+)})
\simeq -(E_h - E_g) (T_\omega -T_{\rm res})$. Here, we shift the phase difference so that the crossing at $\omega\simeq \omega_{\rm res}$ is passed at $t=0$, in accordance with the standard expression of the LZ Hamiltonian. For the linear sweep of Eq. (\[eq\_sweep\]), we get $T_\omega(t) = 2\pi/\omega(t) \simeq (2\pi/\omega_{\rm res}) (1+\alpha t/\omega_{\rm res})$. Here we assume that $\alpha t \ll \omega_{\rm res}$. We obtain the quasienergy separation $\Delta E$ corresponding to $\Delta\phi$ near the crossing as $$\Delta E= \frac{\Delta \phi}{T_{\rm res}} \simeq - \, \alpha\, t\ ,$$ where we have approximated $\omega_{\rm res}\approx E_h-E_g$. The diagonal matrix elements $H_h$ and $H_g$ of the LZ Hamiltonian are thus $H_{h,g} = \pm \Delta E/2$, where the upper sign corresponds to $H_h$ and the lower one corresponds to $H_g$. We found that the off-diagonal elements $H_{hg}$ and $H_{gh}=H_{hg}^*$ of the effective Hamiltonian are to a good approximation given by $H_{hg} = - J_0 A_J\langle\psi_h |\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle/\sqrt{2}$. Consequently, the asymptotic value $p_g$ of the transition probability $p_g(t)$, $p_g\equiv \lim_{t\rightarrow \infty} p_g(t)$, is [@zener] $$\begin{aligned}
p_g =& \exp{\left[ -2\pi \frac{|H_{hg}|^2}{|\partial_t (H_{h}-H_g)|}\right]}\nonumber\\
=& \exp{\left[-\frac{\pi J_0^2 A_J^2|\langle \psi_h|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|^2}{\alpha}
\right]}.
\label{eq_p0}\end{aligned}$$
In Fig. \[fig\_p0\], we show the probability $p_g$ as a function of the inverse sweep rate $1/\alpha$ \[Fig. \[fig\_p0\](a)\] and the modulation amplitude $A_J$ \[Fig. \[fig\_p0\](b)\]. Since $p_g(t)$ and $p_h(t)$ continue to oscillate around the asymptotic value until far after the crossing (see Fig. \[fig\_lz\]), we calculate $p_g$ by taking the time average of $p_g(t)$ after its oscillation amplitude becomes small and almost time independent. These results are shown by circles in Fig. \[fig\_p0\]. Semianalytical results obtained from Eq. (\[eq\_p0\]) are shown by the red solid lines. For the parameters used here ($N=5$ and $U_0/J_0=4$), we have $E_g/J_0=12.31$, $E_h/J_0=40.31$, $|\langle\psi_h|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|=9.697\times 10^{-2}$, and $\omega_{\rm res}\approx E_h-E_g =28.00 J_0$. The agreement between the semianalytical and numerical results is very good.
Finally, we examine the experimental feasibility of this scheme. According to Eq. (\[eq\_p0\]), to obtain a NOON-like state, we should satisfy the adiabaticity condition: $$\frac{\pi J_0^2 A_J^2|\langle \psi_h|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|^2}{\alpha} \gg 1.
\label{eq_ad}$$ In addition, the initial and the final frequencies should be outside the crossing region. Since the range of $\omega$ characterizing the crossing region is comparable to the level separation $\Delta=2|H_{hg}|$ at the avoided crossing, the initial time $t_{\rm i}$ and the final time $t_{\rm f}$ of the sweep have to satisfy $|\omega(t_{\rm i,\, f})-\omega_{\rm res}|=\alpha |t_{\rm i,\, f}|\agt 2|H_{hg}|$. Also the Landau-Zener formula is valid under this condition. Taking into account the adiabaticity condition (\[eq\_ad\]), this leads to the requirement $$|t_{\rm i}|,t_{\rm f} \gg \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi^2}
\frac{T_0}{A_J |\langle \psi_h|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|}.
\label{eq_tsweep}$$ As an example, let us estimate the time scale given by this equation by using the parameters used in the experiment of Ref. [@foelling]. In this experiment, the frequency of the pair tunneling is $4J_0^2/U_0\simeq 550$ Hz for $U_0/J_0=5$; thus $T_0\simeq 0.72$ ms. If $A_J=0.5$, the right-hand side of Eq. (\[eq\_tsweep\]) is $9$ ms for $N=6$, $40$ ms for $N=7$, and $214$ ms for $N=8$. Therefore, a NOON state with $N\alt 7$ could be created within an experimentally accessible time, provided the value of $\omega$ can be controlled with a sufficiently high accuracy. We note that, more generally, an upper limit for $N$ for this scheme to work is $N\simeq 10$. Since the width of the peaks in the probability distribution (in the Fock space) of $\psi_g$ and $\psi_h$ scales as $\sim N^{1/2}$, a few times $N^{1/2}$ should be larger than $N$ in order to have an overlap between $\psi_g$ and $\psi_h$ and to have a significant nonzero value of $|\langle \psi_h|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|$.
In the present scheme, the modulation of the hopping parameter works much better than the modulation of the tilt. This can be seen using perturbation theory. A straightforward calculation shows that for odd number of particles $\langle\psi_h |\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle \sim
(J_0/U_0)^{(N-3)/2}$ and for even number of particles $\langle\psi_h
|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle \sim (J_0/U_0)^{(N-2)/2}$. In the same way, perturbation theory shows that $\langle\psi_h'
|\hat{S}_z|\psi_g\rangle \sim (J_0/U_0)^{(N-1)/2}$ for odd $N$ and $\langle\psi_h' |\hat{S}_z|\psi_g\rangle \sim (J_0/U_0)^{N/2}$ for even $N$. Here $\psi_h'$ is the antisymmetric eigenstate of $\hat{H}_0$ with the highest energy. We see that $|\langle\psi_h'
|\hat{S}_z|\psi_g\rangle|^2/|\langle\psi_h
|\hat{S}_x|\psi_g\rangle|^2\sim (J_0/U_0)^2$, and consequently, the off-diagonal elements of the LZ Hamiltonian are much smaller when the tilt is modulated than when the tunneling is modulated.
Conclusions {#sec_conclusions}
===========
In this paper, we have considered a time-periodically modulated two-mode Bose-Hubbard model. We have discussed three types of modulations, one where the tunneling amplitude is modulated, another where the interaction strength is modulated, and a third where the energy difference between the modes (tilt) is modulated. We focused mainly on the self-trapping regime, characterized by $U_0N\gg J_0$, and assumed that the amplitude of the modulation is small. It is known that a modulation of the tunneling amplitude can lead to a drastic reduction of the tunneling period [@catform]. We found that a similar effect can be induced by modulating the interaction strength or the energy difference between the modes. We have analyzed this phenomenon using Floquet theory as the main tool. We found that regardless of the modulated variable, the system has resonances at some modulation frequencies, corresponding to either greatly reduced or enhanced tunneling periods. To a good approximation, the locations of the resonances can be obtained with the help of the energy eigenvalues of the time-independent part of the Hamiltonian. Consequently, the locations of the resonances are almost independent of whether the tunneling, interaction, or tilt is modulated.
We found numerically that if the tunneling amplitude or interaction strength is modulated, the system has a wide resonance; that is, the tunneling period is greatly reduced in a wide range of modulation frequencies. This resonance is present also in the case of modulated tilt, but it is much narrower. Furthermore, the behavior of the tunneling period as a function of the modulation frequency is not smooth in this case; see Fig. \[fig\_modv\]. These differences can be explained using Floquet theory. The presence of resonances is related to avoided crossings of the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues. In the case of a modulated tunneling matrix element or interaction strength, the avoided crossings correspond to Floquet eigenstates with the same parity. In the case of modulated tilt, these avoided crossings correspond to eigenstates with opposite parity. In Sec. \[sec\_modv\], it is shown that due to this difference, a wide smooth resonance cannot be obtained in the case of modulated tilt.
We have also analyzed cases where the interaction energy is weak in comparison with the tunneling energy, $U_0N/J_0\alt 1$, and the modulation amplitude of either the interaction strength or the tilt is large. Under these conditions, tunneling can be suppressed at some specific modulation frequencies. This phenomenon, the coherent destruction of tunneling, has been extensively studied in the literature. We concentrated on a property of CDT that has received less attention in the previous studies, namely, the Floquet spectrum of a system where the tilt is modulated. As expected, we found that the suppression of tunneling takes place when the phases of the Floquet eigenvalues become degenerate. For an even number of particles the suppression is more complete than that for an odd number of particles.
Finally, we have proposed two ways to create a NOON state. One is based on coherent oscillation resulting from a detuning from a partial CDT caused by modulated interaction strength. An advantage of this method is that the tunneling period does not increase exponentially with the total number of particles $N$. The other method is based on sweeping the modulation frequency of the tunneling term adiabatically. This scheme requires neither precise knowledge of the number of particles nor fine-tuning of the modulation frequency. We have shown that by using the latter method and the parameters of a recent experiment [@foelling], it is possible to obtain NOON states of $N\alt 7$ particles.
It is known that the mean-field theory of the time-periodically modulated two-mode Bose-Hubbard model shows chaotic dynamics (e.g., Refs. [@abdullaev00; @holthaus01; @lee01; @salmond; @wang05; @mahmud05; @weiss; @strzys08]). In the future, it would be interesting to study the connection between the Floquet spectrum of the original quantum system and the chaotic mean-field dynamics. Another interesting problem to study would be the quantum dynamics determined by a time-periodically modulated Hamiltonian in the presence of dissipation. In particular, the engineered dissipation leading to squeezed states proposed in Ref. [@squeeze] is of interest.
We acknowledge Ippei Danshita, Chris Pethick, and Sukjin Yoon for helpful discussions. GW acknowledges the Max Planck Society, the Korea Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, and Pohang City for the support of the JRG at APCTP. GW is also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2012008028).
Effective hopping parameter for modulated $J$\[sect\_jeff\]
===========================================================
Here we derive the effective tunneling amplitude in the limit of large-amplitude tilt modulation. The system follows the Schrödinger equation $$\begin{aligned}
i\dot{\psi}(t)=\hat{H}(t)\psi(t),
\label{eq_tdsch}\end{aligned}$$ with $$\hat{H}(t) = -2J_0\hat{S}_x + U_0 \hat{S}_z^2 + V(t) \hat{S}_z$$ and $V(t)$ given by Eq. (\[eq\_vt\]). We go to a rotating system by defining $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{\psi}(t)=e^{i\alpha(t)\hat{S}_z}\psi(t), \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\alpha(t) &= \int_{0}^{t}d\tau\,\left[ V_0+V_1 \sin(\omega\tau+\phi_V)\right]\\
&= V_0 t+\frac{V_1}{\omega}[\cos\phi_V -\cos(\omega t+\phi_V)].\end{aligned}$$ Using this, the Schrödinger equation becomes $$\begin{aligned}
i\dot{\tilde{\psi}}(t)=\tilde{H}(t) \tilde{\psi}(t), \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{H}(t)&=-2J_0\left(\cos[\alpha(t)]\,\hat{S}_x-\sin[\alpha(t)] \,\hat{S}_y\right)+U_0 \hat{S}_z^2.\end{aligned}$$ Assuming that the modulation period $T_\omega=2\pi/\omega$ is the shortest time scale in the system, it is possible to obtain an effective Hamiltonian by averaging over $T_\omega$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{H}_{\textrm{AVE}}(t) &=\frac{1}{T_{\omega}}\int_t^{t+T_{\omega}} \tilde{H}(\tau) \, d\tau\\
&=-2{J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)\hat{S}_x-2{J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)\,\hat{S}_y + U_0 \hat{S}_z^2.
\label{eq_heff}\end{aligned}$$ The effective tunneling amplitudes are defined as $$\begin{aligned}
{J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)&= \frac{J_0}{T_{\omega}}\int_t^{t+T_{\omega}} \cos[\alpha(\tau)] \, d\tau\\
{J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)&= -\frac{J_0}{T_{\omega}}\int_t^{t+T_{\omega}} \sin[\alpha(\tau)] \, d\tau.\end{aligned}$$ Instead of calculating ${J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)$ and ${J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)$ separately, we write $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
&{J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)-i{J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)= \frac{J_0\, e^{i\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos\phi_V}}{T_{\omega}}\\
&\times\int_t^{t+T_{\omega}} d\tau\,
e^{i\left[V_0 \tau-\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos(\omega \tau+\phi_V)\right]}.\end{aligned}$$ This integral can be calculated easily using the equation $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Jnsum}
e^{i z\cos\gamma}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\, {\cal J}_n(z) e^{i n (\gamma+\frac{\pi}{2})},\end{aligned}$$ where ${\cal J}_n(z)$ are Bessel functions of the first kind. We thus obtain $$\begin{aligned}
&{J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)-i{J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t)\nonumber\\
&=
\begin{cases}\displaystyle
\frac{2 J_0}{T_{\omega}}\sin\left(\frac{\pi V_0}{\omega}\right)e^{i \left[V_0 (t+\frac{\pi}{\omega})+\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos\phi_V\right]}\vspace{1mm}\\
\displaystyle
\quad\times \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\, {\cal J}_n\left(\frac{V_1}{\omega}\right)
\frac{e^{in(\omega t+\phi_V-\frac{\pi}{2})}}{V_0+n\omega},&\displaystyle
\frac{V_0}{\omega}\not\in \mathbb{Z}\vspace{3mm}\\
\displaystyle
{J_0 \cal J}_{k}\left(\frac{V_1}{\omega}\right)e^{i\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos\phi_V}
e^{-ik (\phi_V+\frac{\pi}{2})},&\displaystyle \frac{V_0}{\omega}=k \in \mathbb{Z}.
\end{cases}
\label{eq_jeff}\end{aligned}$$ In the special case $V_0/\omega=k\in\mathbb{Z}$, the original tunneling amplitudes $J_x=J_0$ and $J_y=0$ are replaced by effective ones, $$\begin{aligned}
{J_x^{\textrm{eff}}}(t) &=J_0 {\cal J}_{k}\left(\frac{V_1}{\omega}\right)\cos\left[k\left(\phi_V+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)-\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos\phi_V\right],\\
{J_y^{\textrm{eff}}}(t) &=J_0 {\cal J}_{k}\left(\frac{V_1}{\omega}\right)\sin\left[k\left(\phi_V+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)-\frac{V_1}{\omega}\cos\phi_V\right],\end{aligned}$$ where $V_1$ is non-zero.
Effective hopping term for modulated $U$\[sect\_umod\]
======================================================
In the case of large-amplitude modulation of the interaction strength, the coherent destruction of tunneling is state-dependent [@gong09]. Here, we derive the effective Hamiltonian for this case.
We start from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (\[eq\_tdsch\]) with the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}(t) = -2J_0\hat{S}_x + U(t) \hat{S}_z^2,$$ where $U(t)$ is given by Eq. (\[eq\_ut\]). For simplicity, we set $V=0$. As in Appendix \[sect\_jeff\], we go to the rotating frame by defining $$\tilde{\psi}(t) = e^{i\alpha(t)\hat{S}_z^2} \psi(t),$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\alpha(t) =& \int^t_0 d\tau [U_0 + U_1 \sin{(\omega\tau+\phi_U)}]\nonumber\\
=&\ U_0 t + \frac{U_1}{\omega} \left[\cos\phi_U - \cos{(\omega t+\phi_U)}\right].\end{aligned}$$ Thus the Schrödinger equation becomes $i\dot{\tilde{\psi}}(t)=\tilde{H}(t)\tilde{\psi}(t)$, with $$\tilde{H}(t) = -J_0\left[ \hat{S}_+ e^{i\alpha(t) (2\hat{S}_z +1)}
+ e^{-i\alpha(t) (2\hat{S}_z+1)} \hat{S}_- \right],$$ where $\hat{S}_\pm \equiv \hat{S}_x \pm i\hat{S}_y$. We have used the equations $[\hat{S}_z^2,\hat{S}_+]=\hat{S}_+ (2\hat{S}_z+1)$, $[\hat{S}_z^2,\hat{S}_-]=-(2\hat{S}_z+1)\hat{S}_-$, and $\hat{S}_x=(\hat{S}_++\hat{S}_-)/2$ to obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& e^{i\alpha(t)\hat{S}_z^2} \hat{S}_x e^{-i\alpha(t)\hat{S}_z^2}\nonumber\\
& = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \hat{S}_+ e^{i\alpha(t) (2\hat{S}_z +1)}
+ e^{-i\alpha(t) (2\hat{S}_z+1)} \hat{S}_- \right].\end{aligned}$$ By time averaging over one modulation period $T_\omega$, the effective Hamiltonian reads $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}(t) =&
\frac{1}{T_\omega} \int^{t+T_\omega}_t \tilde{H}(\tau)d\tau\nonumber\\
=& -J_0 [\hat{S}_+ \hat{A} + \hat{A}^\dagger \hat{S}_-].\end{aligned}$$ Here $\hat{A}$ is defined as
$$\hat{A}|\Delta N\rangle =
\begin{cases}
\displaystyle
\frac{2}{T_\omega} \sin{\left[\frac{\pi U_0}{\omega}(\Delta N+1)\right]} e^{i\left[U_0(t+\frac{\pi}{\omega}) + \frac{U_1}{\omega}\cos{\phi_U} \right](\Delta N+1)}\vspace{1mm}\\
\displaystyle
\qquad\times\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}
{\cal J}_{n}\left[\frac{U_1}{\omega}(\Delta N+1)\right]
\frac{e^{-in(\omega t+\phi_U+\frac{\pi}{2})}}{U_0 (\Delta N+1)-n\omega}|\Delta N\rangle,\quad
&\displaystyle\frac{U_0}{\omega}(\Delta N+1)\not\in \mathbb{Z},\vspace{3mm}
\\
\displaystyle
{\cal J}_{k}\left[\frac{U_1}{\omega}(\Delta N +1)\right]
e^{i\frac{U_1}{\omega} (\Delta N+1) \cos{\phi_U}} e^{-ik(\phi_U+\frac{\pi}{2})}|\Delta N\rangle,\quad
&\displaystyle\frac{U_0}{\omega}(\Delta N +1)=k \in \mathbb{Z},
\end{cases}\label{eq_a}$$
where we have used the equation $\hat{S}_z|\Delta N\rangle =(\Delta N/2) |\Delta N\rangle$ and $\{|\Delta N\rangle\, ;\, \Delta N =-N,-N+2,-N+4,\ldots, N\}$ is the basis of the system. In this basis $\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}$ is a tridiagonal matrix. Note that $\hat{A}$, unlike Eq. (\[eq\_jeff\]), depends on $\Delta N$. If $\langle m-2|\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}|m\rangle=0$ (here we assume $m > 0$ without loss of generality), we get $\langle m|\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}|m-2\rangle=
\langle -m+2|\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}|-m\rangle=
\langle -m|\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}|-m+2\rangle=0$. In the special case $(U_0/\omega) [(m-2)+1]=k\in \mathbb{Z}$, the condition for partial CDT between states $|m\rangle$ and $|m-2\rangle$, $\langle m-2|\tilde{H}_{\rm AVE}|m\rangle=0$, can be written as $${\cal J}_k\left[\frac{U_1}{\omega}(m-1)\right]=0.$$ If this equation holds, the Hilbert space can be written as a direct sum of three uncoupled subspaces, spanned by $\{|N\rangle,|N-2\rangle,\ldots,|m\rangle\}$, $\{|m-2\rangle,|m\rangle,\ldots,|-m+2\rangle\}$, and $\{|-m\rangle,|-m-2\rangle,\ldots,|-N\rangle\}$.
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As we shall see later, for odd $N$ these $N-2$ crossing types consist of one type where $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N-2}^{(\pm)}$ crosses $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N}^{(\pm)}$ successively and $N-3$ types where $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N-4}^{(\pm)}\ , \cdots ,\
\phi_{|\Delta N|=1}^{(\pm)}$ crosses $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N}^{(\pm)}$ once. For even $N$, there is one crossing type with $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N-2}^{(\pm)}$ and $N-4$ types with each $\phi_{|\Delta N|=N-4}^{(\pm)}\ , \cdots ,\
\phi_{|\Delta N|=2}^{(\pm)}$ and one type with $\phi_{\Delta N=0}^{(+)}$. In the case of modulated $J$ ($V$), the phase of the Floquet eigenvalue $\phi_{\Delta N=0}^{(+)}$ undergoes avoided crossings with the phases of the eigenstates of even (odd) parity.
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|
Oompah’s Paradise.
After spending years being medicated, a fry cook discovers she’s been repressing her superpowers. Once she starts to understand her abilities, she finds others with similar powers, and stumbles onto a dangerous conspiracy. This fun looking German import arrives on Netflix 9.2.2020.
Mil-Tec’s vintage style wristwatch features a aeronautically-inspired dial, with second indicators on its outer edge, and hours inside. The German-made watch has luminous hands and hour markers, and its background is distressed with an oil-stained look. Available in brown or black.
German band The Heimatdamisch is best known for their oompah-infused covers of rock songs. If you’re looking for a soundtrack to go with a stein of beer and some bratwurst, their ska-tinged version of Guns N’ Roses’ hit Sweet Child o’ Mine should do the trick. Ready for another round? How about some AC/DC?
We all know that Germans love David Hasselhoff, so it makes perfect sense that the Knight Rider and Baywatch star would appear in a commercial for a German automotive website. The words may be in German, but the humor is universal. Presumably, K.I.T.T. was replaced with a moped due to fuel efficiency concerns.
Back in 2010, musicians P.B. and M.D. took the time to translate and painstakingly line up the lyrics of Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody into their native tongue of German. You don’t have to spreche ein bisschen Deutsch to enjoy their energetic performance.
Germany meets The Walking Dead in this upcoming zombie web-series from director Moritz Mohr. Even if there’s no subtitles, quality zombie kills are the international language. |
lvic lebih
Taconic PCB.
Microwave and RF PCB applications need laminates with electrical, thermal, mechanical, or performance characteristics that exceed standard FR-4 materials.Taconic , Arlon,Teflon,Rogers PCB, Nelco PCB Material all belong to Mircrowave/RF PCB Material .
Printed circuit boards are without doubt an integral part of electronics production. Over the years, these boards have continued to meet various demands of engineers. Taconic PCBs are one such PCB. These PCBs have various benefits and features that make them distinct.
Taconic laminates are utilized for high-performance and high-frequency applications. Taconic is committed to meeting the demands of the marketplace across the globe. It achieves this by providing high-frequency PTFE laminate materials.
Taconic PCB: What Does This Mean?
Taconic PCB is a printed circuit board fabricated with the use of Taconic PCB materials. These materials are Ceramic-filled Polytetrafluoroethylene and woven glass reinforced materials. These boards are suitable for RF applications in the communication and aerospace industries.
This printed circuit board features low dielectric loss and electrical signal loss which makes them an ideal option for several applications. This circuit board was designed to meet the rising demands of the electronic world. Taconic PCBs feature a wide range of dielectric constant values.
Taconic is a well-known brand in radio frequency laminates. It provides printed circuit boards that are utilized in the fabrication of high-performance digital boards, multilayer RF, and other electronic devices. Taconic laminates can be milled, plated, and sheared using standard methods.
What is the difference between Taconic PCB and Isola PCB?
Many people have wondered what the difference between Taconic and Isola PCB is. These two printed circuit boards have similar benefits but are different from each other. Taconic PCB utilizes ceramic-filled Polytetrafluoroethylene or reinforced glass Polytetrafluoroethylene PCB which makes it thermally and electrically stable.
Taconic boards incorporate thermoplastic prepregs and thermoset to meet the demands of high-performance boards. These circuit boards are ideal for microwave or radio frequency designs.
Meanwhile, Isola PCB utilizes copper-clad laminates and dielectric prepregs for its fabrication. These laminates have resin compositions to meet the demands of high-performance applications. Isola PCB features great mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. These properties are more than what FR-4 materials offer.
Taconic and Isola PCBs are specifically designed for high speed and high-performance applications, but these boards utilize different materials in their production.
Benefits of Taconic PCB
Low cost: When it comes to the fabrication of this circuit board, low cost is required. It is always a budget-friendly option for engineers. This ceramic-filled laminate offers the best value for its price.
Low dielectric loss: Low dielectric loss laminates are an ideal option in radio frequency and microwave applications. Taconic features a very low dielectric loss. The low dielectric loss of this material is a result of the dielectric constant of this material.
Low electrical signal loss: This is one of the great benefits of these boards. Taconic laminate offers low dielectric signal loss due to the material used in its fabrication.
Wide range of dielectric constants: Taconic PCB offers a wide range of dielectric constants. This makes it ideal for use in various applications.
Low dissipation factor: This circuit board features a low dissipation factor, which makes it a good insulating material. A low dissipation factor indicates an efficient insulator system.
Great dimensional stability: Taconic PCB maintains its original dimension even when subjected to heat. Engineers use this circuit board for applications that are likely to be exposed to varying temperatures.
Low moisture absorption: This board features a low rate of moisture absorption. Therefore, it can be used in humid environments. Moisture is harmful to PCBs’ durability, so, a PCB that absorbs low moisture is an ideal option.
Factors to consider in Hybrid Fabrication of Taconic PCB
Some factors need to be considered during the hybrid fabrication of Taconic PCB i.e. Taconic rf 35 pcb.
Drill parameters: Drill parameters is a key factor to consider since it determines proper hole formation. The feeds and speeds of the drill are determined by the stack-up materials. During hybrid fabrication, the speeds and feeds need to be adjusted. For example, some components dispense much heat and this can lead to deformation.
Compatible materials: Materials utilized in the hybrid stack-up should match with the lamination cycle. Some materials need higher temperatures and pressures during the lamination procedure. You should always check the datasheets of the material to confirm the use of the materials before using them for design.
Preparation of hole wall: After the hole has been drilled, then the preparation of the hole wall is the next thing. For each general group, there may be process instructions. You must refine the process per material to achieve total reliability.
Types of Lamination Methods in the Manufacturing of Multilayer Taconic PCB
In the manufacturing of Taconic PCB, several types of lamination procedures are utilized. These methods are very vital as they ensure Taconic PCBs go through the right production process.
Multilayer PCBs: Multilayer PCBs have several layers. These can be thin etched boards or trace layers. Bonding is achieved via lamination. The internal PCB layers get exposed to very high temperatures and pressure during the process of lamination.
Double sided PCBs: Double sided circuit boards may be different from some PCBs, but the process of lamination is the same. For the lamination of the PCB panel, engineers use a layer of photosensitive dry resist.
PTFE microwave laminates: These laminates are one of the most common laminates used for PCB lamination. PTFE microwave laminates feature uniform dielectric constant, low electrical loss, and thickness tolerance. These laminates are considered an ideal option for radiofrequency PCB applications.
Sequential lamination: This type of lamination method is used if the circuit board has two or more subsets. In this method, multiple layer subsets are combined in various procedures.
Types of Taconic Laminates
Taconic offers several high-frequency laminates. Each of these laminates features outstanding properties and benefits. Let us have a look at the types of Taconic laminates available
Taconic rf 35
This is a type of laminate offered by Taconic. This laminate is ceramic-filled and reinforced with woven glass. It is ideal for high-performance applications like antennas, power amplifiers, and passive components.
This laminate is the perfect solution for RF and microwave applications. It features properties like low dissipation factor, low moisture absorption, and great dimensional stability. Taconic rf 35 pcb is RoHS compliant. This laminate is compatible with several hybrid builds.
Engineers combine Taconic RF-35 with hybrid multiple layer boards. The combination of these high-grade materials will help to enhance reliability.
Taconic CER 10
This is another great laminate offered by Taconic. It is a ceramic-filled laminate reinforced with woven glass. Taconic CER 10 features solder resistance and uniform electrical properties. This laminate is used in several applications like couplers, power amplifiers, filters, and passive components.
Taconic CER 10 has an interlaminar board and it is clad on one or both sides. This dimensionally stable laminate is an ideal option for high volume and low-cost applications. This laminate goes through a flammability test. Taconic CER 10 is clad with Brass, aluminum, or copper.
This laminate provides great thermal and mechanical properties. It is also ideal for microwave designs. Taconic CER 10 has flexural strength and low moisture absorption.
Taconic tly-5
Taconic tly-5 is manufactured by Taconic. These laminates have dimensional stability and uniform dielectric constant. Their dielectric constant is measured at 2.20 and .0050 is their dielectric thickness. Taconic tly-5 is used in applications such as power amplifiers, aerospace, cellular communications, automotive radars, and satellite communications.
Materials such as aluminum, copper, and brass are used to clad this laminate. Thus laminate is reinforced with woven glass. It is often used for low-cost applications that require high performance. This dimensionally stable material goes through a flammability test.
Taconic tly-5A
Taconic tly-5A is a dimensionally stable and high-frequency laminate. This laminate offers the lowest dissipation factor among the Taconic laminates. PTFE is the material used for coating this laminate. It is also reinforced with woven glass like other Taconic laminates.
This laminate can be used in several applications like aerospace, power amplifiers, satellite communications, and the automotive radar industry. This laminate features low water absorption and high peel strength. It also features a low dielectric constant. Taconic tly-5A can be used with hybrid builds.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does moisture affect Taconic PCB performance? Moisture can influence PCB performance since its water content to moisture absorption can affect loss performance. Taconic PCB materials have high dielectric constant water which is about 70. Most times, laminates fabricated for high-performance applications have low moisture absorption with values lower than 0.2 % or 0.2%.
How can I reduce PCB insertion loss? You can reduce the insertion loss of PCB by utilizing broader traces, minimizing the DK of the PCB, integrating thicker dielectrics, and making sure looser coupling occurs.
Conclusion
Taconic offers high-frequency PCBs ideal for different applications. Taconic PCBs have a wide range of dielectric constant, low dissipation factor, and low electrical signal loss. These laminates are reinforced with woven glass. They have great thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties.
Taconic substrate PCBs are available in different types. These printed circuit boards are fabricated with a myriad of materials that guarantee high reliability. These materials are used for applications like aerospace, automotive radar, and power amplifiers. Taconic is a well-known brand that has continued to maintain a long-standing reputation in the PCB industry. |
GROWING UP IN CHATTANOOGA, Mark Bennett dreamed of living somewhere else. Jim and Margaret Anderson's place on Father Knows Best would have been perfect. Or Mary Richards's Minneapolis apartment. Or the Beverly Palms Hotel, where Lucy and Ricky Ricardo sometimes stayed. "Whenever it was a rainy day in Tennessee," he says, "I'd see them with the Hollywood Bowl behind them and think, 'Why can't I be there?' "
Bennett, now 40, did make it to Beverly Hills, as a mail carrier on Wilshire Boulevard. But he never forgot his fantasies. Over the years, he created detailed blueprints of his favorite TV homes—the Brady family residence, Archie Bunker's house, Ralph and Alice Kramden's Brooklyn apartment. Now, his 47 original drawings—he has sold 26—sell to collectors for as much as $3,000 each. And TV Sets: Fantasy Blueprints of Classic TV Homes, a book of his drawings, has just hit bookstores. All because of an obsession with TV.
"I was a fearful child," says Bennett, the son of a textile executive father and a homemaker. "I couldn't just walk down the street and find other kids to play with. I'd race home to watch Leave It to Beaver."
At age 11, Bennett, who is divorced and lives in Los Angeles, began compiling notes on the TV characters' lives. He kept everything from phone numbers (Mary Richards's is 555-2312) to June Cleaver's cookie recipe, and began painstakingly sketching the places where they lived. Despite his devotion to his calling—and an art degree—he was unable to sell his work. In 1995, though, desperate to raise money for an overdue credit-card bill, he exhibited the blueprints in a Hollywood restaurant, where they were discovered by Christopher Ford, director of the Mark Moore Gallery in Santa Monica. "I think Mark is surprised that people feel the same way about these TV shows as he does," says Ford. "We all haven't escaped into them the way he has, but we all know what that escape is about."
Dream Houses
updated 02/24/1997 AT 01:00 AM EST
•originally published 02/24/1997 AT 01:00 AM EST |
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AG: Did I read any (Charles) Reznikoff yet?
Students: No
AG: Here. Okay. so on page 14 – “(7) – On Brooklyn Bridge I saw a man drop dead/It meant no more than if he were a sparrow./ Above us rose Manhattan/below, the river spread to meet sea and sky”
These are a series of little sketches, mostly the city. He hung around New York City, working as a legal researcher
(9) – The shopgirls leave their work/quietly/ Machines are still, tables and chairs/ darken./ The silent rounds of mice and roaches begins”
This being probably 1915 that he wrote this. So he wasn’t interested in poetry, he was interested in mice and roaches. He was interested in what was in front of him.
This is page 17:
(19) – “My work done, I lean on the window-sill/watching the dripping trees./The rain is over, the wet pavement shines,/From the bare twigs/rows of drops like shining buds are hanging”
– That’s a very clear picture, almost like a photograph almost, in this case.
Student: (I thought of the early ones (of Ezra Pound‘s))
AG: Yeah. Now they were friends remember.Yeah.
Then, poems, Rhythms II (it’s his next book, published 1919 – he’s getting better and better now)
– “The winter afternoon darkens/The shoemaker bends close to the shoe/His hammer raps faster./An old woman waits,/rubbing the cold from her hands”
– So these are almost like haiku. They’re a little like Imagist poems. They’re just little sketches, little fragmentary sketches of active perception – active language, active perception.
Now , finally, here’s where it really gets total. And it’s the first.. It’s what I think is one of the first perfect… I don’t know what you would call this? – Activist poems?, or Imagist poems?, or Mindfulness poems? – “(7) Scrubwoman – One shoulder lower/with unsure step like a bear erect” – (Well, that’s a little poetic – “like a bear erect”, but we’ll buy it), ok – “One shoulder lower/with unsure step like a bear erect/ the smell of the wet black rags that she cleans with about her/ Scratching with four stiff fingers her half-bald head/ smiling” – It’s like a (Pieter) Breugel portrait, actually. But what’s interesting here is, of course, you’ve got the photograph and you’ve got the actuality. But also the language – “the smell of the wet black rags that she cleans with about her”. It’s a little awkward there, but it’s just the way you’d say it. It’s like an old Jewish guy talking – the smell of the wet black rags that she cleans with about her. Yes?
Student: ((There was Oriental poetry) in translation (at that time) in 1917 or so?)
AG: Yes. (Ezra) Pound was, at the time, dealing with that.
Student: And Reznikoff too?
AG: Yeah. They were all in touch. They were young people, like we are, in touch with each other. They were making movements. They were making big movements, as he would say. In those days they were making big movements, yes – [Allen continues reading Reznikoff] – “(9) – “The Idiot – With green stagnant eyes,/arms and legs/loose ends of string in the wind,/ keep smiling at your father.” – It’s sort of like some horrible family insight in there – (18) “The imperious dawn comes/to the clink of milk bottles/and round-shouldered sparrows twittering” – That “round-shouldered sparrows” is terrific, actually. I don’t think anybody before had actually been able to describe a sparrow by using.. it’s somewhat of a human image – the round-shouldered man – but round-shouldered sparrows? – He noticed they were round-shouldered (and not even (William) Shakespeare noticed that!) – But that’s something very definite that you can notice – “Sight is where the eye hits” ( – or strikes) – That’s something he saw with his eyeball – he actually saw that it was a round-shouldered sparrow. After a thousand years of people writing about sparrows, this guy finally took a look at one. Okay, so that’s the whole point. You take a look at it.
[Audio for the above can be heard here, starting at approximately thirty-nine minutes in and continuing to approximately forty-four minutes in] |